The National Forum

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Part of The National Forum

Title: The National Forum
Issue Date: Volume I (Issue No. I) July 1922
Year: 1922
Language: English
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extracted text: .... -..... -.-... -.-.-.-..-.---.-.... -.-.·----------------------.-..• -.---.-_.,. ....... -.-.----------·--·-·--.. -.-.... . 140 Bustillos Manila THE NATIONAL FORUM (A Monthl.11 Maa<utne fnr the Disew1si1m o.f NGtinnal Probl!lm:j) Vol. EDITED BY PRESIDENT CAMILO OSIAS 1 JULY j No. 11922 Telephone 1536 1 EUGENE A. GILMORE T. H. PARDO DE TAVERA Real Educatiou and Real Edueational Institutions .........•..•.......... . Eu,gene A. Gilmore PAGF. ! 5 N ational University President's Educational Creed ..... . Guiding Principies in Educationu \ Adminh•tration ..................... Oam'i'.lo Oaias ~latería) Progress (In Engli.~li and Spanish) .. ....................... T. H. Pardo de Ta1 nera Commercial and Financial Ventures .................. • Frands Burton Iiarriso,,;, The Philippine Constsbular.v: Its Aims And Accomplishments ......... R. A. Duekworth-Ford ·w ashington ConferPnce on the Limitation of A rmament ........... Warren G. Hardi11g An Analysis of this Year's ~~lection ..........•.... The .E'ditor The Philippine Mission und tlie Memorial........ .. ...... . President Ha rding's Repb· ..................•.... Editorials .................................. . 7 17 21 25 37 45 49 s7 68 75 Our Greet.lnA?"s-Our Professlon ot l<'alt.h-Labor for IndependPnce-Greater Economic Mladedness-Amlt~· Amon~ Natlons-Standardlzatlon of Private Educational Instltutlon!'. ~ News and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79. • The Phlllpplne Educatlonal Assoclatlon-Governor-General's Order Extendlng Perlod ~~ for Payment nf Real Property Tax-Dr. Barrows reshrns as Unlverslty PresldenLArteslan Wells Increaslnl'-Chlef .Justlce Taft in Emrland--Phlli.pplne Dr~·-Reception to Phillppine Mlssion at Washlni?t-0n-Asralnst sea-61'oln~ Llquor-Government J:ducatlonal "::~~l~~:~:::::~:::·.~::::~::7:;:~t~::~:~ • ,:; ;¿~ ~hlllpplne•-Bml~~lfe ~ & Barrio Educatlon. ~ Discussions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 The Manila. Daily Bulletln on the Flllplno Pleas for Immedlate and Complete IndependencA Two Senators Make Confllctin&l' Statements-8enator ?tla.nuel L. Quezun lpeaks for the i Flllplnos-Mrs. 8ofla P. de Veyra. Dlscusses Philtpplne Independence-Coastwise Law Mal' not Be Extf>nded to P. I.-Mrs. Maud Wood Park's ".Pledge of Consclentious Citlzens." ~. ------- . -- - ------- --- . ---. -- --- . ---. - . ------ - ---. ---._, 2 THE NATIONAL FORUM ..-.-.-.-.-.... -.-.... - .. ~ ........................ ..,._...,..._.,~. ·----------.-.-..-.-------------· ·----"'WORLD BOOK COMPANY THE HOUSE OF APPLIED KNOWLEDGE Established, 1905, by Caspar W. Hodgson YONKERS--ON-HUDSON, NEW YORK ~126 PRAIRIE A VENUE, CHICAGO -------==-==================== Pu blishers ot the following professional works: School Efficiency Series.. B'dited by Pa11,l .JI. Harius, Ph. D., Profe.~~or o.f .Educntion Hi1.ro11:rd Uni,oe1'.•dty, complete in thfrteen 'Volmnes. School Efficieacy Monographss ix n 1.wibers now ready, others in prepam tion. Educational Survey Seriess"'''·!e1·at 'VúlU.mt-fl 'llOW Tt50dy, ofhers pt'Oft:Cted. Als9 ¡ultlishers of the following works on Phllipplne subjects: Ba:Frio Lif e and .Barrio Educatin b.11 Camilo Osias, Praident National Unii·e1·1:dty The Sulu Archipelago and its People by S. V. O rosa, (In press). Bistory of the Philippines by Dr. D1wid P. Barrow1, formerly .Directm· rif Ed,uca.ti011. Stories of Long Ago in the Philippines by J.lfcGm.'nly. -------------·~--------MANILA ADDltESS-BOX 1100 Matias P. PereE-Philippine Representatin DR. T. H. PARDO DE TAVERA The greatest living. Filipino seholar: a scientist, an author, and a statesman. Member of the .\lalolos Constitutional Convention; Member of the Philippine Commission; President of the Commission of the Fourth Centennial of the Discovery of the Philippines, 1921. vVrote "Reseña Historien. de Filipinas desde su Descubrimiento hasta 1903," "Medicinal Plants in the Philippines," etc. A keen observer, a great' traveler, and truly a world citizen. ______ _,.,... _ _... _ _,_=---- . ..,._. __ _,..,,_,, __ ._....___ -""""' · - HON .. EUGENE A. GILMORE The new Vice-Governor of the Philippine Islanus and Secretar~· of. Pulilic Instructíon. Formerl.r a professor of law, Universit.r of Wisconsin. A man of hig-h ideals and a bP,)iever in the education of the masses. For Real Education and Real Educational lnstitutions Everything that is done in the name of education is not necessarily education. Merely calling an institution a school <loes not make it one; merely going to school is not equivalent to becoming educated. The Filipino people ha~e a very keen and laudable int~rest in education. They are devoting themselves to it with enthusiasm. They are taxing to the utmost the existing- educational facilities, both µublic and prívate. There still exists a strong- and unsatisfied demand far education. Where demand is strong, however, discrimination is often lacking. The constant endeavor of the Department of Public lnstruction will be to see that what is offered to the Fi~ipino people as educa. tion is really education in the highest and best sense; that our schools are really schools that those who attend them are engaged not merely in acquiring· detailed information and capacity to do specific things, but also in acqum ng genuine intellectnal int,.rests, sound character, and noble ideals of service EUGENE A. GIUIORE Vice-Governor General and s~c retary of Public Instruction. 5 ' : ' THE NATIONAL FORUM National University President's Edacational Creed I believe in education that seeks to secure for humanity and for every human being the highest and f ullest measure of free dom, happiness, and efficiency. I believe in educational administration founded upon the principle of nationalism, the principle of democracy, and the principle of internationalism. I believe in an educational institution that stands ( 1) for service to worthy priva te interprises, ( 2) for assistance to legitima te government activities, ( 3) for patriotic service to the country and loya:I devotion to the people. I believe in a higher institution that promotes dynamic Filipinism-Filipinism which means faith in the essential principles of nationality, in the sacredness of our ideals, and in the perpetuity of our instit utions. 1 believe in sane patriotism which means patriotism of action rather than one of passive admiration. 1 believe in the National University, a university that stands for national service and for a greater Philippines of tomorrow. CAMILO OSIAS. Guiding Principies in Edocational Administl'ation By CAMILO OSlAS President, N ational University Ladies and Gentlemen : 7 Y ou are witnesses to my taking the oath reconsecrating myself to th<i cause of education and to the service of mankind, especially, of course, the people of the Philippines. In making this my sworn duty I chose to place my hand upon these immortal and inspiring words of the Holy Book: "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might." And it is my purpose to abide by the letter and spirit of this injunction. This is verily a solemn occasion in my life. It is in truth a day of rededication. It is not in a spirit of vainglory that I take upon myself th8 great and serious charge of being President of the Natíonal University. I feel in my very being the sobering influence of a deep sense of responsibility. I see clearly the challenge of a difficult task. 1 realize fully tha urge of a new venture along channels of national service thru private initiative. ATTITUDE TO GOVERNMENT SERVICE I wish at the outset to correct a possible misconception regarding government service because my decision to cast my lot with those who are serving the country in prívate enterprises may be interpreted by sorne as indicative of a weakening of faith in the government or of respect for government service. Jf ~my there be who thus construes my resignation from a sta ble, pleasant, and useful government position, 1 wish to rectify him here and now. My sincere belief is that there should be a close partnership betwee• prívate endeavor and puhMc governmental venture. Prívate initiative based u pon the so lid rock of humanized patriotism and the f oundation stone of disinterested service is 1n a. very true sense a genuine contribution to the state and the nation. On the other hand, a good goverment exists not for itself primarily but for the people. 1 consider it fatal for men and institutions everlastingly to discourage those who are in government employmt.nt to dfacontinue governmePt P.ervice. Service to the government is honorable and patriotic. It is desirable that in the recognition of prívate initiative and government enterprise we should encourage the best men and women of our citizenry to assume an attitude of respect and cooperation toward the government and government service. I have long wanted to voice this conviction but I could not express it with"lll&S telling effect while 1 myself was in the employ of the government. In my present post I wish to state in ali earnestness that if the people and the press persist in continually discoura.ging talented public servants from going to the government and enga ging in government service, sorne day we shan reap the results of this fallacious and suicida} tendency. 8 THE NATIONAL FORUM I left my government position a.bsolutely satisfied. I have been happy in government work and after eleven years of continuous service, I am leaving "with malice towa;rd none, with charity for all." In so far as the adrninistration of the National University is concerned, three things will stand preerninent in the definition and application of institutional policies. These are: (1) service to worthy private enterprises; (2) assistance to legitimate governmental activities; and (3) patriotic service to the country and loyal devotion to the people. IDEAL ABOVE SALARY I would like my fellow-citizens to believe me when I say in all sincerity that service is essentially the ideal that grips men in educational work, be it public or private, and it is this spirit that shall continue to animate me in my work in the National University. My decision to sever my connection with the government educ·ational service is not an abandonrnent but merely a different application of the sam.e patriotic motiye. In the published news items regarding my accepta.nce of the university presidency, the question of salary seems to have been given considerable prorninence. I want to make a few frank statemen~s on this point to forestan a possible injurious effect upon the tendency and ambition of the Filipino youth. The salary I -a.m to receive in the National University is exactly as I fixed it, not a cent more not a cent less. True, it is greater than what I received as Assistant Director of Education but I want to say that the salary I am to get in this new post is not as large as the combined salaries I received formerly from the Department of Public Instruction, from the University of the Philippines, and another entity of the government. A decent regard for the welfa.re of our future citizens leads me to mention this fact, because I do not wish my action to be looked upon as an attempt to exalt materialistic considerations above principies and ideal!. UNDERLYING MOTIVE Patriotism and service should be the ruling principies of individual and national conduct. I decided to engage in this new enterprise because I saw in the presidency of the National University an opportunity to work out certain educational ideals under a closer personal direction. This new task enables me to be in a more direct contact with elementary, secondary, collegiate, .and university problems. I saw in this post an opportunity to enter upon a more aggressive period of productive scholarship. I also thought it would make possible a. more rapid working out of sorne of my cherished ideas of nationalization. Furthermore, I shall be able to show better the validity of my belief in the need of putting a stamp of intenser Filipinism and deeper spiritua.Iity upon the education for Philippine citizenship-a Filipinism that is compatible with world progress and a spirGUIDlNG PRINCIPLES 9 ituality which admits of universal culture and kinship. 1 also saw in this new charge a freer exercise of that acadernic freedorn so dearly prized by rnen who value scholarship and worship reason. 'L,hen, too, 1 craved for a wider opportunity to help develop that indornitable collective Filipino will with the power of national cornpulsion which 1 deern essential as a safeguard and an instrument in our domcstic life and in our international relations. PERIOD OF MATURITY I believe this country has now entered upon its stage of rnanhood and mnturity. It need no longer tie itself to the apronstring of a benign and helpful parent. Such a period demands democratic self-assertiveness and cultivated public sentiment. At such an age ~he Filipino people need to adjust themselves to the demand of greater professionalism and increased scientific spirit. This demand in turn presupposes roosondble obedience and vigorous leadership. In the National University 1 shall be connected with elementary education, which is essentially the basis of a democracy, 2.nd with higher education, which is the laboratocy and training grouncl for leaders-leaders who lead, no.t drive; leaders who minister rather than expect to be ministered unto ; leaders whose source of autho:rity is not position but reason. The demands of such an age are rigid and implacable, ~md it is partly to meet these demands that 1 accepted the offer to be President of the National tJniversity, considering it as a dare to Filipino manhood and to Filipino leadership. AIM OF EDUCATION, THE CHIEF GUIDING PRINCIPLE OF ADMINISTRATION In educational administration there are manifold guil!ing principies that could be mentioned. In every case, however, the aim of education is a controlling and determining factor. lt is univer~nlly admitted that the conception of education determines the aim, content, and method of education. This being so, all conception of efficient administration must rest upon an ndequate undert;tanding of the chief and ultitnate aim of education. Without analyzing the numerous aims of education advanced expressed in terms of utility, culture, knowledge, moral character, adjustment or social efficiency, 1 would like to say that it is my belief tha.t efficiency is an insufficient factor in an adequate formulation of the aim of education. Efficiency is important and it must be preserved. In the present eclectic tendency in educational philosophy, however, it is not enough that an individual or a nation be efficient to be educated. In fact we have seen that there is real danger of thinking too mu ch of ef ficiency and not enough 10 THE NATIONAL FORUM of freedom and hapiness. With individual freedom and happiness lacking, a nation would experience spiritual bankruptcy. The factors of freedom and happiness must be added to efficiency. W ~ rnay theYef ore say that education seeks to secure f or humanity as a whole and f or every human being the highest and fullest measure of fre.edom, happiness, and efficienC1J. This concepction of education shall be the one supreme guiding principie in the f ormulation of educational theories and practices essential to the successful administration and management of the affairs of the Natiom1l University. THREE MORE SPECIFIC GUIDING PRINCIPLES While it is true that the aim of education is the one great broad guiding principie in educational administration, it is necess.a\ry that more spe:cific principies be formulated. Three specific principies I shall here mention as great guiding principies in educational administration. These are the principie of nationalism, the principie of democracy. and the principie of internationalism. 1 shall now briefly discuss these principles. THE PRINCIPLE OF NATIONALISM In my labors in the field of education extending over a decade, 1 have steadf astly espoused the principie that our education contribute in full measure to the tr~ining of the youth of this country for a free, happy, and efficient citizenship in a self-governing Philippine state. 1 have at aJI times sought to deprecate whatever tended toward the denationalization of the people of these Islands and I have also consistently sought to foster whatever contributed to the strengthening of our national solidarity. 1 shalll now seek to widen the scope of application of this principie and shall continue to combat men and institutions that alienate our boys and girls, our young men and women, from the noble traditions and sacred ideals of the Filipino people, f or I believe in the principie of nationalism as a ~uide in educational administraltion. Educational i!'stitutions, public and private, must consecrate themselves to the principie of nationalism. Sane, disciplined, humanized patriotism will ever and always be a virtue. The modern conception of patriotism is contrary to the narrow, bigoted sectional feeling, on the one hand, and supra-nationalism, on the other. Time and again I have voiced the conviction that altho this is an age of internationalism, there is no concerted movement-there should be none-to eradicate or to weaken the feeling of n3tionality. The fact is that in every civilized country, people more than ever before are engaged in the intensification of their national spirit not only for the purpose of strengthening their national existence but for the purpose of laying a foundation upon which the superstructure GUIDING PRINCIPLES 11 of a new humanity shall rest. The people of this country clamor, and rightly, for the teaching of dynamic Filipinism and for more things Philippine thru the agency of our educational and educative institutions. The people expect, and justly, that Filipino children imbibe in their youth the spirit that moved our historie martyrs and heroes. Le9.ders exact educational results which shall safeguard our nationa,I welfare, furtller our prosperity, and increase our happiness. Forward Iooking men and women desire administrators to utilize education for the cultivation of a deeper sense of civic responsibility and a more intelligent and tolerant patriotism. The nationalization of our education is by no meains an anti-foreign movement. It is not an expression of antagonism for anything that is not indigenous in the country. It is not an exclusivistic tendency. It does not mean a discarding of subject matter and method of educ.ation which is not distinctly local. It is not an ungovernable tendency on the part of the Filipinos to seek office or post regardless of merit. And certainly, it does not mean a sacrifice of efficiency at the altar of narrow and superficial nationalism. Proper nationalization means intellectual charity toward the universal. lt is increased knowledge of, and love for, the Philippines and for things Philippine without prejudice against the good that is foreign. S::me Filipinization seeks the best that is foreign and grafts it on the best that is Philippine. This principie applied to education seeks a re-definition of Filipino ch,a¡racter and analysis of it in terms of our virtues and our weaknesses. lt e alis f or a systematic program f or the reduction of illiteracy and the promotion of general culture. lt iµeans continuous adaptation of the course of study to the individual and social conditions of the Filipinos. It advoc.mtes for the inclusfon in many of our texts of a reasonable proportion of Philippine subject matter with due regard to matters of universal import. lt does not do ·away with the welcoming of foreign coworkers in our administrative and teaching staff, but at the same time it insists upon the necessity of identity with, or at lea$t a sympathy for, the people, their ideals, their interests, and their aspirations. In short, the policy of nationalization calls for the reshaping of a philosophy of education which is conducive to the maintenance of increased solidarity and the perpetuation of the principles of democracy and republicanism. In the admiñistration of the educational affairs of the National University and in the application of the principie of nationalisrn~ it shall be my purpose to help train our youth to be intelligently and whole-heartedly devoted to the cause of a Philippine Republic. Dependent, our young people, our citizens, our leaders, must live and labor for the early estab12 THE NATIONAL FORUl\I lishment of a free and independent Philippine Republic. Independent, our education should contribute to the improvement and perpetuation e>f that Republic. The cause of a Phi!ippine indcpendent g-overnment can be served greatly thru the agency of education. We can help sbbilize our existence by training men and women adeouately prepared to help solve our domestic issues. We can strengthen it by training the masses and developing citizens who spontaneously and disinterestedly assist in the solution of present-day home, community, and nattional problems. Education can insure preparedness for a democratic and republican existence thru a more adequate training in the rights and duties, the prerogati ves and responsibilities of true self government. Education, too, can and should keep alive our devotion to our ide9ls thru the study of our history and government, thru a proper insight into the unlimited resources of our country, and thru increased knowledge of our psychological and sociological na.rore. One of the most important educational functions in obedience to the principie of nationalism is the conservation of the stability of Philippine family life, for we have here an asset of incalculable worth. Family instability is a Iiability and family disrupt on is a calamity. We can hasten our progress by furthering our cultural advancement and by creating a strong social determination to want no other earthly form of national existence except a free, hnpp,v efficient, and independent existence. Dynamic Filipinism can and must be nurtured in our educational institutions. Perhaps there could be no fix~d time for recitation as there might be f or an ordinary subject lesson. The time for teaching Filipinism is practically all the time and the place to teach it is practically everywhere. Filipinism is a faith in the essential principies of nationality, in the sacredness of our · ideals, and in the perpetuity of our institutiomt. It is respect for law and constituted authority. It is devotion to liberty and justice. lt is belief in truth and right. It is a recognition of the inevitable victory of merit and reason. It is love of country where sanity and breadth of view loom large. It is service to the people where patriotic citizens do not worship false gods and pursue selfish and ignoble ideals. 1 am myself a Filipino, and, God helping me, 1 hope to make my words, my life, give added dignity and honor and luster to the Filipino name. I want to see the Filipino soul illumined to the fullest extent. 1 wish to see the Filipino spirit awakened to the highest point. A Filipino forsooth ! That is what 1 wish every young hoy or girl, every young ma.n or young woman, in the National University or under the influence of this institution to become and be. That should mean a kind of being proud, tho not arrogant, for having been born in Philippine soil; a pcrson of sterling character; an individual of rugged honesty and tenacity of purpose GUIDING PRINCIPLES 13 determined to triumph. THE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY 1 believe in the principie of democracy as a guide in school administr.a,tion. Our education must function to bring about greater democracy. Peoples the world over are desirous that the people shall govern and that the principies of democracy shall rule. Monarchies that have long existed are either disappearing, making way for democracy, or are becoming more democrf)1tic in their nature. Our young .. people must be made aware of this great movement. It behoovef our leaders to depict more clearly than heretofore the democratic scene of action. There has been in the past a great deal of talking about democracy. There must be from now on more living and practising democracy. The democratic idea•l needs to permeate our educational thought and practice. An enduring democratic lif e demands less illiteracy and more widespread cultivated citizenship. The atmosphere of democracy must saturate the spirit of the school and school methods. Our citizens must acquire a deeper sense of public duty and readier responsiveness to their civic responsibility. Educstional administration must foster intolerance of mobocracy and passion for democracy. Scientific and universal education, training citizens to think and re.ason, should result in an aversion toward the assumed infaUibility or coercive control of one man or a few men, and in a corresponding fondness for the people and the people's rule. Democracy thus requires the enlightenment of the masses; it presupposes the impulse to sacrifice individual interest at the altar of human good. In a dernocracy there is a cheerful yielding of will or def eren ce on the party of the minority to the majority, tho not necessarily a sa.crifice of opinions or convictions. Anarchy thrives best where the people's thoughts are repressed and where people's convictions are muzzled. That education which teaches respect for expert service, loyalty to law and principle, devotfon to truth and the eternal verities, obedience as well 12s leadership-that education, 1 say, is in accord with the principie of democracy. Democracy prompts men to look upon an office not as an opportunity to shirk work but to shoulder hard work; to consider a public trust as a privilege for service not a chance for rulership. This precious word, often abused, is freedom of opportunity and equitableness of rewards. It is equality of opportunity and inequality of compensation, unequal because it is in proportion to worth and merit. Democracy, furthermore, means the same chances for all and special privilege to none. Cultivated democracy makes for unity of purpose, mutuality of sympathy, community of ideals, loyalty to public ends, devotion to righteous causes, and identity of human goal. This democratic principie in educational admi14 THE NATIONAL FORUM nistration demands respect for intelligent public opinion, intellectual tolerance, and an abiding faith in, and a clear vision of the highest good to each individual as a human being and to humanity as a unified whole. If we He to be democratic as a people, our young men and young women must have democracy ingrained in their character. If we are to make democracy a reality in our country, every potential citizen must be s~hooled to share in the duties, sacrifices, and responsibilities which demo('ratic life entails. Our students must be habituated to cooperative national service. School life properly administered is rich enough in possibnities to accustom students to love social, political, and vocational enterprise. Our school curriculum is wide enough in its seo pe to off er occasions for the formation of habits which are required in the democratic orgnnism. Our school activities in the classroom, in the shop, in the assembly, in the library, and on the playground-these may be managed so as to prepare students for that intelligent cooperation, which is one of the most precious attributes of a democratic order. The patriotism of action rather than one of passive admiration or transient emotion is the type which keeps burning the fire of democracy. THE PRINCIPLE OF INTER~ATIONALISM We are living in a world groping anxiously for a freer, happier, and more efficient existence .. New world relations are being sought. Nevt readjustrnents in internatiom·l dealings are being made. Progressive educational thought and practice rnust be in harmony with the dorninant tendencies and aspirations of the times. 1 believe in the principie of internationalism as a guiding principie in educational administration. We are living in a historie epoch, an epoch of cosmopolitanisrn. Conference among master minds of thc world are being held to minimize, and, if possible, abolish secrecy and intrigue, suspicion and greed, sorrow and hatred. The remedy for humanity's ills and the realization of the drearn.s of visioned poets and far-seeing sages are dependent upon, and conditioned by, the moods and attitudes of the rnasses. Proper intern'.ltional ethics is controlled by thc mentality of the peoples inhabiting this war-weary world. The traditional policy of "splendid isolation'' so popular in bygone days has now been practically discarded. Leaders and educated citizehs now see clearly the interdependence of nations. Peoples the world over are interbound. They are interrelated and interpcnetrating in matters of sanitation, comrnerce, industry, transportation, production, custorns, morals, religion, and education. The youth of our land must be trained to look beyond our national GUIDING PRINCIPLES 15 borders. The e~rly Filipinos had trade relations with their Asiatic neighbors. Political ties were established between our country a·nd Europe, and more recently the f ortunes of war brought us in to u ch with the English-speaking nations. Already, we have thus had active participation in r. certain sense in world relations. It is proper that we accentuate world consciousness especi'a·lly now that the prophecy of the Pacific becoming the theder of rnornentous international events has becorne a reality. The education of the Philippine Islsnds has attracted wide attention. Commissions after comrnissions have visited these shores to study and investigate the Philippine educational system. The Philippines in Far Eastern athletics has taken the lead not only in the organiza.tion of the Far Eastern Athletic Association but in her achievements. The last championship games Rtaged in our •eighboring republic witnessed the Filipinos establish their athletic superiority among Far Eastern nations. The active pa.rticipation of the Philippine Islands has been made possible largely thru the instrumentality of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation, the grcatest existing nmnteur body in the world. Not only because of the great physical and moral good that results from athletics have 1 associated myself so readily with athletic movements but because 1 see in thc'".e athletic acti vities a power for cementi11g friendship u pon the endurinl' basis of under~t:mding and peace. In my new post 1 shall continue to lend a helping hand, and as Vice-President of the Far Eastern Athletic Association, 1 shall do rny full share to utilize these relationships of countries in the Far East and help establish a real internati onal good will. The young people of the Philippine Islands, too, are represented in the newly organized Far Eastern Students Alliance. The youth thus have a very vital way of becoming internationally minded thru their intellectual and spiritual relations. Our religion in part makes us citizens of the world. Then, just now, the eyes of all civilized peoples are turned to that epoch-rnaking disarmament conference being held in America ; and living as we do in the midst of the Pacific, it is natural that we should with anxiety look forward to the results of the deliberations and agreemen ts reached. lt must be the fond hope and sincere p:rayer of the people of these Islands that such ·.~ meeting of minds may be instrumental in the proper solution of Pacific problems, the international status of thc Philippines included. Acting upon the principie of internationalism, we rn.ay \Vell make our education in the Philippines an agency for the harmonizing of the cultures and civilizations of the East and of the West. One of the functions of education in accord with this principie is to teach peace as humanity's vested right and war as a wasteful and destructive agency for the settlement of national and international questions. 16 THE NATIONAL FORUM In our schools we have heretofore been wont to present the hero always in armor. From now on we must present the hero as a being not always with the sword but one who by bis industry, by bis talent, by bis patriotism, yes, by bis bumanity, disinterestedly renders effective service in the domains of peace. The bero, too, it must be remembered, is not alone to be found on the bighways; very often he is discovered in obscure byways. Perchance the grest and distinct contribution of weaker nations may Iie just in this, that in the definition of international pbilosophy they more than others tbe smaller nations more than the bigger ones may be the instruments of Divine providence for the teaching of tbe wisdom of peace and tbe criminality of war-peace as a.n attribute both human and divine and war as a grievous wrong and an enormus crime. Tbe principle of internationality in educational theory sbonld lead to a greater study of nations, tbis study being essential in my opinion to modern Ieadership. A knowledge of the psycbology of nations is necessary to twentieth century citizensbip. As a general rule, we love most those we understand best; we are most indiff erent to tbose we know nothing about; and we hate most bitterly those we misunderstand most fully. Modern fraternity among peo ples demands a diff erent type of brotherhood from that entert.ained toward Abel by Caín of old. Our very definition of education must be nationalized, democratized, and internationalized. Tbe aim, content, and method of education must Jikewise be humanized. Education to be ali that it should be must make for the development of a national mind and a na.tional spirit, a democratic mind and a democratic spirit, and an international mind and an international ~pirit. And my guiding principies in educational administration shall be the principie of nationalism, the principie of democracy, and the principles of internationalism,-these three, but tbe first of these and the one of most immediate concern to the individual and the nation is the dynamic principie of nationalism. NAVARRO'S DRY CLEANING AND TAILORING Phone 4839 Bustillos 119 We offer to the discriminating students a first class llocano Dry Cleaning that <loes its work to the so.tisfaction of ali. Give usa ''TRIAL" and we will "PaovE" it to you. M. Navarro. Hernandez Dry Cleaning and Laundry IS At yeur scnice at aay time whcn yeu call up 2744 Efficiency is its maxim! come on try us ! 260 Gral. Luna, Intramuros Material Progress by Dr. T. H. Pardo de Ta vera 1 ; Those who are wont to despise civilization and material development to the point of being inexact, cite the voyage of Magellan as an enterprise moved solely by religious ideals and by sincerest and purest charity. In fact, they misrepresent .and even forget two incontestable facts which no one can deny: firstly, the voyage of Magellan was proposed te> the king of Spain, accepted by the latter and approved by bis ministers and effected by Magellan and bis companions for tbe MERCANTILE PURPOSE OF DISCOVERING, SAILING TOWARD THE WEST, THE ROUTE TO THE MOL UCCAS ISLANDS and wreS>t from tbe bands of Portugal the RICH COMMERCE FROM THE ISLANDS wbicb produced spices. This and no otber was the origin, inspira.tion, and object of that famous expedition. In tbe second pla.ce, such purpose could be realized precisely because tbe Spaniards bad acbieved a material development which jnspired and made possible that enterprise. And with respect to the conquest of the Philippines it is certain that they would not have achieved it were it not for the superiority of their MATERIAL STATE, that is to say, because Spain was a nation of greater material development than the Philippines. It is therefore perfectly absurd to try to undervalue material progress much less to belittle the task of MAKING MONEY because the office of a producer is more noble than that of dilapidator of others' profits, which is the role our critics play in society. We candidly attribute to tbe government the existence of tbe City of Manila with its bu ildings and its bridges that cross its river when in reality it is the result and product of commercial activity, just as to the same cause is duc the existence and development of Cebu, Iloilo, and Zamboanga. If we leave the Philippines reaching only as far as Hongkong, we find another product of commerce because, on th3t rock of the Chinese coast whicb the Englishmen took for themselves for the purpose of converting it into a commercial depository, the efforts of men devoted to commerce made that great city possible which flourished materially without the necessity of promises of liberty nor of literary concepts a.nd solely by virtue of the cre.ative power of commerce. Thru commerce are formed first establishments purely for trade purposes which go on developing until they constitute the modern citie.s which we admire. And thru material development societies Iater acquire force and means to reach the highest position in a life purely intellec18 THE NATIONAL FORUl'.:I tual and moral. N ew York did not arise spontaneously ; rather it is the product of the work of men, daily more intense and more perfect, especially in their intellectual and esthetic civilization,, which could not possibly exist without the indispensable foundation of material progress. The evolution of the intellect, the development of thought, followed as a natural consequence the development and evolution of material production, that is to 8ay, the concrete creation of human industry. Labor and competition, which are nothing less than the struggle to produce something better and more useful, have been the cause of ali social progress founded, based upon, and originated in, the perfection of the manual labor of man. In proportion as material production was perfected, so the mental capacity qf man widened, be~1use everything that we conceive in the domains of the abstract is nothing more than the transf orm.ation, expansion, idealization of previous concrete forms. How can we consider or conceive quality (which is the abstract) without the previous existence of a subject which is precisely concrete? Material production generates ideas, representations which are its immediate and natural consequence. Later, in turn, material progress, by the law of mutual reaction, improves, increases, grows thru the developtnent of knowledge. Thus material progress precedes and generates intellectual growth; it is its effect which la ter reacting as a cause origina tes the betterment of the latter. I do not wish to write at length but I desire to be permitted not to finish without urging you, my readers, in all sincerity to labor to make the largest possible amount of money that you ~an and acquainting you with that useful classification of human types which Demolins based upon the capacity of earning and spending and which is as follows: l. Type better fitted to make money than to spend it. 2. Tyre better fitted to spend money than to earn it. 3. Type equally unfit to earn money as to spend it. 4. Type equally fit to earn it as to spend it. Naturally this last type is what 1 desire to see extended among us. But in order that there will be no misunderstanding since there is prevalent among many a sort of tendency to despise riches, 1 should speak the same words with which Demolins treated this subject. "Money," he says, "is an element of individual moralization and of social progress under the two following imperious conditions: It is necessary to earn it LABORIOUSLY and HONESTLY; then it is necessary to spend it USEFULLY and GENEROUSLY." Money earned laboriouslv educates man in the practice of effort, develops energy and resistance, ~king him love obstacles and habituating him to triumph. Money spent MATERIAL PROGRESS 19 usefully and generously elevates and ennobles the soul. Instead of being a selfish end, to earn money becomes a means, A MEANS OF IMP&OVIN G THE HUMAN STATE, creating i:nstitutions of public welfare, benefitting both the present and future generations. It is a matter of pride to us Filipinos to know from experience that to the latter type belongs my good friend, ]\!Ir. Teodoro R. Yangco. I desire that most of us and that most of the Frnpinos seek to folIow the type of man who seeks to earn the greatest amount of money laboriously and honestly, later to spend it usefully and generously for the progress of our country and of humanity in general. --------------------------------------------------------------!NA~UNIVERSITY ............... ! ÜOLLEGE oF CoMMERCE AND BusrNESS AnMINISTRATION ANNOUNCEMENT IS HEREBY MADETO THE EFFECT THAT .~ \ ~ ~ ARE ENTITLED ~ TO ~ Associate in Commercial ¡ STUDENTS IN CO~DIERCE FINISHING 60 UNIT8 Science ~ .-_,._,._._._ • .;e_-_._._._._._._._..,.I".•..-.•.•.•.•.-.-•••• _._._._. _______________ ._,._._._._._._._. ___ -........... _._._¿ THE NATIONAL FORUM 140 BUSTILLOS, l\IA.Nif,A. Sirs: P"lease semi me the National Forum for ....••••••••.•••••...... (month year) beg-tnning • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 192 • • • . , for U.'hich I incl.oBe herewith P .........•..•...•. P 4.00 a Year Name .••••...•...•.••••..••..••...•..•....................•......• Address •............................................................... Subscrlptlon Rates Phillppines and Uniied States ............................................................ ~ ... P .50 a copy 2@ THE NATIONAL FORUM TAILORINGS Youngmen:Rcmember that in this age the way you are looked upon depends in the Manner you Dress. Be Well Dress on every term to Gaia Admiration and Respect of everybody you meet. But Good Dressing doesn't necessarily mean expen~ive clothing. It is a question of Goo• Cuttlng by Experts. Far Style and Accuracy and Clean Work go to UP-TO··DATE FASHION 600 Rizal A ve., Manila. Tel. 688. Satisfaction Guaranteed. Good Discount to National University Students, and Nationa.l Forum Readers. To take a<lvantage of our offer Be Sure to Bring \Vith ~·ou when ordering this ad. TRY FOR AN ORDER. E. S. Zaballere. T. Zaldua Pro p. Chief Cutter Special to National University Stadeats and National Forum READERS: 'Ve offer a good discount for ;you if you show us this ad. when ordering. We specialize in ~tanila Chic Style 1922. Varsitarian Style, Nalda Sty le etc. SUITS MACE IN 24 HOURS E. NALDA TAILOR ANO SHIRT MAKER 34'5 Madrid, Binondo, Manila, P. O. Box 1674 Phone 8812 21 El Progreso Material por T. H. PARDO BE TAVERA. Los que alardean de despr~ciar la civilización y el desarrollo material, lleg.ando al extremo de la inex:nctitud, citan el viaje de Magallanes como una empresa impulsada unicamente por ideas religiosos y de caridad ma~ sincera y pura. En realidad disimulan, hasta olvidarlos, dos hechos i•contest:ables que nadie puede negar: primeramente, el viaje de Magallan~1 fué propuesto al rey de España, aceptado por éste, acogido por sus ministros y efectuado por Magallanes y sus compañeros con el proposito MERCANTIL DE DESCUBRIR, NAVEGANDO HACIA EL OESTE, EL CAMINO DE LAS ISLAS MOLUCAS y arrancar de manos de Portugal el RICO COMERCIO CON DICHAS ISLAS que producian las especias. Esto y no otro fué el origen, inspir.a.ción y finalidad de aquella famosa expedición. En segundo lugar semejante propósito pudo realizarse precisamente porque los españoles habían conseguido un desarrollo material que los sugirió e hizo posible aquella empresa. Y, en cuanto -a la conquista de Filipinas seguramente que ellos no la hubieran conseguido a no ser por la superioridad de su ESTADO MATERIAL, es decir, por ser una naciát de mayor desarrollo material que los filipinos. Así, pues, es perfectamente absurdo tratar de menospreciar el pregreso material y mucho menos de tener en menos la tarea de GANAR DINERO, porque el oficio de productor es más noble que el de dillipidadO'r de la ganancia de los otros, que es el papel que nuestros críticos juegan 011 la sociedad. Candidamente atribuimos a la acción del Gobierno Is existencia de esta ciudad de Manila., con sus edificios y los puentes que cruzan su río, cuando en realidad es el resultado y el producto de la actividad comercial, a la que de la misma manera se debe la existencia y el desarrollo de Cebú, de Iloilo y de Zambmmga. Si se sale de Filipinas, llegando solamente a Hongkong, hallamos otro producto del comercio, porque en aquella roca de la costa China que los ingleses tomaron para ellos con el objeto de convertirla en un depósito mercantil, el esfuerzo de los hombres dedicados al comercio ha conseguid» formar la gran ciudad que floreció materialmente sin necesidad de prf.,_ mesas de libertad ni de conceptos literarios y solamente en virtud de • potencia creadora del comercio. Por el comercio se forman primero establecimientos puramente de contr:atación que se van desarrollando hasta llegar a constituir las ciudades 22 THE NATIONAL FORUM modernos que admiramos. Y por el desarrollo material llegan luego las sociedades a tener fuerza y medios para ganar las situaciones más elevadas en la vida. puramente intelectual y moral. Nueva York no ha nacido espontaneamente, sino que es el producto del trabajo cada vez más intenso Y más perfecto de los hombres precisamente en su civilización inteleetual Y artistica, que no podria existir sin el fundamento indispensable del adelanto material. La evolución de la inteligencia, el desarrollo del pensamiento ha seguido, como consecuencia natural, al desarrollo y evolución de la producción material: es decir, de la creación concreta de la industria humana. El trabajo y la competencia, que son n;:-;da más que la lucha para producir algo mejor y más apetecible, han sido la caus.a de todo el progreso social fundado, basado y originado en el perfeccionamiento de la obra manual del hombre. A medida. que la producción material se perfeccionaba así tambien la capacidad mental del hombre se ensanchaba, porque todo lo que concebimos en el terreno de la abstracción es nada más que transformación, ampliación, sutilización de las formas concretas precedentes. Efectivamente, cómo podriamos considerar ni concebir una cualidad (que es lo abstracto), sin la previa existencia de un sujeto, que es precisamente concreto? La producción material engendra ideas, representaciones que son su consecuencia inmediata y fatal. Luego, a su vez, el progreso material, por la ley de reacciones mútuas, mejora, aumenta, evoluciona por medio del desárrollo de los conocimientos. Así el progreso material precede y engendra al intelectual, es su efecto que reaccionando luego como causa origina el mejoramiento de aquel. No quiero escribir extensamente hoy, pero séame permitido no terminar sin excitaros mis lectores ardientemente a trabajar p;ara ganar la mayor cantidad de dinero que podais, poniendo en vuestro conocimiento la útil clasifimción de los tipos humanos que Demolins fundó sobre la capacidad de ganar y gastar, y es la siguiente : l. Tipo más apto para ganar el dinero que para gastarlo. 2, Tipo más apto para gastarlo que para ganarlo. 3. Tipo igualmente inepto para gastarlo como para ganarlo. 4. Tipo igualmente apto para ganarlo como para gastarlo. Naturalmente este último tipo es lo quo yo deseo que se extienda entre nosotrm~. Pero para que no haya equivocos ya que persiste en muchas una especie de desprecio de las riquezas, debo decir las mismas palabras con que Demolins trató este sujeto. "El dinero, dice, es un elemento de moralización individual y de progreso social bajo las dos imperiosas condiciones siguientes. Es menester ganarlo PENOSA Y HONRADAMENTE; después es necesario gastarlo EL PROGRESO MATERIAL 23 UTIL Y AMPLIAMENTE." El dinero ganado penosamente educa al hombre en las prácticas del esfuerzo, desarrolla la energía y la resistencia, ha,.. ciendole amar los obstáculos y acostumbrándole a vencer. El dinero gastado útil y ampliamente levanta y ennoblece al alma. En lugar de ser una finalidad egoista, ganar dinero resulta un medio, UN MEDIO DE MEJORAR LA CONDICION HUMANA, creando instituciones de bien público que aprovechan tanto a hs generaciones presentes como a las generaciones fu turas. Es un orgullo para nosotros filipinog, saber por experiencia, que pertenece al último tipo mi excelente amigo, el S. Teodoro R. Yangco. Y o deseo que la mayoría de nosotros y que la mayoría de los filipinos traten de seguir el tipo del hombre que tr.a.t11. de ganar la mayor suma de dinero penosq y honradamente para después gastarlo util y ampliamente, para el progreso de nuestra patria y de la humanidad en general. Books, Magazines, Stationery, Supplies Te:x:ts, rcference books, inspirational books, novels, and other books are sold. For Books, Magazines, ~laps, Pictures, Sta.tionery, Office and ~chool Supplies, Toys, Novelties, Printing and Engra ving call on us. :\Jagazine guides and price lists furnished on request. Philippine Education Co. Inc. 34 Escoln, llfanila, P. l. 24 THE NATIONAL FORUM es SS sssss SS SSSSSS SS SS% %%5\%%%%%$ SSSoS $ S Restaurants & Hotels A nice, cozv place and the be1t there is to eat, when you come to u1 f or your BREAKFAST, LUNCH, MERIENDA and DINNER In fact any time of the day or night you come to our place you will be assured of the best Ice Cream and Refreshments of ali kinds. Our "U B E " Ice Cream is fameus In the city. No wheN else cun you taste the natural flavor of the "UBE" made into delicious ice cream. LA PERLA Inc. b' I' 228 Plaza Sta. Cruz, Planlla ~· &:CS::S Sl:ISCS:SS:S:SS::S $1:1 11:1\:SS:S:SS::S ss::::ss:ss:s:s ss::sc.:ss:ss:s::s SS:SCS:S\:S:i :s:s s~sr:ss:ss::s:s:s:s Sl:ISCS:SC:S::S s::s ~s:ss:s:s ss::scsas:ss:::s s::s St:4:1S:S:SS3S,. ~ •ss 1 s••ssss•s•sssssssss•s11 ssssss1 s•sssss11ss•ssss••ssss•st MOLINA ORCHESTRA Gives Satisfactory Service IN THEATRES MUSICAL, PROGRAMS AND BALLS For MANILA and PROVINCES 440 Evangelista, Telephone 996 Director: FRANCISCO SANTANA GREGORIO REYES TAILOR 646 A venida Hizal CINE OBRERO t' G. TUAZON ST. SAMPALOC STUDENT GUIDE (POCKET SIZE) Inexpensive Boeklet of Valuablt Informatioa -Only P-0.ZO a copy=Call f or your copy at the Universi ty of the Philippines, National lJniversity, Univcrsity of Manila OR STUDENT Y. M. C. A. ~l,50 Arroceros St., ~Janil11. ~ .::: s::sss $$$ % # nss:o; 4\\% S:%3 i '' $%$ #S$$3X%$%Sii t% &&SS+·= Commercial and Financial Ventores by FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON. 25 From the beginning of Americ;an civil government in the Philippines, the administration had taken in hand the management of various utilities for which there was then offering no adequate private enterprise; thus, the Insular Government owned and operated an ice and cold-storage plant; a. printing-office for official publications; various coast-guard ships; the telegraph and inter-island cable systems, with a cable-ship for the repair of them; a purchasing agent and a Bureau of Supply f or all the departments of the Government and, of course, a Bureau of Public Works. The officials of the Bureau of Supply were always instructed to purchase when possible from local merchants, but the existence of this bureau was from the beginning a source of criticism and attack. The ice-plant was a powerful influence in keeping down the price of ice, but efforts made by the Government in 1914 to sell the ice-plant, and in 1920 to abolish the Bureau of Supply, met with no success. The price-fixing of staple commodities by the Government duripg the years of w:ar, 1917-18, was generally recog-nized as being dictated from Washington and rega:rded as a necessary incident of the war; on the whole, it may be said that price-fixing, except in the case of the rice crisis was a failure, and did more eventual harm than temporary good. The first step in "interference" with capital by the new FilipinoAmerican administration was the creation early in 1914 of a Public Utility Commission on the model of the N ew Jersey statute; this has proved a success and has rendered generally appreciated services to the public. Then carne the purchase by the Government in 1916 of the main transportation system in the islands, the Manila Railroad company. Whatever may be the view of the reader as to public ownership of railroads in the United States, he must remember that the situation is entirely different in the Philippines. Indeed, attention should be given to the fact that the railroads are generally owned and operated by the governments in all near-by countries and colonies. Government ownership of railroads is the rule in Ja pan, Indo-China, the Federated Malay Sta tes, Java and Sumatra, Burma, Ceylon and British India. In China the administration is now trying to get back the railroad concessions from the aggressiw groups of foreign capitalists who own them: the Chinese ha ve b2en thoroughly alarmed by the political use made of railw:ays in their country as the opening wedge of territorial conquest by the great powers. The causes that led to the acquisition of the system in British India 26 THE NATIONAL FORUM by the Government were, it is said, similar to those in the Philippines. The Manila Rairoad Company was a:n English enterprise, first started in 1888 ; the lines are entirely in the island of Luzon, and extend north and south from Manila for, altogether, about one thousand kilometers. New railroad construction was government-aided soon after American occupation by an agreement on the part of the administr.ation to guarantee the interest on the bonds to be issued. The line had never been very profitable, and no doubt the English capitalists were getting tired of it; at all events, after the outbreak of the war in 1914, no more English capital was forthcoming. The Philippine Government, from 1911, had been lending from the Gold Standard Fund all sums for new construction, and were usually required to pay a substantial sum each year in default on the interest on the railroad bonds. The management was still all English, but an American government railway supervisor was detailed to see that the construction money was properly spent. In spite of his efforts, the construction work, especiaJly in the right-of-way department, had by 1912 become a public scandal. Through 1913 and 1914 constant efforts were made to force the company to change its methods, but in vain. This scandal a.rose through the practice of the railroad company's agents buying up the necessary land at nominal figures from the ow.ners, and then selling it to the company ata high figure. This swindle had grown to gigantic proportions, but about nine millions of pesos had been lost jn this way,-a sum upon which the government guarantee of four per cent interest on the bonds had to be met. Two Spaniards and a Filipino were the active agents of the railroad right-of-way department in these transactions. The Filipino was subsequently sentenced to prison for his part i.n them; the Spaniards has escaped to Spain and could not be extradited from their own country. In spite of our eff orts the railroad management would not or could not change the system, nor reform these abuses. This led finally to an off er in 1915 011 the part of the Gover.nment to purchase, at a price of $4,000,000, the whole system. The offer was finally accepted after tedious negotiations, conducted for the Government chiefly by Clyde A. DeWitt, Public Utility Commissioner. Dissatisfaction at the terms was loudly expressed in the stockholders' meetings which ratified the sale in London. Meanwhile the system had been allowed by the management to run down to such a point that during the first three years of government ownership the profits were devoted entirely to the necessary work of repair to roadbed, buildings, and rolling-stock. This was rendered more difficult by the virtual impossibility during 1917-18 of getting materials :md supplies under export license from England or the United Sta tes; and by the necessity of meeting the war prices for coal, which had risen from twelve COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL VENTURES 27 pesos to forty-eight pesos a ton. The company, since 1918, has been organized as an entity separate from the Government, which, however, is the sole stockholder. The voting power of the stock is vested in a board consisting of the governor-gener.a l and the two presidents of the houses of the Legislature. The board of directors has a majority of Filipinos, and Senate President Quezon is the president, serving without salary. Mr. Ernest J. Westerhouse, formerly the able Director of the Bureau of Public Works, is the general manager, and is entitled to much credit for the success of his administr.ation in building up and repairing the system; he has, moreover, succeeded largely in rooting out the shocking system of graft among the employees, prevalent under the prívate management, which, when frequently challenged, has with cynical indifference replied: "What can you expcct of the natives ?" That it w.as not the fault of the "natives" was pointed out to them by comparison with the Philippine Government, which at the same time was comparatively free from graft, though employing many thousands more Filipinos than the railroad. The purchase of the Manila Rairoad Company was granted at the time with volleys of criticism on the part of the Amer\can local press; it is now universally accepted as a success, and no argurnents are advanced against the further negotiations now pending for the acquisition by the Government of the two American-built lines in the islands of Cebu and Iloilo. While the Southern Island system of the Philipvine Railway Company has been well and honestly managed, the construction work was far too expensive for the service required, and the government payments upon the deficit in interest on the bonds have, since their issuance in 1908, alresdy amounted to more than six and one half million pesos. The creation of a Government Sugar Central Board has already been mentioned; except for the American companies, one in Laguna Province and the other in the island of Mindoro, both of which were struggling to get started and experimenting with the subsequently modified plan of growing their own sugar-cane, the islands were hopelessly handicapped by the fact that substantially all the sugar produced was muscovado, or low grade, and could find a market only locally or on the China co1st. Both of the American investments above mentioned were given government ba.cking and financia! aid with the hearty acquiescence of Filipino officials. The government board was created to supply the funds necessary for modern machinery for new centrals. It negotiated an agreement in 1915 with .rn English company f or the machinery for one new central, but the de al fell through because the English concern could not guarantee delivery during the war. Thereafter the field was left prívate enterprise, since severa! new American investments were forthcoming, and .a string of new 28 THE NATIONAL FORUM centrals was projected by Filipinos themselves with money from the Philippine National Bank. The coal shortage in the islands was one of the greatest financia! hardships caused by the war. The price rose from about eleven pesos to nea,rly sixty pesos a ton. Although the Philippines were known to have large coal fields, no capital was offered to develop them. Philippine industries were obliged to send to Japan, China, Australia~ North Borneo, and even to Calcutta for coal. The rise in freight rates made the price almost prohibitive. The Government alone through the Manila. Rairoad Company and the Bureau of Supply, consumed annually about one hundred and twenty thousand tons of coal. At the new prices, this one item meant at least three and one half million pesos more to be found by government and railroad budget-makers every year. It was determined that, even though prices might fall later on, after the war, the Philippines should never again be caught in thls awkward position. The Legislature thereupon, in 1917, chartered the National Coal Company and supplied the capital in successive grants up to the amount of three and one half million pesos by the end of 1920. The board of directors, as in the case of the Manila Rairoad, has a majority of Filipinos; the manager is an American, th~ ñrst being- Mr. Clifford H. French, ex:~uditor of the Government. When he left the coal company to enter private commercial life, Mr. Claude Russell, the efficient Director of Public Works, was selected to succeed him. The National Coal Company is just entering upon a large production of coal, but has suffered from inability to secure from other countries experienced coal operatives. The N atiop.al Cement Company was founded :a.long lines similar to the National Coal Company. In the Philippines cement has cost in recent years more than twice its market price in the Uníted States, and the Government alone has thus been obliged to expend in its building program about three million pesos a year too much. Cement is the material for all permanent improvements such as bridges, culverts, school-houses, and the larger public buildings. The materfals for an excellent grade of cement exist in the Philippines, notably in the island of Cebu. Private capital had constructed a cement mill on the Laguna de B.ay, but this mill had failed because of its remete location, being too far from the raw materials, and because the German machinery employed was antiquated. This, in. cidentally, was one of the many unsuccessful local business enterprises the Catholic Church. ImpeJJed by the repeated suggestions of the manager of the Manila Railroad Company and of the builders in the Bureau of Public Works, the Government undertook in 1920 to erect its own cement manufactory. Su a resolution demands a good deal of moral courage, necause it expose1d COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL VENTURES 29 the administration to constant sniping under cover from those whose financia} interests are affected,-in this instance the importers of J'apanese cement and the owners of the defunct cement plant on the lake. The plan involv€!d was to interest a prominent Americ:m cement man to put up the plant with government money, giving him the right to purchase at the end of a certain date, under a perpetua! contract to furnish cement t8 the Government at cost plus ten per cent. The saving to the Government is expected to equal .annually the whole amount of capital originally invested by it. The N ational Deve!opment Company has the broadest charter of any of these government auxiliaries ; it really permits the l?hil ippine Government to enter indirectly into almost any ~ort of business deemed to be in the interests of the peo ple of the islands. It became the target f or a concentrated attack on the part of the fiber monopolies in the United States when it was believed by them that the National Development Company was about to enter the hemp market to sustain prices after the manner of the Comision Reguladora of Yucatan. This step, however, was not taken, ~md the chief functions performed since its organization in 1919 have been to furnish capital f or the coal and cement companies mentioned in the preceding paragraphs; severa! tracts of land ha ve also been taken over by the National Development Company with a view of sale bter to the general public in ordei: to avert threatened agrarian troubles. The largest business ventures of the Government~ however, has be€n in the charter and operation of the Philippine National IBank, which was created in 1916 by act of the Legislature. From a modest beginning, this bank grew like Jack's beanstalk in the fairy story. In th~ee years itc; resources totaled 230,000,000 pesos. Then the setback carne, and the hard times of postarmistice finance have pressed upon it with almost crushing eff ect. The fact that other banks in the islands suffered to an almost equal degree does not serve to mitigate the criticism of the Philippine National Bank. There were in 1915 in the islands five banking institutions, two branches of British Oriental banks, one American bank wldCh followed the British lead like a tail to a kit.e, one Spanish-Filipino bank of issue controlled by the Catholic Church, and another church organization known as the Monte de Piedad, or pawnshop. The two British banks and the American enjoyed the use of the government deposits at one per cent, on which they proba bly made an average of seven per cent net. They made practically no investments in the islands, dealing almost exclusively with the export and import trade. There was much complaint on the part of the public that the government 30 THE NATIONAL FORUM deposits wer~ used to discriminate ag3inst American and Filipino trade. The foundation of the Philippine N ational Bank naturally was displeasing to these institutions already in the field, and their hostility has followed it ever since. The new government bank was given the right to issue notes, to do a commercial business, and to invest not more than fifty per cent of its capital in agricultura} loans. The pressure to restrict by charter its operations to those of a purely agricultura} b.ank was resisted because of the history of the Agricultural Bank in Egypt, where the people who had borrowed what in its final analysis was the money of their own Government, were not readily induced to pay off their mortgages when these were due, with the result that the bank was in danger of becoming, through foreclosure, the largest landlord in Egypt. The Philippine N ationa.J Bank was fortuna te in securing as its first president, in 1916, Professor T. Parker Willis, of Columbia University, Secretary of the Federal Reserve Board. He founded the institution on approved banking lines, and returned after about a year to resume his duties at home. His chief difficulties were in finding a tr~ined personnel, since repeated efforts . to secure Americans resulted in the coming of only three or four, while the Filipinos were untrained in banking. When he returned to the United States, Mr. Samuel Ferguson became president and served until bis death in 1918; he was succeeded by the vice-president, General Venancio Concepcion. Can any one who was in Manila in 1917 and 1918 forget the fina.ncial boom of those years? Men were "getting rich quick" through oil, hemp, coal, and shipping. The Philippine National Bank dealt out loans as though the supply was inexhaustible. The chief mistake, however, was that the government deposits in the bank, which should have been kept in N ew York and which constituted part of the current reserve fund, to the extent of more than $40,000,000 were withdrawn by the bank and lent out in the Philippines to finance the erection of a string of sugar-mills. In 1919, after the Armistice, carne the turn in the tide. Ever since then the Philippine National Bank has been slowly liquidatmg its credits, but that is difficult enough in a falling m.arket. In 1919 Secretary Baker, on the urgent request of the Philippine Government, sent a party of expert bank examiners from Cleveland, Ohio, headed by Mr. Francis Coates, Jr., to look into the affairs of the Philippine N ational Bank. After six months spent in the Philippines, they rendered a report severely critical of the overindulgence in loans and credits, and the lack of experienced management in the bank, but reassuring as to the question of personal honesty of its officials, and hopeful as to the eventual outcome. Then the paralysis CO~L\fERCIAL AND FINANCIAL VENTURES 31 of the foreign markets for Philippine staples c::ime suddenly in July, 1920. and from that date onward the inability of the b.a.nk to force liquidatioll of its loans, and thus to repay to the Govemment its currency reserve fund, has greatly increased the financia! difficulties in the Philippines; the frozen assets of the bank have tied up a large part of the capital of the Government both insular and provincial. In the autumn of 1919, the resignation of General Concepcion was accepted, the bank rechartered on slightly modified lines, and a new general manager, Mr. E. W. Wilson from San Francisco, an experienced banker, brought out to take charge with all the powers of the former president. The Philippine Natfonal Bank has rendered substantial service to the country, in financing the Liberty Loans and the purch2se of alien property which it was compelled to pay for in American dollars, thus Josing over one million pesos: in opening the field of cornmerce a.nd investment to Americans and Filipinos alike, and in founding the basis of great future prosperity in the Philippines through the new sugar centrals which are just now coming into operation. For the shortcomings and mistakes of the bank Filipinos were only partly responsible, but they have received all the blame. Politics, always to be feared in a government ba:nk, have played but Uttle part in the management, and then chiefly in the sense of general policies intended to benefit the country as a whole. Meanwhile, the task of the government officials in the Department of Finance becPme increasingly difficult; they were confronted with the duty of maintaining the parity of the peso at two for one with the United States dollar. This is an unusual responsibility for a modern govern~ ment, but the system of a gold stmdard fund had been adopted substan· tially upon the model worked in British India and the Straits Settlements. It is practicable in all these countries only in fairly normal times. When the export markets f ell absolutely dead in 1920-21, the rupee fell to a discount of about thirty-three per cent., the Straits dollars about the s.ame~ and the pern, eleven per cent. This was attributed by sorne critics to the impairment of the currency reserve fund for investments in sugar centrals by the PhiHppine National Bank. That the weak situation of this fund was a contribut:ng factor, cannot be denied, but it has become increasingly clear in these post-war years that there is a very limited amount of real money in the world and, of course, foreign commerce must be conducted chiefly upon cred~t; that such credit must be based upon the ability of a country to produce and especially to sell its products. The Philippines during these years produced more of its staples than it ever had produced before, but the market absolutely collapsed fr.om July, 1920, to the spring of 1921. At the same time all the local banks, despite re32 THE NATIONAL FORUM peated warnings by the Government, continued to fa~ílitate an unprecedented flood of imports into the Philippines, upon which American houses were unloading goods ordered du!'ing the ,~rnr years that had suddenly become unsalable elsewhere. Coincident with this was the withdrawal from the islnnds of about eighty million pesos of capital in Vberty Loans, in alien property purchases, in ocean freip-hts, and by the increasing expenditures for Filipinos abroad and in the United States. The local banks were in part responsible through speculation in foreign exchange and through the transfer of funds to meet the pressing demand of their principals at home. The Philippine Government was in the position of one having guaranteed the bahmce of trade a.nd thus the sale of exports of the whole country, functions over which it had no real concern. The financia} depression w2s not conflned to the Philippines; it was substantially the same throughout the Orient. Shanghai, for example; in 1921 the banks were reported to be in a critical condition through the refusal of Chinese merchants to receive imports for which they had contracted in the sum of nearly one hundred million taels, and the Chinese dolla.r was falling from two hundred and twenty to less than par. As for the present exchange difficulties of the European countries, they are too well-known to require more than passing mention here. By the spring of 1921 the peso had risen to only a seven per cent. discount, and now that Congress has passed the law raising the debt limit of the Philippines from $15,000,000 to $30,000,000, the Government will again be able to sell exchange practically a.t par, and the peso should rise at once to parity. Repeated requests that Congress raise the debt limit during 1920 received no attention, and the attitude of the United States Treasury was unfriendly to any suggestion of assistance. The credit of the Philippine Government was still of the very highest, as was shown by the sale in America of six million dollars' worth of 4-1/2 per cent, public-works bonds in November, 1920, at slightly above par. The debt Emit of the Philippines had been fixed before the recent years of prosperity in the Philippines ; with the great expansion in commerce and general wealth it was found that the small boy had entirely outgrown bis clothes. The administrative chaos visible in the Washington administration in the years 1919-20, the break-up of the government organizatiou upon pc:.rty lines, had its reflex in the Philippines. We were absolutely unable to obtain in ';Vashjngton the permission to help ourselves by raising the borrowing capacity in the islands, orto secure any fimmcial aid or backing whatever from the home Government. The situation was emphasized in the minds of the Filipinos by contrast with the ready assistance the United States Government was at the same time extending to so many of the European COM\1ERCIAL AND FlNANCIAL V ENTURES 31 countries, especially to the group of small new republics there. During eight years the Filipinos had acquitted themselves with real success in the complicated field of government finance. Reference has aJready beerr made to the introduction of the budget system in 1916, five years before it was adopted in the United Sta tes; and to its creditable handling by Mr. Barretto, Secretary of Finance, and its regular acceptance by the Legislature. Appropriations were conservatively and intelligently made, without wasteful extravagance, in an era jn the world unparalleled in modern history for governmental waste and incapaeity in handling expenditures; appropriations by the Filipinos were, moreover, entirely free from that form of preelection bribery seen in so many other countries which consists in alloting amounts for political effect in local constituencies,-the "pie-counter," as it is known in Washing'i;on,-or subsidies to classes politically powerful such as we have seen made for alleg-ed veterans of the war between the States. Taxes were collected justly and without friction, and at a minimum and constantly decreasing proportionate cost. Courage was shown in investing large sums of money in the creation of industries vital to the country. In so far as government finance bears any direct relation to the general prosperity of a country, it is to be noted that during these eight years the foreign commerce of the Philippines nearly trebled in value. Against all this must be offset the mistake of the Philippine National Bank in tying up the government fünds in unliquid loans such as the creation of sugar centrals,-which, incidentally, will prove of great benefit to the country. It is understood that certain critics ha ve now selected the financia} situation at pr\~sent existing as a triumphant proof of the incapacity of the Filipinos. A glance at the financia} troubles ef ali tlle &t·heF eGURtries of the world might be Hluminating, but none are so blind as those who will not see. At least, an eff ort should be made to remove the beam from our own eye before proceeding to extract the mote from our brother' s eye. NOTE :-A comparative statement of the Bank's condition on December 31, 1920, presents in rather definite form the amount of liquidating that was accomplished during the year. RESOURCES December 31, December 31, Increase ( +) 1921 1920 Decrease (-) Loans and Discounts .. 'Pl22,031,839.12 'P'l51,506,846.48- :P:29,475,007.36 U. S. and Philippine Government Bonds.. 1, 795,200.00 8,067 ,900.00- 6,272, 700.00 Bank Site and furni· ture and fixtures .... 1,135,863.19 1,005, 796.89 + l:J0,066.30 34 Erhange for future delivery -----------------Due from branches ___ _ Due from bank and bankers -------------·---Cash in va ult and with Treasurer of the Philippine Islands -----------------------Customers' liabilities, L/C ----------·- -----------Other assets -------------Deferred expenses ___ _ Bills for collection ___ _ THE NATIONAL FORUM 2,847,409.62 1,384,654.57 2,255, 724.98 1,057,514.02 69,497 ,538.245,037,570.228,4 79,086.623,663.961.657A80,716.56 16,673,976.3429,659,286.04 12,355,319.36+ 12,570,469.69 -----------------------------+3,412,379.99 11,978,005.9366,650,128.62 3,652,915.65 6,223,361.64 2,606.44 7 .63 9,193,259.78 17,303,966.68 12~570,469.69 8,565,625.94 Total resources .. IP'185,631,057.78 IP288,266,001.73- !Jl=l02,634,943.95 LIABILITIES Capital -----------------------· il=35,300,000.00 Reserve funds and IP'l2,216,230.00+ 'P23,083,770.00 surplus -------------------- ---------------------------- 9,783,770.00Reserve f or contingent liabilities ________ ---------------------------- . 1,596, 724.13Reserve f or taxes and fidelity bonds _________ _ Reserve f or uncollect.ed interest _______ _ Dividents unpaid ___ _ Circulation ---------------Exchange contracts __ Commercinl credits __ Deposits -------·--··--·----Due to banks and 248,321.70 345,379.135,391, 781.07 ---------------------------. + 2, 789.93 729,454.2532, 704,516.05 24,195,513.60+ 2,847,409.62 69,497,538.247,480,716.56 16,673,976.3484,390, 154.29 134, 728,886.02other liabilities______ 13,852,988.49 5,836,444.01 + 684,080.0811,978,005.93Deferred income ________ ---------------------------Bills for collection____ 3,412,379.99 9,783,770.00 1,596, 724.13 97,057.35 5,391,781.07 726,664.32 8,509,002.45 66,650,128.62 9,193,259.78 50,338, 731. 73 8,016,544.48 684,080.08 8,565,625.94 Total liabilities __ 'P'l85,631,057.78 IP-"288,266,001,73- 'P'l02,634,943.95 "Deferred expenses" largely consists of obligations contracted with ~everal banks in Shanghai on account of losses suff e red through foreign exchange contracta. The net profit for the year 1921 reached the sum of :P:4,369,864.06 COMMERCIAL AND FlNANCIAL VENTURES 35 which, added to reserve fund existing on January lst of the same year, has been instrumental in counter-balancing the great losses previously suetained. There was charged during the year to bad and doubtful debts and to deferred expenses a total of ip=24,181,458.09. Expenses for taxes and interest on depo~its (largely government) amounted to P:3,892,908.07. During 1922 it will be necessary to charge off an additional amount from the resources held by the Bank prior to 1921. lt is gratifying to m~ntion the fact that, in the midst of the most acute economic and financia} crisis ever known, the burden of financing agricultura} interests fell almost entirely u pon the Philippine N ational Bank. Except in very unusual cases, no foreclosure was made. On the contrary, the utmost eff orts were made to carry the farmers through the trying period. The number of loans granted to farmers during the year was 847, aggregating P:5,733,000.00. The total number of loans to farmers outstanding at the end of the year was 3,451, involving the sum of P:38,509,324.16. This does not include financia} help extended to farmers through loans made to Sugar Centrals. Commerce and industry have likewise received aid to the extent warranted by the circumstances. While a large proportion of the loans granted to farmers prior to 1921 will take a long time to liquidate, still, with the additional security placed with the Ba.nk, during the year, such loans are sound and fully secured.-From the ANNUAL REPORT of the Board of Directors of the PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK as of December 31, 1921. 3J THE NATIONAL FORU:M: DRY CLEANINGS l._..J"J".•·····-., ... & ... ._..•v.-.-..-.-.-.-.. •.-.-.-... ~~~---··-..···-• ....,..,,..,,..w .. -J".ªJ"rJ9•._1 Ever--Ready Dry Cleaning < :46Z Sao Antoo, Sampalo,, Manila, P. l. ~ ~ Telephone 3641 ~ .~ e offer you Service, Economy, Satisfaction and t e ~.¡' w h ~~ full va]ue of your money in workmanship. We emp1oy to our customer-lt meaos a great <leal to you as it will save you time and rnoney. We guarantee our work to be to your en tire !ia tisfaction. Give us a chance to demonstrate onr ability in our special line. A Telephone call will bring to ~ our l.toor ~ ~ ~ ~ our messenger-it's another free service. 1 :, ~-•""'•..._. .. ...,.~~·~.-.~..,......-~·w-.r..w~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~·· OPPORTUNITY ~. ·. 50 w !~ ~ \V ATCH OUR NEW PRICES 1 Ooat Woolen ••••••••••••....• 1 Pant. ,,_ •••..••.••••.. It is the on ly l> H Y CLE A NING • 1 Coat Palm Beach, Eureka & ~ •: Bermuda .. .40 ~ thK t will ~atisfy you. Try u~ HOW do ~ 1 Pant. .. .40 1 . 11ot Wllste vour time for looidu¡ •' Bermuda. l\llOther dry clen.nin¡i. We 11re at ~ 1 OQat lkllnena, Pcm~ee. Sllk& your i-ervice at any tim~. Worl •: 1 AlPvaanct11. " AO ~ 1'1 ., ... 40 done by u& is alw11y~ 100,D. ie Alpaca neKtneFI~ of our worlc will t~ll you, ~~ I ~hlrt Sllk....................... .. .30 th1tt what w~ say i~ realiy true. I Vest •.••.••• •••• .................. .. .20 ~ Cle>tnlirie~s on "11 work i!!! our sneci- J<'REE DELIVERY WlTHIN ClTY LlMlT ~ ~ Hlitv. We are receiving nll kia,ds of ~ THM »osT POPULAR cr,JCANKR IN THlil ~ Me;1~s, Ladies'a.11d Cbihiren's ~mits. ~ PHII.IPPJNB 1sLANDs ~ ~ INTERq«IONAL DRY • CALL us PLEAsre AND WE WILL 8RND > CLEANING ~~ ~ YOU A MESSENQER ,J'REE DJt~LIVERY. ~ (09-Ul-(13 P. Gomez, Sta. Cruz; P. O. Bo~ 840 ~ A TRIAL WILL NOT HAR \I YOU. ) Phone 3186 Auto3186 "'. ...... -........................... -.,,,.......... • ...,.~~.rJ"v..·~ .... - - - - ) SUUUNC.l'S DltY CLUNINti OYEIH 1 UUNDR lOG Bustillo11, Sa.mpaloc, Manila. TEL. '157 The Philippine Constabnl.ary lTS AIJIS ARD ACCOMPLISHMENTS. by MAJOR R. A. DUCKWORTH-FORD. P. C., F. R. G. S. 37 Rudyard Kipling, the famous English author, who has probably done more than any other man toward investing the routine of official duty and governmental service with the glamor of romance and Mgh adventure, once wrote a song about Royal Marines in which he described them as a combination of soldier and sailor: a force ready to go anywhere on land or water, and do anything they mjght be asked to do in the service of their country. With at least equal truth a member of the Philippine Consbbulary may be described a.s "a soldier and policeman too", with sorne of the ingredients that go to make administrators, explorers, educators, missionaries, and diplomats thrown in for good measure. The Philinpine Constabulary was organized in 1901 by Brigadier General Henry T. AJlen, U. S. Army. He w~s assisted in bis work by a small but exceedingly ab1e group of United States Army officers. It would be difficult to overestimate the debt owed by the Insular corps and by the people of the Philippines for what those officers accomplished toward establishing on a practica! basis the nucleus of a national force for the preservation of law and order within the borders, and for the defence of the islands against outsidc aggression. This debt can only be paid by appreciative recognition :md unstinted gratitude, and the practica} way of showing thi51 is for the corps to live up to the high standards set up for it from its inception. The quality of thm~e officers who were charged with the formation and <'levelopment of the Constabulary may be measured by a glance at their subsequent records. Almost without exception they were given respom~ible commands in the American Expeditionary Force, and ali of them rendered distinguished service in the Great War. It will suffice to re~all that from the signing of the Armistice until the date of ifa recall a few wceks ago ~fa,ior General Henry T. Allen commanded the United States Army on the Rhine. and that Major General James G. Harbord, after serving as Chief of staff, commander. of the "M.arines" Division, and Chief of the Service of Supply in France, is now Deputy Chief of the General Staff at the War Department, Washington. As ~mch he is virtually the nerve center of the American army; and it may fairly be inferred that the notable quickening-up that has beoome apparent in the army all 21ong the line, during the past eighteen months, should be attributed to General Harbord's genius. The army officers who built tbe C011sbbuhry laid its foundation deep, and builded from the p:round up. rrhe corps has now been a going concern for twenty one years. lt is of legal age. It has arrived. In the earlier days of the Constabulary nearly all of its officers were Americans, who had been drawn from disbanded volunteer regiments or from regular units of the U.S. Army. But from the first Filioino officers were gradur.lly introduced; and in 1918 the corps became al38 THE NATIONAL FORUM most entirely "Filipinized", mainly due to the summons by the United States for all Americans possessing previous military training and experience to serve as officers in its enormously expanded army. At that time all put a handful of Americans, who were needed to carry on certain administrative and executive work of a more or less specialized nature, took advantage of the opportunity to retire under the Osmeña Act; and General Rafael Crame, its present Chief, was placed in command of the Constabulary. Today less than a score of American officers are carried on the active list, and the Constabulary is therefore essentially a national force composed of Filipino soldiers, officered almost entirely by Filipinos, maintained by funds of the Philippine Government, and commanded by a citizen of the Philippine Islands. The Chief of Constabulary has assembled around him at Headquarters, Manila, a small group of officers which forms the nucleus of a general sta;ff. The general policy of the organization, and the distribution of its services, military and civil, are determined by the Chief. The Assistant to the Chief, Colonel C. E. Nathorst, is virtually the Chief of staff as well as Inspector General. He is charged with responsibility for the distribution and execution of all administrative details. The channels through which this is done are indicated in the following diagram: The Chlef of Constabalary (General Rafael Crame). The Assilt. to the Chlef Inspector General & Chief of Staf f (Colonel C. E. Nathorst) Qrmaster; Chf Surgeon; Adjutant; . Inspectors; Const. ; C. O., Dist ...... (Deputy lnsprs School Mindanao & Finance; Supply; Traneport. Genera)) Sulu. \fed. DiTn. Dental Sec. . . Correspondence Prov. Commdra ..... . Records; Firearms Company Commdrs; ~1 unic. Police THE PRILIPPINE CONSTABULARY 39 The authorized strength of the Constabulary is 382 officers and 5902 enlisted men, including the personnel of the Medical division and the Band. The administrative unit is the Company, which usually consists of two officers and about 50 riflemen. The system of operating the force in peace time ii territorial. That is to say, one or more companies are fermanently assigned to every province. The number of companies assigned to a province is determined by its general peace conditions, its area and population, and by its topographical features. Many of the rien in every company are married, and establish homes in the provinces where they are stationed. For this and other reasons this "tf~rritorial" system is practica!, economical, and popular. Companies are kept up to strength by recruiting within the province, and the men become familiar with the peculiar habits and tendencies of the people, and with the country over which they work including isolated barrios and sitios, unmapped trails, hidden creeks and backwaters, swamps, ravines, mountain passes, and so forth. lt is thus comparatively easy for of~ic.ers to keep in touch with political and social undercurrents and scrutm1ze the movements of suspicious characters. Company commanders are responsible for the good order and security of the patrol areas over which the companies operate. They are also responsible for the training, discipline, and general welfare of their commands. lt is their particular duty to see that their men are properly f ed and clothed, and that the barracks are kept sanitary and hygienic. Educational instruction, athletics, and healthy amusements also form a part of the company curriculum, andan officer who has his heart in bis work will find that he can keep himself busy and interested from reveille to taps, 365 days in the year. Company commanders are under the immediate orders and supervision of the Provincial Commander, who is usually a captain. lt is the duty of this officer to keep the Chief fully informed of all important events occurring in, and of conditions aff ecting his province, including crimes, disorders, epidemics, political movements, agricultura! respects, and so on. Provincial commanders are in turn subject to sup,ervision and inspection by officers of the Inspector Gener.al's Division. The interna! peace and security of the Islands is maintained mainly by an extensive, never resting system of patrols. A patrol may consist of two soldiers, of a non-commissioned officer and four or five men, or of an officer and eight or a dozen men. In every province, every day of the year, constabulary patrols hike along the highways and byways; they tramp over the trails, and give "the once over" to towns, barrios, and sitios encountered along th eroute. They penetrate the unexplored forest areas of Mindanao; they navigate in dugout canoes swift boulderTHE NATIONAL FORUM strewn streams and sluggish creeks; they thread the narrow trails among the precipitous ranges of the Mountain province. They operate over every description of country in all kinds of weather. And wherever they go they mingle with the people; they sympathize with them in their hopes and their local troubles; they give them advice and practical assitance in matters of hygiene, sanitation, and trail-building; they keep them informed of happenings in the great world outside. Particularly, in the non-Christian districts, they enquire into the relations existing between the various tribes and clans. Family dissensions are smoothed over, feudal quarrels are adjusted. When information of the commission of sorne crime is received the case is investigated, and steps are ta.ken to bring the guilty parties to book. The movemen ts of roving bands are watched, and if a band of suspicious character is reported to be in the neigborhood it is pursued and captured or broken up. The appearance of unknown persons ( especially foreigners) in out-of-the-way districts is made the subject of careful scrutiny. And always in the less settled districts maps of trails are checked and corrected, or new maps are made. In fact the work of the patrols is as varied as it is comprehensive and unremitting. Every month seores of thousands of kilometers are covered, and every part of the archipelago from Aparri to Bongao is combed by this means. The constabulary patrols do their work silently and inconspicuously. The peace-loving citizen, the industrious farmer, the busy trader in a provincial town or barrio scarcely troubles to consider the source of his security. But the lawless folk- and there is a lawless element in every province and in every town-never forget the existence of the ubiquitous men in khaki and red. They have a very wholesome respect for the silent patrols that are apt to turn up at any time in the Ieast expected places. The Constabulary is charged with many duties besides patrol work. Whenever cholera, rinderpest, or any other epidemic appears in a neighborhood t.ne constabulary is called upon to establish qua.r=iut~ne, and to render assistance to the Health Officers or the veterinarians. If a catastrophe, such as a volcanic eruption, an earthquake or a violent typhoon occurs, a company or detachment is immediately rusbed to the stricken area to render first aid. Within a few hours after the great eruption cf Taal volcano, in 1911, when over 1500 persons were killed by the blast or by the flooding waters of the lake, parties of constabulary were searching the buried island for possible surivivors; and for weeks afterwards detachments were employed in succoring the homeless and hungry women and children as well as seores of men who had been maimed by the explosion. All companies receive instructions in :fire-fighting, and whenever a THE PHILIPPI:\E CO~S'f AilULARY 41 fire occurs in a provincial town, the constabulary, if within reach, is invariably among the first on the spot and among the most active in subduing the flames. The suppression of outlawry, the investigation of crimes of violence, the apprehension of criminals, and the checking of opium smuggling and gambling are among the ordinary routine duties of the consta bulary. Indeed, but far the great expenditure of time in volved in h~mdHng gambling cases it would be possible to devote considerably more attention to the milit2ry training and development of the Constabulary. It is true that regular hours are allotted to the training and discipline of the men, in order to keep them up to a high standard of efficiency. This training includes instruction in infantry drill, musketry, bayonet practice, physical exercises, elementary English, and in civil and police duties. But the limited size of the companies and the constantly increasing demand for · their services iR connection with the campaigns against rinderpest, locusts, and other epidemics and plagues, in addition to their regular police and civil duties, have hitherto stood in the way of any attempts to expand along military lines. It has been impossible to experiment with any of the auxiliary branches of an infantry division, such as an engineer unit, a battery of artillery, a machine g-un section, or a squadron of cavalry; nor has it been practicable to delve into the science of advanced tactics, of strategy, or aven of field intrenchments. Since the early days of the American occupation the Philippines have passed through sorne troublous times and ha.ve suffered various vicissitudes in the process of achieving their present advanced position of peace, security, and orderliness. For more than ten years subsequent to the declaration of peace, on July 4, 1902, the consbbulary was constanUy cngaged in act~ve operations against armed and organized bands of outlaws. The following summary of campaigns in which the force has taken a prominent part will ind.i.cate that, in addition to its multitude of civil dwties, it has conducted or sh~red in many arduous and protracted military oper:iltions :THE LUZON CAMPAIGNS (1902 to 1910 inclusive), against Felipe Salvador, Faustino Guillermo, Ayala, Sakay, Felizardo, Montalon, Simeon Ola, and other equally desperate outlaw leaders. In 1920, also, constabulary activities against Juan Villaraga culminated in the killing of the bandit. THE Vl~AYAN CA:\tPAIGNS (1902 to 1911), against lu.rge organizcd µulalrnn forces, in the islands of Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Negros, and Panay, under 1rnch notorious chiefs as Otoy, "Genera.Is" Quintín and Ana.talio Tabu.l, un<l B Papa" lsio. 'IHE MINDANAO & SULU CAMPAIGNS (1903 to 1917 inclusive), 42 THE NATIONAL FORUM ag2inst Moro outlaws in Lanao, Cotabato, Jolo, and other districts, including a particularly sharp affair in the province of Surigao. In these campaigns the constabulary operated as Expeditionary coJurnns, consisting of a number of companies and detachments, sometimes in cooperation with the U. S. Army and Scout regulars and sometimes independently. Even at the present time the operations of the constabulary in Mindanao ~md Sulu are sometimes in the nature of disciplinary expeditions rather than of simple patrols. L1ke the Islands the Consta bu1ary has suff ered sorne vic~ssitudes in the course of its career, and it would be improper in a s.urvey of this kind to draw attention to its achievements and to side-step its delinquencies. The mutiny of Constabulary detachments at Vigan (1904) and Da va o (1909) r..nd the lamenb~ble outbreak in the Walbd City, Manila (December 1920) have left a "bar sinister" on the Constabulary escutcheon. After the last named tragedy it seemed, for a time, as if the confidence of the people in the nsefulness and integrity of the corps would be shattered. But the constitution of the constabulary is strong, and its heart is sound. lt has survived the shock it suffered, and by steadfast service it is living the stigma down. General Wood, since his inaugur.ation as Governor General, has more than once publicly complimented the corps for the high standard of its discipline and efficiency; and the selection of a double company of constabulary to be the Guard of Honor at the Malacañan Palace, for the Prince of Wales, on June 13th Iast, was a signal honor. The Constabulary has a.Iready be en ref erred to, in this article, ns "the nucleus of a national force .... for the defense of the islands against outside aggression". The desire for liberty and independence of thought and .action is inherent in the human race. lt is an honorable and legitimate ambition cherished by all men, both individually and collectively. When groups of people become united by racial and geographical affinities, by similarities of habit and thought, and by a general community of interests, it is inevitable that a. movement toward the consummation of the recognized nationa.lity should develop. From time immemorial the lessons of history teach us, however, that a nation cannot crawl within its shell and sit still. To endure it must advance with the advancing world; it must keep in linQ with the times. It must be prepared to keep up its end, and to hold its own, in its dealings with other nations. And in order to do this it must possess certain characteristics, certain qualifications, and certain resources. Among these may perhaps be mentioned the physical and material means to guarantee national solvency, a ~table government security to the lives and property of aliens, and the power to repel hostile invasion. THE PHILIPP!NE CONSTABULARY A very modest estimate of the minimum land forces tha.t would be required by a State with the geographical vulnerability of the Philippines would be a standing army of 25,000 men, capable of rapid expansion to 100,000. This of course should be supported by a naval force, consisting mainly of destroyers and submarines. But for the purposes of this discussion we will concern ourselves with land forces only. The Philippine Constabulary is the only trained and disciplined military force maintained a.nd controlled by the Philippine Government. It is therefore a peculiarly national organization, and as such it might naturally be supposed that the Filipino people, eager to apply the principies of sovereignty to themselves, would submit to many sacrifices in order to build upon its foundDtions a def ensive system more nearly commensurate with the popular aspirations. It is certain, however, that in the present crisis, the people are in no mood to shoulder any additional financiál burdens. How then, it may be asked, may the defensive position of the Islands be strengthened without creating an adequate def en ce force? ·The answer is: prepare to create such a force, on p'Glper. Tt is suggested that it would be quite feasible, at negligible cost, to work out a scherne in detail, providing far the rapid expansion of the Com~tabulary to the dimensions of a Division, and to prepare the way for its instant equipment, mobilizat~on, subsistence, and transportation i\1 case of emergency. In other words it is proposed that a complete inventory of the military resources of the Islands be taken, and analyzed and coordinated in relation to matters of personnel, supply and transport, intelligence, and so forth. Information thns collected could be scrutinized, c~llocated, idexed, filed, and kept up to dRte, by two or three staff officers specially detailed for the purpose. While no Reserve Force in being control would be created under such a scheme, it is beHeved that the plan would greatly facilitate the quick organization of a Reserve, should the need ever arise, and a step would be taken toward preparing the Filipino people for political independence, froni the standpoint o/ national defense. Meanwhilc the Constabulary remrvins the military police force of the Government of the Philippine Islands, administered under the general supervision of the Governor General for thc purpose of m!lintaining order, preventing and detecting crime, and enforcing the laws. As such, despite its setbacks, it has "proved itself fully equal to the need of the service, ::-nd is in full measure meeting the object for which it was organized." NOTE :-Major R. A. Duckworth-Ford, the author of this article, was born in Ceylon forty-five years ago and was educated in England and Scotland. He had his first expe1·ience of soldiering in Africa in the Mala44 THE NATIONAL FORUM bele War of 1896. He was a cub-reporter, New York, but the lure of adventare took him to the Philippines in 1901 with the llth U. S. Cavalry. He was commis~ioned a Lieutenant in the Constabulary in 1903 and served untill 1913 during which time he was Company Commander, Senior Inspector, and District Adjutant in the Vil•ayas, Jolo, and Luzon. During the World War he volunteered for service with the British Army and was commissioned Captain in the Royal Fusiliers March 1915. In 1917 he was ~ent to Washington, reporting to the British Embassy. Later he was transferred to the United Sta.tes Army as Captain and Instructor at Plattsburg Tr~dning Camp. Subsequently he served as Instructor at the Culver Military Academy. He returned to Manila in 1920 where he continuee military police work which the majar finds interesting and congenia!. J ournalism is his avocation, being a Philippine correspondent for "The Timeis" (London), and last year Lord Northcliffe apointed him a local representative of his numerous London papers. Majar DuckworthFord is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He was attached to the ~taff of tha Prince of Wales during the recent visit of His Royal Highnes~.-ED. DOOKS Ft>I~ PROGUit::SSI VE T~ACH.1t_.:HS Bode :J'UNDAllENTALS OF EDUCATION .•••.•.•••••.•.•... $1.40 Book InTELLIGENCE OF HIOH SCHOOL SENIORS •••••••••••••. 2.40 BorMns TEACHING TO THINK •••••• , .•••••••• , ••.•••••••••••• l. CO Da vis THF. 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HARDTNG (Address of the President of the United States at the Closing Se,ssion o/ the Washington Conference) Mr. Chairman and members of the Conference: N early three months ago it was my privilege to utter to you sin~erest words of welcome to the capital of our republic, to suggest the spirit in which you were invited, and to intimate the atmosphere in which you were asked to confer. In a very general way, perhaps, I ventured to express a hope for the things toward which our aspirations led us. To-day ft is my greater privilege, and an even greater pleasure, to come to make acknowledgement. It is one of the supreme satisfactions and compensations of lif e to contemplate a worth-while accomplishment. lt can not be other than seemly f or me, as the only Chief of Government so circumstanced as to be a ble to address the Conf eren ce, to speak congratulations, and to offer the thanks of our nation and our people: perhaps I dare volunteer to utter themfor the world. My own gratification is beyond my capacity to express. This conf eren ce has wrought a truly great achievement. 1t is hazardous sometimes to speak in superlatives, and I will be restrained. But I will say, with every confidence, that the faith plighted here to-day, kept in national honor, will mark the beginning of a new and better epoch in human affairs. Stripped to the simplest f act, what is the spectacle which has inspired a new hope f or the world? Gathered about this tablle nin e great nations of the earth-not all, to be sure, but those most directly concerned with the problems at hand-have met and have conferred on questions of great import and common concern, on problems menacing their peaceful relationship, on burdens threatening a common peril. In the revealing light of the public opinion of the world, without surrender of sovereignty, without impaired nationality or affronted national pride, a solution has been found in unanimity, and to-day's adjournment is marked by rejoicing in the things accomplished. If the world has hungered for a new assurance, it may feast at the banquet which this Conference has spread. I am sur.e the people of the United States are supremely gratified, md yet there is scant appreciation how marvelously you have wrought. When the days were dragging and agreements were delayed, when there were 46 THE NATIONAL FORUM obstacles within and hindrances without, few st.o';1ped to realize that here was a Conference of sovereign powers where only un::mimous agreement could be made the rule. Majorities could not decide without impinging on national rights. There were no victors to command, no vanquished to yield. All had voluntarily to agree in translating the conscience of our civilization and give concrete expression to world 011inion. And you ha ve agreed in sp~te of all difficulties, and the agreements are procla:imed to the '\vorld. No new stmdards of national honor ha ve been sought, but the indictments of national dishonor have been drawn, and the world is ready to proclaim the odiousness of perfidy or infamy. It is not pretended that the pursuits of peace and the limitation of armament are new conceits, or that the Conf eren ce is a new conception either in settlement of war or in writing the conscience of international relationship. Indeed, it is not new to have met in the realization of war's supreme penalties. The Hague conventions are examples of the one, the conferences of Vienna, of Berlin, of Versailles are outstanding instances of the other. The Hague conventions were defeated by the antagonism of one strong power whose indisposition to cooperate and sustain led it to one of the supreme tragedies which have come to national eminence. Vienna and Berlin SQught peace founded on the injustices of war and sowed the seeds of future conflict, and hatred was armed where confidence w~s stifled. It is fair .. to say that human progress, the grown intimacy of international relationship, developed communication and transportation, attended by a directing world opinion, have set the stage more favorably her.e. You have met in the calm deliberation and that determined resolution which have made a just peace, in righteous relationship, its own best guaranty. It has been the fortune of this Conference to sit in a day far enough removed from war's 1'itterness, yet near enough to war's horrors, to gain the benefit of both the hatred of war and the yea:irning for peace. Too often, heretofore, the decades following such gatherings have been marked by the difficult undoing of their decisions. But your achievement is supreme because no seed of conflict has been sown; no reaction in regret or resentment even can j-ustify resort to arms. It little matters what we appraise as the outstanding accomplishment. Any one of them would have justified this Conference. But the whole achievement has so cleared the atmosphere that it will seem like breathing the refreshing air of a new morn of promise. You, gentlemen of the Conference, have written the first deliberate WASHINGTON GONFERENCE 47 and effective expression of great powers, in the consciousness of peaee, of war's utter futility, and challenged the sanity of competitive preparation for each other's destruction. You have halted folly and lifted burdens, and revealed to the world that the one sure way to recover from the sorrow and ruin and staggering obligations of a world war is to end the strife in preparation for more of it, and turn human energies to the constructiveness of pea.ce. N ot all the world is yet tranquilized. But here is the exarnple, to imbue with new hope all who dwell in apprehension. At this table carne understanding, aRd understanding brands iJ,rmed confJict as abominable in the eyes of an enlightened civilization. I once believed in armed preparedness. 1 advocated it. But I have come now to believe there is a better preparedness fn a public mind and a world opinion made ready to grant justice precisely as it exacts it. And justiGe is better served in conferenees of peaee than in c-0nflicts at arms. How simple it all has been. When you met here twelve weeks ago th€re was nota commitment, JlOt an obligaüon except that which each delegation owed to the government commissioning it. But human service was calling, world conscience was impelling, and world opinion directing. No intrigue, no offensive or defensive alliances, no involvements have wrought your agreements, but reasoning with each other to common understanding has made new relationships among governments and peoples, new securities for peace and new opportunitie8 for achievements and its attending happiness. Here have been established the contacti of reason, here have come the inevitable understandings- of face-to-face exchanges when passion does not inflame. The very atmosphere shamed national selfiahness into retreat. Viewpoints were exchanged, differences composed, and 1ou came to understand how common, after all, are human aspirations; how alike, indeed, and how easily reconcilia.ble, are our national aspirations; how sane and simple and satisfying to seek the relationships of peace and security. When you first met I told you of our America's thought to seek leas of armament and none of war; that we sought nothing which is anotber's, that we were unafraid, but that we wished to join you in doing that finel' and nobler thing which no nation can do alone. We rejoice in the accomplishment. It may be that the naval holiday here contracted will expire with the treaties, but I do not believe it. Those of us who live another <leca.de are more likely to witness a growth of public opinion, strenghtened by the 48 THE NATIONAL FORUM new experience, which will make nations more concerned with living to the fulfillment of God's high intent than with agencies of warfare and destruction. Sin ce this conf eren ce of nations has pointed with unanimity to the way of p~ace to-day, Jike conferences in the future, under appropriate conditions and with aims both well conceived and definite, may illumine the highways a.nd byways of human activity. The torches of understanding have been lighted, and they ought to glow and encircle the globe. Again, gentlemen of the Conf eren ce, congratulations and the gratitude of the United Sta.tes. To Belgium, to the British Empire, to China, to France, to Italy, to Japan, to the Netherlands, and to Portugal-! can wish no more than the same f eeling, which we experience, of honorable and honored contribution to happy human advancement, and a new sense of security in the righteous pursuits of peace and all f-lttending good f ortune. From our own deleg~tes I have known from time to time of your activities, and of the spirit of conciliation and adjustment, and the cheering readiness of all of you to strive for that unanimity so essential to accomplishment. Without it there would have been failme; with it you ha ve heartened the world. I know our guents will pardon me while I make grateful acknowledgement to the American delegation-to you, Mr. Secretr.ry Hughes; to you, Senator Lodge; to you, Senator Underwood; to you, :Mr. Root; to all of you for your able and sptendid and highly purposed and untiring endeavors in behalf of our Government and our people and the great cause; and to our excellent Advisory Committee which ga.ve to you so dependable a reflex of that American public opinion which charts the course of this republic. It is all so fine, so gratifying, so reassuring, so full of promise, that above the murmurings of a world sorrow not yet silenced; above the groans which come of excessive burdens not yet lifted but soon to be lightened ; above the discouragements of a world yet struggling to find itself after surpassing upheaval, there is the note of rejoicing which is not alone ours or yours, or of all of us, but comes from the hearts of men of all the world. 49 An Analysis of nis Year's Election By the Editor Now that election ili1 over and passions have in a measure subsided, it is possible to make a more or less dispassionate survey of the election results and crystallize certain points which should stand out. GREATER TOLERANCE IN CAMPAIGN Ülile of the greatest sources of satisfaction to students of political currents and ob¡;¡ervers of politics is the great degree of tolerance shown in the pre-election campaigns. Many a time candidates of variou~ parties vied with one another in condemning the practice of mudslinging and the use of arguments calculated to malign or hurt the personality of a candidate or political leader. In Manila there was a disposition among the candidates to fraternize. I have myself been in different provinces and I can testify to the beautiful spirit of tolerance shown. In Camiling, Tarlac, for example, I spoke on the same platform with four candidates for Representative none of whom used at any time in the course of his speech offensive personal allusions. Candidates for insular and provincial offices held joint meetings in Pangasinan, Bulac.an, and other provinces and candidates for municipal offices attended the same meetings in Bacnotan and Bangar, La Union, and many other towns of the Philippir.ies. There is satisfa.ction in the consciousness that there was greater tolerance in the last campaign and it is hoped th?,t in the future a still better spirit may be shown. ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES During the la.st campaign tbere was also a greater attempt to discuss problems, issues, and principles. This is a healthy sign in a democracy. When political speakers and writers will deal more with ideas underlying good government, domestic and foreign prob1ems, local and national issues a hetter political education in the country will ensue. This alio will further make both for greater tolerance and for a higher standard of political education. PEACE .AND ORDER This year's election and pre-election activities have been peaceful and orderly. Candidates, leaders, and electors, alike, had due regard for the law. There was an attitude of respect shown everywhere. Govern50 THE NATIONAL FORUM ment efficials and observers are unanimous in their praise for the peace and order that prevailed thruout the archipelago. It is also the consensus of opinion that this was, on the whole, an honest and clean election. A great forward step has thus been taken in our political progress by the orderly manner of conducting political campaigns, by our clean and honest elections, and by tire disposition on the part of the people to abide by the results of the election. PARTY IN POWER VERSUS OPPOSI'l'ION Thi.s i! verily a peaceful and law-abiding country. In a period of time, remarkably brief and in a way hardly noticeable and, therefore not wholly appreciated in its full import, a veritable political revolution took place in the land. Impartial thinkers will., I believe, grant that the birth of the new parly has been the most ~nnuential factor to bring this about. The one-party rule has been overthrown. Whichever party is in power, there is a formidabli opposition. No longer will it be possible to conduct the a-ffairs of the government habitually by mwans of secret caucuses. More and more we shall have a government by publie discussion and a ~ovemment of public opinion. The results of the election show c-onclusively that there is an awakened public opinion in this country. In the Senate and in the Lower HousQ we shall have contending forces awake to party interests but conscious of the country's needs. DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC SERVANTS One regreth ble feature observed in the last election was the disadvantageous posfüon in which pubilc servants on the whole found themselves in respect to a struggle for office. Elective public servants devoted to their work in a land where journalism is not well developed are not in the bost position to build up their poli ti cal f en ces and consequently are at a d.isadvantage. To show how conscientious men are at a disadYantage when it comes to electoral campaign, I wish to cite here as examples Representa ti ve Rafael Alunan of the old Nacionalista party and Senator Pedro Ma. Sison of the new party. Beth of these have had creditable records and yet were def eated at the polls. Other examples if thought nec~ssary could be cited. POLITICAL COLOR OF OUR LEe;ISLATURE The following by parties are the members of the :n.ext Philippine Legidature: District First " Second " Third " Fourth ,, Fifth ,., Sixth " Sevent.h Eight " Ninth " Tenth " Eleventh " Pro'vince Abr"Albay Anti que Eataan Batanes Batangas Eohol .AN ANALYSIS SENATORS Name Santiago Fonacier Isabelo de los Reyes Bernabe de Guzman Alejo Mabanag Teodoro Sandiko Sanitago Lucero Pedro Guevarra Par tu Colecti visfa v Colectivista~ N acionalistat--N aeionalistaLDemocr.ata ....,. Democra:ta /..-Colecti vist::i-limiliano Tria Tirona DemocrataAntero Soriano 1 Colectivista._ Manuel L. Quezon Colectivistal-Vicente de Vera ,Colectivista .. - Juan B. Alegre /Colectivista· J ose Ma.. Arroyo /Colectivista,_ Jose M. Hontiveros ~emocrataHermenegildo Vilbnu~vf-Colectivista ._ Espiridion Guanco /Colectivist~ Francisco Enage /Colectivista'Tomas Gomez Colectivista'"" Celestino Rodríguez //Nacionalista'Sergio Osmeña / Nacionalista'" F:ria.ncisco Soriano /Nacionafü~ta-J ose A. Clarín / N aciooalistat.REPRESEN~ATIVES District N a1~ie Adolfo Brillantes lst Agapito Buencosejo 2nd Pedro Martinez Jimeno 3rd Pedro Sabido Angel Salazar Antonio Llamas Claudio Castillegas lst Antonio de las Alas 2nd Rafael Villanueva 3rd Claro M. Recto Lst FermiP- Torralba 2nd Cornelio S·'.?.rigumba Pm·ty Cole~tivista Nacionalista Nacionalista N acionslisb Colectivista Democrata Nacionalista Colectivista Nacionalista Democrata N aciom:lista Independcnt 51 MISSING PAGE/PAGES AN ANALYSIS 58 2nd Alfonso E. Mendoza Democrata Marinduque Ricardo N epomuceno Colectivista Masba.te Pablo de la Rosa Colectivista Mindoro Juan Luna Colectivista Misamis lst Jose Artadi Nacionalista 2nd Anselmo Bernard Independent Nueva Ecija Hermogenes Concepcion Democrata Occ. Negros lst Serafin P. Hilado Nacionalista 2nd Vicente Jimenez Tansan Colectivista 3rd Eliseo Limsiaco Colectivista Ori. Negros lst G. Z. Villanueva Colectivista 2nd Fermin Martinez Colectivista Palawan Patricio Fernandez Colectivista Pampanga lst Pedro Valdez Liongson Nacionalista 2nd Vicente Manapat Democrata Pa.ngasinan lst Mauro Navarro Nacionalista 2nd Lamberto Siguion Colectivista 3rd Raymundo Camacho Nacionalista 4th Eusebio V. Sison Colectivista 5th Ricardo Gonzales Nacionalista Riza,} lst Andres Pascual Democrata 2nd Mariano Melendres Democrata Romblon Leonardo Festin Nacionalista Provine e District Names Party Samar lst J ose A velino Democrata 2nd Pascual B. Azanza Democrata 3r Iñigo Abenis Colectivista Sorsogon lst Antonio Rocha Demoerata 2nd Federico Jimenez Democrata Surigao Clemente V. Diez Nacionalista Tarlac lst Gregorio M. Bañaga Democrata 2nd Benigno S. Aquino Nacionalista 1'ayabas lst Agustin Alvarez Salazar Colectivsita 2nd Rafael R. Villar Colectivista Zambales Alejo Labrador Independent REMARKABLE RECORD OF NEW PARTY I must say tha.t the record and achievement of the new party have been marvelous. When was it officially born? February 17th, 1922. When was election day? June 6th, 1922. In a little -over three months and a THE NATIONAL FORUM half therefore we have a situation where the new party has the largest number of members both in the Senate and in the House of Representatives - this too with no time for eff ective organization and with practically no money for the campaign. It should be added that its birth contributed greatly to the weakening of one-party rule in the Philippines and to the great gain by the old party of the opposition. In fact in many places there has been cordial cooperation between the new party and the old party of the opposition to dethrone one-party rule !lnd one-man lelldership in the country. In the Upper House too we have more senatorial districts represented than any other party. In the new party the following senatorial districts are represented : lst, 4 th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th, seven out of eleven ~t~iawriaJ districts where senators are elected. The old N acionaIista Party has senators in the 2nd, lOth, and llth distri<;ts. The Democrata Party has senators in the 3rd, 4th, and 7th senatorial districts The new party has thus the greatest repreE:entation not only in the number of Sf'nators but also in the ar ea represented, a nd in thb calculation the appointed senators are not included. Before the Legislature convenes the n8w party will have a still larger number in the House of Representatives than here reported since severa! who are registered as independent, or democrata or nacionalista even at this writing have signified th~ir desire to join the ranks of the l?artido Nacionalista Colectivista. A FEW OBSERVATIONS It muy be helpful here to indica te a f ew observations by way of conclusion. l. The last election once more showcd that thcre is R substantial public opinion in this country. 2. There were party organizations at work in most places but in sorne there were none. N ext election will undoubtedlr see a greater degree of party spirit and party organization. 3. While in many places there 1 werc party tickets· in certain localities there was a free-for-all electoral fight. There were altogether too many candidates for the same office now. Better organized conventions far the selection of candidates is necessary, accompanied by a disposition to respect the results of the conventionB. 4. While this was in the main a clean and honest election, there are still sources of possible fraud which must be minimized. Illiteracy is cited as an example. When frauds are next to impo~sible there will be f e\ver protests following elections. AN ANALYSlS 55 5. There is althogether too much feeding and offering of drinks, making political campaigns unnecessarily expensive. Our poorer classes should especially realize that this is an unhealthy practice in a democracy closing as it does practically the door of political service to poor candidates. 6. There is now a provision in the electoral law limiting or regulating expenditures of candidates. No adequate provision is, however, made regarding accounting and reporting expenses. This is a phase of the Iaw which needs improvement. 7. Campaign speeches and campaign Iiterature should deal more with principies, ideals, ideas, problems, issues, achievements, pl-ans, procedures, and practice of good government in order to bring about a better type of political education in the Philippines. 8. More men imbued with the ideas of honesty, sincerity, and service should take interest in political affairs in the broad and right sense. The tendency to sneer at anything and everything that smacks of politics is a bad tendency. 9. Our body electorate must come to realize more and more that the exercise of the right of suffrage is not so much a favor conferred upon the candidates as a duty of citizenship. 10. Candidates should realize to a greater extent than it now obtains that a public office is a public trust desired and desirable more for what officials can give than they can get. A public office is nothing unless it is an opportunity to render genuine and di¡;i.interested public service. 5G THE NATIO:\AL FORUM DRY GOODS -------------------------------------------------------SE confecciona toda clase de Trajes pa- TEL. 3195 Cable Address "TOMFORT" ra. Caballeros y Niños a.l modelo "UPTO-DATE" de Europa y America. PHILIPPINE HAT STORE SASTirnRu, CAMISERIA • Y DRY CLE ~NINfi • 4JI Gavino M. Yabot ~ CORTADOH. Y PROPIETARIO 317 Isabel, Sampaloc, Manila, l. f. Usted destruye la elegancia <le sus trajes cuando no están debidamente lavados por nna. LA V ANDERIA bien equipada, y bitjo la dirección de un experto lavandero como del YABOT Y CA~TJLLO DRY-CLEA~ING. Se reciben sombrf'ros para Compasturas, especialmente en el blanqueo. - - - PLATERtA Y SOMHRERERIA DE PEDRO ANDA Y A JOYER© Y PLATERO R. 1-li<lalí!"o !So, 7ll0, Quiapo, Manila MORI RICYCLE STORE IMPORTER OF BICYCLES AND ACCESSORIES 713-715 Ave. Rizal Tel. 2364 Manila. P. O. Box 481 & FACTORY - O F - TOMAS PORTILLO & SONS 73-75 Real St. Walled City MANILA, P. l. EXPORTERS AND MANUFACTU_ RERS OF HIGH GRADE PHILIP_ PINE HATS HATS :\IADE TO ORDER IN AMY SHAPE W ANTED Osaka Bazar ~B~ AIL KINDS OF JAPANESE Cotton and silk goods, curios, porcelains, provisions, etc. No. SP.2. 346 Calle Echague. Sa11t11. Cruz, Pi10ne ~o. 216 P. O. BOX. 881 M A~U,A, P, I. Manglal-lan Fashion Tailoring and Dress-Makillg We receive all kinds of works Legarda, Sampaloc 67 The Philippine Nission and The Memorial The Philippine Parliamentary Mission was sent to the United States at tha bfhest of the Filipino people thru the Independence Commission with the specific instruction to labor for the granting of Philippine independence, immedinte, absolute, and complete. The official personnel of the Mission was as follows: Hon. Manuel L. Quezon, Chairman on the part of the Sennte. Hon. Sergio Osmeñn, Chairman on the part of the House. Senators: Hon. Pedro Guevara, Hon. Antero Soriano, Hon. Santiago A. Fonucier, Hon. Ceferino de Leon, Hon. Teodoro Sandiko. Representatives: Hon. Jose Generoso, Hon. Guillermo F. Pablo, Hon. Pedro Abad Santos, Bon. Celestino Gallares, Hon. Juan Nolasco, Hon. Vice'Ilte Llanes, Hon. Emilio P. Vi rata, Hon. Proceso 8ebastian. Honorury .Member: Hon. Teodoro M. Kalaw, ~ecretar.r of the Interior. Secretar.V: Jorge B. Vargas, Director of the Bureau of Lunds. Technical Advi~ers: Dean Jorge Bocobo, Colleg·e of Law, University of the Philippines; Dean 1\.faximo M. Kalaw, College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines; Mr. Wenceslao Trinidad, Collector of Interne.Revenue; Dr. Antonio Sison; Dr. Justo Lukban, former Mayor of Manila; Mr. Arsenio N. Luz, well-known journe.list. Physician: Dr. Jose Albert. Secreta.ries to the Chairmen: Mr. Ricardo Summers, Secretary to president Quezon; Mr. Francisco Zamora, Secretary to Speaker Osmeña. Assistant Secretary to the Mission; M r. Benito H.azon. The Mission was also accompanied by Governor Maximo Rodríguez of Tayabas and the following ladies: Mrs. Manuel L. Quezon, Mrs. Maximo Rodriguez, Mrs. Teodoro ~undiko, Mrs. Teodoro M. Kulaw, Mrs. Maximo M. Kttlu.w, l\frs. Justo Lukbnn, Mrs. HiearJo Summers, Miss Catalina. Santos, Miss Gloria Santos, Miss Carmen Albert, Miss Natividad Albert. These accompanied the Mission unofficully and traveled at their own expense. President Harding cordially recPived the Philippine PurJiamentary Mission accompnnied by :;ecretary of ·wur 'Veeks at the 'White Houso when the Mission puid its rl'spects to the Chief Executive of the American .Ke¡rnblic and prescnte<l the claim of the Filipinos for indepl'ndeuce. President Quezon rrad the memorial of the Mission un<l President Harding who was standing with the Mission members wtts visibly affected. The following is the ful! tcxt of the memorial presented: 58 THE NATIONAL FORU:M Mr. President: The Philippine Parliamentary Mission bring~ a message of goodwill and friendship from the Filipino people to the people and Government of the United States. The Filipino people still retains the deepest sense of loyalty for, and confidence in, the American people, as it is this feeling of loyalty and confidence which has induced the National Legislature of the Philippines again to send another independence mission to the United States. W e are cha rged to resume the negotia.tions for the independence of the Philippines begun by the first I1 hilippine Mission sent in 1919 on behalf of the people of the Philippine Islands. Long before the sending of the first :Mission nn<l ever since the Filipinos were given control of both Housea of the Legislatnre, tlw.r could ha.ve shown their determin!ttion to secure the independence of the Plülipµines b.r sen<ling offical representa.ti ves to the Government of the United States, but there were other factors outside their control which made them wait for a. better opportunity. One of them was America's entry in the ·w orld 'Var. They believed that to carry on an extensive agitation for the in<lependence of the 1-'hilippines ata time when the United States was busily engnged in a dc1:1.th strugg·le would have bcen a cause of embarrassment and n sign of dislo,Yulty. Hence it wns thou~ht but proper to refrain for the time being from any agitation for in<lependence. Üli tl1e contrary, realizing that the war i<leu!s of A me rica were thei r own, thut the strugg·le Cor <lcmocracy and the rig·ht of sm:dler poeples was ulso thier own strug·gle, thes place<l all the resou rces of the lslands ut the disppos2d of thc United ~tates nnd offcred thcir sons for the bttttlefields of Eu rope. As expre:o.sed b.r t.hc tlien highest American representutive in tlse PlJilippint>s, "Every sentimer.t, ever_y impulse, ever.Y hope of the :Filipiues wus en1isted in thc cau~e of the Uuitod 6tates~'. '!'HE FIRST PHILIPPINE MlSSIO~ U pon the signing of the armistice, the people fclt that the time h·:d come for the negotiations for indeµendence. The triumph of the Allies and the Associüted Powers meaot for the Filiµinos the signul for the resumption of the work for their own cause. On March 8, 1919 the Philippine Leg·i.~ lnture llpproved what was poµularls knowu us the ''Declaration of l_Jurpose.~'' which served us instructions to the Commission of lndependence au<l which remains today an official authoritutive pronouncement of tbe people on what should be their rela.tions with the United States. "The Philippine question,'' the Decleration of Purposes read, has reaclw<l such a gtuge that a full and fürnl oxchauge of views between the Unite<l Stutes of America a.nd t.he .Philippine lshmds hus Lec0we necessury". 'Ihe l'hilivTHE PHILIPPINE MISSION 59 pine Legislature declared tha.t the "Stable Government'' required in the preamble of the Jones Law as a prerequisite to independence had already büen established in the Philippines. The time had therefore come for the fulfillment of the American pledge. The commission of Independence had been created by a joint resolution of the Leg·islature signed by the Governor Beneral. Us supreme obj~ctive was to secure, in so far as humanly possible, the immediate independence of the Philippines. In pursuance of that objective, the Commission of Independence recommended the sending of a Special Mission to the United States and the recommendation was approved by the Philippine Legisluture. Forty prominent Filipinos representing both Houses of the Logislnture, commercial, industrial, agricultural, labor and Catholic interests were sent to the United States. The First Philippine Mission was asked to "convey to the Government of the United Sta.tes the frankest assurances of the goodwill, friendship, and gratitude of the Filipi_no people and to submit with as much respect as confidence the question of Philippine Independence with a view to its final settlement." When the First Mission reached the United States, however, it found th9 American people and government completely absorbed in their internaional problems. The President was in Europe negotiating the Treaty of Versallies, but he requested the Secretury of ihe 'Var to receive the Mi11sion in his behalf and expressed the belief that the end was almost in sight of the work undertaken between the Americans and Filipinos under the present political status of the Islands. The :\il ission carne back to the Philippines with the satisfaction that it had officially and formally as instructed, µresented the Phi)jppine independence question to the American government for its earliest possible solution, nnd thu.t it had received the full symputhy and cooperation of the administration. RECOMMENDATION OF PRESIDENT WILSON TO CONGRESS The international burdens and attentions of the United States and its government were soon lightened, and the people of the Philippines found their way clear to push with rene\ved vigor their campaign for the establishment of an independent Republic. The Treaty of Versailles had been signed. The work of reconstruction was well underway. The attention of the administration could now be given to· the Philippines. In fact, it appeared that fulfillment of America's promis-~ to the Philippines was next in order. President Wilson, in bis me3sage to Congress gn December 2, 1920, offieia11y recognized the establishment of a stable governmrnt in the Phllippines as a prerequisifa to the granting of independence and formally recommended the immediate granting- of independcnce. He said: "Allow me to call your attention to the fact that the people of 60 THE NATIONAL FORUM the Philippine Islands have succeeded in rnaintaining a stable governrnent since the last action of the Congress in their behalf and have thus fulfilled the condition set by the Congress as precedent to a consideration of granting independence to the Islands. "I respectfully submit that this condition precedent having been fulfilled, it is now our liberty and our duty to keep our promise to the people of those islands by zranting them the independence which they so honorably covet." This was in accordance with the real situation as previously reported by the highest representative of America in the Philippines. The Governor-General had officially certified both to Congress and to the President of the United States that a stable government had been establíshed. EVERYTHING W AS READY FOR FULFILLMENT OF PROMISE The Philippine question was, therefore, immediately prior to the coming into power of the present administration, on the eve of solution. The solernn covenant, as the author of the Jones La:w had called it, between the American and the Filipino peoples was about to be fully and completely fulfiJled. The Philippine Legislnture had declared that there was a stable governrnent in the Philippines and both the highest magistra te of the United States and the American representative in the Philippines concurred in the view. We beg to submit that the last two ye~.rs \Yhich have elapsed since the new administration was installed in office has not altered the s.ituation of the Philippine question. The same stable government exists-not indeed, a perf ect governrnent by any rneans, but a government satisfying the requisistes of a stable government accepted in the history cf the United States, especially in its dealing with Cuba and the South American republics, ns well r..s in inbrnational usage and in the present Leagus of Nations. It is a gov.ernment which would meet the requirarnents, 1-.id down by President McKinley to the Cuban people-"a stable govemment, capable of rnaintaining order observing and insuring peace and tranquility and the security of its citizcms as well as our own." It rnust be remembered that the phrase "stable government" in the Jones Law w·:>s imported direct from Cuban experience. It is worth noting that recently a similar interpretation has been given by the League of N ations. Austria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, and Finland have been declared possessors of stable government and thus admitted into the League of Nations. It should be observed that neither in the case of Cuba nor in that THE PHILI PPINE MISS ION 61 of any of the other countries just mentioned was it required of the peoples thereof that they should be sufficiently strong t') be able to repel an invasion by any foreign power. We, therefore, respectfully submit that to refuse the independence of the Philippines at this time on the ground that the Islands should not be left a prey to any powerful nation coveting their rich soil and potential commercial advantages is tantamount to ~m1endinP-" nnd altering the .Tones Law by 2dding a new condition precedrnt to the peformance of the promise of the American people to the people of the Philippines to recognize their independence. :Moreover. rnrh a crit('.\rion-abi1ity to rr.8ist externa} ag.-..ression-can not be 2dopted in judging the right and capacity of any people to be free ~nd independent, for by such a teRt ::tll but hvo or three countries on the face of the earth wonld be disqu~lified from enjoying separate nn.tional existence. Such a standard would mnke it practically impossible for the Filipino people ever to attain their independence. WOOD~ORBESREPOªTDOESNOTDENYSTABLEGOVERNMENT No American nfficfal. whether of the past or t.he present administr::ition. has been 1lhle to deny the statement of the Philippine Legislature the certificate of the Governor General, and the recommendation of the President of thc Unit1?cd Stntes to thc effect that we have established the "stable government" required by the J ones Law in ar.cordance with the general requisites which that condition implies in rommon usage. Even the report of the Wood-Forbe~ 1\'fis~ion, which is generally considered 8evere and criticn t <loes not dr.ny füjc:i n~sertion. There are 2pparently in President McKinley's edim:'lte two main dements in a stablc government: First· ability to maintain ord<'r and in~me peace and tranquility and the security of citizen~; second, ability to obsnve its international obligations. To these two clcmcPt~. Mr. Root, in h1s instructions for the Cuban people. nlso added the following: It must rest upon the peaceful suffrages of the people and must contain constitutional limitations to protect the peor.le from the a.rbitrary actions of the Government. All these four elements "\Vill be found in the facts gathered by the Wood-Forbes report. It is admitted by the Wood·-Forbes mission that ordrr has heen in exceUent condition and that our constabulary "hns proved itself to be dependable and thoroughly efficient." (p. 13 of the report). "They a.re nnturall.v an orderly peop!e," (n. !-l) said the report. The tranquility and secnrity of the citizens are not jeopardizt3d. As to oblig:üions for international life. the Wood-Forbes mission rcecznize:3 that thcre are peo1)le in our Eervice who would do credit to any G0vernment. ''We find that the 62 THK NATIONAL FORUM legislative chambers are conducted with dignity and decorum, and are composed of representative men" (p. 45), observed the Wood-Forbes report. Without desiring to enter into invidious comparison, the Filipinos have an advantage over any oriental country in so far as ability to maintain international relations is concerned for the simplQ reason that we are most western of alJ oriental pEwples and our 1aws are not taken from oriental sources. Even today foreigners in the Philippines are being judged, in the courts by Filipino judges, so that there will not be any need of extraterritdrial courts. Thus we have already established a thing which China, an independent nation, is still fighting to accomplish. The Filipino people are by nature and tradition hospitable and respectful to foreigners. There has been no anti-foreign agitation or outbreak. The business of f ereigners has been sir.".ply protected. There has be.en no such thing as a boycott against imported goods. During the short-lived Philippine Republic prisoners of war were treated according fa the law of nations and there was security for foreignen. The Insular, provincial, and municipal governments of the P'R.ilippi.nes rest c.m the peaceful suf frage of the peoP,le. The people elect members of the Insular legislature, provinc¡.al governors, members of the provincial boards, municipal presidents, and members of the municipal ooard. "lt is surpri ·sing that the elections have been conducted as well as they have been," said the Wood-Forbes report (p. 23). Speaking of elections in 1916, the report said: "Interest in the election day passed without any serious disturbance. There was a general quiet acceptance by the minority of the results of the popular vote" (p. 23). "'fhe Supreme Court," said the Wood-Forbes report, "has the resp~ct and confidence of the Filipino people" (p. 14.) The courts of First Instance now mostly presided by Filipinos ever since the establishment of Philippine autonomy, have maintained a standard which compares fivorably with many states of the Union. From Aug. 31, 1911 to Sep. 1, 1913, durin¡r the last two years of Governor Forbes, administration, 25.1 percent of the deeigions appealed from these courts were reversed by the Supreme: Court. From March 3, 1919, to March 4, 1921 another period of two years with Filipinos in control, only 20.8 percent were revened. These figures show that jnstice was properly, if not better, adminfotered under Philippine Autonomy. Our present government is "subject to the limitations and 5Jafe~uards which the experience of a constitutional government has shown to be necesstl.ry to the preservation of indivídual right." The Philippine Government has been subjed to such limitations a11d safeguards since THE PHILIPPINE MISSION 63 1900 when President McKinley in his instructions to the second Philippine Commission set down as inviolable rules the fundamental provisions of the American Bill of Rights. These provisions with little modification were later included in the Organic Act of 1902, and again stated in the J ones Law of 1916. For nearly twenty years, therefore, the Philippine Government has been subject to constitutional limitations and safeguards. They are imbedded iu the political life of the people, and no matt~r what political change may occur in the Philippines they will hardly find any material alteration. The common observer can readily see that the conditions in the Philippines, even those described in the Wood-Forbes report, would compare favorably with those existing in Cuba when her independence was recognized by the United Sta.tes and those in the four countries admitted to th~ League of Nations because they possess stable governments-Austria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica and Finland, OBJECT OF THE PRESENT MISSION There would, therefore, seem to be no other alternative for the Filipino people but to take up the Philippine question where it wa.s left by the first Philippine Mission, and follow it up to its logical, immediate solution and settlement. The object of the present Parliamentary Mis-sion is, therefore, respectfully to present the advisability of settling once for aY the independence problem which has been offi.cially a.nd formally presented by the First Philippine Mission. In this connection we desire to st&te that the Commission of Independence of which we are the direct representatives is authorized by law to make all the preliminary arrangements for the granting of independence and to perf orm any other function which the President and Congress of the United States may assign to it in the furtherance of its work. THE FILIPINOS NOW WANT ABSOLUTE INDEPENDENCE There is, however, a difference between the first Inoependence Mission and our present Mission. The first mission <lid not specify the kind of independencQ that was wanted. It would leave the conditions subject to existing circumstances a.nd to negotiations between the r4ilpresentati ves of the United States. To-day, however, the Parliamentary Mission has received definite instructicms to work for the immediate, complete and absolute independence of the Philippines. This desire, we know, is not born of ingratitude towards the United States; it was born rather of the idea expressed by 3ome responsible Americans that they <lid not want 64 THE NATIONAL FORUM to retain any responsibility for the Philippines without also retaining authority. The Filipinos have shown desire to grant reasonable concessions to the United States as a proof of their gratitude for Arnericans' work in the Islands. At the same time they would like to have it nnderstood that they a.re regdy to risk all the dangers and vicissitudes of complete independence. No people deserves freedorn who would not take the risks of freedorn. We beg to rall the attention of the President to th0 f::lct that the political pnrtieg now existing in the Philippines and which are represented in the present Mission-the two wing8 of the N ation;l list Party on the one hand and the Democrata party on the other-are ali for imrnediate and absolute independence. THE FAVORABLE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION Three years ago the impression of the rnembers of the First Philinpine Mission w~s that the main objection nresented by many American~ to the immediate independence of the Philippines was· the internatiomtl dangers wA wonld be runninf!' int.o if completely outside the direct protection of the Unitf'd States. Fortunatf\ly n great change in the international aff~irs has ta.ken pl~ce since the visit of the first Mission. The greatest of colonial powers has already granted recognition of freedom and equality to neoplPs hitherto held as subjects. Ireland h.c:is virtually been declared free. N egotiations were entered into between representatives of the Irish pP.oTJJe and of England· ~md a solemn treaty w::is signed between the two peoples, thus reversing the old relationship of a sovereign power and a dependent race. Et!Vnt has registered her independence. Libera] concessions are being held out to India. We see in nll these acts the triumph of Amcric'm ideal8. It was th~ triumph speciaJly of that fundamental American J)rinciple which declared th!lt governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. In fart. when, during the neg-otiations of the Irfah Treaty De Valer? invoked that principle. Lloyd George, representing England, immcdintely admitted that the Ernpire of Great Bribin wRs rulcd by "the com~ent of the governed," and that was why he allowed negofr1tions betwePn the delegates of a revolting country and the repre~entativ~s of the mother country. Wholesome relr.tionship has espccinlly been established in the Paciflc area. Japan has given her pledged word that it is not her desire to add oPe more foot of Pacific possessions to her domains. Similar pledges have been sccured from France and England. In fact the whole world is stm celebrating the unprecedented success of the Washington Conforence· whose very purpose-to qnote the words of thc Presidcnt of thc United StatesTHE PHILIPPINE MISSJON 65 "to provide sorne means where just, thoughtful, righteous peoples, who are not seeking to seize something which does not belong to them, can live peaceably together and eliminate cause of conflict." "This"-added the President-"is in the American heart, and it is in the British heart, it is in the Japanese heart, in the French heart. in the TtltliAn heart-it is everywhere in the world. If this present-day civilization cannot take advantage of this new realization of that emphasized conviction, 1 would not give much for the civilization of the future. But there is a new spirit seeking and impeUing peace, and it must add to our Christian happiness. Would it not be a cause of pride for the United States if the Filipino people should be the first nation to take advantage of "this new realization, the new spirit seeking and hence at this time, would not the United States thus prove to the world her sincere faith in the new order of things for the estabftshment of which she has endeavored to show the most enlightened and disinterested leadership? And would not a denial at this time of the plea of the Filipino people be conversely interpreted by the nations of Europe, America and Asia as a palpable sign of inconsistency? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHILIPPINES CAMPAIGN AND FOREIGN CAMPAIGNS. The President, however, will note the great difference between our present aj!'itation and campaign for independence and tlle Nationalistic movements of the other peoples. Our work has been carried on in peace, nay, even thru legal channels; the path of other peoples is bathed in blood, Our campaign has been one of friendship and cooperation; the others' are bitter and revolutionary. The Filipino representatives at the head of the movement are with the government and in the government; the others are outside the government and combating the government. Should not the United States Government settle the question now when such a happy relationship still exists? COMPLETE AND FINAL UNDERSTANDING DESIRED We come to America in the full expectation that. the United States can do no less than what other nations have done to their dependencies; that she cYmnot now refrai.n from practicing those principies which were initiated by her and followed by her sister nations; that she cannot now refuse specific realization of those purposes and ideals, which found eloquent expression in her spokesm1t n both in times of wnr and in times of peaceful reconstruction. We come for a complete understaüing, inspired by the President's assurance to our Resident Commissioners that he would 66 THE NATIONAL FORU:M not recornrnend any rneasure pertaining to the future of the Philippineg without first consulting the Filipino people. We claim that under fhe present circurnstances no other agency can speak with as rnuch authorif-y on Philippine conditions and aspirations as the du1y acredited representatives of the people. We hope, therefore~ that in this era of mutual understandings, where peoples and nations, to settle their differences, get together on a cornmon meeting ground, at sorne council table in complete peace and amity, we may be nble to come to a final agreement. We have exposed our views frrnkly and without evasion. They are the views of the immense majority of, if not the entire, people of the Philippines, whom we legally and officially represent. If we have overlooked certain fundamental considerations called for by the best interests of the United States or other countries, we should be glad and anxious to know and discuss them. If there is anything in the foreign policy of the United States, or in its relations with other nations, which would, from the standpoint of America, warrant further delay in the granting of Philippine independence they should be clearly stated to the representatives of the Filipino people. Such open and frank expressions, however disappointing they would surely be to the Filipino people, would go far towards clearing up the Philippine situation, which gives rise to no end of doubts and uncertainties a situation which tends to hinder the normal econornic development of the Islands and create a very real feeling of disatisfaction not only among the Filipinos but also nmong the Americans who have invested or contemplated investing capital in the Philippines. We come far a finnl, complete and definite understanding at a time when, with the leadership of America, frank conferences and the spirit of c'.:>operation are having such a tremendous influence on international reJations. We should therefore like nothing better than that, for the full exchange of opinions and ideas with a view to a final understnnding, the President of the United Sta tes will designa te or eff ect the creation of a committee or commission representing the administration and the parties of the Congress of the United States so that a full exchange of views may take place and a final and complete solution of our problem may be had .. We earnest]y hope that such a committee will be created. We should likewise be glad to discuss with such a body the actual conditions in the Philippines. These actual conditions are described in the Appendix of this statement, but further discussion and elucidation or sorne of the data furnished would perhpps be desired. Permit us to call the attention of the President to the fact that lack THE PHILIPPINE MISSION 67 of that spirit of cooperation and friendly exchanges of views and conferences lrnve been the cause of the frictions and misunderstandings in past Philippine-American relations. Certainly the Americ11n-Philippine War, with the hundreds of million of dollars it cost the American treasury, the hnndreds of thousands of Phi1ippine Iives it took, and the hunger, famine and devastntjon it wronght. could :iJl have been avoided if the spirit of mutual und2rshnding and friendly conferences had been resorted to. The same need, if not more, for complete undersbmdings is apparent in p;·esent Ameriem-Philippine relations. A veritable covenant was effected with the passage of the Jones Law promising independence as soon as a stable government can be established. W e believe that this part of the covenant has been fulfilled. Are the American people ready to perform theirs? Are they willing to redeem their word? We, therefore, beg to submit with all due respect and in sincerity thc absolute necessity f or a complete and thorough understanding between the American and Filipino peoples at this time. We need it at this vecy moment when the only Christian people in the Orient pleads for, and expects complete emancipation, when the American nation swells with pride over her wise statemanship in world affairs, and when ali the nations of the earth are watching and scrutinizing every deed, every word, and every purpose of the foremost leader of modern civilization-the United States. Respectfully submitted, THE PHILIPPINE PARLIAMENTARY MISSION. SERGIO OSME~A. Speaker, House of Representatives, Chairman Commission of Independence on the part of the House. MANUEL L. QUEZON, President of the Senate Chairman, Commission of Independence on the part of the Senate. 68 President Hardinr's Reply to The Mission "Gentlemen of the Mission : "I heard with deep interest and have read with full deliberation, the petition which you delivered to me through Mr. Quezon a f ew days ago. I must express my full and grateful appreciation of your utterances of loyalty and your confi.dence in the American people. 1 hope the travels of your Mission and your contacts with both official and private Iife have persuaded you that the people of the United States believe in that Joyalty no less than you avow it. And 1 trust this mutuality of confidence e.nd esteem will abide f or ali time, no matter what limitations of government are attached to our relations. The Philippine people flnd those of the United States ventured together upon a ~reat experiment in human progress. Since you yourselves in your petition have heartily and offiC'htlly testified its ~uccess 'as we have been g1ad to believe. 1 8m we11 nersuaded that your intimflte experiment has established our cordial relations and created our friendships for all time to come.' "No flxed intent. no thought of conquest, no individual or governmental design to exploit, no desire to colonize brought us together. It was the revolution of the great wherein our assault against oppression at your very doors carried our warfare to your far-away country, and your liberation attended. "No American statesman had preconceived expansion to the Orient; no American industrie.} or commercial interests were urging the planting of the flag and our respects in distant lands. The fortunes of war have brought us to one another and held ue as your sponsors bef ore the world. "From the day that tranquility and stability were established in the islands, the question of the future of the Philippines has been a matter of political discussion in the United States as well as in ihe islands, though from a different viewpoint. Here in the United states, the early opposition was against the so-called 'militarism.' When the issue was m.ade paramount the American people gave sanction to the government policy inaugurated by President McKinley, continued by President Roosevelt, and supported by President Taft. "The question was not brought to the f ront in the general elections of 1916, but the party called to power under President Wilson had adhered to its opposition to use the then existing Philippine policy. In its platform it condemned our friedly experiment as though it was a blunder PRE::;IDE~T HARDING'S REP},JY which had involved us in great expense and brought us weakness instead of strength. I refer to the declaration in order to have you better understand the later congressional action which resulted in the organic act of 1916 known as the Jones Law. "It was my fortune to serve as a member of the senate when this act was under consideration, and I recall distinctly the varying construction of the preamblists of the progress made toward self-government in that act. It is not to be challenged. It said. ther~ is no American authority in congress or out, suggesting any backward step. This act is not under consideration but you refer freely to the expressed or implied pledge in the preamble and call to my attention the passing of a year and a quarter of this administration without a step towards the full and best avowal of independence. "l remind you that at the time of the passage of the act the then senior senator from Arkansas proposed an amendment which provided for immediate independence. He had been a witness to the party declaration and had encountered the conflicting opinion. With fine frankness bis amendment proved that. 'The President is hereby authorized and directed to withdraw and surrender all right of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty now existing and exercised by the United States in and over the territory and people of the Philippines and he shall on the behalf of the United States fully recognize the independence of the said Philippines as separate and self-governing nation and shall acknowL~dge the authority and control over the same of the government instituted by the people thereof .' "The moment was at hand for definite decisive action and the resulting grant of complete and unconditional independence. Manifestly, the maj ority of congress did not believe in the Philippines' readiness because the amendment was rejected by the responsible majority and no steps later were taken to basten the grant of independence until the closing day of the same administration when it was about to lay aside all responsibility. "Without desire to invite conditions 1 recall these things to your mind b~cause independence has partly played a large part in the politics of your country and ours, and in the appraisal of our relationship, it is well for your people to know something of our politics, even as we ought fully to know yours. "I can only cornrnend the Philippine aspirations to independence and complete self-sovereignty. None in America would wfah you to be without national aspirations. You would be unfitted for the solernn duties of self-government without them. It is fair to assurne that our only differ70 THE NATIONAL FORUM ence of opinion is relative to the time for independence. You crave it now, and I do not believe the time has arrived for the final decision. "Manifestly, so far as expression has been made, the majority of the Philippine citizenship covets a self-sovereignty. There are however, many an'long you of different opinion. There are petitions against independence. Our mission of investigation pays the United States, tribute to your progress and commends your institutions. Nothing in our achievements at home is more pleasing to the United State"S th~m the splendid advancement of the Philippine people. Your progress is without parallel anywhere in the world. From a people who began with little freedom and none of responsibility in a little more than-half of one generation you have progressed notably toward self-reliance and self-government, and you have done it in spite of that lack of independence concerning which you petition. "To the United Sta tes come both gratification . for accomplishments and justification for this :~·overnment's attitude because you have made this record under our spons!>rship and in the very atmosphere of the highest freedom in the world. I know of no parallel relationship. We have given substantially everything we had to bestow and have asked only rnutuality and trust in return. We have extended you control in government until little rernains but the executive .~mthority without which we could not assume our responsibility. It is not responsible forme as chief executive definitely to proclnim an American policy, for the decision and must ever be that of congress, but I would be less than c:rndid and fair if I <lid not tell you that we assume no responsibility without thnt authority. "No other instance of the bestowiug an~ rerognizing of the independence of any government on rocord off ers comparison. There is no other instance comp~rable to your relationship. Our intcrest~ are mutual under ,...xisting conditions. There is no complaint of abridged freedom. no sn-rvestion of oppres~don. no outcry ::i n-rtinst goverment by force. We do not tax for our benefit. On the contrary, we rcturned to your treasnry that which you expended at your own free will. In 1920 we <'nlJPctPd in internaf revenucs in the United States the sum of ip:3,000,000 on Philippine products and turned the money into your treasury. We exempt your bonds from taxation in the United Sta tes and afford you a fa voring market, and fsk nothing in exchnnge. We open our markets to your products as you open yours to us in the mut"trnlity of trade. We have spared you every burden of national def en se and the cost of diploma tic respresentation throughout the world, yet you have becn secure in your peace and your representations have been beneficia.Ily expressed. If we have been remiss, we do not lmow it. If mutuality has not been perfect, we choose to make it so. PRESIDENT HARnING'S REPJ,y 71 "I note your appeal is founded on changed conditions in the world. The world situation has indeed changed with a higher augury of peace than we have known before. We are only entering the new order. It is not yet fixed. Your international security is fixed under our present relationship but you would be without a guarantee if complete independence were proclaimed. "lt will avail little to recite what seems to us to be the obvious advantage of association with the American community. These things do not appeal to those who are bent on the establishment of independence. Moreover, accord and concord are essential to the welfare of community relationship. Frankly I had hoped-probably I have expressed the hope of many of our people and likely sorne of yours-that somehow we might develop a relationship that will assure to you complete self-control in your domestic affairs and which would enable you to replace with us the economic and political advantages which sre the rightful possessions of agree2 ble and righteous nations. "Jt wouJd ill become me to question your belief in your readiness for the fu!l obligations you seek to ask me. Therc fo no such thought in my mind. But I am thinking of our larp:er rcsponsibility. F.ate caRt our relationship and we assume a responsibility not only to all the Philippine people but to all the world as well. We have a high respect for your majority, but no less an obligation to your minority, and we cannot be unmindful of that word responsibility wherein your fortunes are involved in ours. "No one is or can be perf ect from the viewpoint of everyone. W e now offer, after ncarly a century, a restless experience, but it is not unseemly to 2ssume that our experience is of great value. We not only provide education, but we compel it. You have made most commendable pr-0gress in education. Pcrhups the majority of your people today will be confirmed by better edu~a.ted people on the morrow, but we ought to be very sure of a highly preponderate and very intelligent people's sentiment before taking thcse stcps which cannot be retraced. "Your allusion to a reversa} of policy en the part of the first coloninl powers rnther argues for delay than commends immediate action. The more rccent of colonial relationship between Great Britain and her more notable coJonies has been marked by training for government and the approach to the measure of autonomy which prevails today. In the main, the longcr training has strengthcned the cherishment of freedom under the larger relationship. They reflect the colonial benefits of larger association under one flag. "l do not invite into the confarence that we are going into tha.t rela72 THE NATIONAL FORUM tionship. We should not wish it unless it were equally courted. Whether wished or not, our disapprovat of permanent retention was rnade in the very beginning and a reversa} of that attitude will come, if ever, only at your request. "The definite expression has ever been as to the time for launching you into your orbit in the world's situations. You have declared your own readiness. No amount of authority, except as responsibility has, in passing, ever been sufficiently assured to give its stamp of approval. "Mindful of your aspirations, the Wood-Forbes mission was sent to the Philippines with instructions to inve~tigate conditions to appraise your progress and make a report. The personnel was chosen with a view to having the appraisal made by able men who had been familia.r with your early stages of self-administration. "This mission reported many indications of progress many things achieved, which must have strongly appealed to the Filipino people. I can assure you that they exchanged the pride of Americans to her helpful relationship. lt was the recital of a splendid showing and a material, intellectual, political, and moral progress. lt can prove that no depracition had hindered your advancement which is so essential to freedom and citizenship which we claimed for ourselves, was not possessed by every citizen of the islands. Only national responsibility is lacking for · which there are ample compensations. '"Frankly, then, with everything considered, with fullest appreciations of your aspir·ations, with shared pride in your achievements, with gratitude for your loyalty, with reiterated assurance that we mean to hold no people under the fl~g who do not rejoice in that relationship, l _must say to you that the time is not ripe for your independence. I can imagine a continued progress with which we must keep our bonds either ea~ier to sever orto rivet them more firrnly, if you will it to be so. W e must await that development. The new order of the world made secure--with conquest out1awed and with the peace and the covenant of all civi1ized people-may speed the day when you either need us or wish for our intimate relation~hip. But this time is not for me to say whether the day is distant or near. '"Mennwhile, 1 can only renew the proven assurance of our good intentions, our desire to be helpful without exacting from your private or public purse or restricting the freedcm under which men and people aspire and achieve. No backward step is contemplated no diminution of your domes tic control is to be sought. Our relation to your domestic affairs is that of an unselfish devotion, which is born of our feat in opening to you PRJ'A5ID~~~'1' :P.URDI~l'S ltlLPLY the way of liBerty. Our sponsorship in international affair~ is r&terenGed in the common fla,; which is unfurled for you as it is for us and secarity in your seal of American relattonsldp." How a widow protected her inheritance When a well-known business man died recentlj·, it wus found that his will left everything to his wife. However, her inheritance did not frea the widow from annoya.ncQ and trouble. In fact it created them. Relatives and friends carne forward with numerous investment prop6sals. Various personal needs, ali req uiring the expenditure of money,. were pressed u pon the widow. The protection of her inheritance and insurance money now became a serious problem for this woman. She rQmembered that her husband had a personal friend who wni an officer in The Philippine Trust Company, and she called upon him. He recommended that she consult a law;yet; regarding the establishment of a trm1t fund. This the widow did nnd an arrangement was entered into under which the PHILIPPINE TRUST CoMPANY now cares for th~ fund and pays the income to her in regular installments. She has no financia! care!i nor responsibilities. She findM personal interest in her business problem whenever she needs it, and-what is most important-her inheritance is SAFEGUABDED. The strength, responsibility, and integrity of the PHILIPPINI!~ TRU~T CoMP.6.NY are her protection. The subject of trust funds, created either by wil1 or during life, is discussed in SAFEGUARDING YouR FAMILY's FuTURB. Ask the Philippine Trust Company for a copy, and eonsult its officers as to how it can serve you or your family under a trust fund. The booklet is also s~nt on request to the address below. PBlLIPPINE TRUST COMPANY Monte de Piedad Building Plaza Goiti, Manila, P. l. TEL. 1255 DRY GOODS 'Pl0.00 DOWN BRINGS YOU THIS r\1 1¡ COROÑÁ The Personal Wrl*tnr Machlne, l.; just thP. thine for mfm who do work a.t homfl. Corana. ls a "Priva.te Secretary'' that is alwa·ys on the job. Doctors, lawyers and merchants ul'le lt for offtcfl work in preferc~nce to heavy ''1ta.ndard" t.vpewriters. Cleri;!ymen corona.t:vpe thetr snmonsteacher and professors thelr ~chedt.ües 1nd pa.pers-student• in every unh't-rsill· and school in the land arP turnillli!" in 11eater notes a.nd essays since COl'ona e ame. It udghts onzw 6 .5 poundit folds and Is carrled In a nea t. Rtronr case whlch is lncladed wlth each machlne. lt has ali the la.test l11111rovements, such as visible wrltln.-. universal l.<ey-board t wo ~olor rlbbon. haclf: spact!r, marj!ln relea.se, vlaten releast!, hift loe\{. pa.pt>r l'Please marirln stopi;, etc. Even thonarh Corona costs onh· balf what yeu would pay for a bt~ 'heavy" machiue yon need not pay for it ali at once. ·we ha.ve 11.n e11.s.v e:========:!. monthly p~ymen• plan that may lnterF-st you. You can h11.ve the us• of the machtne while .ron are payine for it and may be make lt vay for itself. ERLANGER Be GALINGER, INC. Rexas Bldu-. Manila W. H. ANOERSON & CO., Cebu Wrlt.e tor particula!"s of ea.sy payment plan ----------------------------------------------------- ----------.-----------..--~-1 t our ~ljc.rjRht iJ•t1our 1 nlo~ \Ja\[úable A.r.ret \Vithout good eyesight you cannot succeed in this University. Do not risk ru ining ~·our eyes by tryini to cio withnttt glasses or by we~ring glasses that have not been prescribed by a comt.H·tent Üptomdrist. Our Ütltr;metrists give students special attention. lf vour eyes trouble you when you study call and we will examine yt1ur eyes for glasH S· ~ ...... ~J8.------------·-·~ . ..,..·.·-·-·---·---·-·········---·~---·-··--·····---·---·-----·-------·-WJ ! ~ EDITORIALS ~ ._. • •• • •.-• -... • • • .._.. • • • ...., w?a •• _._ • • .._.. • • ._ .. ..._ ~ ._ •••• •,...••••••••_.. ••• •.•a••••-..-••a•J'I OUR GREETINGS THE NATIONAL FORUM makes its bow herebl1 to the puhlic. In this, our first number, we extend our greetings to the government officials, to the various institutions, the various journals, magazines, and periodicals, to the government and people of the Philippines, and to the sovereign power in these islands. OUR PHOFE~SIO~ OF FAlTH True to the name which it bears, 'IHE NATION.AL FORUM will cover a field as broad as our important na.tional interests and the needs of the cosmopolitan population of the Philippines. The magazine will deal with educational, social, political, and economic problems. It is our fond hope that it will beeome a genuine forum for the expression of studied opinions, treasured beliefs, and crys,allized convictions. THE N ATIONAL FORUM will stand as a stauneh advocate of what is believed to be just noble, and righteous, and as a champion of the cause of freedom, of right, and of j llstice. The editorial policy will be characterized by fearlessness and independence. 'Ye shall be uncompromising in advosating what is right aml in fighting what is wrong. We shall be independent in the oonvictions expressed, serving no vested interests, and subservient to no particular group of men. Believing in freeclom and respecting the rights of others to enjoy freedom, we shall be fearless in our constructive criticisms and openm.inded to the constructive eriticisms of others. 'Ve shall seek to promote intellectual freedom in the publieation of articles. Authors will as. sume responsibility for the views they express. Claiming the free and untrammeled right of intelligent criticism for ourselves, we shall r0spect the fr&e and untrammeled, but intelligent aRd well-intentioned, criticisms from our brethren in the republic of science and letters. LAROR FOR INDEPRNDENCE The Filipino people have once more in words aad in deeds demonstrated their unswering devotion to their mighty ideal. All parties and ali candidates in the ]ast electoral fight vied with one another in ma76 THE NATIQNAL FORUM king patent and public their determination to achieve Philippine indepen<lence, immediate, absolute, and complete. A Parliamentary :Mission has just been sent to the United States once again officially to present our national plea. A reply that was diplomatic but which leaves the situa.tion just as uncertain and jm;t as unsati8fuctor,y was received. The turn of recent events impels us anew to labor without fear and without vacilIation to convince that gTeat ru]in2· American ¡mblic opinion which shall in all its majesty compel the goverument un<l people of the United States to grant us the independe11ce which we w deurly covet and which America def initely promised. GREATER ECONOJ'.UC 1U!\DEDNESS The people of the Philippine lslands, young and old alike, need to acquire a keener sense of economic min<ledness. 'fhere is an imperative need of s. greater and more intelligent insight on the part of our educated citizenship in to the ugrieultu ral, industrial, commercial, and finan· cial problems of the Philippine lslands. Our young people especiall.r need to interest themselves in the commercial and business enterprises of the couutry. The economie problems ought to occupy a relatively greater place in their consciousness. In their classes and in their indeµendent reading, they should acquaint themselves with our importa.nt commodities, the market values of the chief exports and imports, the sources of wealth, and the factors affecting our national prosperit1. They should learn how to iuterpret intelligently the financial page of a newspaper, the market reports, a1.d other features of a publication dealing with the economic aspects of individual and social life. The economic feature of life is basic. lhis is one ttf our cardinal faiths, and in this conviction THE l\A'JIOl\AL IORUM will be utilized t"O promote greater economic mindeduess among the people of the Philippines. AMITY AMONG NATIONS The recent "\Vorld ·w ar with all the losses in lives and propert.y will, in a measure be justified if men and nations hereafter shall consciously sincerely, and systematicall.v labor to bring about durable peace and real awity among indivi<luals aud nati@ns. lnternutiunal ¡Jeace is based upou international arnity. .Proper dealing is founded upon knowledge, confidenca, and sympathy. There is need of thinkers in every country to interpret the individual and national traits and characteristics to their EDITORIALS nationals and to other peoples and to interpret truthfully and sympathetically the traits and characteristics of other peoples to their fellowcitizens. THE NATIONAL FORUM shall seek to follow the spirit of this principie in the l1ope of contributing something toward bringing about better understanding and more lasting frienclsbip among men and nations. STANDARDIZATIO~ OF PRIVATE EDUCATIO~AL JNSTITUTIO~S 'Ye are happ.v to publish in this numb~r a message from Honorable Eugene A. Gilmore, the new Secr~tary of Public Instruction for the .Philippine Islancls. "\'Ve thought his message stood for rea,l e<luc21.tion nnd real educational institutions and we have so labeled it. There is nee<l of standarJization of pri vate school institutions, not the type of standardization that makes for a deadening uniformity ~nd over-centralization of control, but genuinely e<lucational standardization that fosters academic freedom. There are schools and schools in the Philippine l~lands and there are verily institutions that are good, bad, and indifferent. We believe those who are charged with the duty of admi· nistering the better prívate institutions are all and one de~irous for true standardization of prívate institutions. The better institutions are discredited in part because of the failure of sorne prívate institutions to maintain a proper standard. The people of the Philippines are entitled to the be~t t.vpe ef instruction. Educational institutions are in dut.v bound to offer the best possible education if the.v are to justify the confidence of students, parents, and patrons. We respectfully suggest th:1.t education!tl institutien".I b~ not called colleges or ''cole~dos" unless they offer real collegiate courses beyocd the secondary work. And rii.dit here we mus begin the process of standardization, namely the definition and classification of schools, academies, institutes, colleges, nnd universities. lf the proper authorities were to carry out this movement which we strongl,y advocat~. there will undoubtedly be sorne oppu::;ition. But a great many of the private institutions now in existence consecrated to the taik of education for good, useful, and llierviceable citizen:ship will be found read.v to cooperate . •• 78 THE NATIONAL FORUM CONTENTS Page NK\YS AND EVENTS: The Philippine Educational Association .................... -------------------- 79 Governor-General's Order Extending Period for Payment of Real Property Tax -----------------------------------------------·--------------~------- 79 Dr. Barrows Resigns as President of the University of California ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 Artesian Wells Increasing________________________________________________________________ 80 Chief Justice Taft in England________________________________________________________ 81 Philippines Dry -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 Reception to Philippine Mission ________________________________ -------------------- 81 Against Sea Going Liquor ------------------------------------------------------------ 82 Government Educational Directory________________________________________________ 82 REVIEW8: The Corner-Stone of Philippine Independence by Francis Burton liarrison -----------------------------------------------------------------------··---------- 87 The Outlook for the Philippines by Charles Edward RusselL_____ 88 Barrio Lif e and Barrio Education by Camilo Osias ___________ .. ________ 8D DISCUSSIONS: The Manila Daily Bulletin on the Filipino Pleas for Immediate and Complete Independence. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Two Senators Make Conflicting ~tatemen ts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Senator Manuel L. Quezon Speaks for the Filivinos........... 92 )lrs. Sofía P. de Veyra Discusses Philippine lndependence.. . . 92 M rs. Maud Wood Park's "Pledge of Conscientious l'itizens".... 93 Coastwise Law May not be Extended to the P. l............. 94 79 lm s mmssriEWS AND EVEÑTsmnmmug l, .nssssss ns:: snu snns:n :ussn u,.,.,, sssssssssn s•c:<Q THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION. The Philippine Educational Association, organized in 1920 by men engaged in educational work desirous to combine and coordinate their forces to the end that education in the Philippine Islands may minister more effectively to the needs of the country and its people, has the following important objects: ( 1) To promote the carn~e of education in the Philippines. (2) To encourage the scientific study of education. (3) To labor for the interests of the teachers and the teaching profession. At the last annual meeting of the Association the following officers were elected: Mr. Gabriel R. Mañalac, Assistant Director of Education, President; Mr. Roy D. Bennett, Division Superintendent of Schools for Nueva Vizcaya, Vice-President; and Mr. Benito Pangilinan, Division Superintendent of Schools for La Union, Secretary-Treasurer. It was also decided this year to charge an entrance fee of P5.00 and an annual fee of ?=3.00 and that the entrance fee includes the first year's dues. With these new rates, it should be possible for a greater number of teachers and supervisory and administrative officers to join the Association and help in the good work. One of the plans of the Association is to publish from time to time monographs dealing with education and educational work in the Philippines. The first of the series of monographs published was "Rizal and Education" written by Camilo Osias, the first President of the Association. There is a distinct need of fostering a p!\aper spirit of associationism among the public and private school teachers of the Philippines. The teacher's voice will never be heard and heeded until there is an educational entity sufficiently strong to supplement and strengthen the work of the cducational institutions il} the country. GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S ORDER EXTENDING PERIOD FOR PAYMENT OF REAL PROPERTY TAX Governor-General Wood has issued with the consent of the Council of State the following executive order concerning the extension of the period for the payment of realty tax : 80 THE NATIONAL FORUM "The provisions of Executive Order No. 18, extending the period of nayment withont penalty of the real property tax for the year 1922 in the provinces of Albay, Antique. Bataan, Batanes 1 Batangas, Bohol, Bulacan, Camarines Norte ·~nd Sur, Capiz, Cavite, Cebu, Ilocos Norte and Sur, Iloilo, Lagunai Leyte, MarindufJue, Masbate, Mindoro, Misamis, Nueva Eci.ia. Occidental and Oriental Negros, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Sam~r, Sorsogon, Surigao, Tarlac, Tayabas and Zambalcs fixed in Executive Order No. 46, series of 1918, are hereby further extended to July 31, 1922." DR. BARROWS RESIGNS AS UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT Dr. David P. R~rrows, who has a host of friends hr.re in the Philippfnes having been director of education and is at present the president of the University of California, is reported as having submitted his resignation effective June 30, 1923, or earlier at the convenience of the Board of n-:,gents. D'r. Bnrrows was elected to his present po<Jt in December, 1919, m1cceeding Dr. Benjamin Ide '\Vheeler who "\Vas president for nearly twenty years. Dr. B:irrows 'v2s born forty-eight years ago in Chicago. He was educated chiefly in the institutions in California but he reccived other degrees from the University of Chicago and Columbia University. He has given over 20 years of his life to the service of education. Part of that fruitful ílervice v;as spent in the Philippines as Superintendent of Schools and ~s Director of Education. He is the author of a History of the Philippines nnd A DecP de cf Americ.an Govcrnmcnt in the Philippines. He is also the editor of a series of books on government and politics published by the World Book Company. Dr. Rarro\vs hr.s also seen military service. His record is said to include many cit.di:::11s and decorations. He was appointed Major of Cavalry for service in the last World War in 1917 and later was made Lieutenr.nt.-Colonel. Dul'ing his military service he wa.s sent to Siberia and tlte Phiiippines. Dr. Barrows joined the faculty of the University of California in 191·J as profcssor of education and later he became dean of the College of Education, a pcst which he was holding at the time he was elected presideut. ARTESIAN WELLS INCREASING According to figures obtained from the burea.u of public vrn:¡_·lrn the other day, faere are now 1,374 artesian wells in the Philippines supplying NEWS AND EVENTS 81 potable water to approximately 3,500,000 people. Of these successfully drilled wells, 163 were completed in 1919 at n cost of ~344,959.96; 148 in 1920, at 'P432,013.18; 122 in 1921, at tt=344,770.54, and 48 from January 1 to May 15, 1922, at Pl21,229.46. From the records of the bureau of public works it appears that the municipality of Batangas, Batangas, has the largest number of successfully drilled artesian wells to date 31, Manila coming second with a total of 27. A total of 35 artesian wells were successfully drilled in the province of Cebu from January 1, 1921, to May 15, 1922, or about 20 per cent of the total number of wells drilled during that period. Twenty-seven were also drilled in the province of Batangas, and 17 in Pangasinan. These 170 wells drilled since January 1, 1921, to May 15, 1922, furnish an aggregate supply of 5,688 gallons per minute, or 8,190, 720 gallons a day. CHIEF JUSTICE TAFT IN ENGLAND Chief Justice William Howard Taft of the United States Supreme Cm1rt 2ntl formerly Governor-General of the Philippine Islands was a guest of honor at a dinner given by the Pilgrim Society to which amb~.s sadors to England, members of the British cabinet, leading jurists, and several Americans were present. After being introduced by Earl Balfour, Chief Justice Taft, in the course of his speech, said the following: "No trouble arises between England and America that Americans do not all ac:;sume will be settled by negotiations or arbitration. Any other course is not considered." PHILIPPINES DRY In compliance with the new electoral law passed by the Philippine Legislature at the last session, the sale of liquor was prohibited thruout the Philippines on April 28 and 29, May 5 and 6, and .June 5 and 6, these being registration and election days. No disorder whatsoever occurred. There was no disposition to disobey the provision of the law. RECEPTION TO PHILIPPINE MISSION AT WASHINGTON The Philippine Parlfamentary l\1ission was received by the House of Representatives of the United States. Chairman Towner of the Committee on Insular Affairs delivered an address commending the ability and statesmanship shü"wn by the Philippine Legislature. The Democratic le.ader, Repre~entative Garrett, delivered an address stating that " the democratic membership of the House is in favor of immediate and un82 THE NATIONAL FORUM qualified independence." Speaking of the appeal of the Mission he said: "In response to the appeal the only difference between Mr. Townel'." and myself is that I would grant the Filipino absolute and unqualified independence." Speaker Gillett entertained the Mission at luncheon and Mrs. Harding entertained the Jadies accompanying the Mission at the White House. AGAINST SEA-GOING LIQUOR Dr. Wilbur F. Crafb of W2shington recently praised August A. Rusch's stand on "sea-going" Iiquor, and denounced Ch.sirman Lasket of the Shipping Board for permitting the sale of intoxicating liquors on Shipping Board vessels outside the thre-mile limit. August A. Busch recently. addressed a letter to President Harding calling bis attention to the fact that a b2r was run wide open on the government steamer, George Washington. He said the United States, therefore, was the biggest bootlegger in the ·world and that in violating its own ktws had set an exarnple of J.1ypocrisy unparalleled in the history of the republic. GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY AND ASSIGNMENTS 1922-1923 Hon. EUGENE A. GILMORE, Vice-Governor General and Secretary of Public Instruction. Hon. ALEJANDRO ALBERT, Under-Secretary of Public Instruction. LUTHER B. BEWLEY, Director of Education. GABRIEL R. MA:RALAC, Assistant Director of Education. Division Super-intendents General Office . • Ta mes C. Scott Iloy I. Gilmore Hornee E. Cutlcr N orth H. Foreman Peter G:riady Garrett J ose A. de Kastro Mariano G. del Rosario Jose Reyes Potenciano Magtibay Alberto Dalusung H. S. Prindpals Abra Albay Anti que Bataan Ea tangas Bohol Bulacan Cagayan Cam. Norte Cam. Sur Capiz Ca vite Ce bu Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Laguna Leyte Manila M.arinduque Mas bate Mindoro Misamis l\fountain Nueva Ecija Nueva. Vizcaya Occ. Negros Ori. Negros Palawan Pampanga Pang-::isinan Divisfon Rizal Romb1on Samar Sorsogon Surigao NEWS AND EVENTS 83 (Actg~) Frederick G. Roth Cecilio Putong ,, Ralph F. Rawson A. Wakefield Ramsdell ,, Santiago Dumlao Carmel o P. Quintero ,, Venancio N ebrida Antonio A. Maceda ,, Quirino S. BuenaventuraCharles M. Hewett Frederick J. Waters Bryan B. Brown Walter G. M. Buckisch Bertram S. Ten Hagen (Actg.) Carl B. Crabtree George G. Adams ,, Vicente Garcia ~ldefonso Santos James M. Swartz Earnest Schaffner .Tessee W. Light Dwight W. Hiestand (Actg.) James A. King Arthur C. Wittman Wiley B. Bea·rd Reece A. Oliver (Actg.) Frank L. Meinke Orville A. Babcock B. Fielden Nutter George N. Shafer O. H. Charles Quince E. Richardson (Actg.) John H. M. Butler Donato B. Boado Roderick G. McLeod Miss C. Amy Jackson (Actg.) John F. Brown Oliver Z. Stout H. A. Bordner (North) Ra.ymond W. Porter (South)Miss Rosella E. Plummer (Actg.) Clayton I. Halsey Aurelio P. Arguelles ., Arn1cleto Aposto! Louis Barlet .Justo Ramos Alfonso Villaflor (Actg.) 1. mold E. Barlett Clarence L. Vaughen ,, Charles A. Blue J esse L. Goins ,, Luther Parkcr (Actg.) Miss Lucretia Belting Roy D. Bennett Henry C. Klingbeil (Actg.) William R. Hamme Albert I{!a:chur ,, Charles V. Cline Miss Edith M. Hill " Cenon Monasterial Adam C. Derkum Edwa1·d J. Murphy Superintendents Cha:r\es W. Rummell (Actg.) Salustiano Vibar Charles E. Hoye Antonio N era (Actg.) Jolm H. McBride, Jr. Norberto Devera Arthur I. Stickel Fay C. Hare H. S. Principals Miss Bertha Lincoln Indalecio Madamba Miss In es F. Crawford Raymond E. Whitney John D. Stumbo (Actg.) 84 THE NATIONAL FORUM Arthur G. Spiller Gilbert S. Perez Benito Pangilinan Hadwen H. Williams John J. Carl Tarlac Tayrabas Union Zambales (Actg.) Doroteo de Leon Kent L. Burroughs Silverio Diñoso Phil. Normal School Phil. School of Arts & Trades Phil. Nautical School C. L. A. C. Private Schools Cam. Agr. School Dept. Minda.nao-Sul.P Agusa·n Bukidnon Cotaba to Davao Lana o Sulu z~mboanga Batanes Division Albay Anti que Bataan Batangae Bohol Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Sur Capiz Cavite Ce bu Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Laguna J. Scott McCormick ( Actg.) Robert L. Barron Carl Rydell Kilmer O. Moe Thomas J. McQuaide Vfrt01· Oblefias (Actg.) J ohn J. Heffingtcn E. O. Parker (Actg.) Archer B. Parham William H. Pickell ,, Frank P. Low ,, James E. McCall ,, Ralph E. Spencer Robert Clauson Mrs. Pearl F. Spencer Mrs. Genevieve S. Clauson Egbert M. Smoyer Frank M. Smith Osmnndo S. de Castro Juan E. Agpalza Academic Super·visors Industria! Superi1isors Pacifico Buenconsejo Faustino Sabile Amador C. Nieb~~ Severo Encarnacio Marcos Buensuceso Meliton M. Manza Lazaro Malabanan Casimiro C. Romero Hipolito Paraguya Jose Catindig Sergio Z. Cespedes Emilio V. Calica Teodorico Taguinod Isaac Decena Froilan Llagas Digno Alba Iluminado Villarruz Francisco Llamado Luis Litunjua Miss Victoria Bundalian Venancio Nera Juan R. Albano (Actg.) Gil Raval Marcelino L. Villamil Seven Cardenas Apolonio M. Ramos Agapito Escoto G~spar Suguitan Sixto Balayan Miss Adela Maceda Mateo .Alfonso Leyte Manila Marinduque Mindoro Misa mis Mountain Nueva Ecija NuevH Vizcaya Occ. Negros Ori. Negros P.alawan Pampanga Pang-asinan Rizal Romb1on Samar Sorsogon Surigao Tarlac T~wabas Un ion 7rimbales nnvao Lana o Division Abra .Albay Antique Ratanes Ratangas Bohol Rulacan Cagayan Camarines Sur Capiz Ca vite Ce bu C. L. A. S. !locos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela NEWS AND EVENTS Narciso T. Villas Miss Abbie F. Hawes Eduardo Lagman Manuel Modesto Jose C. Velo Juana Guerrero Cipriano V. Alberto Vicente F. Gonzales Filomeno M. Bautista Mariano Canoy Dionisio Gil Manuel S. l\hnongdo Norberto Antonio Ambrosio Belmonte J ose Hernandez Aurelio Sienes Felipe Salting J uanito Calumpang Margarito Teves (Actg.) Javier Ponce de Leon F:stanh~lao T. Tirona Federico Florendo Roque Lomibao Sixto Tandoc Algel Laouindanum Alfredo P. Shra-pit Hospicio Exmundo Elviro Bernas Frank G. Becker Gonzalo Villarin David E. Ordoñez Timoteo Babasa Guillermo Pag-adnan Pedro Licuanan Hilario S. Mercado Vivencio L. T1a1!'orda Gregorio Elea:¡jg.r Tomas V. Florido F.ustaquio de Guzman Justo de Leon Tiburcio Boria (Act~.) Juan Santos Dominador Fernandez Bernardo Picarda! Trade School Principals Farm School Principals .Tose Ruivivar H eracleo Pesarillo Teodorico Salegumba Zacarias Canent Luciano Bor.ia (T) .Juan Lonez (T) Melecio Bulan Jose Revna Pedro Hizon (T) ro Florencio Bagui German Yap 85 Doroteo Federis Victor Oblefias (Actg. J ose Roldan ( T) Benito Guzman J ose Sevilla Genaro Pedro (T) Macario Abundo Constancio Simpas Ildefonso Bunoan Sup.) Francisco del Rosario Simeon Madlangsacay Kilmer O. Moe, Supt. Agaton Asuncion Celestino Bueno Mariano Mam1igod 86 Laguna Leyte Mindoro Misamis Mountain Nueva Ecija N tteva Vizcaya Oriental Negros Pala.wan Pampang& Pangasinan Rizal Romblon Samar Sorsogon Tarlac Union Zambales Bukidnon Sulu Zamboanga THE NATIONAL FORUM Flaviano Santos Jesse W. Ratcliffe Luciano Ca.nsico Jelquiades Montecillo (T Pv.) James Arthur Wright Catalino Empaynado (Prov.) Teodoro Lazam (Prov.) Restituto Carpio Teodoro Senador (T) Eustaquio Palay Domingo Aviado Martin Mendoza Celedonio Espiritu Candido Fomillos Alfonso V. Teodoro Alejandro Nav~rro Catalino Calica Daniel Rodirguez Vicente Macairan (T) Francisco Perez Mauricio Lazo Tomas Ferrer 'Mateo Meñez W. A. V. Wiren Ubaldo Bueno (T) 'Sabino Q. Ami (Prov.) William S. Price Albay Supervising Teachers of Hygiene and Sanitation Pascual F. Suficiencia Antique Ca vite Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo M:indoro Oriental Negros Pangasinan Sarnar Union Tranquilino Baldevia Faustino Pugeda Miss Cristina Y oro Miss Placida Decano Ermelo Kilayko Pedro Rabulan Leon de Jesus Miss Beuih Rapatalo Arsenio Mella Matias S. Parlan 87 [ %$$%$% SSSSSº %%% 't 0 1 \%%% Si%SSS1 %SS%$ 4 SS %%$$%\%\SS:S:ZSI REVIEWS C%%SSSSS\ SS Si' i Ki SSSSS L'%5'''%SS%i%%'4'i'%' g ·%SSº SSS!C THE CORNER-STONE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE. By Francis Burtnn HarrisM. The CPntury Com.pa,ny. 3.~3 pp. Ill. THE CORNER-STONE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE is a narrative of seven years observation and experience Mr. Harrison who was governor-general of the Philippine Islands during the Wilson administration. This book is a welcome additiQn to the constantly growing literature on the Philinnine Islands written from a rather impartial and yet sympathetic point of view. Written as it is in the hope of conveying to Americans in America "an idea of what the Filipinos have done with the self-government ..... . granted them in 1916," it becomes an important instrument aiding the Filipinos in their plea for justice, for freedom, for independence. The author seeks to portray in 11is book the Filipinos' "ideals and ambitions, their trials and problems, their accomplishments and development," rather than to describe the achievements of Americans and foreigners in the Philippines. The writer sets forth with rema.rkable clearness his reasons for believing that the Filipinos have complied with the prerequisite exacted by the Congress of the United States for the granting of our independence. Mr. Harrison dips a little bit into past history, dealing with the Filipinos' past and early years of American occupation. He takes up the events during the new era inc!uding the record of legislation of the allFilipino Legislature and the progress of Filipinization. The work among our non-Christian brethrcn is portrayed and in a convincing manner, with facts and figures, the reader is led to conclude that the prophets of old who predícted that the non-Christian Filipinos would be neglected if their Christian countrymen gained control were veritable prophets of failure. The chapter dealing with war conditions and Filipino loyalty during the war shows that the Filipinos are gra.teful of the unparalleled generosity of America and the Americm people; that they believe in America's promise, but at the same time desirous of their independence. The economic activities, the exercise of autonomy granted, the Filipinos' attitude toward foreigners, and the mooted question of J apanese menace are given adequate treatment. 88 THE NATIONAL FORUM Ex-Governor Harrison, after giving a dispas~ionate analysis of tbe situation, expresses bis conviction 'tbat tbe Filipinos are now ready for independence, tbat tbey have already set up tbe stable government required of tbem by tbe Jones Actas a prerequisite, and tbat, in tbe words of President Wilson in 1920, in bis last annual message to Congress, 'lt is now our liberty and our duty to keep our promise to tbe people of tbose islands by granting tbem tbe independence wbich they so honorably covet.' " The Iast chapter deals with the effect of tbe American policy in tbe Philippines upon the European masters of Asia and closes with the following statement: "Let us make secure in the eyes of the world our sincerity and honor by giving to the Filipinos that independence which we have so definitely promised.'' "The time is close at hand," argues the author, "when we must redeem our promi~e. or else forfeit their confidence and good will and break our given word." THE OUTLOOK FOR THE PHILIPPINES. By Charles Edward Rus.r~ell. The Century Compawy. 411 pp. lll. This is a book just published and written by Mr. Russell after his tour of observation and study in the Philippine Islands. 1t is distinct from books written by superficial observers who come to the Philippines for a few days, gathering tbeir information from biased sources, and then write books purporting to be authoritative. This work gives a summary view of actual conditions, political, social, economic, and industrial. 1t speaks of the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, their traits and characteristics, their virtues and defects. Ten years ago the author visited the Philippines f or the first time. He is thus a ble to present observations of progress from first-hand knowledge. He writes interestingly of the home life of the Filipinos, the position of our women, our schools, our legislative and governmental activities, and other phases of Philippine life. Written "in a style of extraordinary vigor and vividness" tbis trained observer, this keen student of economics and sociology, seeks to be just and fair. Tbe vital and interesting question of independence is of course considered. Mr. Russell states both sides of the argument in Chapter XVII, dealing ·with tbe independence movement, and Chapter XIX, dealing witb "both sides of the independence question." A chapter is devoted to tbe so-called "Japanese menace" whicb has been harped upon for ever éo long by opponents of Philippine independence. "From any point of view," Mr. Ru~ell says, "except obsession, the s.eizure of the Philippines by Japan REVIEWS 89 seems preposterous." And he winds up the chapter by recalling the words of Marquis Okuma, the grand old man of Japan, to Mr. Russell which are as follows: "Let us clear our minds of any such thought. The days of international brigandage are past. It is a new and better world in which we live. Acts of aggression by strong nations upon weak are no longer possible. Let us remember the lessons of the Great War. There was once a nation in this world that believed it could go on building its greatness without regard to the rights of others. Where is that nation now ?" Mr. Russell, loyal and faithful to his Americanism, recognizes the plighted word of the government of the United States which promised to withdraw from the Philippines and grant the Filipinos their independence. I am unable to resist the temptation of quoting what should be recognized as an eminently just statement of the case in the following paragraph: "There is one other consideration rightfully belonging to this debate that ought not to be neglected here. Sorne American& in the Islands and elsewhere feel vaguely that, aside from the question of dollars, a point of n.a.tional pride is involved. ·wherever the flag of the United States has once flown, to withdraw it involves national dishonor. Those to whom patriotism has another appeal, whose pride in their country is based not upon its physical dimensions but upon its history, its obvious mission, its significance to the world, may take the answer to this u pon their own consciences, lea ving it to no others. These may say that if the creed America has always proclaimed is true and not an impudent hypocrisy, this nation cannot break the smallest particle of any promise that has passed Irom it, whether to the powerful or the weak. And again, if its professions of faith and the foundation doctrine of its existence have any sincerity, it can know in any such issue but one fact. Not extent of territory but righteousness exalteth a nation." BARRIO LIFE AND BARRIO EDUCkTION. By Camilo Osais World Book Company. 175 pp. Ill. This volume on BARRIO LIFE AND BARRIO EDUCATION is the latest contribution of the President of the National University, formerly assistant director of education, to the li.terature on Philippine education. It fills a long felt need and Filipino tea~hers and supervising teachers 90 THE NATIONAL FORUM should welcome it as a companion volume. This work is the first of its kind dealing with lif e and education in the barrios. Its importan ce is readily realized when it is borne in mind that life in the Philippines is essentially rural and that the position of the barrio school and the barrio teacher is one of great importance. The book deals with the practica} aspects of education in the barrios and portrays the problems to be met in the work of uplifting our barrio inhabitants. The trea.tment is thoro and practica} and people interested in Philippine lif e, especially those with leaning toward etlucation, sociology, or economics, would enjoy the book. The ~uthor has a great faith in the barrio inhabitants and the common people of the Philippines. "The stability of democracy in these Islands," he sgys, "depcnds in a grer.t measure upan the character and intelligence of the average people. The people who live in the modest homes of bamboo and nipa, the sober and industrious dwellers in more or less rural communities who compase the greater part of the Philippine population, those of the middle class, intelligent, happy, and prosperous, constitute the genuine strength of the Filipino people." Toward the end, the author correctly states that "the problem of barrio life and barrio education is a national problem." 1 ''POPUUR DHY CLHNINfi i TAILORIN6'' 78 Manrique Tel. 2795 Sampaloc, Manila. E. SERAFIN PROP. & MANAGER Free Delinria& Dav. M. Garcia DRY CLEANIN6 i LAUNDRY 100 Lavanderos, Sampaloc, Manila, P. l. Phone 2240 91 1 ----------------. . ---........... -..... -------. ---. --,., -•¿¡ lira • ~- a ar• • • • • • • - • • • .ar. a a • • • • • • • • • • • • ~- • • • • • • • m>• • • • • • • • - - - - - - DISCUSSIONS ~ ......... W,¡,.-W .... • - • - • -~· W &Ta . . . W W wl'&W .................. ~.,.,,,.~'J'&WaWaWa-.•a•a•.-.·.---.-.-.-.-.-.-... THE MANILA DAILY BULLETIN O~ THE FILIPINO PLEAS FOR IMMEDIATE AND COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE An editorial of the Manila Bulletin, speaking of the presentation of the demands of the Filipino people for immediate and complete independence, said among other things as follows: "Yesterday, according to the cables, the me_mbers of the Philippine mission to Washington presented to President Harding their memorial asking for immediate and complete independence and declaring that the Filipino people have now fulfilled ali of the conditions imposed upon them by the federal government. "As yet we do not know just what the president said to the mission but it is more than likel.v that he assured them of hi~ deep interest in the Philippine q uestion and of his desi re to see such action taken as may best serve the interests of both tae American and Filipino peoples. "Now so much is over. The mission has delivered its message and the president has replied in polite but rather unsatisfactor.v terms. But nothing of value has been accomplished. If there are no further steps taken the mission will retu rn to the islands without having done a single thing that can be considered as j ustifying its cost. uAnd nothing of value can be aceomplished by such tactics. The u1timate reply to the mission's request will probably be as polite as that of the president and equall.v as unsatisfactory, at ]east from standpoint of those who desire an immediate and unqualified ''Yes" as the answer.' TWO SE~ATORS MAKE CONFLIC'fISG STATE:\rENTS Senator-elect Mabunag, in the PhiJippines Hera]d, thinks "the fusion between the Democratas and the Colectivistas would be very unnatu ral" and is hoping against hope that tlie Colectivistas and the N11cionalistas (Unipersonalistas) would "aga.in co:ne together" and ''join hands." Ex-Senator Palma, a more prominent leader of the Nacionalista Party, in La Vnnguurdiu, said: "lt would be advantsgeous, in my opinion, to the public interests to have a coalition of parties in order 92 THE NATIONAL FORUM truly to have a possible majority and minority in the government and it is preferable that this coalition be between Democratas and Colectivistas sinee both fought strongly the old Nacionalista party at the last elections. '' SEXA TOR .\[ ANUEL L. QU:KZON SPEAKS FOR THE FILIPINOS Senator Manuel L. Quezon, a joint chairman of the Second Philippine Independence .\[ission to tb.e U nited Sta tes and recognizad leader of the Colectivistas, on the eve of presenting our demands for independence to President Harding said: "There are three things we want to make plain, first we want foil independence, second we are ent~rely capahle of running our own government, and third we appreciate what the United States has done for us and will always want her friendship". MRS. SOFIA P. DE VRYRA DISCUSSES PHILIPPINJt IN DEPENDE:SCE Mrs. Sofia R. de Veyra rendered a distinct service to the country by her attendance at the recent Pan-American Conference of 'Vomen and her active participation in the deliberations of the conforence. P rominent women from the United States and from other countries of North America, Sou\h America, and the 'Vest Indies attended the gathering which was held under the auspices of the National League of Women Voters. Prominent amon!! those present were Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst and Lady Astor of England. The following were among her most important discussions: "Sometimes Filipinos are charged with being ungrateful because of their desire to receive independence. But I am glad to have this opportunit.Y of sn.ying that such a charge is unjustified. vVe appreciate with ali our hearts ali of the many fine things America has done for us. Our gratitude will never end. But .all worthwhile peoples have an inherent desire to he independent. The American co]onists aspirad to iudepen~ence, and fought for it and won it, and surel.v you were not ungrateful in desil'ing to be free, and it is the same with us". B\Ve have long been awake to the necessity of combating infant mortalit,r." ........ "Each sear the govemment has appropriate<l more funds in the annual budget towar<ls public health". 4 "For instance, in rno\J the government appropriation for this DISCUSSIONS 93 purpose was $762,000, while in 1921 it was $1,526,500. The number of doctors employed in the Public Health Service in 1909 was 46; in 1921, 114; nurscs and inspectors, 1909, 49; and 1921, 503. In 1909, no laboratory; 19il, il laboraturies. In 1909 there was only one water s.rstem, and that was in ~ranila; lfl21, 90 such systcms, and in uddition ~.29i health-giving artcsian wells in the municipalities and barrios". lleplying to the a<lverse critieisms of certs.in American newspapers regtt.YJing the Parlw .. mentary \I ission sent to the UniteJ :-;ta.tes to labor for independence, the Press Bulletin at \V¿tshin~"ton said as follows: '·Jndependence is the heurt'H desire of 11,000,000 Filiµino m~n, women and children. They believe they ar~ entitled to it because the United States definitely prornised it to them, and because no nation has the moral right, in the sig·ht of Gocl and the Declaration of Ind~pendence, to withhold it from tliem. "ln the pust it ras been the custom of peo ples desi ring independence to grab guns and go to war sacrifieing much both in mone,v and in human life. Hut i1:1 sendíng the parliamentar.v mission the Filipinos are proceeding on the theor.v that there is a more enlightened wa.y to seek freedom tha.n by resorting to the miser.v, the snféering and the anguish of the trench and no- man's land. "The.v know that the United ~tates is a nation with a hea.rt and a conscience; they believe irnplicity in its good intentions toward them. Jncleed, the hi~tory of the UniteJ Sta.tes is such as to cause Filipinos to hope that a sincere, straightforward plea by their leuders for Filipino libert.v will not b~ without a syrnpathetic resµonse in 'Vashington. Furthermore, the.v believe that this is the most intelligent method tha.t they can pursue in seeking their independence, and also the only one that can possibly be successful. "The sending· of a Philippine rn1ss10n is expensive. But it is a metl1od far less costl.v than tlrnt of the battlefield. Filipinos feel they should be praised instead of censured for the sttne, civiliz~d, prol{rassive, parliamentary mission plan of canpaig·n they have adoµted. "This is the n.nswer of the Filipino people to the charge of extravng·ance being made by tl;ie enemies of Philippine ind~pendence!" MRS. MAUD vVOOD PARK'S "PLEDGE OF CONSCIENTIOUS CITIZENS" 1\frs. Maud ·wood Park, interpreting the spirit of the National League of "\\.,.ornen Voters and the Pan-American Conferenile in what is described as a "history-mak.ing meeting" in Baltimore, Mar.rlund, recently, sum94 THE N.ATIONAL FORUM med up her address in the following "pledge of conscientious citizens:'' Believing in Government by the People, for the People, I will do My Best.First, To inform myself about public questions, the principh~s and policies of political parties, and the q ualifications of candidates for pu blic off ices. Seccnd, To vote according to my conscience in every election, primary o r final, at w h ich l am en ti tled to vote. Third, To obey the ln.w even when l am not in ssmpaths with n.11 its provisions. Fou rth, To support by ali fai r means the policies that I approve of. Fifth, To rf'spact the right of others to uphold convictions thnt may differ from my own. Sixth, To regard my citizenship as a public trust. C0.\8TWISE L.nv M.\ y NOT BE EXTENDED TO P. I. ·we have received news in the Philippines to the effect that President Harding deferred the applicntion of the Coastwise Shipping Law to this country resulting from the arguments against its extension presented at W ashiug\on. According to the accepted Filipino point of view, the extension of tite Coostwise Shipping Law to the Philippines will "(L) grant monopely to American shipping interests; (:!) it will impose indirect tax to the Filipinos; (3) it will be an invasiou of the legisla ti ve fü·ld granted to the Filipinos by the organic üct of 1916 known as the Jones Law: (4) it will exclude Filipinos to own 01· to be empluyed as officers in ships that transpor~ Philippine goods to the United 8tates; and (5) it will subfoct the Filipinos to retaliatory meitsures and i1110ll!te them as between their competitors in Oriental countries,-perhaps to n, greater extent than is compensated by the free entry of Philippine goods to the United Sta.tes." r---..-..---.. -.-.... ~ --'º~°"-~-C&---~·· .. --"-.;• .. ~-~ ....... D~,.,. ..... -.. -..~ .... _._ .. _....,.~_ .. ,,,._.._..._.._.._.._-,.r_...,..,...-w-..._.._...,,.._.,,,. ..... r H. E. HEACOCK -----CO.--W A TCHMAKERS OPTICIANS STATIONERS MANUFACTUHERS OF C 1 a s s P i n Se= M e d a 1 s Heacock Building MANILA, P. l. ~ ···-·---·---~... -. ... tr ....... .1':.JI'~-------·-···---· ... -.-.-..-..-.-... - ..... ·-·-·J11 • ..,... ....... _,._._._.._._._.,,~ Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation Ali orgamzattons that are members of the P. A. A. F. and all individuals interested in athletics carnestly urged to aid the Federation in creating enWE MUST BE PREPAREO tF WE ARE TO WlN • 1 ~ .. _...,._-...p ....... ~a.,,.•_..,-~.,.•,,,,,,l•.~~.......-.--.-..,,,·-•-~ .. ,._ .. _._,.,.a_•_o:._,...,,-,.-..~w--.,.._,_-....-..i-..-~ .. •.•.·J.-_... •• • • • • • ... READ!! THE NationalForuin A MONTHL Y MAGAZINE FOR THE DISCUSSION OF NATlONAL ~~PROBLE-MS----. AtTENTION ! ! ! ! Is invited to a few of the Problema to be discu~~• in fortbcoming issues. PROBLEMS OF O.U! NON-CHIUSTJAN BRETBREN OUR SOCIAL AND MORAL GR<tWTB JMPROVEMENT OF THE TEACIER'S PENSION U W AGIUCULTURAL EOOCATION ON A N.ATIONAL SCALE THE flLIPJNO MENTALITY COMMERCIAL A.WAIENING TBE FILlPllfO SOUL SERVING DEMOCRACY'S IREATEST NEED 140 Bustiflos, M:rnifa. Telephe:ie 15-36