Rare Periodicals

Philippine Quarterly

Media

Part of Philippine Quarterly

Title

Philippine Quarterly

Issue Date

Volume I (Issue No. 1) October-December 1960

Year

1960

Language

English

Rights

extracted text

ll v OC..T-"t>EC· 't.c ......... OUR COVER: Like on improbable wroith stepping out of history' s pages to evoke o storied post our 20th ce ntury mode l drened in the fragile embroidered pii'io comi so and enormous silk skirt troditionolly associate d with Rbol's heroine, Mario Clora, steps athwart the shimmeri1'g image of on old stone church ond its odioining con ... ento - such ns one sees throughout the Philippines. This impression· istic study comes from the brush of artists Elmer Abuston. Original pointing courttsy o l Carmelo & 8aue rmot1,. CONTENTS FRIENDS FROM ALL OVER (Dep) artment) By Floro Mercene WELCOME TO THE ORIENT By Modesto Faro/an HOLIDAY TIME IN THE _£HILIPPINES By Conchita C. Tronqued< 1961 INTERNATIONAL FAIR Manila, February 1 to March 31 By Juan Golias THE RAMON MAGSAYSAY AW ARD By Floro Mercene TOW ARDS FREE ENTERPRISE By Manuel J. Marquez THE MARANAOS AND THEIR ART By Mario A. Mercado ART EDUCATION, THE WESTERN VIEWPOINT By E. Ziegfeld THE EASTERN POINT OF VIEW By Pura Santillan Castrence FLOWERS AND GARDENS AROUND MANILf.& By Beatriz Ildefonso & Mona Lisa Steiner 91 ~THE PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY Vol. I No. 1 October-December 1960 The Philippine Quarterly is published by the Board of Travel and Tourist Industry and the Philippine Tourist and Travel Association, with offices at the Shurdut Building, lntramuros, Manila. Federico Mangahas, \ '~ ' ~~~~~~s~~m;~/:~ci~~i~~0~n~~~~k,M~~~r~~· F~~~~i~~aJ~: ~s~~~i~~~~; B~~·;i~ ,;; Mercado anrl Jose Sarmiento, Art and Photo Editors. Town church in Colomba, notive town of the Philip· pine national hero, Jose P . • _..Rizal. .~rs. Leoncio Lopez Rizal, 70, a hardy orchid-lover, is vife of the hero's surviving n~phew, a retired physician, !t now intimately identified .A with the technical work of jlhe Jose Rizal Centennial Basilan Strait - Zamboanga FRIENDS FROM ALL OVER JOHN G. BRIDGES . >IODESTO FAROLAN John G. Bridges is relinquishing soon the presidency of the International Union of Official Travel Organizations, a post he has held since his election during the 14th IUOTO General Assembly in Mani. la last November. Mr. Bridges is the distinguished director general of the British Travel and Holidays Association and one of the top figures of IUOTO. As head of the British Travel Association since 1945, Mr. Bridges has witnessed the development of the British travel tourist industry into Britain's greatest single dollar earner. Born and edu. cated in Glasgow, Mr. Bridges had traveled extensively in Malaya and the Far East in his early years. Later he held several important ap. pointments in the Overseas League, and when war broke out in 1939 he was Tours Manager of a well· known Transatlantic shipping line. He is a fellow of the Royal Geogra. phic Society and of the Canadian Geographical Society, and was for a number of years closely asso. ciated with the development of the Overseas League and English· Speaking Union. Taking over the presidency of IUOro when it meets in November in Buenos Aires is the Philippine's tourist commissioner, J\lr. J\lod£>sto Farolan. Mr. Farolan is founder and president of the Philippine Tourist and Travel Association and vie~ chairman of the government board of travel and tourist industry. It was he more than any other Fi. Jipino who did much to start serious travel promotion in the Philippines. Mr. Farolan has an extensive jour. nalism background, having served as publisher and editor of the Phll· lpµine Herald for almost 25 years. He served as press secretary to the late President Manuel Roxas upon the latter's inauguration as first president of the Philippine Republic in 1946, and later was appointed Philippine consul general in Hawaii. Sir.ce joining international travel promotion work, Mr. Farolan has on different occasions served as vice president. and later president. of the Pacific Area Travel Association. He is currently member of the Exec. utive Committee of IUOTO. October·December, 1960 Before Britain's John G. Bridges took over the helm of IUOTO in 1956, the organization was headed by Dr. Paul Bernecker, director of Austria's State Tourist Departmen·t. and also an active spark plug of IUOTO. Born in 1908, Dr. Bernecker took interest in tourism pro· blems early in life and acquired practical experience while studying in Vienna. When only 28 years old he was entrusted with the manage. ment oi 43 inns and restaurants owned by a big Austrian brewery. After a period as teacher at the Vienna Hotel and Catering School. he joined the Vienna Chamber of Commerce and was appointed head of the department of traffic. and tourism. Bernecker has acquired a con. siderable reputation as professor of · tourist policy in all its aspects. He has written many books and scien· .tific treatises on the theory and practice of tourism. He holds the chair of tourism at the Vienna Uni. versity of Commerce and heads the Institute for Travel Research there. Go\•ernor William F. Quinn of Hawaii was elected president of the Pacific Area Travel Associations early this year during its annual conference in Christchurch, · New Zealand. The 40.year·old governor succeeded Sir Leonard lsitt, board chairman of Tasman Empire Air. ways Ltd. and New Zealand Na· tional Airways Corps. as head of the association. Mr. Quinn will serve until the PATA conference scheduled in HonoJulu next Novem. ber. A native of Rochester, New York. Mr. Quinn attended St. Louis Uni. versity, and received his law degree from Harvard University. After serving as a naval officer duriOg World War II. he joined a Hono . lulu law firm. Mr. Quinn was the last governor of the Territory of Hawaii. appointed by President Eisenhower in 1957, and took office as the first elected governor of the new state in August, 1959. (Continued on page SO) DR. PAUL BERNECKER GOV. WILLIAM F. QUIN Page Delegates to the Southeast Asia Tourist Conference helrl in Manila recently. left to right:. Dr. Ovon Phvoc of South Vietnam, Sri Bvdojo of Indonesia, A. C. Yvon of Nationalist Chino, Secretory Manuel Lim, Commerce and Industry, President Carlos P. Gordo, Commissioner M. Forolon, Poul Perolta of Singapore, Osmon Siru of Malaya, Soong Yul Moon of Korea and Salvador C. Peno of the Phil. Tourist & Travel Assn. · WELCOME TO THE ORIENT By Modesto Faro/an THE atmosphere of mysticism that has long shrouded the Orient and kept it the "distant horizon" of travel is rapidly clearing up. The veil of mystery is definitely lifting. The distances that separate it from continents across seas and cceans are becoming shorter and the region is today within easy reach by modern and fast means of transportation - only a few hours away by jet, in fact - from any section of the globe. Indeed, a distinct. lucid and fascinating image is taking shape and emerging into world view. Bui the Orient remains the exotic lure to ad· venture and discovery and for long it will continue to offer most of the excitingly new trav-el attractions that are opening up in the world of to· day. For aside from the wealth of its scenery and natural resources. the rich variety of its cultures. the wonderful array of its colorful traditions. the unique ways and customs of its many races and nationalities constitute an altogether dif· ferent world still possessed of the sul']>risingly unusual and the strange. What is the Orient? Page 4 it is a whole continent, myriads of islands. many oceans and seas - home of more than half of humanity and the greatest collection of the earth's flora and fauna. It encompasses near-limitless areas, heights and depths rendered sublime or forbidding by the limits of man's imagination. Gradually compressed by increasing knowledge about the world, it is what has been left of the remote and enigmatic East dreamed of by restless minds in ages past and wrestled with by dauntless men in ceaseless explorations and conquests. Geographically, the Orient is Asia from the Me· diterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean and from the equatorial strip upward to the Arctic. In travel lore it is roughly the area from the Indian subcontinent eastward to the outer rims of Asia - the vast dreamland archipelagoes that shield the mainland from the mighty sweep of the greatest of oceans. As rapid communication and transportation gradually linked more and more of Asia with Europe on one side. and with the Americas on the other. the once almost boundless East has been steadily reduced to the much narrower Orient. which, strictly speaking. it is today. PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY Lord Mayor Bernard Evans of Melbourne, Australia, is welcomed ct the airport by PITA travel manager. Some Oriental mystery remains, enough to tantalize the adventurous spirh and quicken the wanderlust. What stands revealed is the immensity of the civilizations that once flourished in Eastern lands, only today being rediscovered by modern archeology. The monuments to old cultures and early faiths being gradually recovered from the jungle and the bowols of the earth challenge the modem mind with their magnitude and endurance. The fascinating new knowledge and experiences they offer are th"! rewards awaiting the presentday traveller to the Orient : all these, the old and the new, all the vast and priceless legacy from the past together with the exhultant pride in nationhood and its fresh achievements - even its tremendous. if trying, opportunities. That is the Orient. which surging efforts in international tourism aim to open up and make easily accessible for the enjoyment of the rest of mankind. We, of the region which those of the Oc..:ident call the Orient, invite the world to share the pleasures of travel in our exotic lands, to seek friendly contacts with our peoples and to strength· en mutually beneficial relations in the interest of international harmony and peace. Regular and continuous exchanges of visits, experiences and the goods of trade will make ours a mutually richer. happier, and more secure existence. We welcome you to our shores in 1961 - Visitthe-Orient Year.I+ National Theater, now under construction at the Riz:al Cultural Center, Manila. HOLIDAY TIME IN THE PHILIPPINES By Conchita C. Tronqued Christmas lantern Pipigan Festival THE Philippines attracts a steadily increasing number of visilors every year. Her secret perhaps lies in a delightful blending of alien cultures and her own charming ways. Leaving the deepest marks were four centuries of Spanish rule and fihy years of America. The march of the friars with the Cross before their faces, and the coming of the North Americans opened the Philippines to the confluence of distant cultures - some good, some not so good, all of them vital. It is amazing how traces of such epochs are faithfully preserved here and are holding their own. A few hours by air from Manila, for instance, are lgorot villages where survives a way of life unchanged for two centuries. In the far south, in Mindanao. the voice of Islam still prevails, recall· ing the splendors of a vanished era. And in cosmospolitan Manila, where one can easily pick up details of Westernization, a careful look would reveal some quaint and arbitrary elegance of living. PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY The Filipino loves fiestas. He lives from fiesta to fiesta . And between fiestas are still numerous other fiestas. Unique Christmas celebrations, harvest-time ri· tuals, Maytime Santacruzans, colorful river festivals, religious processions crowd a calendar which possibly marks the world's longest list of festivals. Take the simple duty of paying homage to the dead every first day of November. On this day the whole nation takes a holiday, and in time· honored tradition people flock to Manila's four biggest cemeteries and more than 3.000 others all over the country. As early as one week ahead imposing family mausoleums, tombs and even the simplest of plots undergo various degrees of sprucing up - from a mere clearing of weeds to acquiring a completely new coat of paint, but each >ne decked with flowers and candles. As the sun rises the trek to the cemeteries be· gins. This goes on all day long so that by late afternoon and early evening all cometeries overflow with throngs gathered around family plots and with the curious milling around. Thousands of candle lights flickering in the deepening dusk give the place a carnival atmosphere that generally lasts until the early morning hours. Tradition goes farther still. In Bacoor. Cavite. and in some towns in Rizal and other Tagalog provinces, groups of street "minstrels" roam the streets after midnight begging for prayers in song and verse. This practice stems from a belief that the souls in purgatory are allowed to return to earth on this one day every year to beg for prayers for a speedy release from their sufferings. Out of this ancient ·belief has evolved a charming practice that has been accepted as part of Philippine life : the "pangangaluluwa" (from kalulu11•a meaning soul): But this is not all. Evervhodv believes that the wandering souls make aw~y with whatev·er they .;ee along their way. Hence when people lose ~hings from chicken coop and orchard on this night tht:Y take it all in the spirit of fun and tradition. The overworked word "unique" can be applied with confidence to the celebration of Christmas for nowhere else can one find such a beautiful ~pirit of joy as pervades here o\·er a three-week ong season. To almost everybody elsewhere Christmas means Christmas Eve and Christmas Day and New Year's '>ay. But to Filipinos. Christmas means 22 long .:md happy days - from the sixteenth of December until the sixth of Januarv. On the sixteenth of l)ecemher church bells in. cities and in towns and villages herald the first of a no\'ena of dawn masses l<nown as "misas de gallo." Each of the masses s said in the early morning and in some towns, October·December, 1960 Poge 7 Christmas creche set up in front of the Post Office building. even earlier, at cock's crow, so that it has come down to us by its popular name, misa de gallo. This novena of dawn masses comes to a joyous climax in a Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve. Then the church, aglow with myriad candles and star lanterns, fills up with thickly-clothed and blear-eyed townsfolk who have come to adore the Babe in the shining creche set up at the side of the altar. The mass ended, the people are inevitably lured by the persistent smell of hot rice.cakes (bibingka) to the stalls hastily set up on church yards. Picturesques wayside tiendas likewise offer more native delicacies and pots of hot tea. History recalls that these dawn masses were brought over from Mexico, then a colony of Spain. It has often been suggested that the tradition was born in a farming village where a Spanish missionary held mass in the early morning to give the people enough time to harvest a December crop. Others say that more than 300 years ago this was started in the Bicol provinces by Spanish priests. At any rate the tradition has spread throughout the length and breadth of the land until today it has become a distinct local touch to the picture of Christmas. Certain customs that attend the Philippine Christmas are very charming. One is the panunu· /uyan. Many Christmases ago, the Filipinos sought to be faithful to the Bethlehem surroundings and made up a ceremony whkh is still prac· ticcd in many Tagalog towns on Christmas Eve. This little pageant represents the attempts of th~ Holy Couple to seek shelter for the night before Jesus was born. A lady dressed as the Virgin Mary and a make-believe St. Joseph wander tllrough the town, knocking at doors, the townspeople following them. Shortly before midnight, the procession - which has increased to include almost everyone in town - arrives at the church, where they knock and find shelter. There the Nativity story is reenacted. Goats and lambs_ nestle in the stra~, richly dressed Magi bring gifts and proud Filipino children in white robes and cellophane wings are angels for one evening. Another venerable custom is caroling. Carolers vary in manner, repertoire and membership. Invariably they are made up of song-and-dance groups dedicated to the proposition of spreading! good cheer, _happiness and, often, pure noise. In the West Visayas there is the .traditional daigon . Singers, musicians and local vaudeville troupes in colorful costumes complete with plumed hats, form into caroling groups and go from house to house, offering lively dances and songs in 1he vernacular. There are the ati-ati carolers. also in the Visayas. who gol their name from the fact that the carolers, Page 8 PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY usually small boys, cover their faces with soot and dance a primitive jig which supposedly approxi· mates an Aeta stomp. A necessary instrument in the music to this dance is anything that can pass for a tom-tom. A more sophisticated group than the ati-ati dancers are the cumbancheros of Manila and neighbor· ing provinces. who produce Afro·Cuban improvisations on such traditional melodies as "Silent Night" and "Jingle Bells." Then there are the Igorot women in their primi· tive attire who come down from the Mountain Province during the Yuletide season. hopping and skipping snatches of their lribal dancers to the metallic beat of a frying pan. On New Year's Eve, tiny fire.crackers are exploded. In the absence of fire·crackers. 1he children avail themselves of the next mosl happy medium - the bamboo cannon. This is a length of hollowed bamboo tube into which is poured some kero· sene and which. when lighted. goes boom! The din of exploding fire<rackers ris-es to a crescendo by midnigh1. when the bells, car horns and a great siren blas1s off a tumultous "Happy New Year!" The Christmas season does not end with New Year's Day. II winds up wi1h the Feast of 1he Three Kings, January 6, when gifi-giving reaches its climax. Children's shoes are laid out on window sills for the Wise Men to see and fill with gifts. Just as the long Christmas season comes to an end people in a small, quiet barrio in Novaliches. Rizal. start preparations .for a " Pipigan Festival." This is a celebration of the year's first harvest. Outside a farmer's hut a crowd gathers before an open fire where they roast "pinipig," 1he Filipino crunchy rice flakes made from the newly harvesled glutinous grain. Everybody feasts on the "pinipig" amids1 continued pounding of more fresh "malagkit." Soon the pace of rythmic pounding picks up with the snappy beat of folk dances and songs. Pounding and roasting continue; more singers and dancers join the group and the speedy neighborhood comes to life and lives one whole night of merriment and fun. A visit to the Philippines, no matter how short, will show the visitor how intimately and complete· ly music enters into the everyday life of the Filipino. He will see it in the fruit vendor who counts out his fruits to customers by chanting his figures. He will see it in the group of farmers pounding rice in a monar, bringing down their pestles alternately to the rhythm of folk songs. There is music for the planting season. There is music for the harvesl too. The gathering of tuba is celebrated in songs. There is even a song to ask Providence for a child. October-December, 1960 Page 9 The village or town fiesta is an institution that has retained its vigor through the centuries. Because every Philippine city and town is dedicated to a patron saint, its annual feast is a big cause for rejoicing. It means three days or a week of eat~ ing, dancing and singing, come rain, c6mc shine. Three important features of the fiesta, the moro· moro, the band contests and the religious processions - all have something to do with music. The moro-moro is a play set to music. It deals with legendary characters: But the music that forms its background contains many native strains not heard anywhere else. The band conies!, called Bangaan by the Taga· logs, is simply a contest in volume 9f sound. variety of repertoire and stamina. between two bands. On the eve of the vi llage festival, or several days before, the two bands take their place at the town plaza. One band plays a seleclion, 1hen lhe other plays after it, and so on for days and nights until one or the other runs out of wind from exhaustion of energy and repertoire. On the third week-end of January the feasl of 1he Holy C~ild (San lo Nino) is celebrated in several places: lhe city of Cebu and lhe Manila districts of Tondo and Pandacan. Cebu, the oldest city in the country, was built in honor of the Child. For almost half a century. her natives worshipped the Santo Nifio with pagan ceremonies. Now, devotees flock to the beautiful San Agustin Church where rests the image, kissing it and burning candles in veneration and in most cases. dancing the "pit senyor." This is an odd and leng1hy hopping dance performed lo the beat · ing of drums and tom-toms, probably 1he mosl taxing way of expressing one's devotion. It is obviously a relic of a pagan cult of long ago. In Manila, the Pandacan fiest<:i is replete with Little boys exploding a bamboo cannon religious ferYor; the district attributes its miracu· lous redemption from several disasters to the se\'Cntecn-inch image. The Tondo fiesta, however, outranks all other fiestas or Manila, perhaps because its Little Lord has unquestionably received more passionate homage from Tondo people than any of their great rulers. Most interesting and wuching feature is the Santo Niflo being borne through teeming Tondo, followed hy what seems to he the entire child population of the country. Still other places ha\'e their own charming va· riations on the old theme of town fiesta. But any way you look at it, you can't miss the lavish dis· play of a people's faith, which ser\'es as a wonderful excuse for a happy time. But all is not tradition. Constant contact with the outside:: world makes it impossible to stick to just tradition. Hence the varied calendar of events that fill up the historical, social. traditional and cultural life of the people. January. February and March are months designated co a Philippine Music Festival : hand conC:erts. symphonies, zarzuelas, folk dances. For midJanuarv is scheduled a National Band Contest at the Lu~eta, where the hest hands from neighboring towns perform nightly. competing for prizes for hest performances. E,·ery Friday e\·ening of those three months will see regular presentations of "Filipinescas" - a fulllength concert program on Philippine life, legend and lore. in dance. 1961 is Rizal Centennial Year, in honor of the hundredth anniversary cf the birth of the country's national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. February will be dedicated to Rizal and Philippine culture, specifically lilerature and art. In line with this, \'arioµs cullural expositions and exhibits will he featured. National folk dance troupes from Southeast Asia ha\'e been invited for a performance or their dances and to put up exhibits of their own arts and crafts. Also to open on February I through March 31 is the 1961 International Fair and Exposition, a joint undertaking of the Jose Rizal Centennial Commis· sion and the Philippines International Fair with the cooperation of the Board of Travel and Tourist Industry. Southeast Asian countries have been in\'ited to participate. A striking feature of the Exposition will he a magnificent display of the different natiYe costumes hy· several Asian beauties. Manila society will also ha,·e ifs share of excitement during the month when the famous Spanish couturier. 'Pedro Rodriguez will present a fashion show featuring four Spanish models who will show off an exclusive collection of dresses specially made for Philippine WC'ar. There will be garden shows too. A colorful show of Philippine plants and flowers in November Page 10 The "Santo Niiio .. - Holy Child of Cebu in historic Paco Cemetery. sponsored by lhe Philippine Garden Club, and another show in the Diliman campus by the UP Garden Club in January will present to the public the lush and verdant array of flowers that can be easily .grown in one's own garden. In early February is scheduled an Orchid Show, sponsored by the Philippine Orchid Society. A view of this show will no doubt prove to one and sundry that the Philippines is indeed an orchid paradise. And so the \'isitor who stays with us a while will readily notice that quaint customs and tradi· tions go hand in hand \o,.iith all the hustle and bustle that modern li\'ing demands. The result? A pleasant blending of charm and \·ersatility. PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY Entrance to grounds of the 1961 Philippines lnternationol Fair 1961 INTERNATIONAL FAIR Manila, February 1 to March 31 By Juan Col/as RICH in romance, beauty and scenic enchantment, the Philippines, "Eden-Isles" to an English poet and man of adventure, and land where East and West have met, minglod arid blended for centuries, will hold an International Fair from Fehruary I to March 31. 1961. The place will be Manila. The fair is expected to he bigger and more impressive cullurally. industrially and commercial· ly than the first held here in 1953. That was when twelve foreign nations participated in grand style. each constructing a pavilion of its own design which displayed its l;;itest and moSt attractive wares. A joint undertaking of the Rizal Centennial CommissiOn and the· Philippines International Fair, Inc .• with the cooperation or the Commision on· Tourism. tht" fair and exposition has for its principal theme the honoring of Dr. Jose Rizal as one of the greatest Malayans and the foremost Filipino hero, paOctober·December, 1960 triot and martyr. The vear 1961 will mark Rizal's first centenary, a~ he ~as born on June 19, 1861. For the purpose, there will he, in addition to the awarding of prizes for the different literary contests, a Rizal International Congress. To that congress some of the world's scholars and intellectual leaders. particu· larly those familiar with and deeply read in the works of Rizal, have been invited. Not a few of Central and South America's statesmen and literary· figures. researches have revealed. have been inspired at one time or another by the noted Filipino hero. Not only have they read him and studied his writings, but to this day can recite from memory his "Last Farewell," a feal literary geni belonging to that special kind of literature written on the eve or the poet's execution. The poem is a moving expression of love for one's country. Page 11 Five months remain before the official inauguration. Already six foreign countries have Signified their intention to take part. The first to pledge their participation were the United States of America, Japan, West Germany, Nationalist China, the Republic of Korea and Malaya. Expected to join soon are the United Nations, England, France, Spain, Australia, Indonesia, Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Thailand, Vietnam, and most likely the Vatican. Among the Philippine provinces which have communicated their intention to participate in the coming fair are Aklan, Bohol, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Capiz, Cavite, Cebu, Cotabato, Davao, IlocOs Norte, lsabela, Laguna, Marinduque, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Rizal, Romblon and Zamboanga del Sur. Zamboanga, politically divided into North and South, has long been famous for its picturesqueness and the beauty of its women. No less noted is Bulacan, both for its culinary excellence and the loveliness of its maidens, one of whom, years ago, captured the heart of a visiting prince. It happens also to be the birthplace of Balagtas, poet laureate of Tagalog literature, and of Marcelo H. del Pilar, statesman and patriot and Rizal's greatest collaborator in the publication of the fortnighty "La Solidaridad", in Spain. Other provinces worthy of special mention are Capiz, birth place of Gen. Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Philippine Republic. Cebu, first outpost of Christianity in the Orie~t and home province of the last President of the Philippine Commonwealth, Sergic Osmeiia; and Laguna, home of Rizal. Many parts of Laguna are immortalized by Rizal in his works, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, the two novels that gave impulse to the Revolution. Since the fair and expos1t1on will senre, so to speak, as a grand prelude to the Rizal Centenary celebration, one may safely predict that before long many more of the provinces will have signified their desire to participate. Along with the provinces, chartered cities have also been invited to take part in the fair. Some of the most progressive and enchanting of our cities such as Baguio, Tagaytay, Bacolod and Cebu , have already accepted the invitation to join in this nation-wide undertaking. So have the old city of Cavite, which used to be a hit of Spain; the south· ern city of·Marawi, formerly Dansalan; Roxas; San Pablo; and Silay. The rest of the cities are expected to follow as thev ccme to realize the tremendous significance of th~ occasion. to say nothing of the enormous cultural and business advantages such an event generally offers. For one thing, the name Page 12 and honor of each participant city will be immensely enhanced as well as those of the country itself. Foreign and local participants will exhibit their best products at the fair, as well as their latest mechanical devices and inventions. Every opportunity will be given the participants and the public to make fruitful contacts leading to the establishment of trade relations. To emphasize the fair's cultural character, no less important to the over-all picture than the commercial, exhibitions of the musical, literary and artistic progress of the country since the beginning of the Spanish conquest will be offered to the public. Colorful pageants showing Philippine folklore, Philippine music and dances of old, will be staged. Dressed in their native costumes, nationals of each participating country will exhibit their respective music and dances as well as offer special numbers during the duration of the fair to add color and beauty to the occasion. In short, the best in art and culture of each foreign participant will be shown. A spacious auditorium is being built for the purpose. The International Fair will thus serve as a congenial meeting ground of natio'ns in" an atmosphere of utmost cordiality. Site of the International Fair will be Manila's famed Sunken Gardens just outside the old and historic Walled City. Called lntramuros by the Spaniards, the Walled City was formerly the home of Spanish hida/gos and hida/gas and their descendants, for whose sake the place was surrounded with high walls and provided with magnificent churches and colleges. It was in the Walled City that the royal and pontifical University of Santo Tomas was first erected - even before the founding of America's Univ"ersity of Harvard. By statutory enactment passed some time ago, Manila has ceased to be the capital of the Philippines. It has been replaced by Quezon City, where the unfinished Quezon Monument stands. To all intents and purposes, however, Manila continues to he the nation's metropolis, the centre of its educational. cultural, religious. political, and commercial activities. It's Sunken Gardens are not only easily accessible from all directions, but are close to the Escolta. the city's old shopping thoroughfare. It is also near Plaza McKinlev. behind which stands the imposing Catholic Cath~dral. rebuilt after the war and inaugurated in 1958. Since the days of Spain when the Castillan elite were wont to promenade in carriages along the Old Luneta, Manila has been a center of culture, trade and commerce in the Far East. It is ideally situated. being at the crossroads of international sea and air traffic in Southeast Asia. A treasuretro\·e of European civilization in the Orient almost PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY ON HER PART, THE PHILIPPINES has in the works a series of international and local f'Xpositions and conferences, fiestas and festivals and a large varif'ty of other shows and attractions lined up for 1961. The biggest attraction w ill be the J ose Rizal Centennial celebrations. a year-round program of activities designed to honor the national hem, which starts in January with a mass exhibition of folk dances. con· test and demonstrations, besides nation-wide observances of religious and patriotic character. Interest will be focused in Februa ry on Philippine art and litera. ture; in March, the emphasis will shift to history and culture. An international fair emphasizing the culture, folk arts and native crafts of Southeast Asia w ill dominate these months. Pla ns now include a Malaysian festival, with folk danr:e troupes from countries i01 the region participating. A Garden Week and a Festival of Music are a lso scheduled during the same period. ASIDE FROM THE CENTEN· N IAL CELEBRATIONS. there will be in 1961 a number· of international conferences to he held in Manila. beginning with the · first Asian Newspapermen's Confe:rence and the Asian Postal Union Conference in January and dosing with the International .Conference of Riza. lists and Filipinologists in December. As 1961 mark~ a decade and a half of the Philippine Republic, the independence· celebralions in July will he ot a .s<'0'\1C an<t grandeur net witnessed sim·e the advent of national freedom in 1946. A band conccurse which, it is hoped, will be participated in by countries in the region, will be added attraction to the yearly National Band Music Parade en July 4. To the already far.famed Cycling Marathon will be added another pat· tern£d af.ter the famed Boston Ma· rat hon. BEGINNING NEXT YEAR the Philippine Tourist and Travel As. sedation will include as regular tourist fare, garden tolirs. It has arranged for private gardens to be open to visitors. along with the fabulous residences in Manila and suburbs. to whir.h they belong. Paco Memorial park Site of Phil. Gorden Show, November from the time Legaspi founded it as the country's capital, it forms a natural gateway from the vast Pacific to the immense Asiatic mainland with its intriguing wealth of charm and beauty. ration. She will display samples of her rich and as yet not fully exploited natural resources. At the same time, government agencies will show what they have done and arc doing to promote material and social progress. Enjoying full local autonomy for the first time. provinces and chartered cities will display tht .. ir agricultural ·and mineral wealth and handicraft industries. The Philippine exhibits will thus constitute a veritable show window of the nation's agricultural. mineral and industrial wealth as well as the country's potentialties. As in the first International Fair held in 1953, the coming fair and exposition will be divided into four separate sections. The cultural section will comprise exhibits of fine arts, music, literature and drama. Native and foreign dances will be exhibited here from time to time as this section will be under the patronage of the Philippines and foreign participating nations. The international section will contain the pavilions and exhibits of alJ participant foreign countries. The national section will contain the hooths and pavilions of the various departments arid bureaus of the government and the provinces and cities. The commercial and industrial sections will include the pavilions., booths and exhibits of local business and industrial firm.S and indh·iduals. The Philippines in particular plans to exhibit in the coming fair all that she has achieved in the course of decades, especially in the years af1 er JibeO ctober-December, 1960 Besides attracting foreign visitors and tourists, the International Fair will serve a~ an inducement for Filipinos residing abroad, particularly those living in Hawaii. the United States and Europe, to visit once again the latid of their birth. For this purpose, inl'itations are being extended to them to come. preferably in groups, and see for themselves how their mother-land has advanced since they left their native shores, They will, moreover, he afforded the opportunity to help honor the memory of their national idol at home and abroad. :: Page I J Second year ( 1959) owordees: U low Yone of Burma, Torzie Vittochi of Ceylon, Gyollot Thondup representing his brother the Doloi Loma of Tibet, Father Joaquin Villalongo, S.J., of Spain, Citcmon Dworkanoth Deshmukh of Indio and Jose V. Aguilar of the Philippines. FOR SELFLESS DEVOTION TO THE COM1\10N WELFARE-ASIAN AWARDS By Floro A!ercene AuguSt 31st is a memorable day in th;: Philippines. It marks the birthday anni\'ersary of a great Filipino lctu.kr. It is ohscncd as a special public holiday in two Philippine pro,·inces : in Zambales where he was born, and in Cebu where he met a tragic death in an airplane crash on March 17. 1957. On this date each year since 1958. a handful of distinguished personalities from the four corners of Asia con\'crge on Manila to receh·e signal honors. At appropriate ceremonies these chosen few are conferred awards "in rec()gnition of greatness of spirit shown in service to the people." These are known as the Ramon Magsaysay Awards. When Ramon Magsaysay was President. he met John D. Rockefeller 111 three times. From their very first ml'eting. the American made no secret of his admiration for the Filipino president whose firm ambition was to improve the lot of the common man and to approach the task with selflessness. Page 14 After the death of Magsaysay, John and his brother Nelson felt that somothing should be done to encourage that spirit of ser\'icc. Thus the idea of the awards program was born. \Vith the concurrence of the other three Rocke~ f oiler brothers. a grant of SS00,000 by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund was agreed upon to initially finance the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. In late June,John D. Rockefeller III made a visit to Manila to turn oYer formally to the Board of Trustees the grant of $500.000. In making the presentation of the initial fund. John D. Rockefeller III said: "The life of Ramon Magsaysay 'had great impact not only in the Philippines but throughout the world. He was one of the outstanding leaders of our time. "Ramon Magsaysay commanded the admiration. respect and affection of the people because he was a simple, humhle man; because he cared for all people as indidduals and believed in their PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY dignity and importance. and because he had the courage of his convictions. His objective was to improve the lot of his countrymen and he approached the task with ~clfless dc\·otion. He was convinced that government, to last and be sound.must have integrity and must reflect the will of the people. "A man of greatness of spirit, he saw his fellowmen horn with the right to live in liberty and ~appiness. He was angered by injustice and the violation of high principles. And he worked to build a nation - a world in which freedom could be enjoyed by all and man could live with man in honor and peace. "The world is richer and better because Ramon Magsaysay lived. His spirit will continue to be an inspiration. He cxt.•mplifies the highest type cf democratic leadership and as such is a source of strength and confid:.mce to men cvcrvwhere who arc sinccrc:ly concerned about the well-being of their follov.1men." As evidence of the people's support for the program the Philippine government last ~·ear donated a 3,000·meter lot on Plaza Militar en Manila's Dewe:v Bculevard. On this site the foundation will put up a permanent building of its own which will serve not onlv as its headquarters hut also as a center for study and exchange of views hy Filipinos . and others from Asia and elsewhere on th: task of imprO\·ing the lot of the common man. The Board of Trustees is solelv responsible for the selection of awardecs as well as for the ad· ministration of funds. It is a self-perpetuating ·and widely representative board. ThcsP. trustees serve for a four-year term on a staggered hasis. The trustees receive no salary fer their services. The chairman of the Board is Justice Pedro Tuason, former Secretarv of Justice. now councilOr of Quezon Citv. Mrs. P~z Marquez Benitez is vicechairman and Francisco Ortigas Jr .. treasurer. Other members are Jt•sus Magsaysay, a younger hrother ef the lak President. Col. Frisco San Juan. and Judge Guillermo Santos, Executive Judge of thL· Court of Agrarian Relations. Col. San Juan succeeded Dean Leopoldo Uichangco, former Dean of the College of Agriculture, Univcrsitv of the Philippines. whose term has just expired. Judge San· tos took the place of another member. former Undersecretary of Agriculture Jaime Ferrer, who resigned from the Board when he ran for an elective position. In evaluating candidates for the award. the Board of Trustees considers only those persons whose life and activities are characterized by the ideals and spirit of service of Ramon Magsaysay. No work. achievement, accomplishment or per· formance is considered for an award unless it has been found by experience or expert scrut.iny to be outstanding in any of the allowed categories. The Award is open to persons in Asia. regardless of race, creed. sex or nationality. Awards are given in five fields of endeavor: for outstanding October-December, 1960 ...._ < The award medal with profile of late Philippine President was designed by famed Filipino sculptor Guillermo Tolentino. service in any branch of government, for outstanding public service by a private citizen, for advancement of international amity, for helping the man on the land more fully realize his opportunities through community leadership and for effective writing as a power for the public good. There is a significant provision in the code of procedure which says: "The award need not go to persons holding high public office or to persqns whose actions have influenced large numbers of persons. There are persons who have quietly hdped others. serving selflessly and without ex· pectation of public recognition. Indeed, an award to such a person may well provide a meaningful expression of the ideals of Ramon Magsaysay." Each vear there is a maximum of five awards given. o~e each under the five categories, except for community leadership where one or more awards, but not more than ten, may be made upon the discretion of the Foundation. Each award consists of $10,000, tax free and remittable to any bank in the world. In addition, there are heing given an appropriate certificate with an inscription indicating the basis of the selection of the awardee. and a medal bearing the likeness of · President Magsaysay with the appropriate inscription at the back. The Board omits awards in one or more categories in a given year if they do not find appropriate candidates. In case two persons qualify in a single aw3rd. the Board mav divide the award equally between them. The -fOundation has set August 31 of each. year ·as "Award Day", this being the birthday of Ramon Magsaysay. Not only persons may be given awards. An institution. association or organization is eligible for the award in "international understanding." To come under consideration for an award. it is necessary that a person be recommended in writing by a person. native or foreign, competent in a particular field of endeavor. During September of each year, the Foundation sends cut invitations to competent nominators in the 22 Asian countries under the scope of the awards. · Page 15 Since it's establishment three years ago, the Foundation has given awards to 15 outstanding personalities and one institution in Asia. In 1958, the Indian Bhoodan leader. Acharya Vinoba Bhavc. v.rns cited for community leadership in recognition of the cause he has furthered in arousing his countrymen. to\1.tard voluntary a:ction in erasing social injustice and economic inequalities. Like the late President Magsaysay, this frail. retiring disciple of Gandhi has heen walking throughout India for seven years, asking those who han! land to share it with those \vho do not have. "Land for the landless" as adopted hv the Magsaysay administration is a primary objective of this Bhoodan mon~ment started hy Shave in 1951. Dr. Chiang Mon-Jin. the Chinesc chairman of the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction in Taiwan. received the award for government service in recognition of his distinguished leadership of the Chinese and American program that has been l~rgely instrumental in bringing about significant improvemL·nts in rural life in Taiwan and the other islands in the adminis1ration of the Nationalist Chinese gon~rnmcnt. A Canadian-horn Cevlonese social leader, Dr. Mary Rutnam. was cite~I for the award on public service for her dedicated service to others as a pri\'ate citizen sinct.' she arrived as a medical mis· sionary in Ceylon, her adopted land, 65 years ago. Rohert McCulloch Dick. publisher of 1he Philippine Free Press magazine:, and Moch tar Luhis. editor and part-ownt.'r of the Indonesia Raya. shared the .iournalism and literature award in recognition of the t·uurag:eous and constructive contrihution each had made in journalism as " a power or public good. "Operation Brntherhood," an organization originated in the Philippines to provide medical services to refugees and villages in Vietnam and Laos in a time of need. received the award for "international understanding." fn 1959. there were sc\·cn awardees under four c<itL'gorics. The Dal.li Lama of Tihet received the t·ommunity kadaship award for his gallant strug· gk in defense of his pt.•oplc's right to live and worship in their own way. Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh. chairman of the University Grants Commission or the Indian government. and Jose Vasquez Aguilar. former dean of the college of eduction, UnhTrsitv of the Philippines, received the government s~rvice award. Dcshmukh for exemplary government service in finance and university eduction. and Aguilar. for productive experiments in education to benefit the common "tao." Cited for their compassionate concern for others whom society has cast aside were Father Joaquin Villalonga, S.J. of Spain, a chaplain of the Culion Colony in Palawan. Philippines and Daw Tee Luce or Burma, founder and "mother" of a home for \vaifs and strays in Rangoon. The journalism and literature award last year went to U Law Yone, editor and publisher of The Nation of Rangoon. for his consistently responsible editorship and defense of civil rights, and Tarzie Vittachi. editor of the Ceylon Observer for his courageous reportage of social conflict in the public interest. Two prominent Asians and tw:o British subjects shared honors in the 1960 awards. Sir Henry Hol· land and his son. Dr. Ronald Holland, got the award for public service in su"rgical skills to relieve suffering in the remote hinterland of Pakistan's northwest frontier. O\'er the past 59 years_. the· Hollands and their colleagues restored sight to more than 150,000 tribes people and otherwise relieved the suffering of thousands more to whom no other help was available. Dr. Y. C. James Yen, the recognized founder of the mass education movement and rural develop. mcnt pioneer in Asia, won the award on international understanding in "recognition of sharing the ~ealth of his experience and creative leader· ship in rural reconstruction in Asia.'' Dr. Yen has devoted 40 of his 62 years of life cntirelv to the cause of rural reconstruction move· ment in Tinghsien, China. After WOrld War II. his movement played a \'ilal part in bringing into being the Chinese.American joint commission on rural reconstruction. In 1952. Yen visited the Philippines and organiz· ed the Philippine Rural Reconstruction ·Movement. Third year ( 1960) owardees: Dr. Jomes Y. C. Yen of China, Tunlcu Ahmad Nerong representing his father Malaya Premier Tunku Rahman, Sir Henry Holland ond son Dr_. Ronald Holland of Pakiston. PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY The PRRM is now meeting with the success in assisting rural Filipinos fight illiteracy. po\'erty; disease and misgovernment. The fourth awardee was Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra of Malaya. who won the award on community leadership "in recognition of his guidance of a multi-racial society toward commur.al alliance and national identitv ." He was the guiding spirit hehind welding . together divergent forces in the Federation of Malaya ahcr it achieved its independence from Britain. Another Asian. General Ne Win, Bunna's sup· reme commander of the anned forces. was cited for government service "for his conscientious custodianship of constitutional government and de· mocratic principles in Burma through a period of na1ional peril." General Ne Win, however. regrclfully declined the award (for reasons which the general failed to state ) When the Foundation was eslablished three years ago, it was widely acclaimed by the public and the press. Filipinos felt that the Foundation is an im·estment in sound community and international relations, the wisdom of which. as to occasion. appropriateness and possible happy re· suits, merits the widest recognition and acceptance. pointing up the possible blessing to those who give as 10 those who receive. The Manila Daily Bulletin said: ''In effect and in fact it is a counterpart of the Nohel Prize given by Sweden each year to outstanding personalities in the fields of literature. scicn~e and the cause of peace. · "The Ramon· Magsaysay Award was conceived at the tragic time of its namesake's death last March. Why not perpetuate the name of a great leader in the cause of human freedom hy keeping alive the thinJ!s for which he stood? . "Someday the Ramon Magsaysay awards will October.December, 1960 Awoi"dees in the first year ( 19581 of the RM Foundation: Seated - Robert McCullough Dick of the Philippines, Or. Mary H. Rutman of Ceylon, Dr. Ching Man-lin of Notion· olist China; "standing - Carlos F. Nievero representing Mochtar Luis of Indonesia, Oscor Arellano representing Operations Brotherhood. Not in picture: Achoryo Vinobo Bhove of India. become a by·word in Asia." On the other hand, this was what the Manila Times said: "It is our responsibility to make the fund grow and use it to perpetuate the ideals of a rr?an Who in the brief span of less than four years infused new hopes in the hearts of a despairing people.'' There was no question about the competence of the Filipinos electing the awardees. Over the years there had been unanimous praise over the wisdom of their choices. In 1959. its second vear, the Foundation was no longer just an experi'inent but a respected Asian institution identified with the Philippines. The work of the Foundation and its impact on Asia to date is assessed hy the "Philippines Herald:" "[luring the past three years. the Magsaysay Awards Founclation has diligently and conscientiously probed into the labors and public service records of potential awar'ttees and has projected into the limelight persons or groups highly deserv· ing of public recognition. This continuing search has hrought out to the surface outstanding and meritorious accomplishments that otherwise would ha\'e remained unnoticed and unrewarded. Thus, in this manner, the little known acts of puhlic dedication. the conscientious efforts made hy self-effacing individuals to impro\'e the lot of mankind, were properly projeC<ed for public emulation. "The Magsaysay Awards certainly have con· tributed in a most positi\'e manner toward per· petuating the name and the ideals of Magsaysay, hut perhaps e\'en more important than this, they have brought deserved honor and recognition to those who. like Magsaysay. have been giving the hest of their efforts for the well-being of the;r fellowmen.'' Page 17 TOWARDS FREE ENTERPRISE By Manuel J. Marquez I. IMPERATIVE OF ECONOMIC PLANNING THE concept of economic planning successfully pursued in many progressive countries has in· fluenced the Philippines. As early as 1936 the National Economic Council was created by law "to advise the Go\·ernment on economic and financial questions, including the improvement and promotion of industrk~s. di\'ersification of crops and production. tariffs. taxalion. and such other matters as may from time to time be submitted to its consideration by the President and to formulate a program based on national independence." After the war. in the belief that econa'mic stability could better be achieved if plans are intelligently prepared, conscious efforts were directed in formulating and adopting several programs for economic development. Among these may he mentioned the following : I) Proposed Program for the Industrial Rehabilitation and Development of the Philippines (October 27. 1947) prepared hy the National De\·elopment Company under the supervision of H. E. Beyster Corporation. 2) The Philippine Power Program ( 1948) pre· pared under contract with Westinghouse Electric International in cooperation with the National Power Corporation. 3) The 1948 Cuaderno Plan. 4) The 19.50 Philippine Agricultural and Industrial Development Program (known as the Yu lo Plan). 5) The 1953 Economic Development Program. 6) The 5-Year Economic Development Program for Fiscal Year 1955·59, adopkd hy the National Economic Council in April 1954. 7) The 5-Year Economic Development Program for Fiscal Year 1956-60 adopted May 1955. 8) 5~Year Economic and Social Development Program. 1957·61. adopted hy the National Economic Council Januarv 3, 1957. 9) 3-Ye<ir Program ~f Economic and· Social Dc\'elopment for Fiscal Year 1959·61 to Fiscal Year 1961-62. adopted hv the Naticnal Economic Coun· cil on January 2, 1959. 10) Philippine Stabilization Program of March 1959 (Cuaderno). Page 18 11) The Filipino-First Policy adopted by Resolution No. 204 of the National Economic Council dated August 21, 1958. It is apparent from these planned programs, that the Philippines pursued economic development as the main objective of economic policy. All efforts to this end underscored the fact that the chief task of economic planning in the past has largely been geared to 1) expanding over-all production and achievi'ng self-sufficiency in prime necessities. and 2) promoting .and maintaining a rising leyel of production, employment and real incvme in the Philippines in order to insure eco· nofnic stability and higher standard of living for the people. It seems obvious, too. that the dedicated effort to institute a planned program of economic development has not met with an appreciation degree of success. The underlying reasons for this failure to secure acceptance of a national economic program and tc properly implement such a program stem from the following circumstances: 1. All economic planning programs prepared h;we not reeci\'cd Congressional endorsement nor ha\·c thev hcen approved and endorsed by the rcspecli\'~ heads of the nation after such pro.grams were formulated. Jn two specific cases, said pro· grams were ignored and set aside. 2. No appropriation has been provided for the proper and adequate execution or implementation of the projects embodied in any of the plans adopted. 3. The National Economic Council. under whose initiative and supervision later programs were prepared, has not been given due importance and recognition as the official central agency from which must emanate. or through which must be coursed, all proposals governing economic policies. 4. Lack of coordination among government offices called upon to formulate and implement cccr nomic policies was likewise instrumental in the failure to generate greater public interest in and better understanding of the objectives of economic development. In a developing economy like ours, it is useful and important to understand where the economy is going and what it is attempting to do. Instead of assuming an irrationally passive attitude of helplessness in the face of the shortcomings just mentioned. it is preferable if we could adjust our· selves intelligently to shifting circumstances and, where possible. control them so as to achieve the best and the most advantageous result. In order to effect the most 11seful management . of our resources as a nation, we have to act now and act wisely. Standing still is an impossibility. Sound economic decisions are possible only if we have a full grasp of innumerable economic forces that beset th~ nation. Only then can we achieve maximum beneficial results. We may now ask: What should we try to achieve? The answer is obvious. The need of our times is fer economic policies that will respond to the need of our people for a sense of security as well as opportunity to live in an atmosphere of economic freedom. In short. our consuming objective is economic growth - a high rate of economic growth. The Del Monte Pineapple Conning Foc.tory in Bu· kidnon, Mindanao. New Philippine Development Bonk, Plozn Mirando first element of this goal is progress - progress in terms of increased production. improved technology, and better standard of living for our people. The second objective is economic stability - stability in terms of more employment and the achievement of a level or prosperity consistent with economic conditions and the public interest. The third goal is equitable distribution of the national income. The next question is: What type of economic program would appear most desirable for the countr\' to follow? The answer is : There are no fixed fo.rmu1as for progress. Clearly, the main feature of any economic program must continue to be diversity and flexibility. The exact shape of dynamic trends in the economy cannot be predicted far in advance. But whal is the essentially important is for the government to adopt a definite norm of conduct that would insure economic growth and stability. This should mean: 1. Adoption of a broad economic policy of increased production. real income and employment as a guide to economic planning and development. 2. Its approval by and endorsement of the Pres· ident of the Philippines who will direct all government agencies to use the plan as an over-all guide in the all-embracing effort to achie\·c economic development. 3. laws to provide adeqUate funds for the proper execution and satisfactory implementation of the projects and the goals set forth in the plans. 4. Creation of a committee on economic de\'elopment with membership drawn from both the execu· tive branch of the government and the business sector. This committee shall, from time to· time. up-date and revise the economic development pro· Page 19 gram and shall, whenever necessary, make such desirable recommendations to the President of the Philippines. 5. The National Economic Council should be made the central agency authorized to study and formulate economic policies and measures. This is necessary to coordinate effort and to avoid possible conflicts with the goals embodied in the ap· proved program. The Cvuncil should be the sol~ clearing house for all legislative proposals bear· ing on economic development. This is the core of the ·present uncertainties. It is desirable that the functions and powers of the National Economic Council Lmder the law creating it be respected. 6. A nation-wide campaign could well he undertaken to inform the people of the aims and objectives of the economic program with the view to properly informing them of the need and importance of economic development programming and the subordination of personal ambitions and inte· rest for the good of all. Any plan to accelerate the pace of economic development must. of necessity. be free from political pressure and must involve intelligent and inte~rated planning. This is a vital necessity. The need for coordination of activities among all sectors o.f the economy, especially among government agencies J.nd instrumentalities. is just a~ impor· tant and compelling. II. THE GRADUAL DECONTROL PROGRAM THE decision of the Government to institute a system of decontrol is the new approach to the desired goal of ·economic and monetary stability. The; order to decontrol is in compliance with the. provisions of Section I of the Margin Law ( R. A. 2609), the pertinent provision of which reads as follows: "Implementing the provisions of this Act. along with other monetary. credit and fiscal measures to stabilize the economy, the monetary authorities shall take steps for the adoption of a four-year ptogram of gradual decontrol." REPUBLIC The Central Bank circulars to decontrol released April 25th were not only actions taken pur· suant tv the mandatory provisions of existing laws but were progressive moves responding to public demand for a relaxation of the system of controls which has been in effect during the last decade. The gradual decontrol program as adopted by the Go\'crnment is a departure from the original program worked out by the Central Bank and some legislators when the exchange margin bill was being debated in Congress. While there is virtual agreement that the time is propitious for the lifting of controls, there exists varying and conflicting views on whether it should be gradual or total. Irrespective of the opinions expressed by distinguished elements of our business community, I feel that in adopting a gradual decontrol program the Government has taken a progressive mo\'e forward to return the economy to the free enterprise system. There is currently evident a sincere · determination and readiness on the part of the Government. principally our monetary authorities. to discard exchange and import restric· tions in a manner that would not work hardships on our people and at the same time enable the Gm·ernment to pursue with vigor all such efforts as would contribute to economic and monetary stahility in this country. The chronology of changes that have recently taken place in the economy will attest to this trend. The program essentially provides for the lifting of exi<Sting restrictions on exchange as well as on imports over the next four years. According to present plans, 25% of exchange derived from ex· change receipts and sold on the free market will he increased gradually until it reaches 1009(: not later than 1964. On the other hand, the program also calls for imports to be moved gradually to the free market so that hy 1965 the return to a frC'e enterprise economy shall be completed. R£public: Flour Mills, Makoti, Rizol The essential fealures o.f the deconlrol program. as officially released. arc summarized as follows. I ) All foreign exchange receipts of the country shall be paid for at the following rates: a) 75c,; of all exports shall be paid for at rate of P2 to SI: the balance of 25« shall be paid for on tht! basis of the free market rate which. todav. is P3.20 to a dollar. · b) All sales of gold to the Government shall be paid for on the basis of the free market rate. c) All expenditures of incoming tourists shall also be paid for at the free market rate. d) 75 ~~ of invisible receipts. like capital imports, shall t>e paid for at P2 to SI: the balance of 25Yt at the free markc:>t rate. e) 75 ~(: of U.S. and other government expenditures in the Philippines shall be paid for at P2 to $J ; th~ balance of 2sr:c at the free market rate. 2) All sales of foreign exchange by the Central Bank at the official rate of P2 to SI. plus the margin fee, shall be limited to the following transactions and shall be suhject to prior licensing hy the Central Bank. to wit: a) All imports of EC. DC, EP and SEP cate· gories under the new Central Bank commodity dassification ; h) All go\·ernment expenditures abroad: c) Existing contractual ohligations previously approvcci. bv the Monetarv Board: d) Reins~rance premia·. 3) All sales of foreign exchange for transactions not specified aho\·e and those in excess of exchange licenses granted t>v the Central Bank will be on the basis of the free market rate. 4) Blocked fiduciary funds and investment earnings prior to 1960 shall continue to be governed hy existing regulations. 5) No foreign exchange shall t>e provided for the importation of UI items unless specifically authorized hy the Central Bank. 6) Foreign exchange for imports. invisible remittances like services, travel. education, subsistence and medical expenses. miscellaneous ol-oligations. profit remittances, and the sale of non-resident assets shall he obtained from the free market. To assure the successful implementation of the decontrol program. certain complementary measures must be adopted, to wit: 1) Barter transactions shall be discouraged. If necessary. the present barter law should be repealed. 2) Exemptions provided for under the margin law should he removed and the margin fee law shall be continued. 3) A law should t>e enacted to authorize the President of 1he Philippin~s to impose an export tax of not more than 40~< e£fective not later than 1962. October-December, 1960 Wood carving in Baguio 4) Maintenance of a firm and sound fiscal policy. 5) Raising tariff to the maximum on goods that could be imported through the free market allocations. The Government's decontrol program has the following advantages: 1) It grants desired incentives to producers of export products. 2) It removes the heavy pressure exerted on control officials to faVor non·essential commodities in the grant of import licenses. 3) It provides the Government with increased r.evenucs needed to meet economic de,·clcpment expenditures and requirements. 4) Demand for non-essential items can be sat is· fied through the purchase of dollars from the free market. 5) It will promote sound and healthy development of the economy as the program. if properly implementeci, will force many manufacturers to economize and save on foreign exchange. .S) It provides the initial stt!p needed to eventually return to free enterprise. 7) Lifting of controls is purposely made gradual to provide fur a transition period within which all parties concerned can adjust themselves to the changes being instituted in the cconomv. 8) It will provide the much·needed b~ost to the tourist industry of the country which is a highly potential source of dollar income. 9) It will lay down the foundations of an economy that will provide the necessary props to industrial growth and expansion and accord to Philippine nationals the major share of participation in the economic developm!nt. 10) It will proddc the necessarv mechanism needed to discoura(!e the importati~n of non·essentials without necessarily taxing essentials. There arc. however, certain inherent weaknesses of the decontrol program which should be pointed out at this stage. 1f not carefully managed, the system may hinder exports. If the need of export industries for an adequate incentive to expand or maintain producPage 21 tion is underestimated, investment in them may be discouraged. The establishment and development of domestic industries for the production of essential goods may be discouraged by the subsidy given to c~r­ tain export industries as well as to the preferent~a1 treatment accorded certain imported essential items. It is probable that in order to produce really beneficial effects to the economy, those called upon to implement the system should guard against the possibility of the system becoming a source of monopoly profits for the privileged exporters who are granted the benefits of a higher rate for a certain percentage of their exports. Undue delays in the issuance of licenses and arbitrariness in the decisions and policies principally in the classification of items of imports. The issue of decontrol is of far-reaching importance and significance to our country and to our peopll". There are many opinions, pro and con - divided and confused - about the subject. Misconception abound and mounting pressures on control officials, expressed in many different ways, are much more in evidence now. Whether we like it or not. however, the decision to decontrol is a fait accompli. The Gm·emment needs the cooperation of the general public in all its efforts to successfully implement the program of decontrol. The enormity and the gravity of the task that lies ahead can neither he ignored nor taken lightly. We are all involved in this and the failure of implementing officials to successfully carry out th;, policy adopted is not the failure alone of such officials but of the Filipino people. There is a little story two thousand years old of three men in a boat, none of whom could swim. When thev reached mid·stream, one man started boring a hole in the bottom of the boat. The other two shouted "What are you doing?" "Tend to your own business,'; said he. "I am boring a. hole beneath my seat only, and not beneath yours." "But." shouted the other two, "we are all in the same boat." This story is two thow~and years old. It has been told and retold. It is as true now as when it was written. We are all in the same boat. III. ROAD .TO RECOVERY ONE cannot speak of the present economic situation in the Philippines without directly referring to the monetary policies and measures adopted hy the Central Bank; without assessing Page 22 their effects and imp·lications; and without arguing either in favor or against them. This is the ques· tion : Is monetary policy stifling economic growth? In other words. by restricting credit, does not the central bank policy retard economic development? The credit squeeze began April, 1957. The Monetary Board, convinced of existing inflationary tendencies in the economy, imposed selective and quantitative credit restraint on the private sector. A selective priority system was instituted for loans and a corollary measure was adopted imposing portfolio ceilings on loan classifications under the priority system. · Four priorities were set up: Priority I for agricultural and industrial loans; Priority II for public utility loans and loans for highly essential consumer imports; Priority III for personal Consumption and commercial loans; and Priority IV for real estate loans. Portfolio ceilings were imposed on Priorities III and IV, thereby applying quantitative restraints on these types of loans. This initial attempt to curb operations of commercial banks was designed to arrest or eliminate inflationary pressures in the economy caused by an excess of mOney.supply·o\'er -the total quantity of goods and services available. It was resorted to notwithstanding the fact that the internal gen· eration of new money was mainly in the public sector. Monetary expansion in 1955 generated a net increase in money supply of P109.6 million. This was the result of internal credit expansion of P229.6 million (Public sector generated Pl57.6 million and the private sector only P72.0 million despite a contradictory factor in the loss in international reserves of Pl20.0 million. In 1956. money supply registe~ed a net increase of Pl62.8 million, of which Pl 11.8 million was of internal origin and P5t.0 million external. In 1957. the net increase in money supply was only P99.0 million. Although the net effect was only of this magnitude. internal credit expansion was a terrific P320.7 million, of which the public sector generated P206.2 million and the private sector Pl 14.5 milliDn. Because of this extraordinary internal credit expansion. the availability of cheap money at this time generated ~uch a big demand for imports, resulting in a net loss of P221.7 in our international reser\'cs and bringing them down to the lowest levi;-1 ever. In December of 1957. the second measure of credit restraint in the form of the margin deposit requirements under Circular 79 was instituted. This stemmed from a rising le\·el of demand for credit at a time when the Central Bank was pursuing an anti-inflationary polic~· of credit restraint. As a result, the total amount sterilized by this measure hit a peak of P56.6 million at the end of 1959. P32.3 million more than in 1958. PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY The vear 1959 featured the adoption of specific measu;es to reinforce the restrictions prevailing since 1957, making then more rigid. New quantitati\'c as well as qualitati\·e monetary and credit controls were adopted in order to : (a) reduce the excess liquidity of banks; (b) sterilize excess purchasing power in the import sector; ( c) stabilize thG balance of payments position; and (d) increase the revenues of the government. These additional 1igh1. money policies were deemed necessary not only because of fears of a wage-price spiral but because monetary officials were worried that unless domestic inflationary pressures were suppresed there would be a steady worsening of the balance of payments position. On February 3. 1959, the Central Bank further tightened money and credit for the private sector. A graduated rediscount rate for commercial banks to rechannel the flow of credits into more econom· ically desirable and productive activities was insti· tuted. The basic rediscount rate was raised from 4-1 / 2'/0 to 6·1 /2%. while preferential rediscount rates of 4-1 / 2% and S~C were set for crop loan paper and export packing credit paper, respectively. Commercial banks, because of this cost restiic· tion in borrowing. saw it fit not to rediscount any paper under the 6-1 /2~; rate from February 1959 · to the end of January 1960. The only exception to this rule was the government-controlled Philip· pine Naticnal Bank which borrowed PJ39.0 million at 6-J.li?i. and P222.S million at 4-112<; from February 1959 to January 1960. As a corollary measure. the reserve requirements of commercial banks for demand deposits were raised from 1src. to 19~( in February, 200: in March and 21 % in April 1959, reducing the excess reserves of all banks by about P67.2 million. By mid-July of 1959, the 25\'o margin levy on the sale of foreign exchange - the main ingredient of the stabilization program then adopted - was imposed. to regain the people's confidence in the government's fiscal policy and in the monetary management by the Central Bank. Obviously, monetary officials favored "tightness" to fight inflation and build confidence in the currency. A~ of June 29. 1960. total collections had reached P176.69 million . Although it may be rightly said that this measure reduced the pressure on our international reserves because of cost restrictions, it should perhaps be more explicitly stated that this had provided the government with an additional source of revenue to the tune of P20.3 million or 30.4 per cent of total collections as of December 31. 1959 (P66.8 million). Despite the further tightening of monetary and credit control measures the other banks commer· October-December, 1960 cial, savings and rural increased their credit operations. Total domestic credits which stood at Pl,961.3 million at the close of 1959, showed an increase of P202.6 million or 11.5 per cent over the year-previous level. This weakened the banks' Ii· quidity position and induced greater resort to the Central Bank rediscount window. Banks' excess reserves dropped from the 1958 year-end level of ~155.3 million to P43.8 million at the cle>se of 1959. At this point. taking up the recent relaxation of these measures, let us consider the impact of inflation and deflation on 'the economy. Inflation has been bandied as some sort of a witch to scare aggressive businessmen and over-eager consumers. But the distinction made by economists as to the type and extent of inflation has not been clearly brought out. True that hyper-inflation is undesirable - no one wants conditions reminiscent of the Japanese occupation when a cartload of money got you a bag of peanuts. But it must be noted that mild inflation is neces· sary in a growing economy if capital is to be attracted into investments and if entrepreneurs are to be motivated to promote new enterprises. Deflation, on the other hand, while necessary and beneficial under conditions of hyper-inflation in or· der to readjust the price structure through a re· duction in available money supply, is likely to be disastrous in an economy which is trying to take A modern oporlment building, Manila. off. It could create a slump which could very well deteriorate into a depression in the business cycle. Perhaps, it was after all a blessing in disguise that non-banking institutions. from investment and financing companies to mutual funds and insurance companies, entered the field of short-term financing, although at reportedly ultra high rates, in order to meet the requirements of businessmen for normal operations and for the payment of margin deposits req\lired under Circular 79 and the 25% margin levy on the sale of foreign exchange. It was at this point that undue criticisms have been leveled at the Central Bank since. It has been held that because of its measures of credit restraint and its inability to control non-banking institutions. a vicious circle has been completed impeding economic growth and burdening the consumers more because of cost-plus conditions. Then the much-awaited relief came. The Cen· tral Bank announced the partial relaxation of its stringent credit controls, realizing that the net impact of all measures, both fiscal and monetary. that were in effect, would be deflationary to the extent of P29.0 million by the end of December 1960. It was recognized that in a developing eco· nomy, it is desirable that money supply be expansionary rather than deflationary. Undoubtedly conditions of deflation in a growing economy where the different factors of production are competed for by different sectors of the economy will result in disastrous consequences wiping out whatever advances the general economy has gained. Consequently, in order to remove the deflationary effect of the stringent credit meas· ui-es. the Central Bank has relaxed margin requirements under Circular 79, decreasing from 100% to only SO~ the margin on essential consumer imports and from 100% to only 25% for SEC. NEC, and NEP imports. There is less need for this measure since the free market rate under the decontrol program of Aptil 25, 1960, was set at a level high enough to cut off excess demand. As a complementary move, the Central Bank has reduced· the basic rediscount rate from 6-1/291- to 6% while maintaining the preferential rates of 4-1/2% and 5% for agricultural and industrial production paper and export packing credit paper. respectively. Rediscounting quota not exceeding 100% of the net worth of banks authorized to receive government deposits have been instituted in conjunction with automatic rediscounting for all collaterals mentioned as eligible under Article IV ( b) Chapter 3 of Republic Act 265. Banks not authorized to receive government deposits, which are those other than Filipino-controlled. are not entitled to automatic rediscounting privileges and instead shall be allowed to rediscount not exceeding 100% of its net- worth on a case to case basis Page 24 as authorized by the Monetary Board. In this connection, the Monetary Board has allowed, for purposes of computing its net worth as the basis of its rediscount quota, the subscribed capital stock of the Philippine National Bank to be considered as part of its net worth - thereby not in the least curtailing its operations due to high rediscount quota ceilings. A corollary move of the Central Bank. designed to benefit Filipino-owned banks, reduced the minimum capital requirements in relatiQn to risk assets in order to allow such banks to lean out· their excess reserves. This was done by considering, in addition to items previously authorized, loans against cash collateral and trust receipts and imports bills with marginal deposit, depreciated furniture and equipment as non-risk assets. Judging from the recent actuations of the Central Bank, we ran say that the gates have been opened to an easier money policy consistent with latest developments in the economy. While it is expected that these measure~. in the short run, will not appreciably increase the. loaning operations of commercial banks. in the long run, however, after readjustments in the positions of these banks have been effected. more funds will be available to deserving borrowers. In face of such facts, we can now answer some pertinent questions, to wit: I. What is the ca.use cf tight money? Answer: The restrictive credit measures adopted by the Cen· tral Bank limiting the supply of money because of the excessive demand for credit. In such a situation. the role of the Central Bank is to see to it that an inflationary increase in bank credit does not fill the gap between excessive demand for credit and the inadequate flow of savings. 2. Why is it that commercial bank credit is being limited? Answer: Because an increase in commercial bank loans and investments increases the money supply. Commercial banks create deposits when they make loans and investments and demand deposits make up the bulk of our moriey supply. The use of credit to finance business expansion at a speed and scope that would generate inflationary pressures must be controlled. 3. Why is there need of limiting money supply? Answer: In order to obviate the danger of money supply increasing much faster than the output of goods and services, thus causing wage·price inflation. 4. Is monetary policy stifling economic growth? Answer: This question may be answered by carefully diagnosing the relation of monetary policy to our rate of growth and showing how it fits in with the determinants of our rate of growth. It is unfortunate indeed that most of us are so preoccupied with the tight money situation that our PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY I " ~lfi\NH~,~~~~EVW I ,, -~--------- -.---- lllel •••••• •••••••••••••••••I ail' .. .:.•:. .i.f;.;.At: 1' -•~1 luti - 11 •t Ni'i ','i';,·i ·,·1 ,w 1·.w~ \11111 1 .................... 11111111111111• 11111. ,..... 11111 .... .., 1'11: 1111 ~ ............ !" "'l-''!"·"·"1• ·····~·····-· ......................... 111· ;! i'i'il i~'j 1 1 11': ... 111 111"• 1 1t.;;.;;. ;n;;::. •• "· '"'"· " 1 1••: •.. ~ .. HI llUll Hiii 11111 1111' 1:: - - . .-_.9 _ T-1 .---~~ ~ ........... ~--· ~-~ . ' Araneta Coliseum, largest domed coliseum in Asio. attention has been diverted from the fundamental factors influencing economic growth. Two basic conditions are essential for sustained economic growth. namely, ( l) increase in capacity to produce goods and services and ( 2) corresponding increase in demand for the goods and sen•ices produced. Monetary policy contributes to economic growth in two ways. to wit: (I) Keeping total money demand in balance with capacity to produce. This means flexibility in the policy. It should be able to restrict credit expansion when total demand threatens to raise prices. It should make credit readily available when a deficiency in total demand is causing a de· dine in production and employment, and ( 2) Helping create an enviroment favorable to saving and investment. The Central Bank policy of credit restraint, therefore. as borne out by salutary effects so far attained. instead of stifling growth or retarding economic de\"elopment, is in effect preventing the generation of inflationary tendencies inimical to sustained growth. As a banker, I thoroughly agree with the basic ohj~ctives which compelled our monetary authorities to adopc' restrictive credit measures. I say this on the assumption that unless we maintain sound money. the entire financial and economic structure of this country will be seriously threatened. October-December, 1960 There are times indeed when even bankers are quite unhappy about the way the operations of their financial institutions are affected by the credit policy. But, it is recognized by most of us that credit control is essential to the economic well-being of the nation; that in order to attain sustained economic growth, we must give up something in return; that in the long run, it is to our own advantage and interest and to the advantag.! and interest of every other group that such a policy has been adopted. Since April 25, 1960. when the gradual decon· trol program was inslituted, the available supply of free market foreign exchange has exceeded tcr ta) demand by $31.48 million as of Jun~ 30th. In addition, Philippine international reserves have increased to SJ93.63 million as of June 29. 1960, S30.74 million more than the level obtaining at the end of December last year. These are signs that augur well for 1he economy. In the light of the foregoing facts. I helieve the Philippine economy is now well on the road to recovery - well over the roadblocks and strains of the "crisis of development." However, let us be· ware of a possible new crisis - the "crisis of over-confidence." This is the new challenge that faces us now. Let us face it squarely. courageously and responsibly as we did the prohlems of the immediate past with maturity. patience and understanding. Page 25 View of Lake Lonoo. THE MARANAOS AND THEIR ART By Mario A. Mercad-0 AT 2.300 feet above sea level lies picturesque Lake Lanao, the second largest lake in the Philippines. An overwhelming vista of a vast lagoon rimmed by a sweep of mist-covered rolling mountains. that are graced by agoho. narra and other hardwood trees, a scene somewhat reminiscent of Chinese landscape paintings: this is one's first impression of the place. A shore dotted with the exotic architecture of white mosques, a lake abounding in German carps, mudfish. catfish, and other species of lake fish which are the principal livelihood of this people - such is Lake Lanao. Around this lake live a group of people who call themselves Maranaos. l' The Maranaos have a distinct culture lo which they are intensely devoted to the point of r~sist­ ing all kinds of intrusions from outside. V They are proud of it and would stand up to any man and say: "I am not a Filipino. I am a Maranao". '<To the Maranaos, the m.easure of a man lies in his familiarity with his folklore :_ as manifested in his music, literature. arts. local etiquette, reli· gion; and in the e,xtensive.,,ss of his collection of brassware and art works. ~It is a cultural necessity for Maranao men to know how to beat the agong. a brass percussion instrument, and the dadarbttan. an hour glassshaped drum. ~A Maranao must know how to walk in a proud ~nd cocky way - langka as they call A mosque in Mulundu, Lonoo del Sur, showing strong Arabic influence. the walk; and stand smartly, hands akimbo, left foot forward, the weight of his body falling on the right leg, in the manner of Bantugan, their epic Darani;en's principal hero and idol of Maranao men. ~ J Similarly, a woman is not graceful if she cannot walk in the kini-kini way,J the walk of the mate rm or the wildhcn - so says Datu Mamitua Saber, a worthy of Marnwi City. \$he must know how to play the kolintang. another percussion instrument, made up of eight brass gongs. each with a differ· cnt pitcl,, and played like a xylophone. v Singing - or more properly, chanting - can be he:trd almost everywhere in Lanao. Political spe:ches, love songs or baiok, the barks of cigarette and fish vendors - almost anything that is addressed to the public is chanted. Almost everywhere one goes in Lanao del Sur he hears the mellow sound of the kolintang mingling with the ccld breeze of the night; and the women chanting the exploits of Bantugan-cclcbrating his triumphs and lamenting his defeats. v Lanao <lei Sur gives the stranger an impression cf stepping back into history. but the more he gets <tcquaintcd with the place. the more he discovers that he is not exploring the past but a new world - an amazing world of beauty and splendor, of · brotherhood and, .sometimcs, of hostility. "' "The Maranaos have a highly developed ?esthetic sensibility. They surround themselves with things of beauty - their colorful woven malong or saron.g, their smart headgears, their intricately embroidered jewelry and their gunong, a serpentine blade they carry as charm against the evil spirits and f~r protection against enemies. V Their long communal houses, which they call torogan, are things of beauty from their exterior to the interior. Protruding from the long vast floor is a wing-like extension of the beams, averaging five in number, with intricate an<;I magnificent has rdiefs of the· dragon in ornamental abstraction. At the jytting front end of the roof are either the diungal or sari manok. The diungal is an emhrcidcrcd and ornamental Luzon carabao horn. The sari m.a110k is a highly stylized representation on w~ cock which is supposed to have been a legendary bird that Bantugan, the Darangen epic's hero, brought down from heaven to his home in Bumbaran. The sari manok is also considered a totem, and only recently has it started to lose its true significance. The sari manok which literally means "imitation cock'', and whose identity and significance have hecn a subject of controversial discussion among Manila cultural groups is considered representative of the Maranao okir or desigf!. A rare version of the singkil. a Moronoo donct usually performed with two or four bamboo poles An old Maranoo woman works on on umbrello in her dimly-lit house. Minombao, a Moranao prin.cess, smiles o shy greeting to visitors to their house. Maronao metalwork. Lorge brasswore in background is a spittoon, while ornate silver inlaid box iri center of larger bowl is a betel nut container. But Maranao art does not end with the sari manok. The Maranaos also have the kuda, a stylized head of a horse whose chief us~s are as knights in chess and as prows of boats.v . The Muslim Maranaos have achieved greater renown in metalwork than in any other craft. ·., From Tugaya, the center of all the Maranao metalwork, come all the brassware of Maranao-land - their gadurs. flamboyantly damascened even if somewhat crudely wrought; their kalandras. repoussed not \'erv Finely perhaps, but beautifully; their moulded rabaks or their excellently crafted jewelry which have found their wa~· into the display windows of Manila curio stores and into the collectors' living rooms_ v \' Maranao art is typical peasant or folk art. It is basically utilitarian. From the smallest comb to the biggest boat, there is that ever-present okir or native design, the agitated but graceful flow of hotanical or floral elements and the elegant juxtaposition of primary colors - there is always life. ' ~ Maranao art is not as complicated as it may lol!k. Most of the elements inrnlved have botanical, and a few have zoological. origins.\ There is the paco, the unrolling frond of the} fern: the tudi, a petal of the katuray (Sc. name: Sesbania GrandiRora ), the potiok rabrmg or the banana flowers. From animals. motifs taken are the lawi or the tail feather; and the nap. or serpent's scales. It will be noticed that with the use of the previously mentioned ornamental elements. the Maranaos can represent in an abstract or non-repre· sentational way various things - horse, serpent, bird. carabao horn. and so forth. ' This strict ad· Panolong, the protruding beams of o ro· yal clan's community house, shows cellent craftsmanship of okir design. herence to abstractions can be beSt explained by the Koran's iconoclastic teachings which forbid any kind of animal or human representation in art. "Thus Muslim designs are purely g·-eometrical and ornamental. 1 / The okir gives the viewer a visual sensation of an eternal rhythmic movement. In spite of the seemingly confused patterns, the agitated but graceful flow cf designs and the viOlent but beautiful colors of the different hotanical elements, all the parts converge on a definite focal point. It is common among folk artists to giv.-e life to things with which they come in daily contact. Their umbrellas ahloom with color are richly em· hroidcred, the intricately carved fronts of their houses are almost ovenvhemingly ornamented with the usual okir and painted with enamel' in their maximum chroma: their "hauls", farming tools, beds and many other implem~nts are patientlv inlaid and can1 ed in reliefs. lit ~culd seem as if they felt insecure unless they were: sur!Jundcd with what. to the Marana~. is heautiful. What is ugly is taken away ... it may be that they feel thev have too much of this in t.heir environment. "what ~ painful. fearful and miserafile is not portraved. Are not the painst fears and miseries of life .enough? - they seem to r~1\son out. Their design must perforce be an' idealizaticn of what they love mostv It is in this attempt at idealization and styliza· tion that the ego starts to divorce its.elf from the subject; and since their aesthetic sensibility can best be expressed uvon things near to them - upon their clothes. farming tools, betel nut con· tainers - expressioA has hccome interfused with function . And it is in this impulse to escape from the miseries of life ~nd into the oleasant world of beauty that the Mara"nao has developed into that remttrkable type of the "Artist·Manufacturer". Also token trom the Dorangen is this epic dance called sagayon. The sori manok, a highly stylized representaticn in wood of o cock. It is a symbol of royalty, beauty, manliness. The worth of a Moronao depends on his ability to play musical instruments such as the agong and the dadarbuon; and, in the case of girls, the kolin· tang. ART EDUCATION-THE WESTERN VIEW By Edwin Ziegfeld THERE is a difference between the vi0 ewpoints of art education in the East and .the West. And in taking a look at art education, one cannot avoid looking first at the general cultural ideas in which it is imbedded. Art, less than any subject, can not be discussed apart from the life and ideas of the people who produce it, for it speaks of life and ideas with both eloquence and passion. It cannot be divorc.!d from them. Regarding the concept of man himself: The East considers man as an emanation of God; the West as a progressive animal. '"To the Western mind, the divine is external to man : the East, the divine element is immanent from the first in man and true human growth is precisely the development of this element. With regard to education, the East has tended to look at it as an end in itself; the West as a means to an end. These are profound differences and, so any observers of cultures well knows, lead to profound differences in all aspects of human behaviour. · It should be added at once that these differing -views, so broadly stated, are not held exclusively bv the East or the West - rather that one set of views tend to be held more strongly in the West than in the East and vice-versa. Certainly, there is in the West a strong tradition of the divine nature of man. Clearly, in the East there have been developments of highly practical importance. Although the qualifier that no culture is monolithic mast be made, no one could possibly disagree with the fact that Western culture, since its inception in the classical period and increasingly since the 14th and 15th centuries, has been dominated by a highly rational outlook which has led to scientific inquiry and the discovery of remark· able insights into the nature of the physical world. This has been accompanied by a fantastic technology, the results of which scarcely need to be enumerated here. Opening address delivered by Dr. Edwin Ziegfeld, President INSEA, before the 3rd General Assembly at the Conference Hall of the WHO Building, Manila, Philippines, August 27, 1960. Page 30 The scientific revolution has set in motion a great social revolution. For the first time in history, the possibility exists of relieving all inen from hunger and want and of enabling man to use a considerable portion of his energies for activities of his own choosing which might further his dignity and inherent nobility. The "good life" seems at hand and everyone, quite understandably, wants to lead it himself. There is not one country in .the world that does not have plans for industrial development to raise the living conditions of its people. The question is ·never. whether or not "such a program is to be undertaken but rather how rapidly it is to be done. And if. the country already is highly industrialized the question is the rate at which it should be increased. I can think of few more humane aims than raising the standards of living of all the world's peoples. Na.tural resources should be for the use and· benefit of all. Developments to lighten work and increase food supply should be available to everyone. About these issues there is agreement on principles i£. not on specifics. But the great danger is that iri the rush toward greater scientific development and industrialization, a number of vital and essential values will be discarded. In particular, I am thinking of those values which put a premium upcn individual effort and accomplishment, upon doing things for "the sheer joy of it, upon maintaining the realization that inner serenity is more important than a large refrigerator or an automobile. For technological advancement exacts a heavy price and the extent of the toll is not generally known or is faintly appreciated. The machine is both the liberator of man and his potential enslaver. While being thorcughly ·aware of and enthusiastic about the former we have scarcely be.come aware of the latter. While exulting in our temporal freedom we do not realize how we ourselves are changed by the machines We have created. Sir Herbert R~ed, in a recent article, points out PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY the difference between the effect on an individual operating a machine which is making a chair leg and the activity of a craftsman doing the same thing~. The operator of the machine is concerned only with the machine and that its operation continues uninterruptedly. The machine after all will the do the work - and well. The craftsman, however, is placed in a position of close and direct relations to the materials he shapes. Every operation is evaluated and affects later operations - there is an interaction between the craftsman and the material. The technician operates the machine; the craftsman masters the materials and this makes a profound difference in the effect of the activity on the person. This is beautifully stated by Eric Gill, the English sculptor: "If I take a piece of iron and with my fingers and various tools - shape that iron in the shape of a box because that is the kind of man I am - that is one thing. If I take a similar piece of iron and put it into one end of a machine and it comes out at the other end a box. because 1h.'a1 is the kind of machine ii is - that is quite another thing." What I am suggesting is that the machine, besides he!ng a force for good, is also a force for evil - and that unless we are aware of both its potentialities we are apt to be seduced by its efficiency and be unaware of its other effects on us. Understand clearly that I am not arguing for the rejection of the scientific age. Nor am I proposing that we return to an age of handicraft and long hours of labor. What I am saying is that, if we accept the ·machine as a fact of present-day life, and if we realize that its importance is not going to decline but increase, then I am concerned that some counter-force be clearly set in operation. I believe, also. in the view of the West that art education represents one of these counter-forces. I believe that art education in the West canno.t really be understood unless seen against a background of technological development, for that is what gives it much of its color and its direction. I must add of course. that it does not explain all of art education- but I have made no pretense of doing so. I am also aware that in making this point, I am equating the West with technological develop· ment. This is not of course true, for there are many countries in the West only beginning in technological growth and there are Eastern countries with a high state of technological developmcint. But Science and scientific materialism, fer all these glories and shortcomings, are basically the contribution of the West to world culture. Art education from a Western viewpoint must, I feel. take this fact as a background in any discussion October-December, 1960 Germany. No T E : Picture above anrl subsequent ones ore reproa1,1ctions of children's paintings from different coyntries as shown in a Children's Exhibit during the INSEA Conference held lost August in Manila. Page 31 of it. It might be argued that in thus setting art and art education "against" science and the machine I am assigning it a negative role. But one need only to look back upon the last 200 years of Western art - a period which coincides roughly with the Industrial Revolution - to realize that art has during that time been more and more estranged from the culture in which it was produced. Increasingly, art rather than supporting culture, as i~ the classical medieval times, has tended to be in revolt against it. The artist, in a sense, has taken a new role, that of being a spokesman for the humanizing values of society. He points out cultural dangers, he emphasizes values which tend to be slighted or ignored. Quite clearly, the fact that so many contemporary artists are working in highly personal idioms at times obscur·e or in non-understandable ones - can be explained as protest against an age of mass production and threatening conformity. At a time when a machine can turn out an infinite number of identical products, what more needs saying than the fact that every man is basically an individual and different from everyone else. Sir Herbert Reed in his Grass Roots of Arts states that it is only art that can save us from a vast social neurosis that is inevitable in a highly mechanized society. A basic characteristic of Western Art education then is that its proponents see it as an essential ingredient of experiences in an increasingly scientific and mechanized world. We urge art eX.perience for all because we know they are not generaJly available. we urge art experiences to raise the level of public taste in art because one need only to look about him to realize how low it has sunk since the machine has taken production from the hands of the craftsman and put the criteria of excellence in the briefcase of the salesman rather than in the workshop of the artist. Art educators talk about the necessity for "wellrounded" education, because this is not what students are getting in a highly verbal and sciencedominated curriculum. Art educators point to the in.tangible satisfaction of art production - a nonmaterialistic and basically "useless activity" - because of the pressure on young people for useful - oriented courses. Harold Ureg, the noted physicist, in a recent talk pointed out that science in its useful .or applied aspect, does not give the common man a sense of dignity. The art educa· tor. by emphasizing individuality, uniqueness and expressiveness, is attempting to give all people the sense of dignity and accomplishment which they sorely need. Page 32 IF I were then to select major and basic emphasis of art education in the West I would make them three in number and would state them as follows: I , A stress on individuality and expressiveness 2. An emphasis on freedom and inventiveness 3. A concern with process I will look at each of these in turn. An artist has, of course, always been an individual, and individualistic in the work which he produces. But individualism as a common sodal phe.nomenon is relatively new. It is part of the concept of man as a rational animal and, therefore, possessed of certain basic rights and free to make decisions which affect his destiny. The free rational man was the focus of the waves of social and political revolution that swept over the Western World during the 18th and the 19th century. The concept of unique individuality is even more recent and has been especially of concern because of pressures in our society which threaten it. Hand in hand with the concept that every individual is different from every other one is the belief. that each person, in his own right, is of importance. H~ has his own individual life to lead which should have all richness of which he is capable; he has his own special social contributions to make· which, even though it may be lowly, is nonethe· less, important. This concept, too, is now being threatened and dangerously so. I must turn again to the machine. (This time to vary special kinds of machines - to computers or thinking machines.) To sharpen the point that machines by their nature change our views of people, and that we should be conscious of this fact. I am going tc call your attention to two statements - the first from a talk which I delivered in the Hague at the 2nd General Assembly of INSEA based on some information then new, the second including more recent information about comparisons which gives some idea of the rate of technological advancement. "If we have been only modestly impressed by scientific and technical advances thus far. we will probably be overwhelmed by what is clearly in store during the next few years. Electronics has made possible the extension of machine processes beyond the hopes of even the wildest dreamer of a few years ago. Operations of un· believable magnitude and complexity will be done automatically without human help or interference. In fact, the machines will do them much better than people, for human error can be ruled out. PHILIPPINE QUARTE~LY South Africa A simple example is the new electronic device developed by the Dumont Laboratories. This device (useful for such practical purposes as counting bloo<l cells and machine parts) can count up to one million ohjects of various shapes and sizes in just one second. But this is a minor device. Automation has an infinitely greater scope. It has already ushered in the second industrial revo· lwion whose effects will be even greater than 1hose of the first. Incredible machines arc being vessing Machine which has the computing ability of constructed one of which is the mechanic Data Pro· cessing Machine which has the computing ability w 25,000 trained mathematicians. "This marvelous mechanism can perform 7,200 unerringly logical operations per second. It can multiply a pair of 127-digit numbers and arrh·e at a 254-digit answer in one-lhird of a second. In one second. it can add 4.000 five·digit figures or do 160 complicated long di\'isions. In just twelve machine hours it can do 1.200 cost reports that normally take 1.800 man hours ( 225 eighthour days). In barely 1wo hours. it will complete a financial statement that takes a staff of accountants 320 hours. "Mechanization, which we have learned to accept as an extension of the human arm. has now become an extension of the human brain as well. Imagine the effect of thousands or hundreds of thousands of machines such as these on people's estimates of their own abilities. "The steam engine, which ushered in the First Industrial Revolution, provided mechanical energy to take over the work of man's muscles, and led to the mechanization of labor. Au1omation, brought about by the development of self-regulating ma· chines, is now in the process of mechanizing the nervous system and the brain itself." " . . . computers today are a thousand times faster in their calculations than they were three years ago. E\·en faster machines are on the drawing board. Once . . . the experts were content to speak in 'microseconds,' which means millionths of a second. In Paris at the first International Conference on Information Processing, they were glibly using another word. 'nanosecond,' which October-December, 1960 means a thousandth of a millionth of a second. It is not only the increase in the speed of computation which is important, but t~e speed of advance. The computer solves the problem involved in making other computers and can even control the automatic machinery to make computers. In other words, machines are helping to breed ma· chines. "The experts attending the conference foresaw, within matter of years. electronic devices which will memorize all the knowledge in the world - the content of the British Museum, the Bibliothcque Nationale, the Library of Congress and, indeed, all the recorded facts of the Orient and Occident, past and present. Only a few years ago, a giant memory might have seemed impossible because of its size. Today the equivalent of the human memory could he embodied on a piece of glass six inches square. The electronic computer has developed during the past fifteen years to the point at which it could not only count and memorize, but become teachable, acquire experience, form judgments, develop emotions and take initiative. "If we give the machine a large enough memory and give it enough random trails", Dr. Teller said, "it will remember those trails which are successful. It will thus learn, I helievc, that the machino can be given the power to make value judgements as well as logical reasoning, and from that I can construct, mathematically, a model for ·machine emotion. When you come down to it, what is the difference between machine thinking and your own thinking? We cannot draw the line. Any human process which is logical can be copied by the machine." I ask again to consider the effect of machines of this sort on peoples' estimates of themselves. ls it any wonder that human life is often lightly held? And note again, Dr. Teller's last remark that "Any human process which is logical can be copied hy the machines." This is a surprising triumph indeed, but although it represents the ultimate achievement of the rational view of man it also represents the hankruplc~· of the idea for nian. if Page 33 he is onJy rational and he has no real purpose. Not only has the machine replaced him, it has surpassed him. It is only reasonable, therefore, that art educa· tors in the West place heavy stress on individuality and expressiveness. First of all there is the concept that every person is different from every one else. One's perceptions are di£ferent: one sees things differently from other people. reacts to them differently, organizes them differently. Patterns and stereotypes are avoided, for they impose the views and perceptions of others on the students. This, furthermore, is not an idea which only becomes valid when a person is ten or fifteen, al' twenty, or only after he has learned to draw a table or a box or a tree, or after he has learned to handle cravons or water colors. It is a concept which is oper-able from birth, from the first movements and sounds which a child makes. Every mother, of course, knows that what I have .iust said is true, that children are different from birth. But this concept has not generally been allowed to operate in education for, with the generally accepted objectives of the school onlv as a place for the transmission of the cultur~I heritage, differences among students have more often been tolerated than rejoiced upon. At the present stage of the world's history. especially in the West, this fact must be not merely accept·ed but used as a basic factor in education. It must be stressed. Expressiveness also is emphasized in art work. This of course, is a part of the concept of individ· uality. By expressiveness here, I do not mean that all art works will he expressive in the same plastic sense that a Kokoshka or a Kirshmer is expressive but rather that the work will clearly be an extension of the personality of the individual. You cannot, or should not, dissociate the work of a young person from the young person himself. It is a statement of himself, by himself. It is an extension of himself. I hope you will permit me one further reference to the social scene. I have in mind a recent and remarkahle book b y Hannah Arendt titled The Human Condition. In a long discussion which I shall only hint at here, she differentiates between work and lahor - lahor hcing a painful. repetitive kind of operation, the efforts of which tend to disappear when completed, like clearing a house, or planning a field. Work, on the other hand, is an activity in which the result 'persists, as in making a tabl~ or painting a picture, and in which something of the worker appears in the finished product. She goes on to say 1hat work is increasingly being taken over by the machine, that as work for man is declining, Page 34 lahor is increasing. In fact, she points out that, in. our s'ociety, the artist is one of the few workers left. He is one of the fev.,• individuals who engage in productive activity in which the result is also a statement about the worker. You will agree, I am sure, with the importance this has for art education. Emphasis on freedom and inventiveness is also a current characteristic of Western and art education. In speaking of freedc.m, the emphasis here is not so much on the work itself as on the condi· tions under which it is done. The belief is that under conditions of freedom a person can best be himself - or dare to be himself, and that it is under such circumstances that individuality flourishes. Because freedom has, in many educational situations, been abused, it is necessary to say t.hat unlimited freedom is not what is meant - that wise freedom is a kind of discipline, that young pt?ople can operate only on the amount of freedom in which they are comfortable. The freedom which is meant is a responsible freedom. It is in an atmosphere of freedom that a student (an be made inventive - for under such circumstances he is willing to try new ideas, and to have some confidence in them and to· see new relationships. Inventiveness, variation, avoidance of repetition and cliches - all these arc emphases whkh find constant stress. This, too, takes its color in large part from the social scene, for ·change and de\'ciopmcnt arc fundamental in a dynamic age. But it has a deeper PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY Architect's design of the Philippine Nationol Museum, now under construction at the Rital Cultural Center, Manila. meaning which is the more important, namely, that by stressing innovation there is a constant decla· raticn lhat one is human and capable of infinite and varied responses. The machine is repetiti\·e and, except for the thinking machines that ha\'C been reeent ly developed, has no alternative. A li\'e human being is not a machine. lnventiveness and novelty, if pursued for their own sake. can lead to wqrk that is superficial and lacking in intensity. But such products are the fault of poor instruction, not of the necessity of inventiveness. Intensity of experience is essential in art instruction. On the last point, concern with process, I am speaking-of an int~rest in what transpires in the process of making art such problems as where young people get their ideas for art work, how they perceive the differences between work of an infant and that of an adolescent. Whereas, the first two points are basically reactions against the scientific outlOok, this one is part and parcel of it. A very great amount of work has been done on investigating children and the art works of children. We have catalogued their interests and tabulated subjects they prefer to draw. Stages with development through which children pass have been formulated by many investigators for the last 70 years to giv~ clues on how best to interest them and what our expectations should be. We have be~n presented with personality types, with the worn of deviates, with the problems of handicapped children. The amount of material thus accumulated has October-December, 1960 hccn vast indeed and while some has been excellent, much has been worthless. Inasmuch as investigation of this sort is generally alien to an artist or art educator, it has often heen undertaken by individuals who, although proficient in the handling of data, are woefully lacking in any sensitivity toward art. The result is that we have reliable data on invalid premises which has not helped our cause. Much of the investigative work that has been done is frankly an attempt to make art education· ally respectable. In an educational climate where scales, inventories and measures of attitudes and achievements are prized, there is a great Pressure to prepare similar devices for art, and many art educators and psychologists have obliged. Many of these endeavours have been useless; some have been hroadly damaging, for too often they have tried to make art something it is not. In thus taking a rather dim \'iew of the sense of research work in art I do not mean to overlook that much has been dc-ne which has given us new insights into our tasks and responsibilities as teachers. But I would still add that too deep an involvement with process can easily divert one from seeing art for what it· really is, an expression of the human spirit. That must never be lost sight of. It must he repeated that in singling out our three emphases in art education in the West I have hv no means touched them all - nor have I eve~ mentioned some of the basic concerns of art education. In all art activity, there is the necessit~· Page 35 of giving one's expression aesthetic order. This is a constant in all effective art education and I have assumed it in all I have said. I suspect that, in discussing the issues I have selected, one might detect both a personal and a national bias. In so far as is possible this has been avoided. But it is also true that no person can sec the world or any part of it with any but his own eyes. But I have tried to take as bi"oad views as my eyes would permit. I must add, tco, that other art educators, as steeped in the Western tradition as I. would probably disagree with much or perhaps all of what I have said. It is pity we could not have heard them tco. But I would like to feel. as Plato once said, that if what I have said is nol true then something very much like it is. Northrup. in his book entitled "Tire Meeting of E'lst aud West", states that the chief task or the epoch ahead is the working out of the meeting of the values of the East and the West so that the values of each civilization complement and reinforce rather than combat and destroy these of the cthc1·. . The nature of the contribution ol art resides, I am sure, in the nature of art and the fact that, as a human statement, ii tells us something of the creator. Art has often been referred to as an international language and I do not think that it is. Being 11on-vcrhal, it does surmount language harriers and there is possible immediacy of response. But if it were trulv international our historv would not be filled ~ith great art periods th~t were ignored or rejected. Why has Negro sculpture only been considered important outside Africa for the last 50 years? Visitors to ttiat continent had been collecting. it for many years before it was regarded as anything but curie.us and many other similar examples could be cited. I would say that science is a much. more international language than art and it more than any other factor is what is bringing the world together. A scientific fact is the same everywhere. Photosynthesis is the same in Brazil or Tasma·nia; atomic fall-out is no different in Sweden than in Bali. In fact, one cf the bases of science i~ that it discovers the constants in the variables and these then became generally applicable. But science, though, does not hring meil together in love or trust. In fact, as we too well know, it oftens does exac1ly the reverse. For science, by its nature, has no warmlh. But art does have warmth. It communicates vn the directly human level. It has no secrets to hide, it has only wealth and warmth to share. Its message. though seldom immediately apparent, is always rewarding - and, once received, sets up a permanent link between the artist and those who view his work. This is as true of the work of children as of professional anists. I am sure 1hat 1he greal and essential task of making the world cannot be achieved without art- In fact, I am certain that it is through art that it will become possible. This gives to art educalors a demanding and exhilarating mission. Germany China THE EASTERN POINT OF VIEW By Pura Santillan Castrence "WHEN I say," said Hendrik William Van Loon in his book The Arts, "that art is universal. there is an immediate danger 1hat you will think of art (of either music, or painting, or sculplure, of dancing) as if it were some sort of universal language, understood by everybody in every part of th-e world . .. which is of course, nol true at all ... " Dr. Ziegfeld did not think. either, that internationalily of arl meant a general. universal idiom used by all. Both Van Loon and Dr. Ziegfeld are , righl. and anyone of us can give examples of how Eastern music is not immediately understandable to the Weslern hearer, or of how the richness of some Western painting fails to impress some particular Eastern artist whose traditions have always stood for spareness and restraint of expression. Art. then. is universal, to Van Loon and to olher thoughtful viewers of art. only in that it is found t'\'erywhere and at all times, bound, as ii is, by neither place nor time. It is as old as the ages. and has been presem since the human race began. Art has. however, in every instance, had the function of clarifying human experience, integrating it. sublimating it and making it live. The artist need no_ t think all this as he creates, yet unwittingly he is creator, integrator, clarifier, and. hy that token. full interpreter if not always full liver of life. Man expresses 1hrough art his control, natural or intcnlional of the world of his circumstances, October-December, 1960 of his impulses and aspirations. How he does it. what comes out in his .expression. is individual with the artist, circumstanced as he is by his own environment. his past, his present, and his vision of the future· When he can, with his art, express 1hose impulses and aspirations in a form that many understand, then his art becomes universal and in the Tolstoyan sense, and that is, in a sense deeper and more significant than the mere fact of universalily of art through the ubiquitousness of its presence. Van Loon tells the following story. as translated from an old Chinese manuscript, of an old paintec. Lao-Kung. when he was at his ' death-bed, which might illustrate the universality of arl in that deeper sense. His pupils wept as they listened to his last words, and one of them said : "Master. all your livelong days you have worked and slaved, from earliest dawn to the setting of the late sun. but the grubbiest money·changer in our meanesl market has accumulated greater material rewards for his unworthy labors than have ever come your way. You have given unto mankind with both hand• and mankind has pass~d upon its way wilhout bothering about your fate." The old man's answer was serene: "Life has been more than fair. What you say is true. Often I went hungry and more than once, if it had not been for the kindness ol friends. I would have been without shelter or raiment . .. Page 37 (but following) the inner voice that bade me follow my solitary path, I have achieved the highest purpose to which any of us may hope to aspire." "'What"" asked the awed pupils, "is tloe higliest purpose?" Strange light now came into the eyes of LaoKung as he lifted himself from his seat. His trembling feet carried him across the room to the spot where stood the one picture that he loved best. It was a blade of grass, hastily jotted down with· the strokes of his disciplined brush. But that blade of grass lived and breathed. It was not merely a blade of grass that had ever grown since the beginning of time. "There," the old man said, "is my answer. I have made myself the equal of the Gods, for I too have touched the hem of Eternity.'' Then he blessed his pupils and they laid him down upon his couch and he died. That old man's universality lay in the fact ·that that he had caught the soul of the blade of grass and immortalized it in his painting - for it to touch every onlooker and evoke in him the joy of beholding a tiny and delicate manifestation of the beauty of Nature. In such a sharing, Lao-Kung could say with Walt Whitman: "I am the mate and companion of people, all just as immortal and fathomless as myself." It will be in point to call attention here to the fact that the best works of Chinese artists can stand alone, meeting the basic challenge of all art that way. They can, according to Judith and Arthur Jart Burling in their book, Chinese Art. "remain admirable even when completely separated from· the time, place, civilization, and atmosphere in which they were created. They can reveal their beauty, their strength or delicacy, their perfect sense of balance, and their fine proportions to every beholder." And yet, to add a little thought more, each work of Chinese art, general as is its appeal, carries an idea. an ~nsight into the traditions and civilization of that old country and people. It is expected, therefore, to possess both universa.lity and indivi· duality. I said "it is expected," because it does not always succeed that way. Beautiful and appreciated as Chinese art (or Japanese art, for that matter) is, we cannot be too sure that the spirit of a mountain or a blade of grass, a tree or a river, which is all that would l>e needed (specially during the classical period of Chinese Ari) to depict these manifestations of Nature and their significance, would suf·fice for the complete understanding and participation in such a spirit for people other than the Chinese and the Japanese. Page 38 Such art of suggestion and economy of expression, of restraint in emotion, evident also in Japanese and Chinese pc,,ms, needs the guiding hand of familiarity, else it can look thin and unsympathetic, lacking in emotional color. Yet the philosophy of moderation, of avoiding excesses, is not necessarily a· monopoly of the Eastern man, and cari, therefore, become understandable to the Westerner who has been exposed enough to such economical techniques in art and poetry, because he too is familiar·with the theory of Aristotle's golden mean. In the same manner, the·art of Eastern countries which is rich in mysticism and colored by spiritual beliefs can be felt only by constant and sympathetic exposure to it, and, if possible, even by spiritual participation in its out-of-this-world significance. I find very helpful in this discussion the obser · vations of Karl Kup, the Curator of Prints and of the Spencer Collection of the New York Public Library, which he expressed in the little monograph called Asian Artists in Crystal, .Mr. Kup said: "Steeped in the tradition of their own countries and beliefs most Asian artists have but little knowledge and understanding of the arts of the West. Their paintings, their drawings and their sculpture quite naturally follow established cycles of subject matt.er; their manner of rendering is indigenous, almost intuitive. In Korea, symbolism still attrac,ts the contemporary painter: in China, mood, thought, and poetry are more important than sub· ject matter; in the Philippines there are traces of the Western influences (I am glad he said "traces" only) ; in Vietnam and Indonesia, a strong leaning toward colorful themes of folklore. The temples of Angkor Vat, the textile patterns of Central Java, and the festivals of Hindu Bali : all these are found in drawings of contemporary men and women of Southeast Asia." Thoughtfully he appraised, too, the other arts of Asia, and found that religion, Buddhist and Hindu, was the mainspring of inspiration in Thailand, Burma, India, and Ceylon. "There were exceptions, of course. In Pakistan, Turkey, and Egypt there was a feeling of the artists' nearness to Western . conceptions and expressions, although, in certain instances, their art showed adherence to the Mosaic laws as found in the Koran." Jamini Roy, Indian painter, had .this in particular to say about his country's art: "The Hindu conception of the universe is cyclic: we do not believe in an absolute beginning or end, but maintain that creation, exis·tence, and destruc· tion are endless processes, forever repeating themselves. With that in mind and spirit I paint, knowing that the cycle of art too has universality." PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY Jamini Roy claims that Rabindranath Tagore, (one supposes, in his mysticism) has the greatest influence perhaps upon pure Indian painting today, yet to him, that is, to Mr. Roy, the important thing to cat<h in his work is the spirit of lolk life, the simple life. These valuable observations sum up what might be called the individual characteristics of the different kinds of Asian art, different because the peoples expressing them have had different histories, have experienced different situations, and have consequently preserved different traditions. Even among themselves. Asians do not have a marked pattern such as Western art may roughly have, in spite of individual interpretations by different Western countries. One may say. however, quite safely, that Asian art does ex.press a certain unique spirit dinstinct fr:om that of the West, expressed, when contrasting Western and Oriental literature, simply, too simply perhaps, as the way of the mind. for the West, and the way of the spirit, for the East. "The soul," says the Hindu philosopher. "is an interior eye. It looks not out upon an .external world, but toward eternal realities. It sees the universe in essence!. in spiritual significance. The Oriental addresses his art to this inner eye instead of trying to please the outer eye by familiarity or clever imitation, or the intellect by reasoned expression. The abstract elements in art, color, rhythm, formal vitality - are language intelligible to the soul and welcome to the inner vision." In other words, the Oriental translates into his art his mystic feeling and aspirations and allows it to express for him the deep beliefs that determine his source of and cause for living. It is introspective art, not an exteriorizing one such as the West, o.n the other hand, posscs~es and expresses. South Africa October-December, 1960 South Africa Miss Helen Rubissow in her Art of Asia, bears me out in this differentiation when she said, in effect, that the Occidental artist goes through a long. laborious and rather painful process of eyetraining, while the Oriental artist first and fast aim is to cultivate a habit of soul-seeing, calling soul, mind. This, 2leaned from various authorities' views and my ow; observations. is the Eastern view of art . in general. Dr. Ziegfeld expresses very succinctly in his excellent essay the contributions of the West. stressing particularly its individuality and freedom . One wishes to be able to be as positive about the East, whose individuality is expressed in as many varied subtleties as. it seems, there are countries. How can _ this view be thrown into the melting· pot of East-West art education so that it becomes part of the warp and woof of that universal. that UNESCO, that INSEA kind of education? Or is a hope to that effect mere wishful thinking? When I answer no to the last question, it is because I want to believe with the UNESCO and with the INSEA that there is nothing impossible of accomplishment in the welding of human spirits provided humanity does not lose its own resiliency and perfectability. Dr. Ziegfeld. quoted Northrup's ex· ccllent book East and West in the author's hope.for thi~ possible welding, as someone has put it, profiting by a clever way in the use of words. "adopt,' adapt, adept." One adopts a good thing. adapts it to existing situations, and becomes adept at its use eventually. The possible analogy of the pun to the UNESCO and the INSEA concept of art .Poge 39 unity needs no clarification. I will answer no also because I am a Filipino and I am a result, fortunate or unfortunate, of the commingling of many cultures and civilizations. When Spain came here, our civilization was already a mosaic of mixed cultures, and this mosaic included, besides the Malay which we may consider the basic one, thos~ of Vedic India, Shintoist Japan. Mohammedan Arabia, Confucian China. The mosaic was cut, in stones of vivid colors, in the Occidental culture cf Spain and later of America. The strain of the Oriental is felt in the warmth, the mysticism. the humility and gentlesness of our people (especially those in the rural areas); that of the Occidental is manifested in the dynamisms, the force, the exciting, frank, and sharp coloration of our urban life_ We have sometimes been reproached by our fel· low-Asians for being too Western, and by our Western · friends, for being inscrutably Asian. That is the price of our resiliency. Our artist guests, from the East and from the West, will find this mixture in us and find it, we trust. not too inartistic. If they do that, they will see in us not the incongruous, laughable creature described by Horace in his piece Poetic Art. with the head of a man, the neck of a horse, plumaged limbs, and the tail of a fish, but a whole, unified creature. In spite of our basic Oriental origins and our Occidental influences, we can venture the opinion that a similar meeting of the arts of the East and the West could be possible, too, with even greater harmony than they have now. This is especially to because of the indubitable existence of universal common denominators in the elements of art all over the world, a world grown.small because of travel and science-common denominators, which could be the basis also of sympathetic admixture. Some of these elements, according to one of our Filipino art educators. Pablo J. Victoria, are already being used by art-education teachers in the East and the West, others may yet be found by authorities on the subject. India It may be interesting to note here, for instance, that the ideogram has always been an international form of expression, ·which is seen in almost identical aspects in China, Polynesia, and Scandinavia. Shanker's Children's Art Competition in India shows many interesting common traits. Incidentally, in the latest art competition, 1960, two Filipino child-painters Ramon Castro and Romulo Fortunato won prizes. I am reminded at this juncture, by way of illus· trating my point on sympathetic admixture, about the move of Director Ramon Tapales of the University of the Philippines Conservatory of Music, at the International Music Council in Paris, to have Western music played by Eastern musicians. The other way would probably be thought of too; namely, an interpretation of Eastern strains and motifs in Western musical idiom. This, incidentally, is already being done by our Filipino musicians who use the motif of Filipino music in the Western manner. The same situations obtain in our local art world which strives to express what is Filipino but often in the Western idiom, and always manifesting Western influences. It does not mean, let it be added here, that what is meant by the exchanges is an eventual "conformity of method" as Dr. Ziegfeld put it. To continue his thought, art-education abhors that conformity. "An exchange," according to him, '"should, instead, stimulate an even greater diversity of approach than now exists by indicating new possibilities." An exchange is not competitive but cooperative, docs not highlight differences but pro.vides sources for potentialities for future growth. Analogously, Wordsworth, speaking of the unifying funi.::tion of poetry, explains it, among other things, as "the perception of similitude in dissimilitude." During the times of Grecian greatness. of Pariclean Athens. and also during the Renaissance. there was a general interpretation by art of the human purpose. Art then expressed beauty, knowledge, religion. and human fulfillment as a coherent, .eloquent, and whole story. Nowadays, in the world in general, and that includes the Philippines, modern technological interests and economic preoccupations as well as obsessive sp~cializations have made people set art as a thing apart. Vishnu Rey. in fact, in this article The Problem of Arr and Education in India Probably voiced the problem of art-education in many countries of the world when he stated, with some misgivings, that the integrativ~ purpos:! of art is somewhat defeat· ed in Indian education, because "art becomes only a subject for a specific examination or only a hobby detached from the rcsl of life or other interests." PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY He continued: "So the problem is how to fulfill this purpose of art in education. We all know that it can be fulfilled only when education is realized in its widest implications and encompasses the whole of a people's life." While in general Vishnu Rey is not satisfied with what is happening in his country, he does give an encouraging example, one that illustrates the unifying fai.:ulty of art in a person's life. "I have noliccd, "he said, "how in a Calcu11a girl's school. the head ·of the institution with her passion for painting. handicraft, acting, music, and dance organized along with the usual academic courses the production of many things including Tagore's hallet operatic compositions, and how the pedagogically backward sludents who excelled in lhe arlactivity improved in their studies as well . . . And once 1his (philosophy of arl for inlerpretive living) is admi11ed to be true in the life of a healthy organized nation, it's quite clear how important should be the emphasis on the concept of the whole man in education, and what purpose art has in that field - a field which, we forget in our mechanical wa.\' of thought, is as wide and interrelated as life itself." At a time like this when there seems. to be mark· ed chaos in thinking and much frar in living, and when there seems to he. using Tolstoyan terms. "a cult of words without meaning. and inusic without order," it is possible that the reason for the confusion could he that the cult is a symptom of what Van Loon calls a "society whose art is a sporadic little nervous dissipation for a small group rather than the expression of a civilization." Here is where art in education is trying tc help in unifying first the contradictory forc~s in the individual and then the contradictorv forces of society: perhaps also, and I say this. in a small vcicc. the contradictory forces in the world. Besides that. let me ad<l here in relevant digression that there is need to exploit. encourage, and de\'elop the art of a country for the enhancement of the naticn's artistic greatness. Mr. Victoria, in his Art in tlte Elementary School speaks of the aims t'f art-education in Philippine schools. How success is being achieved in coaxing out the child's self-expression, in unifying his personal goals with those of community and country, and in helping thus to lay the hasis for the promotion of people's understanding, goals which were enumerated in Mr. Victoria's hook, would be difficult of appraisal because the integrati\ie plans cannot yet be fully implemented. Art-education, even in the grades alone. can prepare for the adolescent years youngsters who are intcgratcc.l. spiritually restful and peaceful. who know how to L ise the power of their native and October-December, 1960 Philippines acquired art to quell the ugly outburst of their na· tu re or to express with their hands the feelings which are difficult othetWise to articulate. The technique of this art, as has been suggested, can be East-West, even if what surges for expres· siOn has to be the natural creation of an individual from a people whose art interpretations are unique and dislincJ. Or, if the technique for 1he wholeness of the individual, and the wholeness of a people, can remain as another unifying element of the spirits of peoples of the world who are so needful of such unifying, welding, elements. Dr. Ziegfeld has sounded a clarion appeal for the strengthening of art·cducation everywhere. calling for creative teachers and creative ideas, teachers who would understand the immediate as well as the far-sigh1ed purposes of 1he INSEA; namely, the cultivation and enrichment of the individual and the promotion of pecple-to-people understanding. In the world of today, the friendly contacts of hands across the seas of dissension are not too many anymore. Art and cultur~ can be the last abiding sources of friendship, and the cause that would inevitably demand such contacts. Let us use these sources. art and culture, for such a worthy cause. Let us search for common grounds in our artistic and cultural e~pressions as added avenues for much-needed mutual understanding and respect; let us seek also in the diversities. material for further learning and for veisa· tile expression. That is the way of wisdom, and perhaps, peace. That is the self-imposed mission of the international Society for Education through Art, and its urgent and deep responsihility. It is a great mission, and we are humbly proud to be considered a part of it. Poge 41 FLOWERS AND GARDENS AROUND MANILA Son Antonio Church al the entrance to Forbes Pork, Mako· ti, the leading Philippine garden community. Towering cosuorinos. (ogohol edging front lawn of residence of Mrs. Potrocinio Dayrit on Pili Rood. PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY lily pool viewed through the plate gloss side of the study den whose floor is of the some level with the water's surface outside, home of Mrs. Antonio Brios. JN Manila and surrounding suburbs, organized garden clubs are spearheading a national mo\·cment for deeper appreciation of rich plant life that is the glory of the tropics. Rare orchids, giant ferns. delicate mosses. perennial ornamentals, forest trees in many a pri\·ate garden offer the knowledgeable visitor a foretsste of the wealth of the country's flora that is yet to be fullv realized by the local population itself. Bottlebrush ih o fern setting, Mrs. Aurelio Monti· nolo. Jr., residence, Forbes Pork. I --:.: illi:::--,_~,Jr ~ Gorden from covered terrace and fern nook, Mrs. R.D.H . Wilmer's place, Mckinley Rood. lily pool, Wilmer residence. Miss Albino Tuazon with her Grondiflora orchids in her Old Sta. Mesa home. Orchids ORCHID PARADISE By Mona Lisa Steiner THE Philippines can boast of approximately 1,000 native orchid species, a remarkable number not surpassed by any other country of similar size. , Any one eager to collect the unknown finds the Philippines an ideal hunting ground, where countless new species wait to be discovered and described. This is net a surprising fact. as this archipelago is divided into over 7,000 islands where plants have developed independently for mille· niums, and consequently the endemism of species is remarkable, which means that large numbers of species are confined to a certain region. The isolation from the mainland is net the only factor for the astonishing biological richness of this country. The Philippines has been the biological crossroads of the Pacific and botanists are able to trace the various inter-connections with the help of plant materials. Ginger in a new forest home r ( Organized jungle garden, Rivilla home in Posoy City. Resettled orchids, Rivillo garden. Giant Staghorn ferns. October-December, 1960 Page 45 --au lil!I IH - Landscaped modern Sto. Domingo church on Quezon Boule\'ord, Queion City. Royal palms. ferns and heliconios - at the terrace of Mu. Consuelo Perez's home, Oueton City. Ground orchid. PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY Bougainvilleas at the Oiliman campus, University of the· Philippines, please the First lady of the Philippines, Mrs. Jose Romero, Senator Pacita Gonzales, Mrs. Vicente Sinco. Begonias on the wall, terrace at the home of Mrs. Purita Ponce Enrile, Malabon. Ferns and calladium. October-December, 1960 S. N. CHIB Director-General of the Touric:t Department, Ministry of Transport, of the Government of India and for many terms Chairman of the South Asia Regional Travel Commission, besides being a past-President of IUOTO itself, S.N. Chlb, is internationally recognized as a foremost leader in travel trade in A sia. When m ention of A sian tourism is m ade even among supposed authorities on the subject, it is not generally realized that Mr. Chib has built up what is probably the biggest tourist industry in all Asia, even greater in volume of traffic, perhaps, than that of Japan, which seems to be better known - an Industry that draws traffic from both Europe and the UnitEd States. Without doubt. India Is better represented in Europe today than any other Asian country while ils promotion services in the American continent are also expanding. Under his chairmanship, an adhoc committee, whose membership Included President Ankudinov of the USSR Intourist and recently retired Commissioner Robert Firth of New Zealand. drafted the frame. work of the IUOTO mutual assistance and expansion program. R. S. LONATI ROBERT S. LONAT I is the ge. nial S~cretary·GEneral of the JUOTO and it is he who bears the burden of carrying the work of the Union regardless of any changes in the Presidency. He started as Chief Page 48 Ex~cutive of IUOTO at the General Assembly held in Washington, D.C. m 1957. Prior to that he was De. puty Secretary.General. Witn his rich background as journalist and his valuable contacts with international agencies in Geneva, which is also headquarters of the Union, he has proved his great usefulness to IUOTO. He is not only extreme. ly amiable but very resourceful, an equipment that stands him in good stead in his often wearisome tasks of dealing with organizations and individuals who are interested in travel but also with the large membership of the Union. AMB. JOSE AGUSTI His Excellency AMBASSADOR J OSE AGUSTI. as PresidE:nt of the "Direccion Nacional de Turismo" of Argentina and as Vice President of the International Union of Official Travel Organizations (!UOTO>, of. ficially will be playing host to the XVth General Assembly of IUOTO. He has assured every member of the Union of the utmost hospitality of his nation and every possible fa. cility of his government to enable visiting delegates to see as much of his country as can be conveniently reached during the period of the conference on November a,.10. Arn· bassador Agusti is a leading dlplo· mat long in the service of his coun. try. He accompanied the President of the Argentine Republic on his recent tour of Europe. Pre.confer· ence tour invitations to Peru and Brazil as well as other countries in Latin America have been extended to IUOTO delegates. Among other places that have been included in the Argentine tours is the biggest Casino in the world located in the city of Pa Plata. 450 kilometers south of Buenos Aires. # THE NEWS IN BRIEF THE 'IRA VEL SECTOR In Ma· nila has been gladdened by the news that the volume of tourist traf. fie to the Phil.lppines has jumped 51 per cent during the first six months of 1960 over the same per. iod last year. Total number of visitors to Ma. nila. from January to June was 25,000. In 1959 there was an over· all total of 34,000. Americans made up the biggest group that came to the Philippines, with the Autralians ranking second last year. The big increase in traffic is con. sidered largely a result of the in. trnsified publicity and promotion program started by the Board of Travel and ~ourist Industry abroad barely three yea rs ago. TWO IMPORTANT DEVELOP· MENTS in mid-1960 are expected to further boost the flow of tourists to the Philippines and these are 1 l the adoption by the government of a reali~tic exchange rate of P3 for $1 and 21 introduction of jet services by at least three overseas airlines. Before the year is over, two more international airlines are expected to switch to jet. On the basis of trends early this year, plus these two important de· veloprnents, Philippine tourist offi. cials are optimistic that there will be an overall increase of 50 per. cent in tourist volume in 1960 com. pared to 1959. F. MARVIN PLAKE, executive director of PATA who was in Ma. nila recently, reports that the Na· tional Broadcasting Company is planning to make a color TV . film featuring countries of the Orient early in 1961. An NBC crew is ex. pected to come to Manila to do "locations" shooting of some of the Philippines finest attractions. Philippine Tourist Commissioner Modesto Farolan is today the ac. knowledged leader in the growing tourist promotion movement of the Far East. Th.rough his inspiration the tourist executives of the Orient, Southeast Asia, in particular, are organizing themselves to pool their resources and facilities in a com. mon effort to project an increasing· bolder image of their area irito the world travel picture. Afte r having helped to found the PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY Pacific Area · Traver Association (PATA) In Honolulu in 1951 and after serving as its second President, Commissioner Farolan has been playing an active part in the affairs of the International Union of Official Travel Organizations UUOTO) and this year will aSJiUme the Presidency of that body at Its XVth General Assembly in Buenos Aires, for which position he was selected In the Union's mid-year Executive Committee ·meeting at Salzburg, Austria, last May. Mr. Farolan has been President of the Philipine Tourist and Travel Asosociation since Its foundation and is Commissioner of Tourism, from which positions of ·responsibility he guides the destinies of the Phi· llpplne tourist industry Commtssloner Farolan wtll add. ress the American Society of Tra. vel Writers in New York City on October 26 while on his way to Buenos Aires and the ASTA c American Society of Travel Agents) con. vention forum in Honolulu on N'o. vember 17 enroute back to the Phil· ippines. A RECENT SURVEY conducted by the Board of Travel and Tourist Industry showed there are about 60 travel agencies and tour opera. tors in the Philippines as of 1960. Under a new law passed by the Phi. llpplne Congress, the BITI Is the sole agency empowered. to grant licenses to travel agencies and tour operators. Only 15 of these are members of the Philippine Society of Travel Agencies, and there's a move to expand membership. THE PREDICTION is that the Philippines will have no less than 100,000 visitors in 1961 which has been officially declared by the gov· ernment as "See the Philippines. Visit the Orient Year." This declaration was made In con. junction with the proclamation by nine other Asian countries of 1961 as "Visit the Orient Year"; together they are engrossed in active pre. paratlons to attract, welcome and entertain more visitors. Starting last August, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong. Natlona. list China, South Vietnam, Thai· land, Malaya, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines have launched. a Joint publicity and promotion program designed to attract world· wide attention and to draw a larger segment of the lntemational tourist traffic to their shores beginning 1961. October-December, 1960 AND IN ANTICIPATION of "19· 61 See the Philippines-Visit the Orient Year" and of Increased tourist traffic brought by .1et flights, a number of hotels, resorts and restaurants are being rushed for com· pletlon in different parts of the Philippines. They are designed to complement the hotel space in Manila provided by such first class hotels as the Manila Hotel, the Hotel Filipinas, Bay View Hotel, the Shellborne Ho. tel. the new Hotel Mabuhay, Luneta Hotel and Swiss. Inn, and to add to facilities already offered by the Ta· al Vista Lodge in Tagaytay City, the Pines In Baguio, the Capitol in Cebu, Bayot's Hotel in Zamboanga. the Apo View in Davao, the Eden and its Mayon in Legaspi and lesser establishments in other cities. Facilities of more modest character, at least to meet urgent needs, have now become available in Ba. naue, where the famous rice ter· races are; in Los Banos, where the hot springs baths are immediately accessible from Manila In Pagsan· jan where "shooting the rapids" provides unforgetable thrills; In historic Corregidor · Island; and at Mount Data on the mountej.n high· way to Bontoc and Ifugao. AMONC THE BIGGER HOTELS expected to be finished by the coming year are the Cebu Bay VieW Hotel in Cebu City and the Davao Insular Hotel In Davao City. The Cebu Hotel ha.s 200 air-conditioned rooms and will be opend to coincide with the inauguration of the alternate jet international airport at nearby Mactan Island. The Davao Insular will start with a hund~ air-conditioned rooms, half its ultimate capacity. It Is one of a chain of five "satellite" hotels being built in the provinces by Ayala and Company. Ayala and Co. has also just completed negotiations fo1· the purchase of the Bayot Hotel, a first class hotel in Zamboanga City, where it will put un a new building of its own. This is the same firm that will shortly build a Rizal Intercon· tlnental Hotel, a 500-room 17· struc. ture In Makatt, a ManilR suburb. close to the Manila International Airport. Shellborne Hotel on Dewey Bou· levard has just undergone a tho. rough renovation and face-lifting, which makes it now one of Manila's first-class establishments, with the most spectacular panoramic view of 1he city and the Bay. HERE ARE SOME of the hotels still on the drawing boards: 1. A 500-room annex to the Ma. nila Hotel featuring executive suites for business meetings and a 2,0QO. capacity convention hall. 2. A gigantic 36-story combined hotel and business office building near the huge Araneta Coliseum (capacity: 27.000 persons) in Que. zon City to be called "International Executive Office and Hotel Build· Ing." 3. A 350-rooi:n hotel on Dewey Boulevard, on the way from the Manila International Airport, a new project of Aristocrat, Inc.,. which runs a chain of first class restau. rants, the newest of which is the Safari Supper Club near the Manila Zoo. 4. A new airport hotel, and res. taurant and shopping center in the new International Airport, noW nearing completion. 5. Another Quezon City hotel addition to the D & E Restaurant Enterprises. ENCOURAGED BY THE lNTE· REST shoWn by Australians in the Philippines, the Philippine government has waived visa requirements for Australian nationals coming to or passing through the Philippines from an Australian port and stay. Ing for not more than 72 hours. Heretofore. air passengers from Australia desiring to stop over, taking connecting flights afterwards, were required to secure tran. sit visas. Australians desiring to stay In Manila for over three days, but not exceeding 59 days, are sttll required to secure visas, but are exempted. from payment of visa fees. INCIDENTALLY, JAPAN is also beginning to discover Australia as an Important tourist source. The Japan Travel Bureau Is opening an office in Sydney whose function ls purely to answer Ql;lerles about Ja. pan. The Japanese goverr:iment has invited nine important tourist officials for a two-week sight-see. Ing tour of Japan as part of its promotion program. THE PHILIPPINE SOCIETY of Travel Agencies, which has just gained affiliation with the "Fede. raclon Internacionale des Agences des Voyages,'' the powerful travel agency fEder.atlon In Europe, is drafting a resolution asking the government to waive visa require. ments f9r American tourists. Most countri.as of Europe and some Asian nations have made this move and there's no reason why the Philippines can't do the same, according to the PSTA. # Page 49 ' / MANUEL MARQUEZ R. EDWIN ZIEDGFELD F. MARVIN PLAKE Page 50 OUH COLLABORATORS Dr. Manuel J. Marquez, who heads the Commercial Bank and Trust Company of Manila, is president of the Bankers Association of the Philippines. He was graduated from the University of the Philippines anct Columbia University in business and finance, took degrees in law and related fields of the Philippine Law School and the University of Santo Tomas. He worked with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York anrl Hamilfon National Bank, served the Philippine National Bank in various capacities up to acting president. founded in 1954, the bank he now heads and was chosen Banker of the Year in 1959 by the Business Writers Association of the Philippines. Dr. Edwin Ziegfeld, president of the International Society of Education through Art. is professor of Fine Art~ and head of the Department of Fine and Industrial Arts, Columbia Unviersity. He has 'been president of the US National Art Education Association and special· ist-consu1tant to a UNESCO Seminar on the Visual Arts in Education. He is ea.author with R. Faulker of Art Today and with M. E. Smith. of Art for Dally Uvlng; and editor of Education ad Art., a UNESCO publication. The article reproduced here under his name formed the main body of his address at the last INSEA Conference recently held in Manila. FRIENDS FROM ALL OVER (Continued from page 3) Governor Quinn's right-hand man in PATA today is the handsome F. Marvin Plake, who took over as its executive director in November, 1959. Mr. Plake succeeded George M. Turner of PATA. Mr. Plake came to PATA's headquarters in San Francisco from Kansas City, Missouri, where he was vice pres. ldent of a public relations firms. Before that he served as public relations director for Civil Air Transport in Taiwan. Vietnam has also engagPd in active tourist promotion work with Dr. Pura Santillan Castrence is. a Philippine career minister who heads the International Cu)tural Relations Division of the Department of Foreign Affairs. Educated at the University of the Philippines, the University of Michigan, and the Sorbonne, she teaches French in Manila universities and writes a column, on the side, in the Manlla Dally Bulletin and other journals . Dr. Mona Lisa Steiner is a prolific writer on Philippine ornamen· tal plants in the popular press, is author of Phlllpplne Ornamental Plants and, with Reg S. Davis, of Philippine Orchids, two books that have become standard reference works to local gardeners and orchid fanciers. She comes from Vienna, graduated from the University of the Philippines, and has done con· siderable research and popularization since on Philippine flora, tying all this up with popular culture of ornamentals and with home and community beautification. Juan Colla.li, Rizalist, poet and biographer, is the publicity director of th<' Philippines International Fair. the creation recently of a national tourist office in Saigon and the man who was picked to head it is Dr. Emmanuel Ro Quan PhuOc. A dentist by profession, Dr. Phuoc was one of the close advisers of Pres. ident Ngo Dinh Diem when he took over the government shortly after the bloody Inda.China war. He has represenxed Vietnam in many world travel pa leys since his appointment as direct r of the Vietnam Tourist Departmtnt. He now serves as chairman of the PATA liaison committee, the regional travel commis. sion ot IUOTO for the Pacific and Ea.!lt Asia region. (Continu~d on page 48) DR. PURA SANTILLAN CASTRENCE JUAN COLLAS DR. EMMANUEL HO QUA,. PHUOC PHILIPPINE QUARTERLY .· Benilda greets feathered friend at Makoti Park. Boyanihan dancer Benilda Santos modern-style Maria Clara ''Amorsolo's contribution is that he brouglil LIGHT to Philippine painting," says art.isl· writer Fernando Zobel de Ayala in an ,ffo. minuting article on the painter. This stale· ment is amp/,y illustrated in "The First Bap. tism in the Philippines," shown above. Amor. solo drew his technique of painting in a Light key from lhe French impressionists. "For !he first time, the true color of the Phib:ppines was transfefred to canvas in all of its blinding brilliance." , , "The Sale of Panay for a Golden Salakot" wa.s executed by the painter jor the 1961 In· sular life calendar. Before proceeding to work in oil, Amorsolo does intensive research into early Philippine history and makes numerous rough sketches and studies of the various details that make up the picture. The Amonolo poinling1 ore reproduced on thi1 page in full color through lhe caurlt.'Y of INSULAR llfE.fGU ln1uronce Group. Dewey Boulevard at dusk. Two girls in exotic, colorful Moro garb. Three girls in modern ternos, butterfly-sleeved formal wear for \ ,