System of apprentice instruction in the Manila Bureau of Printing

Media

Part of Philippine Craftsman

Title: System of apprentice instruction in the Manila Bureau of Printing
Creator: Musick, Samuel H.
Language: English
Year: 1912
Rights
Fulltext: SYSTEM OF APPRENTICE INSTRUCTION IN THE MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING By S.u.n:L H. M <1s1 CK, Croft ... man ln~t r .. clur, Bur.au o[Printinp i HE Manila Bureau of Printing has instituted a system of apprentice instruction which is a radical departure from all known methods of vocational training. The practicability of its scheme has received world-wide approval. Leaders in the graphic arts and instructors in institutions deYoled solely to teaching printing and its allied trades have expressed admiration at the fullness of its details and the coherence of its parts. Instructors in Harvard University, impressed with the thoroughness of the Bureau's system, have signified their intention of using its material in connection with this year's course in printing in the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. The efficacy of the system is best evidenced by the evolution from an all-American force in 1902 to the present one composed 365 366 TilE 1'/JJLIPP/NB CRAFTS.IIA.N 'cr:l!l' prinlrb b•tai't is tip· srratrnl nlltlrihn!ion '" mnn'G storri!tlltsr of lmofuldl_sr. "ltlp· ,gift t>f Jm.,(ulrbgr is m1m's in1tlirnahlr ptn~srssioln. ,_Jlts hrndil!l rnn br frrrlu impnrlrb, hut its ~;nhslmtre rmtuot hr harlrrd'l t>r gii•rn11funu of 94 per cent of Filipino workmen. Of this native element, apprentices constitute 63.63 per cent. All of the mechanical work of the Bureau of Printing is being performed by Filipinos, Americans acting only in a supervisory capacity. Apprentice instruction places the Bureau of Printing in a position unique among the world's printing offices. No other public or private ptoducing establishment in existence is operated with so large a percentage of students comprising its technical force. In American and European printing offices the apportionment of apprentices to journeymen is on a basis of from 1-to-15 to 1-to-5, whereas in the Bureau of Printing the present ratio is 1 'i apprentices to 1 native craftsman. The Bureau, however, is not primarily a school of printing. It furnishes all the printing and binding for the Philippine Government and certain work for local stations of the United States A IMlay.,, L'""'~'~'~'- CNrtpc<~ng Divi Army and Navy. Among its cus.;.,,., ,,,,,. F'""'"" oruotct"s tamers are the various Insular bureaus and offices, the Philippine Legislature, 38 provinces, and 725 municipalities. Its modern equipment <'onsists in part of twenty linotypes; thirty cylinder, platen, embossing, and automatic printing presses; fifty bookbinding machines; twenty-five stereotyping and electrotyping machines; a photo-engraving plant equipped for line, half-tone, and color-process engravings; a machine shop; and a power plant in duplicate. The plant is valuesJ at 1~1,000,000. · During the last. decade the business of printing and publisht!PPRENT/Ct:S JN TilE BUREA.U OF PRINTING 367 Qi:l~r printing prr55 it~ tlyr grr:li n,ntrilndiug farh1r to llyr progrr1111 .,{ tlyr IJUlllatl mrr _ 't!:lyr intln:>trinl t~nrrre.11 llll:il- inldlrrhml a:il-(mnrrmrut of all 111di~,n& 11111\l br IIII"IIllollrf:il- hu t!Jr <JII<IIditu lllltl <J<mlitu <1f ilyrir priu!rtl lllllttrr ing has advanced from a comparatively obscure position to sixth place among American industries. 1n 1909, the last year for which statistics are available, its products were valued at 1"1,500,000,000. Coincident with the amazing growth of the printing industry there has been rapid development along the line of technical education in order to improve the quality of workmanship. Printing courses have been established in public and private schools, in which this vocational work is now being carried on in many States of the Union. The Congress of the United States has also recognized the need of industrial instruction in the skilled trades. There is now pending in that body a measure which provides that the Government shall establish and exercise control over trade schools in all parts of the country. The Bureau of Education is in charge of all industrial education in the Philippines with the Marbi•S ... ·ilchbcorJ,I'=.-erl'laniVnJruon exception of printing and its allied trades, which are in the hands of the Bureau of Printing. Both Bureaus are under the supervision of the Secretary of Public Instruction. The principle of the instruction imparted in the Bureau of Printing is to form a systematic and coOrdinate sequence, and, to accomplish this, all the operations of each trade are divided into specialties and subspecialties, which are segregated into classes in the order of their relative importance. The manner in which the specialties and subspecialties are 368 THE PH/Uf>l'IN8 CHA1'1'SMAN Ruling ,\f<>chin.o.< ;, lh~ llinJ<'1' arranged for each of the eight trades taught in the Bureau of Printing is shown in Plates J and 11. Numbers are assigned to specialties and letters to subspecialties. Plates I and II pertain to the photo-engraving trade, which is divided into 41 specialties and 154 subspecialties.1 The same general scheme is applied to each of the trades, the number of specialties and subspecialties in each division being as follows: Preosman Bookbinder Stereol)'l"'randel.,.,trotyper " " " ~' "' - - --Fifty-five specialties and 265 subspecialties are taught in the 'In explanation of the hiatus from 32 to 101, it may be stated that the numbers assigned to specialties are the same for both the apprenticeship and cost-accounting systems of the Bureau, viz, 1 to 100, inclusive, for chargeable specialties; 101 and upward for nonchargeable specialties. A further division of chargeable specialties is made in those divisions having both machine and hand specialties, as follows; )lachine, I to 50, inclusive; hand, 51 to 100, inclush•e. This system of numbering enables the abstractor to make al\ entries from the workman's daily time ticket (Plate III) without reference to an explanatory list of specialtie_., and its advantages will be apparent when it is understood that machine and hand rates are segregated and that nonchargeable specialties ordinarily are not abstracted. APPRF.NTJCES JN TNf: HURE'AU OP PRINTING 369 auxiliary trades of engineer, machinist, and electrician, making a grand total of 302 speeialties and 1,149 subspecialties in the eight trades mentioned. The specialties of each trade are distributed over seven periods, or four years in all. During the first three years (six periods of six months each) the student is designated as an "apprentice," and in the final period of one year he is known as a "junior craftsman." This provides ample time in which the student may familiarize himself with each specialty of the trade. It is not contended that within that time a superior workman can be evolved from the crude material, but the fouryear period of systematic instruction has proven adequate for turning out workmen who have assimilated a general knowledge of all the specialties of their trades. Graduate apprentices are also given opportunities to demonstrate their fitness for the positions of copy editor, proof reader, work-order writer, computer, estimator, and such other assignments as require workmen of wide experience. A comprehensive technical reference library, available to all, affords an excellent medium for self-education in office administration and organization, the relations of the various printing trades to each other, and the physical qualities of the more important printing-office materials. The value of the information contained in this library is impressed upon the mind of the apprentice, and he is urged to consult it freely. Bureau of Printing apprentices have a distinct advantage in not being required to devote any part of their time to running 370 THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTS.IIAN crrandB, "sweeping out," and other tasks that usually occupy the greater part of the first year of apprentices elsewhere. Although this is an age of specialization, it is believed that the most efficient workman is one trained in all of the operations per~ taining to his trade, making him more adaptable as a competent specialist. This method also provides a mobile force, advantageous alike to employer and employee. A system of instruction whereby each workman becomes thoroughly conversant with all of the details of his trade makes him superior to that neglected class which is subjected to a monotonous grind on one class of work. It places him thoroughly in line with the principles of so-called scientific management, because during his apprenticeship he unconsciously acquires much of what such systems are now endeavoring to establish. The first class period of six months is considered ample in which to determine an apprentice's fitness for the trade to which he has been assigned. If he shows inaptitude, partie· ularly with respect to mechanical details, he is advised to seek other fields of labor. Justice to the employee as well as to the employer demands f rank· ness in a matter that influ· ences the formative period of a boy's life. If an apprentice demonstrates aptitude during his first class period but is un· able to qualify for promotion within the prescribed period of six months, he is retained in the class until he has thor· oughly mastered the specialties of that class period. The ex· tension, however, in no case exceeds three months. If, after three months' extension, an apprentice fails to qunlify for APPRENTICES IN TilE.' BUREAU OP PRINTING 371 promotion, he is separated from the service. It has been demon!'ltrated that changing an apprentice's classification, with a corresponding increase in compensation, confer!'\ a mark of distinction and gives him an incentive to maintain his interest in the work. As new kinds of work are introduced at the beginning of each class period, it may readily be surmised that an apprentice will put forth his best efforts to master the specialties of his current class in order to advance from the monotony of a class-end period to tlw welcome change afforded by new duties. A prerequisite to the success of any apprenticeship system is the employment of instructors who are thoroughly skilled in their work. They ..t 8 "'•' "' 1'1 "'''" l'u~w• must have not only unusual ability and the faculty of imparting their knowledge, but also, what is more important, the disposi· Lion to impart that knowledge in the freest manner and to the fullest extent. In the Bureau of Printing the attitude of a craftsman instructor toward an apprentice is similar to that of a teacher and pupil in a school. The instructor instills into the mind of the student the importance of exerting every effort toward attaining efficiency. The apprentice is given a scheduled task and shown the proper manner in which it should be performed. He is never permitted to become a mere animated machine, Instructors take a personal interest in the work of each apprentice, carefully explaining every operation. The apprentice is never forced to acquire his knowledge through chance contact with other workmen. A competent craftsman instructor or supervisor should be rc ..... h .. ~f'<l '"' l>auc 3'1, 372 TJ-IF: Pl-l!UPP/NF. CRAFTS,\!. IN MANNt:K IN WIUCII Ar.t. O!•t:RATIONS 01' EACH TRADE Aou: St:GR>X:"-Tf:D I:<TO St•f£1ALT1>:~ AND SUIJSI'IX'"I,U.TI>:.S. Tilt: }~WilT 'fl<ADE>I 'J'AtT<:UT H< Tl!f: fiUI<>:Al' Ol"i'RINTINU CoNsi>;T Ql'31o:!S!"O:CIALTII<l>ANt> },119 $l11~ql'l:cJAJ.TII:S. lN~THt'CTI"'I IN EA('II 'fRADt: JS hll'Al<TI:D ACC(>IIDINGTOM< IN\'ARIAIII,toSCIIEU!ll.>; (S\:1; Pi.AT>: JI) APPRENTICES IN TilE BCRRAU OF PRINTING 373 SuowrNG Tm: MANN&R IN WmCII Sr.:cJAr.Trr:~ ANI> SUillli'I':CIAt.Tn:S AM: 01\'ll)t:r.> INTO Ct.Al!IU:S IN Tm: 011m;11 0>' Trrt:rll lh:J.ATIV>O lMI'QI<TANCt:, MAKING A S\'IM't:loiATIC ANr> COORDINATE St:QU&NIJY. O>' INSTRUC'TION 374 TI-IC.' Pli!UPPINE CRAf'TSMtlN REPRODUCTIONS OF BOOKBINDINGS IN NATURAL COLORS FULL BOUND, RUSSIA ENOS AND BANDS APPRENTICES IN THE BUREAU OF PRINTING 375 REPRODUCTIONS OF BOOKBINDINGS IN NATURAL COLORS 376 TJJE f'J-f!L!PPJNF. CRAFTSMAN WORKMAN'S DAILY TIME TICKET o.M o.M r--- ::::~ u .e1 :16 1 .:\11 ~ . " . ~ .. ---+.:: " ·---ill - Upon L<-s.lnnin~t work, the employ"" cnt<'l'$ the work-order number and the opeeialtv numbo>r in the r""r-tivc e~lumns. If the time Of ~><-ginning i• 8 o'clock, the work-ordtr nnd SJ>ecialt)• numhei"S are enterro op~><~Site the fin\ p><rt or period-8.06 o'clock. Eac.._ perioJ consbts of six minul.eS, nno.l the time printed is the),.,\ minute of the pcrhl ::-Mold ""<>rk on ndifT<>r~n\St>t'<:ialty on theoamc work onler be~tarl<'<l at 8.31lo"clock, then that •P<'Ciah}" numher is ente""l in thc opucdir«:tly opp<>site11.~6. One entry of a work· ord<·r nmnher is <utlicient. nnd this entry is mad~ "t the time of b;>scinninJr a new work ""l<·r. It i• not """~,;ary to mark off the tim~ on this ticket, as the form hWII><'<ln rulcol 1.<> uhdate 'ud1 work. All numb'"rs miUll he ""refully v~rHk<l. API'R ENTICF.S IN T il l<.' BL'RF.'AL' OF /' R/NTJN(; 377 .. "· n. "· "· ... "· " "· '"· "· ))lain. utouts. :irn!~ln1l~';;.n~rl. Cuttimrdrcle•oro,·ak Drawing (illustratin". desi~:nin!l, letterlnJ<). ;mnkin« eolorr""o nr!<at'"'-"'· 20. l'hot<>~traphinJ>,rlry-plKtework . 21.1'hoto~rraphing,half-tone. 22.Ph.olo!lr&phinJ!',half-tone,sp...,ial (rt'· produetionof)leneilrlrnwinJ>•,etehin"", andsteeloreop)>er)llate)lrintsl. ,\rr<UtJ)tmrnt.-'The fnce of the ticket containA a complete re<:orrl of the day'a work, as well as all data pertaininl" IO the ~ompen•ation and status of the workman. 'Thi• information io ,-aluaLle to the in5\ructorindetermlnin.,therating'for "quantity" nndtothein•p...,tororcomputerincas...,of exc.,.•ivetime. ltenaLl"''thea~trac\orto completeandtolalallentri.-sata glance. Saaorsional notalio ... -Caleulaliono are peatly aimplifled Ly dividinl{ the time into •ix·minute )leriod•. or the hour into tenths. 'fheah•tractorisfurtheraioledLyr<monof thehea,·ytineundcreach fifth pPriQ<l, which divid.-s the workday into half-hour p~riO<l~Ado·antageA of the 1>rinttd llori<ontnt /into.-The ori~einal Bureau of PrintinJ< time tickets "'~r<!printedwithouthorizontallin!'S under the different period•. The•e were drawn by the workman upon the completion of each work order or ~peeiall)"• 'Thi• work was not only objectionahle to the \\'Orkman, but the complet.ed ticket, particularly for omall wark, wao in mam· cases M> Laolly aeeompli~hetl. and •oiled "" to l{reatly inereaoe the work of ab•tra~tin)<. 'The elimination of this work throu~~;htheprintingof ~~~~t~~:\:~~~~i~~~i~~.:;~uced the numl><'r Tile " l'art" rol1n~n .-'The " l'art" column cnabl"" the ah•trutor to determine at a glance how many tenths of an hour ar<' eon•um'-"1. 'The ,·alue of thig time for any was.-e is quickly oLtain<'<l Ly rcfcrrinl( to a 1>.-.,pnr<:tl tahle of computations, with the differentrat.,.ofpaya•headin'"'ofeolumn.• nn<itheJ>8r\afrom 1 uplll!aguidecolumn. ('llar11~au,._._c.,ntinu~ol 23.J'hoto!(raphin«,li1le 2!.PrlntinS~ne,.ativ"". 25.l'roofinJ<. 26. Re;;nJ<ra,·inl<27. Retouchino:;. 2K Routin11. 29.Strippin.,nwatiw.,. 30. 'Tran,))ar~nci<· . ~!. Vi.,neuinJ> 32. Zin~ o.-.•rlay•. 101. Cleanin.:maehinery. 1~: f~~~::::;·a~i;i::ntice• . 100. Mhinl-( :mol preparin!< chemical<. we. l'rneticework. 101. Supen·i•inl<, in5l>"Ciinl< foni>ht"'l J>T<~l uct ... nJ oimil"r work. 108.\\'aitinl! for repail'!l (write name of machine). ]\19. Wnitinl( for work (will not lw nl\ow<><l ~,:'1~! {o~.;;',~~ • re]><>rlg imme.\i:ot<•l)' flo~· to obtain qaanlity.-lt ;, """•'ot<nry at timco to know the quantity of pr<Kluction. Prod.<ion i• made for ouch inform&• tion in the "Spccialt>·"column. Specialties. and how •n•mbcrod.-l'lnte I ohowo the manner in which ,peeialti<·o """ numbcr<:tl. Aoall datare(Juir...:J!oral.,trACt• inK purt>Ol!<'S are •hown on the face of th~ lieloet, this•ntemenabl.,.oneFilipinocl~rk to ~h•tract the d~ily time ticket• of ""''eral hundred workmen. (Qwin!{ to limit...:! space, only :o r~oluc· tlonof the front of the time ticket is><h.,,..,; ontheoppo•itep>U;"e. 'TheRCtualoizeofth<• ticket 1$ i by 811 inche•. 'The "'ver.e •ide~ of ori~~;inat. contain detail~<! in•truetions relati\'e to makin!<outthe ticket."" w~tl as acompleteliotofop...,ialtiHofeachmechan. icaldh·i•ion. l'lat.-.l,ll,andlll,..,ferlo J>hoto-enl(radn~~; operationo.) !lou• ~harg<aU£ time i• gnthered.Chnrgcab!e houl'!l only are l(ather<'<l unk-< information i_, desired on a noncharJ<N•hl,, •peeially. The total of noncharK<'Ilble hour. i• obl-ain<><l bysuLtractin~r the J<ather<'<l ehal'!{eablehou,..fromthepay-rollhou,.., Miltrdlanco~• ado·ontour• of a tim~ tirk~f-···lt con•tituteo the mo.t accurate r<'<:· ordofnworkman'sefficiency. lti• theonlymeansofaccuratelydetermininJ< the COl!\ of the indh-iolual joh. It is in<H;pen;aLie in formulntinJC a ~calc or chaT)!'...,, for withnut ,..,liable dnta a.< to cosb the fixin!( of cha011:H woulol he mere ,.u ... swork. It )lro<·iJe!< w::curatc information relati•·e tothc•latusofaworkoroler. 378 THE Pll/f,JPPINF. CR.-11-'TSJ/AN able to classify and make allowances for the idiosyncrasies of t he boy in his charge. He must be able to determine, ni the expiration of the first class period of apprenticeship, whether his charge is fitted to continue at the trade to which he is assigned. Inability to comprehend mechanical details, continued indifference, failure to make an honest effort to take advantage of the craftsman's instructions, and perfunctory performance by listless "lime servers" are carefully noted. Such delinquents are separated from the service to make room for applicants who will show more interest in their work. Strict discipline is maintained at all times. Upon entrance each apprentice is given a pamphlet containing the office r u I e s. Infractions of the rules and cases of carelessness and insubordination are made a matter of record. Verbal reprimands b y craftsmen instructors are not permitted. Adverse reports in the form of letters of reprimand are sent to the offending employees, who are given opportunity to make statements in their own behalf. Adverse reports are also made in cases of errors which are manifestly due to carelessness or inattention. These reports are filed, and when the employee's efficiency record is compiled a deduction is made for each. L€tters of commendation are given to apprentices for exceptionally meritorious work. Instruction in the operation and the ordinary adjustment of machinery is imparted by the immediate instructor, while the technical knowledge of a machine and its parts is acquired•· from the chief machinist. All power-driven machinery of the Bureau of Printing is inspected three times a year, according to a dated schedule. Two of these inspections arc made for APPRENTJCF:S IN TliFJ BUREAU OF PRINTING 379 the purpose of reporting on the condition in which machinery is cared for by the operator, and at the third inspection the machine is completely overhauled for purposes of instruction. The Bureau of Printing Desk Book is the only technical publication used in connection with apprentice instruction. It has been indorsed by American and foreign publishers and is recognized as a standard work of reference in the printing trades. For the information of all employees-apprentices, junior craftsmen, and craftsmen-a comprehensive list of technical terms and definitions peculiar to each trade is posted in a conspicuous p 1 ace and is accessible at all times. With these definitions, printed instructions are also provided relatiYe to the performance of the more intricate operations of each trade. Each apprentice is orally examined by his foreman as to his knowledge of such terms and definitions, and none is promoted who does not possess information to the extent of securing a passable rating. Apprentices are required to attend a public night school in English unless excused by the Director of Printing. Excuses are granted in those cases in which apprentices may wish to receive instruction in a private school or from a private tutor, when they have completed the intermediate course of study prescribed by the Bureau of Education, or when they satisfactorily pass a test in English. All apprentices who have been excused from night-school attendance are required to continue the reading of standard English literature and to render a monthly report thereof, in writing, to the Director of the Bureau of Printing. 380 TilE Pli/UPPINE CRAPTSMMV ,llll]rrr !11r :1rl ~·f printing rrmniull tu1~r6d!lpd'l, tl]t' romnum proplr rxist in 11 ron~ilillll of srrfi:IDlll, for tl]rir igm:mmn, pn·jn1'tirr, lmi:t .~>uprrstili1>1l rrquirr tl!l' plaring ,,f !lp·ir puliliral l'lr51ini•·s in ll]r lpn1'1s pf tl]r frfu After an employee has assumed the duties of a craftsman, additional responsibilities are placed upon him and every effort is made to inspire him with the confidence necessary to enable him to act in a minor executive capacity, such as assistant to the foreman or in charge of a group of workmen. Apprentices are selected for appointment from lists of eligibles certified by the Bureau of Civil Service of the Philippine Government. In making selections, physical as well as educational qualifications are taken into consideration. The educa~ tiona] test is a simple one, given in either English or Spanish, and is waived in the case of graduates of intermediate and high schools. Those taking the Spanish examination must possess at least a slight knowledge of English. The examina~ tion is known as the third grade, and comprises the following subjects and weights: Spelling, 20; arithmetic, 20; letter writing, 20; penman~ ship, 20; copying from plain copy, 20; total weights, 100. To be eli~ gible for appointment, applicants must obtain an average rating of 70 or more. Minimum and maximum age limits are 15 and 20 years, respecHI•ctroltpinfl <JnJ Slu~<ol)"rinfj f)id. <i"n tively. Each appointee must be in good physical condition and must weigh"· not less than 46 kilos (112 pounds) and be at least 155 centimeters (5 feet 1 inch) in height. His general fitness for an indoor occupation must be unquestioned. APPRENTICES IN THF: HURE:AU OF PRINTING 381 'U:I1r prt•i:lud 11f il!r printing prrss is ilti:lisprusnhlr 1t1 rf•rr!.! lilrrall" mrmhrr t•f t11c lpumm fumil!.!. ~lillpml it, tl]t' ftulrlO hHln[O stagnalr, l!islur!l fllllllli:l brtllUIC trni:litiun, mtO pt•nlrril!.! futmlO hr ruhbrO ufits in!Jrrilmttr As the civil-service examination for apprentices is the same for all branches of the printing trades, the matter of the apprentice's assignment is influenced to some extent by his physical qualifications, although his wishes are given consideration if he indicates a preference and is deemed otherwise qualified for the work. Apprentices are rated on quantity of work; quality of work; aptitude and Hdaptability; habits, character, and conduct; and attendance and physical condition. Promotions from one class to another are made when the apprentice has qualified in all the specialties included in his current class. The recommendation of the foreman is accepted as proof of fitness, being based on daily observation of the quantity and quality of the work of each apprentice, which renders further examination unnecessary. The Bureau's daily time ticket (Plate III) is also of much value in determining the rating for quantity. The apprentice must h a vc completed the full period of six months, as the c 1 a s s period is extended in an amount of time equal to that which may have been lost for any CaUSe WhatSQeVel', Finishing lfal{·lon~5 anJ Elclm•gs The printing law of the Philippine Islands provides that native apprentices, from the date of their entrance into the third year of apprenticeship, for each year of honest, faithful, satisfactory, and continuous service in the Bureau of Printing, 382 TJIE /'1/fU/'/'lNF: CRAf<'TS.li.-IN shall be entitled to receive, at the end of the next succeeding year of honest, faithful, satisfactory, and continuous service, extra compensation as follows: Twenty centavos per diem for each full day of actual service rendered at a daily wage of 1"'1.20 or more but less than 1"2.40; 40 centavos per diem for each full day of actual service rendered at a daily wage of P-2.40 or more but less than 1"'3.20; and 60 centavos per diem for each full day of actual service rendered at a daily wage of 1"-3.20 or more. An apprentice separated from the Bureau of Printing after such extra compensation has been earned and before it becomes due shall not be entitled to receive any part thereof unless such separation shall be on account of lack of work, permanent disability, or death, in which event such apprentice, or his estate in case of death, may, on the recommendation of the Director of Printing, approved by the Secretary of Public Instruction, receive the extra compensation accumulated at the time of separation. The law further prO\'ides APPRENTICES IN 1'/lE BUllEAU Of.' P!UN'l'ING 383 that the services of such apprentices shall be deemed continuous until such apprentices are definitely separated from service in the Bureau of Printing. The per diem compensation and bonus of apprentices, junior craftsmen, and craftsmen are as follows: ~gnat ion. Clau 6 Clan 5 Clau 4 .. Clan 3 ... Wag""· ,00 '·"' '·'" 1.40 1 :I ·" It will be noted that no extra compensation (bonus) is allowed until the completion of the second year of apprenticeship. The Bureau of Printing has been a vocational school of the best kind for the Filipinos who have entered its service. They have learned the value of continued and earnest application to one of the most useful of arts, and to seek for super iority and excellence in their work. While the Bureau has been indispensable in the effective performance of the work of the Government, yet it has 384 TliE PII/Ul'I'/NE CR.\FTSJI.-\N had even greater value as a training school for the Filipinos. It has been effective in improving the art of printing throughout the Islands and has also been a most useful instrumentality in extending the use of the English language through its dissemination by the intelligent and progressive young Filipinos who go from its service to engage in enterprises of their own or as the employees of others. The success which has attended the technical training of apprentices in the Bureau of Printing has demonstrated beyond peradventure that the application of system to vocational training will produce efficient workmen in any of the skilled trades. The Bureau of Printing was established in 1901 upon the recommendation of Hon. W. H. Taft, Governor of the Philippine lslands. Hon. Elihu Root, Secretary of War, selected Mr. John S. Leech, of Illinois, a division chief in the Government Printing Office, to prepare complete specifications for a plant equipped for every operation known to letterpress printing. These were presented by l\ir. Leech to the War Department within three months, when the first shipments of equipment and supplies were made. The continuity of his Philippine service has been interrupted but once, when, in 1908, he was transferred by the President of the United States to effect. the reorganization of the Government Printing Office at Washington. ln that institution he substituted modern business procedure for obsolete methods and provided, for the first time in the history of that office, a uniform scale of printing charges which admitted of but one interpretation and placed all participating requisitioners on an equal basis. The instructions to the Philippine Public Printer included not only the installation of a plant to handle the Go\'ernment work, but also required the instruction of Filipinos in the printing trades. This has been accomplished through the system herein described, and, of the various governmental activities with which he has been identified during twentyfour years' service under the American Government, Direcilir Leech considers the Bureau of Printing system of apprentice instruction his most effective work.