The rebirth of cooperative enterprise in the Philippines

Media

Part of Farming and Cooperatives

Title: The rebirth of cooperative enterprise in the Philippines; FIRST CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES
Second Special Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [H. No. 553]
INTRODUCED BY CONGRESSMEN RAMOS, ROMERO, GALLEGO,
MONTANO AND DE LOS SANTOS, AS MEMBERS OF THE C 0 N G R E S S I 0 N A L RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABlLITATION COMMISSION.
EXPLANATORY NOTE HISTORY OF COOPERATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Language: English
Source: Farming and Cooperatives, 1 (1) November 1945; 18+
Year: 1945
Subject: Cooperative societies--Philippines; Philippines. Congress (1940-1973); Agriculture, Cooperative—Law and legislation --Philippines; Agricultural, Cooperative--Philippines--History
Rights
Fulltext: The Rebirth of COOPERATIVE FIRST CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES Second Special Sc•8ion HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [H. No. 553] INTRODUCED BY CONGRESSMEN RAMOS, ROMERO, GALLEGO, MONTANO AND DE LOS SANTOS, AS MEMBERS OF THE C 0 N G R E S S I 0 N A L RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABlLITA TION COMMISSION. EXPLANATORY NOTE HISTORY OF COOPERATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINES This is a proposed la\\- to establish the National Cooperative Administration to effect a centralization of the supervision and control of cooperative enterprise in the Philippines. Before the war, cooperatives were under the supenision and control of the Bureau of Commerce, including agricultural cooperative credit associations, cooperative marketing associations, retailers' and consumers' cooperatives. Before the Bureau of Commerce took over the supenision of the cooperatives, the old Bureau of Agriculture was entrusted with the organization of agricultural cooperative credit associations when they were first set up under Act No. 2508 passed in 1915. In 1941, shortly before the outbreak of the war, all cooperath·e associations were placed under the supervision and control of the National Cooperative Administration created under Executive Order No. 359. The establishment and progress of cooperative enterprise in the Philippines has been slow. The first type of cooperative that was formally organized was the agricultural cooperative credit association. Starting with 8 associations in 1916, there were at the outbreak of the war on December 8, 1941, 571 such associations in 43 provinces with a total membership of 98,178 and total capital amounting to P3,383,997. The total loans outstanding amounted to P3,256,562 and total reserves amounted to P159,801. Even before the war, most of these credit associations were in a moribund condition and they could afford only the minimum of financial aid to some of their members. The chief cause for ENTERPRISE ' the in their inactivity and the failure of many of them is the lack of capital. The contributions of the members and the small amount of deposits they could attract were not sufficient to permit efficient operation of these associations. The Rice & Corn Fund, now the Agrfoultural Cooperative Fund, with a capital of Pl,000,000 was made available for extending loans to the credit a·ssociations, but even with the aid of this Fund they evidently needed more funds to satisfy the demands of their members. Aware of the inadequacy of the rural credit associations to furnish sufficient credit to the small farmers who had no access to the banks, the Philippine Legislature passed Acts Nos. 3895 and 3896 authorizing the establishment of rural credit associations and rural banks under the supervision of the Philippine National Bank. Six rural credit associations were established under Act No. 3895, of which only three were operating at the outbreak of the war. Six rural banks were also established under Act No. 3896, of which only three were in operation and three in process of liquidation in 1941. The difficulties encountered by the agricultural cooperative credit associations under the supervision of the Bureau of Commerce also explained the failure of the rural credit associations under the supervision of the Philippine Na ti on al bank. The lack of interest on the part of the farmers to join the associations organized for their own benefit and the lack of training of those who were elected to run and manage the associations also accounted for the indifferent success of these credit associations. Philippines Other types of cooperative a~socia tions that were organized are cooperative marketing associations, retailers' cooperatives and consumers' cooperatives. Them were several cooperative marketing associations established under Act No. 3425. The marketingcooperatives were organized with great expectation by the members, but the absence of important marketing facilities, including lack of bonded warehouses. inadequate credit. lack of transportation, besides the other factors already mentioned, all contribuled to the failure of inactivity of many cf the marketing cooperatives. Farmers' cooperatives w<•rc org-aniu·rl during the Japanese ocrup~:tion on a commodity basis undC'r the supervision of the Bureau of Agricultural Administration. As of June 15, 1944, there w.•rc 247 farmers' coopcrati\'Ps of which 219 were rice a-rower51 cooperative associations, 26 coconut g-rowers' cooperatives and one each for cotton and for onion. The total membership numbered 133,421 of which 130,135 pertained to rice, 3,250 to coconut, 20 to onion and 16 to cotton. The total authorized capital amounted to P2,288,860 of which the sum of Pl,972,860 belongs to the rice growers' associations. Retailers' cooperatives were organized on a national scale during the Japanese occupation. By the middle of 1944, there were 17,363 retailers who were members of retailers' cooperatives in 33 provinces. The authorized capital of retailers' cooperatives amounted to P6,476,000 of which P2,110,509 was paid up. The volume of sales during the period or nearly two years amounted to over Pl5,500,000. (jreetings to FARMERS 18 We congratulate You For Getting Organized Into THE PHILIPPINE FARMERS ASSOCIATION COOPERATIVE COCONUT PRODUCTS, INC. Manufacturers and Exporters Of Dessicated Coconut and Other By-Products ESCUDERO & CO., INC. Soap Manufacturers Importers and Exporters STATE BUILDING, MANILA Consumers' cooperatives were also organized in Manila and other places before the war. It was not, however, until after inflation had reached a critical stage during the war that consumers' cooperath·es were organized on a larger scale, especially in Manila, in order to provide their members with rice and other necessities at reasonable prices in the face of the sky-rocketing of prices during the latter part of the Japanese occupation. An increasing number of consumers cooperative stores are distributing ECA goods in l\lnnila at present. The corporation here proposed to be set up would consolidate all the activities of the government pertaining to cooperative enterprise and \"ests the supervision and control of all kinds of cooperatives in one organization. It has been the experience in the past that a mere division in a bureau, burdened as it is with other functions, could not cope with the work of organizing and supervising cooperatives. It could not get the necessary technical personnel and it does not possess the necessary prestige to push vigorously and effectively the cooperative mo\•ement. Such centralization of authority would promote efficiency and unified control by the government of the activities of cooperatives in order to correct defects in their management which had contributed to a large extent to the failure of many of them. The Board of Governors, through its technical staff, would provide for uniform reports, accounting systems, and issue such rules and regulations to forestall any irregularity and to remedy faulty methods in the running of the business affairs of the cooperatives. The appropriation herein provided would be partly employed in contributing to the meager capital of some of the cooperatives whose members could not push up sufficient funds to permit efficient operation, and partly in conducting a nation-wide campaign of educating the people about the objectives and benefits of cooperation both in productive enterprises and in consumption. The cooperative enterprise provides the most effective means of aiding and rehabilitating the common man, either as a producer or a consumer, in his efforts to survive ruthless competition and the monopolistic tendencies of our present economic society, which make possible profiteering and exploitation of the weak by the strong. The cooperative has been a powerful factor for social and economic amelioration in other countries, and it could he made to secure a greater measure of social welfare among the masses of our population. In view of the importance of this measure its approval is earnestly urged. (Sgd.) NARCISO RAMOS Congreaaman, 5tk District, Panga.llinan (Sgd.) JOSE ROMERO Cong't"eaaman, .2nd Di8trict, Oriental Negroa (Sgd.) MANUEL V. GALLEGO Congressman, 1st Di8triet, Nueva Ecija (Sgd.) JUSTINIANO S. MONTANO Congreall'tflQtn /01" Cavite (Sgd.) CEFERINO DE LOS SANTOS Cong't"eannan, 4th Diatri.ct, Iloilo (Continui!d on page .28) FARMING ANJl COOPERATIVES Prospects for Food .•. (Continued from. page 17) lowland rice does not come until November. Again the increased planting of corn camote and camoteng kahoy in these provinces will prevent unnecessary di!!ic~lties, specially when supplemented with imported rice flour and corn. At the present moment 110 serious shortage is felt in rice in ilranila. Imoo~ted rii:e, corn, and flour keep population rationed for their needs. Locallv r~ised i:ice is available though at stiil high prices due to high transportation and handling costs. There seems to be no fear that there will be difficulty with food. supplies until the next harvest, r>art1cularly after the official announcement made that more rice and flour arc forthcoming :from abroad. The present rice crop which will be harvested beginning November will be in general distribution beginning J anuary 1946. From all indications this crop will not come up to normal prewar production for several reasons principally, late and insufficient rains duringplanting season, unsatisfactory labor conditions during the e8l'iy part of the cropping season, inadequacy of work aPimals and farm implements, a dearth of farm workers and destruction in farms and facilities. It is estimated that the crop in Central Luzon rice growing provinces will be hardly seventy per cent of normal production. We are still facing the typhoon season which somctim.- accounts for losses reaching from thirty to forty per cent. The Central rice growing provinces produce normally about seventeen million cavanes of pnlay available for consumption. Of these close to twelve million cavant>s go ~ local consumers, leaving five milhons for Manila and surrounding provinces. If present estimate of crop is taken as an indication of prospects for food then something like eleven million cavanes will only be available for consum.ption. But there need not be any pnmc for this situation-what actually w?uld happen is that the rice growers will reduce their consumption of rice to export as much rice as possible to obtam cash to buy commodities that they have missed during the last three years. They will eat more corn, camote and cassava. Besides wheat flour may take the place of actually one third of Manila needs for rice if it is made available, and bread can be supplied to all families. Manila needs about two thousand cavans of rice daily. This is equivalent to about one million and one half carnns o~ palay a year. The neighboring provmces with the increased production of corn, camote and cassava locally, may need about three million cavans of palay. With four and one half million ca_van~ of palay under control for distr1but1on, tht?> food situation in :\Janila and surrounding provinces will b<' brought to fairly normal condition. As the harvest is fast approa~hing the problem of food distribution will not be urgent. until August of 1946. Speedy cconom1cal transportation would make available to all needy centers the croJ1' from Central Luzon rice growing provincrs. The pressing problems at prP~ent are those connected with harvesting and threshing facilities, containers, and (Continued on ]>n(Je 21) Wheth-er on Business, or Pleasure ride on transportation operated by - FERNANDEZ TRIPS Service - To Pangaainan, llocoa and Laguna and Tayabaa Office:-760 Quezon Blvd. GENERAL CORPORATION of the PHILIPPINES *------Seattle Importers Manila Prefabricated Houses - Streamlined busses - Shoes - Small and lOc Merchandise - Reconditioned autorr..obiles - Hardware - Pharmaceutical - Construction Materials We Receive Indent Orders New Office - 219 Lope de Vega 19 Philippine Agriculture • . • (Co11tinutd /.-om page 13) earn more, live better and be a better farmer. Our tobacco industry demands definite adjustment. The filler tobacco at the outbreak of the war was in a state of overproduction. On the other hand, aromatic cigarette tobacco and wrapper tobacco were in premiums and are likely to be in demand under the new conditions. Tobacco lands will be excellent for corn, peanuts, soybeans, cowpea, tapilan, white navy bean ai:id m.any ot~ers. This indicates which d1rechon adJustment may well take its course. In the coconut. industry, new uses for oil and the possibility of reducing the cost of production and an effective organization for handling the products are encouraging signs. If the oil is exported to be made into lard, oleomargarine, soap and other products, why could not production of these manufactured products be done in the coconut growing centers and sa,·e all the cost of transportation of raw materials. If other countries pro\'ide their population better wages as factory workers, why don't we do the same here by establishing our factories close to the source of raw materials and power? What is the use of making copra, when the nuts could be hauled into the factory and the oil mixed with caustic soda in the plantation to produce soap? How many arduous steps and costlv work can be eliminated? We have see~ already how nuts can be desiccated, then passed through an expeller and high-grade oil and coconut flour are produced? lliany labor-saving devices in collecting the unhusked nuts can yet be developed. Again the coconut grower can raise hogs under the coconut plantation and there is no reason why we cannot processed the hogs into ham and bacon for which there is a fairly large demand. What the coconut industry needs is readjustment in its organization and adoption of progressive farm management. There is an excellent opportunity now to rehabilitate sugar production in districts where this can be achieved at costs that will enable Philippine products to compete in the world's open market. Marginal sugar lands should be definitely abandoned and devoted to other staple 'crops such as soybeans, castor oil, peanuts, cassava and fruit trees. In the abaca industry, the problem is similar to that of sugar cane except that the market for abaca still depends upon the Philippines as the principal supplier. But farmers and the government must be decided to rehabilitate only good abaca lands and in abandoning marginal lands. Machinery and labor saving devices should be· used to achieve economical production of good quality products. Many 'times the industry had been threatened by pest and diseases. No riforts should be spared to find ou't the best control measure for the known pests and diseases. Abaca lands must look forward to effective farm manal!'ement to protect the plantation from the raval!'es of typhoons or they must tum to other crops. Unless made up by other advantages, lands in districts often ravaged by typhoons will not be suited to abaca, unlike those in Mindanao with its rich soil and under climate that registe.rs no destructive typhoons. 28 In rice we are yet to see the greatest revolutionary changes in our production. Heretofore, a riceland gives nt most eighty cavanes of palay per h~ctare per harvest. The average in good land is forty, in fair lands, thirty and less. UnlEss irrigated as is usually the case, only one crop is taken from the. land in one year. Through the use of better seeds and good irrigation practice, the yield may be increased by 20% to 50%. But the greatest changes will come in the utilization of ricelands after the regular rice season to another crop of potential economic value. This has been demonstrated in recent years with the use of soybeans~ rnongo, cowpea, corn and camote. Because of its adaptability and good yields, camote can be utilized by the farmer to diversify his enterprise in the farm. For the cultivation of camotc will enable the farmer to take care of hogs, utilizing tJlc Jeeves, stems and roots. The use of machinery will be required to facilitate the change as the land must be promptly prepared after the rice harvest and planted to camote. camote planted after the rice crop, would yield after four months from three to seven tons of camote tubers. New crops in prospect are the ramie, the citrus, the avocado and the soybeans. Ramie is one of the best as an export crop and for the increasing demand for raw material of the growing local textile industry. United States textile mills are interested specially now that a million dollar crop and several hundreds of acres has been developed in the everglades of Florida. Citrus is a protective fruit needed daily in everyday's family menu, to improve nutrition. The avocado is a nutritious fruit and is grown in every part of the Philippines. Soybeans is the modern miracle plant. Lastly, but equally important is the menace from the mounting agrarian difficulties. Basicallly, this is an economic problem. The individual tenant or independent small farmer should be placed on an economic level and security. which attains for him a good standard of living, opportunity for educating his children and the enjoyment of such comforts of living similar to those enjoyed by workers in industries. Naturally, this is a problem of the tenant himself and the landowner. It is the tenant's business to organize farm work in order that his income may be enough to provide a good standard of living for his family. Obviously, it is the business of the landowners to cooperate with the tenants in his case, because the prosperity of the tenant farmin!!' will reflect upon the income of the land. No amount of bickPring on terms of sharing, on rights and tenure., will benefit the tenant unless his farming is profitable, unless the area he tills is economica:lly large and unless his farming methods and practices are efficient. Therefore, both thP. landowner and the tenant must strive to increase the rate of production, 'adopt up-to-date practices, increase farm income, create l!'OOd living conditions in rural communities and avoid such abuses which socal legislation is trying to prevent. The need at present is more general enlightenment. The discre.pancy in attainment and in bargaining power between landowners and tenants is so wide that abuses beRehabilitation Problems . (Continued f•·om vane 7) security of our tenants, or there will be no peace in our rural communities. They demnnd justice, and I ask for them justice. They are still amenable to reason and fairness. They need a chance to earn n decent living, an opportunity for their children to be enlightened, an economic security in their own little and close world. Let us examine om• tenancy law, let us study their problems closely and let us be fully determined to give them the necessary improvements. come possible. Were tenants better enlightened, it would be impossible for landowners to commit abuses which are the cause of agrarian difficulties. Happily, there is a new trend in this direction as large farm owners are beginning to put more business idras to farming and they are realizing that the only way to make the farm pay under tenancy system, is to make tenants prosperous and happy. The greatest need of our country is an enlightened citizenry. In order that Philippine agriculture may be speedily rehabilitated and readjusted to the exigencies of present day conditions, it must take cog-nizance of the following basic needs of the rural districts. 1. Establishment of complete peace and order in the rural districts in order that the farmers even in thr remote bar2. Liberal aid in the form of relief for reconstruction of farm facilities and procur,...mcnt of work animals and (b) Sustantial credit facilities at low interest to enable the farmers to rehabilitate on thrir own account. 3. Stable prices of farm products. 4. Social and economic security for small farmers and tenants. 5. Establishment of adequate transportation and machinery facilities. 6. Government liberal support to make science serve agricultural progress. The Rebirth of . _ . (Continued f1·om page 19) FIRST CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES Second Special Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [H. No. 653] INTRODUCED BY CONGRESSMEN RAMOS, ROMERO, GALLEGO, MONTANO AND DE LOS SANTOS, AS MEMBERS OF THE C 0 N G R E S S I 0 N A L RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION COMMISSION. AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION FIVE OF COMMONWEALTH A C T NUMBERED FIVE HUNDRED SIXTY-FIVE ENTITLED "AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS. AUTHORIZING THE CREATION OF AN AGENCY OR DESIGNATION OF AN INSTRUMENTALITY OF THE GOVERNMENT TO PROMOTE AND SUPERVISE THE S A I D AS SOCIA TIO NS, AND PROVIDING FUNDS FOR THE PROMOTION AND SUPERVISION OF THE SAME." Be it enacted by the Senate anii House of Representatives in Congress assembled: · SECTION 1. Section five of Commonwealth Act Numbered Five hundred (Continued on page 22) The Cooperative Way of Life THE recreation of the' National Cooperativl'a Administration by the Philippine Legislature giving to this institution PS,000,000 to efficiently pl'rform the implantation of the cooperative way of life in our Philippine Economy is a conclusive proof on the part of our Government that the organization of cooperative enterprisl'8 is a Nlttional Poliq/. The cooperative way of life seeks a middle way of solving the trouble between capital and labor. The capitalistic way of life is charactl'rized by monopoly of the few. In fact, it is totalitarian in the sense that who ever controls capital is the one that dictates the destiny of onr economic organization. The global war which has just been ended pronomices that democracy should be a piding principle of our life; hence political democracy if it is to last as our guiding philosophy should be based on economic democracy. I dare say that our sacrifices to let democracy safe for humanity will not last long if its foundatjon is based on totalitarian economic organization. The fight for political freedom is ended. Freedom from the clutches of big business interests whose creed in "lu Money we trust and let :Money speak"-the sooner we go back A. DE CASTRO (As a Private Citizm) to the Christian way of "In God we trust and let human being speak," this world of ours will not only be worth living but it will be worth fighting for. Democracy to last should be founded on economic freedom. It has been said that aggressive war was always c::.used by the manipulation of world power supported by great capitalists, inaus•r1abscs and financiers. There is no doubt that when the cooperative way of life where. the earning of capital is limited and when in the deliberation of business organization is based on one-man-one-vote, this world of ours will be more fit to live and possibly more human understanding will prevail. Only when our political and economic organization is based on democratic principles of one man one vote will the mass of common tao be emancipated from economic slavery. The slogan of the late Pres. Woodrow Wilson "to make the world safe for democracy" will not be only in theory but in practice. For us in the Philippines, the organization of more cooperative enterprises is the road to world peace and also the right way to reconstruct our ruined national economy. In· rebuilding our national economy we should not lose sight of the fact that our people must be organized in such a manner that the real majority will prevail in contrast with the old time business organization based on the capital investment. There is no doubt that His Excellency, the President of the Philippinl's will exercise the final stage of signing the House Bill No. 553 which has been passed by both hous.es and presented for his signature. This is the Magna Chart& of Economic Emancipation! The Rebirth of ... (Co11ti11urd from page 28) and· sixty-five is hereby amended so as to read as follows: "SEC. 5. There is hereby created a non-stock corporation to be known as the "National Cooperatives Administration" to take cha1·ge of the promotion, organization and supervision of cooperative and mutual aid associations now existing as well as those which may hereafter be formed under the provisions of Commonwealth Act Numbered Five hundred and sixty.five and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder." With Best Wishes to the PHILIPPINE FARMERS ASSOCIATION SAN CARLOS DISTILLERIES 22 SAN CARLOS, PANGASINAN PHILIPPINES Manufacturers of CHEMICALLY PURE ALCOHOL and the G.I.'s toast-SAN CARLO WHISKY Known to every G.I. who has seen action in Lingayen and other famous battlefields in Luzon SAN CARLO WHISKY-Best for its SMOOTHNESS, QUALITY •nd DISTINCTIVE FLAVOR Manufactured without the use of any artificial flavoring essence For particulars inquire at office of Philfarm-1001 Oroquieta, Manila Progressive Farming . . . (Contimi.ed from. page !!S ) two or three seeds in every hole. When the plants are about one foot high, eliminate the poor plant and leaYe only the healthy plants one or two to grow up. The upo should be made t-0 climb on strong trellis. A four bv five meters "balag" from two hills of plants will produce as much as fifty upo fruits during the growing season. Poulir y EGGS arc still at a premium. ·what are the Sta. l\Iaria poultry raisers doing? Feed now is abundant and transportation is available. There are many buyers of white leghorn chicks but they seem still to be sca rce. The " Farming and Cooperatives" will be glad to help prospective poultry raisers in securing stock and feed. If rnu ha,·e chicks to sell, let us know anc" we shall pass the word around to our friends who are poultry raisers. If you need f ish meal or other concentrates let the "Farming and Cooperatives" help you. A Word about the Ho!! 0 NE of the best allies of the farmer is the hog. The pig helps the farmer save a lot of farm wastes. It can consume spoiled pa lay or corn; it can feed on culled camotes, calabasa and camoteng kahoy. It utilizes kitchen waste. One of the most economical ways of raising a pig is to feed it principally with leaves and stem of camote and 11 darak." Experience points that a farmer havi'!lg a patch of camote of three hundred square meters will ha\•e enough leaves and stems to raise a pig. Start with a feeder three to four kilos in weight. Feed with camote leaves and stems and darak, occasionally .,.;th corn and camote until it is twenty kilos in weight. Then fatten it by giving it all it can eat of cracked corn, camot-P, or camotengkahoy. At this age it will put 1 kilo of live weight for every six kilos of grain eaten.-R.R.A. S-(a) Ang e sa dakong unahan ng; salitang hiram ay nagiging i: ceballos-sibuyas, ventanabintana, Enero--Inero, Felipe-Pilipe (b) Ang o sa dakong una'y nagiging u, at sa dakong huli'y w: bombero-- burnbero, soldadosundalo, Mindanao - Mindanaw, L11nao--Lanaw (k) Ang r sa unahan ay nagiging d, at sa hulihan ay I: repikar, dupical, rezar, dasal, lugar, luga! T-Sa ·mga dalisay na salitang tagalog, aling mga titik ang nakakapalitan? S-(a) Ang mga. patinig na o at u: samp<>-- sampu, sap61- sapul (b) Ang mga katinig na d, l, at r: daw_,,.aw, din-rin, diyanriyan, lakad - lakarin, buklo'd-buklura Sa pagkakapalitan ng d at r ang ganit;O- ang tuntuning sinusun6d. Kapag napagitna sa dalawang patinig, ang d ay nagiging r. (To be continued) FARMING AND COOPERATIVES SCIENTIFIC FARMING IN THE U. S. Str ipped farming as d011e in the U. S . is one of the most ",.gent needs of the rolling lands und.,· CH/tfo ation in the Philippines. ( US IS cut) How Much Are This and That? Prices as can vassed by this journa l at popular markets in Manila principally Divisoria during the last days of October. Ordi narily price! at Oivisoria Market are fift y centavos to one peso lo\,.er than other Manila and nearby markets. These are retail prices : Rice . .. . . 1st class . . . . •. . . . . . . . .. . . ... , . , .. , . . , . ... . . . . . 2nd class ..... . . . . . .. . . .. . . .• . .. . . . .. .. · . · . Sugar . .. . White . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . Panocha Mongo . . . .. . ..... . Camote . .. .. . .. ..... .. .. ... . . ... . .. . .. .. . . . . · · · · • · · · · · · · · · Camoteng kahoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . ... •. . .. . . . ... Calabasa . . . . . . . . • . . . .. · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · • · Talong . . (about 6-8 inches) ... . . . . .. ... ... . . . . . . ... . ..... . Tomatoes . ... 6- 8 pcs. . .... . . . . •. Upo . . . . ..... (about 1 ~ rt. J on~) Peanuts .. . .. shelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... . .• . . , . . ... . . unshelled . ... .. .... . , . . ........... , . . . Chayote ....... . ...... . .. . ....... · .•. · · · · · · · · · · • · · · . · · · .... . • . Chickens . ... cockerel or young hen ....•.. , ..•. . •... . . . . .. . .. .. . . big hen ..... . ........ . ....... . ..•. .• . . . . . . .... . . . Eggs . ... native . .. . ......... . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . •. .. .. , ..•.. . .. white leg-horn . . . . . . . . . .... . . .... .. . . . . ........ . •..... ducks balot P2.30 2.20 3.60 2.10 5.00 .26 .25 .20 .08 1.00 .30 4.60 1.50 .25 4.00 8.00 .28 .48 .48 1.00 to P2.50 per ga ntil to 2.40 .. to 4.50 .. kilo to 2.50 " to 5.50 " g:anta to .50 " kilo to .50 " to .30 " to .10 " piece (about P .50 size) to .50 • piece to 5.50 per ganl3 to 2.00 " to .40 " kilo to G.00 to 9.00 to .50 per piece to .60 .. to .60 to 1.40 25