Philippine Quarterly

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Part of Philippine Quarterly

Title: Philippine Quarterly
Issue Date: Volume I (Issue No. 3) July-September 1961
Year: 1961
Language: English
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extracted text: ILIP uarterly Vol. ~ No. 3 - July-September, 1961 flORO M ... RCENE CONCHITA C UONQUEO Sit.IVA(IQN KENNEWICK Hlll\RIQ f RAN(IA JR This pointing by well-known F1lop100 orlist Romeo T obueno was executed 111 duce in Me~1co, 1956. The title s Wome•l Vendors' and 11 ~hows o lyp1col scene in the Philippines The pointing was first e~h1bited during the or!Lst's etrospect1ve show a l th; Ph1!1ppine Art Gallery in Manila COMING ISSUE' 01.Jll: ARTISTS' DILEMMA - By PuritlO Kol..i,w-l e desmo. DANCES OF THE PHILIPPINES - By Mrs. Francisco R. Aquino & Mrs. Luuecio R. Urtulo FILIPIN O TR ANSITION TO LAR~E SCALE INDUSTRIALIZATION - By Manuel Lim, SeHetary, D"portm£nt of Comme•c& & lndu5try CO NTE N T S PHILIPPINE R IVER FESTIVALS By Conchita C. Tronqued RECOLLECTIONS OF Blf'JAN AND KALAMBA From the Autobiography of Rizal PRIME CONCERN OF THE FILIPINO SCIENTIST By Mateo H Tupa!! HISTORY ANO PHILIPPI NE CULTURE B\ Horacio de la Costa, S.J. IMAGE OF AN EXPANDING HORIZON By Carlos P Garcia OUR OCEANIA NEIGHBORS . By Alfredo E. Evangelista LAKE REGION OF THE PlllLIPPINES EARLY TRAVELERS TO '!'HE PHILIPPINES By Fi!cmu11 PobldclO r EARLY DRAMA FORMS IN T HE Plll~I PPINES By Naty Crame-Roger!I FORT PILAR, ZAMBOANGA By .Jorge Ma. Cui-Perales T HE STONE GATE OF PAGSANJAN . THE AAP ART-IN-HOME TOUR (Pictorial) MANILA MARKETS By Nat i Nuguid SATURDAY RECITAL OF PIIILIPPINE DANCES AND SONGS (Pictorial) DEPARTMF.NTS' CALENDAR OF E\'ENTS JULY-SEPTEMBF R FRIENDS FHOM ALL O\'ER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Th~ art> \'"'n ( "" rn nf th~ hlipinn s, n t•l h~ [Jr ~la.I<·•· ~I l r lh , aid f'hili pp1n~ Cult1m• · lw Fr 111>< m d< ·~ (', I S I ~nd 'Earl.1 Drama Forms 1n it ... l'hd1ppln"" b1 Mr '."\ ( r~me · H.o~er~ "'"~ contri!:nmnn to th~ Snnp°' um 011i'h1hpp1n1 ult r OI Hlll t byttw\'r!<" o'.\ati111al<"omnussiun oftl f'h1h1Jµu1e arly th.-J<«r~nd an· r•·r>rodu< d hN¥"1th1h ti(" HU">iiott Th h1/ippir ~u rtNly p /iihed b the Boord of Travel ond Tourist /nduslry and the Phi 1ppme T "" t and Trove/ Assa< iat10. Shurdut Bldg Marulo Ente.ed m ieco. d clo 1101! molter ol the f'osl Office, Man<la SUBSCRIPTlm! RATE P6 00 o year Page FILIPINO SCIENTIST p 6 10 15 '" 19 22 29 34 37 40 EA~lf OQA\1>. '" 41 46 48 F')UPll .0 49 51 ARI-IN-HOMO ' " R.splendent lower rise1 from decoroted borge becuing the Holy Cron down the Wowa River in Boca1,1e1 Bulacan. Thi5 yearly fHtivol attrod5 vi5ilor5 from MGnilo ond neorby lown1. Philippine River Festivals I~ the months of June, July, August and September, the Philippine landscape turns green from the early rains, and little towns and barrios co me olive with river festi vals thot antedate Christianity and thus depict a blending of religious fervor and pagan prbctice All over the Philippines the to wn fiesto is the o ne big community event of the year. For each town is dedicated to a sainted patron who is supposed to save and preserve it from any and a ll kinds of misfortune. In gratitude, the whole town goes a ll out in celebrating the saint's feostdoy wilh great fea sting and revelry. A long procession climaxes the festival as 'the concluding gedure of homage. For patron saints whose life on earth hod ol sometime hod something to do with the river o r the seo the procession becomes a pageant olang the tawn·s main river. Thus, because St. Jo hn the Baptist baptized Christ on lhe River Jordon, the people of Guogua, Pampanga, who hove him for patron saint, ho nor him with o yearly fluvia l procession. On the feast day of St. Peter, the town of Apalit, Pampanga, recalls the days of Peter casting his nets in the sea of Galilee. It is also Peter, the fisherman, who is honored by the fishing town of Apolit on lhe brood Pompongo River. The idea is that it would please the Saint to see his old life on the wate r a nd in the process help bring in the fish to the corals and the river nets of the pio us believers. In Tacloban City, o fluviol parade honors the Santo Nifia {the Holy Child}, its lilfle patron. - This was inspired by the story tha t the Image was found in o box by fishermen out at sea o n JUne 30, 1889. Just a few miles no rth of Manila, the little town of 8ocaue, Bulacan, is the setting of on annual displ.oy of devotio n in the form of o mid-morning river procession in honor of the Holy Cross. Troditio n hos it that during the Spanish era, o fisherman found a cross a few kilometers down the Bocaue River. To The Pefiofrancia festival, which accun on the third Saturday af September, i1 an elaborate and well-attended affair. The fiella of Pateros: in Rizal, is uriique lor it1 rituoli1tic dancing in the 1treet1 by worshippers ond ih colorflll river porade. this cross was attributed miraculous cures of diseases ond granting of numerous fovors. Hence the cross was enshrined in the town's parish church, and has been the object of yearly fluvial processions ever since. Probably the most famous of our river festivols is the Periafrancia Fiesta in honor of the Patroness of the whole Bicol Peninsula, Our Lady of Peiiofrancia, held every third Saturday of September in Noga City. This centuries-old celebration begins when the Virgin is transferred from her magnificent and permanent sanctuary at Per'lafrancia Shrine to the Metropolitan Cathedral at Noga City in o procession called Tronslocion. This marks the start ot o novena which reaches the climax when the Virgin is returned to her Shrine via the Bicol River in a big flu~ial par.ode. The Image is borne on shoulders of men amidst shouts of "Vivo lo Virgen!" from women and children who line the river banks. Origin of this river voyage goes bock to the legend of o dog that was slaughtered, ils blood used to paint the image of Our Lady after it was carved, and its dead body thrown into the river but recovering life immediately. From then en, pilgrims hove attributed miraculous powers to the wooden image and hove honored her in o colorful river voyage every September. In Cavite City o picture of the Blessed Virgin under the title of O ur Lady of Solitude, but more popula rly known as Our Lady of Porta Vogo, is the object of homage in a yearly procession, this time a noclurndl parade from the San Roque Church in Covite City to Cobuco Beach in Caridad, Covite. The story is that the Virgin"s picture came to the people of Cov1te from the sea, where it was discovered floating, sur· rounded by strange lights. Our Lady of Porta Vega hos been deemed patroness of travellers, especially sea voyagers. Two towns of Batongas, o couple of hours' ride from Manila, honor the Virgin of Coysosoy with fluviol festivals: Taal, in an afternoon procession down the Pansipit River; and Lipa, in a nocturnal river parade. The holy image is said to hove been found by a fisherman in his net. But she wos with a kingfisher (caysasoy) when found, hence the name. · What makes a river festival so popular? The pomp, the color and the pageantry and exuberance that attend it. The image of the revered saint is token down from its shrine and is borne in a procession along the streets, followed by men in gaudy costumes and with richly pointed paddles on their shoulders. women in colorful native dresses dancing while singing psalms to the saint, end bands blaring all the way around town and down to a section of the river where a pagoda awaits the image. This is a superstructr.ire set on large boats and deded with flowers and banners and balloons a nd whatever else con lend it color. Usually a complement of swimmer-devotees perch around the image. Under on ornate canopy, the image is slowly ferried up and down the river. Boncos of different sizes circle about the pagoda happily and the town's fisherfolk follow in gaily pointed and decorated boots. Devotees and spectators spill over grassy banks, to get o better view of the colorful spectacle. As the procession mo ves, the boatmen seek to outdo each other, a nd their attempts result in a n added attraction: boat races. At the e nd of the voyage, the image is once again borne on shoulders and token back to its shrine in another procession on foot. People with lighted tapers line the streets until the image reaches home, where, as a fitting end, prayers ore chanted happily. Thus the tradition lives on. Miracles of past centuries ore reenacted over and over again in lavish rituals th~t keep olive the people's faith and at the some time serve as o wonderful excuse for o happy time. - C. C. T. Recollections of Biiian and Kalamba Note: The small, ancient towns of 8irlon and Colombo (or Kolombo), in the province of Laguna, ore important principally in connection with the country's notional hero, Jose Protacio Rizal, whose centenary is being celebrated this year. Rizal was born in Colomba, and in the early years of his life he shuttled boclc. and forth between this town ond nearby Bifion in the course of his early schooling and visits to relatives. Today, these two towns, while preserving to a large extent their ·quaintness' and old-fashioned ways, their buildings of ancient vintage and the delicious sweet-meats and cakes for which they hove ever been famous - the puto Birlon (steamed rice cokes) and the sweet rice crunchies called ompoo - have rovsed themselves sufficiently from the draw· siness of centuries with which many of our smoll towns ore afflicted, to moke notable progress in the production of sugar and rice, two of the towns· principal produce. Chiefly because the perspective of history often introduces interesting prospects and because, this year being the centenary of Rizo/, focus of general interest rightfully fofls on lhe two towns closest to Rizars heart, we reproduce on thes.e pages passages dealing with Bilian and Colombo, drawn from an autobiography of Rizal written between the ages of 17 and 20. This is an account - sensitive, frank, naive ond full of the natural egotism of odolescence - of his early years from his birth to his graduation from college and - lending the narration o bitter-sweet flavour - a hapless love affair with a young girl from Botangos. The Memorios de Un Esfudionfe de Manila (title of the youthful biographical effort) remains the 'only story of his life from his own hand.' It wos translated from the Spanish by the eminent writer, Leon Ma. Guerrero, who is currently Philippine Ambassador to the Court o f St. James. The MS. can be found in the National Library of the Philippines. While the work moy not prefigure the later author of the Noli and the Fili, powerful socio/ novels that spork~d the Revolution, the Memorios, "for ~fl th~ir sentimentality, have o freshness, a spontanejfy, that hove a charm all their own,· soys the translator in his preface. 'They have a quality o f universality that a more sophisticated and self-conscious outoDiography, written in maturity, would h~e locked.' Before the reader plunges himself into the extraordinarily candid, at times perfervid and incandescent, prose of the impressionable author, he might do well to note the ·warning· of both the translator and Vidal S. Tan, scholar and retired university president, who writes one of the prefaces lo the slender volume· 'This is an intimate memoir, almost a diary, From Rizal's Autobiography Written When He Was Nineteen ... ~ . / Rini at 13. written between the ages of seventeen ond twenty, under the evanescent but nonetheless powerful spell of on adolescent infatuation,' writes the tronslotor. 'It is written, furthermore, in Spanish, o romantic /anguoge roleronf of exclomotions ond apostrophes; ond in another era, fonder of classic imogery than ours, and more given lo sentimentality. ' 4 Old Kalamba church wi9h convent In back1tound. Azefo• lvora•tlah, ot tho Rizal houto in kalol'llto. The Early Years - Memories of Kalamba I WAS born in KaJomba on the 19th of June 1861 between eleven and twelve o'clock ot night, a few days before the full moon. It was a Wednesday, and my arrival in this volley of tears would have cost my mOther her life hod she not vowed to the Virgin of Antipolo that she would toke me on a pilgrimage to that shrine . . . . There the delicious atis displayed its delicate fruits ... the sweet santol, the scented and mellow tampoy, t_he pink macopa vied for my favor. Farther aWay, the plum-tree, the harsh but flavorous casuy, the beautiful tamarind, pleased the eye as much as they delighted the palate . . . In the twilight, innumeroble birds gathered from everywhere and I, a child of three years at most, amused myself watching them . The yellow culilan, the maya, the maria · capra, the martin, oil the species of pipit, joined in pleasant harmony ond raised in varied chorus o farewell hymn to the sun as it vanished behind the toll mountains of my town. The Town of Biiian Turning the eyes of my memory and my imagination toward the post . . the first thing I discern is Bifion, o town d ist~nt from mine on hour and o ha lf, more or less. This is the town where my father first sow the light of day, and where he sent me to continue studying the rudiments of Latin, which I hod started to learn . . I went around the town, which seemed to me large ond rich. By the light of the moon I remembered my native town ... How sweet to me was Kalombo, my own town, even if it was not so rich as Binyong! My manner of life was the following. I heard the four o'clock Moss, if there was one; or I studied my lessons at the some hour and heard Moss afterword. Upon returning, I looked for a mabolo fruit i.n the grove a nd ate it.' ~After· ward I took mfbreakfo\t, which consisted usually O f o plate o~ boiled rice, a nd two - dried sardines. The n I went to class, which wa s over a t ten . . . . Once in a while, I went to Kalomba, my own town. How long the outward journey seemed to me, and how swift the return! When from afar I caught sight of the roof of our house, I do not know whot secret joy filled my breast . . Besides, l usually left Bi flan in the early morning, before sunrise, arriving at rriy town when the rays of the sun were already brightening the wide fields, while I usually returned to Bifion in the afternoon· a mid the depressing spec· tacle of the setting sun. How I searched for excuses to re main a little longer in my town; one doy more seemed to me a day in heaven; and how I we pt - a lthough in silence and in hiding - when I sa w the calesa which come lo take me away. Then everything seemed sod to me; I would put away a flower which my hand hod brushed, a pebble which struck my fancy, fearful that I would not see them again 'when I returned. Old Ria:cd houH in Kalambo. I left Bir'ian then on the 7th' of December 1871. I was nine years old. It was a Saturday, at one in the afternoon. Return to Biilan - Lost Love Note: After several years of study in Manila, spent mostly in scholastic disquisitions and readings in the classics, logic, physics and history, in the academic immurement of lntramuros, Rizo/ finishes co/Jege and prepares to return to his 'own town'. In the meanwhile, he has fallen in love with a young girl from Lipa, Botongos, a col•9iolo studying at Concordia College. Although the girl is dro wn to him, his suit d oes not prosper, perhaps due to his diffidence, and the girl, some what re/udontly, consents to marry the man of her parents• choice. At Christmas time, .both she .. and Rizo/ return to their home towns, toking separate courses, by his choice. He returns to Biiian, and on the day when the affianced girl is to pass through with her entourage on the way to her town, the forlorn lover finds himself just outside of town astride his horse, waiting for th"e party to poss by. 'A woken, o my heart,· Rizal apostrophizes in the intro· d uctory passage to the chapter, ·and rekindle your ed in· g uished fires that by their heat you may remember that time which I do not dare to iudge. Go, inquiring mind, and revisit those places, those moments in which you drank, mingled together, the nectar and the bi'ler go// of /ave and disoppointmeht. · THE next day, at the hour a t which the steamship was scheduled to arrive, and on it the family of my beloved, we wa ited for her for the space of some minutes. Then we learned from my father, who hod gone to meet her, that the ship, due to the wind, had not touched at Kalombo, a nd that the pa ssengers had disembarked instead at Biflon. Consequently her father, together with all his companions - the parents of her fiance, and others who composed her escort - 0were waiting for her outside of the town to proceed thence to Lipa. I had my white horse saddled and, mounting it, left town, hoping to see her one lost ti me. I was going toward Bir'ion, and was passing precisely the point where all tier escort was waiting, spurring my horse cs if I hod not seen them, when I heard someone cry out to me . I sot down sadly by the bank of the brook which moved the ancient mill we hod in our waters, thinking of many things at the same time, a nd unable to concentrate on any. I saw the swift waves carrying along the branches they hod torn from shrubs, a nd my thoughts, wandering in other reg ions, and having other subjects, paid no attention to them. Suddenly I perceived a noise; I raised my head and sow, wrapped in a doud of dust, carriages and horses. My hea rt beet violently ond I must hove turned pole. I walked bock a short distance to the place where I hod tied my horse. There I waited. Last Note: The young Rizal watches the cove/code go by. Twice he is urged by rela tives of the girl to join the party, and against his instincts, he declines. Ruefully, he later observes in his Memoirs: "At the critical moments of my life, I h<;Jve always acred against my heorf s desire, obeying contradictory purposes and powerful doubts.· - R.L.L. 5 \ ~p -·~ '·.,,/ .i<?;· (. . .:.;.,,, . . ' ~-· , Photo show5 model of the Philippine Atomic Research Center, Philippine Atomic Energy Commiuion. The Canter, which occupies o five-hectare site near the campus of the Univeuity of the Philippines, in Quezon City, will be devoted to nuclear re5eorch and development in the field1 of J The Prime Concern of the Fi Ii pi no Sci en ti st by Mateo H. Tupos Professor of Geology, Umvers11y of the Philippines 5ctENCE in the Philippines should be c.oncerned primarily with the advancement of our economic well-being rather than with the advancement of knowledge; corollary to this is that we should leave the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge's sake to th~ West. The proposal is rendered simply and rather exaggeratedly for the sake of emphasis, and, stated in terms of purpose as the effective result of the scientist's work, is more dearly forecast by his underlying motive than by what he actually does. Equating science with research, the proposal means that we should forego basic or fundamental research in favor of applied and developmental research. In the sense of the proposal, applied and develop6 agriculture, indu5try, biology and medicine; production of radioisotopes; and training of future nudear workers. Started early this year, reac!Of is expected to go into operation before mid-1962. mental research merges with technology and engineering. Before we proceed any further, perhaps it is best ta clarify the terms "basic" {or "'fUndamentol") science and "applied" (including "developmental") science. The distinction lies in the persistent motive of the scientist as he carries out his work - the applied scientist wants to do something about a practical need, whereas the basic scientist wants to know something about a phenomenon. The applied scientist. in fallowing up his problem, may find himself investigating a phenomenon, but he eventually returns to his or.iginal problem and in a sense terminates his work at its solution. On the other hand, the basic scientist is not led to doing opplied science - he deliberately goes into it; onQ he stayed in basic science, he could work interminably os one problem leads into another. Science for Greater Productivity The reason for the application of science primarily to the economic sphere should be obvious - the Philippines is o poor notion, ond the basic reason for this is our low productivity end the low quality of our products. There is no need for me to expand the idea that much of our ills in almost ony field of activity con be traced to ignorance end to our general poverty. There is also no need for me to point out the revolutionary successes of science in increasing wealth. · At this point we should inquire into the state of science in the Philippines and whet science here is doing towards the elimination of ignorance ond poverty. But first it is recalled that science with something like its present form and methods arose about 300 years back, and thot it did not begin to be generally utilized os o source of economic technique untill about 150 years ego. Since then scientific and technological activity hos been expanding with eVer increasing magnitude, until in the lost 20 years the expansion con only be described, figuratively and literally, as explosive. In the Philippines, however, science end technology did not arrive until about 60 years ego, transplanted by the Americons. I would say that it did not toke root until the 1930's, and that its fruits began to be generally available only in the lost decade. It oppeors to me that science here is effectively eliminating ignorance os a deterrent to economic progress. Against poverty, however, our science end technology have been inadequate. What we know hos not been disseminated enough; moreover, we insist on knowing some things thot, to me, we can afford to dispense with. The situation just mentioned is, I think, due largely to the absence of an overall guiding purpose to our scientific activity ond the lack of understanding of the organizotionol framework within which scientists and technologists con work effectively. This is the consequence of the youthfulness of science end technology in this country, but the situation need not necessarily be so. It seems to me that in the infinite possible directions that science could take, we have been drifting haphazardly; end in the pursuit by each individual of his particular inclination, we are not husbanding our scientific end technological manpower, limited as it is, to the best odvontoge. Thus, our science ond technology need careful direction and organization. Ba5ic Science Not For Us lf has been proposed that our overall guiding purpose be economic productivity, and the argument for this proposal hos been briefly discussed. Now I shell argue thot science thot does not proctuce anything is not for us, not because it is non-productive but because it is directly expensive beyond our means. Right here it con be interposed that without basic science applied science cannot get anywhere, end that one posses into ond promoted the other. I think, however, that for some time to come, the basic science, indeed even the applied science and inventions, necessary to increase our economic' productivity, ore olreody available. Too, the pool of immediately applicable knowledge and techniques is growing larger by the day. lf we recall thot even in the industrially advanced nations, like the United States and Great Britain, technology, even os late as World War I, was based largely on empirical procedures, then we can rest assured thot there is all the basic science that we wont. As for as the intimate relation of basic and applied science is concerned, I think that the applied scientist has all too often excused his aimless ramblings and final inutility by falling back on this truism. I think that for the purposes to which our applied scientists shall oddress themselves, the distinction between basic ond applied science con be maintained. Now to return to "non-productive" science. I am referring to such things as physics, chemistry, the earth end space sciences, certoi n branches of biology as these ore being investigated in the latest laboratories. First the cost of the equipment alone is staggering, not to mention the quick obsolescence of such equipment. Second is the cost of training competent investigators. It is said that fundamental research units to be economical should be composed of at least 100; the days of the solitary researcher,· especially in the fundamental sciences, ore over. As a result, discoveries in science are made only ot costs that ore astronomical compared to our resources. No wonder Nobel Prize winners have come almost exclusively from the West. F.inally there is no end to the pursuit of such sciences. And they are advancing so rapidly that the probability is that we shell never catch up. If by some unimaginable effort we do catch up, our success would most likely be only a duplication of the Wesfs. Admirable, but at what cost! The inanity for us of pursuing science simply to be first or to command the admiration of others cannot be overemphasized. It is true that these motjves drive scientists to accomplishments, but to them the primary motive is to know. Unfortunately, these motives hove been raised to the national l~vel, w~ere accomplishments are spurred more by pride than sense. On the national level, we only hove to recognize that science, like any other cultural value, is the patrimony of all humanity. As we have received much of our cultural values from the West, let us receive and make use of her science and technology. We do not hove to remind the West that it is more blessed to give than to receive. As receivers and users of science and technology, we plainly cannot be counted on in the advancement of fundamental knowledge. However we hove done something towards transmitting knowledge in this part of the world. Moreover we have made some unique contributions in the applied sciences. In applying knowledge to conditions here and in conveying the results to our neighbors, I think that we shall hove fairly acquitted ourselves of our responsibility in the advancement of science. Top-level Direction For Applied Science Here Somewhere above it was stated that our science and technology need careful direction end organization, the former to define the areas of scientific activity, that we shall investigate and the lotter to utilize our resources - money and manpower - in the most efficient manner. The need for both arises from our limited means and the stringency of our purpose. As regards organization, we need a top-level body that shall declare our scientific policies and lay out o system of promotion and coordination of scientific activity and look into the translation of the results of this activity into economic benefits. Hoving such a brood function, this body should coordinate its work with that of economists and politicians, industrialists, government agencies engaged in science, scientific and research societies, and educators. One of this body's specific functions would be to declare that certain problems need investigation, with such and such priority and financial support for each, then see to it that the problems ore investigated and under the best cirCum7 - ferences. Admittedly there is danger here of the body exercising its authority down to the operational level, soy by specifying lines of attack, but such o body would soon doom itself through failure to secure the support of the heads of institutes and their staffs. On the other hand, the institutes, being assigned definite and fairly circumscribed problems and guaranteed full support, ore quite likely to come up with concrete solutions. This arrangement is usual in industrial research and should work as well in government institutes. Finally, I believed that much scientific work here, although economically useful, has been lost in the files or forgotten in the publications. The scientists· interest seem to be bounded by the laboratory and the library. Plainly the outlook of our scientists a nd scientific organiza tions need re· orientation, and ways a nd means of encouraging, or even enforcing, the application of science to industry must be worked out. Need of Overhauling Local Scientific Agencies looking at the matter of organization from another viewpoint, I think that we should eKomine the administration and structure of our· scientific agencies individually and a s a whole. Our scientific a gencies may be like ned to the diffe rent plants of a n industrial combine, each pla nt under independent financi ng and management and operating under different local policies, yet guided by on unseen a nd anony· mous interlocking board of directors. The a rticulatio n of such a complex e nterprise certainly must be designed. But even before this is the proble m of financing - e.g., for what and how much sha ll the private sector shore? Then comes the arrangement of priority and allotment of resources. These ore but samples of problems on the notional level, many of which arise because science eKists in and as a port of the total complex of society's activity. Some of these problems, like priority, repeat themselves down the line, until Clon- up of the reodor building, which will be the principol focility of the Philippine Atomic Energy Comminion. on the working level they are superseded by technical ones. On the working level, however, problems regarding perK>nnel deserve just as much a ttention - perhaps there is no other field of human activity as science wherein the person is such a decisive factor. To begin with he has to be educated and trained, starting from youth. Then he must be given incen· lives, not only to perform at his tasks but a lso to develop his abilities to the maximum. Finally he must be provided security. Even in the West, with their genius for organization, the administration and structure of scientific activity has been the subject of intensive study. Hoving hod but short experience with science, we could learn from them in this respect. Right he re I would like to mention !hot in my opinion science and research cannot flourish in the usual government bureau here. ThP. bureaus, as implementing and service age ncies of our government, have .evolved organizational and operational schemes and policies tha t do not suit the demands of scientific work. This hos led to the establishment of institutes, but even these suffer from traditional outlook and practices. I oho believe that eKcept in o few deportments of our universities very little research of the kind that I propose can be carried out, and that basic or fundamental research of ony consequence will eventvolly disa ppear. Again, I think tha t although our universities have declared that advancement of knowledge is one of their main objectives, they have not provided the orga nizational machine ry to a ccomplish that ob1 ective. I believe that such machinery, in the for m of institutes, should be separate units, with staffs, equipme nt, and financing of their own~ They would profit from location in campus, and the graduate schools may utilize some of their facilities, but they need not be port of the university at all. Finally, our induStriol establishments are not of the kind ond or size that they con ..,ow is o model of th• physical plci"t of the lnternotioncil Research Institute which is expected to be completed in eorly 1962 cit los Baiios, 40 miles south of Manila. This world center fof rice r95ecirch, funds for which cire being provided by the Rockefeller and ford f.undotion1, will serve as training ground for young acienti1t1 hom all over the rice world. or should undertake research. Most of them operate under established methods, utilizing stondord row moteriols, to pro· duce well known products. These circumstances, especially os regards row moteriols, ore bound to change, thus requir· ing research all along the line. However, except for a few long-established industries, research departments or institutes will be un-economical to maintain. The answer to this is in· tegration or combination of industries, something to hope for but difficult to realize. In the meantime, we can end must look to overseas for the science and technology that we need. In line with the proposal that science here should be directed along certain lines, I would like to mention some fields of investigation that immediately come to mind. For direct economic benefits; in the food and agricultural sciences - the proper use of our various kinds of lends, pedology, crop production and protection, animal production and health, oceanography and fisheries, forestry and forest products; in the earth sciences - gravitational and magnetic fields, ·seismology, ltbkanology, tectonics, oceanography, meteorology; in the medical sciences - control of contagious diseases, epidemiology of cancer and degenerative diseases, changing pattern of diseases, especially those due to viruses It may be noted that except for the earth sciences in the last category, science here is evolving in the proposed directions. However, the fields mentioned ore quite broo~. and occele· ration a long more specific areas or sectors is desirable. L&ave These to the West In the above list, again except for the earth sciences in the third category, sciences for removed from everyday life are absent; this underlines the converse of my proposal. Such studies as atomic and nuclear physics, the structure of chemical substances, cell biology aeronomics, neurochemistry, nucleor energy, high polymers, and the like ore not for us; leave them to the West! These sciences ore very much in the limelight today, in fact they ore synonyms with ··modern" science, not only in the lay mind but olso with the budding scientists. Being glamorous and inherently fascinating, they exercise on attraction that is ineffable but for most of our scientists fatal. How many Ph.D:s in lesser esoteric sciences do we hove that ore now languishing and hopelessly frustrated in teaching and in miserably equipped laboratories2 How many more shall come bode only to waste their knowledge and talents and degenerate into a title? Again, leave knowledge for knowledge's sake to the West. Service of the East to th• West Finally, toke the off-quoted dehumanization of man, his becoming but o robot in o vastly complex society that worships the machine and its disgorgements. Under the im· poet of science and technology much of traditional society and the values that hove susloined it have crumbled and metamorphosed into novel arrangements and radica l beliefs. This metamorphosis is still in process, but society appears to be already abandoning or modifying the philosophies that were born of science and technology. Principal of these ore the mechanistic and pragmatic points of view. These views ore dissolving into the depth and breadth of the West"s cultural heritage. In the more limited body of our cultural experience, however, these views and allied practices could become monstrous tumors. In the rabid and heedless pursuit of the material, we could mistake the means for the ends, the gasp of etfort for the breath of life. In conclusion, we may be reminded of the crowning d iscovery of science - that .science is not the universal panacea. Jt cannot minister to lhe spirit, it even augments its burden. The East, with its traditional concern for the spirit, may yet repay the West for its science by evolving o universal scheme in which ethics and science live· in one another. A c11rious blondi"t of v1uiow c.,lturos, both Eo1torn ond Wo1torrt, is lo ~ .oon in tho church of Paooy, lloco1 Nono, built in tho 18th contury. Prodom'inontly boroqu• in oirchitocturo, it nevortheloH 1how1 1tron9 influ•nu of SiomeH and JavanH• art in it1 intorior. History and Philippine Culture THIS paper wi ll be devoted to a ~iscussion of the following questions: (1) Whot does history tell us about our national culture? (2) Can history tell us anything more obout it'? (3) What must we do to extract this additional information? The present unsatisfactory slate of historical studies among us is one of the reasons why we cannot define our national culture as dearly e nd accurately as we would wish. Our krJowledge of our post can only be described as spotty. About certain perio.ds and aspects of it we know a great deal; about other periods and aspects hardly anything. We hove pushed our researches into the minutest details of Rizol"s life to almost incredible lengths; but so decisive development in our economic and social history as the Tobacco Monopoly remains, as far as our understanding of it is concerned, where the last Spanish publicists of rhe nineteenth century left it. 10 by Horacio de lo Costa, S.J. And so throughout: b~een small clearings of intensive cul· tivation, swarming with thesis writers and Sunday-magazine essayists, lie large tracts of almost pathless jungle, where {lo adopt a well known Malapropism) the eye of the historian has never set foot. Still we do know enough, at least about the grand lines of our historical development, to venture certain very brood generalizations about our notio na l culture First, it is quite obvious that our culture is mode, up of many elements of widely different provenance. Archeologica l remains, linguistic · ana lysis and the findings of cntlifopologists confirm the indications in our meager documentation that the earliest peoples of these islands were considerably influenced by the cultures of the Hinduized e mpires of Southeast Asia and their Horodo d• la Cotta, S.J. l'rofeuor of History, Aleneo de Mo ni/o Un.i11eniry. Editot; Phil ippine Studie~ . Muslim successor states. The Spanish influerice is of course plain for all to see, in our religion, our legal system, our social institutions, our literature, art and music. Of the Anglo-Saxon influence we need merely note that we are con· ducting this symposium in English and would rrobobly be in considerable difficulties if we tried to conduct it in any other language. As the medium of instruction in our schools and the ordinary language of social intercourse for over half o century, English hos been the vehicle of ideas distinctive of the culture of the English-speaking peoples, not the least important of which ore those ideas of democratic government which we hove incorporated into the Constitution of our Republic. Our notional culture, then, did not develop, as did the culture of the Chinese, in isalotion, by the cultivation and elaboration of resources for the most port autochthonous. Rother, the original capitol with which we began kept being added to from many sources outside our borders, fro m for and near, from Europe as well as Asia. In this, our experience is roughly analogous to that of other island peoples similarly located, such as the ancient Greeks and, in more recent times, the British. Here, then, is the first brood generolization we can make about our culture on the basis of our history as we know it. The second is this: tha t our cultural borrowings from abroad did not long remain in !heir original state among us. They , were not merely deposited one on top of the other like successive layers, of sediment, each remaining perfectly distinct from and unaffected by the others. To put it quite simply,' these intrusive cultures did not only do something to us, we did something to them. We assimilated them, changing, as · all living beings do, what were originally foreign substance into our own. Admittedly, the rote and degree of ossimilotion varied considerably, but that that assimila tion took place cannot be questioned. To toke one example. The history of art is still in its infancy in this country; yet even the small amount of research that has been done in this vast field is sufficient to indicate that the Spanish architecture of our colonial churches is Spanish only in their initial inspiration. The Spanish missionaries who planned and direc~ed their construction had perforce to employ Chinese or native artisans, and these nameless craftsmen infused into what they built something of their own, whether it be a structure[ line, or decorative motif, or a more intangible style pervading the whole. The result wos some Thi5 fine sket(h by lrambilo shows the bridge between linondo ond Porion, which hos !Men in existence since the 17th century. Going up the river, under the bridge, is a boat with five ocu, me n. thing which is not quite Spanish, nor quite Chinese, nor quite Southeast-Asia, but an integration a~ varying levels of all three styles which con only be called Filipino. Again, what could be more Filipino than the kundiman? Yet musicologists tell us that if by .. Filipino·· you mean strictly indigenous, then the kundiman can hardly be called such because of the strong Spanish elements which it contains. Yet it is obviously no~ Spanish either. What then shall tW" call it? It is either Filipino or it is nothing; And so with other products of our notional culture: the corrido, the moro-moro, the town fiesta and other manifestations of folk Catholicism, the novels of Rizal as well os the short stories of our contemporary writers in English; they ore clearly derivative, but - equally clearly - they are not merely such. A vital and vigorus culture, our own, hos token what was in the beginning o foreign form or model and transformed it into something quite different; something not found elsewhere; something, in short, Filipino. We ore thus led to the conclusion that while our national culture hos developed by the addition of foreign elements, this has not been a process of mere accretion, but one of intussusception, of assimilation into o living organism with a form and spirit of its own.· A third generalization is in order. The piece-meal proc~ by which these islands were peopled, the... varying patterns of our trade with neighboring lands, and the greater or less degree of penetration effected by the Spanish and American colonial systems - all these ospe-cts of our history suggest that V\b.i.le:i.Liu..9.~~Q_l_i;! . .ta.speGk-of. o .nationaLc.uJtu.re...common to th~ Philippines as · a whole.-. .we must expect -significant hOrizonfal and vertical variations. This historical hint is conffrmed Oy-thecontemporory studies of sociologists and anthropologists, who ore beginning to spell out for us the con· crete differences between highland ond lowland culture, between the ki nship and value systems of urban and rural communities, between the way o member of the Quezon City Lions" Club and the way a tenant former of Barrio Gacoo, Leyte, sizes up the universe. Thus, an examination of the brood lines of our historical de~elopment as we know it today, suggests three generalizations: first, that from the very earliest times to the present these islands have been subjected to an almost continual stream of cultural influences from without; secondly, that Filipinos reacted to these influences not by rejecting them or simply imitating them but by assimilating them, more or less successfully, into their cultural heritage; thirdly, that this pro11 cess ot acculturation varred horrzantally, from region to region, and vertically, from class to class, resulting in significant differences within o recognizably common culture. If these generalizations are sound, a number of important practical conclusions follow. One is that our notional culture is vastly more complex than would appeor at first glance It is complex not only because of the multiplicity of its components, not only because of the diversity of origin of these components, but also because of the variety and delicacy of their articulation with each other and with the whole. Once this complexity is appreciated, it will readily be realized that to attempt to distinguish what is indigenous from what is foreign in our culture is an extremely risky undertaking. For, as we hove seen, there is hardly any aspect of it that has not been sti mulcted or modified or affected in some way by external factors; looked at from this angle, it would be almost true to soy that our notional culture is a wholly foreign culture. On the other hand, there is hardly any external factor impinging on our culture which we hove not colored by our attitudes and shaped to our purposes; and in this sense, it would be perfectly true to soy that there is nothing foreign about our culture. How then con we hope to sort out elements so inextricably intertwined into such oversimplified categories as '"foreign·· and ""indigenous""? But not only is the undertaking risky, it is also pointless. For if our aim is to arrive at a definition of what Filipino culture is, it is certainly not by such o process of selection that we shall arri ve ot it. The basic confusion here is to make "national"" synonymous with "indigenous". Nothing could be more arbitrary. For our national culture is not what we hod in the beginning, it is what we have today. And what we hove today is not only w"hot we hod to begin with, it is also what we hove mode our own. It is this totality and only this totality, with all its diversity of ports and complexity of structure, that we have any right to call the culture of the Filipinos. This is about os much as history in its present state of development among us can tell us about our culture. Can it tell us anything more? Undoubtedly, it con, but only if we clear away certain misconceptions and take certain positive measures. In the first place, we must get rid of the idea that the task which faces the historian today is merely o task of re· interpretation - of interpreting correctly what his predecessors interpreted wrongly. lt is sometimes said that the trouble with Philippine history is that it was written first by foreigners - Spaniard or Americans - and then by Filipinos who adopted uncritically their foreign ·point of view. To use a term which Professor Tregonning of the University of Malaya applies to the history of his own region, Philippine history is ol_mo~t exclusively "Europocentric", and this is what is wrong with 1t. It ought to be .. Filipinocentric .. , and the present job of the Filipino historian is to make it so; to reinterpret it from the Filipino point of view rather than from the Spanish or the American. There is a great deal to be said for this opinion. It assumes, however, that the materials ore there to be interpreted; that all or most of the evidence relevant to the main phases of our historical development hos been submitted, and that it is now merely a question of revising the construction that hos been placed upon the evidence. I do not believe this is correct. It seems to me that on many important 'vents and features of our history the usable evidence is wM"ully fragm~ntary and incomplete. Let me stress the term "us\oble". It 1s n~! that the evidence is non-existent. It exists, in large quont1t1es and multiple form, in archives both here and abroad, and even in published works of every description. But it simply hos not been gathered and pieced together in such a way as to be usable evidence, capable of being studied in its entirety and thus provide a solid basis for accounts that shall be factual and not merely coniecturol. The Puente de hpofta (now Jor1e$ Bridg•) in th• eor~y days. In foreground, street cor pulled by hone•. 12 I mentioned earlier in this poper one ourstonding exam· pie of this from our economic history: the Tobacco Monopoly. Here is on institution whose influence not only on our economic but also on our social and political development con hardly be exaggerated. It is therefore of the highest importance that we should hove on ob1ective and impartial account of it. We may hove reason to suspect that the earlier accounts of this institution were hispano-centric (which would not be surprising, seeing they were written by Spanish historians) and that being hisponocentric, they either disregard oltogether or do less than justice to certain aspects of our cultural development which ore of supreme interest to us as Filipinos. We must therefore .. reinterpret" the history of the Tobacco Monopoly; but how? We cannot do so simply on the basis of the evidence adduced in the hispanocentric histories, for if our assumption of bias is correct, this evidence hos been selected to support a hisponocentric thesis. What we must do is to find out whether any additional evidence exists which will warrant a revision of that thesis. 4n other words, we cannot reinterpret our history without enlarging its factual base. Revision cannot begin with revision: it must begin with research; Thus, a Filipino who wishes to write on the history of his . country, but is unable or unwilling to do basic research in the sources, hos really only two alternatives open to him. He can simply summarise or paraphrase or render in English what the earlier Spanish histories contain; in which case he will be perpetuating the europocentric view about which there is such widespread dissatisfaction today. Or else he con react against this europocentrism and attempt to rewrite our history from a Filipino point of view; in which case he will soon discover that much of what he writes is pure conjecture, since he does not possess the factual material with which to document what he wishes to soy about Filipino culture. Let me repeat that this is not because this material does not exist. It does. But we must not expect it to materialize out of thin air, or be handed to us on a silver plotter. We must go out and get it. We must do research. Another mistake which we ought to ovoid is limiting the oreo of Our historical interest and the scope of our investigations for reasons which ore lorgely emotional or simply irrelevant. It hos been suggested, for instance, that our notional history ought to begin in the middle of the nineteenth century, because that is when we begin to hove o notional consciousness end hence when we begin to be o notion. Hence. we need not 'oncern ourselves with what happened to ·Filipinos, or what Filipinos did, before that period. It is a lso a lledged in support of this view that the history of these islands- prior to the birth of the notionolist movement is not really the history of the Philippines but the history of Spain or the Spanish Empire, that is to soy, the history of the hand· ful of Spanish offici61s, colonists and clergymen who managed to impose their domination here and to retain it for o matter of three centuries. Now, their doings may possibly be of absorbing interest to a Spanish historian, but what possible claim con they hove to the attention of the Filipino historian? It seems to me that this view does more honor to the ,sturdy no~iono li~m of its proponents than it does to their understanding of the "nature of the historical process. Even if we were to concede that the history of the Philippines begins, or ought to begin, when the Philippines begins to be a notion, it should be obvious that we cannot even begin to understand the Philippines as a notion unless we first understand it as a colony. The first question we hove to ask about the Revolution is why there should have been o Revolution in Santo Cruz Church, standing on what is now 1 l'lozo Sta. Cruz just off Euolto, •' it looked in tho oorly port of th• contury. the first place; and that is a question we cannot answer without o pretty thorough grasp of the entire span of our Spanish colonial history. And surely it is oversimplifying matters con· siderably to soy that the history of our Spanish period is merely the history of the Spaniards who lived in the Philippines during that period. That may be the hispanocentric way of looking at it, which many feel today to be no longer adequate, if it ever was; but it is surely o curious way of remedying the inadequacy by simply ignoring the period a ltogether. The foct is that much of what happened during the Revolution, and much of what is happening even today, cannof be completely understood without reference to our post, and often to our remote past. The roots that maintain o peculiarly stubborn sort of life in many of our distinctively Philippine social institutions go very for bock indeed. If then we want history to make its proper contribution to the under· standing of our culture, we must set no arbitrary limits to the range of historical research, but permit the historian to wonder happily obout the large and very untidy lumber room which is his peculiar domain. lastly, it is important that we ask the historian questions; but we must not tell him what answers to give. We must permit him to answer for himself, insisting only that he supports his answer with evidence. An epigram which has been given currency lately here is one of Benedetto Croce·s to the effect that "all history is contemporary history" I suppose this means that every generation interprets history according to its own attitudes and needs. Token in this sense, simply as the statement of a fact, it is true enough. But if it is token as on insight into the nature of history; if it is implied that historical truth changes from one generation to another, and that eoch generation makes its own historical truth, then I do not think the statement makes any sense. Historical interpretation may vary from one generation lo another, but the very notion of interpretation implies that there is something there to interpret, some irreducible substratum of fact which is capable of being variously understood but which itself remains invariable. In short, history hos indeed somethmg to soy to us, but 13 we must not expect it to soy whot we ple.ose. It hos a truth of its own which is obiective and extromentol. We cannot invent this truth; we must discover it. Ill This brings us to our third and last question: What mustwe do to extract from our history the additional information that we need for a greater understanding of our national culturel Our answer to this question con be direct and brief, becau~e it follows logicolly from our onswer to the previous questicn. What must we dof Those of us who ore historians -must do reseorch: they must do reseorch into the entire range of our historic post; and they must do this reseorch in on objective ond dispassionote spirit, not reoding answers into the record but deriving onswers from it. Those of us who ore not historians but who ore interested in hoving historians do their job should provide them with the tools to do it. Any number of concrete proposals could be mode, but it does not seem necessary to include them in this paper. On the occasion of the Ateneo de Manila's centenniol celebrotion two years ago a committee of historions mode se.,,.erol such proposals; they may be consulted in the Ateneo Centen· nio/ Report. Others will probably be odvonced in the discussi~s of this sym~osium. . I· may be permitted to end this paper with two exomples of the kind of organized effort which will certainly be required if the study of history in this country is to rise to the demands which are being mode of it. The first is from the historiography of Europe, the second from that of Chino. Towards the middle of the nineteenth century, nationalism was at the flood in Europe 1ust as it is today in Asia. In the field of historical studies it resulted in the kind of notional history - boastful, rhetorical, jingoistic, irresponsible - which is not unkno wn among us and which is bringing the noble sentiment of nationalism into disrepute. Such books ore today forgotle~, and ore best forgot~en. But it had on14 other effect also. It inspired individual scholars and societies of scholars to undertake, with the cordial cooperation of governments and public-spirited citizens, the slow, patient, infinitely laborious work of publishing the authentic historical records of their respecti .... e countries. And as, over the years, these superbly edited .... otumes followed each other in stotely succession-the Monumento Germanioe hisforico in Germany, the Rolls Series and Calendar of State Papers in England, the Collection de documents inedits sur /'histoire de Fronce, the Rerum itolicorum scriptores in Italy, and the Collecci6n de documentos ineditos para lo historic de fspq.tio, it become ~ abundantly clear thot there con be no more enduring tribute to the greatness of o people, no stronger stimulus to en· lightened patriotism, no better bo5is for international understanding than to present without exaggeration or diminution, in all their lights and shadows, heights and depths, the .... ery sources of a nation's culture. About 90 B.C. the illustrious Chinese historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien completed his meticulous account of the Hon Dynasty and began a tradition of official historiography which the Chinese people maintained unbroken for well nigh two thousand years. The trodition wos that each dynasty upon its accession to the imperial throne appointed a historical commission and charged it with the task of writing the history of the preceding dynasty from the documents carefully preser.,,.ed in the state archives. As eoch dynastic history was completed, it was published along ·with its predecessors.. Today, the Twenty-Four Dynastic Histories of Chino - some 900 volumes in a modern edition - constitute a monument to a great culture and lo a great tradition of scholarship un-equolled anywhere else in the world. These two examples of how nationalism con promote the study of history, and history, serve the highest purposes of nationalism, will doubtless suggest what we ourselves may atte mpt in order to preserve, to enrich, and above all to understand our own cultural heritage. Magellan Monument, familiar Manila landmark by the Pasig Ri.,,.er, as it was a few decades ago. Cascoes and modern .,,.essels used the river as a highway. M•nilo South Horbor where foreign ships dO(:k in. L eh foreground is rtie colonnoded C ... stoms Hovse. while left bi:ickground shows City Holl with clock tower. Open field on righl is luneto Park. Image of An Expanding Horizon By Carlos P. Garcia Carlos P. Gorcio LL.B .• l l.D., Pre~iden/ o/ Jhe Philippine$. AbJt1ocred from the Pre$idenf $ lote51 report to Congren on the 5lore of the notion. 15 WE derive new strength and fresh inspiration by measuring the horizon we traversed. The Philippines chalked up a new high in dollar reserve standing at $205 million during the last quarter of 1960 aJter paying our short term foreign obligations in the amount of $84 million. Our gross national product has registered a Spectacular increase by P600 million in 1960 a.nd stands at an estimbted level of Pl0.8 billion as against Pl0.2 billion in 1959. Our favorable balance of payments which we lost during and after the war, and which we regained Or\ry· beginning 1959, has continued to rise in 1960 in the· amount of around $30 million, and the reserve, as of December 31, 1960, stands at $192 million as against $162 million in 1959. We continue to hove o balanced budget and even a surplus in the general funds. Our peso both here and abroad is steadily gaining in strength, rising from P4.10 to the dollar in 1959 to P3.20 to the dollar beginning December of 1960. Return to Free Enterprise We started in April 1960 the four-year decontrol program. Even before the year ended, we began the second stage of decontrOI and all indications are thrt we will complete in twp years the four-year decontrol pnrgram and, God willing, by 1962 our national economy shall be comletely free. Solvency Customs and internal revenue collections hod o combined increase of Pl 51.7 million in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1960. From July l to December 31, 1960, actual collections totalled $676.3 million, representing on increase of P55.8 million over those of the corresponding period last year. Economic Recovery The recovery of the economy has been mode possible mainly by the successful implementation of the stabilization program, the principal features of which were the margin fee and budgetary retrenchment measures. As part of the stabilization program and as a prerequisite to decontrol, we continued the monetary restrictions during the early port of 1960 in order to hold down prices and maintain the international reserve. Since the margin levy, the major measures of the stabilization program, sent into effect about the middle of 1959, the external value of the peso has continued to increase. In July and August, 1959, the free market value of our currency was as low as P4.TO to $1.00; as of December 1960 it has improved to P3.20 to $1.00. Complementary to decontrol is credit relaxation. Among other measures, rediscount rotes and the bank reserve requirements hove been reduced and cash deposit requirement for letters of credit for imports has been abolished. Outstanding loans of commercial and savings banks rose from .. 1.96 billion· at the end of 1959 to P2.07 billion at the end of September 1960, or and increase of P'l 10 million in nine months. Agriculture In agriculture, we have pursued the highest priority national objective of self-sufficiency in rice and corn. 16 Emphasis is being given to abaco and coconut, two of our major export products. In an effort to discover the means of eradicating cadongcodong which seriously threatens the coconut industry, search is being intensified by all agencies concerned. Conservation While it is wise to encourage the utilization of our forest resources, we have found it necessary to look into their conservation and effective exploitation, Scientific management of commercial forest areas through selective logging has been intensified. For o better implementation of our program of planting trees on denuded watersheds, grasslands and marginal lands, the Reforestation Administration has been established. Industry Even more significant and decisive strides have been made in the field of industrial development. In food processing, two wheat flour mills and three milk conning plants are now in operation. Three additional flour mills will start this year. The goal for the production of cotton textiles is 300 million yards a year. Spinning and weaving capacity is being rapidly expanded towards this end. The ramie textile mills in Davao will soon be in operation. To step up the supply of building materials, five new cement factories hoveen approved during the lost two years. Alr~ady cement prices hove gone down. Necessary credit facilities have been extended by the Philippine Notional Bonk with the support of the Central Bonk and the Development Bonk of the Philippines to permit the ready expansion in sugar production and take advantage of the opportunity of increasing the country's foreign exchange earnings in the amount of about $60 million. We have established a sheet gloss factory and three glass We hove established a sheet gloss factory and three gloss container factories. Fuel production registered o substantial expansion. The most notable development in this field is the construction of hree new petroleum refineries in addition to one already in operation. Shipping To expand our overseas shipping facilities the Notional Development Company procured 12 9ceon-going vessels, nine of which hove been delivered. Two interislond vessels have been constructed by the National Shipyards and Steel Corporation. Power Industrial power output has been increased by 165,000 kilowatts due mainly to the operation of the Bingo Hydroelectric project. Studies for four other hydro-electrict projects with a total capacity of 359,000 kilowatts hove been completed. Even as we ore making provisions for expanding production, we have attended to increasing outlets for our output. We hove promoted foreign trade both to expand the demand for our traditional exports and create foreign markets for new products. In implementing the Retail Nationalization· Act, the Deportment of Commerce and Industry registered and assisted a great number of new Filipino retailers. This Congress also passed during the lost session the Rice and Corn· Trade Nationalization Law. The role of non-agricultural cooperatives in the economy hos gained added strength with the establishnient of the Phil· ippine National Cooperative Bank. Tourism This year is "See the Philippines - Visit the Orient Year." For the convenience of tourists, our national airport is being modernized to make it suitable for jet travel. (We have re· loxed visa requirements for visitor.) Education To correct the acute shortage of textbooks we initiated a textbook printing project to print 35 million textbooks a t a· cost of P47 million, plus $5.9 million as counterpart. Science We hove intensified the national effort to improve the foundation of our scientific progress, encouraging science consciousness. We have maintained the science scholarship program. Arrangements are being made to establish o science high school in Manila. The U.P. College of Agriculture is gradually being recognized os the training institution for Asia in a gricultural science. The esta blishment in Los Bolios of the Inte rnational Rice Research Institute will make the Philippines the center of scientific efforts to improve the industry that produces all of Asia's staple food. Social Welfare The Administration has given relief to and alleviated the plight of about 900,000 victims of disasters and calamities. We also met the problems of juvenile delinquency, the physically handicapped, the infirm and the aged, the squatters and beggars. Some 40,000 individuals were helped to find new honies in more suitable surroundings or sent back to the provinces or to NARRA settlements. Additional efforts to rebcate squatters ore iri. progress. The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes has raised great amounts of funds for social welfare activities. Today, a lmost four million people a re enjoying the protection and benefits of the Social security System for the private sector and of the Government Service Insurance System for the government sector. These two systems also assist o ur economic development since a large portion of their re· sources is being channeled to productive investments in various sectors of our eco no my. Agricultural wo rkers o re now covered under the Social Security System. They hove a right to benefit from the enlightened and altruisti~ ..Af'Ovisions of the Social SeCurity Act. . Labor With the establishment of four additional regiona l offices Bircl's-eye ¥iew of uptown Manila, showing U. S. Embany grounds in foreground a'°"& More. 17 ond the organization of the Women and Minors Bureou within the current fiscal year os already authorized by Congress, our workmen's welfare will be further promoted. The Apprenticeship Division has lately been expanded into a full-fledged office, i~dicoting the importance this Administration gives to skills development. In 1960, 283 new unions were organized and registered and 193 collective bargaining agreements were recorded. Significantly, through the favorable policies of the present administration, economic activities since 1953 hove been so expanded a s to accommodate on additional 2.2 million workers, thereby reducing unemployment from 1.4 million or 17 per cent of the labor force in 1953 to only 750,000 or 7.7 per cent of the labor force in 1959. Health Public health and sanitation services were further extended to the rural areas. Most of the diseases which have been the common causes of death ore under control. Hospital services have been improved. Rural health units hove continued to minister to the needs of the mosses. nie Government hos upgraded the standards of health services. We hove revita lized the a gencies dea ling with rura l credit and cooperative marketing. The operations of the rura l banks have been e)(panded. We ha ve devoted a substantial port of the resources of the Philippine Notional Bonk and the Development Bonk of the Philippines to affording credit on reasonable terms to small formers. The latter has set aside P50 million for small loons. Rural banks hove increased to 150 at the end of 1960. We accelerated the grants of land potents and homesteads and the resettlement efforts of the Notional Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration. Rural Improvement The establishment last year of the Agricultural Credit a nd Cooperative Institute al Los Barios is another milestone in our efforts to revitalize and improve the management of credit and cooperative organizations serving the rural areas. From on initial covera ge of 22 provinces in 1956, the community development movement now covers 55 provinces. Self-help projects undertaken by the people in the post four years nvmber 29,886 valued a t 1"29 million. These projects included food production, feeder roods, ba rrio waterworks a nd spring development, repair of schools, communa l irrigation, promotion of public health. Public Administration Executive and supervisory development seminars hove been conducted. The beneficial effects of these programs hove become evTdent in the increased efficiency of the various a rms of the public service. Justice With the increased jurisdiction granted in 1960 to municipal courts in chartered cities and justice of the peace courts,. our higher courts hove been relieved of the burden of petty litigations, enabling them to devote more time and effort to more important coses. The Court of Industria l Rela tions and the Court of Agrarian Relations hove done commendable work settling controversies between labor and management, and between landowners and tenants. There is now industrial and agrarian peace. The Court of Tax Appeals hos sped up decision on assessments made by the Bureau of Customs and the Bureau of Internal Revenue. National Defense Our Armed Forces continue to ploy a vital role not only in the preservation of peace and order but a lso in our socio· economic a ctivities. They helped beyond the coll of duty in school building construction, in relief work during public calamities, in land resettlement and in rural development. Foreign Relations The bonds of friendship a nd mutual interest which link the Philippines and the United States, our closest ally and friend, remain firm and enduri_ ng. This was remarkably dramatized by the visit here of President Eisenhower losl year. Considerable progress hos been achieved more recently on the highly sensitive question of criminal iurisdiction in relation to U.S. bases in the Philippines. In the World O rganizolion, we continue to support the stabilizing "presence" of the United Nations in troubled spots of the world, such as in Loos and the Congo. Our policy of closer ties_ with Asia has gained fresh momentum. We have accredited a diplomatic mission to Ceylon. We hove just authorized o legation in Laos. We concluded with the Government of Indonesia on agreement for 'joint naval patrol of our southern waters. Our panel of negotiators hos also just signed the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation with their Japanese counterparts. In the matter of procurement and disposition of reparations goods and services from Japan, our country, as of November 30, 1960, hos received a total of ~1 98.3 million in machineries and equipment for public works, capita l goods . for government agencies a nd private entities, and services in the salvage of sunken vessels that clog our sea lanes. The value of goods and services already contracted by our government, however, is P246 million and the Japanese Government hos already paid to Japanese suppliers the sum of P227.9 million. Therefore, based on the P225 million dve from the Japa nese Government during the first four a nd o half years of the Agreement, Japan has fully met her com· mitments to the Philippines. House-Cleaning The campa ign gained added vigor with the implementation of the Anti-Graft and Coffupt Practices Act. Various executive deportments hove initiated administrative coses numbering 21,992; 13,600 coses were decided with 9,547 convictions and 4,) 10 exonerations. Some 8,335 coses ore pending decision. Criminal coses totalling 740 were filed. Invocation "For His Kingdom is a Kingdom of a ll ages, and His dominion endureth thruout all generations. They shall publish the memory of the a bundance of His sweetness and shall rejoice in His Justice." (Psalm )44) House mask, MMtlock Group, Corolines. Ancestor figurin•: o mon's comb, 1ov• 5tick, 5oilor'5 medicine therm. Our Oceania Neighbors by .Alfredo E. Evongelista THE Notional Museum ~'-Herran street,. Manila has just opened a modest exh1b1t room depicting the material culture of some groups of people inhabiting Oceania - to most of us, the South Seo lslonds. The bulk of this exhibit comes from Palau and the surrounding islands comprising the Carolines group. These were obtained through an exchange between the Museum and a representotive of the Denver Art Museum who visited the Philippines recently in order to obtain a few representative collection from the Mt. Province, particularly lfugao wood art. Melanesia is represented by a commercial axe and a necklace of wild boars· tusks brought home from New Guinea by Museum director Dr. Eduo1do Quisumbing. To show dif. ferences and controsts, Museum authorities decided to throw in o few diagnostic specimens from the Austra lian aborigines, ohhough strictly speaking, this culture area does not belong to Oceania. These materia ls were donated by the Commonwealth of Australia. The Museum is expecting to receive soon exchange ma terials on the Maori people from the Dominion Museum cf New Zealand, hence representing Poly· nesian culture and completing the range of the Pacific exhibits. The exhibit is designed \o give the public a chance to know o little bit more of our neighbors to the east and southwest of us. Based on geography, physical traits, and cultura l bP.havior in general, Oceania may be divided into Melonesir; from the Greek melonos {block) and ryesos iislands); Micrdnesio, from the G reek mikros (tiny) and nesos; and Polynesia, from the Greek polys (many) and nesos. Mela nesia lies north and northeast of Australia . includes New Guinea, the Admiralties, New Britain, New Alfredo E. fvangelisto Anrhrapolog1$I, Notionol Mu$eum of rhe Philippines; MA., from the Univernly of Chicago. Ireland, the Solomons, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, ond Fiii. Some of the fiercest jungle worfore between the Japanese a nd the Allies took place in this area in the lost war. Polynesia kos somewhat the form of a great crescent, 5,000 miles from tip to tip and 3,000 miles wide ot ils broadest point. This crescent faces west, its points extending for to the nortk and south of Micronesia ond Melanesia ond partially developing them. It includes the Hawaiian, Marqueson, Tuomuto, Society, Cook, Austral, Samoan, Tongan, El1ice and Union Groups, New Zealand ond o great number of isolated islands two of which, Easter Island and Niue, ore of great interest to ethnologists. Polynesia is o region of enormous distances. Hawaii, ot the northern end of the crescent, is over 2,000 miles from its nearest inhabited neighbor, and Easter Island is over o thousand miles from any otker land. Most of these islands ore small, their total area ~ - ~ ::.-?:5?~?·=-·=--=--= ====:~.rt~\ {exclusive of New Zealand) being only o little more than 1 0,000 square miles. Most of the material now on display ot the Notional Museum come from Micronesia, or to be specific, tke Carolines groups.• Directly east of the Pkilippines ore tke island groups comprising Micronesia and including the Polous, Corolines, Marshalls, Marianas, ond Gilberts. They extend a full 2,000 miles from east to.west and about the some distance from north to south. The most westerly of these, the Palau Islands, lie some 430 miles east of Mindanao. The Environment of the Micronesians The Micronesian islands nearly all belong to one of the other of two classes, high islands and low islands. The former ore of volcanic origin, while the lotter ore the work of coral polyps. A typical high island hos o toll, central peak or mountain-range from which many deep, narrow volleys run down to the sea. There is almost no level ground in the interior, and the scenery is usually wild and fantastic. Between the mountains and the sea there is a narrow, more or less continuous strip of level land which hos been built up portly by the carol polyps and portly by the wash from the mountains. Same distance out from this coastal strip there will be o coral reef, known as the fringing reef, and beyond this and separated from it by deeper woter a second reef, the barrier reef, beyond which the ocean drops to great depths. The high islands are usually well watered, the mountains covered with verdure, and the volleys are choked with heavy growth. The inhabitants concentrate upon the coastal strips. Groups defeated in fights often fled inland for o time, but the mountains ore usually uninhabited except by hunters ond fugitives from iustice. This is due to the almost complete absence of food. There ore few species of birds ond no native animals, ond the slopes ore too steep for agriculture. The people live portly by cultivating the level ground ond portly by fisking in the shallow water about tke reefs. The low coral islands, called atolls, rest upon the tops of submerged mountains. The coral polyps feeding on the upper slopes of these mountains slowly build up reefs, which, owing to the <;ubstructure on which they rested, assume cir· culor shape. Fragments of dead coral ore forced above the • This g1oup, composed of innumerable reefs, corol islets, and the 11okonic irlonds ol Yap, Truk, Ponope, ond Kuso~ ore por1iculorly imporlanl to Filipinoi located close 10 lhe Equator. 1his orch•P*logo is lhe region of doldrums - "011 podefs of ltill hor oir which generole l yphooM lhol find their way lo t~ Philippines. Palaue1n stary board. water level by the action of tide, wind and wave and farm the beginnings of an atoll. The height of a coral island above the surface of the sea is rarely more than a few feet, olthovgh the circular reef may be many miles in its ovter periphery. Within the circvlor reef is a sloping sandy beach and on enclosed lagoon of quiet water, and seaward side is mode up of lvmps of rough coral. The white rock and sand reflect the sun, so that the glare is almost unendurable. The village of the residents ore nearly always built on the inner side of the island, facing the lagoon. They live almost entirely on fish and coconuts, and their life is much harder than that of their counterparts on the high islands. The Micronesians The unity of Micronesia lies perhaps more in its geography than in its inhabitants. Each cluster of islands, and sometimes on island speck oft by itself, had developed along its own lines of longvage, of custom and even to some extent, of race. In general, however, the Micronesians form o link between the Polynesians to the east and the Asiatic peoples farther west, the Philippines being one of them. Anthropologists generally agree that the origin of the Micronesians (ond the Polynesians for that matter) may best be explained in terms of migrations from the outer eastern margins of Malaysia, through the Philippine area, probably very early in the Christion era . The Micronesian peoples of the central and eastern islands, someti mes known as .. Kaneko" from a native term meaning "man", ore much like the pure Hawaiian in appear· once. Those in the west, called "Chamorro," ore generally shorter and more Malay·like. Especially in Guam, they have become strongly mixed in modern days with Filipino and Spanish strains. There ore abo ut 110,000 Micronesians today broken dowii into the following principal groups Gilbertese i32,000J, Ocean and Novrv Islanders (4,000), Marsha ll Islanders (10,000), Caroline !slanders including those in the Polous ond Tobi 136,000), Guamanians (23,000), and those in the remaining islands of the Mariana chain (5,000). At the outbreak of the war, there were more than 70,000 Japanese immigrants in the Corolines and the Marianas. A few small .islets on the northern fri nge of New Guinea and the Bismorcks, such as the Northwestern Islands, hove pre· dominantly Micronesian popvlotions. The western Micronesians have been under white influence for nearly four centuries, and nearly all of them hove long been Catholics. Those farther east were brought into contact much later, largely throvgh visits by American whalers and the work of American missionaries. Most of them ore Protestants. Although perhaps less homogeneous than the Polynesians, most Micronesians ore alike in many fundamentals They ore gardeners, living mostly in scattered hamlets rather than in large concentrated villages. Extended families or lineages ore the basic residential and subsistence units, Clans ore usvally exogamovs iout-morrioge) and, except in the Gilberts and the southwestern islands, matrilineal (reckoning descent through the mother). Some form of caste organization is prevalent except in the central Corolines. leadership de· pends more upon inheritance then upon social climbing. In religion, on the other hand, nothing develo ped quite com· parable to the elaborate and formalized polytheism of Polynesia. Throughout Micronesia all bvt the leisured families of high chiefs earn their living by forming and fishing. The staple plant foods of the high islanders ore taro, breodfruil and yams including coconuts and pandonus kernels. On the infertile atolls, however, plant foods ore scarce. In general, atoll dwellers are better fishermen than the highlanders: they hove to be in order to survive. If they grow crops at all besides coconuts and pondonus, it was necessary to moke soil. The gardens ore deep rectangular pits which ore laboriously cut into the coral bed rock. Into these pits vegetables refvse of all sorts ore thrown year ofter year and allowed to rot vntil a thin layer of ·humus hove occumvloted. Right to the use of svch gardens has been the most valuable property and was handed down throvgh many generations. The Marianas differ from the rest of Micronesia, and of Oceania, for that matter, in counting rice among its staples. Althovgh each inhabited island or the waters around it prodvce the bore essentials of living, overseas trading, some· times involving canoe voyages of hundreds of miles, is o featvre of Micronesian life. Nearly every place produce a specialty - fine mots ~r unique dy~s or special shell or~ ments - and exchange 1t foe something vnusuol from another place. Yap islanders vsed to soil regularly to Palau to quorry and carry bock home the large discs of stone used for o special kind of money. Many of us hove seen this in the movie "His Majesty O'Keefe." Fleets of atoll dwellers from the islands between Yap and Truk undertake regular voyages to Guam, and similar enterprises go on throvghout Micronesia Ovt of these experiences many Micronesians become daring sailors and skilled navigv:ors. They mastered the intricacies of seasons, currents, and winds and even developed a kind of chart to guide them on long voyages. Fig. l 0 is the famous stick navigation chart from Wotje Atoll, Morsholls. Only master navi gators know how to use it and guard its 5ecrets jealously. The cowrie 5hells represent islands, atolls, banks or reefs. The sticks denote cvrrents, certain types of waves or ocean swells that the navigator can interpret to gvide him. Sticks ore of pondanvs roots, the idea being that just as the aerial root of lhe pondonus will guide one to the trvnk, so will this chart guide one to the island sought. This chart cover s the entire Marsha ll archipelago. The Museum Collection In addition to the aforementioned stick chart, a few other materials now either displayed or stored at the Notional Museum give us interesting sidelights into the life and society in Micronesia. Fig. 1 shows o house mask from the Mortlock Group, Corolines. It is hvng o n rafters of canoe houses and held in front of the face during particular ceremonies to frighten 21 ghosts away. Masks are considered male br female; this ane · is o female. Fig. 3 is quite a rare specimen from Pulusuk Island , Carolines. It is an image carried in sea-going canoes to charm away typhoons. It is also used to a lesser extent to cure illness and locate stolen objects. Sting ray tails protruding from the base ore tied together with "" magic knots"" then covered with breadfruit pitch and line to hide the tying technique from the laymon"s eyes. A coconut grater of pearl shell arid stool of wood (Fig.?? ) from the eastern Corolines reminds us of the kudkuron found all over the Philippines. The introduction of metal implements since discovery has caused certain items in the technology of the Micronesians to be discarded However, some of them were retained, though used too limited extent only. Anthropologists believe that the first immigrants to Micronesia were metal-using peoples but that they eventually turned lo shell and stone implements because neither iron nor copper ores are found on the islands. Not until the advent of explorers and traders did they get hold of metal tools again. One tool (Fig. 8) is on adze of coral stone from Truk, Carolines and was originally used for hollowing out canoes after the tree trunk had been worked over with fire. As has been said earlier the Micronesians, especially the atoll dwellers, are highly dependent on the sea. Figures 13-a and 13-b show the things they make and use from marine row materials. Tlie belt and necklace from Puluwot Atoll, central Carolines, ore mode from coconut shell beads, turtle shell spacers, and clam shell beads, strung on sennit twine. These ore popular trade items and worn by women for doily wear The axe-looking specimen in the foreground {Fig. 15) is a "second-denomination .. money from Yap. It is mode of goldlipped pearl shell bound with sennit handle and used in gift exchanges and barter between islands. A preferred s~ecies Stic~ navigation chort from Wotje Atoll, Manhalls. 22 of shell for this type of money does not thrive in Yapese waters and used to come from the Phil ipp ines. The two bracelets {some Figure) one of Trochus shell and the other turtle shell, also come from the central Corolines. These ore worn by women. To the left is o shark toothstudded fighting knuckles also from the some locality. It is carried wrapped in coconut cloth and a popular trade item as for as the MarshoHs. It is banned by low in many districts. At the top is o fish hook, the shank of which is mode of pearl shell and the hook of coconut shetl. The butt end is provided with feathers for lure. It is used mainly in trolling for Tuna and Wahoo. Also from some localities in the Carolines (Fig. 14) ore on ancestor figurine, man·s comb, love stick, and sailor's medicine charm. Of special interest is the love stick, used by young men to entice women out of their huts. It is shoved through the grass walls at night at the spot where the girl sleeps. She feels the stick"s design and recognizes the owner (each man hos own design). If the stick is pushed out it means ·· go away""; if pulled in it signifies "" come in· · This courting practice is being discouraged today by missionaries Micronesian art is typified by the Polouon story board (Fig. 7), the Trukese canoe prow ornament iFig. 6) and the carved figur ines from the Mortlock Group (Fig. 9). Storyboards represent tribal toles of love, war of conquest. Stories ore carved in the facades, veges and support pillars of men"s houses or meeting plOces which in recent years included also women as its occupants. They now utilize commercial points but the motif remains traditional. · The canoe prow ornament represents on abstract bird ond used os o symbol of war. It is also attached during canoe races. The figurines show typical male and female Islanders, and seem to be largely on expression of artistic inclinations. Other interesting specimens include o1 ceremonial dance paddle, sling stone, fighting dubs, fishing'tackle box, canoe baler, coral stone breadfruit pounder, wooden food bowl, turtle shell dish, puberty neck cord, toy boll of coconut leaves, basket, head decoration, ond earring discs. The Micronesian Today Not one of the Micronesian orchipelogoes is politically independent. The Gilberts ore still o Crown Colony of the United Kingdom while Guam remains a possession of the United Notions Trust Territories, administered by the United States. The Pacific Islands ore no longer isolated areas today particularly in geopolitics. Two World Wars mode us realize this fact. The prime factor then governing the administration of the affairs of the islands necessarily stems from the importance of these regions in worldpower relationships and in military strategy and security. The island world today is a fascinating combination of persisting traditional customs, modifications, selected Western usages adopted to the local setting, and even new ideas resulting from the stimulus and needs of the contact situation. The cultural ond personal od1ustments which the islanders hove been making ore those based on voluntary choices end those forced from the outside. It is amazing to note that despite the distances between the islands and that there is very intimate relationship between the people and their marine environment, the people hove been so deeply affected by new ideas and by technological advances that they now _ accept as part of their lives such new institutions as the trade store, the government, and usually also the church end the school. Taal lake as seen from Tagaytay Ridge. Lake Region of the Philippines T HE presence of so many inland bodies of water in Southern Luzon hos earned for it the name: Lake Region. Laguna de Bai (or Bay) the biggest lake in the Philippines, ho~ its southern shores on Laguna Province. The lake (erroneously thought O f by some people as a bay because of the last word in its name} is in the shape of a giant hand with the fingers stretched out. Many small towns border on this lake. In the middle is T a lim Island. On stormy days, the waves on this lake run as high as those in the sea. The loke empties into Manila Boy through the long and wide Pasig River. Taal Lake hos at its center the famous Taal Volcano, which, in turn, hos another lake on lts crater The lake on lop of Taal Volcano was created when Taal blew off its top during the Spanish regime burying several towns at its foot in ash and lava. From Togaytay Ridge in Covite, one con see this picturesque lake-crater. Early in the morning, the haze over it reminds one of the lakes in Switzerland. The City of San Pablo (in Laguna) alone hos seven lakes, the biggest and most beautiful of which is Sampaloc lake. The others ore Bunot, Kaliboto, Palokpokin, Yambo, Pondin, and Mokipok. The lost two, adjoining each other, ore sup23 posed to be o pair of twins who were transformed into lakes. There is o fascinating legend about Sompoloc lake. Old folks soy thot there wos no such lake before. Instead, there wos o rich couple who owned o sampaloc tree with very sweet fruit. One day o beggar .mocked of the couple"s door and asked for some of the fruit to appease his hunger. The beggar was ruWely turned down. lightning flashed and thunder rumbled, and the spot where the couple"s house wos Sarnpaloc Lake, il'I San Pablo City, La• 9Ul'la Provil'l(e. standing sank deep into the soil becoming what today is Sompoloc lake. On a clear day, it is soid that one looking into the water of this lake will see the original sampaloc tree whose fruits were denied the beggar. Fishermen who fish for kanduli, hito, ond other species of fish in the loke"s waters do not use boncos but rafts mode of bamboo, lashed together with rattan . They soy that any banca used here is sure to capsize and drown its user. Laguna de Bay, fresh-water lake, with lighthouse in center. •; -- ··~ - Ships arriving and leaving the port of Davao, viewed from the Observatory. View of the Port of Sorsogon. "Barrio Fiesto," casein, by Molong, 1960 Manila (with Co1egio d e Son Juan de l e Iron in background) by C. S. Hallback. I. W. Teg& Kittendorff, Printers. View of Monih1 from the Bay, Lithograph by de Bc;ive. Noel Aine & Cie, Printers, Paris. ' t J, Entrcince to Mcilocoiiong Poloce, ot the turn of the century. New gote to Molocoiiong Poloce 05 it look$ today. Early Travelers to the Philippines by Fi/emon Poblodor Filemon Poblodot H1slorico/ Reseorcher, formerly profenor ot the Unrversity of the Philippines. 29 Univ•nity of Sto. Tomo$ Sq1.1are an4 Sto. Domingg Ch1.1rch, in lntromuros (Walled City) as they looked in the early l 900's. Whe re the ohl Sto. Tom1n Sq1.1are and the Sto. Domingo Ch1.1rch stood before they were razed to the ground by the fires of World War II "stands modernistic Trade Center building in lntrom1.1ros. p Ef~rP~E~:!::~e~/~~~s:n~:0~~, ~::: ::5:r:rv~~laxT~t~~ntrf~;~ work; to find new environment or change of entertainmenl; to discover new and interesting worlds. This lost motive perhaps brought Marco Polo to Chino in 1300, Columbus to the Americas in 1492, Balboa lo the Pacific in 151 7, and Magellan to the Philippines in 1521. "TOURISM" IN THE EARLY CENTURIES Historians have told us that people from many parts of the world hod been coming to our shores long before the promulgation of the Code of Kolantiao on the island of Panay in 1493. Tourism as a business was virtually unknown in this country during the Spanish regime. Magellan, Legaspi, Sal· cede and Limahong were explorers and adventurers rather thcin tourists. The Chinese come steadily during the Spanish regime, but they come as immigrants escaping oppression a nd poverty in their own countries. The Japanese come during the lost feW decodes of the 19th century, not as tourists certainly, but as carpenters a nd gardeners seeking land and wider opportunities than were offered by their homeland. THE TRANSITION YEARS During the critical tra nsition years from 1896 to 1901, there were scorcel.Y any tourists who come to the Philippines on account of the fact that they knew and hod heard very little about the country and on account of the fact that it wm. a period of unrest: the revolt from Spain hod token place, followed by the war of resistance against the Americans After the turn of the century, the American people began to hea r about the Philippines, its natural beauty, its wealth and its people, and many were filled w;th curiosity lo 30 r r r j .. _, View of ptesenl·day Escolto gives interesting contrast to that of the old. Otd Estolta, famed shopping thc»oug hfare, a t the turn of the ce ntury. I -- -ff'f ~ t ~ _...,)-'//#, I .I' I . ., 4 see the country for themselves, although much of the stories they had been reading were about the insurrecfos (insurgents) or the /adrones (bandits), as pictured by a prejudiced foreign press. After the establishment of the Civil Government by William Howard Taft on July 4, 1901, however, conditions and attitudes changed for the better. Wholesome information began to flow from the Philippines to the United States and other parts of the globe, and the desire to come to the Philippines seized a good number of moneyed people in different parts of America and Europe. Unfavorable Conditions There were other reasons for the retarded growth of travel between foreign countries and the Philippines during the few years that followed. First, big ocean liners rarely called at Philippine ports and secondly, good hotel accommodations were, at that time, not always available in Manila, lloilo, Cebu, Zomboongo, and Davao all of which had tourist attractions. Any Improvements? This condition, however, did not last long. Businessmen, military men, and civil officials who had lived long enough in the Philippines to appreciate the beauty of the country, the mild climate, the colorful customs, and the traditions of the country, put their heads together and began to look for ways and means of drawing the interest of the American people to the islands. The most enthusiastic group behind the movement was the Manila Merchants' Association, mostly American businessmen, who believed that only the entry of foreign capital could bring about prosperity in the Philippines. It published an attractive pamphlet entitled, "The Philippines," and appealed to the Manila public to help distribute 25,000 copies among their friends abroad, especially in the United States. There was no way of telling exactly how effective this pamphlet was in inducing foreigners to come to our shores, but in the years that followed groups of tourists from America, especially, began to come; first, by twos or threes, later, by tens and twenties, and still later, by the hundreds. Who Were the First Tourists to Come? One of the earliest tourists to visit the Philippines was General Isaac Catlin, hero of the Civil War, who came in January 1901; Dr:Holl C. Wyman, prominent American surgeon, who came in January 1902; the Neill-Frawley Dramatic. Company which came towards the end of 1902 and left early in 1903; L. K. Kentwell, sugar magnate, who came in January 1904; Alice Roosevelt, daughter of President Roosevelt, and-William J. Bryan, defeated presidential candidate, who came in 1905; Williard R. Green, railroad magnate, who came in March 1906; H. M. Evans, American capitalist, who come in 1907, hoping to establish an agricultural bank; Horace Dunbar who came in 1908 to build a big hotel; Ex Vice-President Charles Fairbanks who came in 1909 to look into the political situation in the islands; the Chapman Alexander Party ~omposed of well-known evangelists who come in August 1909; Joseph Keegan who come in 1908 to propose the installation of a wireless system; some Seattle merchants, headed by Dr. H. Stillson, who came in January 1910, followed by the famous Clark Party of 750 who were royally entertained, not only by the Manila Merchants" Association and the Carnival Association, but also by the Governor General. 32 They Kept Coming Tourists did not cease coming after 1910. They continued to come, month after month and year after year, in increasing numbers, except during the First World War when the high seas were infested with Germon and Allied submarines and during the Second World War when there was shooting almost everywhere. The greatest number memory can recall came in 1935, the year of the inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth. When the Second World War was over, after the surrender ceremonies on board the battleship Missouri at Tokyo Bay, tourists began coming again. Interest in the Philippines was at its height, and there was hardly a liner, Empress or President, colling at Manila, either from Europe or "America, that did not bring a large party of distinguished g':lests. Some stayed a few days; others a few months. But one thing is true; they come, they saw, and were conquered. Somethings We Have Not and Somethings We Have What attracted these people to the Philippines? We do not have so many wonders in the Philippines as to startle the most discriminating tourists of Europe and America. We hove nothing like the pyramids of Egypt, the Panama or Suez Canal, no Niagara Falls, nothing like the Alps or the Leaning Tower of Pisa. But Providence has blessed this country with a thousand and one interesting things that are not found in other ports of the world. Those who are fond of the beauties of nature in the tropics will find it a delight to visit the Pagsanjan Falls and Mount Makiling, both in Laguna, the Taal Lake in Batangas, the perfect Mayon Volcano in Albay, the flower gardens of Baguio, the lfugao Terraces in the Mt. Province, the Malaspina Heights in Negros, the Hundred Islands in Pangasinon, and numberless other beautiful spots in the country which have become irresistible attractions to foreign eyes. Even our agricultural and industrial methods . evoked interest. The sugarcane fields in Pamponga and Negros, the hemp plantations in the Bicol regions and Davao, and the rice fields in Bulacan and Nueva Ecija are visited by foreigners every year. They visit our sugar centrals, our rope factories, our flour mills, and our mines. Interest in Our Culture and Civilization Foreigners have come to the Philippines, not only to enjoy the scenic attractions but also to get on idea of our culture and civilization: our wedding ceremonies, our funeral rites, our veneration for our ancestors, our respect for elders, our hospitality and our friendliness, our virtues and our vices. Many find interest in our forms of amusement, our hobbies and sports such as sipo, and the piko. They have discovered that in the Far East the best athletic stadium, the Rizal Memorial Stadium, is in Manila, and that the most modern coliseum, the Araneta Coliseum, is in Quezon City, near Manila. But many others from far away come to enjoy our works of art, our music, our folk dances, our costumes, our architecture, our history and literature, our customs and traditions. We have, indeed, enough attractions in this country for the curious and the open-minded, for educators and scholars, .and for students and savants who come to our country· to observe our methods of education and government, and our way of life which preserves the honor and dignity of our people; in short, from a curiosity to know what we were, ore Ond will be in the course of time. Hotel d• Orient•, facin9 linondo Squore, in old Manila . . tesuib' Opticol ObHrvcrtory, Ermilo, Manila. Tciday it faces the University of the Philippinft hten1ion Department and the National Economic CounCil Building on Padre Faura St. 8u5liJlos Street, Sampaloc, Manila, in the •orly doy5. Photo shows scene from the ope ro "Noli Me Tongere" adopted from Rizol's famous social novel, as presented by one of today's active drama groups. Elaborate gowns and architecture ate typical of the early 19th century period. Early Drama Forms in the Philippines By Noty Crame·Rogers G EOGRAPHICALLY, th.e F.ilipinos belong to the ~rientol world of culture which is dominated by the Indian and Chinese realm of culture, although historians claim tha t the Indian influence was the most profound. If so, then whatever drama was native to the early Filipinos must have been in form and content similar to, if not the same, os those found in India, China, Southeast Asia ond Indonesia. Our drama forms must have had the some religious flavour, the symbolic dance, the poetry and music, the gorgeous costume and bizarre make-up, and the epic stories of the Ramayana a nd Mohabharoto which hove marked Asian theater even todoy as a distinct theater entity. But there is very little on record that describes the nature of the native drama and the technique of staging used by the early Filipinos. A rare source mentions ··a ploy given lo celebrate the foci that Spaniards and Filipinos were now brothers in 1521 " during the signing of the treaty between Legaspi and the people of Mocton. Other records stole that 34 Filipinos were fond of seeing daily performances of long comedies which lasted for a month, and that they even petitioned the government for the right to stage native ploys. History also shows that the early Filipinos loved music, dancing and singing, qualities in which we hove always seemed to excel os a people. lt is very likely that the early Filipinos hod forms of classical donce·dromos where the dancer manifested his profound religious devotion by impersonating Lord Romo in a divine episode, for example, according to the traditionally-prescribed movements and highly symbolic gestures ta which we hove been recently introduced by the dance troupes of Thailand and Indonesia who visited our country for the fi rst time.1 Nofy Crome-Rogers Recipient o( SEATO Cultural Fellowship on Clossicol Forms of Theoter 1n Asia; Director of Speech Loborotory Program, Philippine Normal College. ,_ -4 • DRAMA DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD The coming of the Spaniards brought Catholicism and with it European culture to bear upon the life and thought of the early Filipinos. The priests quickly sow the advantage of exploiting the drama and its religious character as a means of stirring the religious instincts of the new converts and impressing them with the principles of the new sacred doctrine. They even allowed the natives to carry on with the same native drama forms as long as they were consecrated to the new religion. Typical of the native drama in its transition form. was the coril/o, a shadow ploy with the shadows being projected by. cardboard figures held before a lamp. The stories were drawn largely from European sources. It was used to entertain on dork nights ofter the harvest and presented along with sentimental and love poems which' often drew attention owoy from the play itself. Perhaps the best example of the happy compromise that hos evolved out of the meeting of two distinct cultures as shown in the drama is the moro-moro or comedic, the only surviving example of indigenous folkdromo today. Moro-Moro and Corridos The moro-moro, as a dramatic form, is supposed to hove been inspired by o group of children ploying moro~(the name used for Moslem Filipinos) and Christians at war with one another. It is said that Padre Juan de ,S~lozor who sow the dramatic value of this re-enactment was first responsible for its use as o form for the dramas which were intended to heighten ~he p~estige of the Christion religioJi. A recent study of its written form hos proved that itlhas a highly developed literary tradition, that is an outgrowth of the awifs and corridos which are translations of the Spanish metrical romances introduced by the priests in the early years of Spanish rule. This style of dramatic writing became the basis of the poet's fanciful epics which were written after the m~nner of the naive, romantic toles of kings and queens, princes and princesses, giants, lions, fairies, devils and other elements of the encontodo which were popular in Europe about a century before. Our great poet, Francisco Balagtas wrote Florante ot Loura in this literary tradition. The moro-moro is mainly performed in honor of o patron saint; and to serve as o simple entertainment fore for the ~arrio folk during the town fiesta. It ends happily - usually in the defeat of the Moros and the conversion and marriage of the Moro princess to the Christian prince. The technique of Staging follows o conventional line~ The c~oroc~ers ore introduced at the beginning of the play, morc~m_g with parade-like movements around the stage, with flourishing P.ntronces and exi~ts and exaggerated and nonreolistic m~nner of acting. The action is regularly interrupted by exhib1t1ons of dance-like and highly stylized bottle action to the accompaniment of music. The moro-moro is still popular among our barrio folk today. One writer mode a conservative estimate of two hundred performances in different parts of the islands for 1960. Th'.s is certainly evidence that many of our people hove remained attached after all these years to the traditional Filipino drama . Two.rudi":'entary forms of drama also become popular during this period: (1) the dup/o, on elaborate dramatic debate in verse. It was usually rhymed but not scanned and 11.i·connecli~n. "':ilh the Ph.olippines /nternotiono/ Foir, held Februory-Apri/, 1961 . . 1 Thi1 i~ ex:pl1cit m the 011c1enf lndmn treof1es of dromoturgy, the Bhoroto Notys ~ Soslro. hod no stanzoic form. (2) the koragotan was less formal and was essentially a ploy of words. Both forms, outgrowth of social needs in connection with death and burial observances, were o carry-over from the native practices of pre-Spanish times. They were invented in order to relieve the monotony and sadness that attended the eveniiig prayers for the dead. Because of the absence of plot or character portrayal, these forms ore not regarded os true drama forms, although they may have served as basis for the later development of Filipino ploys. It must be admitted that in o sense the content of the moro· moro and the cenacu/o, the local version of the passion ploy did not ··embody national ideals nor die! it present our historical struggle for existence or survival," but the-development of a hybrid dramatic form such as the fanciful and imaginative fi'.;oro-moro should be regarded as a strong expression of our sociological attempt to reconcile two divergent realms of culture, the East and the West. The Spanish drama was introduced in the Philippines in the eighteenth century. This was the Golden Age of drama in Spain, but for the Philippines it might well hove been the Middle Ages, for instead of the great ploys of Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderon de lo Barco, the friars had brought with them plays which were steeped in the dielacticism and religious 1 mystlcism that so strongly choro~terized medieval literature. It was o dork age for the literary and the dramatic arts. · Things took on a brighter look in the mid-nineteenth century when Governor General Narciso Claverie organized a reCreotionol committee assigned to stimulate and improve dramatic tradition. Soon after, several Spanish theaters were established and traveling dramatic companies organized and be9on producing Sponis_ti ploys in the chief cities. Consequently, the drama become so popular that Filipino authors as well as Spanish authors commenced to write ploys in Spanish and the result was a rapidly increasing number of ploys by Spaniards and Filipinos alike. The writing of ploys 'ti1"''the dialect continued. The first cloSsificotion of native dramas fall. under the term religious ploys. This included (1) plays originally written in Spanish but later translated into the different dialects by the friars (2) translations' ot ancient Lot in religious ploys, probably liturgical dramas (3) pioys written by Filipinos themselves in their dialect. The first ones were the cenaculos or penifencias which, as I have mentioned before took their subject matter from the life, suffering, death and resurrection of Christ. The later development was the ··musical comedy" or melodrama called the sarsUe/a. The Sarsuela The sorsuelo was the Philip~ine counterpart of the sentimental coinedy or melodrama that was popular in Europe during the 19th century. It was usually mode up of three acts With musical or comic interludes between acts. It was highly didactic (as earlier Filipino drama had been), usually showing the inevitable triumph of the virtuous over the bod, the humble and unfortunate over the proud arid tyrannical. It dealt with typed characters, the ideal father, the ideal daughter, the all-too-wicked villain, the lowly comedian - ir. a highly sentimental plot that lent to the physical display of the elemental emotions such as love, hate, jealousy, fear and anger. ' It con be seen how the nature of the sarsuela ·could be easily suited to the presentation of prevailing cultural values. Obe~nce to parental authority, faithfulness in lov.e, frugality, simplicity and modesty in women, bravery in men, love of country were some of the popular themes. It con also 35 be seen how the 5orsuelo stage become a powerful medium for the discussion of social problems and political propaganda. In spite of all these uses, however, the sarsuela remained essentially a well-opprecialed musical form of dramatic entertainment. For this reason, the sarsuela writer wrote his lyrics and his music with special care. The sorsuela continued to rise in popularity. It reached the peak of its spetaculor rise in the late-nineteenth century lo the first port of the twentieth. By this time, Filipino writers including poets, moro-moro writers and actors hod acquire considerable experience with dramatic expression and more skill in the use of the new artistic form and were now writing ploys that preached revo lution and sedition against Sponisl-i rule. The name of lhe grand old man ol sarsuela, Severino Reyes, and his most noted play, Wo/ong.--Sugot towers above all the others during this period. There is no doubt that in the hands of this new crop of writers who were influenced by !=iii· pino propagandists in Europe - Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaeno - the sarsuelo become a highly developed form and a powerful weapon for propaganda to the extent that the American government was forced to close down sarsuelos when these same writers turned their guns a ga inst the newly-established regime. One of the early dramo form5 in the Philippinet wa5 the moro-moro, term derived tf'Om moro (MV5Nm Filipino5). The play5, which "'sually revolved aro!ilnd o common theme, the won betw-n Chri5lian5 and Moros, were - and 5lill ore - characterized by cokHful costumet ond 5eHing5. ........._ 36 Turn of the Century - The Americon Period The spectacular rise of the sarsuela was followed by on equally spectacular drop not only in the drama but in the en· tire field of art and letters. The popularity of the sarsuela hod been a manifestation of the flowering of Philippine literature in Spanish as well as in the vernacular. Now it seemed as if a blight had suddenly struck the cultural landscape. The blighVremained for about two decades. Jf'he sudden end was brought about by the change in lhe officia l medium of communication from Spanish to English. The worst hit were the Filipino writers in Spanish for it was soon evident that they were writing without on a udience. Eng lish hod supplanted Spanish os. the prestige language. At the same time, a democratic program of moss education in English made this language a better instrument for sociril and professional advancement than the vernacular. It is to be lamented that those who hod developed the talent for dramatic writing should hove appeared at a time when their particular language of expression, Spanish or the vernacular, hod begun to decline. About the 1920's, dramatic literature in English began to be introduced along with modern ideas on the technique of ploy-production a nd acting. Drama however, a ppeared to belong more to the schools lhan to the legitimate stage. Education was mainly responsible for the reviva l of the d ramatic arts, now referred to os dramatics in the well-known schools, colleges and universities. The nation was breeding a new generation of playwrights and actors "but these were more interested in English dramatic literature than in those that were based on Philippine life and manners, an attitude that is understandable when one stops lo consider that the drama form and the language in which it is expresred make a united whole. Outstanding names in the Philippine theater movement today were brought up on the stage of many a well-known college in Manila . T.he University of the Philippines Dramatic Clu~ and the Ateneo de Manila more than the others before the war count with the most number of alumni who have mode o name for themselves in the theater. The War Years The war years from 1942-1946 marked a brief rebirth of Philippine drama in the vernacular when the lack of film entertainment brought about by the abolition of Americon~pro duced films forced the Filipino audience to turn to the professional stage. The crying demand for stage entertainment cha llenged the talents of writers, producers, actors and other· wise professional men a nd women who had formerly appeared only in a mateur productions of dramatic organizations. A good example of the success of the amateur group on the professional stage is the Dramatic Philippines. The stage presentations were colorful and varied: vaudeville acts, force, melodrama, musical comedies reminiscent of the sorsuela of bygone days, serious drama su~h as those of· fered by the translations of dramatic literature at the Metropolitan Theater or origina l plays in Tagalog at the Avenue theater; but whatever it was that wa s presented brought out the best in the troupe because there was a lw_9Ys a house packed with a deeply-appreciative audience. \/Once again, the drama became o vehicle for the expression of ~tional idea ls. Stage fare was often nosta lgic and provided an escape from the precarious existence and oppressive living that were the marks of the times. Because the drama was olso infused with satire and subtle propaganda, it ~ntributed very much to raising the mora le of our people at a time When the prospects of liberation seemed distant and well-nigh impossible . FORT PILAR, ZAMBOANGA By Jorge Mo. Cui-Perales ON the southernmost tip of the peninsula of Zomboanga, overlooking the narrow Bosilon straits, stC'nds Fort Pilar, described in the Census of the Philippine Islands, 1903 as "the most famous of the presidios Of the Philippines." Originally constructed in 1635 from a pion designed by the Jesuit missionary, Father Melchor de Vero, "niilitary architect, mathematician, canonist and man of many talents", the fort was destroyed in 1662 and rebuilt in 1718. Its construction is typical of the Spanish military architecture of the times. It is roughly trapezoidal in shape and large enough to hove accommodated within its perimeter,barrocks and storehouses, to soy nothing of "handsome pavilions". Its strong walls of hewn stone rise between twenty-five and thirty feet a ll around and are backed with a thick bank of earth. A small rectangu· lar redoubt, packed full of earth almost to the top, juts out of the south and of the Fort"s eastern wall. Like most forts of the time, its flank defenses were protected by wide moats and ditches which have since been filled. Fort Pilar, unlike other Spanish forts in the Philippines, was built primarily as a defense against the Muslim hlipinos, coiled "'Moros'" by the Spaniards, and not as o protection against Spain"s fore ign rivals. " It formed, a ccording to Fother Joaquin Mortinez de Zuniga , on Agustinion historian of the l Bth century, ··a large portion of the defense aga inst the Moros which amounted to 100,000 pesos a ye ar." Toda y, the Fort houses the Headquarters of the LV Philippine Constabulary Zone. Part of the walls, where the a ncient builders had carved the image of Our Lady of the Pillar, the Fort"s Potroness; is now a shrine where votive candles burn and the devout come to pray. The old Fort hos a fascina ting history which dotes bock to the early years of the Spanish conquest. In the year 1564, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi and Fn~y Andres de Urdoneta landed on the island of Cebu in the central Philippines with 380 men. After fighting at the beaches, tl:iey found a .deserted village and occupied it. The Spanish conquest of the Philippines hod begun. Cebu was the first island to be pacified and then the neighboring island of Panay. Moving northwards, the conquistador subjugated the island of Moil (now Mindoro) and some of the smaller islands iust south of the bigger island of Luzon. A little later he copped his conquest with the occupo· tion of the Muslim citadel of Moynilod. ln less than ten yea rs after his arrival, the Spaniard was maste r of half of the sprawling archipelago. Encouraged by the easy conquest of the central and northern islands, the conquistador turned !lis eyes upon the south "which is so fertile and well-inhabited and teeming with lr:idian settlements wherein to plant the faith ... and is rich in gold mines and placers, and in wax, cinnamon and other valuable drugs.' Accordingly'. in the year 1578, Captain Esteban Rodriguez de. Figueroa inv.aded the little islond of Jolo. Although he is credited with vanquishing the native Muslim king from whom he exacted tribute, "he did not occupy (the island) and no perma nent advantage was derived from his victory." In 1596, the same Captain de Figueroa, already a prosperous encomendero of Panay, led another expedition to the south. This time his target was the native Muslim kingdom of Mindanao. The unlucky Figueroa again achieved nothing per· manent except his own death. In 1597, Don Juan Ronquillo, another great Captain of the conquisto, led another ossoult ogoinst Mindanao. This invasion, like the two that hod preceded, it did nothing to further the Spanish conquest. "The forces the Spaniards sent to conquer Mindanao a nd Sulu," argues Saleeby in his History of Sulu, "were small. Such forces would have been strong enough to reduce any island of the Bisayan g roup, or even Luzon, but against the Moros they proved insufficient and inadequate. They, however, succeeded in provoking bitter hostilities and marked the beginning of a long period of terror and bloodshed." The moment the lost Spanish arquebusier had soiled away from the shores of Mindanao, the Muslim Filipino gathered his forces together. He assembled great fleets and sent them forth to exact savage retribution for the offenses committed a gainst his homeland arid his faith. Between the years 1599 and 1635, the Muslims la unched yearly raids against the isla nds of the Visa yas a nd the coastal villages of Luzon. l arge fleets of as many as 60 vessels car· rying 800 warriors- ranged the inland seas rea ching as far Jorge Mo. Cui-Perales Forrnrtrly of lhe Asio Fovndolion, now o public r•lotions con111/lont. 37 north cs the Boy of Mondo. Eoch year the raids increased in intensity ond frequency "The cold ferocity of the Muslim raiders and their seeming ability to raid anywhere al will without the Spaniards being oble to prevent them, struck terror throughout the Visayas.·· The government .. ill-provided with ships and other necessities for defense· · was almost helpless. ""These islands, soys on anonymous account written in the year 163/, '"which ore subject to the Catholic i<ing, Our lord, hove been for the post thirty years so infested and terrorized by the invasions, robberies end incendiarisms of the Moros of Mindanao, Joie, Burnei end Comucones, thot it was impossible to navigate outside the Boy of Manila without con· sideroble risk. There were no longer any villages that were secure, nor were there evangelical or royal ministries that could continue to exercise lheir functions in peace. These pirates would come out of their islands every year, now singly, now together, and at first would descend only upon the islands nearest to them .. . called Pintados (Visayas). later they became more daring and shameless and they be· gon venturing up the coast of this some island of Manila. Once they even reached - of course, without being dis· covered - to the very suburbs of this city." The destruction visited upon the hapless villages in these raids was fearful. ""But what caused us most pain,'" soys our anonymous chronicler, "was to see all these ills unremedied; our friends .disheartened; our enemies unresisted; ond our villages defenseless. In a desperate move to slop the raiders, the government assembled a small fleet of armed galleys, ostentatiously 1'amed it the '"Armada de las Pintados" (The Visoyon Fleet), and sent it off to patrol the inland secs. The heavy Spanish vessels proved no match for the light, thin-hulled native praus and many-oared carocoos. They were loo slow; rode too deep in the water. The fleet commanders knew that they were wasting their time. There was only on way to effectively stop the raiders: establish a base in the native village of Samboangan, on the tip of the narrow peninsula of western Mindanao. Whoever controlled Samboangan, controlled the strails of Basilan. It was through these straits or post them lhol the Muslim fleets must pass, during the season of the southeast monsoon, on their way to the islands of the Visoyos. In the year 1635, Governor Juan Cerezo de Salamanca, pressed by the Jesuit missionaries who hod been active in the rebellious southern islands, finally acceded to the pion. '"Surmounting many difficulties,"" soys the account, '"he or.dered that a post be established and that the construction of a fortress be begun in Somboongon, island of Mindanao: · For this purpose the Governor sent Captain Juan Chavez with a force of_300 Spanish and 1,000 native troops. Chavez and his force disembarked al Samboangan on the 6th of April and proceeded ""to deer the place of Moros.'" In June of that some yeor {1635) the construction of Fort Pilar was begun, Before the end of the year, Fort Pilar, although not yet completely finished, played its first role upon the stage of histor.-y. The dote is the 20th of December, 1635. A lookout on the parapet of the unfinished Fort excitedly sounds the alarm. The gaudily-pointed square soils of eight large Muslim war vessels, plowing eastward across the Sulu Seos, hove been sighted. The vessels ride deep in the water; they ore heavily laden, probably with captives and booty. As the vessels bear down swiftly landwards, they ore 38 identified. Fort Pilar in Zomboango City wos constructed by a Spanish engineer-friar as a protective wall against intermittent· Moro attacks during the early part of the 17th century. This ancie nt relic of Spanish rule i5 still Intact and on attraction to tourbh who visit th• south. They are part of a fleet under the nokuda ca lled Togol returning ho me from raiding operations that hod laid waste many defenseless Christian cities and villages. On its outward voyage in April, this same fleet had sailed defiantly post Samboangan, thumbing ils nose disdainfully at the newly arrived Spanish garrison. The Fort hummed with excitement. Less than two hovrs ofter the first alarm hod been 5ounded, Nicolas Gonzales, Fort Pilar's Sorgente Mayor, hod gathered his own fleet of five coracoos and sailed east into the Mora Gulf. Nico las Gonzales hod plotted his strategy and it was simple. He would not intercept the on-coming fleet. The Muslim Filipino is a skillful seaman and in his hands a ve·ssel sprouts wings. Gonzoles knew that in o running bottle he would be at a disadvantage. He decided instead to la y on ambush. The spot he chose was a promontory coiled Pvnta Flechas, thirty leagues east . ::;f Samboangan. There a ll Muslim vessels were wont lo slop while the warriors saluted the god of the rock with a shower of arrows and spears. Gonza les would make use of their superstitious belief to gain hiS advantage. Throughout the night of the 20th, the five Spanish vessels lay in wait on the eastern side of Punta Flechas. The ne)(t morning "on the daY of St. Thomas, the 21st of December, al the same time that prayers were being offered at the Fort; · they sighted Togal's fleet As was expected the Muslims tar· ried at the promontory to 90 through the superstitious ritual of the hurling of spears and a rrows. Gonzales's fleet immediately gave them bottle. The en· gagement lasted the whole day and even beyond nightfall. "Alth~ugh the erlemy defended himself desperately,'· says the report, "they were beaten and of the eight vessels only one of any consequence was able to escape, and so badly damaged tha t to be able to flee it hod ta throw overboard all that it carried of captives and booty."' It was a signal victory and one that the Spanish needed badly to raise their sagging morale. Tagol, the nokuda, a kinsman of the great king of Mindanao whom the Spaniards colled Cochil Correla!, was killed in the bottle. With him died hundred of his warriors ··so. stubborn and foolish that they preferred to die rather than surrender although they were offered their lives. If our chronicler is to be believed, ""the siqnificont victory did not cost our side a single life. One hundred thirty Christion captives, among them a wounded Spanish Kecollect priest, were freed and o great amount of booty was recovered. "And here,'" soys the account in a happy tone, ··we began to en1 oy the fruits of the fort at Somboongan. Our enthusiastic Castillon chronicler hod apparently forgotten that the fruits of such as Fort Pilar can be bitter as well a s sweet. He hod no way of foreseeing the three centuries of violence and bloodshed that would eddy and swirl a bout the Forts thick walls. Neither could he fortell thal, at the end, Fort Pilar would stand not as o monument to the invincibility of ~panish arms or the glory of the conquistador but cs o symbol of the terio· city and courage of o people determined to remain free. 39 JO Old 5lone gate of Pa95anjan. (There are many legends surrounding the old stone gate of Pagsonjon. Surviving three wars - the Philippine Revolution of 1896, the Filipino-American War of 1898 and the Second World War - the gate still stands as o symbol of the people·s faith in the Virgin Mother as heavenly protectress and patroness. The following are two of the most popular among these legends.) During the early part of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, when the country was still divided among irre· concilable tribes, several groups of roving bandits decided to ioin forces to pillage the town of Pagsanjan. The inhabitants of the place heard of the plan and, knowing thot they were powerless against an armed attack, decided to escape to a safer place - bringing with them their money, jewelry and other treasured possessions. In the middle of the night, the outlaws came to sock and pillage the town. However, upon reaching the main entrance to the town, the bandits were met by a heavy downpour, accompanied by thunder and lightning! Suddenly, the lightning and thunder stopped, the rain subsided and a heavy mist settled over the place. The mist The Stone Gate of Pagsanian rendered the raiders helpless.in distinguishing friend from prey, so that when it had finally lifted, the bandits found themselves grappling and fighting with one another! Abandoning their original plan, the bandits retreated - bringing with them their dead companions. On the spot where the bandits fought their own comrades, the people of Pogsanjan constructed a stone arch and gate as a symbol of their gratitude to the Virgin of Guadalupe - the town's and, later, the Philippines' patron saint - for their deliverance from the hands of the outlaws. Another story connected with the same stone gate happened during the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Laguna (of which Pogsan1an is now a municipality) was among the first eight provinces to revolt against Spain. The Filipino rebels at the time (as far as the old folks of Pogsanjan con remember) established their headquarters in Pagsanjan ofter they had captured the Spanish garrison in the town. This was, however, shortlived; for the Spanish forces recaptured the town and the outnumbered rebels were forced to flee. The townspeople, however, refused to cooperate with the occupying Spanish forces and remained hostile to them so that the Spaniards decided to shell the town and raze it to the ground. Cannons were mounted at a vantage point just outside the town, near the old stone gate. As soon as the soldiers were ready, the Captain of the artillery corps pulled out his sword to give the command to fire. Suddenly, a woman's voice rang out "Stop the attack!" The bewildered captain looked up and beheld o beautiful woman dressed in white and surrounded by on unearthly light: o gleaming sword in one hand and o shield in the other! The feor·struck Captain retreated in haste with his soldiers following his example. The old folks of Pagsanjan still believe that the beautiful lady which appeared before the Spanish force is the some miraculous Virgin of Guoda/upe, the patron saint of the Philippines and Pagsonjon, whose revered image is enshrined and venerated by the townspeople in the old stone church of the town. - H. F., Jr. 42 The arcliitecfurol llfm Nakpil & Sons mat.s good u. ol native moteriob in their designs - fine local woods, raf10n, (lboco (hemp} rugs, 109uran dolh ond bamboo. va.w fro1n confeHnce room ab~e adjoining their office thowt inlaid floor,· bornboo drapery and, formlfll a visual •JCtentlon of ti.. room. a reflectln9 pool with braH and lead scuJptu,. by N. Abueva. 2 Below: Noolr: In living room of Nalr:pll home shows antique Vienna wood set falhlonable hti th9 IC1tl century, with 18th century mu1ic ltond In bockground. ART is on integral part of living. It is not alone discrete objects such as paintings to hong on walls and sculptures to display in gardens or museums, that constitute o work of art. The way a room is mode to hang together through a knowledgeable choice of accessories, the suiting of landscaping to architectural design, in short the creation of o certain ambiance through wise juxtaposition of elements that make up a room, complex of rooms or buildings - these, too, ore as much creative art as the objets d'art displayed inside galleries or museums. On this theme, the Art Association oi the Philippines recently launched on exciting show which took the audience on a peripatetic tour of the homes of outstanding Philippine artists. In a refreshing switch from the usual exhibit of their paintings and other art works in local galleries, the artists displayed what perhaps ore subtle extensi.ons of their artistic styles - their homes, offices, gardens, interior decor. On these pages ore photos of this most.unusual and rewording of exhibits which showed to splendid advantage distinguished homes of distinguished artists - architect and art connoisseur Luis Araneto; pointers Arturo Luz, Anita Magsoy- ' soy-Ho, Jose T. Joyo; architect Juan Nokpil. - R. L L. ' . LUZ Port of the charm of the Luz ho~ ot1 Oonado Street Inn 111 rite 1ngen1ous u~ af Ph l pp n• onlique furnilure, such as Ifie ancient choir benches and pews (a•oY•J salvaged from on old chvrch. mosorc table. cof(lll al nJ/1g1ous slotuory and corvmgs Joyo pomt•n!'.1 on wall 3 4 Portion of study showing antique bench and ormorio with bone Inlay. ...ms: cofonlal lfo. tuory and Chin ... porcelain. View of dining room. On wall, old English, Portugu ... and Chln•M pornlaln. 6 JOYA Lorge canvases in the chorocteritlic worm, vibronl colors of .. Joyo fill vp wall space in the ort1sl's home. on McNutt Street, Molroti, and combine cosvol furniture to create o pleo50nt sense of space and airiness. 5 6 AboY• photo gives o general view of living room with stairs leading to second flOOf'. Lorge pointing nHr landing is called Three Toles, whil• under the stairs is another pointing entltr.d Cornovol. Sculpture mode out of 9llC9H construction wood, cut and nailed toe-tMr by the poinMr. Sculphne influencH latw polntint styles of the artist. 9 44 MAGSAYSAY-HO A distinguished odd1l1on lo the fine homes of Forbes Park, Makoti. u /hat of lhe poinfer Amro Mogsoysoy·Ho, who combines o s1.11:ceHfvl pomtmg career with homemaking. Designed by Leandro locsm for cosuol /rvmg and enlerlornmg, ir is fonchonol yet comes everywhere the worm, dishnchve touch of the owners 7 One of the attractive featurH of the house is the inner patio shown above, illumination provided by skylight with wooden lattice' . work to cut off glare. Floor is of Chinese • \.. 8 stones. In center of court is fountain mode out of blue, violet and green tiles hand· gla:r.ed locolly. Against one wall i1 a handsome gollenero or ontique bench. Above the gallenero ore two modern Japanese woodcut prinh. View of one end of the spacious lanai. On bench ore, from left, old carving with ivory head, hdndpointed plate, tarra cotta sculpture of Madonna and Child, and antique woodcarving. Tarra cotta and plate ore by the artist herself. Above, against whi'9 brick wall is o recent work by Mn. Ho, in mosaic. 9 This shot taken inside Mn. Ho's studio shows three canvases on the artist's favorite subject - locol women: Women with Papayas, Fish Vendors and Two Women. y ARANETA One of the finest collecr1ons exronl of native objets d 'ort in the country is vndaubtedly that of lu1s Aroneto in Forbes Park. The house with rts air of casual elegance and ingenious /andscapmg of terrain is in itself o 1ewel of orch1tecrurol design, but the real piece de resistance is 1rs rare collect1on of woodcarvings, statuettes, pilos,ers, orna te columns, and old and recent pointmgs which the orl1sr-owner has culled himself from all over the country, and displayed with srunning sovoir-foire in appropriate chambers of the house 1 Q Shown here is a magnificent 18th-century Tindalo vestment cabinet from Candabo, Pompango, depicting glowingly alive Philippine genre scenH. In the center, a moving l 7thcentury bas relief of the 5th station of the crou flanked by stotues of St. Peter and St. John 11 from llocos Sur. A portion of the celebrated collection of the Spanish colonial sculpture. l 2 A section of the downstoi n gallery showing paintings by 19th-century Filipino pointen and Spanish colonial sculpture of the 17th and 18th centuries. 10 12 . 45 Manila Markets . Where Shopping is an Art By Nari Nuguid MANILA, while presenting o .sleek, sophisticated front Dewey Boulevard-way, retains in its 'tolipopas' and public markets a bustling, tousled, informal manner. True, there are the supermarkets - a dozen or so of them - orderly and modern, the groceries arranged in neat stacks, the vegetables pruned and washed, the meats dressed and frozen. But for her money, and infinitely more interesting buying, the Filipino housewife goes to the public market, a cog in a way of life. The presence of the supermarkets notwithstanding, going to the "polengke· or the 'mercodo' as some call them from the Spanish, for the household purchases is still the accepted routine a nd a daily habit among the housewives, much in the woy of their mothers and grandmothers who lived in on age of no refrigerator$ and a social life that revolved principally around church and marketplace. In today's supermarkets, one may buy the week's sup· · plies in style, one's shoes not getting wet and muddy in the process. But there is an overprice for style and as for one's shoes, whoever thought of going to market in anything else but wooden clogs, in the first place? The supermarkets ore for the rich foreigners and the extrovogont housewives. The earnest, practica l ones go to the public markets. Everything here is so much cheaper, and there is o wider variety to choose from. Feed or dry goods, fowl, pigs, live, dressed or quartered, they have them, the day's business being done in town-fair style, generally, vendors coming in from the outlying provinces with their produce in the early morning hours and setting up shop or disposing of them wholesale to the stallholders. They come in trvcks, horsedrawn rigs or man-propelled pushca rts, and in some of the markets built along rivers and streams in on era when roods were few and water arteries a major means of transporta tion, the goods still come in boncas and bamboo cascoes - firewood from the swamps. vinegar in the "tapayans" in which they were brewed, sunb.oked clay pottery, fish from the Boy. Except when a particularly devastating typhoon has just passed and the highways ore impassable with floods, they tell o graphic .story of rich land ond ever-yielding sea. The rice bins overflow witli groin, huge baskets ore piled liigh with fruit and vegetables, and the fish stalls gleam with lost niglifs catch. In the cify-~roper there ore close to a score of regular markets, owned and operated by the government, and a number of tlie "talipopas'" or temporary agglomeration of vendors and their wares in privately owned and often haphazardly thrown togelher structures in the heart of thick communities too far from the regular markets to be serviced 46 Noti Nu9uid Ntw$pOperwoman, formerly with rhe Evening News ond the Monilo Doily Bvlletin, now lree Jon(e writer. A voriaty of fruits in saoson ar• olwoys ovoiloble in pl• ntiful quontitiH at any of the major markets of Manila - photo shows o typi<al fruit lfoll in Quiopo (Quinto) market, dlt ployin1 mangoes, bananas, o._.ocadoes, pinaoppl•, loni.on•s, and n•me imported fruits. by these. Government-owned or tahpopo, they are pretty typical: galvanized roofing set in rick-rack fashion, and underneath, the rows of stalls with wares piled on top, the "tinderas·· line on one side, the purchasers milling about in between the stalls. A Sunday supplement waxes dramatic in describing the Divisoria, the largest of the markets end o beehive of activity any hour of the day: Here ... closh a spectra of colors, a range of sounds, a variety of smells, all of which are thrown into a stifling array to create a vast canvas of humanity absorbed in a basic pre-occupation, the search for food. Caravans of carts, calesas, jeepneys, trucks and cars move in and out of the thoroughfares . .. Life seldom if ever comes to a standstill . .. The lights burn through the night and activity begins to throb as early as the wee hours of the morning. Still port of the Divisoria, one might point out, are the "retazo·· stores across the street, where one may buy textile remnants by the kilo and the Chinese wholesalers' shops in nearby alleys where one can get spices and dried herbs by the bushels and smoked fish by the sock. The locally monu· factured toys that fill all of two rows of stalls in the market. the stock of them almost reaching the ceiling, present a garish sight. The description of the Divisorio in our supplement suits. in varying degrees, almost any other market in the city. But· !er-structure-type Central Market, among those more recently built, presents a colorful array of ready-to-wear denims and polo shirts on one side, appetizing cooked food on the other, potted plants at one end and mounds of fruit of the season at the other. Within, the stalls carry everything, from textiles to noodles. The Quinto, sitting beneath the great, traffic-clogged Quezon Bridge, is a favorite of Manila housewives and restaurateurs, offering as it does even usually difficult-to-find condiments for gourmet dishes. The Christmas holiday looms, or the district fiesta approaches, and the markets toke on the spirit of the season, vendors pooling their money to festoon the place with colored lights, bunting and other frippery, the markets now turning into a little conivol, o concentration of color and noise and smells. Structurally, these all look of o pattern, even if Mrs. Dedel, the woman engineer who heads the corps of city government architects who plan and design them, emphasizes, ··Each market hos been built from on original design. There is no one pattern. The requirements for light and sanitation, as well as safety from fires, ore standard. But the specifications must conform to the locale of the particular market, and the local needs. We strive to hove all lines simple and functionol." If each is on original construction, however, their general appearance is basically the some and all too familiar. Architect Dedel explains, ·~we always bear in mind when setting out to design a market, that it must look, to the passerby, exactly just like a market." But one does not see o market for the people, o market being mostly people really, in Manila as perhaps anywhere else. One of the now regular, government-supervised tolipopos in fact started as o group of tinderas gathering every morning in t~e dead end of o city street to sell their wares, business bein9 done mostly as they sot on their haunches and displayed their goods on bi/cos set on stones. Where there's a market there·s a crowd, one might soy and little wonder the politicians never foil to make a round of them during election campaigns. Many elements make up the crowd - the honest for their legitimate business; the thieves and pickpockets, there too to ply their trade; the old women vendors in skirt and kimonos, their hair combed smooth into a knot, the young women vendors in the loud-hued dresses they love; the shirtless corgodores, muscles bulging and blood-stained from the carcasses of slaughtered pigs; the buyers of all income levels, from the rich with servants tugging behind to carry their purchases, to the low-wage earner's wife come to buy a 'tumpok' of di/is, perhaps, to eat with the evening's rice; the little boys and girls selling homemade paper bogs; the loan-sharks who lend the day's capitol to the vendors in the morning, payable in the evening at twice the principal; and finally, something peculiar surely to Manila markets, the ubiquitous side-peddlers weaving their way among the crowd with their biloos of colomonsi and onions and garlic astride on their hips or balanced on' thei1· heads. They do not pay for stall space, have no sellers' pern:iits, but hawk their wares out loud nevertheless, underselling the legitimate vendors, and, ever an eye out for the market inspector, ducking hither and yon should his shadow loom. Any Manila market, one might odd, also sounds exactly like a market, even from a distance, its noises compounded of rattling carts and cockling chickens, squealing pigs, wooden shoes trodding cement floors a!'ld above all, voices - of vendors as they shout out the quality of their goods, entice customers or finally count off purchased wares in improvised singsong, and of buyers, raised in continual haggle. For one must haggle in a Manila market. It is expected, a respectable custom and quite o po~t of the Oriental way of life, wherever one shops, from Bangkok to Jakarta, Hongkong"s "one price" being, one suspects, more or less already a British imposition. Even if the vendor in a Manila market declares firmly that the price she is quoting is absolutely "lost price" - walang towed - one can, with expertness and a deterrTiir:ation to stand one's ground still whittle off a few centavos. A fib could work. ··The woman a few stalls down is willing to sell at a peso a gonto. You could do better, cer· tainly." If the little lie does not work, on appeal to the woman's bigness of heart might. "Ifs all the money I got. This ten is for busfore. You will not get even that, will you?" . From the start of negotiations to the end, whether one is buying o dozen ··cintones" only or a whole "kaing", vendor and buyer feel each other out, argue, taunt, beg, sometimes even threaten. The thing is to outlast the other. Even when the vendor is already wrapping up the object of the haggling, and surrendering it over, she may make o lost try for a nickel. "I gain absolutely nothing on that, honest. Be o good soul and odd five centavos... For the effort, one might throw in the extra coin, but there will be no ill feelings· if one walks away adamant. The vendor will hove her last say, at ·any rate. ""All right this one was for goodwill. You will come again, huh, suki?" Suki means constant customer but it is a word extravagantly bestowed on oil buyers, whether these be old known customers, or new, completely strange ones, in much the some way the Hollywood cutie calls everyone "darling ... For the Manila housewife, marketing thus becomes almost an art. First she takes her time making the preliminary round, noting what came in abundance today, who hos the fatter chickens, the fresher milkfish. Then she starts buying, a bundle of string beans here, richly purple eggplants there, a kilo of pork or meat, o platter of fish and this could be live, wriggling "hito", or fillets of snapper. Everything is fresh, the blood often still oozing from newly killed pig or cow, Which is exactly how she will have it. Filipino housewives disdain frozen stuff. You only freeze leftovers from yesterday's sale~, she reasons. The better buy is meat just unloaded from the slaughterhouse van. . 47 Vilitou try out folk dcu1ce t.l•ps with 10111• of the Bayanihon donc•n, port of the clot.in9 feature ef the toyonihan Saturday R•cltals. ~ 4:30 o'clock every Satvrd~y afternoon the Boy.anihon Folk Arts Centre of the Philippine Women's Unrversity puts on on hour-long recital' of Philippine dances and songs for the public anrl visitors ot the social hall of the university. They present a variety of fascinating dances and songs gleaned from recent researches by the dance company, with popular numbers from the regular repertoire thrown in. The Bayanihan troupe does continuous research work throughout the year, sending out teams to dig up little-known folk dances in the hinterlands of the Philippines, such os Mindanao and the Mountain Province. Some of these they polish up a nd present 01 their weekly programs. The recita ls ore always well attended, particularly by visiting tourists, members of the diplomatic corps and the foreign community. The nominal gate fee includes a simple merienda (afternoon snacks) of native delicacies. One feature which invariably makes a hit comes at the end of the program - members of the troupe invite the audience to try out the steps just demonstrated, ending the afternoon on a festive note, with everybody joining in. The "Joto Moncadei'ia" a1 performed tly "'9 Bayanihon troupe at a Saturday recital. Bayanihan Folk Arts Centre Holds Saturday Recitals Performing o difficult feat from the "Binasuan" numb•r are dance~ of the famed Bayanihon Troupe The girls twit.I and turn on the floor while keeping iteady li9hhtd tumblen on their heods. 48 I Calendar of Events -JULY Rizal, Independence and Economic Progress Jme Rizal Centennial celebration is cen/ered on Philippine Independence Doy celebra tions; convocations, seminars and conferences focused on the conservolion of ovr notvral resources IN SEASON - Flowers: rose, yellow poinciana or batoi, African daisy, Easter lily. - Fruits: July lo December - chico, guyobano, durion, norongito, gtonodo, who or pomelo. Year round - bononcn, papoyos. - Huntin9: hornbills in the foothills of the Sierra Madre MounJULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER. NCAA INatiott111I Coll•111i111Je Athletic Auociatioft) la•ketball sea son, rhe best ollended sports event in the City. iop role college basketball stars toke the limelighl in these series of games. Rizal Memorial Stadium and Aronero Cotisevm, Monilo ond Quezon City, respectively JULY 2. Fin l Svndoy - Bocoue River Fesfivol, Bocoue, Bulocon. A holf hov1-s drive from Monilo, the town·s moin wole1woy is olive wilh go1ly decked 1iver boah in colorful procenion JULY 4 . Philippine Independence Day, mo1king o decode ond holf of In· dependence. Notional holiday celebrated with grond porodes, concerts, fire. works, exhibih, shows, games, popvlor bolls ond lormol bonqvets JUlY 4 , In U.S. mllitory bo'e', locol American communities, ogencie' ond esloblishments, United Stores Independence Doy is celebrated. JULY 29. Town fiesta in Pateros, Riiol. Includes morning procenion, on ohernoon river festiva l and street dancing, o tradition carried down from Spanish times. Pateros, o few kilometers vp 1he Posig River, is the center of lhe .. bolvf ' (duck egg) industry AUGUST Rizol ond Industry ActivitiH will be focused on Philippine·loreign and domedic 1rode, industry, lr01>sporlotion, shipping ond ofher businenu. S~iol often/ion will bt given lq orgonizotion of rolling ond llooting e11pa1i1iotis, openi1"19 of me11opoliron airports ond facilities ond the introd11c1ion of new indvW•es 4!1. WORSHIPPERS GO INTO ' lfUAllSllC DANCING IN THE SUfETS ON fl!SI" DAY IN rAIHOS M ONUMENT TO THE (~Y O f BAUN1"WAK. 1896 ,<·.-.,~~ - ,.,,_.,... I> ' . ~· Pumo flllP'HO =~ /. 11cAoi:S'O(t3s IN SEASON - Flow•rs: comio, bi1d of i>orodisit, gumumelo, codeno de oonot, yellow bells, odelfo, Doi\o Trin1n9 (Mussendo Philippico). - Fruih : Wly to December - durion, gronodo, suho, noro09i1 0, guyobono, chico, rombuton. Yitor round - bononos, pol)Oyas. - Hunting: wild dvch, chicken quoil, wild pigeons, partrW:fges, doves, wild chickens found in the hills a nd marshes of Rizal and Laguna. AUGUST 19. National holidoy to comm•morat• birthday of tM tote Pruid•nt Manuel L. Q\HIJIOn. Milita ry and civic parades and literorymusicol programs in Quezon Cily, capital of the Philippines. AUGUST 26. "Cry of Balintawak" Day, commemorating the start of the Philippine Revolution in 1896 ogoinst Spain. Celebrations include pilgrimages, floral offerings, programs and porodes centered around notional monutn1tnls of ritvolvtionory heroes in Bolintowok, Caloocan, Riza l and Quezon City AUGUST 27. Notional Her°" Ooy. Celebrations center at major htstortcal monuments to notiona l heroes in respective cities, towns a nd ba rrios AUGUST 31. Birthday of the late Pruide nt Ramon Ma111e1ysa y, "Cham· pion of the Mosses." Flora l offerings, pilgrimages ond commemorolive programs in his honor. SEPTEMBER Rizal and Agriculture A colorful "Planting Rice Fedivor potlicipater:J in by the various rural ul~sioo iervices and form groups lhraughoul /hit country IN SEASON - Flowers: roseo, bamboo orchid, gumomelo, odelfo, l)<ll'ldokoki, yellow bells. Fruih: July lo December - chico, guyobono, durion. suho. norongito. lonzones (September to lote November). Hunting: snipe, turnstones, lapwings, stints, pholoropes and joconas - Pasig, Nopindon, Toguig in Rizal ond Laguna pravin.ces. SEPTEMBER 10. "SundUOft FMtivol" in Lo Huerto, Parorioque, Rizal, o few minutes' drive from Monilo. A colorful fashion parade, with 100 of the lown·1 young ladies disploying the loled design of the Philippine butterfly-sleeved gowns. The ladies, with matching l)Otosols, ond their escorh, moke up this ottroctive porode. Brass bonds ond fireworks. SEPTEMBER 13. Presentation of o 3-Act Tagalog opera "PrinceMI Ma. lindl9" composed by Dr. Rodolfo Cornejo. Sponsored by The Music Promolion Foundation. Monilo SEPTEMBER 16-17. 3rd weekend. f 905f of Our lady of P11fiafrancia, big· gut festival in Bicolondia. Cenler is Noga City, Comarines Sur. The week· long fete is climaxed by a procession of gaily decorated barges down the Noga River. MR. & MRS. SMOLKA KORTS were among the 80 Austrian tourists who .came by 5pedal plane for a few days' visit in Manila and the nearby provinces. CONSUL & MRS. E. 0. FABER arrived together with 2,000 tourists on board the S. S. Or.cadM r..ceritly. He is the horiorory consul of the Philippines in Ne w Ze olond. FRIENDS FROM ALL OVER ship Tours of 30 tourists wtio .were here o n on inaugura l to ur of the city. GENERAL & MRS. DOUGLAS MACARTHUR returned to the PhilippinH • fter on a bnnu of liheen yH1f$. The couple, who were given a tre me ndous rec;eption e ve rywhere they went, c;ome for o 10-day " sentimental journe y" thro\lgh the DR. FRIEDERICK PRASCHIRGEN acie d as tour teode r of Renner RHervo ... ir composed of 10 people who sta yed for 1:1 few d1:1ys of sighheeing here. historic sunes of World War II. MR. TERRENCE CLEAVER I MR. JAMES CROALL, both of 80AC, poid o courtesy call on Mr. Salvador C. Pe~o, Acting Preside nt ond Executive Director of the Philippine Tourist I Travel Association. to diHuU mutual proble ms of the tourist trade. MISS LINA PASION, Miss Philippines of Howaii for this year, was in Manila to visit her hometown in llocos Norte and re ne w ocquaintances with friends and relatives. She is shown receiv· ing a le i from PJTA's Miu Chono Trinidad. Be hind Miu Palion is Miu Lillian Gabuca, lost ye ar's Miu Philippin.s of Howoii, now PANAM's first Filipino stewardess. Friends From All Over (continued) ! I { , ~ l/ HELEN TAN, Miu Malaya, and JULIE KOH, Miu Sin90por• - both represe ntotivH to the 1961 loternotional Beauty Con9re n ot Long Beoch, California - mode a brief stopover in Manila e~route to the United Stales. PAUL NEWMAN AND SHIRLEY MACLAINE flew into town from Tokyo to participate in the Fil-Am fiesta held in Subic, ZontbolH as port of the ce le brotion of lndeponde nc• Do y of the United States and the Philippines. LADY BLACK of Aucltlond, Ne w Zeoland wos omor19 the prominent arrivals on board the S.S. Orcodes that docked in Monila for o brief stopove r. Pinning o corsoge o n her is Mu. E. Estrellado of the foreign Affoirs De portmirnt. Kalachuchi, Plumeria acutifo/ia (olso populorly known os Frongiponi), has o frogront bloom, which comes in some sixty types of vorying shodes - the more fomitior of them occessible ot the oncie nt Poca Memorial Pork, Monilo, ond the more exotic vorieties in mass plantings al the Americon Memorial Cemetery in Mokoti. flower, (deep red) comes 11lso in lighter shades - peach and creamy white. Most impressive collection occessible to Manila visitors is that ~of Mrs. Putificacion Lapa grown in o greenhouse on Roberts Street, Pasoy City. Bird of Paradise, Slrelil:ria reginae, a favorite of plant lovers and florists, center of ollraction in locol garden shows, object of populor botanical pilgrimages lo thE< American Me morial Pork in Makoti, where it grows in magnificent profusion. Philippine Flowers Comprising some 10,000 flowering plants and ferns, Philippine flora hos been greatly enriched by foreign introductions of which those pictured on this page ore notable examples, delighting the local population and beauty-loving visitors alike. Muni Golf C Wolls of Int ourse and Old dut Buildi~:~uros, with Shur· in background.