Glossary of Forestry terms

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Part of Forestry Leaves

Title: Glossary of Forestry terms
Language: English
Year: 1951
Rights
Fulltext: Glossary of Forestry Terms (Continuation) Parquetry. Wooden mosaic used on decorated furniture. Parted. Cleft nearly, but not quite to the base or midrib. Parting bead. A slip inserted into the centre of the pulley stiles of a window, to keep apart the upper and lower sashes. Parting slip. Properly a "lath of wood" fixed at its head only in the box of a sashframe to keep the "Sash-weight" apart when the casements are working. Partition. 1. Lumber used for interior partitions where both sides of the board are exposed. 2. A division between two parts of a piece of furniture. Pasture land. A tract of open land chiefly fitted for the raising of livestock. Patches. Insertions of sound wood placed · and glued into panels from which defective partitions have been removed. Patch method. The clean cutting of small patches to invite reproduction by selfsown seed from the surrounding forest. 3. The act of patrolling. 4. A defined route or area, or a fire control line. Patrol, lookout. A patrol man who traverses ridges and other topographical features of vantage, whose function is to discover, locate, report and suppress fires in a locality much of which is not visible from a single lookout point. Patrolman. 1. A guard, not on a lookout or other single point, whose function is detection and suppression. He generally traverses a fixed route to prevent and discover fire and suppress any found. 2. A member of a suppression force whose duty it is to patrol a sector of the control line on a coralled fire or portion of a fire and to do such mopping up as may be necessary. Patrol observatory. A post, tower or point otherwise designated on a peak or point close to a patrol route and ties in on the plotting map. Readings from these points can be plotted in the same way as readings from the regular lookout points. For use usually on smaky days. Patch sowing. Sowing forest seed in spots. Patten-sole. A wooden sole mounted on an Patera. A small round or oval carved ornament. Patina. The dark color and rich appearance of the wood in furniture caused by age. Patrol. 1. A guard or group of guards whose duty is to traverse a defined route or course for fire control work of any kind. 2. The route traversed on the area covered by a patrol of any kind. Page 66 iron ring to raise it above the wet ground. It is distinct from the "Clog-sole," although wrought in the same class of wood, inasmuch as it is not intended to be used in direct touch with the ground. Paving block cross cut. A machine having a number of saws equally spaced. These saws have a rising and falling motion, cutting the wood blocks into suitable lengths. In some cases the sliding moFORESTRY LEAVES tion is horizontal, or even the saws are attached to a swinging arm. Paw-and-ball foot. A foot shaped like the claw-and-ball foot but having an animal's paw in place of the claw. Paw foot. A foot shaped like an animal's paw. Peacock chair. A woven lawn chair with a huge fan-shaped back, resembling the tail of the peacock when spread. Peak. The sharp projecting point of wood at the middle of the top of a face formed by two streaks sloping downward toward each other. PeakQr. 1. A load of logs narrowing sharply toward the top, and thus shaped like an inverted V. 2. Th~ top load of a load. Pear-drop ornament. Pear-shaped knobs supported by a small arcade along a cornice. Paarl edge. A moulding formed by pearling; the carving of a series of small circles or ovals. Peavey. A stout lever 5 to 7 feet long, fitted at the lower end with a metal socket and a pike and a curved steel hook which works on a bolt; used in handling logs, especially in driving. A peavey differs from a cant hook in having a pike instead of a toe. ring and lip at the end. Pebble and splash. A term sometimes used to refer to Rococo. Peche motet A couch resembling the duchesse or chaise .. lounge. Peck .... An advanced stage of decay involving the formation of pockets or areas of disintegrated wood. Pecky. A term applied to unsoundness most common in bald cypres~. Syn.: peggy. Pedestal. In architecture, the base of foot of a column or statue -on which the upright work stands; in machinery, a pillow block. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Pedestal table. A Chippendale, writing-table, with drawers and knee-hole in front, usually decorated on all four sides. Pediment. An ornamented structure placed above the cornice of cupboards, etc., usually triangular in shape. Peel and peeling. In the wood trade, to remove the bark or outer covering of a tree. These terms have of late attached themselves to the "rotary-veneer cutting machines," formerly "scale-board cutting machines," now in the plywood trade "peeling machines," as they slice, slive, or clash thin layers of wood off the round or tangential face of the tree; by which, as in "bird's eye maple," the "eye" or "slash-grain" or "salash-figure" is contained. Peeled. Logs from which the bark has been removed. Pegs. Wooden nails or pins for holding together parts of furniture. Peitra dura. Inlay in marble. Pellets. Wooden plugs planed over screwheads to form a wooden surface. Pelmet-A sort of valance CUftain placed so as to cover the rods on beds, etc. Pembroke. A sm,all light table with two bracketed side flaps, and a small drawer in front. Pendant. Any style of hanging ornament. Pendulum cross cut saws. Consist of an arm with a saw spindle at bottom running in suitable bearings and hinged on the same centre as the countershaft which drives the saw. The saw is fed on. to the wood, by swinging the arm pendulum fashion, hence its name. Pent-house. Old forms "pentee' and "pentice," an open shed or projection over a door, window, flight of steps, etc., to form a protection against the weather; a shed standing aslope from the main Page 67 building. It has much the same meaning as "lean-to." Pent roof. A roof formed like an inclined plane, the slope being all on one side. Called also a shed roof. The covering of a "penthouse." Perch or perk. 1. A pole, as a measure of length or square. 2. A staging in a builder's yard for storing on-end boards, planks, poles or ladders. In this sense it implies something erect. Perforation. An opening from one vessel member to another. Perforation plate. A term of convenience for the area of the wall (originally imperforate) involved in the coalescence of two members of a vessel. Perforation rim. The remnant of a perforation plate forming a border about a simple perforation. (To replace Annular Ridge.) Pericarp. The walls of the ripened ovary, the part of the fruit that encloses the seed. Perimeter of fire. The distance around the actual edge of the fire. Period. A definite stage of furniture development or change. Periodic annual increment. The total increment for the period, divided by the number of years in the period. Periodic increment. The volume of wood produced by the growth of a tree or stand in a specified number of years. Permeable. Capable of being penetrated. Permit. A term which may refer to authorization for the cutting or transportation of forest products, for the temporary occupation of public forest land, for the clearing of forested areas for cultivation, for hunting, fishing, etc. Page 68 Per procuration. The authority given by a merchant, or other principal, to his manager or agent to sign his name on letters, etc., is called "power of procuration," and letters and documents are signed either "per pro. J. Robinson & Co.," or "p.p. J. Robinson & Co.," with the name of the authorized person underneath. Personal use. The use of timber or other forest products cut, gathered, and removed free of charge by a bona fide resident of a municipality exclusively for himself and family but not for sale, barter, commercial or industrial purposes. It includes bancas not exceeding 15 meters in length when used exclusively for personal purposes or for the transportation of farm produce to the market by the farmer concerned, but excludes bancas, even though less than 15 meters long, that are chiefly used for trading or commerce. Petal. One of the leaves of the· corolla. Petit point. · A pattern of embroidery used on a silk upholstering fabric. Petrograd Standard. Unit of measurement of softwood lumber in Europe, equal to 1,980 feet board measure, or 165 cubic feet. Phloem. The principal tissue concerned with the distribution of elaborated foodstuffs. Characterized by the presence of sieve tu bes. Phloem ray. The part of a ray external to the cambium. Pickaroon. A piked pole fitted with a curved , hook, used in holding boats to jams µi driving, and for pulling logs from brush and eddies out into the current. Picked-out carving. A term used to refer to a process. of renovating old carving which has been worn down to the surface. Pickets. Narrow strips of wood used for fencing. FORESTRY LEAVES Piece-dyed. Material that has been colored Pile. 1. A large stake or piece of timber in the piece as distinct from "yarn" dyed, or reinforced concrete pointed and which means the threads themselves were driven into the earth, as at the bottom colored before weaving. Pie-crust table. A small round-top table, so named because of its slightly raised and scalloped edge; often a Chippendale tripod table. Pier. A square detached column. Pierced work. A style of decoration in which parts of the design are cut out, leaving an openwork pattern. Piercing. The process of cutting a design through a surface. Pier dam. A pier built from the shore, usually slanting downstream, to narrow and deepen the channel, to guide logs past an obstruction, or to throw all the water on one side of an island. Syn.: swing dam. Pier glass. A long narrow mirror hung between two windows, with a pier table beneath. Pier table. A small side table, usually oval in front, with four legs, designed to match the accompanying pier glass; also called a console table. Pietra-dura. A form of polished inlay. Pigeon holes. Small divisions of compartments in desks, etc., for placing papers. Pig tail. An iron device driven into trees or stumps to support a wire or small rope. Pike pole. A piked pole, 12 to 20 feet long, used in river driving. Pilaster. 1. A debased pillar; a square pillar projecting from a pier or a wall to a portion of what would otherwise be its square. It suggests the place of a detached pillar or column if the wall was not there. 2. A carved, flat column attached to the surface of a piece of furniture. SEPTEMBER, 1951 of a river, or in a harbor, or for foundation, where the ground is soft, for the support of a building, a pier, or other super-structure, or to form a coffer-dam, etc. 2. An iron column with a screw at its point for screwing into the ground, often used in pier work where the soil is tenacious clay. 3. The upright threads of a fabric which are of three kinds, cut, looped, or curled. Cut-pile, as in velvet; looppile, as in uncut velvet; curled-pile, as in imitation fur. Pile bottom. The foundation (timber or concrete) on which lumber is piled. Pile-driver. A machine worked in a vertical position, on which an iron "ram" or "monkey" is hoisted, by steam or hand power to a set height, where it is released to fall on the head of the pile placed in position for driving or sinking into the ground. In the instance of concrete piles, a block of wood intervenes between the ram and the head of the pile. Pillar-and-claw. A table support consisting of a pillar-shaped leg with a foot usually of four claws, popular during the Sheraton period. Pin. A small peg or wooden nail. Pincers. A jointed instrument with two handles with a pair of grasping jaws for holding an object. Pine and pinewood. "Pine" is the Latin pinus, supposed, from the form of the leaves, to imply "pin"; a tract of arid land in America is known as a "pine-barren." "pine-wood" is not such a common term in Britain as "Firwood." Pineapple. A pattern used. in carving, resembling the lines in the fruit of the pineapple tree; also the leaves and shape of the fruit. Page 69 Pinetum. A collection of living pine trees made for ornamental or scientific purposes. Pin-hinges. An early type of hinge formed by pins or pegs fastened on the back part of the sides of a chest or the likE:!, and into the sides of the lid near the back, forming a sort of pivot upon and around which the lid can swing. Pinholes. Holes made by small beetles, usually about the diameter of the head of a common pin. Pin knot. A knot which is sound and not more than one-half inch in diameter. Pinnacle. A carved ornament placed at the top of a piece of furniture. Pinning. Scottish term for sticking or stripping. Pipe stave oak. A standard stave of a certain size, namely, 6 ft. x 3 in. x 6 in., used by coopers. Riven on the quarter from selected oak, these and other staves of different dimensions were once largely used in the cabinet trades, but with the advent of American oak in lumber form a rapid decline in their use took place. Pique. A French form of inlay. Pirn. A bobbin (Scottish). ,. Pit canal. The passage from the cell lumen to the chamber of any bordered pit. (Simple pits in thick walls usually have canal-like cavities.) Pit cavity. The entire space within a pit from the membrane to the lumen. Pitch. 1. The angle between the back of a tooth and a line drawn from the extreme point of the tooth to the back of a band saw or to the center of a circular saw. 2. A wood extract. Pitch (of a roof). The inclination of the sloping sides of a roof to the horizon. Its relation to the span of a roof is very importan.t. In a "lean-to" roof, that is, where the apex of the roof leans against another building, "a pitch of one-half" would be the horizontal span, the result a "pitch," "rake" or slope of 45 degrees. "One-third pitch" is the most common one in roofing, i.e., 33-1/3. Pit chamber. The space between the pit membrane· and the overarching border. Pit-chocks. Short square sawn blocks of birch, beech or 09-k, used in coal mines. Pitch pocket. An opening extending parallel to the annual rings of growth usually containing, or which has contained, pitch, either solid or liquid. Syn.: pitch seams. Pistil. The modified leaf or leaves which Pitch streak. A seam or shake filled with bear the ovules; usually consisting of resin. ovary, style and stigma. Pith. The small soft core occurring in the Pit. A recess in the secondary wall of a structural center of a log. cell, with its external closing membrane; open internally to the lumen. (Essen- Pith fleck. Island (in cross section) ot tial components are the Pit Cavity and wound tissue composed of irregularly arthe Pit Membrane.) ranged isodiametric parenchyma cells ocPit Annulus. The outer, thicker rim of a bordered-pit membrane. (Has been confused with curved Crassulae or so-called Rims of Sanio.) Pit aperture. The opening or mouth of a pit. Pit border. The overarching part of the secondary wall. Page 70 cluding tunnels made in the c_ambium by larvae of certain insects. (Sometimes called pith-ray fleck and medullary spot.) Pit membrane. The part of the intercellular layer and primary wall that closes a pit cavity externally. Pith or medulla. The cellular tissues in the center of a tree stem, which rarely FORESTRY LEAVES run perfectly straight, but usually snakelike along its entire length, only a portion continuous with the bark. Pit-pair. Two complementary pits of adjacent cells. Pit-props. Small round timber used in coal mines. Long props are from 10 ft. up in length or 15 ft. to 16 ft. with 3 in. tops. Short props are from 2-1/2 in. and up tops. Pit-saws. Large two-handled saws worked by two men, one of whom stands on the log and the other in the pit beneath, hence the name. The man who works on the log is called the "top sawyer" and th~ man underneath is called the "pitman" or "bottom sawyer." Pit-sawyer. Workman who saws timber in a pit. Pit sleepers. Timber sawn to the following dimensions: 3 in. x 6 in., 2f8 in. x 5% in., 2112 in. x 5 in., 2% in. x 4% in. in lengths of 3 ft., 3112 ft., 4 ft., 40 ft., 5 ft., 50 ft. and 6 ft. Pit tram timber. Wood used for repairing the bottoms of coal conveyors, i.e., "trams," used underground. The term is dying owing to the growth of the steel tram, in which the wood "buffer" too is not wanted: Plain band-saw. A name given to the smaller type of handsaws, used for cutting sweeps and other work which can be fed on to the saw by hand. Plain edged. A term applied to floorings or other planed boards which are not tongued and grooved, etc. Plain sawn. All timber which· is not quarter sawn, such as flat grain, bastard grain, slash grain. Plane. A joiner's and carpenter's handtool of prime importance the working of which reduces rough or unev~n surfaces to plain, level or smooth faces; planes SEPTEMllER, 1951 are of different lengths, forms and sizes, their number, especially "moulding planes" and "match planes," has of late years been reduced by the intrusion of machinery. Plane-Stocks. Beechwood blocks, quarter sawn, the radial face being the near side of the plane when in work, the wearing face, unlike that of pitchpine flooring boards, being the unfigured or tangential one. The blocks are usually steamed to aid seasoning, a process that gives the wood a warmer tint in color. Planing machine, four cutter. The term planing machine is misleading as every machine with revolving cutters may be called a planing machine. This usually conveys a single spindie planing or thicknessing machine, whereas a four-cutter is still a planing machine but it planes on four sides of timber at once, the timber being fed into the machine by feed rollers or travelling bed. When the machines are SJ>ecially built for floorboards they are termed "planers and matchers," although they may have four, five, or six cutter-spindles. When they are used for planing and moulding they are termed "planing and moulding machines." Planing mill products. Products worked to pattern, such as flooring, ceiling, and siding. Plan, suppression. The plan of action for any particular fire. Plank or planks. 1. A range of sizes in pitchpine, 2 in., 2;4 in., 20 in., and 2% in. x 7 in. and up. 2. This word has many front names to distinguish it in various trades, as "gang-plank," running-plank," "deckplank," "scaffold-plank.'' Plant. The equipment of a mill or factory, specially applied to the machinery necessary for the trade carried on therein. Page 71 Plantation. A piece of ground planted with trees or shrubs for the purpose of producing timber or coppice wood. Planted. A means of fixing moulding to a surface. Planting-moulding. The opposite of "stuckmoulding." These terms a century ago had more meaning in the joinery department of the wood trade than they have today, the principal field of their application being "panel-framing"; if the moulds were "stuck" on the framing, as in old wainscotting, they were described as being "stuck on the solid." The modern system of "planting" loose mouldings in or around the panels gave the name of "planting moulds or mouldings." Planting plan. A· detailed scheme for forest planting on a given area. Planting site. An area which is to be artificially stocked with forest growth. Plaque. A medallion or disk made of porcelain, or other such material, used as a decorative feature of furniture. Plasterers' laths. Thin and narrow strips of wood sawn or riven, nailed to the rafters, studs or floor beams, in order to sustain the covering or plastering. Machinesawn laths are now in very general use. The usual dimensions of laths are 1 Ys in. x 3/16 in., 1 in. x X in., 1 in. x 3/16 in., in lengths of 2 0 ft., 3 ft., 3 0 ft., 4 ft. and 4 0 ft. Sawn laths are sold per bundle of 500 running feet, and handsplit laths per bundle of 360 running feet. Plastic. Elastic, easily bent. Plate. 1. A general term applied to almost all horizontal timbers which are laid upon walls, etc., to receive other timberwork, hence "wall-plate," etc. 2. The plat metallic piece which fits over the hole for a handle or key. Plate tracery. Gothic tracery was in its earlier forms merely decorated openings as if pierced in slabs or stone. Page 72 Platter or platter-board. An ancient article of domestic use, a large shallow dish of turned sycamore or maplewood, the use of which is now retained on the table as a dish or stand for bread and cheese, or other dry food substances. The term is allied to the wood-plate or "trencher." Plinth. 1. A member serving as the base of a column, pedestal, wall, etc., or collectively members which serve as a base. 2. A board running round a room next the floor, known also as washboard. 3. The bottom part of the carcase. Plough. 1. A joiner's instrument for grooving or trenching, worked after the manner of a plane. Its finished work is a "plough-groove" - a groove invariably larger than that wrought by a grooving plane. 2. Type of adjustable plane with set irons. Plug and knock down. A device for fastening boom sticks together, in the absence of chains. It consists of a withe. secured by wooden plugs in holes bored in the booms. Plugs. 1. Pieces of wood driven into the log to replace defects. 2. Large pegs driven into logs for making some attachment for hauling or rafting. Plush. A fabric with long, cut pile. Ply. A layer or thickness, such as one of the layers of wood in plywood. A sheet of veneer or lumber. Plywood. A piece of wood made of three or more layers of veneer joined with glue and usually laid with the grain of adjoining plies at right angles. Almost always an odd number of plies are used to secure balanced construction. Pneumatic apparatus for wood refuse. An apparatus consisting of an exhaust fan connected 'by piping with the various machines in a mill, and by exhausting FORESTRY LEAVES and shavings with it, which after passing through the fan are blown into a cyclone, where the refuse drops from an opening in the bottom and the air escapes from an opening in the top. Pocket boom. A boom in which logs are held after they are sorted. Pocketing. A method of concealing screwheads. Pocket kilns. Small drying rooms with openings on one end only and in which the material to be dried is piled directly on the floor. Pocket rot. Advanced decay which appears in the form of a hole, pocket, or area of soft rot usually surrounded by apparently sound wood. Points. Small saw teeth are reckoned by the number of teeth points to the inch. Pokelogan. A bay or pocket into which logs may float off during a drive. Syn. : logan. Poker-work. A form of burnt work. Pole. A tree from 4 to 12 inches in diameter, breasthigh. A small pole is a small tree from 4 to 8 inches diameter, breasthigh. A large pole is a tree from 8 to 12 inches in diameter, breasthigh. Pole-lathe. An early form of lathe \Y'Orked by a pole underfoot, and a cord wrapped round the wood or object to be turned, the cord attached to a spring pole above on the reciprocative action of the bowdrill; such lathes are still in use by chairmakers in turning spindles, especially so at their ends. They antedated the rotary foot-lathe of the late eighteenth century. Pole-plate. · A small kind of wall-plate used in modern roofs to receive the feet of the rafters. Pole-wagon. A four-wheeled pair-horse or ox wagon worked with a pole instead of SEPTEMBER, 1951 a pair of shafts after the manner customary with coaches and large or family or state carriages. Poling boards. Short boards used to line the insides of tunnels during construction, and the sides of trenches for sewerlaying, etc.; they are held up against the soil or loose or doubtful ground by horizontal lines of trees, poles, planks, deals, or battens, as the case demands. The latter are termed "walings" (or "wale"as in gunwale of a ship). Polishing. Producing a smooth and glossy finish on furniture by means of friction and a polishing substance. Pollard. To invite the production of sho0ts at the top of a tree by cutting back the crown. Pollen. · The fertilizing powder produced by the anther. Polychrome. A form of painted ornamentation originating in Egypt and much used in Italy during the Sixteenth century. Pond man. One who collects logs in the mill pond and afloats them to the gangway. Pond saw. A power-driven drag to cut logs in a mill pond. saw used Pontoon. A flat-bottomed or shallow draught boat whose primary purpose was a temporary bridge, or part of a "pontoon" bridge, as the Latin name "pons"= a bridge, implies. Originally of wood or plank construction; of late bouyant cylinders of iron have taken their place in constructing floating landing-stages, etc., otherwise "pontoon." Pony gang. A saw crew of two men who do their own swamping. Poppy heads. The tops of seat ends in churches, etc. Some of these made in the Middle Ages are extremely ornamental. Porcelain decoration. Plaques made of porcelain. Page 73 Porch decking. A tongued and grooved board, the upper face of which is grooved in order to carry off rain water. Porch furniture. Furniture usually of the woven type, suitable for porch or outdoor wear. Porch table. A small sewing table, or writing and working table combined. Pore. A term of convenience for the cross section of a vessel element or of a vascular tracheid. Pore chain. A series or line of adjacent pores that retain their separate identities. Pore cluster. An isolated, rounded or irregular aggregate of pores surrounded by other elements. Pore multiple. A group of two or more pores crowded together and flattened along the lines of contact so as to appear as subdivisions of a single pore. Porous. Containing pores. Portable jib cranes. Consist of a jib crane mounted on a carriage and capable of motion along a railway tract. These are usually driven by steam power, with engine and boiler mounted on the carriage, which not only propel the crane along the tract but also lift the load. intervals, the spaces or "panels" between being filled with slabs of stone, brick, clay, or other like material. The "pan" is horizontal head or lintel. Post and pane. A term implying "post and panel," allied to "post and pan." Post and petrail. A term implying "post and stone panels," hence "petrean"; allied to "post and pan." Posts. The uprights of poster beds, often i:.;.ipporting a tester; also used to refer to the upright corner pieces of any article of furniture; the projecting pieces of a handle which fit into the holes of a frame and secure the handle. Posts and timbers. Pieces of square or appro"<imately square cross section, 4 by 4 inch.es or larger in nominal dimensions grarled primarily for use as posts or columns but adapted to miscellaneous uses in "llhich strength in bending is not especia!Jv important. Potboar<l. A shelf in the lower part of a CO:tnJTlOde. Pou£. A French style of stool standing as high as a chair with stuffed upholstered seat and fringe hanging to the floor, usually round in form. .... Pounce. A substance used for marking de· Portiere. A curtain used in place of a door. Portuguese bulb. A protuberant form in turned work, especially found on the legs and stretchers of chairs. Post. An upright timber in a building. Those used in modern roofs are called kingposts or queen-posts, according to their number and position. It is a term coupled with "rail," to form a fence or defence. Posts were used in thoroughfares and seized upon as bill-posting stations, hence "bill-posting," etc. Post and pan. Another and popular term for a "half-timbered" building. It consists of upright grooved posts placed at Page 74 signs to be cut for marquetry. Powder table. A form of dressing-table. Preliminary examination. A reconnaissance of a forest to determine whether the preparation of a working plan for its management is advisable, or a reconnaissance to determine the advisability of forest planting. Preliminary steaming. Subjecting wood to a steaming process before drying or seasoning. Premier partie. A term used in reference to Boulle work when tortoise-shell predominates. FORESTRY LEAVES Premium. 1. The annual or other payment for keeping up a policy of insurance. 2. A lump sum present payment for a lease or other benefit. Prepared boards. Boards that have been passed through a planer or other finishing machine. Preparedness. Completeness and perfection of work done to prevent fires from starting and to facilitate their suppression when they do occur. The combined prevention and presuppression activities. Presentation of a Bill. Presentation of a Bill for Acceptance signifies the handing of a bill to the drawee for payment. A bill must be presented on the day it is due, and during the usual business hours; otherwise the previous indorsers, if any, are not responsible should it be dishonored. Present yield. The amount of wood at present contained in given trees upon a given area. Present yield table. A tabular statement of the amount of wood at present contained in given trees upon a given area. Preservative. · Any substance that, for a reasonable length of time, will prevent the action of wood-destroying fungi, borers of various kinds, and similar destructive life when the wood has been properly coated or impreiOated with it. Press. A wardrobe or cupboard for storing clothing, books, or the like. Press bedstead. A folding bedstead. Press roll. A live roll which holds the lumber against the feed roll when passing through a machine. Presuppression. The effort in time and money incident to the organization, instruction, management, maintenance and equipment designed to provide for effective work by guards, cooperators and SEPTEMBER, 1951 other agencies depended upon for fire suppression. Inclu9.es all fire control activities between prevention and actual fire suppression. Prevention, fire. The attempt to reduce the number of fires through law enforcement, education, danger reduction, etc. Not a part of presuppression. Pricked sizes. This term first originated in "pit sawing" when pit sawyers used a pair of callipers for pricking, or marking, the thickness of the saw either side of the chalk line marke.i for the cut (1/16 in. either side, thus allowing for a saw kerf of 1/8 in.). One :u1ch thick boards measured, under this <nethod, 15 /16 in. thick. With the intrcw'.1uction of machihery and the use of tnicker saws, it became necessary to. allow Ys either w~:..Y, and pricked sizes became understood as meaning Ys in. under the real thickness, in all cases (viz.: 1 in. pricked size measured 7 /8 in. thick). With the adoption of the log band saw and the band re-saw in recent years, coupled with the use of thinner saws for all purposes, the term pricked size has become more complicated. At the present time "pricked sizes" in log cutting, by log bandmill, or the re-sawing of planks and board by band re-saw, means, or is generally understood as meaning, that the thicknesses required are, in all cases, 1/16 in. under real thickness (1 in measuring 15/16 in.). The same process by circular saw or framesaw means Ys in. under real thickness (viz. : 1 in. pricked size would measure f8 in. actual thickness) . Pricking. A method of marking a pattern on wood by fine holes. Pricking up. An architectural term-the first coating of plaster in work of three coats upon laths of wood, etc. Prick - post. An intervening post of light scantling in "post and rail" fencing, dePage 75 rivmg its name from being pointed at its lower end and "pricked" or driven into the ground to give strength to the rails. Also called a stay, "railway fencing." Prie-Dieu chair. A high-back prayer chair with rail or for resting the elbows while kneeling in the seat, and a space under the seat for books. Primary phloem. The first-formed phloem, differentiated from an apical meristem. Primary pit field. A thinner area of the intercellular layer and primary walls within the limits of which one or more pit-pairs usually develop. (Not to be confused, in differentiation with pit membranes.) Primary wall. The wall of the meristematic cell, modified during differentiation. (Not to be confused with the thin, markedly anisotropic, first-formed part of the secondary wall.) Primary wood or primary xylem. Firstformed xylem, differentiated from an apical meristem. (Ordinarily at edge of pith in the stem.) Prime. The "first" or "best" part; a superior classification. Prime cost. The· full or total cost of goods with every charge added. Prime quality. A United Kingdom term for the grading of a quality in hardwoods, generally known as "Firsts and Seconds." Prince <'f Wales' feathers. A decvrative device, used by Hepplewhite, consisting of three plumes or feathers. Princess dresser. A low dresser with one or two drawers and long swinging mirror. Principals. 1. The framework supporting the purlins, which again carry the common rafters, and thus the whole weight of the roof is sustained by the principals. 2. The partners in a firm. Page 76 Printer's woodwork. Considerable quantities of wood in one form or another are used in the printing trade. The compositor's "frame", and his cases which contain the small boxes of the various types; underneath the frames are shelves for holding "matter'' not put in pages, and for pages of type or other necessaries; other cabinets are also to be found in the composing room providing similar accommodation for holding printing materials. The "stone'' on which the pages are "madeup" into sheets is actually cast iron, but necessarily it has to be supported strongly by timber framework and legs. The "stone hand's mallet'', by which he knocks the "quoins" into the iron frames holding the pages for locking up, is of wood. Private forest. A forest which is the property of an individual, corporation, company, or private institution. Private gratuitous license. A license for the cutting, collecting, and removing of .timber free of charge for the construction of a house of strong materials for personal or family use, school house or houses of a public character or for religious purposes, etc. Private woodland. Land of private ownership containing timber or firewood. If title to the land is registered in the Bureau of Forestry, timber or firewood cut and removed from such land for commercial purposes is free from forest charges, otherwise, the product must be paid for at the regular rate of forest charges. Prize logs. Logs which come to the sorting jack without marks denoting ownership. Procumbent ray cell. Ray cell with its longest axis radial. Profile. The outline of a piece of furniture. Progressive kiln. A dry kiln designed to provide drying conditions that increase in severity from entrance to exit. In it the unit charge is only a part of the total FORESTRY LEAVES charge of lumber; a unit of perhaps four truck loads is moved through the kiln in a chain of several units, from day to day, with a single unit leaving and another entering at a time. Projection. part. An extending or overhanging Prompt. In chartering denotes a vessel or cargo ready for loading in a few days. 2. A mixture of soil or mold and water, forming thin mud, in which the roots of young trees are dipped to retard drying out during transplanting. Pull. 1. To cut a streak on a high face by means of a puller or chipping tool mounted on a long handle and pulled through the wood by the chipper. 2. To extract or remove aprons or gut~ ters by means of long-handled forceps Prompt shipment. Usually means that goods called gutter pullers. must be shipped within 14 days from the Puil boat. A flatboat, carrying a steam skiddate of the contract. der or a donkey, used in l9gging cypress. Prong-boxes. Cases for holding forks, r&· sembling and often matching knife-boxei:; and spoon-cases. Protected plants. All the classes or species of the rare and flowering wild plants listed or described in Forestry Administrative Order No. 10-1 of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Philippines), and such others as may, from time to time, be included in the classification. Protection forest. A forest whose chief value is to regulate stream flow, prevent erosion, hold shifting sand or e:i...ert any other indirect beneficial effect. Protection improvements. The more r.ermanently located structure used in fire control, such as lookout towers, guard cabins, regular telephone lines, etc. Protoxylem. First-formed primary xylem, with tracheary elements characterized by annular or spiral thickenings. Pruning. The removal of branches from standing trees by natural or artificial means. Public forest (Philippines). All unclassified public land, mangrove and nipa swamps, classified timberland, and all forest reserves of whatever. character. Puddle. 1. To dip the roots of young trees in thin mud. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Pull-down front. The drop front of a desk, or a front which rolls back disclosing the desk proper and comes forward to cover or close. Pulley block. A block fitted with a pulley or shiver, or a sheaf of pulleys or shivers, to distinguish it from a block without pulleys known as "a Dead-eye." Pulley stiles. The inner sides of a "sashframe." They derive their name from carrying the "sash-pulleys." Pull the briar, to .• To use a cross cut saw. Pull-up chair. A small armchair of the occasion~ furniture type. Pulpwood. Wood used in the manufacture of wood-pulp; often cut in 4-foot lengths. Pulvinated frieze. A swelled or convexly curved frieze. Punky. A term applied to wood affected by rot, arising from a large fungus of the genus polydorous. Pure forest. Forest composed of trees of one species. In practice, a forest in which 80% of the trees are of one species. Puritan. A period in English furniture better known as Cromwellian. Purlin. A piece of timber laid horizontally, resting on the principals of a roof to support the common rafters. Pur lins are sometimes called ribs. Page 77 Put in, to. In logging, to deliver logs at the landing. Putlogs. Pieces of timber, 6 ft. long. 3 in. x 3 in. generally sawn, used in scaffolds to carry the floor. They are placed at right angles to the wall, one end resting on the ledgers of the scaffold, and the other in holes left in the wall, called "putlog holes." Birch putlogs are generally imported from Finland. Putlogs are sometimes termed "pudlinks." Pyroligneous acid or wood vinegar. A form of acetic acid made by the destructive distillation of wood. Q Quadrant. A metal contrivance for supporting drop fronts. Quality and shipping marks. Timber in log or converted sizes is marked either with a "Scribe", "Marking Hammer", or stencilled, to show their quality. Many marks are as familiar as the shippers of goods so marked, and many thousands of standards are bought and sold on the value of the mark or brand: That should be so, as contracts for the supply of stocks of timber especially European, are made months before the goods are shipped, maybe even before they are cut into the specifications contracted for. In the Russian trad\:! all the White Sea and Leningrad sawn goods bear hammer marks at one end, sometimes both; the Vladivostock (Siberian) goods are marlced by black paint. Other European sawn woods are usually stencil-marked, · and that form, other than the Russian wood, is also usually adopted for the branding of sawn and planed wood. The standard work on timber shipping marks is Shipping Marks on Timber, published by Ernest Benn, Lt., Bouverie House, 154 Fleet Street, London, E.C. 4. Quality or qualities. her and lathwood: Page 78 In sawn woods, tim( a) Merchantablethe commercial standard. (b) Unmerchantable-the wrack, culls or inferior qualities now largely imported and traded in. Riga wainscot oak is classified (a)· English crown; (b) Dutch crown; (c) wrack; now but little observed; the Riga, ' Austrian and Odessa shipments being understood as "crown" only. Quarries. Small square or lonzenge-shaped panes or glass, plain or decorated, framing the glass fronts of Eighteenth century bookcases. Quartered. Cut into four parts across the grain, same as quarter sawn; radially, as distinct from tangentially. Quarter-girth measurement. The customary method of finding the cubic contentS of round timber. A string is placed around the log to obtain the girth; the string is then doubled up twice, giving a quarter of the birth, or equivalent to the "side fo a square" formed by that girth. The area of that square, multiplied by the length of the log, gives the cubic contents. Example: A log 6 ft. round, 20 ft. long-the quarter-girth is 10 ft. (18 in.); therefore the cubic contents are 18 in. x 18 in. x 20 ft. = 45 cub. ft. Quartering. Square timber of small scantling, from 3 in. x 3 in. to 4 0 in. x 4 in. Quarters. The upright posts of timber partitions, etc., used for lat?ing upon. Quarter-sawed. In hardwoods, when the lumber is cut parallel or nearly so with the medullary rays. In softwoods, when the growth rings do not tip more than 45° from the vertical throughout the entire length of the board. Syn.: center sawed, comb grained, edge grained, figure grained, rift sawed, silver grained, vertical grained. Quartette tables. Nested tables of four. Quatrefoil. A conventional four-leaf clover design. FORESTRY LEAVES Quebec standard. An established measure for timber consisting of 100 pieces 12 ft. 11 in. x 20 in. = 229 cub. ft. Queen-post. The suspending posts in the framed principal of a roof, or in a trussed partition. A principal with two posts, as distinct from "King-post" which implies one post only. · Quickwater. That part of a stream which has fall enough to create a decided current. Ant.: stillwater. Quilting. Ridgy marks sometimes seen on the sawn surface of wood. The ridges are generally shallow and do not follow the line of the cut, but zigzag across it in rather a mysterious manner. Reciprocating saws are more liable to "quilt" than circular saws. Quincunx planting. A method of planting in which young trees are set in the center, and at each corner of successive squares. Quirk. A small groove or angular channel, such as formed between the beads in a moulding. Quirk bead. A bead moulding separated from the surface on one side by a groove. A double quirk bead means a groove on each side of the bead. Quirk mouldings. Mouldings whose apparent projection is increased by the addition of a quicker curve. Quoins (pronounced "Kain") . Small pieces of wood used in the printing trade as wedges for locking the type firm in formes; these are hammered with a mallet into position within the metal frames, i.e., "locking up the formes." For quoins the wood used is principally oak, although teak, greenheart, and other hardwoods are in demand for the purpose. Quoins come into the class of Printers' Woodwork, and which in one way or another consumes large quantities of wood. SEPTEMBER, 195i R Rabbet. A longitudinal channel, groove, or recess cut out of the edge or face of any wooden member, especially one intended to receive another member, so as to cover the joint or more easily hold the members in place. Rack. A frame for holding books, magazines, etc., either a piece of furniture in itself or a part of a table, stand, etc. Rack-benches. Circular saws, usually of large diameter, with travelling tables, each consisting of two plates, one on each side of the saw, resting on rollers and actuated by pinions and racks fixed under the tables. In some cases, instead of the plain tables, "carriages and dogs" are provided; the logs then overhang the carriages which are traversed by racks and pinions. Radial. Coincident with a radius from the axis of the tree or log to the circumference. Radial arm feed or roller feed, for saw benches. Usually fitted to circular saw benches, consisting of a feed roller driven by gearing and carried in an arm pivoted at the bac]~ .. end of the machine. The arm can be t~ed .out of the way when automatic feed is not required. Radial bar. An instrument for making large curves. Radio cabinet. A. cabinet enclosing a radio instrument with dial board in front and often a drawers or drawers below. Radio table. A table suitable for holding a radio; often with drawers. Radius of vision. The average working distance within which under normal conditions a lookout man can effectively detect fires. Range of vision. Raffia. A fiber for woven furniture. Raff merchant. An obsolete or variant term for an importer of foreign timber, whose Page 79 goods, far more so than in this century, were floated or rafted, hence, they were called "raff". Raft. A collection of logs or other timbers held together for transportation by floating. Rafter dam. A dam in which long timbers are set on the upstream side at an angle of 20 to 40 degrees to the water surface. The pressure of the water against the timbers holds the dam solidly against the stream bed. Syn.: self-loading dam, slant dam. Rafters. Beams supporting sloping roofs. Rafting. Timber discharged into the water for storage is constructed into rafts by means of rope ancl staples, and towed to the storage ponds. Rails. 1. The horizontal pieces of wood in panelled woodwork such as in doors, as opposed to stiles, which are the vertical pieces. 2. Wood or metal bars usually placed in furniture for the purpose of strengthening, such as stretchers, top rails~ etc. Railway fencing. Consists of posts, rails (which may be scarfed), and "stays" sometimes called "prick posts") which may be pointed. Railway keys. Hardwood wedges mostly of oak or teak, macle to special designs, bevel edges one side and rounded edges the other, to fit between the steel chair and the rail. Railway timber. A general term for all woods purchased wholesale for railway work. Rainceau. Intertwining stems and leaves. An ornamentation much used by the Adams. Raise cups. To change the cups from a lower position to a point close to the top Page 80 of a face to lessen evaporation from gum running over a long face. Raised carving. Carving in which the design is formed by raised surfaces of varying height. Rake. In saws, is the angle or "lead" to which the teeth are inclined. A variant term is "set." The slant of a chair back, or the like. Raking mouldings. Those which are inclined from the horizontal line as in the sides of a pediment. Ramiform pits. Simple pits with coalescent, canal-like cavities, as in stone cells. These pits are sometimes called branched pits, but "branched" implies division instead of coalescence. Ram pike. A tree broken off by wind and with a splintered end on the portion left_ standing. Ram's head. A decorative motif of that form. Ram's horn. A lateral grain or figure, peculiar to European ash, the result of compression or contortion of the vertical fibres, known as "ram's horn" or "fiddle back" from its resemblance to the ram's horn, or the figured sycamore used in the backs of fiddles. This contorted grain is best seen in the Austrian and Hungarian billets imported for ornamental purposes, sometimes in wainscot oak logs. Random joints. Joints made in veneer without reference to the veneer of being of equal width. Ran~om lengths. This expression means th"lt a lot of lumber may consist of any and all standard lengths at the option of the seller; in addition, odd lengths may be admitted when explicitly stated in the contract. Random widths. Has the same application as random lengths. Range tables. A group of small tables which when placed together form one long table. FORESTRY LEAVES Rank. To haul and pile regularly, as to rank bark or cord. Ranking jumper. A wood-shod sled upon which tanbark is hauled. Rasp. A file-like tool having, in place of cutting edges across the surface, coarse pyramidal projections of cutting points. Rat claw foot. A foot in the form of a rat's claw, usually grasping a ball. Rate of growth. The rate at which a tree has laid on wood, measured radially in the trunk or in lumber cut from the trunk. The unit of measure in use is number of annual growth rings per inch. Rate of spread. The increase in area per unit of time of a fire or fires. More correctly, the increase in perimeter per unit of time of a fire or fires. Rave. A piece of iron or wood which secures the heron to the runners of a logging sled. Ray. A ribbon-like aggregate of cells formed by the cainbium and extending radially. Also called Medullary Ray. Ray initial A cainbial initial giving rise to a ray cell; usually of a group and often more or less isodiainetric as seen in tangential section. Rayonnant. Ornainented by radiating lines. A term applied to a period of Gothic ornamentation. Ray parenchyma. Horizontal or radial parenchyma composing the rays wholly or in part. Ray tracheid. A tracheid forming part of a ray. (Sometimes called marginal tracheid._ or marginal ray tracheid.) Rays, wood. Strips of cells extending radially within a tree and varying in height from a few cells in some species to 4 inches or more in oak. The rays serve primarily to store food and transport it horizontally in the tree. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Reading-stand. A small table, usually with an adjustable top, for holding a book, popular during the Eighteenth century. Real and bed. A moulding design consisting of alternating small narrow ovals and small circles or beads. Rear. The upstreain end of a drive; the logs may be either stranded or floating. "Floating rear" comprises those logs which may be floated back into the current; "dry rear" those which must be dragged or rolled back. Rebate. A rectangular groove cut in wood for the purpose of joining, or holding a frame. Recessed stretcher. A stretcher placed in the center of a chair to form a tie between two side stretchers. Record cabinet. A cabinet with compartments for phonograph records. Record, current 10-day. The written record of fires occurring in each one-third month during the fire season, beginning on the first, eleventh and twenty-first of each month. Redented. An edge formed of angles such as the edge of a saw. Reeded leg. A straight leg having a series of small circular mouldings running its length, a Sheraton feature. Reed furniture. A type of woven furniture. Reeding. A raised series of semi-circular mouldings, somewhat resembling a reversed fluting. Reed top. A desk top which rolls back, made of a series of narrow mouldings or reeds. Refectory table. A large dining table of early date, built long and narrow with a heavy stretcher close to the floor. Reforestation. Bringing back the forest by planting or seeding. Page 81 Refuse burner. A structure in which slabs, sawdust, bark, and other mill waste are burned. Regency. A period in French furniture. Registered private woodland. Land of private ownership containing timber or firewood the title to which is registered in the Bureau of Forestry. Timber or firewood cut and removed from such land is not subject to the payment of government forest charges, but if the product is disposed of commercially the same must be covered with auxiliary and official invoices before transporting it. Likewise, discharge permit must be secured from the office or Internal Revenue Agent concerned. Regular forest. Forest in which the trees are approximately of the same age. Reject backs. Backs of plywood veneer showing defects. Opposite to sound backs. Relief. Carving in which the design is raised above the surface. Renaissance. A new birth or revival ot art, which designates an important period in furniture. Rep. A corded fabric used for upholstering. Reproduction. 1. The process by which a forest is renewed. Natural reproduction is the renewal of a forest by self-sown seeds or by sprouts. Artificial reproduction is the renewal of a forest by sowing or planting. 2. Seedlings or saplings from sprouts or from self-sown seed. Reproduction cutting. Any cutting intended to invite or assist reproduction. Reproduction period. The space of time required for the renewal of a stand. Reproductions. A general term used to refer to any kind of reproduced furniture, usually of the historic periods. Page 82 Resaw. 1. A circular or band saw used to saw boards, cants, planks, etc. into thinner lumber. Syn.: pony band mill. 2. The act of sawing a piece of lumber into two or more thinner pieces. Reserve seed method. That method of conservative lumbering in which, in a stand that is being reproduced by self-sown seed, a number of trees are left uncut for a period, usually a second rotation, after the stand itself is reproduced. Reserve sprout forest. Two storied forest in which sprouts form the lower, and seedlings, or selected, healthy sprouts, the upper story. Reserve sprout method. That method of conservative lumbering in which an overwood composed of seedling trees, or selected sprouts, is maintained above a stand of sprouts. Resin. Synonymous with oleoresin, or gum. Resonance. A physical pr<>perty of wood whereby it could vibrate thus producing sound either directly or indirectly; directly when the wood is struck to cause the sound and indirectly when used as a sounding board. Restock. To renew a forest, either by natural or artificial means. Restoration. A period in English furniture. Restoration chair. A caned, high-back chair with turned legs and a carved design on top rail and front stretcher. Reticulate. To make into or have the form of network. Reticulate perforation plate. A plate with multiple perforations having a net-like appearance (as in certain Bignoniaceae). Reversed serpentine front. A front shaped with a waving curve, concave in the center. Revolving chair. A chair with device which allows the seat and upper part to revolve around on the base. FORESTRY LEAVES Riband. A decoration representing strips of ribbon in folded and gathered forms. Ribband-back. A chair back with an ornament carved to represent ribbon tied and gathered in various shapes; characteristic of Chippendale. Ribbon and stick. Decorative motif representing a stick wound with ribbon. "Ribbon" effect. A stripe in wood, manifested in mahogany by the softer and more feathery portion alternating with the plainer, harder portions. Rick. A pile or stack of lumber. Ride. The side of a log upon which it rests when being dragged. Ride a log, to. To stand on a floating log. Riffler. A curved file used in carving. Rift. To split; cleft. Rift gang mill. A machine for cutting edgegrained flooring strips from a cant. It consists of a number of small circulars set on the arbor of an edger. Rift-sawn. Similar to quarter-sawn. Rigging. The cables, blocks, and hooks used in skidding logs by steam power. Rigging sled. A sled used to haul hooks and blocks on a skid road. Syn. : dog boat, pig. Rigging slinger. 1. A member of a yarding crew whose chief duty is to place chokers or grabs on logs. 2. One who attaches the rigging to trees in steam skidding. Rim. The top edge of a piece of furniture. Rimer. A square or semi-circular tapering bit for enlarging. Ring. 1. The annual layer or ring of wood produced by the tree in a season. 2. A section of tanbark, usually 4 feet long. Ring, annual growth. The growth layer put on in a single growth year. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Ring-porous wood. Wood in which the pores of one part of a growth ring are in distinct contrast in size or number (or both) to those of the other part. Ring rot. Decay in a log, which follows the annual rings more or less closely. Ring shake. A large check or crack in the wood following a growth annual ring. Rip. To saw a board lengthwise. Rip saw. A type of hand or machine saw with coarse teeth. Rise. The difference in diameter, or taper, between two points. in a log. Rising-stretchers. Cross or X-shaped stretchers which form a convex curve at their intersection. Rising sun pattern. A design of radiating lines resembling the fan design. Risk. The relative chance or probability of fire starting, determined by the presence or absence of causative agencies. A part of the fire danger in any area. Rive. To split. River boss. The foreman in charge of a log drive. River driver. One who works on a log drive. River rat. A log driver whose work is chiefly on the river; contrasted with Laker. Road donkey. A donkey engine mounted on a heavy sled, which drags logs along a skid road by winding a cable on a drum. It has a second drum for the haul-back. Road gang. That portion of the crew of a logging camp who cut out logging roads and keep them in repair. Road monkey. One whose duty is to keep a logging road in proper condition. Syn.: blue jay, greaser. Rock. In forest description rock refers to those characteristics of the underlying formation which affect ·the forest; as, for example, its outcrop, composition, and the rapidity of its disintegration. Page 83 Rockers. Curved pieces of wood upon which chairs, cradles, etc., are placed for rocking. Rock in, to. To plant young trees in openings in the ground made by prying or rocking a spade back and forth. Rocking chair. A chair supported on rockers so as to allow the occupant to either rock back and forth or to sit at a comfortable slant. Rock pine. The Chicago name for hemlock. Rock saw. A circular saw or a planer head which removes a wide kerf on the upper surface of the log in front of the cut of the head saw. Rococo. Style of decoration distinguished by a delicately executed ornament in imitation of rockwork, shells, foliage and scrolls massed together. Rod. A working drawing in cabinet work. Roe. 1. A figure in the grain of veneer, resembling fish roe. 2. A peculiar figure caused by the contortion of the woody fibres, and takes a wavy line parallel to them. Roll. The crossbar of a logging sled into which the tongue is set. Syn.: roller. Rolling dam. A dam for raising the water in a shallow ~tream. It has no sluiceways, but a smooth top of timber over which, under sufficient head of water, logs may slide or roll. Roll-over arms. Solid upholstered arms, slightly curving or rolling away from the seat. Roll the boom, to. To roll a boom of logs along the shore of a lake against which it is held by wind, by use of a cable operated by a steamboat, or kedge. The cable is attached to the outer side of the boom; hauled up, then attached again, thus propelling the boom by revolving it against the shore when it would be impossible to tow it. Page 84 Roll-top desk. A desk, the top or front of which is made of a series of slats devised . so as to allow it to roll up or down over the desk. Romayne. An Italian form of ornamentation consisting of human heads set in medallions. Roofers. One-inch lumber nailed to rafters as backing for shingles. Root. A part of the plant which absorbs nourishment for the plant, or serves as a support. Root collar. That place at the base of a tree where the swelling which is the direct result of the ramifications of the roots begins. Rose pattern. A design resembling the ro- · sette but of fewer lines, more on the order of a conventionalized single rose. Rosette. A rose-shaped pattern. Rosin. That portion of the crude oleoresin, freed from trash and water, which remains after volatilization of the turpentine by distillation. Rosser. One who barks and smoo~ the ride of a log in order that it may slide more easily. Syn.: log fixer, slipper, scalper. Rossing. Taking off the bark. Rotary-cut veneer. Veneer cut in· a continuous strip by rotating a log against the edge of a knife in a lathe. Rotary veneer machine. A machine that cuts or peels a thin endless sheet of wood from a round log. Rotation. The period represented by the age of a forest, or a part of a forest, at the time when it is cut, or intended to be cut. Rotten knot. A side defect of a log caused by a decayed knot. A rot entering through a knot may extend towards the center of the log and work its way upFORESTRY LEAVES ward and downward then causing center rot to appear on both ends of a log. Rotten stone. A soft stone used in polishing. Roughing plane. Iron plane for cleaning surfaces of rough boards. Roundabout. A chair built so as to have one leg in front, one in back, and one on each side, with the extension of the two side legs and back leg forming the supports for a circular back. Roundel. A term used in furniture to refer to any circular ornament, such as medallion, rosette, etc. Round knot. A knot whose sawn section is oval or circular. Round timber or round tree. A tree in which no turpentine face has yet been cut. Round turn. A space at the head of a logging-sled road, in which the sled may be turned round without unhitching the team. Router. Type of plane made of wood with iron, used for design. Row planting. A method of planting in which the young trees are placed in rows, the distance between the rows being greater than the dis1iance between the young trees in the rows. In planting seeds or seedlings in the forest nursery this method is known as drill planting. Rudd's dressing-table. A dressing-table of very complete design. Rule. A straight-edged instrument for use in measuring, or as a guide in drawing lines. Rule joint. A hinged joint, largely used for table flaps. Runner. A term used to refer to the rocker of a rocking chair. Runner chain. A chain bound · loosely around the forward end of the runners of a logging sled as a brake. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Runner dog. A curved iron attached to a runner of the hind sled of a logging sled, which holds the loaded sled on steep hills by being forced into the bed of the road by any backward movement. Runners. A device for sliding a drawer, made up of grooves and small strips of moulding under the drawer. Running dog. Same as Vitruvian Scroll. Run of a fire. Usually applied to the period of a fire's history when rate of spread was maximum and during which direct attack on the front was impossible. Rush. The stems of a marsh-growing plant, used for chair seats since early times. Rush-bottom chair. A chair with a rush seat. Rutter. A form of plow for cutting ruts in a logging road for the runners of sleds to run in. s Sack back. A Windsor chair with a double bow back. Sack the rear, to. To follow a drive and roll in logs which have lodged or grounded. Syn.: pick the rear, to. Sack the slide, to. To return to a slide logs which ha~e jumped out. Saddle. The depression cut in a transverse skid in a skid road to guide the logs which pass over it. Saddlebag. As applied to a boom, to catch on an obstruction and double around it. Saddle-check. A style of forty-wink-chair used in the bedroom. Saddle seat. The seat of a Windsor chair with the thickest part in the center front and the sides either spooned out or sloping away from center. Safe. A heavy box-shaped piece of furniture, formerly made of· wood with metal fittings, now made wholly of metal, for the safe keeping of valuables. Page 85 Sag. A concave curve in shelves or the like caused by weight. Salient angle. An angel or corner extending beyond the general line of a piece of furniture. Saltire. Straight X-shaped stretcher. Samite. A rich upholstery fabric of silk and gold threads, mostly used previous to the Sixteenth century. Sample tree. A tree which in diameter, height and volume is representative of a tree class. A class sample tree is a tree which in diameter, height and volume represents the average of several tree classes. Sampson. An appliance for loosening or starting logs by horsepower. It usually consists of a strong, heavy timber and a chain terminating in a heavy swamp hook. The timber is placed upright beside the piece to be moved, the chain fastened around it, and the hook inserted low down on the opposite side. Leverage is then applied by a team hitched to the upper end of the upright timber. Sampson a tree, to. To direct the fall of a tree by means of a l~ver and pole. Sand bag. A means. of using sand for curving veneer. Sand-shaking. A process of darkening wood for inlay by means of hot sand. Sap. All the fluid in a tree, special secretions and excretions, such as gum, excepted. Sapling. A tree 3 feet or over in height, and less than 4 inches in diameter, breasthigh. A small sapling is a sapling from 3 to 10 feet in height. A large sapling is a sapling 10 feet or over in height. Saps. A term sometiines used to refer to hardwood pieces containing all or part sapwoods. Page 86 Sap-stain. Stain in the sapwood of lumber or logs, generally associated with the action of fungi. Sapwood. The layers of wood next to the bark, usually lighter in color than the heartwood, one-half inch to 3 or more inches wide that are actively involved in the life processes of the tree. Under most conditions sapwood is more susceptible to decay than heartwood; as a rule, it is more permeable to liquids than heartwood. Sapwood is not essentially weaker or stronger than heartwood of the same species. Sash. The framed casement part of a window in which the glass is fixed. Sash bars. The framework surrounding a glass door. Sash frame. The outer frame with sill in which the sliding sashes or casements arE: suspended. Sash saw. An upright band of steel toothed on one edge stretched in a sash or frame and used singly usually in a water-power mill of limited capacity. Sateen. A cotton fabric with satin-like surface. Satin. A silk material for draperies and upholstery. Saturate. To cause to become completely penetrated or soaked. Saturation deficit. That difference (usually expressed in percentage of total saturation) between the amount of moisture present in a given medium and the amount it can hold when saturated at the same temperature. In other words, this is equal to the vapor pressure of the water at the surface of a medium and that of the surrounding air. Thus on different days unsaturated air of different humidities will dry out slash and like material more directly according to .its moisture deficit than as indicated by its relative humidity. FOR$TRY LEAVES Example: 1. Saturated air at 61 degrees F. holds 6 parts of water. 2. Saturated air at 83 degrees F. holds 12 parts of water. At 25 per cent relative humidity No. 1 holds 1}'.i parts. No. 2 has 9 parts saturation deficit; No. 1, only 43/;i. Hence No. 2 will dry slash much more quickly. Satyr mask. A mask motif representir.g the mythical creature Satyr. Sausage turning. A form of turning resembling a series of oval or sausageshaped forms placed end to end. Saw. A cutting-instrument with teeth arranged continuously along the edge of the blade or circumference of disk. Saw arbor. The shaft and bearings on which a circular saw is mounted. Sawed veneer. Veneer produced by sawing. Saw guide. A device for steadying a circular or band saw. Saw-kerf. That part of a tree lost in sawing, namely, the width of saw teeth as lost in saw dust. Scalariform pitting. Type of pitting in which elongated or linear pits are arranged in a ladder-like series. Note: It should be noted that it is the arrangement of the pits, not the pits themselves, that is scalariform. Scale book. A book especially designed for recording the contents of scaled logs. Scale pattern. A decorative design resembling the scales of a fish. Scaler. One who determines the volume in logs. Scaling. The act of measuring timber to determine its volume. Ornamenting with the scale pattern. Scallop. A carved design for edges or borders resembling the scallop shell. Scamnum. Roman bench. Scant. A term used to imply dimensions in sawn lumber slightly under the nominal dimensions. Scantling. A piece of timber of small size, usually about 2 by 4 inches in cross-section; in certain markets a piece of squareedged timber 2 to 4 inches thick by 2 to 4 0 inches wide. Saw set. A small instrument for bending Scattered seed method. That method of or setting the teeth of a saw. Scaffold. A temporary structure or stage used by workmen in the process of building. Scagliola. A hard polished plasterwork imitating marble, granite or other stone. Scalariform perforation plate. A plate with multiple perforations elongated and parallel. The remnants of the plate between the openings are called bars. Note: The term scalariform perforation, now in common use, is obviously incorrect, as it implies that the individual openings in a group are merely subdivisions of a single large opening. It is correct to say that the vessel members (not the vessels themselves) are scalariformly perforated. SEPTEMBER, 1951 conservative lumbering in which reproduction is provided for by leaving, after a single cutting, scattered seed trees of the kind desired. School. A distinct method or fashion in furniture either effected by the maker, designed, or country in which it is made. Sconce. A candle-holder attached to a frame or wall. Scoots. Culls from hardwood mill-run. Scotia. A concave, classic moulding. Scrape. Hardened oleoresin which forms on a face, as distinct from that which runs down into the cup to form dip. Scratch carving. A carved design formed by fine lines. Page 87 Scratcher. An instrument used for marking trees. It usually consists of a hook-like gouge fastened to a flat, elliptical iron hoop, with wooden handle plates on the opposite side from the gouge. Screen. A light framework covered with silk or other material for obstructive light, heat or cold, made in numerous varieties. Screened crib. A baby's crib with high screened sides and top. Screen-table. A small table used in front of the fireplace, the top of which when turned down in an upright position forms a screen. Screw rollers. Rollers with a coarse thread which throw the board or slab to one side as the piece passes over it. Scribing. Method of fitting joints. Scroll. A spiral line, often suggestive of plant life, used for ornamentation. Scroll column chest of drawers. A chest of drawers with a projecting vertical scroll at each end of the front. Scroll foot. A foot in the form of a spiral scroll either at back of the leg or in front. Scroll top. A bro~en pediment top formed by two cyma curves. Scrawled chair. An old English chair of massive construction. Scrutoire. An old enclosed writing-desk. Season checks (or surface checks). Superficial cracks caused by shrinkage of timber on the surface, due to rapid drying, especially when fresh sawn lumber is exposed to the weather. Seasoning. The act of drying lumber either naturally in the open or artificially in dry-kiln. Seat. The horizontal surface of a chair, the part on which one sits, variant in style. Page 88 Seat stretcher. In reference to the frame of an upholstered davenport, a strip of wood connecting the front and back rails to strengthen the structure. Seaweed marquetry. A marquetry of delicate design resembling fine marine plantlife. Secondary phloem. Normally, the part of the bark formed by the cambium. Secondary wall. The wall formed inside the primary wall; varies markedly in thickness and in physical and chemical properties; is stratified, striated, and pitted. Nate : The Committee on N omenclature of the International Association of Wood Anatomists does not recognize a tertiary wall of a cell. Spiral and gelatinous and unlignified layers, etc., are considered parts of the secondary wall. Secondary wood or secondary xylem. Wood produced by cambium. Second faller. The subordinate in a crew of fallers. Syn.: helper. Second growth. Timber that has grown after the removal by any means of all or a large portion of the previous stana. Secretary. A writing-desk and bookcase combined. Secret drawer. A small drawer or hiding place concealed within the carcase of a piece of furniture, enumerable styles and contrivances. Secret nailing. Nailing boards in such a manner that the nail heads are not seen. Section. A part of a piece of furniture, or the line or plan of a piece of furniture where it is intersected by a straight line. Sectional bookcase. A bookcase with cases built individually or as sections, which when placed one on the other form the complete bookcase. Sectors of a fire. On ·a large fire the logical or natural divisions of a fire, each of which is handled as a unit for suppression purposes. FORESTRY LEAVES Sedan chair. An enclosed, portable chair for carrying a person in the street or an invalid in the house. Seed. The ripened ovule. Seedbed. A specially prepared area, usually in the forest nursery, for the raising of seedlings. Seed forest. A forest composed wholly or mainly of trees from seed. Seedholes. Minute holes in wood caused by wood-destroying worms or insects. Seedling. A tree grown from seed which has not reached a height of 3 feet. Seed spot. .A small area, usually ~ a burn or in an opening in the forest, which is sown with tree seeds. Seed system. One of the three great systems of forest management. Under it, reproduction is obtained from seed. Seed tree. Any tree which bears seed; specifically, a tree which provides the seed for natural reproduction. ~eed year. A year in which a given species of tree bears seed; specifically, a year, in which a given species bears seed abundantly. Segmental corners. Panel corners which are broken curved lines. Segmental pediment. An unbroken, curved pediment. Segment saws. Used in sawing veneer. The number of segments used is 72. These segments are fastened to the edge of a steel disc and are used particularly in quarter sawing oak veneers. Seigneurial chair. A stately high-back chair for dignitaries often having a compartment under the seat. Selection forest. See many-aged forest. Selective logging. Cutting to flexible diameter limits of trees, groups or areas for immediate profits as well as future yields. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Selects. In general, a word used in the lumber industry to imply upper grades; for certain species, particularly hardwoods, it refers to a specific grade. Self-sown seed. Strictly, disseminated without the intervention of human, or animal agency; in common practice, seed sown by any agency other than man. Semi-mature forest. Forest in which rapid growth in height has culminated, but diameter growth has not begun to fall off. Send-up man. That member of a loading crew who guides the logs up the skids. Syn.: ground loader. Send up, to. In loading, to raise logs up skids with cant hooks, or by steam or horse power. Septate fiber-tracheid. A fiber-tracheid with thin, transverse walls across the lumen. (In these elements the protoplast divides after the formation of the secondary wall. The septa are true walls.) Septate parenchyma cell. A wood or ray parenchyma cell with thin transverse walls across the lumen. (In these elements .the protoplast divides after the formation of the secondary wall.) Septate wood fiber. A libriform wood fiber with thin transverse walls across the lumen. (In these elements the protoplast divides after the formation of the secondary wall.) Seraph. A decorative figure in the form of an angel of the highest order. Seraphim. Plural of seraph. Serpentine curve. A wave-like scroll consisting of two concave curves with convex curve between. Serpentine front. A front shaped with a waving curve, usually convex in the center. Serrated. An edge notched or cut as the teeth of a saw. Page 89 Server. A style of tea weagon used for serving; a side or serving table is also called a server. Service cupboard. An old English ventilated cupboard, also called livery cupboard and in churches, dole cupboard. Serving table. A piece of dining-room furniture in the form of a side table, usually having one row of drawers. Set beam. A shaft on a sawmill carriage connected with the setworks bearing pinions, one of which meshes into a rack in each headblock and moves the knees back or forth as desired. Settee. A long upholstered seat with side arms and back, a forerunner of the modern davenport. Setting. The temporary station of a portable sawmill, a yarding engine, or other machine used in logging. Setting block. A small steel block on which the tooth of a crosscut saw is placed and then struck with a hammer to give it the proper set. Settle. A long seat or bench with a high back and usually arms, a precursor of the settee. Set works. The mechanism on a sawmill carriage by means of which the setter advances the knees and the log toward the saw line after a piece has been cut from the log. Set-works scale. A dial on a sawmill carposed through the removal of the stand which now protects it. Sevres. French porcelain used for plaque decoration. Sewing cabinet. A piece of cabinet furniture for holding sewing materials, of various styles and shapes. Sewing table. A table with drawers and compartments for holding sewing articles. Shaded marquetry. Marquetry shaded by means of hot sand. Shade frame. A frame for the partial shading of a seedbed. It consists of a cover of laths, brush or cloth, supported on posts, and arranged so that light can be admitted as desired. Shagreen. A rough skin usually dyed green, for covering small boxes and other small furniture. Shake. A shingle split (not sawn) from a bolt of wood used for roofing and siding, or a shingle manufactured in imitation of the above. Shakes. Circular cracks sometimes exist._ ing in the living tree, sometimes caused by shocks received in felling; they may sometimes plainly appear as shakes in the sawn lumber, but sometimes are not to be distinguished from checks and splits, according to the way the lumber is sawn from the log. Shank. Device for locking inserted teeth into the sockets of a circular saw. riage which shows the distance between Shaving table. A style of dressing-table for the saw line and the face of the knee. men, composed of many clever contriSeverance cutting. The cutting of all trees upon a narrow strip before natural pruning has far advanced, in order that the trees bordering this strip may, as the result of partial exposure, become windfirm through the development of strong roots. Thus severance cuttings, are made to strengthen the trees on the edge of a stand which will later be entirely exPage 90 vances. Shear boom. A boom so secured that it guides floating logs in the desired direction. Syn. : fender boom, glancing boom. Shear cut. A knife cut made in veneer with shear or drawing motion such as is made by paper knife cutter. Sheath cells. Upright ray cells tending to form a sheath about the smaller cells FORESTRY LEAVES of a multiseriate ray or the multiseriate part of a ray. Sheathing. Lumber (usually matched) used to cover the framework of buildings on the exterior. Sheldon's Tapestry. An English tapestry. Shelf. A board or other flat surface placed horizontally in a piece of furniture for the purpose of supporting books or other articles. Shellac. A paint substance of crude lac. Shell foot. A shell-shaped leg terminal. Shell ornament. A carved design in the form of a cookle-shell either convex or concave. Shell-rock. A design or ornamentation composed of shell and rock details. Shelterbelt. Natural or artificial forest maintained as a protection from wind or snow. A narrow shelterbelt in which true forest conditions do . not exist is a windbreak when maintained as a protection against wind, and a snowbreak when maintained as a protection against snow. Sheveret. A French style of writing-table popular during the last part of the Eighteenth century. Shicki-ku Gake Sunken Ho log rule. A Japanese log rule extensively used in South Sakhalien and Hokkaido. In some cases it is applied to Japanese imported logs. Rule: To determine the content of a log in koku, multiply the square of the shortest diameter at the small end of the log inside the bark by the length in shaku, the result by 0. 79 and divide by 10. Note: In scaling, the fractions of a sum in the diameter and the fractions of a shaku in the length are disregarded, and when computing contents the one-thousandth part of a koku is ignored. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Equivalents: 1 shaku equals 11.93 inches or approximately 1 ft. 1 shaku equals 10 sun, or approximately 1.1193 inches. · Due to the system of measurement this rule does not give constant comparison with the solid content of the log; and by the construction of its formule, it gives around 80 % of the solid geometrical content. Syn.: Japanese 0. 79 scale. Shield-back chair. A chair with a shieldshape back, a common back of Heppl~ white. Shingle. A thin rectangular-sided piece of wood tapering in thickness with the grain, in order to allow shingles when laid to lap over each other in covering roofs and exterior walls. Shingle bolt. A short split section of a log from which shingles are manufactured. Shiplap. A form of matching for lumber. A section one-half the thickness of the board is cut from the upper side of edge, and similar section from the lower side of the opposite edge: The term also designates lumber which has been shiplapped. Shipping dry. Shipping lumber with the moisture content in equilibrium with the surrounding atmospheric conditions; shipping, lumber sufficiently seasoned to prevent fungus attack in transit. Shoe. A small disc under a foot. Shoe-piece. A projecting piece on the back part of a chair seat for holding the splat. Shook. A piece of lumber cut to specific dimensions so as to fit, without further working, into a box assembly. Shoot a jam, to. To loosen a log jam with dynamite. Shop. Lumber to be used in further manufacture and graded on the basis of the percentage of the area which will proPage 91 duce cuttings of a given quality and size. Synonymous with "cuts" and "factory." Shore hold. The attachment of the hawser of a raft to an object on the shore. Short length. Lumber from 4 to 10 feet. Shorts. Lumber shorter than standard lengths. Short term license agreement. A license agreement between the Director of Forestry and a private individual or entity whereby the latter is granted, unaer the conditions stipulated in the agreement, authorization to cut, collect, and remove within a definite territory with well defined boundaries, any specified kind and amount of forest product for commercial or industrial purposes for a period not exceeding five years. Shotgun feed. Steam feed. Shot holes. Holes made in ~ood by boring insects. Shoulder 1. The knee of a cabriole leg; also the projecting corners · of a tenon. 2. The outside edge of a face ·where the streak first cuts into the wood. Show-table. A Chinese Chippendale fretwork table, small with gallery round top. '•' Show-wood. Any type of upholstered furniture, the frame of which shows after it has been upholstered. Is distinguished from . over-stuffed furniture, the frame of which is completely covered. Shrinkage. A lessening or contraction of the wood substance. Shrub. A woody plant with no main stem or trunk. Siamoise. . A form of upholstered sofa or armchairs, consisting of two or three chairs joined together at the arm forming an S-shape or as the name suggests like the Siamese twins. Page 92 Sideboard. A piece of dining-room furniture with compartments, shelves, and drawers, used for holding and displaying articles for the table. • Side center rail. In upholstered furniture frames, strip of wood between back and front posts over which upholstery is drawn. Side chair. A small chair without arms. Side cut. The term used when the pith is not present in a piece. Side defects. Defects of a log visible from the sides of it. Side jam. A jam which has formed on one side of a stream, usually where the_logs are forced to the shore at a bend by the current, or where the water is shallow or there are partially submerged rocks. Side rail. Piece of connecting back and front posts in upholstered furniture frames. Side rails. The parts of a bed which extend along the sides between the head and foot parts. Side rail strip. A piece fixed to the side rail of a bed for supporting the slats. Side rebate planes. Pair of planes, right and left, used for sides of grooves or rebates. Side table. A small ornamental table, made to be placed against the wall; as a piece of dining-room furniture see "Serving table.'' Side winter. A tree knocked down ilnexpectedly by the falling of another. Siding. Lumber used as the finish covering of exterior walls. Sidings. Boards sawed from the outer portion of a log when the central part is made into lumber. Sieve-pitting. Arrangement of small pits in cribriform clusters. FORESTRY LEAVES Signal man. One who transmits orders from the foreman of a yarding crew to the engineer of the yarding donkey. Single band. A band saw with one cutting edge; a double band is toothed on both edges. Silk. Material of fine, glossy texture, made in various weaves and colors, for upholstery and hangings. Sill. As applied to timber, a piece of wood which is used to support a door or window, or which is placed on a masonry or other foundation as a. base for the framework of a building, or which is used for other similar purpose of support. Silver furniture. Small metal furniture, either solid or covered with silver. Silver grain. Conspicuous medullary rays in quarter-sawn lumber. Silvering glass. The process of coating the surface of a piece of glass with quicksilver to produce a mirror. Silvical. Pertaining to silvics. Silvics. 1. The science which treats of the life of trees in the forests. 2. The habit or behavior of a tree in the forest. Silviculture. The art of producing and tending a forest; the application of the kn~wl edge of silvics in the treatment of a for- ' est. Simple perforation. A single and usually large and more or less rounded opening in the perforation plate. (In contrast to multiple perforations.) Simple pit. A pit in which the cavity becomes wider, remains of constant width, or only gradually narrows during increase ih thickening of the secondary wall, i.e., toward the lumen of the cell. Singeing. Burning the moss of the trees. Single arch mouldings. A large rounded moulding used during the latter part of the Seventeenth century above the drawers of dressers, etc. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Single chair. Same as side chair. Single mill. A mill with one head saw. Single out, to. To float logs, usually cypress, one at a time, from the woods to the float road. Single-tree method. That method of conservative lumbering in which r~produc tion from self-sown seed under the shelter of the ·old stand is invited by the cutting of single trees. This cutting may be made throughout the forest, as in some woodlots, or in definite portions of the forest in turn. Single-tree mixture. A mixture in which trees of different species occur singly. Sirens. Ornamental figures in the form of creatures half woman, half bird. Site index. A figure which repesents the tree-growing quality of land as expressed by the height in feet of the average dominant trees at 50 years. Sizer. A machine for surfacing timber. Skid. 1. A log or pole, commonly used in pairs, upon which logs are handled or piled. 2. To draw logs from the stump to the skidway, landing, or mill. 3. As applied to a road, to reinforce by placing logs or poles across it. Skidder. 1. One who skids logs. 2. A steam engine, usually operating from a railroad track, which skids logs by means of a cable. 3. The foreman of a crew which constructs skid roads. 4. See Bummer. Skidding chain. A heavy chain used in skidding logs. Skidding tongs. A pair of hooks attached by links to a ring and used for skidding logs. Syn.: grips, grapples, grabs, skidding hooks. · Page 93 Skid grease. A heavy oil applied to skids to lessen the friction of logs dragged over them. Skid road. A road or trail leading from the stump to the skidway or landing. Syn.: travois road. A road over which logs are dragged, having heavy transverse skids partially sunk in the ground, usually at intervals of about 5 feet. Skid up, to. 1. To level or reenforce a logging road by the use of skids. 2. To collect logs and pile them on a skid way. Skidway. A roll-way on which logs are rolled and piled for storage. It is usually formed by laying parallel two or more poles at right angles to the road along which logs are hauled. S~idway, to break a. To roll piled logs off a skidway. Skips in dressing. In surfacing lumber slight depressions in boards which are below the plane of cut and therefore remain in a rough condition. Skiver. A split leather, of inferior quality. Slab. Exterior portion of a log which is removed in sawing lumber. Slack cooperage. . Containers for nonliquid products, consisting of two round heads and a body composed of staves held together with hoops. Slack water. In river driving, the temporary slackening of the current caused by the formation of a jam. Slash. 1. The debris left after logging, wind, or fire. 2. Forest land which has been logged off and upon which the limbs and tops remain, or which is deep in debris as the result of fire or wind. Slasher. Several circular saws mounted on a shaft at intervals of from 16 to 48 inches and used to cut slabs, edgings, and other Page 94 wood re.fuse into length suitable for laths, firewood, or pulpwood or for transportation to the refuse burner. Slash grain. Synonymous with plain-sawn, flat-grain. Slat. A term loosely applied to pieces of narrow lumber, as in bed slats. Applied to pencil manufacture, a slat is a sawn piece of wood about 70 inches by 20 inches by 1i inch from which pencils are made. Slate table. A term sometimes used to refer to a slate top table with broad ornamented frame. Slating battens. Small strips of wood upon which roofing slates are ·fastened. Slats. Strips of wood placed across a bed, supported by side rail strips, for holding the springs; also the cross-bars in a chair back used to strengthen the framework and support the back of the sitter. Sled tender. 1. One who assists in loading and unloading logs or skidding with dray. Syn.: chain tender. 2. A member of the hauling crew who accompanies the turn of logs to the landing, unhooks the grabs, and sees that they are returned to yarding engine. Sleepers. Railway ties. Sleepy-hollow chair. A large upholstered chair with high sloped back, solid low arms, and a seat dipped or hollowed in the center. Sleigh bed. Same as French bed. Sliced veneer. Veneer that is sliced off by moving a log, bolt, or flitch againSt a large knife. Slide. A trough built of logs or timber, used to transport logs down a slope. Syn.: chute, dry slide, slip. Also a shelf fitted into the carcase so as to slide in and out for use. FORESTRY LEAVES Sliders. Metal disc or slides placed under the feet or base of furniture for greater ease in sliding along the floor. Slide tender. One who keeps a slide in repair. Slip grab. A pear-shaped link attached by swivel to a skidding evener or whiffletree, through which the skidding chain is passed. The chain runs freely when the slip grab is held sideways, but catches when the grab is straight. Syn.: grab link. Slipper chair. A chair with low legs. Slipper foot. A narrow protruding club foot. Slip seat. An upholstered frame fitting into the seat frame. Sloop logs, to. To haul logs down steep slop~s on dray or sloop equipped with a tongue. Slope. The gradient of the land surface. In forest description the following terms are used to define the slope, each of which has its equivalent in percentages of the horizontal distance and in degrees: Level ··- --···-···· 0- 5% 0- 3° Gentle ------------ 5- 15% 3- 8.5° Moderate ·---·- 15- 30% 8.5-16.5° Steep ______________ 30- 50% 16.5-26.5° Very steep ____ 50-100% 26.5-45.0° Precipitous Over 100% __________ Over 45.0° Slot screwing. A method of hiding . crew heads. Slough pig. Usually a second-rate river driver who is assigned to picking logs out of sloughs in advance of th rear. Sluice. 1. To float logs through the sluiceway in a splash dam. 2 See Flume and Splash. Sluice gate. The gate closirig a sluiceway in a splash dam. Sluiceway. The opening in a splash dam through which logs pass. Small chair Same as Side chair. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Small knot. A sound knot not more than three-fourths inch in diameter. Small-pole forest. A forest of small poles. Small-slapling forest. A forest of small saplings. Smoke chaser. A synonym for fire chaser. Smoke, drift. Smoke, usually from distant fires, which is brought by air currents into a region. Smoker's cabinet. A small, low cabinet with compartments, and often trays above, for holding the tobacco, pipes, etc., of the smoker. Smoker's stand. A, light stand with ash tray, etc., placed near the chair of the smoker. Smoothing plane. As the name suggests, a plane used for smoothing or finishing Snags. Standing dead trees or parts of trees tall enough to cause an extra danger on account of drifts of sparks, etc. from an elevation. Snake. To make a wavy cut in sawing. Snake-foot. A slender, curved foot with slight swell at the base. Snap table. Chippendale tripod table, the top of which snaps when folded. Snib. In river driving, to be carried away purposely, but ostensibly by accident, on the first portion of a jam that moves; to ride away from work under guise of being accidentally carried off. Sniper. One who noses logs before they are skidded. Snipping. The act of rounding off the end of a log to prevent the latter from sticking' in the ground. Syn.: sniping. Snow a road, to. To cover bare spots in a logging road with snow to facilitate the passage of sleds. Snow break. The breaking of trees by snow. 8now slide. A temporary slide on a steep slope, made by dragging a large log Page 95 through deep snow which is soft or thawing; when frozen solidly, it may be used to slide log~ to a point where they can be reached by sleds. Snub. To check, usually by means of a snub line, the speed of Jogging sleds or logs on steep slopes, or off a log raft. Socketing. A method of joining by means of wedging one piece of wood into the cavity of another. Socle. A plain, square, unmolded block, higher than a plinth, supporting a statue or the like. Sofa. A long seat or settee, with stuffed upholstered seat, ba~k and arms; precursor of the modern davenport. Sofa table. A long, narrow table with hinged end flaps and drawers. Soffit. The under side of a moulding. Softwoods. The botanical group of trees that have needle or scale-like leaves and are ever green for the most part, cypress, larch, and tamarack, being exceptions. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood. Softwoods are often referred to as conifers, and botanically they are called gymnosperms. Soil. In forest description the origin, composition, depth and moisture of the forest soil are considered under soil. Its depth is defined by the following terms, each of which has its equivalent in inches : Very shallow ________________ less than 6 inches. Shallow --------------------·--- 6 to 12 inches. Moderate ---------------------- 12 to 24 inches. Deep -----------------------·---- 24 to 36 inches. Very deep --------------------Over 36 inches. The moisture of the soil is defined. by the following terms: Wet-When water drips from a piece held in the hand without pressing. Moist-When water drips from a piece pressed in the hand; Fresh-When no water drips from a piece pressed in the hand, although Page 96 it is unmistakably present; Dry-When there is little or no trace of water; Very dry-When the soil is parched. Such soils are usually caked and very hard, sand being an exception. Sole. The base or bottom of a plane. Solid jam. 1. In river driving, a jam formed solidly and extending from bank to bank of a stream. 2. A drive is said to be "in a solid jam" when the stream is full of logs from the point to which the rear is cleared to the mill, sorting jack, or storage boom. Solid-tooth circular saw. One in which the teeth are cut into the rim of the saw. Solitary pore. A pore completely surrounded by other elements. Somnoe. A small night table. Sorting boom. A strong boom used to guide logs into the sorting jack, to both sides of which it is usually attached. Sorting jack. A raft, secured in a stream, through an opening which logs pass to be sorted by their marks and diverted into pocket booms or the downstream channeL Syn.: sorting gap. Sorting table. A long platform in a sawmill on which lumber is assorted into different grades or sizes. Sound backs. Backs of plywood veneer showing no defects. Opposite to reject backs. Sound knot. One which is as solid and hard across its face as the surrounding wood and firm enough to retain its place in the board. Sour humus. Humus harmful to forest growth owing to the presence of humic or similar acids produced by decomposition under excess of moisture and lack of air. FORESTRY LEAVES Spade foot. A rectangular-shaped foot slightly smaller at the base; a Hepplewhite detail. Spandrel. The space, resembling a triangle, between the curve of an arch and the right angle of a surrounding moulding. Spanish chair. A carved, high-backed armchair, with upholstered seat and back, popular during the Sixteenth century. Spanish foot. A rectangular-shaped foot slightly larger at the base, with narrow mouldings down the front. Spanish windlass. A device for moving heavy objects in logging. It consists of a rope or chain, within a turn of which is a lever inserted and power gained by twisting. Syn.: twister. Span-rail. A curved or otherwise shaped rail extending between two uprights. Sparver. A tester or canopy. Species. 1. A division of a genus, the plants of which seem to be derived from an immediate common ancestor. 2. In science, a group of existing things, associated according to properties. Specific gravity. The ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of water at some standard temperature. Spermatophyta. Seed-bearing plants. Sphinx. An ornamental feature representing a mythical winged monster, half woman and half lion. Spice cupboard. A small, ornamented, hanging cupboard for storing spices, herbs, and the like. Spiked skid. A skid in which spikes are inserted in order to keep logs from sliding back when being loaded or piled. Spike knot. A knot sawed lengthwise in the board. Spindle. A slender turned rod, slightly tapering to the ends, used in chair backs, balustrades, etc. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Spinet. A musical instrument resembling harpsichord. Spinetary. above. A spinet desk with bookcase Spinet desk. A writing-desk resembling the old spinet musical instrument. Spinning wheel. A household implement formerly used for spinning thread; now used as an ornament. Spiral. A decorative motif consisting of a curved line around a given point and constantly receding from that point. Spiral evolute. A series of turning, wavelike scrolls, used as a decorative feature. Spiral grain. A type of growth in which the fibers take a spiral course about the bole of a tree instead of the normal vertical course. The spiral may extend righthanded or left-handed around the tree trunk. Spiral leg. A spiral turned leg. Spiral thickenings. Helical ridges on the inner face of, and a part of, the secondary wall. (After called tertiary spirals to distinguish them from the spirals of primary xylem.) Note: The Committee on Nomenclature of the International Association of Wood Anatomists does not recognize a tertiary wall of a cell. Spirals and gelatinous and unlignified layers, etc. are considered as parts of the secondary wall. Spiral turning. A twisted form of turning, resembling a screw. Spirits. See Turpentine. Splad. Same as Splat. Splash. To drive logs by releasing a head of w~ter confined by a splash dam. Syn.: flood, sluice. Splash boards. Boards placed temporarily on top of a rolling dam to heighten the dam, and thus to increase the head of water available for river driving. Page 97 Splash dam. A dam built to store a head of water fo1 driving logs. Syn.: flood dam. Splat. The perpendicular member placed between the two uprights of a chair back. Splay. The outward spreading or slanting of a surface. Splayed edge. A chamfer extended to the full thickness or depth of the piece. Spline. A rectangular strip of wood which is substituted for the tongue on heavy factory flooring and for other similar purposes. Split. A lengthwise separation of the wood, due to the tearing apart of the wood cells. Split roof. A roof of a logging camp or barn made by laying strips split from straight-grained timber. The strips run from the ridge pole to the eaves, and break the joints with other strips, as in a shingle roof. Splits. Cracks in the ends of boards or dimension timbers, caused by rapid drying at the ends, or by rough usage in milling and transporting. Split spindle. A spindle split lengthwise, its. sections applied to a surface. Spoke billets. The rough-sawn pieces from which spokes are turned. Spokeshave. A tool of the plane type, having two handles with blade set in between longitudinally with the handles. Spool donkey. A donkey engine for winding cable, equipped with a spool or capstan, instead of a drum. Spool tender. One who guides the cable on a spool donkey. Spool turning. Continuous turning of the same form or pattern. Spoolwood. Small sawn squares, usually in the hardwoods of medium hardness from which spools are turned. Spoon back. A chair back shaped to fit the contour of the body. Page 98 Spoon cases. Cases for holding spoons, resembling knife-boxes. Spooning. The process of hollowing out or shaping spoon-backs. Spoon-rack. A small piece of hanging furniture used for holding spoons. Spot fires. Fires set away from main fire by flying coals or embers. Spring board. A short board, shod at one end with an iron calk, which is inserted in a notch cut in a tree, on which the faller stands while felling the tree. Spring edge. An edge supported by springs so it may be depressed as distinguished from the hard edge which maintains its form even under pressure. Spring pole. 1. A springy pole attached to the tongue of a logging sled and passing over the roH and under the beam, for holding the weight of the tongue off the horses' necks. 2. A device for steadying a crosscut saw, so that one man can use it instead of two. Spring rocker. A rocking chair secured to a stationary base and equipped with sets of springs beneath to add to the momentum of rocking. Springs. Bent or curved metal, usually in the form of a wire coil or weave, used in upholstery, beds, etc. Spring set. When one tooth in a saw is sprung slightly to the right and the next one to the left alternately; crosscut and narrow band saws are spring set. Spring-up. Process of applying coil springs to the seat of a chair to create a resilient foundation. Spring wood. The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the season's growth. It is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than summer wood. FORESTRY LEAVES Sprinkler. A large wooden tank from which water is sprinkled over logging roads during freezing weather in order to ice the surface. Syn.: tahk. Sprinkler sleds. The sleds upon which the sprinkler is mounted. They consist of two sleds whose runners turn up at each end, fastened together by cross chains, and each having a pole, in order that the sprinkler may be hauled in either direction without turning around. Sprout. A tree which has grown from a stump or root. A shoot is a sprout which has not reached a height of 3 feet. Sprout forest. A forest consisting wholly or mainly of sprouts. Sprout method. That method of conservative lumbering in which reproduction is obtained by sprouts. Sprout system. One of the three great systems of forest management in which reproduction is secured by sprouts. Sprung moulding. A curved moulding. Spud. A tool for removing bark. Syn.: barking iron. Spur. A sharp pointed tool used for cutting into various lengths of rotary veneer as it is cut from a log of longer length. Stacker. A term usually applied to a machine for loading lumber on trucks and lumber piles. Stag. To cut off trousers at the knee, or boots at the ankle. Stain, blue. A bluish or grayish discoloration of the sapwood caused by the growth of certain moldlike fungi on the surface and in the interior of the piece; made possible by the same conditions that favor the growth of other fungi. Stain, brown. A rich brown to deep chocolate-brown discoloration of the sapwood of some pines caused by a fungus that acts similarly to the blue-stain fungus. Stain, chemical brown. A chemical discoloration of wood, which sometimes occurs during the air drying or the kiln drying of several species, apparently caused by the oxidation of extractives. Stamen. The pollen-bearing organ of the flower, usually consisting of filament and anther. Stand. 1. All growing trees in a forest or in part of a forest. 2. A small table, light or heavily decorated, used for holding or displaying articles. Squab. A loose seat "resembling a cushion. Standard. 1. A tree from 1 to 2 feet in diaSquare. 1. 100 square feet; a unit of measurement for shingles. In certain markets it is used for flooring, and for matched and other worked lumber. 2. An ini-trument of "L" or "T" shape, used for measuring angles. Square-backed chair. A chair the back of which is formed by straight lines, characteristic of Sheraton. Square-edged. Sawn lumber without wane. Square leg. A straight square-shaped leg, often having a beveled inner edge, used by Chippendale in his Chinese designs. S-scroll. A scroll in the form of letter S. SEPTEMBER, 1951 meter, breasthigh. 2. The unit of softwood measurement in most parts of Europe. While there have been many standards in use in the past, the Petrograd, formerly called the St. Petersburg, comprising 1980 board feet (165 cubic feet) is now the only one of much importance. 3. The upright supports of a swing glass or the like. Also a term sometimes used to refer to a large chest bound with iron bands. Standard band mill. One having a 50,000 daily capacity from a single band. Standard forest. A forest of standards. Page 99 Stand class. All stands of similar density, height and volume for a given age or diameter and a given locality class. The index stand may constitute the first stand class. Standing buffet. An old-style buffet, which was mounted on a stand. Stand method. That method of conservative lumbering in which reproduction is secured from self-sown seed by means of successive cuttings made throughout the mature stand, thus leading to the production of a new stand approximately even aged. Stand table. A tabular statement of the number of trees of each species and diameter class upon a given area. State forest. A forest which is the property of a state. Staves. Narrow pieces of wood from whicll the body of barrels, casks, tubs, etc., are made. Stay boom. A boom fastened to a main boom and attached upstream to the shore to give added strength to the main boom. Steam feed (or shotgun feed). A long cylinder with a piston which is fixed to the rear end of the carriage and propels it back and f~rth. Steam hauler. A geared locomotive used to haul loaded logging sleds over an ice road. It is equipped with a spiked metal belt which runs over sprocket wheels replacing the driving wheels, and is guided by a sled, turned by a steering wheel, upon which the front end rests. Steam loader. A machine operated by steam and used for loading logs upon cars. Syn.: loader, steam jammer. Steam niggers. A heavy-toothed lever worked by steam cylinders which is used to turn logs on the carriage. conifers, or it may be lost in the ramification of the crown, as in most broadleaf trees. In tree description the stem is described as long or short, straight or crooked, cylindrical or tapering, smooth or knotty. Stem density. The extent to which the total number of trees in a given forest approaches the total number which the index forest of the same age and composition contains. It is ordinarily expressed as a decimal, I being taken as the numerical equivalent of the stem density of the index forest. Step ladder chair. A piece of kitchen furniture in the form of a steps and stool combined. Stepping. Lumber worked to a size and pattern suitable for steps. Stick-back. A chair back having a series of vertical rods reaching from the toprail to the seat, such as a Windsor chair. Sticker. Small pieces of boards placed between courses in a lumber pile, or a machine used in a sash, door, and blind factory for shaping doors, sash rails, sash bars, and muntins. Stigma. That part of the pistil which receives the pollen. · Stile. A vertical piece of a sash, door, or piece of framing to which, the ends of the rails are attached. Stillwater. That part of a stream having such slight fall that no current is apparent. Ant.: quickwater. Syn.: deadwater. Stitched edge. A shaped edge pad covered with ·burlap and stitched through and through to give solidity. Stitched-up. An upholsterers term used to refer to a seat, the rails of which have also been covered. Stem. The trunk of a tree. The stem may Stock. The rail of a bed away from the extend to the top of the tree, as in some wall. Page 100 FORESTRY LEAVES Stock boards. Of even widths, usually 8, 10, and 12 inches. Stock logs, to. To deliver logs from stump to mill or railroad. Stool. A seat or support having neither back nor arms. Stopped channel fluting. An interrupted fluting made of a series of grooves or channels. Storage boom. A strong boom used to hold logs in storage at a sawmill. Syn.: holding boom, receiving boom. Storied cambium. Cambium characterized by a horizontal seriation . of the initials. St. Peter's Chair. An ecclesiastical chair believed to have been made about the Sixth century, now in St. Peter's church, Rome. Made of wood ornamented with carved ivory and gold, with bands of iron; plain surface; Byzantine period. Straight front. A front, aside from its decoration, having a plain surface. Straight grain. Implies that the direction of the principal fibres is parallel to the axis of the tree or log. A board is straight-grained when these fibres are parallel to its length. Straight pediment. A pediment of triangular shape, forming a point at the top. Straining. . An upholsterer's term referring to the stretching of upholstery over surfaces of wood. Strand tracheid. A tracheid of a vertical series (strand) of tracheids (or of mixed tracheids and parenchyma cells) , each series originating from a single cambial initial. (To replace Septate tracheid.) Strap hinge. A hinge with long projections or straps by which it is fastened. Strapwork. Crossed or interlaced bands used as an ornamental feature. Stratification A method of storing seeds with alternate layers of sand. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Stratify. To preserve tree seeds by spreading them in layers alternating with layers of earth or sand. Straw boss. A subforeman in a logging camp. Syn.: head push. Straw marquetry. A form of marquetry using colored straw for inlay. Streak. A kind of stripe in the grain of wood; in walnut and gum, caused by either a growth ring or growth effect from localized pigment. Also a wound formed when a tree is chipped. In American chipping, this consists of two downward cuts meeting in a V. The angle at which the tool is tilted in the chipper's hands determines whether a shade streak, square streak, or sun streak is cut. A streak cut with a French chipping tool is formed by removing a thin slab of bark and wood, shaped like an inverted u. Streak depth. The horizontal measure of a streak taken radially from the inside of the bark at the deepest point. Streak height. The vertical measure of a streak taken along the grain. Strength. The term in its broader sense embraces collectively all the properties of wood which enable it to resist different forces of loads. In its more restricted sense, strength may apply to any one of the mechanical properties, in which event the name of the property under consideration should be stated, thus strength in compression parallel to the grain, strength in bending, hardness, etc. Stretchers. The underbracing of chairs, tables, etc., often of elaborate decoration and form. Stringing. A narrow band in inlay. Strip. A term somewhat loosely used for several purposes but generally implying a narrow board, e.g., flooring strips. In certain species it refers to a definite grade of narrow lumber of good quality. Page 101 Stripe. Figure in wood resembling a wavy line or streak. Strip method. That method of conservative lumbering in which reproduction is secured on clean-cut strips by self-sown seed from the adjoining forest. Strips. 1. Yard lumber less than 2 inches thick and less than 8 inches wide. 2. The runners or bearers of a drawer; also a figure in wood resembling a wavy line or streak. Strip stand method. A modification of the stand method in which reproduction cuttings are not made simultaneously throughout the stand, but the stand is treated in narrow strips at such intervals that reproduction cuttings are generally going on in three strips at one time, one strip being in the removal stage, one in the seeding stage, and one in the preparatory stage. Structural timbers. Timber to be used in construction to bear loads, and therefore graded on the basis of the suitability of the entire piece for that purpose. Stub. That portion of the stem left standing when a tree is accidentally broken off. Stub foot. A foot of short tapering lines. Stub tenon. Short .tenon. Stuck moulding. Moulding worked upon the solid of a carcase. Studding. Implies the use of scantlings or studs. Studs. Large or fancy-headed nails, often placed so as to form a design. Also scantlings, the uprights in lath-and-plaster partitions and in furring, upon which the laths are nailed. Stuff-over seat. A seat upholstered in a stitched-up manner. Stump. 1. That portion of the tree below the cut made in felling a tree. Page 102 2. Figured veener cut from stump, usually from walnut, ash, maple, etc. Stump age. The age of a tree as determined by the number of annual rings upon the face of the stump, without allowance for the period required for the growth of the tree to the height of the stump. Stumpage. The value of timber as it stands uncut in the woods; or, in a general sense, the standing timber itself. Stump bedstead. A term applied to bedsteads having neither posts nor tester. Stump foot. The termination of a leg, having the same form as the rest of the leg, actually having no foot. Stump height. The distance from the ground to the top of the stump, or from the root collar when the ground level has been disturbed. On a slope the average distance is taken· as the stump height. Stump work. A form of embroidery work. Style. 1. A definite form or design characteristic of a certain school or period. 2. That part of the pistil which connects the ovary with the stigma. Sucker. A shoot from an underground root or stem. Suite. The pieces of furniture which make up a set, such as a diningroom suite, a bedroom suite, etc. Summer-bed. An unusual style of Sheraton's four-poster, made up of two single beds joined together by a cornice. Summer wood. The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the latter part of the yearly growth period. It is usually more dense and stronger mechanically than spring wood. Sunburst. A figure in wood, showing divergent figure or rays from the central joint to an outer radius. Caused .. by an unusual crotch effect generally appearing in logs which have been bruised or FORESTRY LEAVES have suffered some sort of accident wheP young trees. Sunk panel. A panel set into pilasters. Sunk top. A table top having a raised decoration around the edge, such as a gallery, moulding, etc. Sun or season checks. A side defect of a log comprising of cracks due to the effect of drying. These extend from the surface towards the center of the log. Sun scald. An injury to the cambium caused by sudden exposure of a tree to strong sunlight. Suppressed. Having growth more or less seriously retarded by shade. Surbase. A wide, or series of mouldings placed under the cornice of tables or cabinet work. Surface. Any side of a dimension timber Surface or superficial measure. The measure of lumber by the area of the face. irrespective of the thickness Surprise fire. A controlled fire set without the knowledge of the detection organization for the purpose of testing its alertness or efficiency. SustainPd yield. A plan of managing a for. est whereby yield equals the growth an<l the growing capital is not injured. Yield may be annual or periodic. Swag. A festoon design, characteristic of the Adam style. Swage. A tool used to spread the point of a saw. Swage set. Hammering the points of the teeth to a width greater than the thickness of the saw. Head saws are usually spring set and some rip saws also. Swamp. 1. To clear the ground of underbrush, fallen trees, and other obstructions preparatory to constructing a logging road, or open-out a gutter road. 2. Wet, spongy land, saturated, but not SEPTEMBER, 1951 usually covered, with a water; also, a tract of such land. Swamper. One who swamps. Syn.: beaver, gutterman. Swamp hook. A large, single hook on tht> end of a chain, used in handling logs, most commonly in skidding. Swan-neck pediment. A pediment broken into curves with a small pedestal or other ornament in the center. Swastika. A primitive symbolico-religious ornament, having arms bent at right angles. Sway bar. 1. A strong bar or pole, two of which couple and hold in position the front and rear sleds of a logging sled. 2. The bar used to couple two logging cars. Sweep. A kind of defect in the log whereby there is a gradual curve extending over the entire length of the log. Sweep-front. A front slightly curved. Swell butted. As applied to a tree, greatly enlarged at the base. Syn.: bottle-butted, churn-butted. Swept-whorl top rail. The top rail of a chair which has a spiral design at either end. Swing dingle. A single sled with wood-shod runners and a tongue with lateral play, used in hauling logs down steep slopes on bare ground. Syn.: loose-tongued sloop. Swing glass. A mirror which is held between two uprights so as to swing to any slant, such as a cheval glass. Swing-post. The upright post of a cupboard on which the door swings by means of hinges. The term is usually used together with clap-post. Swing saw. A circular cut-off saw suspended by its frame on a shaft, the saw being pulled forward when cutting-. Swing team. In a logging team of six, the pair between the leaders and the butt team. Page 103 Swivel chair. A revolving chair. T Tailpiece. A term used to be refered to the tongue of a Windsor chair. Tabaret. A silk upholstery with a satin Tail-sawyer. Off-bearer. stripe. Tall-case clock. A grandfather clock. Tabernacle. A niche in a piece of furniture for a statute, vase, or the like. Table chair. An old form of folding furniture, consisting of a highback armchair, usually long, the back of which folds over onto the arms and formed a table top. Table dormant. A long table of the Middle Ages. Table lamp. A lamp of various styles and shapes suitable for placing upon a table. Table moulding. A circular moulding between the flutings of a column. Tablet chair. A chair with a large flat arm serving as a table. Tabouret. An upholstered stool originallv of the French court. Taffeta. A silk fabric used for upholstery. Tail-boy. A style of chest drawers madP up of two distinct parts, a lower section of long drawers and an upper sec· tion of drawers with several small drawers across the top. Tail chain. A heavy chain bound around the trailing end -of logs, as a brake, in slooping on steep slopes. Taildown, to. To roll logs on a skidway to a point on the skids where they can be quickly reached by the loading crew. Tail hold. 1 .. A means of obtaining increased power in moving a log by tackle. ThP cable is passed through a block attached to the log and the end fastened to a sta, tionary object, so that hauling on the other end gives twice the power which would be atained by direct attachment of the cable to the log. 2. The attachment of the rear end of a donkey sled, usually to a tree or stump. Page 104 Tally. A record of the number of pieces and grades which are cut in the mill. Tally board. A thin, smooth board used by a scaler to record the number or volume of logs. Tally man. One who records or tallies the measurements of logs as they are called by the scaler. Talon and ball foot. Same as claw:-and-ball foot. Tambour top. See roll-top desk. Tang. . The part of a tool which is enclosed by the handle. · Tangential. Strictly, coincident with a tangent at the circumference of a tree or log, or parallel to such tangent. In practice, however, it often means roughly coincident with a growth ring. Tank conductor. One who has charge of the crew which operates a sprinkler or tank, and who regulates the flow of water, in icing logging roads. Tank heater. A sheet-iron cylinder extending through a tank or sprinkler, in which a fire is kept to prevent the water in the tank from freezing while icing logging roads in extremely cold weather. Tanking. The act of hauling water in a tank, to ice a logging road. Taped joint. A joint held together by means of tape glued to the veneer. Taper foot. Same as spade foot. Taper lever. A lever attached to the knee of a carriage headblock which throws either knee out of alignment when cutting churn-butted logs. Tapestry. A loosely woven fabric for draperies and upholstery, made of silk and FORESTRY LEAVES wool or linen and wool, and usually of very pictorial design. Taping machine. Machine for applying the tape to the veneer in taped joints: Tapped. A term used to designate trees that have been used for sap or resin extraction. Taproot. The main root or downward continuation of the plant axis. Tarsia. Same as Intarsia. Tassel. A pendent ornament hung with draperies; also the carved likeness of such ornament. Taste. One's idea of what is beautiful, most excellent, or pleasing in furniture. Tea-caddy. A miniature chest for holding tea, used in England during the Eighteenth century. Tea-kettle stand. Small tripod stand for holding. a kettle, often having a gallery around the top. Teapoy. A small ornamental stand, usually of three legs, with caddies for holding tea. Tea-table. A small, light, English table for serving tea. Tee. A strip of iron about 6 inches long with a hole in the center, to which a short chain is attached; it is passed through a hole in the gate plank, turned crosswise, and so used to hold the plank when tripped in a splash dam. Telephone cabinet. A small ornamental cabinet in which a telephone is concealed. Telephone set. A telephone stand or cabinet with accompanying chair or bench. Telephone stand or table. A small, light table on which to rest a telephone. Templet. A pattern of thin wood or metal used as a guide in shaping. Temporary checks. Checks or cracks that subsequently close. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Tenon. The end of a piece of lumber formed to fit into a mortise. Tenon saw. A type of long back saw. Tensile strength. The force which resists breaking or drawing asunder. Tension. To make a band or circular looser in the middle on the cutting edge, by hammering.. Tent bed. Same as field bed. Term. A pillar or pedestal, smaller at the base, topped usually by a bust. Terminal. An ornamentation in the form of human figures, etc., us~d as a finish in prominent places. Terminal parenchyma. Aggregated wood parenchyma forming a more or less continuous layer of variable width at the close of a season's growth. Tern foot. A f~rm of scroll foot having three scrolls or lines Terrv clock. An early American short case clock with scroll top and pillar on either side of painted glass front. Tester. The top or roof of a four-post bed, either of wood or fabric. Test fire. A controlled fire set with the knowledge of the detection organization for the purpose of checking the effectiveness of a lookout or patrol point. Texture. The distribution and relative size of the wood elements: as in coarse textture, fine texture. even texture, close texture. Therm foot. Same as Spade foot; Thimble toe. Therming. legs. The process of shaping therm Thicknessing up. A term which refers to the placing of a strip of wood around the under edge of a table top to give the appearance of greater thickness. Page 105 Thinning. The removal of a portion of the trees with the object of improving the stand without inviting natural reproduction. The following kinds of thinnings are distinguished: cleaning, improvement thinning, accretion thinning. Three-drawer chest. A chest with three long drawers below. Three ply. Plywood built, using three seJ,Jarate plies. Throat. The rounded cavity below the points in which sawdust gathers and is carried from the cut. Throwne chair. A chair, all parts of which are turned. Thumb moulding. A convex cornice moulding, resembling the shape of a thumb with the nail down. Thumb plane. A small tool. plane. Thunder shake. A rupture of the fibres of the tree across the grain, which in some woods does not always break them. Tide. A freshet. In the Appalachian region logs are rolled into a stream and a "tide" awaited to carry them to the boom. Tight cooperage. Containers for liquids, consisting of two round heads and a body composed of sey.eral staves held together by hoops in such a manner as to hold liquids. Tile cells. Special type of apparently empty upright or square ray cells of approximately the same height as the procumbent cells and oc-curring in indeterminate horizontal series usually interspersed among the procumbent cells. (Common in certain of the Tiliales and Mal vales.) Till. A compartment, usually secret, placed in desks, etc., for the safe keeping of money, jewels, etc. Tilting coffers. Coffers, or chests, decorated with scenes of fighting knights and the like. Page 106 Tilt-top table. A table with top which may be tilted over in a vertical position. Timber. 1. Standing trees of commercial size; felled trees or logs suitable for sawing; as applied to manufactured wood, sawn or hewn wood 4 inches or over in thickness and 4 inches or over in width. 2. For purposes of collecting forest charges (Philippines), a piece of round log not less than 2 Yz meters in length and 30 centimeters in diameter; or a a piece of manufactured log more than 1 Yz meters in length and 15 centimeters by 15 centimeters or over in average cross section. Timberland (Philippines). Any portion of the public land delimited, classified, and declared as such by competent authority. This status, however, may be temporary or permanent depending upon forest exploitation or soil condition, the intention being to establish such land in the future as forest reserve after excludine: therefrom the portions which, having been exploited, may be made available for disposition under the Public Land Law. Timber physics. The study of the physical properties of wood. Timbers, round. Timbers used in the original round form, such as poles, piling, and mine timbers. Timber, standing. Timber still on the stump. Time, elapsed. The difference in time between the start of any specified activity and the accomplishment of it. Time-piece. Any type of clock. Tin. A comprehensive term synonymous with apron or gutter. Any type of me· tal strip used to guide oleoresin from the face into the cup. Tinsil fr_inge. Bullion fringe. Tip-up table. A table the top of which folds down at the side or tips up in a horizontal position FORESTRY LEAVES Tire. That part of a band-saw blade 1 inch or more back from the throats which has not been stretched to conform with the segment to which the rest of the blade is tensioned. This leaves the saw tighter at t:he tire than it is in the middle. The width of the tire varies with the width of the saw and the amount of tension carried. Tissue. One of the elementary fibres cornpo~ing wood. Toat. The handle of a plane. To box a log. To throw a log from the log trough upon the mill deck by means of a log kicker. To box the heart. To ·cut boards from all sides of the heart, leaving the latter as a piece of timber. Toddy-table. A small Georgian table resembling an urn-stand. Toe. The end or tip of a foot. Toe ring. The heavy ring or ferrule on the end of a cant book. It has a lip on the lower edge to prevent slipping when a log is grasped. . Toggle chain. A short chain with a ring at one end and a toggle hook and ring at the other, fastened to a sway bar or bunk of a logging sled, and used to regulate the length of. a binding chain. Syn.: bunk chain. Toggle hook. A grab hook with a long shank, used on a toggle chain. To gig a carriage. Running the carriage back after a board is cut from the log. To gum a saw. To grind out the throats of a saw. To hammer a saw. To round it with a hammer in order to adjust the tension. To hang a saw. To place a raw in position for operation. Toilet-glass. A small chevel-glass made suitable to stand on dressing-tables or the like. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Toilet-table. Same as dressing-table. To jack logs. To pull logs from the pond into the mill on an endless spiked chain. Syn.: bull chain, jacker, log haul. To jack lumber. Means to pass up boards to the piler on top of the pile by leverage on an upright pole or a short board projecting from the front of the pile. Tolerance. The capacity of a tree to endure shade. Tolerant. Capable of enduring more or less heavy shade. Tonging. Handling logs with skidding tongs. Tongue. A projection on the edge of a board machined to fit into a groove in the adjacent piece. Also, the back projecting support of the fiddle brace of a Windsor chair. Tool, council or rich. A hand tool which is built somewhat like a hoe but with the hlade made of four sections of mowing-machine blade. Tool, Koch. A combination shovel and hazel hoe with demountable handle. Tool, McLeod. A combination hoe and rake with removable blades. Tool, Pulaski. A combination axe and hazel hoe. Toothing plane. Plane having jagged edge, used for preparing surfaces for veneer, etc. Tooth wnament. A carved detail consisting of a projecting repeat ornament used mostly on mouldings. Same as dogtooth. Top chains. Chains used to secure the upper tiers of a load of logs after the capacity of the regular binding chains has been filled. Top load. A load of logs piled more than one tier high, as distinguished from a bunk load. Page 107 Top loader. That member of a loading crew who stands on the top of a load and places logs as they are sent up. Syn.: sky hooker. Top rail. The topmost rail of a chair back, rnnning between the two uprights. Top saw. The upper of two circular saws on a head saw, both being on the same husk. Torch. A decorative feature in the form of a torch, often used as a terminal. Torchere. Same as Gueridon. Torn grain. A defect on the surfaced lumber caused by the fibers of the wood being torn by the planer knives, generally around knots or other irregularities. Tortiseshell. The shell of a sea-turtle, used to a great extent in boulle work. Torus. A large semi-circular convex moulding. Also, a central, thicker part of a pit membrane. To saw alive. To make all cuts on the log parallel, without canting the log. To saw around a log. To cut three or more faces on a log in order to get the best quality of lumber in each cut. Total increment. The total volume of wood produced by tht! growth of a tree or stand up to the time it is cut. Tote. To haul supplies to a logging camp. Tote road. A road used for hauling supplies to a logging camp. Syn.: hay road. Tour. A French revolving chair. Tow. Flax fiber which is used as stuffing in upholstery. Towel horse. A light wooden framework with cross pieces used for hanging towels, often made to match a washstand. Also called towel rail. Town forest. A forest which is the property of a city, town or village. Page 108 Tow team. An extra team stationed at an incline in a logging road to assist the regular teams in ascending with loaded sleds. Syn.: snatch team. Trabeculae. Rod-like or spool-shaped parts of a cell wall which project radially across the lumen. (Also called Sanio's Beams and sometimes Bars of Sanio.) Tracery. A design of ramified lines resembling the decorative head of Gothic windows, used mostly as a carved ornamentation. Tracheary elements. The principal waterconducting elements of the xylem, mostly vessel members and tracheids. Tracheid. The elongated cells that constitute the greater part of the structure of the softwoods (frequently referred to as fibers). Also a portion of some hardwoods. Trailers. Several logging sleds hitched behind one another and pulled by 4 to 8 horses driven by one man, thus saving teamster's wages. Trammel. An instrument for drawing ellipses. Trampson. A word formerly used to refer to the surface of a bed. Tramway. A light or temporary railroad for the transportation of logs often with wooden rails and operated by horsepower. Syn.: tram. Transition chair. An early Eighteenth century chair combining the Flemish and Dutch styles. Transpiration. The process by which water is taken up by the roots of plants and given off to the air through the leaves and branches. Transplant. 1. A seedling which has been transplanted once or several times. 2. To take up a young tree and set it out again in another place. FORESTRY LEAVES Trap tree. A tree deadened or felled at a time when destructive bark beetles will be attracted to it and enter the bark. After they have entered, the bark is peeled and exposed to the sun, burned or buried, as the case may require, to destroy the insects. Tray. A shallow drawer fitted into the case of a dresser, etc., usually in the top part. Tray-top table. A small, gallery-top table. Tree. A perennial woody plant with a single stem which from natural tendencies generally divides into two or more branches at some distance from the ground. Tree analysis. A series of measurements and observations upon a felled tree to determine its growth and life history. Tree class. All trees of approximately the same size. The following trees are distinguished: seedling, shoot, small sapling, large sapling, small pole, large pole, standard, veteran. Tree crown. That part of a tree that is branched, forming a head. Trefoil. A three-lobed ornamentation of Gothic origin, resembling the shape of a clover leaf. Trellis. Open grating or latice-work, generally formed by straight pieces crossing each other. Trellis-work A cross-bar or lattice work, used as a design for galleries, chair backs, etc. Trench planting. A method of planting on dry ground, in which the seeds of young trees are set in pits or trenches. Trestle. An early, heavy frame support for tables. Trestle foot. A leg termination extending in opposite directions so as to form a sort of two-way foot. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Trestle table. An early form of table supported by trestles. Triangular planting. A method of planting in which the unit of arangement is an equilateral triangle, at each apex of which young trees are placed. Tricot. An inexpensive cotton tapestry. Tri-darn. A welsh cupboard. Triglyph. A pattern of ornamentation composed of a regular recurring design of three grooves or glyphs in the form of two grooves and two half grooves. Trim. Worked lumber used in finishing the interiors and exteriors of buildings; as a verb, to make square the ends of boards and timbers. Trio tables. Nested tables of three. Trip a dam, to. To remove the plank which closes a splash dam. Triple mirror. The mirror of a dressingtable made in three sections, the two side sections of which are adjustable. Trip line. A light rope attached to a dog hook, used to free the latter when employed in breaking a jall)., a skidway, or a load. Syn.: throw line. Tripod table. A small table supported by a pillar terminating in three legs, of various design and decoration, of Chippendale fame. Tripsill. A timber placed across the bottom of the sluiceway in a splash dam, against which rest the planks by which the dam is closed. Trivet. A three-legged metal table or stand used for placing dishes near the hearth. Trochilus. A concave, classic moulding. Trophies. An ornamental design representing a collection of war trophies, such as weapons, flags, etc. Trough roof. A roof on a logging camp or barn, made of small logs split lengthwise, Page 109 hollowed into troughs and laid from ridge pole to eaves. The joints of the lower tier are covered by inverted troughs. Trumpet-shaped leg. A turned leg resembling a trumpet, the small end of which joins the foot. Trundle bed. A bed with very low frame so it can be placed under another bed when not in use. Syn.: truckle bed. Truss. A support or bracket often highly ornamental. Try plane. Plane used for trueing-up. Tub chair. A large easy chair with wide wings, for an mvalid to recline upon; Sheraton style. Tub sofa. A sofa slightly curved in concave form. Tuck-away table. A small folding gate-leg table of early American Style. Tudor arch. A four centered, obtusely pointed arch, characteristic of English architecture of the Tudor period. Tudor rose. A carved motif in the form of a conventionalized rose. Tufting. The act of building up a buttoned surface or of inserting buttons so as to tie down the upholstered surface of a piece of furniture. Tulip. A conventional design often used in carving, representing the tulip flower and leaf. Tunbridge ware. A decorative veneer, resembling mosaic. Turkey. A bag containing a lumberjack's outfit. To "histe the turkey" is to take one's personal belongings and leave camp. Turkey work. An embroidery work of Oriental design, used for upholstery. Turkish chair. A spring rocker. Turn. 1. A single trip and return made by one team in hauling logs-e.g., a fourturn road is a road the length of which Page 110 will permit only four round trips per day. Syn.: trip. 2. Two or more logs coupled together end to end for hauling. Turned bulbous leg. A leg turned in bulb forms. Turned knob leg. A leg turned in knob forms. Turned null leg. A leg turned to resemble a series of balls or large beads. Turned three-legged chair. A chair with a triangular seat supported by three turned legs and having a back formed of turned p;;u-ts; also known as buffet chair. Turning. The method of shaping parts of furniture into a circular form, such as turned legs, stretchers, etc. Turnout. A short side road from a loggingsled road, to allow loaded sleds to pass. Turpentine. The volatile oil, often called spirits, which is one of the main constituents of oleoresin derived in the process of distillation. A complex chemical substance composed primarily of terpenes, expressed by the general formula ClOH16. Turpentining. The process of working a tree to obtain oleoresin from its gum; as commonly used, the term may also include the distilling process. Turtle back. An oval-shaped boss. Twin beds. Two single beds of the same design. Twist. A spiral turning. A distortion caused by the turning or winding of the edges of a board so that the four corners of any face are no longer in the same plane. Twisted carving. Carving, the design of which is of spiral form. Two-drawer chest. A chest with two long drawers below. Two-foot method. A method of fire control which consists of constructing a trail not FORESTRY LEAVES over 2 feet from edge of fire, contemplates no back-firing, and aims to leave minimum strip of unburned material. The distance permits use of hazel hoes and mattocks are distinguished from direct method. Two-storied forest. Comprising on the same area two classes, which vary considerably in height, composed of trees of different species. The term is not applicable to forest under reproduction, in which the appearance of two stories is the temporary result of an incomplete process, but to those forests of which the two stories of growth are a natural and permanent feature. In a two-storied forest the taller trees form the overwood, or upper story. The shorter trees form the underwood, or lower story. Tylosis. A proliferation of the protoplast of a parenchymatous cell through a pitpair into the lumen of an adjacent vessel or tracheid. (Tyloses may be few or many crowded together; thin- or thickwalled; pitted or unpitted; with or without starch, crystals, resins, gums, etc.) Tylosoid. Proliferation of a thin-walled epithelial cell into an intercellular canal. (Differs from a tylosis in that it does not pass thrcugh the cavity of a pit.) Typical or advanced decay. The stage of decay in which the disintegration is readily recognized because the wood has become punky, soft and spongy, stringy, pitted, or crumbly. u Umbrella-shaped leg. Same as Trumpetshaped leg. Underbraced. Used to refer to a piece of furniture strengthened by stretchers. Underbrush. All large, woody plants, such as witch-hobble, laurel, striped maple and devil's club, which grow in a forest, but have no main stem or trunk. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Undercut. The notch cut in a tree to determine the direction in which the tree is to fall, and to prevent splitting. Syn. : notch. Undercutter. A skilled woodman who chops the undercut in trees so that they shall fall in the pro:per direction. Under-framing. The part of the framework of a piece of furniture which runs around the lower part, as the plinth; in chairs and the like, the frame around the seat. Undergrowth. The ground cover, underbrush, and young trees below the large sapling stage. Underplant. To plant trees under an existing stand. Understory. The lower part of a twostoried forest. See Underwood. Underweights. A word used to denote the difference between the standard shipping weights. Underwood. The lower part of a two-storied forest. Unilateral double. A scroll with volutes all turning in the same direction. Unilateral Flemish. A Flemish scroll whose volutes turn in the same direction. Unilaterally compound pitting. A type of pitting in which one pit subtends two or more smaller pits in the cell adjacent. Union drive. A drive of logs belonging to several owners, who share the expenses pro rata. Unpatented claim (Philippines). A parcel of land containing valuable minerals or mineral products that has been located under the provisions of the mining laws the ownership of which has not passed to private individuals. Unsound sap. A side defect of logs characterized by rot or decay on the sapwood. Upholstery. The coverings, draperies, or cushioning of a piece of furniture, such as of leather, tapestry, silk, etc. Page 111 Uppers. Finished lumber. Upright ray cell. Ray cell with its longest axis vertical. (Such cells compose certain uniseriate rays and uniseriate parts, typically the margins, of heterogenous rays.) Upright roller. A flanged roller placed upright at a bend in a skid road to ·direct the cable. Syn.: roller, dolly. Uprights. The outer vertical stiles of a chair back. Urn. A vase-shaped receptacle also used for ornamental purposes, on a sideboard, as a finial of a broken pediment, etc. Urn table or stand. A small light Chippendale table for holding silver urns or other dishes. Used length. The sum of the lengths of logs cut from a tree. Used volume. The sum of the volumes of logs cut from a tree. Utrecht velvet. A velvet made of mohair, usually with a design formed by the pressing down of the pile. v Valance. The drapery of the tester of a bed. Valuation area. A forest area of known size upon which measurements or other detailed studies are made for the determination of the stand or yield. Valuation survey. The measurement or other detailed study of the stand upon a valuation or experiment area. Van. The small store in a logging camp in which clothing, tobacco, and medicine are kept to supply the crew. Vanity. A form of dressing-table with a long center mirror, often with side or wing mirrors, a shelf at the f<;>ot of the central glass and a tier of drawers at each end. Page 112 Vapor pressure. The additional pressure in the atmosphere due to the weight of the water vapor contained in it. It is affected solely by the temperature and may be measured by its effect on a mercurial barometer. V argueno. A decorative cabinet of a form originating in Spain, the body being rectangular and supported on legs of an ornamental frame work, and the front opening downwards on hinges to serve as a writing desk. Varnish. A paint solution used to produce a transparent shiny finish on wood. Vascular tracheids. Imperforate cells resembling in form and position the members of a small vessel. (Degenerate or imperfect vessel elements.) Vase. An ornamental design of that shape, much used by the Adams. Vase lamp. A table lamp with a vase base. Vase, ring and bulb. A form of turning in these three shapes, a vase and bulb shape separated by a ring shape. Vasicentric parenchyma. Paratracheal parenchyma forming a vascular sheath of variable width, and circular or oval in cross section. Vasicentric tracheids. Short, irregularlyformed tracheids in the immediate proximity of vessels and not forming definite longitudinal rows or series. It is a new term for cells which previously had no more distinctive name than short tracheids. Velour. A fabric resembling velvet but of slightly higher pile. Velvet. A smooth, silk fabric with a short thick nap, used for upholstering. Veneer. A thin sheet of wood, usually of choice figure, glued to a solid or plywood surface of plain but not necessarily cheaper wood. It may be sawn, sliced, or rotary cut. FORESTRY LEAVES Vernation. The arrangement of the leaves in the bud. V ernis Martin. A process of lacquer work, invented by the Frenchman, Robert Martin. V erical grain. Another term for edge grain. Synonymous with quartersawn. Vessels. Wood cells of comparatively large diameter which have open ends and are set one above the other forming continuous tubes. The openings of the vessels on the surface of a piece of wood are usually referred to as pores. Vessel member or vessel element. One of the cellular components of a vessel. (To replace vessel segment.) Note: Further use of the term segment (from the Latin secare, to cut off) should be discouraged, since it implies the reverse of the actual process of vessel formation. Vestured pit. Bordered pit with its cavity wholly or partially lined with projections from the secondary wall. Note: It is a new term for pit with cribriform membrane, since the punctuate appearance of such a pit is not due to the structure of the membrane. Veteran. A tree over 2 feet in diameter breasthigh. Veteran forest. A forest of veterans. Vignette. A running ornament of leaves and tendrils. Virgin faces. Faces during the first year of chipping. Virgin growth. The original growth of mature trees. Vis-a-Vis. A name given the Siamoise sofa because the occupants sit opposite each other. Visibility. Degree of clearness which affects ability of lookout man to detect fires. SEPTEMBER,. 1951 Visibility, direct, area of. Area on which either the soil or the vegetation cover is visible from a fire control station. (This definition is not the one given in the Glossary but is based on the recommendation of the Washington Fire Planning Conference, November 1936, Fire Controi Notes March 1937: 164-165.) Visibility, indirect, area of. Areas outside of those of direct visibility but from which smoke can usually be detected from a fire control station before the fires reach the class B stage. Visibility map. A map showing the different classes of visibility from lookouts. Includes areas of direct visibility, indirect visibility, and unseen areas. Vitruvian scroll. A series of wave-like scrolls, much used as a carved band decoration. Volume. Amount or mass of a tree or stand. Volume table. A tabular statement of the volume of trees in board feet or other units upon the basis of their diameter breasthigh, their diameter breasthigh and height, their age, or their age and height. Volunteer growth. Young trees which have sprung up in the open, as white pine in old fields, or cherry and aspen in burns. Volute. A spiral scroll. Voyelle. A French chair with a lyre-back upon which was fixed a padded top rail, used by men to sit astride of the seat and rest the elbows upon the back. w Wagon seat. A piece of Early American furniture resembling a crude two-chair-back settee placed on a wooden frame and used both as a seat in a wagon and as a settee in the house. W ainscoat. Wooden panelling or boarding on a room wall. Page 113 Wainscot chair. An old English armchair made of oak with solid panel back, often heavily ornamented. Wallings. Horizontal timbers used as guides in driving sheet piles; also used as ties to support sheet piles in permanent construction. The term is often applied to a timber used in temporary work as a strap or support across the face of small timbers. Washboard lumber. Poorly sawed lumber with ridges on the face of the boards. Washstand. A small table or cabinet for holding basins, of various shapes and contrivances. Water ladder. Pole guides up and down which a barrel slides in filling a sprinkler by horsepower. Water leaf. A long narrow leaf design. Wall furniture. This term is used to refer Wave scroll. A vitruvian scroll. to any piece of furniture either hanging or standing against a wall. Wall mirror. A mirror placed upon the wall, such as a pier glass. Wane. 1. As opposed to square-edged material, wane denotes the absence of wood on the edge of sawn or hewn timber and the presence of bark or sapwood surface from which bark has fallen. 2. A beveled edge of a board or plank as sawn from an unsquared log, the bevel being caused by the curvature of the log. Wanigan. A houseboat used as sleeping quarters or as kitchen and dining room by river drivers. Syn.: ark, shanty boat. Wardrobe. A large press or cupboard in which to hang clothes. Warming pan. A flat metal pan with wooden handle, which when filled with hot coals was used to warm the linen sheets on beds of former days. Warp. Any variation from a true surface such as bow, crook, cup, twist, or any combination thereof, generally resulting from defective seasoning. Also, as applied to fabrics, the threads which run lengthwise of the goods. Warping. Turning or twisting out of shape. Warp print. In upholstery, material which has been colored by the dyeing of the warp threads before weaving. Page 114 Wavy-grained wood. Wood in which the fibers collectively take the form of waves or undulations. Wax. A substance used for polishing and preserving furniture. Wax inlaying. A style of inlay in which a colored wax substance is used. Weather board. A term sometimes applied to house-siding, such as bevel siding, clapboards, siding, etc. Weathering. The mechanical or chemical · disintegration and discoloration of the surface of wood that is caused by exposure to light, the action of dust and sand carried by winds, and the alternate shrinking and swelling of the surface fibers that come with the continual variation in moisture content brought by changes in the weather. Weathering does not include decay. Webbing. Woven lines or jute band two and one-half to four inches wide, used as a support for upholstering. Web foot. A grooved foot sometimes terminating a cabriole leg. Wedge a tree, to. To topple over with wedges a tree that is being felled. Syn.: throw, trip. Wedgewood. A pottery ware of which ornamental plaques were made. Weed. A plant out of place; not of any appreciable economic value. FORESTRY LEAVES Weed tree. A tree of a species which has little or no value. Welsh corner cabinet. A piece of corner furniture for the dining room, the upper part of the front being open for the display of china. Welsh dresser. A dining-room cabinet with drawers below and open shelves above for the display of china. Whatnot. A light ornamental piece of furniture consisting of a range of shelves for holding bric-a-brac, etc. Wheat-ear. A carved ornamentation representing a group of three or more ears of wheat, a characteristic detail of Hepplewhite. Wheel-back chair. A chair the back of which is either round or oval in shape with a design radiating from the center giving the back a wheel-like appearance. Wheel chair. An elaborately made wooden chair with round seat and semi-circular back, supported by six legs which are joined by under bracing crossed to resemble the spokes of a wheel. Whiffletree neckyoke. A heavy logging neckyoke, to the ends of which short whiffletrees are attached by rings. From the ends of the whiffletrees wide straps run to the breeshing, thus giving the team added power in holding back loads on steep slopes. Whip saw. A saw operated by two· men used to cut logs into lumber. Syn.: pit saw. White water man. A log driver who is expert in breaking jams on rapids or falls. Whorl. An arrangement of organs in a circle about a central axis; a spiral scroll design. Wicker furniture. A type of woven furniture. Widow maker. A broken limb hanging loose in the top of a tree, which in its fall may injure a man below, or breaking a cable. SEPTEMBER, 1951 Wig stand. A tripod stand with shelves and drawers for wigs, powder, etc. Wigwam, to make a. In felling trees, to lodge several in such a way that they support each other. Windbreak. 1. The breaking of trees by wind. 2. A belt of trees, which serves as a protection from wind. Windfall. 1. A tree thrown by the wind. 2. An area upon which the trees have been thrown by wind. Syn.: blow down, wind slash. Wind-firm. Able to withstand heavy wind. Window seat. A long upholstered stool or small sofa with arms but no back placed in the nook of deep windows. Windsor chair. A type of chair, light in weight, with large wooden or rush seat, and any one of a considerable variety of backs, in spindle, slat or crossbar styles. Wine cooler. A metal lined wooden tub, often quite ornamental, made as part or to go with a sideboard or side table. Wine-table. A U-shaped table of elaborate design. Wing. Side part of a piece of furniture projecting out so as to resemble a wing. Wing bookcase. A bookcase with a broken front, the side portions receding back from the central portion. Winged-claw foot. A heavy foot, shaped like an animal's paw with wing-like pieces at each side. Wing jam. A jam which is formed against an obstacle in the stream and slants upstream until the upper end rests solidly against one shore, with an open channel for the passage of logs on the opposite side. Wire edge, cane edge. A rod of wire or bamboo tied to the front edge of the Page 115 front row of springs in the upholstered piece of furniture. Wolf tree. One having wide branches and disproportionately large crown. Wood or xylem. The principal strengthening and water-conducting tissue of stems and roots. Characterized by the presence of tracheary elements. Wooden hinges. Hinges made entirely of wood especially found on screens, running full length in solid formation, they exclude light or draught. Wood fiber. Narrow shavings cut from a round block of wood by a special machine. Wood parenchyma or xylem parenchyma. Vertical parenchyma, composed of single cells (Fusiform wood parenchyma cells) and/or cell-series (wood parenchyma strands), each of which corresponds in height to its cambial initia1. Wood parenchyma strand. A vertical series of two or more wood parenchyma cells, which is derived from a single cambial initial. Woodpecker. A poor chopper. Wood ray or xylem ray. The part of a ray internal to the cambium; term used to distinguish it from phloem ray. Woods scale. The scale of the logs made in the woods. Wood wool. A trade name given a fine grade of excelsior. Woof. The cross threads in fabric, those running opposite to the warp threads. Work. To harvest the final yield under a working plan. Workability. The degree of ease and smoothness of cut obtainable with hand or machine tools. Work-box. A small ornamental chest or box with tray or drawer used to hold sewing or embroidery work. Page 116 Working. The harvesting of the final yield under a working plan. Working is annual when cuttings are made each year; periodic when they are made after uniform periods of two or more years; and intermittent when they are made at irregular intervals. Sustained annual, periodic or intermittent workings are those under which the amount of wood cut is so regulated that the productive capacity of the forest does not decrease but produces a sustained yield, which likewise may be annual, periodic, or intermittent. Also, the shrinking and swelling occasioned in wood. Working area. The total forest area managed under a working plan. Working of wood. Change in the dimensions of a piece of wood with change in moisture content. Working plan. A detailed and comprehensive scheme for the best permanent use of a forest. Working plan renewal. The preparation of a new working plan for a given tract, when the present working plan has been carried out, or changed conditions require its revision. Working programs. Brief statements of the contemplated activities during each month of all forest officers in· forest stations, and of those in the Central Office (Bureau of Forestry) , undertaking field work of considerable duration. W armholes. Small holes in wood caused by wood-destroying worms. Wormy. A side defect of logs caused by attacks thereon by grubhole borers and other large borers. It does not include pinholes. Woven furniture. A type of furniture built by the entwining or lacing of reeds or fibers with a wood framework to give strength. FORESTRY LEAVES Writing-arm Windsor. A Windsor chair with a large arm used for a writing surface. Writing-chair. A large English chair with arms or some contrivance especially made for the purpose of writing. Writing-desk. A desk for writing purposes. Writing-slide. A slide fitted into desks, bureaus, chests or drawers, etc., which when pulled out can be used for writing upon. Writing-table. A table made for the purpose of writing, of infinite variety. x X-braced-chair. A chair with X-shaped underbracing or stretchers. X-shape chair. A chair of ancient origin, the supporting structure of which is Xshape, often elaborately decorated, frequently folding. X-shape stool. A stool resembling the Xshape chair. X-shape stretchers. Stretchers forming an X, either of straight or curved lines. y Yard brown stain. See Stain, chemical brown. Yarding donkey. A donkey engine mounted upon a heavy sled, used in yarding logs by drum and cable. Yard lumber. Pertains to lumber used for ordinary building purposes and intended for use in the entire piece; a term sometimes applied to lumber which has been or is generally air-dried in a yard. "Yarn" dyed. See Piece-dyed. Yield. The amount of wood at present upon, or which after a given period will be upon, a given area. Yorkshire chair. A small, carved, English chair of the Cromwellian period. Yorkshire dresser. A low-back dresser. SEPTEMBER, 1951 z Zebra Code. A cable code especially designed for the wood trade, published by Ernest Benn, Ltd., 154 Fleet Street, London, E.C. 4. In connection with the celebration of Forestry Day in November, 1951, the "FORESTRY LEAVES" will offer substantial prizes for the 3 best essays on :omy of the following subjects: 1. Immediate Measures Necessary to Insure a Continuous Supply of Timber in the Philippines. 2. Is Forest Management Feasible in the Philippines? 3. An Effective and Practi;:;al Forest Policy. 4. Prospects of Our Foreign Lumber Trade. 5. Are There Sufficient Non-Forest Lands for Cultivation? 6. The Feasibility of Replacing the Scaling System. with Timber Sales Based on Stumpage Appraisal as a Means of Collecting Revenue of Timber. G •• Needs for Maintaining Efficiency in the Forest Service. Rule:J ( 1) Alumni and students of the College of Forestry are qualified to enter the contest. (2) .The essay should be not less than 1,000 or more than 2,000 words, typewritten double-space on one face of coupon bond paper. ( 3) All entries should be submitted in 3 copies in an envelope addressed to the Chairman, Essay Contest Committee, College of Forestry, College, Laguna, to reach him on or before November 1, 1951. ( 4) The entry should bear only the nom-de·· plume of the author. His name, address and nom-de-plume should be submitted in a separate envelope properly sealed. ( 5) The Board of Judges will be selected from the faculty of the College of Forestry and a Division Chief of the Bureau of Forestry. Page 117