The Santo Niño of Cebu

Media

Part of The Carolinian

Title: The Santo Niño of Cebu
Creator: Tenazas, Rosa C. P.
Language: English
Year: 1965
Rights
Abstract: Centennial feature.
Fulltext: late Apostolic Nuncio, the Most Reverend Salvatore Siino, to hold in Cebu City, the cradle of Christianity in the Philippines, the Third National Eucharistic Congress from April 28 to May 2, 1965. We cannot think of a more fitting centennial celebration than an Eucharistic Congress in which the whole Philippines will kneel before our Eucharistic Lord in humble adoration and in thanksgiving for the gift of Himself as our Bread of life: “/ am the living bread that has come down from heaven. If anyone eat of this bread he shall live forevr; and the bread that 1 will give is my flesh for the life of the world.”21 In pre paration for the National Eucharistic Congress we have approved the celebration of Eucharistic Congres ses in our parishes and dioceses. In that way a nation al consciousness of the importance of the centenary will be awakened. 25John 6, 51-52 26Apostolic Letter, Jan. 18, 1939. 27Address to the Philippine Ambassador, 1951. 2«II Thes. 2, 13 2»I Pet. 2, 13 3. We will bless the cornerstone of a seminary for the Philippine Foreign Mission Society, a mission ary congregation which We have agreed to establish. This missionary society will be a living monument of our gratitude to God for the conversion of our coun try to Christianity. Pope Pius XI, the Pope of the Missions, in his letter to the Bishops of the Philip pines, said that our country is destined “to become a center from which the light of truth will radiate, and to be, as it were, an advance guard of Catholicism in the Far East.”2n Pope Pius XII also said that our country Jins “a missionary vocation” in this part of Asia.25 26 27 The time has come for us to fulfill our mis sionary vocation as the only Christian nation in South east Asia. We owe our Faith to the missionary spirit of Spain. In order to pay that debt, we have to un dertake the task of evangelizing our non-Christian neighbors. This is an apostolic responsibility that we cannot elude. Hence, the plan to establish a Foreign Mission Society under the auspices of the Philippine Hierarchy. The theme of our centennial celebration will be: THE PHILIPPINES FOR CHRIST. Among the peo ples of the Far East we have been privileged to be “the first-fruits unto salvation, through the sanc tification of the Spirit and belief of the truth.”23 Christ has chosen us to be His people, a part of “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a pur chased people,” so that we “may proclaim the per fections of Him who has called us out of darkness into His marvelous light.”22 In order to “proclaim the perfections of Christ,” ice will make a public avowal of our faith in Him, we will declare ourselves for Christ: THE PHILIPPINES FOR CHRIST. To all of you, Our beloved flock, We heartily im part our Pastoral Blessing. May the Patroness of the Philippines, the Virgin of the Immaculate Concep tion continue to help us preserve the priceless heri tage of our Faith and make it bear abundant fruits for all of us and for the countries surrounding us. Given in Manila, on the 2nd day of February, 1964, the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary. FOR THE CATHOLIC HIERARCHY OF THE PHILIPPINES: (Sgd.) JULIO R. ROSALES, D.D. President, CWO Administrative Council Archbishop of Cebu THE SANTO NINO OF CEBU by Rosa C P. Tenazas Page Ten THE CAROLINIAN March-April, .1965 iv nr jL IE A. T 1LT K IE Christianity in the Philippines started under the titularship of the Holy Child in the representa tion of the Santo Nino of Cebu. During the first mass baptism held in the Archipelago, the native was baptized before the image of the Santo Nino. The first Christ ian church erected forty-four years later, was dedicated to the Santo Nino, as was the missionary pro vince of the pioneel’ missionaries — the Augustinians. And as the first settlement in the whole Phil ippines, Cebu bore the liturgical title of the Holy Child: La Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus. Brief History of the Santo Nino of Cebu The documentary history of the Philippines, and indirectly of the Santo Nino of Cebu, begins with the demarcation bulls and the Treaty of Tordesillas, for from these resulted the voyage of Fer dinand Magellan and the accidental discovery of the Philippine Islands. It is a well known fact that the discovery of the Philippines was precipitated by the desire of two rival Iberian powers to seek a west ern route to the East. This goal was attained by Spain. But as fate would have it, the success was achieved under the leadership of a Portuguese navigator drawn by circumstances to the service of the Spanish flag. Profoundly disappointed and de void of hope of any advancement in his King’s service, Ferdinand Magelland presented himself at the Spanish Court and proceeded to point out to the Spanish emperor the possibility of acquiring the much-coveted Moluccas. Over whelmed, perhaps, by the possibility of gaining a foothold on the muchcoveted islands, Charles V signed a contract with Magellan for the latter to discover the Spice Islands within the limits of the demarca tion assigned to Spain by Pope Alexander VI. Magellan’s expedition started out with five ships, and after eighteen months of a most perilous voyage, withstanding mutinies, sickness, and lack of provision, his crippled fleet sighted the coast of Samar. On this day, March 16, 1521, is marked officially the discovery of the Philippines, by Magellan, the Portuguese sailor in the service of Spain. Magellan set up camp on the island of Homonhon, off the south ern coast of Samar, and here nursed some of his ailing shipmen back to health. From there he sailed to Limasawa where on East er Sunday, March 30, 1521, the first mass ever to be said in the whole archipelago was celebrated. Upon being informed by friend ly natives of a suitable place to provision their ships, the fleet sailed on and entered the port of Cebu on April 7, 1521. A host of natives awaited their arrival and Rajah Humabon, the native chief tain, immediately demanded tri bute. This was flatly refused, and it was largely through the inter cession of a Siamese trader, that peace was negotiated according to the native formula of the blood compact. The Baptism of the King and Queen of Cebu Magellan’s zeal temporarily su bordinated his primary aim for coming to the East, for the now more absorbing task of converting the natives. Exactly one week to March-April, 1965 THE CAROLINIAN Page Eleven MAGELLAN AND LAPULAPU This vertical composition is expressive of the dramatic contact between two cul tures. The painter tried to depict the philosophic implications resulting from this beginning of European influence over the Malayan-lndonesians which controlled the coastal plains of the archipelago at the time of Magellan's "discovery" of the Islands. The impact of the predominant opinion that the Filipinos are better off having been Christianixed by this contact, and as a consequence had developed a richer culture which now benefits the people, is shown by the well emphasixed cross running downward on the bias. This piece shows a bolder attempt at Intro ducing larger blobs of colors thru the use of whole (uncut) wings to simulate the broad strokes of a painter using oil me dium. (The diminutive minaret of the mosque suggests the indomitable spirit of the Mindanao Moslems who have remain ed unconquered in their southern bastion and are still practising the Islamic faith). the day after the Spaniards landed in Cebu, a mass baptism was held, the first in the Archipelago, in which a good number of the natives became the principals. A platform was built in a consecrated square and adorned in the native custom. Cannons from the ships discharged in honor of the occasion. The na tive chieftain, Rajah Humabon, was baptized first, and was named Don Carlos after Charles V of Spain. In the middle of the square a large cross was put up to which Magellan later exhorted daily adoration. After dinner, it was the queen’s turn to be baptized. From this significant event un folds the actual documentary his tory of the Santo Nino of Cebu. The Gift of the Image of the Santo Nino of Cebu. This event is best quoted from a translation of Antonio Pigafetta’s chronicle which reads: After dinner the priest and some of the others went ashore to bap tize the queen, zcho came u-ith forty women. We conducted her to the platform, and she was made to sit dotvn upon a cushion, and the other women near her, until the priest should be ready. She teas shown an image of our Lady, a tery beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross. Thereupon she was overcome with contrition, and asked for baptism amid her tears. We named her Johanna, after the emperor’s mother. . . She asked us to give her the little child Jesus to keep in place of her idols; and then she went away . . . The captain knowing that the queen was very much pleased with the child Jesus, gave it to her, telling her to keep it in place of her idols, for it was in memory of the son of God. Thanking him heartily, she ac cepted it. The foregoing account of a gift of a statue of the Holy Child Jesus to a Cebuano queen has so far been the only documented record of such so that when an image of the Holy Child Jesus was discovered in the same place forty-four years later, it leaves little doubt as to its being the same image brought earlier at the time of Magellan’s expedition to the Philippines. When Magellan’s fleet left the Philippines, the image of the San to Nino, no doubt, was relegated to the role of a pagan idol. Its popularity must have triumphed over the other deities of the early Cebuanos, for when the expedition of Legaspi arrived, the image had already behind it numerous stories of benefactions. The early Ce buanos had held the image in great reverence, petitioning it in all their necessities, and offering sacrifices to the Santo Nino in the manner they were accustomed to with their other idols, often anoint ing the image with oil. The Finding of the Image of the Santo Nino in Cebu After three other attempts and forty-four years later, the most successful expedition was finally launched under the joint leader ship of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Fray Andres de Urdaneta, of the order of St. Augustine. Legazpi’s expedition of four ships was launched from Mexico, and so took a much shorter time than Magellan’s. Generally be lieved to have been intended for the conquest and colonization of the Philippines, this expedition actually set out with the intention of colonizing New Guinea; at any rate, only certain vessels were to continue their course to the Phil ippine archipelago, with the ex pressed purpose of ransoming the captives or prisoners of former ex peditions. The course laid out in the instructions of the viceroy of New Spain, founded upon the ad vice of Urdaneta, was to NewGuinea. The instructions of the Royal Audiencia, however, pres cribed definitely the voyage to the Philippines. With this expedi tion begins the real history as well as the Christianization of the Philippine Islands. After arriving in the Philippines, various stops were first made in the Islands before finally deciding to make a settlement in Cebu. This was April 27, 1565. This time the expedition did not meet with the same hospitality accord ed Magellan years earlier. Tupas, the reigning chieftain, was not amenable to the Spanish overtures for peace. As the Spaniards later found out, Portuguese sailors dur ing the interim, had come to their shores pretending to be Spaniards and had looted and taken some of their people as captives. Another reason put up by historians as an alternative cause for Tupas’ reluc tance to accept peace was the latt er’s burden of guilt concerning the fate of Magellan and a number of his men. In any case, Legazpi sent a party of soldiers ashore to take the island. The native Cebuanos fled to the mountains, leaving the village on fire. Cause of the fire is still a matter of conjecture and two alter natives have been put forward. Either the natives themselves in tentionally set fire to their village, or the conflagration was cause by the artillery shots from the Spanish ships. At this point, written history reopens the story of the Santo Nino of Cebu. On the following day after the landing, a sailor named Juan Camus, went around the charred ruins of Cebu in the company of a number of soldiers. It was not long Page Twelve THE CAROLINIAN March-April, 1965 before Camus was drawn into a large and well-built house one of those spared by the fire. He entered it and came upon two boxes, one of which revealed a bowl and a tooth of a wild animal. The other box was found another empty. Camus went further into the interior and here found another box. What made it exceptionally interesting was that it was tied with a cord that was strangely familiar. Fur thermore, it contained inside it yet another box, made of pine! It is hardly a matter of conjecture as to what emotions were aroused in Camus, who, upon seeing an image of the Holy Child Jesus inside it, is said to have rushed outside and shouted in broken Spanish: “Papa el cuerpo de Dios, Hi jo de Santa Maria, Hallado Has!” Camus ran back inside the hut, reverently cradled the image in his arms and showed it to the soldiers. The admiral of the fleet, Mateo del Saz, took the image from Camus and brought it to Legazpi who con sidered its discovery a good omen. Legazpi fell on his knees, took the image in his hands, kissed its feet and prayed: Lord, thou art more powerful to punish the offenses, committed in this island against thy majesty, and to found herein thy house, and holy Church, where thy most glor ious name shall be praised and mag nified. I supplicate thee that thou enlighten and guide me, so that all that we do here may be to thy glory and honor, and the exaltation of thy holy Catholic faith. A bamboo cross was later put up by Camus in the house in order to indicate the very place where the image was discovered. This hut was for a number of years vener ated as a pilgrimage of shrine to which the Santo Nino was brought in procession every feast day. On May 8, the fort was con structed with Legazpi breaking the first ground and dedicating it to the most blessed name of Jesus. The sites for the Spanish quarters and the chapel were chosen, and the town was temporarily called San Miguel, because it was founded on the day of this saint’s appari tion. The decree which declared Cebu as “Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus” was made after Philip II ordered Legazpi to take formal possession of the Islands in his name in 1571. Description of the Image of The Santo Nino when Discovered Esteban Rodriguez, the chief SANTA CRUZ DE CEBU This is Professor Jumalon's second attempt to create a mosaic out of butterfly wing pieces using 100% of this medium from nature. The templete enclosing the al ledged Magellan's cross is shown in a morning sunlight. The brick roof is a study in itself which brings into focus the gamut of reds occurring on but a li mited number of local butterflies, some of which are at home only in the wooded outskirts of the city, and are difficult to procure in large numbers. The picture took a good couple of weeks to produce, with only a pen-and-ink sketch of the structure as guide. pilot of one of Legazpi’s ships, and to whom Camus first showed the image, writes: En este pueblo cuando entramos hallamos en el un Nino Jesus, ha llado un marinero llamado Mermeo (the name "Camus" was variously called, being a native of the place), estava en una carta pobre, y estava cubierto en un cendal bianco en su caxita, y su gorrita puesta, y ya tenia el pico ed la nariz comido en poco, y la carga algo descollada . . . Accounts made of this signifi cant event by early Spanish chroni clers establish the statue as one of those which were commonly made in Flanders during the six teenth century. When the image was found, it was covered with a white cloth in its cradle with the point of its nose somewhat rubbed off. Otherwise it was in a perfect state of preservation. Of its ori ginal garments, it appears that only the red velvet bonnet was in tact. The natives may have par titioned its royal robes among themselves as relics, for the image was dressed in native material. Hanging about its neck was a necklace of peculiar make suspend ed with a small cross. The cross which should have been on top of the globe which he holds in his left hand was missing. The Sanctuaries of The Santo Nino of Cebu When the image of the Santo Nino was discovered, Legazpi or dered it to be enthroned in the very first church that should be erected and that the church be called Santisimo Nombre de Jesus. The Santo Nino, which was now entrusted to the Augustinian Fa thers, was enthroned in a tempo rary chapel set up in the same house where it was discovered. When completed, the Santo Nino was brought to the church in a procession with all the pomp and grandeur possible at the time. Fray Juan de Medina, who became prior of the convent of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus in the early se venteenth century, writes: The whole fleet took part in <t and carried the ornaments that they cotdd. The most Holy Child was carried in this procession to nut house, and placed on an altar as decently adorned as was possible in that early period. The first mass of those islands was celebra ted there, with more spir,t and de votion than music and splendor. At conclusion, all took a vow to celebrate annually the feast of the (Continued on page 22) March-April, 1965 THE CAROLINIAN Page Thirteen mary, and Kindergarten School, 1298, making a grand total of 8,718. Any graduate from high school is eligible for admission to the col leges. No entrance examinations are held because of the scholastic differences between students com ing from cities like the City of Cebu and those from the mountain vil lages. Talented but poorly trained students are allowed one or two years to show their worth. Instruction is given according to traditional patterns consisting of lectures, seminars, laboratory work, with a limited amount of audio-visual helps such as movies and slides. FINANCE The University possesses no en dowment and is non-profit making. The operational finances come from students’ fees and tuition as well as the contribution of the non-salaried members of the Society of the Divine Word (SVD) and the Sister Servants of the Holy Ghost (S.Sp.S.) staff members. The of fice of the SVD Universities, 316 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Il linois, U.S.A., under the direction of Reverend Dr. Ralph, SVD, as well as the Generalate of the So ciety of the Divine Word contribute an annual grant for the develop ment and expansion of the univer sity. A Quadricentennial Every sick or suffering Catholic should be made to realize that he is a storehouse of vast potential spiritual wealth and energy. All that he has to do to release this power is to switch on his will and make it attune with Christ’s. Thus attuned and armed with his morn ing offering, he can each day scale spiritual heights. With his suf ferings united to those of Christ’s, he can have anybody’s good for the asking. With his sufferings, he can help to satiate, even by gulps, Christ’s unquenchable thirst for souls. Flat on his hospital bed, or tied to his wheel chair, he can rescue thousands of souls who, as one of the saints saw in a vision, every minute fall like autumn leaves into the abyss of eternal fire! Is this not spiritual romance and ad venture sufficient to rouse one’s soul into action? Let us therefore awaken our sick PUBLICATIONS Aside from student publications such as THE CAROLINIAN, a quarterly; the UNIVERSITY BULLETIN, a weekly and the SEMPER FIDELIS, an annual, the university issues two series of scientific publications; one in the field of natural sciences and the other in the field of humanities known as SAN CARLOS PUBLI CATIONS. EXPANSION AND STATISTICS The Coconut Foundation which concerns itself with coconut re search operates a Pilot Plant which extracts oil from fresh coconuts, hydrogenates the oil into fatty al cohols and sulfates the latter into detergents. With the aid of grants from the Central stelle of Aachen, Germany, the university construct ed (1963) a new and modern Teachers College as well as an In stitute of Technology (1963) which superseded the former College of Engineering. The Institute of Tech nology is closely associated with the Coconut Foundation. APPRAISAL The University, because of its Catholic moral traditions and prac tices, up-to-date equipment, compeent teaching staff and relatives high scholastic standards is regard ed as one of the leading universities of the Philippines. • • (Continued from page 19) and suffering Catholics to the fact that they are not as useless and miserable as most of them imagine themselves to be. The cheerful of fering of all the sufferings that they have to undergo can greatly lessen the heavy load of mission ary work. Let us harness the spir itual power that lie dormant among our poverty-stricken people. If all they have is poverty, they can still lovingly offer it together with all the hardships that poverty entails. None of us therefore can justly say that he can not help because he is handicapped, because with a good intention, even handicaps can be made meritorious. There are count less opportunities of making little sacrifices. All you have to do is to be willing to make them. And surely, it is not too much to ask every Catholic from Aparri to Jolo to offer a Hail Mary each day for (Continued on page 36) C-ke. .Santo J^ino (Continued from page 13) finding of that relic... A confra ternity of the Most Holy Name of ■Jesus teas then established with the same rules as that of St. Au gustine in the city of Mexico. The exigency of the situation would not have demanded perma nent structures so that the provi sionary church would have been of light native materials. This did not last long, no doubt, and more so after Legazpi transferred his colony to Panay to evade Portuguese at tacks. It was only in 1575, three years after the colony was re established by Legazpi, that the foundation for that first stone building was laid which took twenty-seven years to finish. Meanwhile, through unexplained reasons, the Santo Nino made its appearance in the home of Dona Catalina Jimenez, who is said to have belonged to one of the lead ing families of the time. This Lady is said to have taken reverent care of the image of the Holy Child which her husband, Captain D. Juan Rodriguez, one of the first colonizers of the island, gave to her. There is strong reason to be lieve, however, that the image of the Santo Nino was returned to the church sometime after this was finished in 1602 for when this church was burned to the ground twenty years later, it is said that only the Santo Nino was saved from the ruins. Church and convent were again rebuilt but on May 8, 1628, were once again reduced to ashes. The building were rebuilt once more during the priorship of Fray Juan de Medina. The present church and convent, now popularly known as San Agustin, rather than San tisimo Nombre de Jesus, were started about the year 1730. This took a decade to finish and it was not until January 16,1740 that the Santo Nino was finally enthroned in the new, and still extant, sanc tuary. The Spread of the Devotion to the Santo Nino of Cebu As the primary center from which the devotion to the Santo Nino was spread throughout the islands, Cebu had been chosen as the center of propagation of the Faith, already playing its role of missioner for almost half a cen(Continued on page 47) Page Twenty-two THE CAROLINIAN March-April, 1965 6. Spoon-feeding — Too much spoon-feeding is evident in our schools and universities. Students show aversion to subjects or me thods of instruction which require thinking. More attention on train ing how to think should be given and the greater use of the library should be encouraged to develop the habit of independent study. 7. Teachers’ and students’ load — More emphasis on quality than quantity should be exercised; on what the diploma stands for than on the diploma proper. A passion for thoroughness and hard work should be inculcated in the stu dents. Similarly, professors should not be overloaded, but be allowed time to improve themselves profes sionally and meet students for much-needed consultations. 8. Size of class — The size of classes, especially in laboratory courses, should be kept as small as possible. 9. Student apprenticeship — Students in engineering and other course preparing for a scientific profession should be encouraged to take apprenticeship in some indus tries or business firms. The mix ing of work and study is a whole some arrangement for a growing mind. 10. Equipment and facilities — Since the laboratory place an indis pensable role in technological edu cation, it should be adequately equipped with materials and equip ments for individual, group and class experiments. But most of the supplies have to be imported, so the government should help decrease the cost and difficulty of procurthem by minimizing if not abolish ing red tape and import taxes on them. Inspired with the unselfish ef forts of the private sector of edu cation for the upliftment of our educational system, the Board of National Education created a Re vamp Committee with Secretary of Education Alejandro R. Roces and the then Undersecretary Mi guel B. Gaffud as Co-chairman to look over our present system. With the realization of this projected educational revolution, we hope our country’s need for scientist engineers who are liberally edu cated and who can assume without further effort the managerial as pects of industry will thus be met more effectively. # THE SANTO NINO OF CEBU (Continued tury before the formal introduc tion of Christianity during the suc cessful colonization of the islands by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Hardly realizing its true signifi cance, the early Cebuanos had held the image in great reverence, peti tioning it in all their necessities, and offering sacrifices to the San to Nino in the manner of their other idols. The Santo Nino be came, then as now, the symbol of deliverance in times of drought, famine and plague, and protector in times of fire and other dangers, which in those early days were ma nifested in “Moro” attacks. After the Spaniards came, the cult of the Santo Nino spread to the rest of the islands where important se condary centers were set up in the islands of Luzon (the southern part) and Panay. In Panay the early parishes es tablished by the Augustinians where, up to this day the devotion to the Santo Nino is well establish ed, were in Aklan, Banga and Ibajay. Aklan, which is now a sepa rate province, incorporates the municipalities of Banga and Ibajay, and in addition, three other centers of Santo Nino devotion: the proTHE GLASS MENAGERIE (Continued from page 26) and promotion staff are the following: Resi) Mojares, executive chairman; Leandro Quintana, production manager; Eddie Yap, and Vic Cui, stage managers; Tony Buagas Jr. Manny Manlegro, Nes tor Magan, Frank Coliflores, Edgar Saso, Manuel Amora and the Engineering Deltans, stage crew; Vic Cui, light; Ed gar Gica, sound; the Deltans and the USC-SCCAC Chapter, property; Fely Lucas, make-up; Beth Hermosfsima, costumes: Ellen Viloria, hair-do; Jennie Kimseng, finance; M. Satorre, Jr., pro gram, sales, publicity; Vivien Alix, Rise Faith Espina, reception; Sally Go, cock tails; Fotorama, Inc., photography and Rev. Fr. John Vogelgesang, S.V.D., ad viser. Obviously, as in any play or story, we must end. Tennessee Williams sleeps, but his works tremble all over the world like a burning candle stirred by the wind. Professor Fitch would soon leave us and leave for the United States. Some mem bers of the Cast and of the production staff must have graduated and left the front page 22) vincial capital of Kalibo and the municipalities of Makato and Altavas. An indigenous religious prac tice connected with the devotion to the Santo Nino of Cebu, is tak ing the Santo Nino in fluvial pro cession. This is still very much in evidence in Aklan and the prac tice is called “Pasalom.” For that matter, the fluvial procession is evident throughout those other areas where the Santo Nino devo tion is strong among the people. In the Visayas, one other area which merits mention is the island of Leyte, especially the City of Tacloban. In Manila, aside from the city proper, the districts with a flour ishing devotion to the Santo Nino are Pandacan, Tondo and Makati. Immediate surrounding provinces with a strong devotion to the Santo Nino are Bulacan and Cavite. Highly responsible for the propa gation of this devotion in the abovementioned areas, were, no doubt, the pioneer Augustinian mission aries who belonged to the Province of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus. From these early centers the devo tion was, in turn, spread through out the rest of the islands. J university by now. But the memory ling ers, one turbulent November week of last year cries out the unfulfilled echoe of Williams, in agony: ‘‘I didn’t go to the moon. I went much farther. For time is the longest distance between two places.... I travelled around a great deal. The cities swept about me like dead leaves, leaves that were bright ly colored but torn away from the branches. I would have stopped, but I was pursued by something. It always came upon me unaware, taking me alto gether by surprise. Perhaps it was a familiar bit of music. Perhaps it was only a piece of transparent glass... Oh, Laura, Laura, I tried to leave you be hind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be! I reached for a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into a movie or a bar. I buy a drink, I speak to the near est stranger — anything that can blow your candles out — for nowadays the world is lit by lightning. Blow out your candles, Laura.... And so — goodbye!!” March-April, 1965 Page Forty-Seven