The domestic science course for scholarship teachers in the Philippine Normal School

Media

Part of Philippine Craftsman

Title: The domestic science course for scholarship teachers in the Philippine Normal School
Creator: Cain, A.W.
Language: English
Year: 1912
Rights
Fulltext: THE DOMESTIC SCIENCE COURSE FOR SCHOLARSHIP TEACHERS IN THE PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL. A. W, CAIN, Acting Sur><>rinten~ent, Philippine Normal School. SCHOLARSHIP teachers generally attend the Normal School for only one year. Each of these teachers must have had at least two years' experience in teaching; as a matter of fact nearly all of them have been in the teaching service for several years. The appointment to a scholarship simply means a year's vacation to be spent in study at the Normal School. The teachers who receive scholarships may follow any one or Flo. l, The ordln•ry n•tive 1tove found In Fig. 2. A modified lyoe which 11 plenllful •II ucllons of the lll•nds. In c .. lte •nd 11 found In Mindoro •nd more of twelve distinct lines of industrial work. It is the purpose of this article to investigate the benefits that accrue to those who select their year's work in the department of domestic science. In conducting this study, it has been found necessary to determine the previous preparation of candidates for the course, 393 394 THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMA:Y as well as the kind a nd quality of service rendered after lea\'ing the Normal School. Questionnaries were sent out to the several school divisions for each of the scholarship teachers who has pursued the course in housekeeping during the past three years. Disregarding those who have left the ser vice or who Plata II. A clay ov•n. u'"d for various klnda of b•king. have been assigned to academic work, twentyfour replies were received from \'Rrious sections of the Islands. The replies indicate that eleven of the girls had never received a day's instr uction in domestic science before coming to the Normal School ; nine of the remainder had studied the subject upon an average of four months each, while each of the remaining fom· had had at least a year's work. With this preparation, or lack of preparation, they entered upon the course of study, which is briefly as follows: 1. Names and uses of thing-s in the kitchen: The rourse opens with the teacher of cooking- and a class of about twelve or fifteen pupils handling familiar utensils in the kitchen, discussing thei!· uses and familiarizing themselves with the English terms for the several articles of equipment and theil· uses. These lessons are continued until the students have a fair knowledge of the workinl-!' implements and terminoloj.!'y ofthet'OUI'SC. 2. Dishwashing: Hot water, the use of soap, rinsing-, drying. '1' he class takes weekly turns with other domestic science classes in washing the dishes from the midday lunch. 3. Sweeping and dusting: Whet·e to begin, the stt·okes in sweeping, disposing of dust rather than moving- it Plate Ill. A notl .. •nul for cooking mut. to another place in the house, 11 i• 10 tso u•'-"1 as " Jar or crock ror storin!j: away care of brooms and dust cloths. ,,,;.,.,, f<><o•l•. ""d'"' jdli•·• auol I'"''''"·~· DOMESTIC SCIENCE COURSE 395 .1. Kitchen linen: Different cloths, uses of same, \aundedng, mending, how to keep sanitary. 5. Soap making: Recipes, ingredients, process and cause explained. practice in making and testing soap. 6. l\leasudng: All the common measures with their relations to each other. Practical measuring. 7. "'ater: Its use for cleansinJ,:', hard water, soft water, water fot drinking (boiled, artesian, distilled), the uses of water in the body. 8. Care of the kitchen utensils: Stoves, cookinf!: vessels, dishes, cups. spoons, knives and forks, garbage pails. 9. Classification of foods: Carbohydrates, proteids, fats, minerals. All of the leading article!! of food are considered with reference to the perdmta)!eS contained of each of these elements. 10. A study of foods with reference to the purpose each serves in thi' body: cereals, vegetables, fruits, sugar, minerals, \·e~table and animal fats, meat, eg!('S, beverages. 11. Wa~·s of cooking food: Boiling, stewing, baking, roasting, broiling, frying, sauteing, pan-broiling, pan-baking, fricasseeing. 12. Cooking lessons embracing the following: The boiling of wate1·; 1·ice cooked in native pots, double boile1·, and fireless cooker; corn, corn meal mush; fish balls; pork and greens; stl"ing beans; mongo, mongo and dec; squash; camotes, boiled, baked, or fried; eg)!plant, okra, onion, radi!lh; salads and dressing-; sandwiches; eg!!,"S in different styles; rice puddin!!,". camote pudding and squash pudding; camote cake; custards; corn bread. muffins, biscuits, yeast bread, rolls, brown bread; native meats; fish prepared in val"ious ways; stews; peanut, cocoanut, and fruit cookies; jelly roll, plain cake, tea cake, candies; coffee, chocolate, and lemonade. 13. Personal hygiene: Care of the body. Special lessons for girls. 14. The care of the sick: Ventilation, cleanliness, food, what to do in case of accidents. 15. The care of children: Food, clothing, bath; ailments peculiar to children, with treatment. 16. Colds: Cause, duration, danger~, how to avoid, severity, tre~tment. 17. Ethics: Practical talks on duty; the rules of good behavior; table manners. 18. Practice in menu-making: Obtaining a balanced diet, a varied diet, fitting the menu to the income of the famil~·. 19. Food values in relation to cost: Nutritive elements, cultivatin~ tastes, availability of food products. 20. House manal!"ement: Setting- the table, serving; ma1·keting; disinfectants and their uses; a]Jp!ying to the home the lessons learned at school. 1. List of articles and descl"iption of terms used in sewing: Needles, thread. thimbles, scissors, cloth, emery bags, tape line, pins, ~ewing machines, plain sewing-hand and machine, 1·elation to each other. 2. Needles: What made of, how, different parts; kinds, as embroider~·, machine, darning, tape, plain sewing needle~; pl"ice, quality, care. 3. Thread: How made, where, ditfe1·ent fibers used for thread, names, strength of fiber, upon what materials used, sizes, p1·ices. 4. Thimbles: What made of, where worn, why worn, kinds, open or closed, pits, qualit~·. cost. 396 THE PH!UPPJNE CRAFTS.llAN 5. Scissors: Whnt made of; kinds, as embroidery, manicure, button hole, pockets; different parts named and drawings made; uses, cost. 6. Cloth: Different fibers (animal, vc~etable); characteristics of each, cloth made from each, processes; warp and woof, uses of different kinds of cloth; conductors and nonconductors of heat and light, absorbers of moisture; how made, quality, cost. 7. Tape line: What made of, use, comparison of scales, practical measuring. 8. Pins: Kinds, what made of, uses, quality, cost. 9. Sewing machines: How to make work easier and quicker, attachments, care and use of machine, oiling and cleaning, manner of running. 10. Directions for sewing: Cleanliness, position, correct light, the eyes and their hygiene, kind of needle, thread, length of thread, thimble always, position of work. 12. Stitches: Model No. 1-Running, bastin~, hemming, overcasting, blanket, all described, places in garment. Model No. 2-0ver handing with its various uses. Model No. 3-Description and use of machine stitches or back stitch. Model No. 4-French seam and fell seam, how made, where used. Model No. 5-Tucking and gathering, different sizes of tuck, suitability, gathering, placing of gathers, stroking of gathers, joining of gathers to band. Model No. 6-0verhanding of lace on straight edge and around corners, feather stitch. :\lode! No. 7-Piecing, matchin~ of stripes and plaids, joining the pieces by overhanding stitch. :\lode\ No. 8-Patching. Overhanding and hemming patch, preparing of hole for patching, use of each patch, durability. Model No. 9-Darning. What is darning, warp and woof; when darning and when patching should be used; how darning is done, thread and needle used. Model No. t OButton hole, sewing on button, measuring of button hole, cutting of button hole, preparation for button hole stitch, button hole stitch, manner of making different kinds of ends, as barred end and round end. :".lode! No. It-Fancy stitches, herring bone stitch, feather stitch, blind stitch, blanket stitch, button hole stitch, description of how each is made and where used. )lode\ No. 12-Handker·chief. Turning of hem, drawing of thread, basting hem, mitering corners, hemstitching. Model No. 13-Plackets. Plain, skirt, and tape placket, descriplion and use of each. 13. Kitchen linen: Sink cloths, dish cloths, drying towels, hand towels for kitchen. 14. Household linen: :".losquito nets, sheets, pillow cases, table cloth, napkins. 15. Cutting: On the bias, on the straight, by drawn thread, bias bands, fitting, piecing; true and seam bias; laying of patterns on goods, fastening, cutting, interpretation of marks on patterns. 16. Clothing: White aprons and caps for kitchen, sanitary clothing to suit climate, color blending, planning outfits of clothes for little boy, for little girl, for woman, for man. Cutting of patterns. Making of baby's band, dress, petticoat; little girl's dress, waist, drawers; small boy's romper suits; night gowns, corset cover, chemise, underskirt. After returning to their respective stations, seven of the teachers mentioned above were assigned to sewing, while the remaining seventeen were given work in both cooking and sewing. In only four' cases is the entire time devoted to the teachDOMESTIC SCIENCE COURSE 397 A ~i$W of th~ co~~i~g tleP•rtmenl <>I the Phlllpplne Normal School. ohowlng nati~e eQuipment •ntl Qeneral arrangement of the kitchen. A Ylew of the tlomutlc 1clence kitchen •t tho Philippine Normal School. 398 TilE PHILIPPINE CRAFTS.l/A.S ing of household arts. As a rule, about one-half of the teacher's time is employed with the domestic science subjects, while the remainder is usually given to some industrial subject, as lace making or embroidery. Jn only two cases have pensionadas become assistants to regular domestic science teachers. All of the remaining twenty-two have had full charge of, and responsibility for, the work, subject to the direction of the principal or supervising teacher. The number of pupils in the several classes varies greatly, the largest number being forty-seven, in a fifth grade sewing class. The average number to a class in both cooking and sewing is sixteen. Four of these teachers have access to 1·egular domestic science kitchens, four conduct their work in dwellings, while all the remainder have their establishments in ordinary school rooms. The equipment used by these twenty.four teachers is as fol· lows: Twenty.eight native stoves, five American stoves, two oil stoves, one alcohol stove, four "Dutch" ovens, three hand·power sewing machines, three foot.power sewing machines. 1t is evident that a large part of the work consists of hand sewing. Lists of food prepared by several of these teachers. distributed throughout the Islands, are as follows: First. Corn products, salads, cakes, candy. Second. Bread, biscuit, cakes, pudding, doughnuts, muffins, salads, sandwiches, candy. Third. Yeast bread, hominy, corn meal mush, biscuit, eggs in different styles. Fourth. Salads, cakes, biscuits, muffins, cocoanuts and guayabana desserts, ice cream, doughnuts, hot cakes. Fifth. Chicken pie, fried meat, fried chicken, goat stew, salads. Sixth. Cakes and native foods. Seventh. Rice, fried chicken, sauce, pudding, sandwiches, soup, cake. Eighth. Cakes, preserved fruits, salads, sauce, desserts. Ninth. Biscuit, bread, vegetables, eggs. Tenth. Corn fritters, corn cakes, rice cakes, banana fritters, doughnuts, ice cream, egg plants, bamboo salad, corn soup, tomato soup, banana flower salad. EleYenth. Rice, stewed chicken, dumplings, fried fish, salads, plain cakes, pound cakes. •· Twelfth. "Recipes from Bulletin No. 35" (Bureau of Edu· cation Bulletin on Housekeeping and Household Arts). ln some cases the foods to be cooked and the materials used in sewing are furnished partly or wholly by the pupils, but in DOMESTIC SCIENCE COURSE. 399 Plate VI. A coo~ing clan at the Pklll~plne Normal School. Plate VII. The oewlng department at u,. Phlll~plne Normal Sohool. 400. THb' PHIUPPINE CRAFTS.liAN general these are provided by the school. It is rather common for the pupils to furnish their own minor equipment in sewing, such as needles, thimbles, and scissors. The work of sixteen of these teachers is reported as good, that of seven as fair, while only one is regarded as unsatisfactory, the cause ascribed for the latter being "a lack of interest and energy." From the foregoing facts, the following conclusions are deduced: (1) That the preparation of the average pensionada Plato Ylll. The midday lunch at the Philippine Norm•l School. for courses in domestic science is very deficient. (2) That one year is not sufficient time in which to acquire that training which is necessary for initiative and independent work. (3) That in most cases these girls upon returning to their stations must face conditions which would be discouraging to the best trained teachers. (4) That considering the previous study, the brief course of training given, and the scant equipment and supplies available, these pensionadas are doing all that could be reasonably expected of them. Non:.-This article does not take into account the many girls who complete the special two-year course in housekeeping and household arts. These, having- had better p1·evious preparation and a longer period of tmining, go out as teachers of domestic science much better equipped than the scholarship teachers. A traveling school of domestic science has been instituted "In the department of Yonne, France. The school will make a stay of three months in any commune where an attendance of fifteen is guaranteed. Similar itinerant schools for domestic science exist in Ireland.