Glossary of Forestry terms

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Part of Forestry Leaves

Title: Glossary of Forestry terms
Language: English
Year: 1950
Rights
Fulltext: Glossary of Forestry Terms (Continuation) Hardwood. Conventional term used to denote the timber of broad-leaved trees belonging to the botanical class Angiosperms. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood. Harlequin table. A dressing and writing table combined, much used during the latter part of the Eighteenth ,century. Harpsicor.d. An old-fashioned musical instrument. A precursor of our modem piano. Harratine. An Eighteenth century linen fabric used for bed-hangings. Haskinizing'. A patent method of wood preservation. Hasso~k. A thick, cushioned footstool. Hatch. 1" A square or oblong .:>pening in the ,deck of !3- ship, forming the communication between one deck and another, also knowti as "Hatc~way." 2. A door or half-door with an opening over it. Hatchet. A small axe with a short handle. to be used with one hand. Haul. In logging, the distance and route over which teams must go between two given points, as between the yard or skidway and the. landing. Haul back. A small wire r.:>pe, traveling between the donkey engine and a pulley set near logs to be dragged, used to return the cable. Syn.: back line, pull back,. trip line. Hauling apparatus. An apparat~ consisting of a chain or rope drum, round which the Page 42 rope is coiled by gearing and by means of which logs are hauled into a sawmill by power. Haul up. A light chain and hook by which a h.:>rse may be hitched to a cable in order to move it where desired. Haunch. Shoulder of a tenon. Haunching apparatus. An attachment, sometimes fitted to a tenoning machlne; by means of ~hich the haunch of the tenon is sawn out usually by means of a drunken saw fitted to one of the spindles of the machine. Hay wire outfit. A contemptuous term for loggers with poor logging equipment. Hazard. The relative amount, class, charac.:· ter and condition of fuels which constitute a part of the fire danger on any area. (Hazard concerns fuels only. Inflammability is the susceptibility of the fuels to ignition. Risk refers only to agencies which cause fires. Danger is the sum .:>f them all, plus damage and other factors.) The above distinctions between hazard and risk are in more or less common usage in literature regarding forest fires, and as so used these 1 terms have that limit~d meaning which is required in scientific phraseology. For this reason the use of these words, as above defined, is preferable with reference t.:> forest protection. As used by fire insurance companies and by general .Public no distinction is consistently made between hazard and risk. Hazard reduction. More limited in meaning than "danger reduction." FORESTRY LEAVES Haze. A general term applied to a condition of the atmosphere which interferes with vision. Usually due to dust or sm.:>ke and distinct from fogginess or cloudiness. Head block. 1. The part of a carriage which holds the log and upon which it rests. Each head block consists of a base, a knee, a taper set, and a rock an.d pinion gea1. 2. The l.'.>g placed under the front end of the skids in a skidway to raise them to the desired height. Headboards. The head part of a wooden bed between the two side rails. Head driver. An expert river driver who, during the drive, is stationed at a point where a jam is feared. Head drivers usually work in pairs. Syn.: log watch, jam i>racker. Head faller. The chief of a crew of fallers. Heading. The pieces of lumber from which the tops and b.:>ttoms of barrels or other similar containers are cut or the top and bottom of such when finished. Head log. 1. The front bottom log on a skidway. Syn.: face log. 2. The front log in a turn. Syn.: lead log. Head of fire. Leeward or uphill side; side which is adva~cing fastest. Headquarters. In logging, the distributing point for supplies, equipment, ,and mail; not usually the executive or administrative center. Head-saw. The principal saw- in a sawmill used for breaking down the log. Head tree. In steam skidding, the tree to which the cable upon which the traveler runs is attached. Headworks. A platform or raft, with wind· lass or capstan, which is attached to the front of a log raft or boom of logs, for warping, kedging, or winding it thr.:>ugh lakes and still water, by hand or horse power. AUGUST, 1950 Heart checks. More or less radial cracks appearing at the end of a log emanating from the central core of the log. Heart shake. A crack appearing at the end of a log in the form of a complete .:>r partial circle. Heartshakes. Clefts crossing the heart, wider in the center, caused by shrinkage of earlier formed wood. Heartwood. The wood, extending from the pith to the sapw.:>od, the cells of which no longer participate in the life processes of the tree. Heartwood may be infiltrated with gums, resins, and other materials which usually make it darker and more deca~-resistant than sapwood. Heat killing. The destruction of foliage, usually of lower branches, due to intensity or v.:>lume of heat arising from a surface or ground fire, and as contrasted with the actual burning or singeing of leaves by the flames. Hedge. Properly a thicket of thorn-bushes or other shrubs or small trees. Such a thicket planted · around a field as an enclosure changes its complexion; it becomes the English "haw" and yields "hawth.:>m." It is the French haie that ga~e the "hays" in our royal forests, and is identical with the Dutch "hague." Hedge-carpenter. A maker of gate-post and rail fences, or other matter connected with hedges and enclosures of land. In White's Gazetteer of Notts ( 1832 ), ten tradesmen were bracketed at Worksop, as "English Timber Merchants, (hand) Sawyers and Hedge<arpenters.'' Heel in, to. To store y.:>ung trees for plauting by laying them against the side of a trench an.d covering the roots with earth. Height class. All trees in a stand whose heights are within prescribed limits. Height growth. The increase in height of a tree. Page 43 Height measure. An instrument for measuring the height of a tree. Held line. The control line which was never abandoned for a new line on a new location. Helve. The handle of an axe. Herculaneum. A name used by Sheraton in reference to an upholstered chair of classical form. Herringbone. A design for inlaying, etc., in which rows of slants alternate. Herty cup. An earthernware shaped like a flower pot. container Heterogeneous ray. A xylem ray composed of cells of different morphological types. (Typically, with the cells of the multiseriate part radially elongated and those of the uniseriate parts vertically elongated or square.) Hewn. Cut with an axe or an a,dze. High light. A term used in the finishing of furniture, when finishes are blended from a lighter to a darker shade or vice versa. High relief. Carving in which the design projects. at least in part, farther from the surface than in low relief; High track or dollyway. An elevated tramway which runs fr .:>m the sawmill to the yard. Hinge. A device used on doors, lids, etc., so as to allow them to swing out or away from their base. Hip. The external angle formed by the meeting of the sloping sides of a roof, which have their wall-plates running in different directi;:>ns. Hip rafter. of a roof. The rafter which forms the .hip • Hitchcock chair. An early American chair, with straight turned front legs, back slightly tapering turned top rail and one broad· slat, decorated by stencil work. Hick and hicking. Are not dictionary words, Hoard and hoarding. In architecture, the hence their origin has not been investigated. "To hick" is to raise one end of a piece of wood; "hicking" is the work of one man of a piece of wood; "hicking" is the work of one man in a gang of men unloading a ship or barge of sawn deals ;:>r battens; he has a "handbook" in one hand, with which he lifts the wood a few inches until he can grasp the end with both hands, when with an easy swing, he elevates it as high as he can reach, whereon a "Deal-carrier" runs his shoulder under an,d carries the piece away to the "pile" or ·"wagon." H-Hinge. A hinge with long leaves or flat parts which when open brm the letter H. High-back chairs. Old English chairs, with high seats and arms, used by dignitaries and church officials. High·boy. A chest of drawers supported by a low-boy or table with drawers. Page 44 name given b the timber enclosure round a building when the latter is in course of erection, or undergoing repair or alteration. Hock-leg. A style of cabriole leg with a curve and angle on the under part of the knee. Hog. A machine used for cutting wood into chips; a refuse grinder. H.:>garth chair. A fine English chair of the Queen Anne type. Hold of a ship. That part of the ship between the lowest deck an,d the keel. In merchant vessels it holds the main part of the cargo. Hollow. 1. Joiner's hand-plane, one of a "set," fellow to its opposite the "round".:....... in "a pair of hollow and rounds." 2. A place excavated, as· "the hollow of a tree.'.' 3. In architecture, a concave moulding; FORESTRY LEAVES sometimes called a "casement"-usually one-sixth or one-fourth of a circle. 4. "Hollow-wall," one built in two thicknesses, leaving a cav!ty between either for saving materials, ·.:>r for preserving a uniform temperature in apartments. Hollow-backed. A board is said to be hollow-backed when a small amount of wood has been removed from the central part of the back side in or.der to enable the board to lie flat. Hollow chisel mortising machines. A mortising machine which cuts a mortise by means of a square hollow chisel. An auger revolves in the centre of the chisel and bores a hole, while the comers are squared out by the chisel as it is fed into the wood. For a long· mortise several holes are made one after the other in line. Hollow-horning. Internal checking. Hollow trunk. Trees decaying in the trunk. Best treated by cleaning out all decaying matter, and when dry painting interior with creosote, then filling up with clean gravel and sand, with a surface coating of cement, adding generally a coat of tar. Homogeneous ray. A xylem ray composed of ra.dially elongated cells. Honeycomb. Cheeks, often not Visible at the surface, that occur in the interior of a piece, usually along the w~ rays. Honeycombing. The development of inte. rior checks in wood in seasoning. Honeysuckle. A conventional floral design used for decorating furniture. Hooded-top. Shaped top of a piece of furniture, usually of curved lines. Hoof-foot. A hoop-shaped termination of a leg. Hook. The angle between the face of a tooth and a line drawn from the extreme point of the tooth perpendicular to the back of a ban.cl saw, or to the centre of a circular saw. AUGUST, 1950 Hook is stated in terms of inches. On a band saw it is measured between the two lines prolonged to its back. On a circular saw it is measured along the opposite side of the triangle. Hookaroon, pickaroon. A curved pike fitted to. handle, used in pulling ties or lumber into place. Hook tender. The foreman of a yarding crew; specially, one who directs the attaching of the cable to a turn of logs. Hoop back. A chair back in which the uprights and top rail are one curved piece; also a Windsor bow back with arms. Hop-knob Finial. An ornament, grotesque or pinnacle, fixe<I at the apex of a "hip" or "gable." In the latter instance it may variantly be termed a "gable knob," "finial." etc. Hoppus, Edward. Original author of Hoppus's Timber Measurer, was from 1729 to 1739 surveyor to the London Assurance, now of King William Street, London, E. C. A. The oldest copy of Hoppus's Measurer that we know is that of the year 1738. Very many editions have been published since that time and "Hoppus" now seems to be wanted more than ever. Hoppus' measure. A method of measuring the cubical contents of logs and other round timber. In the<>ry . it reduces a round log to its square equivalent. Horizontal band saw. A machine in which the band wheels are placed so that the saw travels in a horizontal plane when cutting. Horizontal frames. These have usually only one saw, although occasionally two are used each on separate slide. The saws work horizontally, and the log is carried past the saw by means of a log carriage to which it is fixed. A rack under the table actuated by a pinion provides the feed motion. ;Horizontal roller feed saw benches, Saw benches having horizontal rollers driven by Page 45 power, for feeding the material past the Humidity. Damp, moist. saw. Horse dam. A temporary dam made by placing large logs across a stream, in order to raise the water behind it, so as to float the rear. Horse-hair. A material woven from the coarse hair of horses, used for upholstering. Horse logs, to. In river driving, to drag stranded logs back to the stream by the use of peaveys. Horseshoe table. An English table .,f the Eighteenth century, in the shape of a horseshoe. Hospital furniture. · Fw:niture equipped for hospital use, of a sanitary construction. especially plam and Hot-blast kiln. A drying arrangement in which the air is blown through heating colls into the drying r"om. Hour .control. A classification of area according to the number of hours of time required for travel to fires from points at which employees and cooperators are stationed. Housing. A trench in a piece of wood made for the insertion and securing of a second piece. The term is largely applied in staircase work, especially to the "wall-boards'' or "wall-strings,'' ··"house.d" for reception of the different members of the wooden steps. Hovel. A stable for logging teams. Hub. The central part of wave of a wheel, from which the spokes radiate. Also a block of wood which is used to lay to the wheel of a carriage to stop its motion. Huche. A French word meaning a simple chest or hutch. Huchier. Originally a maker of huches. After· the Sixteenth century, a joiner or fur. niture maker. Humidity, absolute. Amount of water in suspension in the air, expressed in grains per cubic foot of air. Humidity, relative. The percentage of of moisture in the air with reference to its capacity to hold moisture at the given temperature, its humidity is 100 per cent. Humidor. A smoker's cabinet containing a metal receptacle for keeping cigars, etc., in moisture. Humus. Decomposed organic matter in and on the surface of the soil. Hundred, long and ordinary. The old English or Teutonic hundred is the duodecimal system of computing by "twelves,'' as against the ordinary decimal one of "tens," hence a long hundred has ten dozen = 120, against the ordinary· ten times ten = 100. Extended to a thousand (or mille) this gives to the former 1,200 pieces-as in the stave an:d slate. trades-and to the ordinary hundred 1,000 pieces. Hung up. 1. Floated logs "r other wood prevented from reaching their destination by want of sufficient water or other causes. 2. A slang term, used also for any job that is unavoidably delayed. Hunting-chair. A Sheraton chair with square back and wings, also a slide in front for the tired hunter to rest upon. Hurdle. A temporary agricultural fence of wood. Husk. The frame supporting the arbor and other parts of a circular saw. Husk ornament. A conventional design based upon the catkin flower, usually in the form of festoons. Hutch. A chest; also a Gothic cupboard; Hulk. An old ship unfit for service. A great Hutch cabinet. A cabinet in the form of a broad ship t:hiefly in use for setting masts into ships and the like. Page 46 chest, with doors in front, supported on a framework resembling a stand or table. FORESTRY LEAVES Hygroscopicity. The pr .:>perty of readily imbibing moisture from the atmosphere. Hypsometer. An instrument for taking heights of trees. I Ice a road, to. To sprinkle water on a logging road so that a coating of ice may form, thus facilitating the hauling. of logs. Imperfect manufacture. Includes all defects or blemishes which are produced in manufacturing, such as chipped grain, l.:>osened grain, raised grain, torn grain, skips in dressing, hit and miss, variation in sawing, miscut lumber, machine burn, machine gouge, mismatching, and insufficient tongue or groove. Impost. 1. The horizontal mouldings or capitals on the top of a pilaster, pillar, or pier, from which an arch springs. 2. Tax, charge, or duty. Improvement thinnings. Usually the first thinni~g made when a forest is put under management, to prepare it for the application of a regular system. Incarnadine. Shades of color from red to flesh. Incipient decay. The early stage of decay in which the disintegration has not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise impair the hardness of the wood perceptibly. Incised ornament. Carved or engraved work cut deeply into the surface. Incising. An operation on . railway ties and other timbers preparatory to preservative treatment. Small lengitudinal incisi.:>ns are made on the sides and edges to facilitate more uniform penetration of the preservative. Included aperture. An inner aperture whose outline, in surface view, is included within the outline of the border. Included phloem. Phloem strands or layers included in the secondary xylem of certain AUGUST, 1950 dic.:>tyledonous woods. (To replace Interxylary phloem.) Included sapwood. Masses o.r concentric zones included in the heartwood, which retain appearance and technical properties of sapwood. Incorruptible wood. The cedar-wood of scripture, the pillars of Solomon's Temple, etc., which has won its name for durability from being the material chosen for coffins by the ancient Egyptians. It is an evergreen cone-bearing tree, a fir. The Pinus cedrus of the b.:>tanist, alias Cedrus Libani. Increment. The volume or value of wood produced during a given period by the growth of a tree or of a stand. Three kUids of increment are distinguished: volume increment is the increase in volume of a tree or stand; quality increment is the increase in value per unit of volume; price increment is the increase resulting from an increase in the price of forest products independent of quality increment .. Increment borer. A hollow auger which extracts from a tree a section showing the annual rings, thus enabling the user to ascertain the age of standing timber. Increment boring. A cylindrical core extracted from a tree by means of a hollow auger for the purpose of determining age or growth rate of the tree by observing the annual rings of growth. Incrust. To lay a hard surface of ornamental material over a main surface, a sort of veneering process. In.definite. Applied to petals or other organs when too numerous to be conveniently counted. (To be Continued) Paa:e 47