Questions and answers on-Duck raising

Media

Part of Farming and Cooperatives

Title: Questions and answers on-Duck raising
Language: English
Year: 1947
Rights
Fulltext: QUESCTIONS and ANSWERS on DUCK RAISING (Continued from Last Issue) 30. How is the required temperature lrept eve~-To"'insure an even temperature throughout the incubation period, the palay is heated ~very morning and afternoon in a kawa ( a native large hen vat or pan) . The experienced touch of the caretaker is the only index used to determine the heat, which is usually around 40"C. to 429C. Usually the procedure of testing is to applay one of the eggs against the cheek or back of the hand. From the tenth to the thirteenth day the eggs are candled; and the infertile ones, separated for sale. The eggs intended for hatching are separated on the twentieth day and placed on a table covered with paper, mats. and ... Joth placed over rice hulls of two or three centimeten deep. This table is called the "empolladora" or "cehohaJL" It is about one meter high, one and two--thirds meten wide, and several meters long. Such dimensions may change, depending on the capacity of the hatchery. The eggs are put side by side on the "empolladora" and are then covered with two or three coton sheets accordin~ to the weather. A black or colored sheet is preferred by the operators for retaining · the heat. The hatcheries are kept dark and the hatching tabe is completely covered with a thick cotton or flannel •beet to keep the temperature constant. The floor of the hatcheries is also covered with a layer of rice hulls two to four inches deep. 31. Are the eua turned every day?Every day the eggs are turned until they are ready to hatch. Some caretakers turn them every four hours, others only two to three times a day. A1 soon at any sign of putrefaction ia detected, the spoiled eggs should be immediately taken away. After 20. days of incubation no extra heat ia applied to the eggs, because it is believed that the embryos generate enough heat to keep thenselves alive, and if properly covered to prevent lose of heat, the eggs can be expected to hatch between the twentysixth and the twenty-<>ight day. 32. May Duck eiiis be hatched auccesa/a-Jly under he . .,. and modern incubalors?seuing hens and modern incubators may aloo be used for hatching duck egga. When setting hens are used, precautions 1hould be taken to free the bena and neirts from lice and mites. Many claim that ducks raised by this method are the best for breBy Carlos X. Burgos Chief, Livestock Extension Division Bureau of Animal Industry eding stock. In hatching in modern incubators the temperature should be kept at 1019F to 1039F (389C to 399C) and luke warm water should be sprinkled one a day during the first three weeks. 33. Describe the care o/ ·ducklings in Pateros?-In Pateros, the newly-hatched duckings are not fed 'for 24 to 36 hours after hatching. After such time they are placed under the house of the caretaker or in a convenient room where a spacio~s place is prepared for them. Sometimes, the hatch consists of 1,000 or more ducklings. At first, they are fed five times a day with soft-boiled rice placed on a shallow pan or on a plae with clean smooth surface (clean sawali is ordinarily used). They are given water in another flat pan or in the same pan. When about three days old, they are divided into two groups, th~ males. Most of the males are either sold to people who visit the duckery or sent directly to the market. The ducklings intended for breeding puri:oses are raised in groups of about five hu'ldred. 10 per cent of which are usually males. . They are fed with Gamogamo (flying termites) when-ever these are available, and, more often, they are also fed with small shrimps. Any of such feeds mixed with moist.ened boiled rice is given after the fifth day. The ducklings are placed in large shallow baskets containing 100 each and exposed in the sun for a short time every day. After about the fifteenth day they 0are allowed to swim for a short time. They should not be allowed to s•y in the water long for they usually overexercise and die. When about one month old, they are transferred to a larger enclosure, where they are fed with some boiled unhulled rice and sambuelo; and when these are not ·available other kinds of crushed snails are given. At the same age, they are also allowed to say in the water as logg as they like. 34. How should the brooder house be built?-A ·brooder house should be wellprotected from draft9 and should have spacir.us partitions, as one about 3 x 3 m, which can accommodate from fifty to one hundred ducklings up to the age of three weeks. In such partition, especially if . it has accommodation space of fifty ducklings, ~ese fowls will not trample upon one another and all may get their share of the food. If possible, the morning sunshine should reach each each pen to lighten the taok of handling. This will also materially reduce the percentage of deaths. 35.. How are the ducklings kept at night?-The room is closed to prevent exposure to draft, and a light is provided not only to help keep the room warm, but also to help the caretaker see the birds as a means of protection against rats and ants, as the duckings are fed several times at night when still a few days old. Their feed is reduced as they grow older. 36. Can the feed of ducklings in Pateros be improved?-The feed given to the duckklings in Pateros can be greatly improved if some fish meal or finely-chopped chrimps are added to the soft-boiled rice fed at the start. The following baby chick feed may be given later in moist form with water or milk to raise ducklings to a safe age: Tikitiki, first-class, well-dried . . 3 parts Corn, yellow, finely-ground . . . . 2 parts Mongo, finely-ground . . . . . . . . . . 1 part Binlid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l part Fish, shrimps, or meat meal .... 2 parts Oyster shell powder . . . . . . . . 2 per cent of above mixture. Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 per cent of the above mixture. Sand with some soil that had been formerly heated (to avoid infection) should be added to two per cent of the above mixture. Finely-chopped tender green feed should be fed after the tenth day. 37. At what age will native ducks begin to lay?-In Pateros, at the age of four to four and one-half months, they are confined in permanent breeding pens. A few will lay as early as five to five and one-half months under favorable conditions if pro· perly cared· for and fed. Most of them, however, cannot be expected to begin laying until they are about seven months of age. The percentage of deaths of ducks in Pateros up to the age of four months is esti· mated to be 40. With better practices the percentae;e of deaths could be greatly reduced. Conservatively and approximately estimated a laying duck subject to favorable conditions and good care can be raised to laying age from out of every four eggs incubated. 38. What is "balut"?-"Balut" is a duck egg that has under-gone incubation of 14 to 18 days and is then hard boiled. It is of tw~ kinds, depending upon the length of incubation of the egg. They are, as called in Pateros, namnmatong, those incubated up 7 to the 14th day, and balut sa pute, thO!I<' incubated up to the 18th day. 39. Whal eus are selected for "balut'' production?-Only fainU:ed, fresh, thick· shelled eggs (not older than five days) are selected for balut making. The thicknesa of the shell is tested either by snapping it hard with the fingers or by candling. If the former is employed, the eggs are snapped hard enought to break the ones with thin shells. The general appearance helps greatly in the selection. The thin-shelled eggs are disposed of to bakeries. 40. Whal eUs are called "penoy''?Eggs that ha>"e undergone incubation up to first test and have not developed a germ but are not spoiled, are hard boiled and sold as "penoy". . 41. How lonl are lhe ducks kept in Pateros for •U production?-Usually for about three years of production. The first year of production is the best. In many places in the United States they are kept for one or two years only. 42. Are ducJcs raised on a commercial scale in the United States?-Yes, but not for egg production. 43. What for, then?-For meat. For in purpose, "green ducks," ducks from 9 to 13 weeks old and l'ieighing four to six i:-ounds, are used. It may be explained here that ducklings grow much faster than chicks. 44. what breeds of ducks are rmsed in the United States /or purposes of meat?They raise a number of 'breeds but the white Pekin ducks are the most popular. These are found in extra-ordinarily great numben over a wide area in tho southern shore of Long Island, New York. 45. Dj these market ducks grow heavier tl-.an siz pounds when they 'row older?After reaching six pounds they do not weigh very much more. 46. How lonl are ducks kept in the United States?-Usually one year only. Those that are kept longer are used to produce eggs for hatching. 47. What is led to these ducks?-A growing mash to make them develop in a short ~ for the market. In 9 to 13 weeks, ducklings increase their weight by SO times their weight at hatching time. · 48. How is the mash feed Jed?-A5 a wet mash in such amounts that it may clear in 15 to 20 minutes so that it will not be spoiled and do harm. It is fed every four houn, generally in the morning, noon, and evening. 49. How is the improvement of duck e_Us ef/ected?--Generally, there is no trapnesting, progeny testing, or individual pe· digree in the commercial duckeries. Selection is more or less the same as in Pateros but in some state stations some work ha~ been done for the improvement of duck egp. Recently, the kaki Campbell ducks were reported to produce as many as 365 eggs a year. 50. ·How ·could ell production be improved in a short time?-By using the ~ons of 8 the best producen, pro1ucing daughters that are good producerS, as sires as long· as they are strong and fertile. · 51. What is the ordinary way of selection?-The selection from among the best, that is, those that are healthy, active, and with good length, width, and depth of body. 52. Can the native ducks be mated with the MuS<"o\•ies?-Yes. When mated, they produce a hybrid that is bigger than the native and in conformation resembles more the native than the Muscovy. In the ex· periments made, the eggs laid by the few produced from this crossing did not hatch. 53. Do the native ducks look like the Pekin du-'ks?-They are very much like the Pekin ducks except that they are smaller and thai they ere colored while the Pekin ducks ere white. 54. To wh"t species are they related?They seem to be related to the wild Mallard duck. 55. Are du=ks subject to disease?-They a.re, but they seem to be less subpject to it than othr fowls. 56. What is the reason why there are times when many ducks die?-Usually, they die of botulinus, poisoning from eating dead or decomposing organisms. This happens when there are many dead snails during the hot season. when the so-called "lya" (Laguna de Bay algae) abou.1d in Laguna lake. 57. What i• tlit' weight of duck. •111•~ A native duck egg weigh• about 70 grams; an Indian Runner duck egg, from 75 lo ·so grams; and a Muscovy duck egg, from 65 to 70 grams. 58. Durinl what months do the ducks lay best?-ln the tests made at the Alobang Stock Farm, the months of June end July showed the highest production for both Indian Runner and native ducks. 59. During what months do they lay the least?-In the same test at the Alabang Stock Farm, J anuory showed the lowest production. 60. 1 s it possible to improve duck raising in Pateros and elsewhere in the Phi· lippines?-Yes, at least in four ways, name· ly, (1) by better sanitation, (2) by the use of a good thermometer in testing the temperature of the heated palsy and by the use of a double door at the entrance of the hntchery, (3) by the use of heat in brooding the newly-hatched ducklings and by giving better protection against predatory animals, and ( 4) by better feeding of the young growing stock from the start. 61. What sanitary measures should be observed?-ln the duck house, the litter should be deeply placed, and it should be sunned daily or as often as the weather permits. and changed as soon as a ra:--.k Ccntinucd on Page 121 COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS IJUREAU OF POSTS Manila SWORN STATEMENT (Required by Act No. 2580) The undersigned, HILARJON S. SILAYAN, Editor of FARMING AND COOPERATIVES (title of publication), published Once a Month (frequency of issue), in Enalish (language in which printed) at 1055 Arlegui, Manila (office of publication) after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, hereby submits the followirig statement of ownership, management, cirCulation, etc., which is required by Act No. 2580, as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 201: Editor-Hilarion S. Silayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Arlegui, Manila Managing Editor-Raul R. de Arana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Arlegui, Manila Business Manager-Raul R. de Arana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Arlegui, Manila Owner-Philippine Farmers Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Arlegui, Manila Publisher-Philippine Farmers Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Arlegui, Manila Printer-Manila City Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Arlegui, Manila Office of Publication-Philippine Farmers Association . . 1055 Arlegui, Manila If publication is owned by a corporation, stockholders owning one per cent or more of the total amount of stocks. Jose Cojuangco Manuel Gallego Luis de Leon Ricardo Gonzalez Sixto L. Sison Ar:.tonio Villarama Bondholders, mortgagees, or other security holders owning one per cent or more of total amount of security: NONE. In case of publication other than daily, total number of copies printed and circuleted of the last issue, dated April, 1946: I. Sent to paid subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5CO 2. Sent to ocher than paid subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 HILARION S. SILAYAN (Signature) EDITOR (Title or designotion) Subscribed and sworn to before me this ht day of April, 1946, at Manila, the effiant exhibiting his Residence Certificate No. A-973419, issued at Manila, on February 8, 1946. (Sgd.) MONICA BUMANGLAG Post Office Inspector Home and Woman's Corner JES-BAR HOME AND WOMEN'S CORNER This comer is dedicated to home and affairs of women who make the home. Home is a refreshing word full of memories. for everyone. Its atmosphere therefore depends on the heart and spirit of the mothen who make it warm and happy, cozy and lovely, or cold and dreary. In the Philippines as perhaps anywhere in the world, no matter how humble home maybe, home is sweet home. This comer shall try to adapt itself to modem homes on the farm. Wherever women maybe, on the farm or the city, the homes they make often depend on their ages. To the young. perhaps dancing and Questions ... odor is detected. In the brooding compartment, there should be a more frequent change of litter. In the yard, disinfection should be made now and then and new sand spread over the floor. In the swimming pool, cleaning and clearing should be made at least once a month. 62. Why is the use of a thermometer necessary?-Because it is more accurate than the most- experienced operator, who is subject to -colds and other ailments that may affect his efficiency. 63. Why is a double door /or the hatchery suftested?-Because it makes it easier to keep a more even temperature. If there is only one door, every time a person enten the hatchery a draft cannot be avoided. 64. Why is heating /or newly-hatched duckling necessary?-Because their vitality is easily affected by cold temperature. 65. What is wrong with the feeding of dudclinfs in Pateros?-The first feedings given lack the necessary protein, Vitamins, and minerals, and such lack ii detrimental to the health of the ducklings. 66. What kind of eggs intended /or hatching should be selected?-Only the eggs laid by a flock of ducks of at least one and a hall yean old during the high egg. production period. Eggs laid by young birds during the low production season should not be incubated, because the percentage of hatch will be low and the ducklings cannot be exp~ on the average to de~elop into very vigorous birds. 67. Should duclc/ings of dillerent ages be kept in one pen?-Ducklings of different ages should be raised in separate pens. If thii is not done many young ones will die, as the older birds are usually stronger and have a tendency to push the weak aside. 68. Will duclcs return to their own roosts ii miied with other /loclcs?-As a rule, the native ducks have become so tame and domesticated that even if they happen 12 poetry and dresses would be important. So it's wann and happy. To the middle aged, pe1·haps cooking and furniture and linen. So it's cozy and lovely. To the old, perhaps music and serenity and security. So it's cold and dreary. We dedicate the poem below to the serious, sensitive soul of the young homemaker. Home is where one starts from. As we grow older The world becomes stranger, the pattern more complicated Of dead and living. Not the intense moment Isolated with no before and after, But a lifetime burning in every moto get mixed with nearby flocks in separatile pens, they always return to their respective places. This is especially so in cases where they have been kept in place for several months. Dr. D. M. CARPIO DENTIST X-Ray Laboratory Violet Ray Therapy Office Hours: 8:00-12:00 A.M. 2:00- 6:· O P.M. Saturdayo: 8:00 12:00 A.M By Appointment Room 217 ReRinn Bldg. Escoha, Manila ment ..... Love is most nearly itself When here and now cease to matter. Old men ought to be explorers Here and there does not matter We must be still and still moving Into another intensity For a further union, a deeper communion Through the dark cold and the empty desolation, The wave cry, the wind cry, the va!it waters Of the petrel and the porpoise. In my end is my beginning. POEM (Reprint from Reader's Dige:;t) Soil Conservation , •. be managed end their activities controlled in order to be able to control at will the the various soil processes which will influence the growth of crops and of animals. The soil must be conserved end its cropproducing power must be improved in order ,.to maintain good.crop returns to support the ver-incerasing population or the country. 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