Khaki and Red

Media

Part of Khaki and Red

Title: Khaki and Red
Issue Date: September - October 1962
Identifier: Official Organ of the Philippine Constabulary
Year: 1962
Language: English
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extracted text: WE BACK THE 5-YEAR SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROGRAM OF PRESIDENT MACAPAGAL ILOCOS SUR TOBACCO INDUSTRIES CORPORATION BANTA Y, I LOCOS SUR DR. JAIME V. BAUTISTA MANAGER The "Khaki and Red" makes its proud re-appearance amidst a cavalcade of heroic events that brings fulfilled joy to the legion who follow the deeds of the men in khaki and red. We shall endeavor to chronic;:le accurately the RE· CORD of the Command as our predecessors have done, never underplaying faults nor over-emphasizing gains, We shall assist the Chief of Constabulary in his duties to Provinciilll and Municipal Police Forces and other national agencies by giving the widest possible dissemination to policies, new techniques, and other media that may assist our forces for law and order in serving the people. This obligation we assume !n order that the police officer in Batanes and in the Sulu group would feel the affinity he should have towards his Philippine Constabulary. To the offi· cers and men , and civilian component of the Com· mand, to all provincial and municipal police forces all over the co..,ntry, to all lovers of peace and order, we say, this is your magazine. May we merit your trust and gain your patronage. BHIGADIER GENERAL NICANOit D. GARCIA Acting Chief of Constabulary ~~The Record S1,c:aks ... " ~iLaW enforcers --J "'!! starting to perk By Alfredo R. Ro·cee CONTENTS HRST :~!~':.~;:~,;:·,,:~~' R~::":eECOAL T~~:v::::=:lalno Lear P a ge 3-A l'lantin,:r l'e5 of Early 0 ~ut;.::-cur<'11 Tob•cco ~~;~~:~:·Ji/~~;~.::: KH AKI & RED .~hat The ····'" h;, n· Y Say ;;r~:~s!abula1rnye-~h~:;h h~ial period on •mu~;;~,.,;vely, omk;~;'/e<· dence. 9• VIce, crime and d7:;~ "He has tight officers and me:~~t~o-~.over 15,000 -The Manila D "I " October l O, 1;~; Bulletin bro the latest ra•ds I ught to 19 973 n" the suburbs ~~:;o~: booked foc tg:m~~mbec of bul n Nlcanor D G ng smce pa•ary chief, stepped arcla, consta· gn agaLnst VICes Sin up the cam· Booked for ce January 1 grancy for theprs:st•tut•on and va· ~~4~=swPo.~en, mclu~~g~~neod were mas" vagrants - The Manila Ch September 1 ronicle .... you can save space i 6, 1962 n your defense stories b ~~ti~g' every ~i;;moving the word ICk s designation.~' you put down Secretary of N f Macario Peralt: IOnal Defens" "B Defe"'e Pcm Co<:.·· to tho who ri~se~:ens. Nicanor D. Garcia permanent chiefa;f appointment a~ on the basis of ~~e Constabulary ar~und performanc~s spl~ndld all:~:~\h mode ;, dm ';0 "~. ><t;ng ;n ,.,;:/~;:,o;e,.of the PC,dc::,: ~:;ntenonce of p::,:~~~ly foc tho PC soldier sho ld order and for e1ther the u show part1ahty sinkers " management or the Erncsto del R Beat" The ::~~~~-5 ''Off _The October 11, 1962. Chronicle, Page 3 A brother, Dr. Joaquin V, Canuto, Philippine National Red Cron admlni•tratlve officer, told In an Interview with the author that if alive now Lt . Canuto i$ about 64 yean old. The late PC officer wu born •ometime In 1898 in Pili, Camarlnu Sur. Lt. Canuto Is the 17th of 25 children born to u-Camarinu Sur Governor Felix Modesto Canuto and Juana Vida d<t Canuto. He took up primary end intermediate education in Pili Elementary School and secondary education in Camarinu Sur provincial high school in Nega, capital of the province. As a boy, the late officer was "uceptlonally loyal to parents, friend•, tnd tuchero. He was ~:::a~u;, ~~~:v::~:lst:1~~:~:,n~11 ~!:kl~~r!:r :sny~h~:r~e f:ll~~:s ~~~~c~:~1c::~:~9re~~1te~j,ird :~d •fo:;;,~~a~;ar~a';,'_th ;f,:;la~r~h A!c~~7a~! :~P~~~ w;;:e:.~:t:i~n i~h•th":r-.~~71,;~,;!s ~~~~~~~ Academy. But he was di•q~,ta l ilied 11 that time for being ~,tnderheight {S feet and 1 inch). ~:li:~gh~nd 11h~2 :i~i~~~~:"~;~~~:~·~.:~d .:u:cu~::·k •;;~;.t~~s ~M~.:~~;·•:;::~::~ l;jfi~=~u:~ the PC, named Duckworth ford, and Brig. General Rafael Cnme {PC Chief 1917-27 ) took ~~~~:~,~~~ .. :;~ni~: ::~.e~i: ;;;..,:a~~dP~P:~di:~s. ::edm~~:.,': ~.o;~~: :t!~! ~haenil:ho;~::! Oepartment in December 1920. Or. Ca n~,ttO, 20th of his 25 brothert and sisters, noted he resemble• very cloftly hi• late brothor. '" 1 PC officer Lt. Canuto was aulgned to •lmost all the provinces. He died II the age of between 44 and 45 yurt. Lt. Canuto' s Death Recalled By JOSE N. HALILI, Tl & EO, HPC Japanese troops occupied $urigao province after the defeat o( the USAFFE forces on 9 May 1942. They rounded up remnanls of the dcfealcd units. Towards the last week of July that year Lt. Canuto was the only officer so far who had not surrendered to the Japanese. His identity and whereabouts, however, did not escape the pruning eyes of the Japanese. Reports already had reached them from the Mainit town officials that Lt. Canuto refused to surrender. He was residing at his hacienda with his settlers. (The hacienda is now known as San Francisco, named by the Mainit town council rccenlly in his memory). On Wednesday morning, 22 July 1942, Lt. Canuto asked one of his trusted men in the hacienda, Felicisimo Diamola, to go to Barrio Mansayao to buy fish. He instructed him to be on the look-out for Page 4 Japanese soldiers in the vicinity, and to report to him if any. Seeing Japanese soldiers in Mansayao when he arrived, Simoy (as Diamola is called) retm:ned posthaste to the hacienda and informed Lt. Canuto that there was a party of 42 Japanese soldiers led by an officer, named Hachihara. The party included a Japanese civilian interpreter named Kidoka, who was a carpenter in Surigao town before the war, and Mainit Police Chief Agapito Montaner. The Japanese had come down from a nearby gold mine owned by lhe De Ia Ramas. Lt. Canula was then in pajamas. Thereupon, Lt. Canuto bidded the whole barrio to prepare a good meal for the Japanese party, for he said he would go and invite them to \'isit the hacienda. He counselled the womenfolk to hide "as the Japanese have a low regard for women." Then off went Lt. Canuto on his white horse to meet the Japanese at Mansayao. He was merrily !railed behind by Simoy, Pedro Digamon, another trusted follower ol his, and some young men who took pride to go with him anywhere as before. Arriving at Mansayao before noontime, he immediately started the amenities with the Japanese. He was busy speaking in a friendly manner with a short , stub· by officer when the conversation was abruptly cut short by a query of another officer, who appeared to be the overall leader of the par ty. He was tall, husky and swarthy for a Japanese. The officer asked Mainit Police Chief Monlaner, through Kidoka, who the man on the white mount was. Montancr replied he was Lt. Canuto. Then tht.: Japanese officer added, as if to confirm something he had learned before, "So this is the Lt. Canuto, of whom reports have reached me that he is the only one who had not yet surrendered to us." Promptly, the Japanese officer ordered him to dismount and salute. But the Filipino officer refused, growling, "Why should I salute. I am also an officer like you." With their known atrocities, the Japanese dragged him down, badly spilling him on the ground. Then Lt. Canuto pleaded, ''Why do you do this to me? I have helped some Jap· anese during my tour of military duties in many ways. I have fairly lreated them irrespective of their race and nationality, like any olher human beings." But the plea fell upon deaf cars. In the next few minutes the Japanese herded them 311 inside the ramshackle barrio chapel. Before the eyes of his followe rs, the Japanese ordered him to bow. Again Lt. Canuto refused. A big Japanese soldier approached him and pressed down his head to bow. Instead, he squalled on the ground without bowing. Japanese anger soared to a new height. The soldier got hold of a blunt object and started beating him. Still Lt. Canuto would not budge. Then the JapSEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 anesc interpreter said, "Since you n.tuse to ~alute us, we will deprive you of your hands so you could not salute any flag; we will ~latten them." And the Japanese started flattening his hands. After a while, the Japanese turned to his feet. ··Since you refuse to bow to us then we will deprive you of your jeet, so you will not stand anymore on the ground we have conquered," Kidoka logically stated. And the soldier bashed his feet. Despite the torture, the prisoner remained ~tolid. (His brother, Dr. Joaquin V. Canuto, in Manila, stated that this seemingly unbelievable callousness to pain was evident in his brother even at an early age. This neurological phenomenon could be found very rarely among individuals). Sensing what appeared to him as an inescapable rendezvous with his Maker in the next few days, the PC officer haltingly said, "Simoy, you pass to me all the blame. Defend yourself and help your brothers (meaning the settlers)." It was already past noon. The Japanese trussed him on top of a bamboo slat on a boat that was to ferry him across crocodile-intested Lake Mainit to the town proper. The Japanese ordered Digamon to go with the prisoner. The Japanese left Simoy behind to go home to the hacienda to tdl the .settlers what happened to Lt. Canute. Some Japanese who were left behind proceeded to the hacienda. On the way, the Japanese party met one of Lt. Canute's henchmen. Without any provocation, a Japanese aimed at the man and fired, killing him on the spot. ·The soldiers then proceeded to Lt. Canute's house and set it on fire. By nightfall the Japanese party was back in Mainit, finding prisoner Canuto already in the town jail, brought earlier by their companions. The whole night was a terrible ordeal for the prisoner. One of the rare photogr•phs of ht Lieutenant Fran,isco V, Canute, former !'(: officer, reproduced from a treasured pre-wn po•tcud-•ize picture now in the po•senion of hh followen in Barrio S~n Fr~ncisco, Mainit, Surigao del Norte. Note: p~inting w .. overdone by reproducer-a silver bar ;~nd a silver star on the shoulder boJ<ds, PA buttons on the coat lapell and the name "Major Lt. B. Canuto", all gone haywire. An actual check·up with the original photo yielded a 99 per cent resemblance. Errors in rank and initial of his Christian name were inadvertently made, tending to indiut• the overwhelming zeal of his followers to deify him. The followers rendered him almott all th1 appurtenances of the military senice at the ucrifiu of accuracy and propriety. said he was a soldier before the war but that he did not abuse anybody. He said he only punished lawbreakers. The crowd was told by the Japanese, jeeringly, "This is your Canuto." Some people turned their back to "tahid" (they called him so because of the spurs he sported on his boots before). His Early the following day, Thurs- enemies approved the tough way <lay, the Japanese paraded the PC he was being manhandled. His officer around the town. He was sympathizers, on the other hand. ordered to speak befo're a crowd pitied him and voiced their disthat milled around him. Lt. Canuro pleasUre, yelling, "He had do·ne no wrong." The same passion play was made at Magpayang, another community next to Mainit. The people reacted variably again. On reaching Surigao town at past 4 p.m. the Japanese held him in fetters at the local garrison, which was a private residence. The prisoner had not taken anything. He was offered nothing. All along he had wished for a cup of water. A jail detail of three Japanese soldiers and two Filipinos kept constant vigil. Early FriKHAKI & RED Page 5 A crude likeness of the intran•igeant Philippine Con•tabulny officer, fa5hioned from concrete and marble quartt that abound in the place, stands on a foothill at a discrete distance from his shrine of hardwood slabs. Con$1ruction of the monument wu completed on 1 s July 1960 at the .e~ site where his house had otood before it was set on fire by the Japanese on the night ot his arrest, Wednesday, 22 July 1942. His followers, mostly colorums who rose in armo against the government in 1924 in Pamouingan barrio of Socorro, Siargio island, Surigao del Norte, and tt Sitio Tumamana, Tubod, Surigao del Norte, ke-ep the statue's bue lighted by candles and oil pots. A well-tended patch of lush begoiia plants in the shape of the PC emblem graces the back of the monument. Con5truction fundo for the statue were rulited thru the meager contributions of his impoverished followers. Indeed, a granite marker would lit to withstand the lake-shore dampness of the place. Having vioited at nightfioll of Sunday, 3 June 1962, th exact spot in the Surig~o town cemetery where Lt. Canuto freely gave up his life for refusing all~tgiance to the Japanese, author took a boat, M/V SWEET HOME, on the first leg of the trip back home, ruminating on how great 10 man could be. Author mulled: I fully appreciate this particuhor officer whose defiance to the Japane .. rule wu unfolded before m-aher an eclipse of 20 ynn. A long 1101 of our national heroeo led by Dr. Riul gracu our hall of fame, but a marker costing leu than a fragile table·top glaso of some plush hndquarten officii will find a fitting place in perpetuating his memory. I got hold of a pen and paper, unmindful of the waves lashing at the portside, and scribbled a draft for the duired marker to express fo'rly what I felt to be the edifying words of his true worth. When this could be had is 1 matter lor conjecture. FRANCISCO VIDA CANUTO To the memory of the lite officer of the Philippine Constabulary who chooe death than to live under the Japaneu rule. He was executed by the Japaneoe at midway of Sunday, 26 July 1942, monifesting to the end the true example of a Filipino soldier-• prideofournceand the nativeland, This marker is dedicated by his countrymen, friends and co-officers in the Armed Fo"n of the Philippineo, 26 July 1962. day morning, Lt. Canuto bidded Digamon to get him a glass of water. Digamon was afraid, but the prisoner insisted, "I command you to get me water." There was firmness in his command even as a prisoner. By a stroke of good fate, Digamon was able to give him a glassful. The Japanese began the day with a dramatic theme when Page 6 a group of soldiers unrolled inside the jail a Japanese flag. "Salute," a loud voice filled the jail. The prisoner, whose hands were tied on the back, merely lifted his face. It was puzzling why he was asked to salute while his hands were bound. The Japanese could have told him instead to bow. Face to face with the Japanesc flag, the prisoner prompliy closed his eyes ;1nd dwoped. The soldiers were angered naturally by his refusal. Unexpectedly, they did not become violent. A sen~e ot spontaneous respect had taken the better of them. For there was no retaliatory floggings afterwards. An American flag was next unfolded before him. He stared at it for a lingering while and drooped again. But when the Filipino flag was displayed before him he stared at it for minutes with a feeling at relief beaming eagerly through open lesions, abrasions, and bruises that had badly disfigured him. His pleasure at seeing his own flag did not escape the attention of his tormentors. But in such a battered situation the Japanese, seemed to have realized the utter uselessness of further torture. They have practically done all; the prisoner had practically suffered everything, including the indignities concomittant to such a situation. After the dramatic act, both the prisoner and Digamon sat on the cold floor. They were allowed to talk to each other, while the guards twitted the prisoner with a sword. They told him he would be killed the next day. Japanese guards conversed with him in Nippongo, which surprised Digamon who never expected that Lt. Canuto could speak the conqueror's language. On t11e afternoon of that day, the Japanese asked Digamon to help in the garrison kitchen, so he had no chance to visit the prisoner until the next morning ol Saturday. Digamon on approaching the prison that morning saw three priests outside the cell, conversing with one another. From that morning of S'aturday until Sunday morning Lt. Canuto and Digamon were able to converse inside the cell. The prisoner told Digamon to be a good man and not to be scared when he will be beheaded. "After my death you must go home to the hacienda and tell the"people to be good, for some of the Japanese will visit there someday. Tell the young men and women to hide; only the old ones would stay behind. You must obey SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 Japanese orders, but not all. Be aware that the Japa_nese are trai· 10rs. You must witness my execu· tion. After mv death do not worry on how to go i10mc to the hacienda (44 kms away, across Lake Mainit). They (the Japanese) will t~ke can.: of your trip." Lt. Canuto knew well that his refusal to bow to the Japanese !lag was all that stood between him and the gra\-e. Japanese soldiers came to the jail in numbers at about 11 a.m. Sun· day, bringing out the prisoner for his last mile to the municipal cem· ctcry. The Japanese had dug a knee-deep excavation under a rc· d ining mango tree in the cemetery. ln the cemetery he was asked to kneel in front of the dug·oul. A Japanese soldier untied him. The troops formed a circle around the condemned man. Two soldiers stood in front of the prisoner, pointing their guns at his breast. Another pair of soldiers at the back did the same. An army photographer stood ready to take a pic· turc as the blade lops off the con· demned man's head. The prisoner was in undenvear. Then LL Canu· to took off and cast away his un. der:.hirt. Among the crowd was Digamon, Sam Hill, who is a Filipino-Amer· Jean mestiLo appointed by the Jap· ancsc as the provincial governor; his Japanese wife, and Hill's body· guard. Hill worked before the war as an cxeeutin; of another gold mine in the proYince. L1. Canuto's hands were folded in !rant. He was not blindfolded. When all was set, the cxl.'!cutioncr (known as Kancmatsu) unsheath· cd his sword. A pail of water was nearby. After bringing down th!.: blade slowly on the condemned man's nape, in a mock, he withdrew the saber and washed il caretully in the pail, even wiping off the water from the blade on his own left forearm. The executioner shammed the act twice. This 1iml.! the prisoner folded his arms at the back, and said, "Go ahe:td, I am ready." Taking now a careful aim for the third-and last time the executioner, with all his vigor Page 7 and skill, dea!t the fatal blow. The blade cut through with a dull thud. Digamon did not wink. His eyes were fixed at the grisly sight. He saw how the head snapped lor· ward, leaving the trunk a vcrit3bie crimson fountain of gushing blood. The blow did not separate the head from the torso. ft hung by a fine tissue of the throat. The expected post-execution convulsion or spasm was absent. But his eyes were seen rapidly shutting off and on. When the blOod gush receded, the executioner approached the lim. pid form and pushed it into the pit with the saber ttp. One of the dead man's knee-caps slicked, as if in defiance, from out the shallow pit. Dutifully, the Japanese s.o!diers straightened the legs and filled out the hole. Meanwhile a big meeting was in (Continued on page 27) Photo taken before Lt. C~nuto's monument, beside his shrine, (front row) from left: Pedro Digamon, incumbent b;rrio lieutenant of Siln Fr~ncisco; the ~ uthor, Felicisimo Oiamola, until recently San Francisco barrio lie..,tenant for the pJst 20 years. On "'pper step is Corporal Micael Desoloc of the 88th PC Comp~ny, stationed at Bad·as, Surigoo del Norte, "'nder the command of Captain Gregorio Ve nci. Not in photo is Sgt Benito Pangan of the ume unit. Both soldiers acted as escorll. Oigamon witnessed the four-day detention, ordeal, 1nd sub· ieq..,ent behuding of Lt. Canu:o in Surigao town. Oiamola witneued the apprehension and torture of Lt. Canuto at the lakeshore barrio of Mansayao, adjacent to Barrio San Francisco, where the officer and his followers resided. Some of the settlers are shown behind, mostly descendilnts of former colorums, d ressed in their Sunday best. A footpath, winding through giant creepers and boulders in a marshland seldom t~odded "'pon, connects the two barrios. Here and there are dilapidated sentry bo~es used by Lt. Canuto to ens..,re the safety of hi$ place. Now they only serve as diSirrayed reminders of his nurtiill ~irt"'es and discipline. ABOUT TilE AUT/10/( Theaul/wr is a t~.radua/e of the US Naval Academy a/ Atmapoli.., Maryland, C/a.u of 1956, rdw lws rcell·remembered lessons leamed orr sea power while still in that school. Writint~. cotrtirwous/y rvhile still m collese, /...t{jg) Viray holds the <listindiou of beint~. tlw only f'ilipitw to u·in firs/ pri:e i11 a short-siOrl u·riling contest 011 a mwal subject held at the Nat•al Academy. lfe has publislu~<l uari()us arlicles, mostly on seu power and the navy, both here and abroad, the most notcrvorthy being Ill! article enli· tied "Sea f'ou·er for 1/re Defense of !Ire Philippines," wlrich u:as published in lire July 196 1 issue of tire US Naral hutitute Proceeding~. Again, Lt(jg) Viray is the ()11/y f'ilipirw wlro hos rvritten /or tlrat au· thoriwlive pubticatirm. During the six years of Iris commissioued service, the aut/ror lws sen•ed in various billets irr tire P/rilipflirre fliavybotltafloa/andaslwre.wrdluua/$o been assigned to positimu irr CHQ AFP, Cam11 Murplry. /laving just returned from all electronics course at the U.S. Na,al Trai11iug Ceuter, Great lAkes, J/1., Lt ( itl) Viray is presently assit~.ned rvit/r tire Di vi· sio11 af Naval Electronics (N·i), l'hilippiue Navy. The overall strategy for the de· fense of any country is evolved from numerous factors and considerations which are either actually existent or merely deducible within the country and in the world around her. These factors involve all the facets of the stature of states, namely: the physical, the military, the economic, scientific and technological, the political, and the sociological factors. The formulation of the concept of applied national defense entails the combination and integration of all these considerations and the derivation of sound and logical conclusions. The decision in every case, therefore, takes into full accord the findings of political geography and the teachings of its dynamic halftwin, geopolitics, which provides Page 8 the blueprints for defense and the her. And Southeast Asia, whil.:h driving spirit toward the achieve- comprises of coastal or insular ment of national power. states in which seaborne communiAfter the last two world wars, all nations have finally realized the full implication of geopolitical factors and influences in drawing out their plans of strategy, both for preserving the peace and winning a war. With political geography as a tool, the evidence has indeed been conclusive that defense efforts be· come better directed, and hence, more efficient and effective. Defel!se of a Maritime Cow1try The Philippines can never turn her eyes away from the sea, as it is everywhere around her. We share common boundaries only with the sea and our frontiers stretch as far as our ships can reach. The Philippines sits squarely athwart the geographic heart of Southeast Asia and the Far East. This geographic· al setting has placed her in the crossroads of seaborne communications in the region and has given her the most interior position among the countries adjacent to cations play a great role, is a maritime region par excelle11ce. Considering that the estimated population of the Philippines at present is 27,000,000 and that our total land area is approximately 115,707 sq. miles, the country has, therefore, a density of 233 persons per sq. mile, a figure which makes the Philippines one of the densely populated states of the world. It is well to note that the territorial waters of the country cover an area about four times as large as the land area, and that our coastline.s extend to as much as 14,000 miles. Of the approximately 8,000,000 people employed in the country, around 60% are engaged in agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing. And yet, is the Philippines truly an agricultural country? Cer· tain facts are worthy of cxamination. Of the total land area of the Philippines, only about one-third has A Reappraisal of our Defense Concept I By Lt. ( jg ) WlLFREOO 0. VIRAY, PN been or can be cultivated. Annually, we import some P80 million worth of grains, dairy products, and other agricultural products. On the other hand, the foreign trade o( the country aggregates around Y2.2 billion annually at the pre seni time, and the total government collection from our lorcign exchange transactions forms a substantial portion of the expenditure of the National Government. Our domestic trade borne by ships plying the interisland waters constitutes one of the backbones of our national economy. Coast· wise shipping is the strongest link between the limited economic potentials of the different islands ol the country, integrating as it does the various pelty economies of our more than 7,080 islands mto one effective economic system. And because of the great need to expand our interisland merchant ileet and the cognizance of the government of the importance of such development, as evidenced by the passage of various coastwise shipping acts, It is predictable that the merchant shipping tonnage in our domestic trade will greatly increase in the near future. The overst!as merchant fleet of the Philippines is expanding quite rapidly and the goal is to increase its carrying capacity to 30% of the total foreign trade of the country. This huge expansion program, sustained by the reparations arrangements with Japan and the "Philippine Overseas Shipping Act of 1955," (RA No. 1407) will provide approximately 865,000 gross tons of shipping by 1970. This will mean that Philippine-flag vessels will be able to carry around 4 million tons of shipping annually. The rapid expansion of the Philippine Merchant Marine can be attributed to the common realization by the entire nation ol the necess ity of increasing both our trade and our handling of the volume of that trade. An expanded merchant shipping industry will mean greater income for our National Govemment, more employment to our people, valuable savings in dollars, more prompt shipment of our cargoes, less expcndnure for freight rates, and above all, greater capabilities for defense through sea power. Apart from the foregoing, our international orientation is with the Free World, or the West, which is a coalition of maritime powers. We cannot ignore the fact, therefore, that the Philippines is a maritime country, and that the area in which we are situated and the foreign countries with which our interests are linked are also maritime in nature. A basic consideration in any defense strategy is the matter of boundaries, lronticrs, and the ditierence in potential between countries, particularly those contiguous among one another. Boundaries are considered by many as artificial barriers which attempt the segregation of peoples and ideas, a task which is impossible to achieve. The difference in potential among nattons produces communications of peoples, ideas, and materials, the volume of which depends upon the magnitude of the potential difference. The threat of war and of t:onquest stem from differences or conflicts of national interests arising from this geopolitical fact, and eflorts for defense and security against undesirable influx of men, materials, and ideas from other nations which could lead to subversive activities or to open aggres· sian, are in reality measures to maintain the purposes for which the boundaries of nations have been established. The defense establishments of countries should, therefore, reflect the nature of the boundaries and front iers in question, and the instruments of war that are provided the armed forces should suit the medium of maximum operation. The boundaries of marit ime countries are mostly coterminous with Philippine Navy warJhips in banle formation are shown in left photo patrolling our 14,000-mile 1horelint1. Thi1 i1 1 t .. k being underteken by the Navy to protect our country from threat. of aggreuion and from illegal f>e'net r-'ion that might eventually become II llepping Slone fo r internal subven ion. (Philippine Navy Official Photo ) KHAKI & RED the sea and for them, the oceans of the world are in reality frontiers which they could expand and exploit with the development of sea power, of which the navy is the strength element. Thus, land powers rely upon the capabilities of strong armies for their security and defense, using the navy and the air force only as they would enhance the accomplishment of the mission of the land force. Maritime countries, on the other hand, rely on the elements of sea power to maintain command of the sea as the basic consideration for defense. To mass on the sf'a, to usc a familiar expression, is therefore the logical strategy of a maritime country. The Philippines must seek the control of the sea at all co~t if she is to survive. Being detached from the huge Asian mainland has given her a defensive asset which few countries possess. The nature of the mission of the defense establishment of the Philippines and the defensive advantage of the Archipelago as an "island-fortress" make the formulation of the concept of strategy indeed simple. The invasion and conquest ot the Philippines could only be achie\'ed after the control of the sea and the air has been seized by the enemy, and the organic structure ot the country destroyed. Isolated by herself, a maritime nation cannot survive long as she would be denied the vital materials carried by ships, upon which the entire economic system of the country is based. Maritime communications are the strongest links of the unity of the numerous islands comprising the Philippines; they are, in effect, the one great bond that preserves the solidarity of the nation. The loss of waterborne communications, both coasfwisc and foreign, will result in the literal dismemberment of the Archipelago; in the reduction of the Philippines into nearly 7,000 islands, each one possessing little or no significance as a political, an economic, or a military entity. Thus divided within itself, the counPage 9 try could offer but a meager and an almost futile token of resistance, and the piecemeal destruction of our forces by the enemy becomes inevitable. The "lslalld-Fortress" The Philippines is m effect an "island-fortress" wit 11 r..:ommon boundanes with the sea. This natural gitt, more than ,tny other factor, has simplified the defense strategy ot tne country. As a fortress by herself, the critical areas Ill the defense of the country arc the water and air approaches to the islands. The loss of the control over these areas will mean the beginning of the end o[ the defense efforts of the nation. Landlocked countries us u a 1ly maintain large standing armies to watch over their borders, inasmuch as invasion by land becomes the easiest and the most obvious. Maritime countries, on the other hand, are usually spared the necessity of maintaining a strong "land force in being" in view of their geographical selling, their land boundaries being very limited, if any at all. A maritime nation can, therefore, divert much of her resources toward building a strong naval force with adequate air cover as the main basis of her strategy for defense. Little England during the darkest period of World War II in 1940, when Nazi Germany was knocking at her very doorstep, with any army hardly a third of the highly-trained armed divisions of the Germans, stood fi rm and unassailable, using the narrow English Channel and her maritime resources as her backbone for defense. Approximately a stretch of twenty-two miles o( water and a strong navy have made England impregnable through the ages. Philip I I of Spain and the famous Spanish Armada of 1588, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Boulogn Flotilla of 1803-1805, and Adolf Hitler and "Operation Sea Lion" of 1940 all in their turn failed in the invasion of Great Britain. The Philippines stands to benefit from a similar geographical advantage if her maritime resources will Page 10 be developed and the emphasis on defense placed on the capabilities ol naval power. Failure to take lull advantage of this enviable defensive asset will mean a great strategic loss on our part and consequently, tne enemy's correspondmg strategic gain. Jn ''iew of the material weakness of the Philippines insofar as the logistical supporl ol her armed forces are concerned, it is mandatory for her 10 concentrate her defense efforts at the cntical areas previously mentioned, where the enemy will have to strive to maintain a definite ratiO of superiority of forces in order to achieve any substantial success in operalions. All the factors of warfare are to the favor of the defense establishment of the country. The purely defensive nature of the mission of her armed forces enables her to concentrate her efforts in the establishment of the defense network and the build-up of forces exclusively for defensive operations. The Philippine armed forces will be operating in areas, over land or sea, which they know very well. The coastlines of the Philippines are mostly steep and rugged, and approaches for amphibious operations are few. There are also lew flatlands suitable for parachute drops and most of these areas are within the vicinity of military installations. In the face ol such disadvantages, the enemy lorces attempting the invasion of the Plulippines will have to employ armed forces which will be much more superior both numerically and materially. The critical areas in the defense of any fortress are the approaches to that fortress. The impregnability of any fortress lies in the control of the ramparts surrounding it. The success of the defense strategy of the Philippines will dep~nd upon the command of the water and air approaches of the country. The Old Concept of Defense Generally, there has not been much change in the concept of the defense of the Philippines since the days of the Commonwealth regime under the United States. The underlying principle then was "'to create <~ defensive forct: of such strength as to make invasion so costly in lives and money that no Chancellory in the world, if it accepts the opinions of the military and na,•al staffs, will ever willingly make an a11empt to wilfully attack the Philippines." This deterrent concept was based on the assumption that the strategic and any incidental advantages which could be derived from the conquest of the country would not justify the e . ...:penditure of the required amount of the enemy resources for such conquest. It is well to point out that the population of the Philippim:s in 1939 was only 16 million, and the gross national product and the national income at the time were still very meager in view of the dominantly agricultural nature of the Philippine economy. However, even then the need for a strong seaward defense force has been felt when our strategists declared that ,;no military plan for the defense of an archipelago such as the Philippines could ha,•e had serious prospects of success against a determined enemy with a powerful fleet without great reliance on more effective naval support than that provided by patrol boats." Clearly, the old concept of the strategy for the defense of the Philippines proposed a defense establishment commensurate with the economic and political condition obtaining in the country at the time. Bluntly stated, it envisaged an inexpensive armed forces or· ganization that was suitable to the problem at hand. The country could not then afford a more coinplete and elaborate defense network. Moreover, such a set:Up was then considered unnecessary because we were still under the protect ion of the United States insofar as external defense was concerned. Quite naturally, therefore, our old concept of defense resulted in the formation of an armed force that was dominantly ground forceoriented, foot soldiers and their equipment being the least expensive to provide and maintain. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 U.S. ASTRONAUT WALTER M. SCHIRRA The fifth Ameritan to moke a fl:ght into space 1nd the third to orbit the nrth in 1 Project Mercury capsule, Schirn wu born in Hacken· nck, New Jersey, March 12, 1923 and graduated from the U.S. Naval Actdemy at Annapolis, M1ryland, 1945. He currently holds the Novy nnk of Commander. Ouring the Koreon action he flew 90 minions as 1 lighter pilot and Iller served u a Navy test pilot and carrier flight in$1ructor, He hn l0990d more thon 2,000 hours in jet aircraft. Our defense strategy prior to World War II called for fighting defensively in Philippine territory, over beachheads and inland terrains which our soldiers knew very well. The destruction resulting from such warfare on Philippine soil must have been considered incidental to the purpose to be achieved, i.e., to inllict the maximum destruction and damage possible upon the enemy forces. In view of the very limited economic and industrial strength of the country, a losing war was assumed right from the outset, the question being only how much damage we could inflict upon the enemy, and whether the enemy, foreseeing such losses, would still embark upon a plan for conquest. KHAKI & RED Flexibility in Defense Strategy A changing pallern is a characteristic of warfare as it is of any other field of human activity. The dynamic nature ot warfare stems from the changing nature of the instruments of war, as well as the very purposes for which it is fought. Circumstances are never the same at any one time, and the efficiency, economy, and effectiveness of any armed forces establishment depend greatly upon the extent to which all the changes in the physical world and in all facets of human activity find expression in the strategy for preserving the peace and winning a war. It is, therefore, imperative that the overall concept of warfare be restudied and reevaluated continually in the light of the developments of the time. The defense establbhment o( any country is governed by the necessity of continually adapting itself to current exigencies. Planning for national security should be most realistic and the organization for defense should be the most optimum for any given time. Tile detense establishment should be so organized as ''to obtain a maximum yield with a minimum of means," and this "must be sought initially at the highest level of organization: the sum total of resources assigned to the armed forces as a whole. ll follows that these resources must be divided among the land, sea, and air lorces in such a way as to produce the greatest possible return from the use of the armed forces as a whole and not merely to provide maximum return (rom each force as a separate unit." A reasonable balance in the allocation of resources among the four major services, i.e., the army. navy, air force, and constabulary, should therefore be continually achieved. The fact should be recogmzed that the more flexible the national defense establishment, the more effective will be the defense forces, and the less will be the 0\era\1 expenditure for national security. The conditions existing at any given time are never the same and the changing nature of the economic, military, political, and social conditions within the country and in the outside world should be thoroughly reflected in our plans for defense. Today, the major policy governing our detense establishment st ill rests with the National Delense Act {Commonwealth Act No. I), enacted in 1935, and therefore, promulgated to meet the needs of the country 27 years ago. De{e11se Commitme11ts Collective defense is one of the essential features of the modern pattern of security. Nations sharing the same ideologies and believing in the same social principles strive to unite into a commu· Page 11 nity of nations to safeguard and promote their common interests. Collective security has become a fundamental requirement in tho;;: modern concept of total war. Recognizing the urgent need for the mutual ddense ot the common interests of the Free World in this hemisphere, the Philippines has spoused the cause ot collective security. Two defense alliances, namely: the Mutual Defense Pact with the Umted States and the SEATO multilateral defense set-up, constitute the essential features of Philippine collective security. The former is based on mutuality of action in the event either country 1s attacked. The US-PI J\.·li\itary Assistance Agreement, it may be recalled, was signed on March 21, 1947, extended for a year in 1952, and subsequently extended for an indefinite period after an exchange of notes on June 26, 1953. The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, also known as the Manila Pact of September 8, \954, provides for collective action in the event any of the signatory nations w ithin the Treaty Area becomes the subject of armed aggression or of subversi,•e action by any for eign power. It may be reca!led that the signatory nations are Austrilia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, and that the Treaty Area "is the whole area of South-East Asia and the South-West Pacific below 21 degrees 30 minutes north latitude and the entire territories of the Asian partners (Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thai land)." The Philippines is committed to contribute in every manner possible to the achievement of the objectives of the collective dcfens.:alliances to which she is a party. The defense planning of the country becomes geared to her role as a member of collective defense partnerships which offer the best means of security. Alone, the defense efforts of the Philippines may pro,•e futile, but as a link in the defense network in this hemisphere, the armed forces of th.;: country become vital. Recent events have demonstrated that the South-East Asia Treaty Organization has placed great reliance upon the inst ruments o! sea power for the defense and security of the Treaty Area. Southeast Asia is geographically a maritime region, the countries being either coastal or completely detached from the Asian mainland by intervening seas. Maritime exercises have characterized most of the delcnse efforts of the SEATO. More active and substantial participation by the Philippines in the coltecti,•e defense undertakings of the SEATO, therefore, require her possession of those instruments of sea power which are in keeping with the standards ol the warfare proposed to be carried out in case of conflict. Greater participation by the Philippines in SEATO maneuvers could best be achie\·ed by the '"ARE YOU SURE YOU'RE REAL!..l' A FAIR MA IDEN?" Page 12 SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 employment of more suitable elements of the naval force. The Philippines has always sponsored the cause of collective security in Southeast Asia. Her participation in the activities ot the SEA10 has always been to such extent as her resources will permit. The strength of the SEATO depends upon its ability to maintain command- of the waters of the Southeast Asia region and preserve the unity of its member-nations. The elements of naval power, more than any other, can make this so. marine building. Knowing fully well that the core of the strength of the Free World lies in the command of the sea, being maritime in nature, It can be readily seen that the primary objective~ ot the Communist naval forces is not so much to contend for the command of the world's oceans but rather to disrupt, at every turn possible, the maritime communications of the Free World by inflicting destruction through ccncealment, surprise, and striking power. The submarine force of the Communists now number more than SOU, some of which arc also equipped with guided missiles. lt may be recalled that at the start of World War 11, the Germans only had 57 U-boats and they almost tilted the fortunes of the sea war in the Atlantic to their favor. As the threats to our security have always come from the sea, it is imperative that we turn seaward in our provisions for defense. Providence has decreed that we shall always live by the events that transpire on the seas that surround Threats to Philippine Security The massi,•e sphere of Communist influence in Asia constitutes the main threat to the security and freedom of the Philippines. Possessed with a manpower strength ot nearly unlimited proportions and highly-skilled in the art of subversi,•e acti.:.n, the Communists of Asia are ever probing the weak spots of the Free World in this hemisphere. The Communist naval strategy in this part of the globe is predicated on the effectiveness of undersea warfare, the employment of guided and ballistic missileS, and the striking power of Tfle Navy h1 Our Defel!se strategic air forces. The terrific A thorough consideration of the build-up of both the submarine geographic, economic, political, and force and the air lorce poses an military factors that condition the offensive threat of great destruc- formulation of the concept of the tive proportions. · strategy for defense dictate great"Should the . Communists use er emphasis on naval power for their aforementioned forces to at- the security of the Philippines. The tack the countries continguous to '·island-fortress" nature at the Arher, ... the threat to the Philip- chipelago and the maritime stature pines, another SEATO member, of the country make it mandatory would take the form of air and tor the Philippines to place greater limited submarine raids on our own reliance upon the clements of naval and allied bases in the Philippines power lor her defense and survivto neutralize these bases as stag- al. ing areas and supply points for the The dynamic pauern of the world support of our allies." The primary in which we live necessitates utthreats to the external security of most flexibility in our defense strathe Philippines are, therefore, the tegy. What, then, are the main teaenemy capabilities in submarine lures of our time which require the and aerial warfare; specifically, reorientation of our defense conaerial bombing, strafin& and roc- cept? The new pattern of collective kctry, and missile launching and defense, the ascendance of Commusubmarine operations which also nism over a great portion of Asia, include missile launching. The Com- the radical changes in the geogramunist naval forces have very limit- phical summaries of the countries ed amphibious capabilities, the em- of this hemisphere, and the modern phasis being almost solely on sub- concept of warfare, among others, .KHAKI & RED dictate an entirely new sirategy for the defense of the Philippines. The gross national product of the Philippines amounted to P1,687 million in 1955 and around Pl2,000 million last year. Government estimates predict that our gro~s national product, at 1960 prices, will aggregate approximately Pl7,600 million by 1967. The popu!aiion of the Philippines today is about 27 million, as compared to 19 million in 1947, and oflly 16 million in 1939. The old concept of the strategy for the defense of the Philippines was premised on the fact that the country could not afford a more complete and elaborate defense setup. The expenditure for defense was then commensurate to the actual material condition obtaining in the country. However, with the changes that have been noted in the basic considerations for the planning and the expenditure for national security, it has become clearly evident that we could not possibly continue with a defense establishment that has been premised on conditions which no longcr exist. While internal security is important and indeed paramount, it is high time for the country to stan building up for external defense. Once the country's internal peace and order are secured, provisions for external defense then become a reality. And the strategy for such defense can no longer be conceived as being warfare on Philippine soil. The country now stands to lose so much in lives and in material to wage war in our own backyard. The Philippines should therefore no longer conceive of national defense as ground-force oriented, although this still provides the cheapest form of defense organization. At the present time, the country can not yet possibly determine the decisive major service in our armed forces, since the Philippines today is in the midst of rapid transition in all phases of activity. To b~ certain, a well-balanced team of ground, naval and air forces will most nearly provide the most ef(Continued on page 31) Page 13 LETTER OF COMMENDATION Brig. General Ni"nor D. Garcia Actg. Chief, Philippine Constabulary Camp Crame, Quezon City Dear General G~ rcia: I wish to taka advantage of this occasion to commend ~~~S~pl~np~~ 1:o•;on~~cl7:,~orwi~hue~~:en~u:eapar~~io~er:~nd~~~ Anli-smuggling Leg• l Primer which has been sponsored by ~h~ior Cof:;,:~t~:·, has contributed very much to the success of the project because of his unuintcd coopere· tion and legal learning, particularly with reference to the laws, rules, regulations and jurisprudence pertaining tu the functions and duties of the Philippine Constabulary. I Without him the purpose of the Legal Primer would not haYe been successfully achieYed. This io also to inform you th3t the project is now underway in ito publication. This Committee io IU'dertaking the printing of 100,000 copies of the same, which we npect to diotribute to ProYindal Governors, Municipal Mayors, local police authorities, and personnel of the Bureau of Customs, Sureau of Internal ReYenue, Philippine Consta· bulary, Philippine Navy and all other agencies which are charged with the implementation of the current anti· I smuggling drive. A COURT MARTIAL IN SESSION Thanking you for your commendable cooperation in this regard, I am Very truly yours, ( Sgd.) ELEUTERIO ADEVOSO Preoidential EucutiYe Assistant By Major BUENAVENTURA B. FERNANDEZ Office, Staff Judge Advocate Will Final .Judgment on AW96 and/or AW 97 Bar Trial Before The Civil Court? The recent rise of cases cognizable by both our civil and military courts affecting military personnel requires that a clear delimitation of the jurisdiction of each class of court be made. The jurisdiction referred to here wherein there seems to be an overlapping of ju· risdiction is that over the offense. This situalion usually arises when a mililary personnel is charged both with violation of the 96th andjor the 97th Articles of War in the military courts and with a crime before the civil courts arising from the same facts. For a clear understanding of the apparent conflict of jurisdiction between these two kinds of courts, let us take a hypothetical case. Capt. "X", the Commanding Officer of Company "A", 203rd BCT slationed at Pila, Laguna robbed " Y" of that town at gun point. Thus he was indicted for robbery before the Court of First Instance of LaPage 14 guna but before jurisdiction thereof could attach, he was also chan;ed and thereafter tried by CM with violation of the 96th and the 97th AW. Luckily, Capt ''X" was acquitted. Subsequently when he was arraigned before the ci,•il court for robbery, he interposed double jeopardy in a mo1ion 10 quash. He anchored his mo1ion on the provisions of Art. Ill , Sec. l (20) of our Const itution in connection with Sec. 9, Rule 11 3 of the Rules of Court. In order to understand clearly the issue raised let us examine the provisions of law involved. The 96th A W provides: Art. 96. Conduct Unbecomi11g a11 Officer and Gemlema11.-Any officer, cadet, flying cadet, or probationary second lieutenant, who is convicted of conduct un· becoming an officer and a gentleman shall be dismissed from the service. (As amended by Republic Acts Nos. 242 and 516). The 97th Article of War pro\'ides: An. 97. G e 11 era I Article.Though not mentioned in these Articles, all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and military discipline and conduct of a nature to bring dis· credit upon the military service shall be taken cognizance of by a general or special or summa· ry court-martial accordin'g to the nature and degree of the offense. and punished at the discretion of such court. Art. III, Sec. I (20) of the Constitution states: No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and ordinance, a conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 bar to another prosecution for the same act. Then Sec. 9, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court provides: When a defendant shall have been convicted or acquitted, or the case against him is dismissed or otherwise terminated without the express consent of the defendant, by a court of competent jurisdiction, upon a valid complaint or information or other formal charge sufficient in form and substance to sustain conviction, and after the defendant had pleaded to the charge, the conviction or acquittal of the defendant or the dismissal of the case shall be a bar to another prosecution for the offense charge, or for any attempt to commit the same or frustration thereof, or any offense which necessarily includes or is necessarily included in the offense charged in the former complaint or information. Sec. II of the Philippine Army Manual of Court-martial states: Article of War 39 states: COURTS-MARTIAL-Jurisdiction in general- Exclusive and nonexclusive.-Courts-martial have exclusive jurisdiction of purely military offenses. But a person subject to military law is, as a rule, subject to the municipal law applicable to persons generally, and if by one act or omission he violates an Article of War and the local criminal law, such act or omission may be made the basis of a prosecution before a courtmartial or before the proper civil tribunal, and in some cases before both, the jurisdiction which first attaches in any case being entitled to proceed. lf in a case where application under A.W. 75 for delivery to the civil authorities is anticipated, good reason exists for the primary exercise of military jurisdiction, charges should be promptly preferred. The provisions of the Articles of War conferring jurisdiction upon courts-martial shall not be construed as depriving other military tribunals of concurrent jurisdiction in respect of offenders or KHAKI & RED offenses that by statute or by the law of war are triable by such military tribunals (A.W. 15). See A.W. 81-83 for instances of concurrent jurisdiction expressly conterred on courts-martial 1 and certain other tribunals. Art. 39. As to muuber.- No person shall, without his consent, be tried a second time for the same offenses; but no proceeding in which an accused has been found guilty by a courtmartial upon any charge or specification shall be held to be a trial in the sense of this Article until the reviewing and, if there be one, the confirming authority shall have taken final action upon the case. No authority shall return a record of trial to any court-martial for reconsideration of(a) An acquittal; or ( 0) A finding of not guilty ot any specification; or (c) A finding of not guilty of any charge, unless the record shows a finding of guilty under a specification laid under that charge, which sufficiently alleges a violation of some Article of War; or (d) The sentence originally imposed, with a view to increasing its severity; unless such sentence is less than the manda.ory sentence fixed by law for the offense or otfenses upon which a conviction has been had. And no court-martial in any proceedings or revision, shall reconsider its findings or sentence in any particular in which a return of the record of trial for such reconsideration is hereinbefore prohibited. In the light of the above, is there double jeopardy? That double jeopardy may be interposed in bar of a subsequent trial for the same offense is a settled doctrine in this country even in court-martial cases cannot be doubted. (Grafton v. U.S. 6 Phil. 55, 206 U.S. 33, 51 L. ed. 1084. See also Marcos v. Chief of Staff 16 L.J., No. 7, p. 358). In amplifying the meaning of the 96th Article of War, the Philippine Army Manual of Court-Martial which is a copy of the United States Manual of Court Martial states: There are certain moral attributes common to the ideal officer and the perfect gentleman, a lack of which is indicated by acts of dishonesty or unfair dealing, of indecency or indecorum, or of lawlessness, injustice, or cruelty. Not every one is or can be expected to meet ideal standards or to possess the attributes in the exact degree demanded by the standards of his own time; standards in these respects of an officer or cadet cannot fail without his being morally unfit to be an officer or cadet or to be considered a gentleman. This article contemplated such conduct by an officer or cadet which, taking all the circumstances into consideration, satisfactorily shows such moral unfitness. This Article includes acts made punishable by any other Article of War, provided such acts amount to conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman; thus a11 officer who embezzles military property violates both this and tl1e preceding article. Col. Winthrop in his book, Military Laws a11d PrecedelltS, 2nd Ed .. pp. 711-713, said: The conduct contemplated in this article is any action or behavior of an officer in an official capacity, which, in dishonoring or otherwise disgracing the individual personally as an officer exhibits him as morally unworthy to remain a member of the honorable profess10n of arms. Though it need not amount to a crime, it must offend so seriously against law, justice, morality or decorum as to expose to disgrace, socially or as a man, the offender, and at the same time must be of such a Page 15 nature or committed under such circumstances as to bring dishonor or disrepute upon the military profession which he represents. When the Manual or CourtMartial says A W 96 "includes acts made punishable by any other Article of War, provided such acts amount to conduct unbecoming an officer", and then proceeded to cite the case of embezzlement, the Manual admits that aside from prosecuting the offender under the Article of War thus violated, he may also be punishable under A W Y6 as long as the act is unbecoming of an officer and a gentleman. The outcome o( the action for violation of the said Article of War does not in any way effect his prosecution for violation of the 96th Article of War. That this is the proper interpretation can be deduced from Winthrop's comment on AW 97. He said: The evident purpose of this article is to provide for the trial and punishment of any kind and all military offenses not expressly made cognizable by courtsmartial in the other and more specific Articles, and thus to prevent the possibility of a failure of justice in the army. Whenever the offense committed is one not certainly, or fully designated or described in some other particular Article, or where, thollgh so desig11ated or, 110 ptmislullent is assigned for its commissio11, or where it is doubtful under of two or more Articles the offender should be prosecuted, recoHrse is Jtad to this conzprel1ensible and serviceable provisio11 as tl1e a11thority and foundation for the charge and proceedings. Although the Manual and the comment refer to acts which may be denominated as military offenses, it is believed they may refer to offenses punishable by the civil courts also. We can deduced this from the Manual's explanation of the 97th A W on what discredit means. The Manual says: "Discredit" as here use means ''to injure the reputation of". Page 16 l11sUmces of such conduct on the part of person subjec1 to miliwry law may i11clude acts in violation of local law commilled under such circwnstances as to bring discredil upon the military service. So also is punishable under this clause any discreditable conduct not elsewhere made punishable by any specific Articles of War or by the first clause of AW 97. In the Grafton case which was decided in 1906 it appears that Pvt Grafton was acquitted by a court martial for manslaughter in Guimaras, Iloilo, a military reservation then. The charge was for violation of the 62nd Article of War which is similar to our 97t h AW. Subsequent ly he was tried for murder before the civil court. He invoked double jeopardy. The United States Supreme Coun held: .... An acquittal by a court martial is a bar to subsequent prosecution in a civil court for the same acts CO/Istituting 1he same offense when both 2 courts derive their authority from the same government. But this is not all. The jurisprudence in the United States as regards acts violating both military and civil laws seems confusing. It is also the prevailing doctrine there that: A single act may constitute a transgression of both civil and military law, and consequently, make the offender amendable to punishment by both civil and military authority. Hence, on civil prosecution resulting in acquittal is not a bar to a proscution under military law, and a trial and acquittal by a court martial is not a bar to a prosecution by the proper civil authorities. Although tlw defendallt in sllch cases is charged wi1h the same acl in both it1Sta11ces, 11evertl1eless the prosecutions are 110t for the same offense, sh1ce the (/Ct constillltes a transgressiou of distinct laws w1d WI offense wtder each law. Tltis rule, however, is limited to the case of a single act which infringes both the civil and the military law in such a mam1er as to cmtstitute two distinct offenses, o11e of which is withi11 the cognizance of the military courts and the other a subject of civil juris· diction. (IS American Jurisprudence, sec. 399, p. 72). The above doctrine may be all right if our constitution did not provide that "if an act is punishable by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act." Of course this is limited to a case which is punishable by a law and an ordinance. Except a!> thus provided, the plea of being twice put in jeopardy will be una\•ailing if the prosecution of what arises from the same act is based on SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 196? First KHAKI and RED Speci~ THf PHILIPPINf VIRGINIA TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION President DIOSOADO MACAPAGAL .. . fulfillmeut of a pled~e Chairman CORNELIO BALMACEDA .. . qualilative, not q/l(mfitalii'C productiou General Manager EDUARDO BANANAL . . export is the a/IS\\'er BATAC PRODUCERS' COOPERATIVE MARKETING ASSOCIATION, INC. BATAC, !LOCOS NORTE The Seed Farm Demonstration of Batac ( llocos Norte) ProCoMa, Inc. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mr. JUSTINO GALANO ....................... President Mr. PLACIDO QUIAOJT . . . Member Mr. TEODORO NARCISO ........... Vice President Mr. MARCOS ESQUIVEL ... . ... Mem~er Dr. EMMANUEL BUMANGLAG ........... Member Mr. DAMIAN RESIN I ........................ Member Mr. PABLO BACTJN Member Mr. EVARISTO CAOJLI ....................... Member Mr. VENANCIO DIRJC . .. Member Mr. FIDEL BAITULAYAN .. Member Mr. RAYMUNDO BATALLONES ...... Member Atty. FERNANDO S. ALCANTARA Secretary & Legal Officer MANAGERIAL STAFF Mr. Leon Q. Verano . Manag~r Miss Rosalinda Bactat ................ Int. Auditor Mr. Dominador T. Cocson . Treasurer Mr. Eleuterio Miguel . . Prec. Clerk Mr. Ricardo S. Castro .................... Bookkeeper Mr. Eliodoro Caluya ..... .. ........ Acctg. Clerk Mr. Jose Parbo ................................ Supervisor Mr. Raymundo Sibucao ............ Loan Collector Mr. Ernesto S. Castro .................. Bookkeeper Mr. Alejandro Gabien ........ Asst. Warehouseman Mr. Teodorico Tolentino .......... Computer-Clerk Mrs. Emiliana Palaspas . . .. ... Store Cashier Miss Damiana lampitec ........................ Clerk II Miss Felicitas Oemdem .... . .. ......... Saleslady Miss Eugenia Simisim . Clerk Ill Mr. Apolinario Anday .................. Storekeep2r Miss Rogelia Singson File Clerk Mr. Efrain S. Verano .... .. .......... Chemist Miss Baseliza Gapas . Clerk Mr. Dominador Rubio .... Chemist Mrs. Virginia Inocencio ......................... Clerk Miss Ely Arcangel . .. ...... Chemist Mrs. Rafaela Arcangel .......................... Cashier Mr. Oalmacio Maduli . .. .... Soil Technologist Mr. Amando Libed .. . ........................ Electncian One of the fa~t-growing, big rcYCnuc-carning and dollar-saving indu~tries of the Philippines is the Virginia flue-cured tobacco industry. Barely seven years old, this industry has grown to its present giant proportions occupying o0:ighth place among the. countries of the free world producing flue-cured Virginia tobacco. Its rapid growth could be gleaned from the production statistics of the Bureau oi Plant Industry which shows tre· mendous increase from 2.7 mi!lion to 37 mi!!ion kilograms from 195354 to I 958-59. The preliminary production estimate for I 962 is 46 mi!Jion kilograms. The Virginia tobacco is grown in commercial quantities in the provinces of Abra, I!ocos Norte, 1loco~ Sur, La Union, Num•a Ecija, Pangasinan, and Tar!ac, in northern and central Luzon. Out of the total land area of around 4 million hectare~ of these provinces, rhe estimated area planted with the balance of 6 million kilogram.... built ol ~trong materials. Tobacco were probably sold by priYat<: planters sent their children to uniwholesa!crs or dealers. The cigar- vcrsitics and colleges. The nation. cttc factories produced 13,009,654.- in general, benefited immensely 400 sticks for the year 1960-61, 801) from the industry in the form of sticks of 70 mm. in length coulrl increased re,·cnues and more sen· be produced out of I kilogram of ices. tobacco. The Agricultural Cn.:dit CooperaA..s of June 30, 1962 the total tive Financing Administration or go,•ernmcnt stock of tobacco i... ACCFA was charged with the func85,60!,985.2 kilograms. This in- tions and responsibilities of oreludes the 46,971,551 ''alucd ::t! ganizing FaCoMas under its CharPl21,014, 378.28 kilograms bought ter (Republic Act No. 821) ~nd the by the Philippine Virginia Tobacco administration of tht: prict: supAdministration <ll an average price port program of the gO\crnmcnt of P2.49 per kilograrP. The remain- under Republic Act No. 1194. The ing 38,630,434.2 kilograms arc ACC. ACCFA tobacco trading operation<> FA stocks which arc not yet dis- were not satisfactory and because posed of due to improper grading. of their adn:!rsc publicity a new The enactment of Republic Act distinct and separate entity \\:JS No. 1194, providing for support born to take over such function. prices for locally-grown flue-cured Republic Act No. 2265, appro,·ed Virginia tobacco gave impetus to on June 19, 1959, created the Phil the development of the flue-cured ippinc Virginia Tobacco AdminisVirginia tobacco industry. Under tration or PVTA. this law, the go,·ernment thrnugh The promotion and dc,elopment the ACCFA. bought flue-cured and of the flue-cured Virginia tobacw THE PHILIPPINE VIRGINIA Virginia tobacco is 91.132 hectares. Accon.ling to a recent survey made. 87,000 farmers arc engaged in the ;ndustry or 2.175 percent of the total population of 4 million of said provinces. From 1955 to 1961, our government has collected a total of P805 P\15 million annually. Comparin~ the government, the importance and contribution of the Virginia tobacco to the national economy cannot be overlooked. The annual consumption of local cigarelte factories of redricd Virginia tobacco from 1955 to 1959 also steadily increased from 14 million to 16 million kilograms. The Bureau of Internal Revenue estimated that, based on IS per cent increase in the smoking popuLIlion, the consumption will be around 18.7 million kilograms for 1960-61. The government sold to local cigarette manufacturers 10 million kilograms annually so tha· KHAKI & RED TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION sundried Virginia tobacco from the farmers' cooperative marketing associations or FaCoMas. T!v~ law also has prescribed five (5) grades of tobacco for the fluecured class and three (3) grades for the sundried class. The support prices fi-.cd for each grade arc: P3.60 (Grade A), P3.00 (Grade B), P2.50 (Grade C), P2.00 (Grade D), and J>\.50 (Grade E),-fluccured type, and P\.50 (Grade SDA), fi.OO (Grade SOB), and P0.80 (Grade SDC-sundricd type. The beneficial effects of the price support program of the government for the flue-cured Virginia tobacco industry have been felt and enjoyed by the people in the tobacco-growing provinces. Tangible rna nifestations of relative prosperity in the area could be seen. Even th..: most lowly farmer who owned a nipa house before the enactment and implementation of said law is now a proud owner of a real house industry through the effective administration of the price support program provided for in Republic Act No. 1194 is the basic and fundamental mission ol the PVTA. Under this program, the agcnc~· is directed and authorized to pur chase flue-cured Virginia tubac co in accordance with a fixed schedule of prices whereby the farmers arc assured adequate income from their produce. The purposes and objectives of the PVTA arc the following: I. Promote the effective merchandising of flue-cured Virginia tobacco in the domestic and foreign markets so that those engaged in the industry will be placed on a basis of economic security; 2. Establish and maintain balanced production and consumption of flue-cured Virginia tobacco and its manufactured products, and such marketing conditions as wilt insure and stabilize the prices at (Continued 011 page 16-A) Pag~ 3-A Hon. CORNELIO BALMACEDA Chairn10t1 EDUARDO BANANAL Ge1wra/ i\lanage1 CONSTANTINO VERCELES Director-La Ut!iou PERFECTO FA YPON Director-llocos Sur Board of Directon oi The Philippine Virginia From left ~o righ~-An~onio de Guzman, Auistant to ~he General Manager; Graciano Rap~tan; Corpor-'t Auditor; Oominador S. lapuz, Head Executive Anistant; Jaime 8 . Saguisag, Adn1inistrative Officer; Ouirico Samonte, Head Trading OepHtment. Page 4·A SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 PATERNO AQUINO Director-Abra nd Management Staff obacco Administration t_ FEDERICO B. MORENO Board Secretary GODOFREDO FAVIS A.ut. Gc1zeral .\la11ager From left to right-Bern• rdo N• v.,eue, Chief, Field Service• Department; Telu foro Ofi•na, Chief, Financing Department; Porfirio Aquino, ~;;::;;:;.Accountant; Alfredo Feraren, Corporate Counul; Severo A•unclon, Chief, Plano and Program Office; and Ro•endo Eotoye. Corpor~te KHAKI & RED Page 5-A PVTA DRIVE TO SELL STOCKS IN HIGH GEAR General manager Eduardo Banana! announced recently an allout campaign to dispo~..: ot its 70 million kilos ol flue-cured tobacco stocked in PVTA warehouses. The amount represents flue-cured tobacco stocks purchased by the agency since 1960. Banana! said that a plan of operation has been mapped out by c:~.pcrts to dispose of these stocks and thereby pay the PISO million which the PVTA borrO\\Cd from the Central Bank for il!s operatiOns. "Since my assumption of office, one of my first and paramount concerns has been to tackle this big problem of disposal and we will do everything to get back en!n cent which has been im·cstcd in the yellow leaf and to pay back the loans which the PVTA, as prodded for by law, secured !rom the Central Bank," Bannnal said. Efforts arc now being geared at exploiting the local market as a possible receptacle for PVTA tobacco stocks. To date,Managcment, with the acti\·c support of the board of directors, has done the following to facilitate attainment of this objective: 1. Reacti\ated the Philippine Virginia Tobacco Council which sen·es as an adYisory body to the PVTA in the disposal of its stocks and other problems of the industn·: 2. Maintain frequent liaison with top officials of different cigarette factories to persuade tht!m to bu) flue-cured tobacco from the PVTA; and 3. Urge redrier-contractors to comply with the management contract obliging them to buy 41 O·o of the total leaf they redry. ''The foreign markets are also among our targets," Banana! said. "We are getting in touch with the the officials of the different con· sulates and embassies in Europe We help implement the and other parts of the world that \\"e believe arc market potentials. In fact, we had a conference with Commerce Secretary Rufino Hechanova recently regarding this matter and he assured us of his full cooperation." He also announced the intention of the PVTA to participate in the First International Tobacco Trade Congress to be held in Sali,.burv, Rhodesia early next year. "'Participation in this world fair will give us a chance to display our wares before the world and if our flue-cured tobaccos arc as good as experts say, I see no reason why we cannot dispose of them," he said. Banana! also said that in connection with this all-out campaign to dispose of PVTA stocks, Task Forces have been created which arc now actively working towards carrying out an agressh·e sales program. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROGRAM of Pres. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL VINTAR VIRGINIA TOBACCO GROWERS VINTAR ILOCOS NORTE Page 6-A SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 G.M. Issues Employee Guide posts INFO DRIVE TO BE LAUNCHED General Manager Eduardo Banana!, in a mo\c 10 enhance dis cipline among PVTA employees, recently bsucd a set of rules on personnel conduct and discipline. Th~ head of the tobacco state agcnc,· enjoined all PVTA personnel to help promote utmost efficiency in the performance of their duties and honesty in earning out their responsibilities. Turning to the wclfnre of tilL' personnel, the PVTA head assurNi the employees of the full protection of their tights and prh·iJcgcs, and reiterated the corporation'.; policy of the continuous guidance and training of employees through the facilities that the PVTA can offer. Banana! stressed tht• need lor good public relations and emphasized the importance of pract ising proper office decorum and strict An intensi\·e informational and education.:tl campaign \\"ill be conducted some time ne:-.t month in the Virginia Toban:o-gro,,·ing pro,·inces. This was lea! ned from general manager Eduardo Bannnal shortlv after he arri,·ed la:-.t week from an ocular impcction of th<.; redrying plants in the pro\im:es, and af!et ha\ ing a heart-to-heart talk with the tobacco farmers in La Union. Banana! said that documentan films showing the different aspects of the tobacco industry will pro\'ide the main feature of the projected dri,·c. adherence to rules of courtes\ in dealing with the public. The PVTA head appealed to employees to exert efforts to achieve the bc~t results in the shortest time possible and pointed out that each employee's job is as 'ita! as the next man's, as far as the PVTA i~ concerned. He said mcelings and contcrences will be calh:d in the rural areas. Leaflets gh·ing pointers on how to produce qualit,· leal will be distributed to the larmt:rs. he added. As part of the driH.:, a special tobacl·o supplement \\"ill abo be published in one of the forthcoming is">ues of the leading ncrnacular weeki~· mag<~zine'>. The PVTA conducted a '>intilat dri\e la~t ~·car. But it lasted only lor more than a month because it was undl.'rtakcn at the hrong time of the year \\·hen the rainy season had just set in. Banana! said that October is the ideal month to launch such a dri\·e. He said this is the time most of the farmers sl<lrt SO\\'ing their tobacco seeds Tho.:v should be told, or sh0\\11, ho\\' to gro\\. \'irginia tobacco the scientific way, he said, in order to help solve the problem of surplw; stock disposal. NARVACAN AGRICULTURAL PLANTERS & GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. NARVACAN. !LOCOS SUR President - CONSTANTE R. AYSON Vice President - CORAZON E. CADACIO Treasurer - AMPARO F. AYSON Secretary - AMPARO F. AYSON Manager - JESUS R. AYSON Warehouseman - MARTINO PAGUDPUD Chief Grader - PERLITA OU1TEVES KHAKI & RED Page 7-A BALMACEDA EXPLAINS LEAF IMPORT POLICW Those who arc opposed to the limited in1portation ol blending leaf tobacco fail to consider what Ls best for the industry and the most urgent problem that must b..:: met immediately. said Cornelio Balmaccda, acting PVTA board chairman and member of th<: 5man presidential committee which \\ill determine the procedures attendant to the importation. Speaking tcmporancousl" before PVTA officials and cmpioycs at the Eugene's Restaurant, Cubao, where he \\'as gi\·cn an "asalto'' birthday party, Balmaccda said the primary objective of the plan to allow the importation of 3.3 million kilos of leaf tobacco wonh f"19 million is to dispose ol accumulated stocks of the local leal Balmaccda denied newspaper re ports saying there was secrecy betlind the proposal to import. He said there were no hush-hush talks in the discussiun of the leal importation plan. The best interest of the tobacco industry and the national economy, m: said, was the top consideration behind th.: move to import leal tobacco. Balmaceda, who is also chairman ot the National Economtc Council, said that importation is the only immediate solution ol the government's tobacco ~tock disposal. He said ACCFA and PVTA owe the Central Bank P26U million amt unless this will be paid back sooner or later, the continued implementation of the price suppon taw may be adversely affected. Commenting on the move to scrap the price support law, Balmaceda said the Philippine flue· cured tobacco industry is giving benefits to more than 5 million people in llokandia who, other· Page 8-A CORNELIO BAl.MACEDA PVTA Chairma11 wise, would have added tremen· dously to the gO\crnment's unem. ploymcnt problem. Besides, he said the industry is contributing P\ 30-mi\\ion to the government an· nual\y in the form of specific taxes alone. lf they scrap the price support law, he said, they would be killing the goose that lays the golden eggs. Balmaceda admits there arc several problems confronting the ;obacco industry, one of which is the delay in the release of trading tunds by the Ccmrat Bank. As a result, he observed, this time clemnct is being taken advantage of by unscrupulous middlemen, so much so that the small-time farm· ers are forced to sell their produce even at prices \'ery much lower than the government's price support. Jn order to give small-time farmers the full benefit of the Ia\\", Balmaceda said the PVTA board has ~tartl!d discussing plans of gi\ing liberal loans to farm..::rs during har\est-time so that thev (farmers) cmdd keep their pro· ducc until the Central Bank releases funds for trading operations. Thi1> is the only way of emancipating farmers from the clutche.'> of exploiting middlemen, Balmaceda said. Balmaeeda deplored the general misconception that the public has on the tobacco industry. lie said the industry is not subsidized. Price support and subsidy arc two different things, he said. lie defined subsidy as support given to an industry without that particular industry's worrying about giving back that help. The Philippine flue-cured industry is financed by funds borrowed from the Central Bank. Sooner or later, Balmaceda said, the amount, including interests, will be paid back to the bank. How could the tobacco industry be subsidized? There is no word about a subsidy charter. Balmaceda was appointed by President Macapagal as acting chairman of the PVTA board con· currently with his duties as NEC chairman My appointment here is welcome for two reasons, he said. For one thing, this would afford him an opportunity to come closer to pCO· pic with whom he belongs and for another, he would have a chance to help "in my own humble way" stabilize the Philippine flue-cured tobacco industry. Balmaceda expressed confidence on the move of the PVTA to ex· ( Co11timted on page 22-A) SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 ILOCOS NORTE FEDERATION OF FACOMAS (INFECA) BATAC, !LOCOS NORTE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mr. MIGUEL G. CASTRO ...... . Atty. HERMINIGILDO PRIETO Mr. LEON Q. VERANO . Mr. SANTIAGO ESPIRITU Mr. FULGENCIO J. LUIS Mr. LUIS E. MATA Mr. RAYMUNDO CRISOSTOMO Mr. CELEDONIO VIERNES Mr. LORENZO B. ULEP . Mr. LEONARDO VELASCO Atty. FRANCISCO E. POBRE Mr. VICENTE SORIANO Mr. BASILIO BALILING . Atty. JUAN F. ECHIVERRI ....... President ..................... Vice-President Board Member ......... Board Member .......... Board Member Board Member ............................... Board Member ....... Board Member Board Member Board Member Board Member Board Member Board Member Board Member MANAGERIAL STAFF Mr. FILEMON E. PASCUA Mr. JUSTINO GALANO . Mr. FELIPE B. INOCENCIO Mr. JOSE B. PIEDAD Miss ESPERANZA M. ABADILLA Miss MARCELINA C. BACUD Mr. ESTEBAN C. COLOMA . Mr. CORAZON L. CAMPILLA Mr. PATROCINIO H. CABEL Mr. ROSENDO RAGUINDIN Mr. RECTO E. CID . More Power To Manager Secretary Treasurer Warehouseman Bookkeeper .................................. Clerk . Stock Clerk & Guard . .. Driver-Mechanic Driver-Mechanic ....... Driver-Mechanic Representative PHILIPPINE VIRGINIA TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION from FARMERS' VIRGINIA TOBACCO REDRIERS. INC. KHAKI & REO REDRYING ' WAREHOUSING ' CIGARETTE MANUFACTURER PRODUCERS' MARKETING ' IMPORT ' EXPORT 7th Floor M~nhattan Building, Nueva St., M1nila, Philippines Tel. Nos. 1·89·61 & 4·7.5·81 Ctb!e "FAII'ITOR" P. 0. Box 1489 Pl1nt and Factory: CAlUMBAYA, BAUANG, LA UNION, PHiliPPINES Page 9-A 'TilE ADV AN'TAGES OF EARLY P L A NTIN G In almost all phases of Virginia culture and flue-cured we find mistakes and malpractices one way or another. These faults arc recurrently proven to be detrimental in the production of quality Virginia tobacco in spite of the existing conditions necessary lor quality production. One factor which hinders the production of quality Virginia tobacco is late planting. During late han•est season, heavy and continuous rains in late March to mid-April bring the nematode and cchvorm population to unpreccndcnted proportions. Frog-eye disease is stimulated by overcast. Humid conditions and other spot infections are spread by continuous By ADOLFO T. MAKIL early rains. This hazard results in poor curing especially to the leaves primed during the downpours. Undetermined qua ntities of tobacco are left to waste in the field. A great quantity ot frog-eye and mosaic-infested leaves are graded very low by FaCoMas. All these can be avoided if fa rmers start planting early. A crop grown under the best possible conditions will ta ke at least 120 days from transplanting to the last day of reaping. Beginning mid-February, higher rates of temperature a rc expected and the a tmosphere becomes drier. As a result , the possibility of fungus infection such as frog-eye, ant hracnose, rust, brow n spot, root rot , scabs, sore shanks, stem rots, fusarium wilt and black shank is very remote. Tobacco planted after the first half of February has the worst possible conditions for good growth and the least possibility of turning out into quality tobacco. The dry weather that is usually expe rienced · in February does not give the improvement expected. Root system arc stunted from lack of soil moisture and the possibility of infestation with nematodes and cehvorms is very great because of the unsanitary water which is normally but unknowngly applied to the plants. Late harvest is another disad(Colltitw ed ou page 26-A) GOLDEN HARVEST TOBACCO PLANTERS ASSOCIATION, INC. NARVACAN, !LOCOS SUR President-Manager .......................................... MELENCIO V. MANANSALA, JR. Secretary-Treasurer Atty. JOSE V. MANANSALA Atty. FRANCISCO D. VI LLANUEVA Page 10-A Warehouseman Grader AITY. JOSE V. MANANSALA BOARD OF DIRECTORS Atty. CESA~ BLANKAS Mr. MELENCIO V. MANANSALA, JR. M rs. LUCINA MENDOZA Mr. LICERIO PERALTA ............... Mr. NICOLAS 'CORPUZ SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 I I The Seed Fun> Demon$trat1on of 6atac (!locos Norte ) ProCoM,, Inc. to produce good 1Uds for diotribution to f,.mer members to Improve the quality and quantity of Virginia Tobacco, with Mr. l eon Verano, ProCoMa Manager and Mr. Jultino Galano, ProCoM~ President, showing an improved variety of Virginia tobacco with the application of the proper amount of fertiliter. Soil analysis ll being done in the ProCoMe soils laboratory which they have est•blished for the improvement of the quality and quaollity of harvel!. MORE POWER TO PHILIPPINE VIRGINIA TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION from Batac Tobacco Farmers' Association, Inc. BATAC !LOCOS NORTE KHAKI & RED GREETINGS TO PHILIPPINE VIRGINIA TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION from Narvacan Tobacco Planters' Association, Inc. NARVACAN ILOCOS SUR Page 11-A I~ Mena9"r Leon 0 . Ver~no of tile Batac ProCoMa, Inc delivers llis speech on tile occasion of tile inauguration of the Batac Soils Labor~tory on February 12, 1962. Dr. Ricordo T. Marfori, Director of the Bureau of Soilo, was tile 9uest spe~ker. Oath·taking of the members of the Board of Di reclort of tile lloco• Norte Federation of Cooperative Marketing Aosociitions. OUR FLUE·CURED TOBACCO OUTLOOK Today, the Philippmes can take pride in her eighth position among the free nations producing Virginia leaf tobacco. Yet, it is clnimed that our Virginia leaf possesses fine qualities for the manufacture of cigarettes which could compare with foreign brands. Our studies of the world free market for flue-cured leaf show that the United States, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Canada, and India practically dominate the world tobacco trade. The United States supplies one-third of the estimated I .4 billion pounds world consumption. The other three top producers have ready markets in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries. Our country's share is very negligible. This becomes possible through barter of the low·grade type under existing laws. Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, South Korea and Japan arc now also producing big quantities of Virginia leaf tobacco. Indonesia maintains a quasi-government agency in \Vest Germany handling the sale of her Virginia leaf in Germany and other European countries. The tobacco business in Taiwan and Thailand is a government monopoly. These Asian countries import high grade Virginia tobacco from the United States under the United States Aid Program or Public Law 480 allowing them to pay with their local currencies. The quality and price of our Vir· ginia leaf arc not yet known in these areas. Is there any chance for further expansion of our local Virginia leaf tobacco industry which has grown to its present giant proportions? Objectively speaking, there are many factors to reckon with, many problems to solve. All Virginia leaf tobacco-producing countries are confronted with the common problem of surplus stock disposal so that the expansion of their indus1961 annual meeting of G• limuyod F1CoMa. Pru ident Alfonoo Makil i• at tilt micropllone. tries is as urgent and necessary, Page 12-A SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 Consequently, our local industry faces a very stiff competition. The establishment of the European Economic Community or Common Market and the European Free Trade Association with the view to abolishing over a certain period tariffs and other trade ob stacles away their members and their .colonies will greatly affect the flue-cured leaf imports and exports in Europe and Asia. The Fe deration of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Canada and India are benefilled by these agreements and being nearer to the European markets have a distinct advantage over the Philippines. The six m..:mbers of the EEC are Belgium, Luxemburg, France, Netherlands, Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy. The EFTA comprises the countres of Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. Our local cigarette factori!!S may agitate for the lifting of the ban on the importation of Unit!!d States flue-cured leaf for blending purposes. A problem may arise when these factories will run out of stock of imported leaf. For they have to maintain the high quality of their products which can be made possible only through proper blending of fine tobacco in order to remain in business. Other problems of our local Virginia leaf industry which could hamper its development and expansion are: I) non-competitive prices. 2) high costs of production and overhead, 3) unscientific methods of culture, production, and conservation, 4) need for better classification and grading in accordance with world standards, 5) need for sufficient capital investment, 6) need for effective marketing system, 7) need for realistic government policies on foreign exchange and trade, 8) need for sustained and vigorous market surveys and sales promotion activities, KHAKI & RED Personnel of laoag FaCoMa lo~f cor>f~b M Filipir>~• Hotel. 9) need for unity, cooperation, and support of all segments of the industry, and 10) need for an efficient, honest, and effective administration of the government's buying and selling programs. The future of our local Virginia leaf depends to a large extent on the obiective solutions of these problems and better trade relationship with other countries. We cannot hope for a bright prospect of our Virginia leaf unless these obstacles are removed. Considering the impact of the industry to the economic and social life of the nation, all segments of the industry should join forces to bolster its advancement under the leadership of PVTA. Page 13-A TOBACCO COUNCIL REACTIVATED Production of Quality Leaf Underscored A move to unite the various segments of the local Virginia tobacco industry into one compact body was pushed through with the reactivation of the Philippine Vir· ginia Tobacco Council recently at the Filipinas Hotel. The PVTC \vas first organized in 1960 but became inacth·e after the initial meeting of its members composed of PVTA top oflicials and executives of cigarcllc manufacturing firms and rcdrying plants. The council acts as a consulta· tive body to adYise the PVTA board and management on matters affecting the Virginia tobacco industry. A large group of cigarette manufacturers and rcdrier-contractors was present during the luncheonconference. They traded views with PVTA officials on how to effect the early disposal of the nation's mounting surplus tobacco stocks. Director Nicomedes T. Rupisan, chairman of the PVTA board's permanent committee on public relations, welcomed the delegates. He stressed the vital role that the council can do toward the stabilization of one of the country's top money-making industries. Speaking o( cooperation as a means of achie\'ing the objectives of the PVTA, general manager Eduardo Banana! appealed to cigarette manufacturers to. cooperate with the government in the early disposal of the nation's increasing flue-cured tobacco stocks. Banana! .:tlso appealed to redriercontractors to cooperate with the PVTA in stamping out anomalous practices in the redrying plants. Crescente Casis, PVTA chief of the research and statistics division, emphasized the need of establishing an international market for the Philippine flue-cured tobacco and deplored the lack of effective sales promotions abroad. Speaking in behalf of cigarette manufacturers, Ralph Nubia, president of the St. Louis Tobacco Corporation, urged the production of quality Virginia tobacco, which he said is the sole means by which the Philippines can establish a foreign market (or local flue-cured tobacco. CABUGAO FARMERS' COOPERATIVE MARKETING ASSOCIATION, INC. CABUGAO, ILOCOS SUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mr. JOVENC\0 S. SOMERA Mr. REMlGlO SAEM Dr. CRESENCIO S. AZCUETA Mr. FELIX BRACEROS Mr. BRAULIO SERNA Board Members Mr. CESARIO GARCIA Dr. MARlA R. JARA Mr. JUAN SISTOZ.ll, MANAGERIAL STAFF .. President Vice-President Mrs. JUANITO S. SALARZON Mr. JUAN PULA II Mr. NEMESIO SUERO Mr. Pacifico S. Sonico ..................... Manager Miss Leonora A. Somera .............. Sales Clerk Mr. Benjamin C. Pajarillo Sec.-Treas. Mr. Jesus Pao;:is . Plant Mechanic Mr. Emiliano S .Sabaiigan Warehouseman Mr. Patrocinio Siababa ..... Asst. Plant Mech . Mrs. Editha S. Rabe Bookkeepe~ Mr. Eusebio Escalona . Lineman-Eiec'n Mr. Francisco S. Seguban Chief Clerk Miss Rufina S. Serna ................. Bill Collector Miss Adelina R. Manantan Asst. Bookkeeper Mr. Crispulo Salamanca Messenger-Janitor Miss Caridad C. Arcebal .... General Clerk Mr. Amparo Segui .......... Night Watchman Miss Marcela S. Sonico . Storekeeper Mr. Julian Somera II .......... Night Watchman Attys. BENJAMIN SOMERA & EFREN S. UBUNGEN Legal Counsels P~ge 14·A SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 PVTA Head Sees NEW FUTURE FOR PI TOBACCO A bright outlook for Philippinegrown Virginia tobacco, was seen by· Eduardo Banana!, general manager of the Philippine Virginia Tobacco Administration. In an interview. Banana! pointed to the opening of a new foreign market for the leaf as a result of President Macapagal's decontrol policy. He said that, with this new development, the government can now reasonably expect to clear its huge stockpile of tobacco. This would be a further argument against a congressional mO\'C to withdraw price support from tht! Virginia tobacco industry. As it is, Banana! stressed, the industry is more than paying back to the government in terms of taxes every centavo disbursed for price support. While every year the government pours some P60 million into the industry, some Pl30 million in taxes is collected from smokers of Virginia-blend cigareues. At the same time, about $30 million in foreign exchange that formerly went to the importation of foreign cigarettes through legitimate trade channels has been saved. Alluding to the new foreign market that the decontrol program has opened for Philippine Virginia tobacco, Banana\ recalled that in previous years, the high support prices for the industry had kept the local leaf out of the world market. Today, the situation has changed drastically for the better. While maintaining the same support prices, it is now possible to realize more pesos from the same amount of dollars brought in by leaf exports, Banana\ said. Explaining the situation, Bn.nanal cited the poorest grades of Virginia leaf produced by Filipino farmers. These are Grades D and E, which are sold at an everage of P2.49 a kilo ex-warehouse In France and Germany, American tobacco of similar grade (Types 11-14) sells for thirty-five cents (US) a pound, or seventyseven cents (US) a kilo. At that price and making allowance for the 20 per cent exported would ft:tch P2.71. These figures should allow sufficient margin for freight GALIMUYOD FACOMA, INC. GALIMUYOD, \LOCOS SUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mr. ANSELMO D. MAKIL Mr. EUSEBIO MADAMBA _ President ................. Vice-President Atty. LEONIDAS TILAN Mr. FRANCISCO ESPANTO Mr. MIGUEL BANANSAN Mr. JUANITO LANGOEY MEMBERS Mr. MARIANO VALDEZ Mr. NICOLAS TUDAYAN Mr. FEDERICO TEOFILO Mr. MARCELINO QUIDANGEN Mr. CESARIO BUGARIN MANAGERIAL STAFF Mr. Santiago Makil Manager Me. Santos A. Domingo .. Sec.-Treasurer Mr. Andres Q. Fermi\ . . . .. Bookkeeper Me. Napoleon M. Tilan Asst. Bookkeeper Mr. Marcelino Talladen ............ General Clerk Me. Domingo Langoey . Janitor Mr. Felix Garcia . .. .. ...................... Driver Me. Domingo Banay Driver Mr. Benedicta Ru-bang ................ Truck-Helper Me. Bernardo Dongalen . .......... Warehouseman Mr. Elpidio Formoso .................... Chief Grader Me. Bonifacio Sapongen ... Weigher Mr. Pedro Dugal ... Weigher KHAKI & RED Page 15-A The Philippine Virginia . (Continued from page 3-A) a level sufficient to cover the co!:ot of production plus reasonable profit both in the local as w~ll as in the foreign market; 3. Create, establish, maintain, and operate processing, warehou'>ing, and marketing facilities if suitable centers and super\'isc the selling and buying of flue-cured Virginia tobacco so that the farmers will enjo yreasonable prices that secure a fair return of their investments; 4. Prescribe rules and regulations governing the grading, classifying, and inspecting of fluecured Virginia tobacco, and 5. Improve the living economic conditions of the people engaged in the tobacco industrv. The PVTA is also gi-ven the following specific powers: I. Take over and assume, and thereafter exclusively direct, supervise, and control, all functions and operations with respect to the .. PVTA bond;,., 011• of its reg.,lu oeuions. proce.:.!>ing, wan:hou.:.ing, and tra<.ling of flue-cured Virgima tobau.:o, the provisions of any cxbting law to the !.:Ontrary notwith!>tanding. 2. Buy flue-cured Virginia tobacco grown in the Philippines [or OUR UNSTINTED SUPPORT to the SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROGRAM OF PRESIDENT MACAPAGAL and to the PHILIPPINE VIRGINIA TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION VIRGINIA TOBACCO PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OF PAOAY, INC. PAOAY BOARD OF DIRECTORS: MR. CONSTANCIO DIAZ SR. MISS BARBARA SIO .. . MR. FELIS TRINIDAD . ...... . MR. FLORENDO GALARSE .. MR. PACIFICO CLEMENTE MR. DAMASO BUGARIN .. MR. RODRIGO GALARSE . Page 16-A ........ President _ Vice-President . Director ..... ..... Director ..... .. Director .......... Director .. ........ Director I LOCOS NORTE MANAGERIAL STAFF: MR. CONSTANCIO DIAZ JR ............. Manager MR. PRIMO SIO ................ . .. Sec-Treasurer MISS ROSARIO PADAMADA ...... Bookkeeper MR. BENJAMIN SADUMIANO Warehouseman MISS NATIVIDAD COLLADO . Chief GradP.r MR. CONRAOO DADOY _ . Messenger MR. FELIZARDO PACARIEM .. Guard SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 resale to local bona fide tobacco manufacturers and tobacco dealers; 3. Give priority in the purchase ol the flue-cured Virginia tobacco that arc sold through farmers' coopcrati\c marketing associations, or federations thereat, dealing principally in flue-cured Virginia tobacco, or any 100 percent Filipino tirm or corporation the majority ol the stocks of which are owned by said farmers' cooperati\·e marketing associations, or dcferat ions thereof, locally-grown lluc-cured Virginia tobacco either through direct sale or barter; {Barter of ... PVTA officials confer with redrier-conlraclors and cigareUe manuflclurers. t locally-grown Virginia leaf tobacco for foreign grown flue-cured Virginia tobacco or its manufactured products is not allowable. Only such locally-grown Virginia tobacco as cannot be sold profitably in dollars may be bartered.) 4. Gi\·e priority in the usc o( facilities, equipment, trucking service, warehouses, processing plants (Continued 011 page 22-A) BADOC VIRGINIA TOBACCO GROWERS' ASSOCIATION KHAK I & REO BOARD OF DIRECTORS President Vice President Secretary . PEDRO D. CAJIGAL PEDRO CAINDEC JUAN RODR lGUEZ MEMBERS ANTONIO BALDONADO FELIX SEURANA JOVENCIO NAHOR JULIO DAGMANG TEODORO DAGMANG ERNESTO PADA QUIRINO TABALBAG MANUEL VERTIDO MANAGERIAL STAFF PEDRO D. CAJIGAL JUAN LLANA . ClRlACO RODRIGUEZ CRESENCIO PEREZ . FRED PALAFOX . President-Manager Treasurer ......... Warehouseman Bookkeeper Clerk Paga 17-A The present production trends of flue-cured Virginia leaf tobacco resulting in the accumulation of n tremendous surplus stock purchased with government funds has given rise to the need of opening and promoting our tobacco export trade. This solution is certainly more profitable than cutting Ciown production to the level of domestic consumption. This is so because overpopulation can be converted into a veritable dollar producing industry •'provided that the Philippine Virginia flue-cured tobacco leaf produced is up to the quality standards of competitive exportable tobacco and the markets are found." This need for the development of foreign markets for our tobacco is based and bolstered by the fact that flue-cured Virginia leaf tobacco produced in the Philippines h~s a quality potential which, if developed, can profitably and safely compete with the best flue-cured chanism which have proved to be economically unsound, a great deal of effort and adjustments must be exerted before our flue-cured to· bacco foreign trade become a growing concern. Which means that our tobacco should be a permanent element in the blend 0f cigarette brands in other countries. There is also a need for a sincere appraisal of the economic position of the Virginia tobacco industry in the Philippines, the beneficial and also the harmful effects of the price support law which Drought the industry into prominence, and should cause no material loss to the government. Our goals should take into consideration the law of supply and demand which makes for a sound and healthy national tobacco program. There must be a recognition that we do not intend to make government warehouses the ultimate market for as has been stated by Ervin Peterson, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture They say that the export market is the world, for practically every country in the world imports some leaf tobacco. A number of important markets, such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries, and Ireland do not produce tobacco and import all their requirements. Many other countries, including: West Germany, France, Australia, Austria, New Zealand, and Switzerland, import a large proportion of their tobacco needs. A considerable group of countries like India, Italy, and Japan import tobacco for blending purposes. The conditions obtaining in the market is highly competitive both with respect to price and quality because production of the flue· cured tobacco has increased tremendously within the last few years. New competitors have appeared in the market threatening to dislodge traditional exporters like the United States which has Problems of The Virginia Tobacco Export Trade tobacco produced in other countries. This view was emphasized categorically by Elia Salzman, an international tobacconist. He said: "From the above study, we conclude that in the visited areas (with some exceptions) conditions are very fa\'orable for production of the very good quality Virginia type flue-cured tobacco, for which there could be a ready demand in the European and other marke~s of the world." The same view and findings are shared by James Love, a Virginia tobacco technician of thirty years experience, a United Nations expert on the subject and former consultant to the PVTA. He said that Virginia tobacco pro· duced in the Philippines possesses quality characteristics of high aroma and flavor which can approximate that of the United States. However, in \•iew of the pre,•ailing conditions in the Philippines especially with respect to produc· tion, cullure and marketing mt:· Page 18-A By GIL E. TABIJE of the Onited States, ''what the government can give, government can take away." Any industry is in a perilous position when a significant part of its income depends upon artificial economy - and when this in turn depends on the legislative process. We must be of the conviction that price subsidy law is only neces!';ary when adverse conditions occur in production and the farmers do not get a reasonable margin for their investment. The conditions obtaining in the world markets should be presented and analyzed to be the basis for whatever corrective and construrtive action we may take. This will lead us to the inescapable study of the factors which influence and modify market behavior, the problems which the major exporting countries arc encountering in maintaining their markets. These considerations will surely affect our export venture. felt a decrease of her markets. The competitive factors which directly affect and influence mar· ket behavior are quality, price, and governmental action by foreign markets in the form of economic and political alliances. These factors have served in making much of the world not a free market of tobacco. Quality is a very strong factor in determining market demand and structure. In the leaf tobacco, trade quality may be measured in different terms. To the ' ultimate consumer, quality is measured in terms of the satisfaction and enjoyment the smoker gets in smoking a particular brand of cigarette. This in turn is primarily determined by the leaf tobacco used in the manufacture. To the manufacturer or broker, quality refers to the variety and grade of leaf tobacco. The smoker has no idea as to the blend used in the (COIIIinued Ot! page 22-A) SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 Eastern Cabugao Virginia Tobacco Producers' Corporation CABUGAO, ILOCOS SUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS President. Vice-President MATIAS CASTILLO VICTORIO SAJOR SALUSTIANO SIRUNO JESUS AQUINO MANUEL CASTILLO BENJAMIN SAJOR GREGORIO SAGNEP TEODORO BRACEROS MANAGERIAL STAFF Manager ALEJANDRO SAJOR Secretary.Warehousem~n FLORENTINO SUETOS MAGDALENA C. SAJOR Bookkeeper FRANCISCO S. CRUZ Asst. Bookkeeper HONORATA A. DE LA CRUZ Grader-Weigher . ERLINDA SOCIAS Sinait (I. Sur) FaCoMa, Inc. SINAIT, ILOCOS SUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS Atty. ULPIANO I. CAMPOS Mr. PEDRO I. IBARRA . Mr. TEOFILO YADAO Mr. FEDERICO FARII\IAS Mr. ALFONSO AGSALOG Mr. JOSE TUMBAGA President Vice-President Mr. PEDRO IDICA Mr. JUSTO IPAC Mr. FELIX ILORETA Mr. ALEJANDRO YADAO Mr. AUGUSTO T. IBAI\IEZ . Mr. BERNABE C. ANUNCIACION Miss ADELAIDA CALIBOSO . Mr. ARSENIO CABACUNGAN Manager Sec.-Treasurer Bookkeeper .. Warehouseman Janitor Mr. CATALINO REYNON KHAK I & RED Eastern Narvacan Virginia Tobacco Planters, Inc. NARVACAN, ILOCOS SUR Capt GUILLERMO C. SUPNET President Mi•s LEONORA CORRALES Mrs. IRENE CORRALES FEDERICO CORRALES Mr. PEDRO SUPNET MANAGERIAL STAFF Mr. MAGNO CORRALES Mr. ENRIQUE CORRALES Mr. ANTOLIN M. AGLIPAY Mr. DIONISIO SUPNET Miss PRIMITIVA SUPNET Mr. ELISEO LAPUTAN . Manager Secretary-Treasurer Bookkeeper Weigher Grader Warehouseman BATAC NORTHEASTERN TGA, INC. BATAC, !LOCOS NORTE ISIDRO R. BALTAZAR ROSARIO B. BUMANGLAG BASILIO LOLINCO MARIA PASARILLO REMIGIO PASARILLO TIMOTEA GALACGAC FABIAN LAPAT MANAGERIAL STAFF ROSARIO BUMANGLAG BASILIO LOLINCO TIMOTEA GALACGAC . ARTEMIO BUSTO ANTONIA URANI FELIZA L. MONGE President Vice-President Member Member Member Member Manager Secretary Warehouseman Bookkeeper-Clerk Representative Page 19-A MANAGEMENT SURVEY UNDERWAY PVTA's unrelenting campaign to promote efficient performance of PVTA funct ions and activities continues as management directed the organization of a Survey Team. The sur\'cy will undertake an ex!Cnsivo.: review and evaluation of all aspects and areas of PVTA organization and operations and adopt recommendations and measures to improve over-all performance. The Plans and Programs Office has been assigned to undertake over-all supervision and coordination of the survey team. The management survey shall include the following: I. Organization 2. Redrying plant operations 3. Sales Promotions 4. Financing operations 5. Field Operations General M ~na~r Bananal givu on-the-spot lecture at red rying plinl. 6. Administrative Operations further improvements in the per· General Manager Eduardo Ba· formance of PVTA functions and nanal disclosed tha t the most activities to achieve its corporate important feature of the survey goals and mission at the least team is its mission of effecting possible cost. Sinait Virginia Tobacco Planters' Association, Inc. LAOAG FARMERS' COOPERATIVE MARKETING ASSOCIATION, INC. 42 BONIFACIO ST, LAOAG, ILOCOS NORTE SINAIT, ILOCOS SUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS LEONARDO DAYOAN ALFONSO IPALARI LOP.I:TO REMOLACIO GREGORIO MORALES '1ANAGERIAL STAFF ANDRES S $AVELlA ONOFRE BAUTISTA Page 20-A President Vice-President Manager Grader Weigher Laaf Tobacco Da1ler, Sub•idized fert ilizer Distributor, Supplier of f arm Chen•ical•, Garlic & Onion Dealer, Poultry & Swine f eed Di•tributor, Dry Goods ~eliiler & Da1ler of Other hrm Products. FULGENCIO J. LUIS APOLONIC DEL ROSARIO FLORENTINO TAMAYO SAHAGUN Vice-President Secretary-Treasurer MEMBERS Of THE BOARD ATIY ALBERTO SUGUITAN MR. VICTOR PAULINO MR. MODESTO JOSE MR. QUIR INO DUMLAO MR. TIMOTEO BERNARDINO M R. FEDERICO TOLENTINO MR. PEDRO P. ANDRES M R. FAUSTINO REYES MR . SEVE RO GARO SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 PVTA May Participate in World Tobacco Fair Nyasalan which is sponsoring the fair. The Philippine Virginia Tobacco Admini~tration may participate in the First International Tobacco Trade Congress to be held in SaliSbury, Southern Rhodesia, on March 6 to 10 next year. This developed recently even a" inquiries such as size of area for staging exhibits for delegates, fees, length and form of paper to be submitted, have been sent by the PVTA to the Tobacco Export Promotion Council of Rhodesia and General Manager Eduardo Banana! said that a t least 5 delegates will be sent to the tobacco congress should the plan matcnalize. He recommends a delegate each from the farmers group, redriercontractors group, cigarette manufacturers group, exporters-importers group and 3 delegates from the PVTA. gain a deeper insight of the world flue-cured tobacco situation, thus broadening their perspective of tobacco management. In effect, he said, their experiences will result in a possible world-wide expansion of the local industry. Banana! said that participation to world fairs is only one of his programs of promoting the sale of surplus Philippine tobacco which has reached astronomical proportions. He also said that delegates will llocos Sur-Abra Federation of Facomas, Inc. MAGSINGAL, ILOCOS SUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS HIGINIO T FARit'.iAS CONSTANTINO SOMERA JOVENCIO SOMERA AMBROSIO ANIN ANSELMO MAKIL BERNARDINO ABELLERA Prnidem 1st Vice-President 2nd Vice-President Jrd Vke-P~sident Atty. ARTEMIO CARit'IO IGNACIO MANZANO FRANCISCO CAL1P MANAGERIAL FORCE MONICO UGAL!NO CECILIO PASCUA MELECIO UNICO JUANITO BENZON Secretary-Treasurer Bookkeeper Warehouseman Welcome Toniglu and Every Night CLUB RIO The Choice For a Ricl1cr Evening Entertainment • FAMILY COCKTAIL ROOM- For the elitt • FOOO - Your slullng delight • ORINK- Only the best Olongapo, Zambales Telephone' 1141 KHAKI & RED llocos Virginia Tobacco Development Corporation TAYAC, BANTAY, ILOCOS SUR LEONARDO N. SANIDAD President FELIPE U. LIQUETE Manager CARLINA R. FORMOSO Treasurer LEONOR SANIDAD JR. Secretary ROSARIO SANIDAD Chief Grader and Weigher SERAPIO RABARA Warehouseman join us and have fun at SHAMROCK CLUB 44 Magsayuy Orive, Olongapo, Zamba!es, Philippines Wine * Women * Music Floor Show Every Pay Day Page 21·A Problems of the Virginia ... (Comimtec/ from page IR-A) manufacture of the cigarette being smoked. 1n the mind of the manufacturer, therefore, the most important consideration is where to find this particular grade and variety. A demand is therefore created which gives back to the farmer or producer. Generally, however, quality leaf tobacco which is needed by importing countries and on the basis of discussions of leading manufacturers it comes from "well matured, ripe, grainy and flavorful tobacco with high aroma." This is the reason why the major exporting countries have doubled their efforts on more effective reaserch, better varieties, and improve cultural practices and grading which raises quality to competitive growths. Their tobacco institutes are turning out tobacco specialists to the extent that :1 grower is a specialist in the tobacco growing. In the Philippines, current statistics will prove that quality has been sacrificed for quantity in such a manner that the high quality produced may not even be enough for our domestic consumption. In truth, we are indeed very far behind the countries which we hope to compete with in the scientific and cultural methods of production. And this is the main and crucial problem - the disposition of a huge amount of low-grade tobacco stored in government warehouses. We need to initiate, therefore, a well-defined and directed research and development program which will lower production costs and raise the margin of profit to the farmer and legitimate businessmen. This aspect has been sadly neglected. We have not even viewed a program of training our own Virginia tobacco specialists as contrasted with other smaller industries which have their own training centers or institutes. The other factor is price. h is fundamental that when a price for a given commodity is high, the purchaser looks for other markets Page 22-A Ba lmaceda Explains ... (Continued from page 8-A) plore the world markers as a realistic means of disposing stock piles of the local leaf. The local leaf, he said, can compare favorably with those produced anywhere in the world and, in some respects, are even better than those produced in the United States. The acting board chairman urged all employees to work with a sense ol mission. You are not here merely to work with a sense of mission. You are not here merely to do typerit ing jobs, or to earn a living, but you are here to help build a cathedral, he said. The cathedral, according to him, is the stabilization of the local flue-cured tobacco industry and the improvement of the national economy. The cooperation is nnly as strong as its weakest link, he emphasized. About a hundred officials and employees were present during the "asalto" party. from which to buy l1is needs. And when he could get it from other sources grade for grade then we could sell our products. In the virgini.:t leaf tobacco trade, prices must be in accordance with that of the world market. This is very essential to a country whose product is st ill untested and not in demand. Last year, se"eral West German tobacco manufacturers came to survey conditions obtaining in the Philippines. They were willing to buy low-grade flue-cured tobacco. Unfortunately however, no sale was consummated because the price was too high and the same grade can be bought at lower prices from other countries. We must not forget that there is a need to undersell in order to capture the market so that when the quality of our Virginia tobacco is well established and highly demanded, prices may go up. Manufacturers will keep Philippine markets because our tobacco has become a permanent element in their blends. The Phil ippine Virginia .. . (CoPJiimwd from page 17-A ) and machineries owned or operated by farme rs' cooperative marketing associations, or federations thereof, dealing principally in Virginia leaf tobacco, or any 100 percent Fi lipino firms or corporation the majority of the stoc k~ of which arc owned by said farmers' cooperati\'e marketing association~. or federations thereof, to carry out its purposes; 5. Develop and expand the domestic and foreign markets for flue-cured Virginia tobacco, its products and by-products in order to promote and expand production of flue-cured Virginia tobacco, its products and by-products. 6. Grant loans and credits on reasonable terms, for trading purposes, to farmers' cooperative marketing associations or federations thereof, dealing principally in Virginia leaf tobacco, or any 100 percent Filipino firm or corporation the majority of the stocks of which are owned by said farmers' cooperative marketing associations or federations thereof, whenever it deems such loans necessary; (Interest docs not exceed seven per cent per annum.) 7. Emer into, make and execute contracts of any kind as may be necessary or incidental to the attainment of its purposes with any person, firm, or corpomtion, with the Government of the Philippines or with any foreign government, subject to existing Jaws; 8. Promote, foster, and encourage the organization of cooperativ.! associations among tobacco planters, producers or dealers in fluecured Virginia tobacco-prqducing regions in collaboration wiih the ACCFA; and 9. Do any and all such other things as may be necessary or incidental to the attainment of its purposes. On January 11, 1960, the PVTA was formally established with the appointments of the Board of Directors composed of the Chairman and six ( 6) members and the Gen(Colltiwted on page 24-A) SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 GREETINGS to the BATAC PHILIPPINE VIRGINIA TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION BATAC CONSOLIDATED FACOMAS I LOCOS NORTE CENTRAL VIRGINIA TOBACCO PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OF BATAC, INC. Atty. JULIAN Q . CHUA Dr. ZACAR lAS AOlGAN . BAT AC, !LOCOS NORTE BOARD OF DIRECTORS President ......................................... Vice-President Atty. I SAVAS G. PENEYRA . . ........ ........................................ Manager Mrs. ANITA D. PENEYRA . . ......................................... Treasurer-Secretary Mr. GREGORIO RIGONAN ........................................................................ Director Mrs. PILAR D. FRANCO .......................................................................... Director Miss CONSTANCIA LUMANG .................................................................. Director Mr. JUAN CATUDAN ........................................... ...................................... Director Mrs. FILIPINAS DULDULAO .................................................................. Director Mr. ALFONSO VIERNES . Mr. AMBROSIO DAGUIO MANAGEMENT STAFF .. ...... Director ..... Director Atty. lsayas G. Peneyra .......................... Manager Ora. Anita D. Peneyra . ... Treasurer Mr. Manuel Baclig .................... Bookkeeper Miss Felipa I. Malabed ......................... Secretary Mr. Fernando Benson Clerk Mr. Emiliano D. Quilban ............. Representative Mr. Dominador Q. Querubin Repr~sentative Miss Angela Sagun .................. ................ Grader Miss Ester Mapugay . . ....... Weigher KHAK I & RED Page 23-A The Philippine Virginia ... (Continued from page 22-A) era\ Manager and Assistant General Manager. The six fl ue-cured Virginia tobacco-producing provinces are duly represented in the agency's governing body. The establishment of the PVTA remO\·ed from the ACCFA the government's trading program on fluecured Virginia tobacco and transferred it to the new agency. However, the PVTA, by its Charter, is not concerned with the disposal of the Virginia tobacco purchase of the ACCFA. ••. Mro. Macapagal uking a few queslion< about lobacco during 1he lasl Public Relation< WHk held at the GSIS auditorium. It was on January 14, \960 when the PVTA set up its organization, opened its office, recruited personnel and acquired the necessary furniture, equipment, supplies and transportation facilities. The PVTA organizational machinery, aside from the Board of Directors, General Manager, and Assistant General Manager has been subdivided into three (3) major department'>, Batac Tobacco FaJ'mers' Association, Inc. BATAC, ILOCOS NORTE BOARD OF DIRECTORS President Dr. SAULO B. GARGANTA Dr. ANTONIO OOUCAYEN Mr. ALFREDO LAYAOEN Vice-President Mr. GUILLERMO M. CALZADO Mr. FELIX FRANCO Mr. VICTOR LUZOD Mr. CESAR RONDUEN Mr. EFREN SIBUCAO Mr. REGINALDO GAPAS Mr. DOMINADOR QUEVEDO Engr. AGATON ASUNCION MANAGERIAL STAFF Director Director Director Director Director Mr. GUILLERMO M. CALZADO Manager Mr. EFREN SIBUCAO Sox:.Treasurer Miss URSULA RINGOR Sookkeeper Mr. DOMINADOR QUEVEDO Auditor Mr. FERDINAND GARGANTA Warehouseman Miss GLORIA T. SARIAN Clerk-Weigher Mr. DANTE QUEVEDO Computer-Recorder Mrs. PRESES ORTAL Grader Miss CLARITA PAMBID Classifier Miu LUCIA PANGDAN Classifier Miss ILARINA ASUNCION Clu•ifier Mr. ALFREDO LAYAOEN Representative Mr. VICTORtO LUZOD Representative Mr. REGINALDO GAPAS Repre5entative Page 24-A Santa Cruz Farmers' Cooperative ~larketing Association, Inc. SANTA CRUZ, ILOCOS SUR BOARD OF DI RECTORS ANTONIO A. SALES BENJAMIN JANDOC ALEJANDRO LOZANO BERNARDINO SILAPAN JOSE LOPEZ MAXIMIANO CABATU .President Member ARCAOIO MADAYAG (ln&ct<ve) ANTONIO JAVILLONAR (Inactive) CRESENCIO OMAOENG (rnactive) (Inactive) TEODORO C CONTAOI Maneger EUSEBIA M. CUDIAMAT Treasurer ANTONIA B. JOVEN Se.:retary EUSEBIO A. SALES Warehouseman HONORATA CORTEZ Sookkeeper ANTONINA JARAMILLA Clerk SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 Services Department (with :.i• pi'O\incial ofliccs), and :.ix (6) oil ices namely: Plans and Programs Office, Treawry, Accounting Olficc, Legal Office, Administrali\·e Office, and 01/ice of the Corporate Secretary. The Office of the Corporal!.:! Auditor has also been sci up b\ the Auditor General with the support of the PVTA. Unl ike many other government entities, the PVTA does not receive any appropriation for its administrath·e expenses and business OPl'rations from the Government Fund. As envi5ioned, it is a selfsustaining agencv and as provided for by its Charter the Central Bank shall give loans at 2 percent per a nnum to the PVTA for its initial administrathc e'pcnses and for purchases of all locally-grown flue-cured Virginia leaf tobacco (excluding sun dried) which it can sell. The first loan in the amount of P4.5 million was released to the agency on March 21, 1960, for its ... general manoger Banana! look$ ~~ hog$head$ with utidaction. ( Comimted 011 page 27-A) Western Magsingal Virginia Tobacco Producers' Association, Inc. MAGSINGAL, !LOCOS SUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS President Vice-President MARIANO URETA NICOLAS ROL GREGORIO ROL CLEMENTE CASTANEDA ERNESTO TAMAYO OOMINGO URETA MIGUEL VIERNES Director & Sec.-Tre&•vrer MANAGERIAL STAFF GUMERSINDA RUARO Mr. BARTOLOME SEGUI Miss ROSA ROL Mrs. FELIZA R. URETA Mr. MARIANO ROL KHAKI & RED Director Manager Bookkeeper Clerk-Typiu Grader wa.,~hovsemen San Esteban Facoma, Inc. SAN ESTEBAN, !LOCOS SUR Atty. SENEDICTO PACQUING President Mr. FLORENTINO IMPERIAL Mr. GREGORIO ELAYDO Mr. IRENEO CUSTODIO Mr. ANGEL COLIS Mr. BERNARDINO ABELLA Mr. SIMON CASIMIRO Mrs. ELOY D ORPILLA Mr. ARTHUR MENDOZA Mr. FLORENTINO IMPERIAL Mr. ELFREN CASTRO Mr. GREGORIO ESTRADA Mr ADELINO GUZMAN Mr. VIRGILIO AYSON Manager Se<:.-Treuvrer Bookkeeper Weigher Grader Clerk Page 25-A a typical scene of a hnging ramp in the redrying plant. '. ~ .- -... .-; general manager Eduardo Bananal inspects tobacco deliYeriu. Page 26-A The Adv<mtag~s of . (Collli11ued from page 10-A) \antagc ol late plantings. This mcans that a crop plantcd in latc f.:bruary wilt not b.: reapcd until April and will not be finished until sometime in May. II the rains come early in April, one will surely reap tobacco o( very poor quality. The cost of growing tobacco planted late is cxpensi\'c and laborious. Due to c'>cessivc rates of soil moisture e\·aporation, more watering is needed. Weather conditions arc ad\·er..,e to the.: laborers. Result: lcs:> amounl at work is a.:complishcd at the end of each working day. Our records silO\\ a striking dilfcrcncc.: on thc output between the viclds ol late and carl\' plantings. There is a diflcn.:ncc ot 283 kilos per hectare in favor of early planting operation. It is abo common knowledge that "rained" tobacco is inferior to cured lem·es of tobacco plantcd early. Thl' !allowing arl' thl' athantag<:.., ol early pl;:mt ing: ( mid-No\'embct up to December) I The temperature in No\'cmber and December is much colder than in Januarv and Februa1'}. This is ad\';:mlageou.., both to planter\ anJ seedlings. 2. Pest:-, \Uch <"Is grasshoppers, cricket'>, b.lnlids and false wireworm'> arc much less in c\'idcncc during the earlv part of the season. This is parth due to abundam;..: ol young gras" and weeds in th!.! paddies ''her<: these pests feed on. I I is a sad p!.!r~onal C\.pcrience that when I planted in late Januar~ and February, a great numbn of ~!ur dv seedlings was destro~·ed b~ these pests. Tlu.:se pests 'could bc minimized by early preparation which carl\' planting necessitate~. Plowing destrOy'> pests' eggs which arc found some three inches belO\\ the soil surface. 3. Grubs, including eel worm!-. and nematodt::!--, arc at this timl' of car at least 12 inches bdo\\ the surface. By the time they crop up with the increasing moisture, (Cowinued un page 31-A) SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 The Philippine Virgil1ia . . (Colltilluetl from page 24-A) administrative expenses and trading fund~ whic:h were proportionally apportioned to the six prolinccs ba~cd on aY<.~ilablc statistical data. The loans matun.: from two to three years. The PVTA tobacco trading operates \\itb the use of the Management Contract awarded io three ( 3) redriers after a public bidding was conducted. These three rcdricrs arc th~.: Philippine Tobacco Flue-curing and Redrying Corporation (PTFCRC), the Consolidat~:u Tobacco Industries of the Philippines (CTIP), and the Nonlu:rn t.-anners' Exchange, Inc. (NORFEX). Each corporation has distinct and separate Management Contract with the PVTA and were allocated to redrv fifteen ( IS ) million kilos, fi,·e (5) million kilos, and three (3) million kilos of Virginia lea( tobacco, respectiveh·, last year. Under the terms and conditions of the Management Contract the rcdricr, with propc1 11arehouse, procures flue-cured Virginia tobacco for the PVTA from the FaCoMa . ..,, associations, or federations thereof, regil;tered tv trade with the PVTA. The redrier regrades, reclassifies, weighs, redries and packs in hogsheads the Hue-cured tobacco it buys for the PVTA. The PVTA pay~ for the wardtOU'>ing and servicing. The contr<.~ctor abo agrees to buy 40 pt:r cent of the tobacco procure<.! bv him. The ~tanagcmcnt Contract p~·o,·id~s for the pric~ per kilograms of C\"ery grade of luelcured Virginia tobacco lca,·es with which ·the P\TA ~hall rcimbursc' th>! to. bacco procured by each of the thn.'e contracting corporations. The PVTA trading activities for the year 1960-1961 were considered succ.csslul. With the amount of Pl05,126,445.10 loans released by th..:: Central BanK, the agency \\"US able to purchase and redry 39,275,019 kilograms 1alucd at ?99,430,822.78. It paid actuallv an inter..::st in the amount of P142,235.11. This PVTA s tock has to be aged from two to three years before it could KHAKI & RED be sold to the cigaette lactories so that during this period of aging the agency has to depend on Centr<ll Bank loans for its tobacco business. Also the P\'TA extended merchandising loans to FaCoMas and federations engaged in the production and trading of Virginia leaf tobacco and registered \lith the PVTA. The yha\e a total membership of 80,229 farmers and a total authorized capital of Pl4,0l0,147.00; P2,060,085.74 is paid up All these associations and corporations arc located in the six tobacco-producing provinces in northern and central Luzon. As of July 31,1962, the grand total rose from 109 to 273 FaCoMas and oth~r o.ssociations or corporations registered to trade with PVTA. The scrccnin~ of the applications for registration is ,-el!' rigid in order to forestall anomalies. Learning from the pitfalls of past government tobacco trading under the ACCFA, the PVTA took se\·eral courageous steps 10ward improving the clasifying, grading and inspecting of the Virginia leaf tobacco, paying the farmers' crops on time and other phases of the program. Classifiers, inspectors and graders have been trained before they were allowed to perform their jobs. This methods improved to a great extent the clasJ;ifying and grading of the PVTA pmchases. The Philippine Virginia leaf tobacco induJ;try has attained present progressive status because o( the government's price support program. The farmers shifted from rice to tobacco farming because of the high protecti,·e price paid for the flue-cured Virginia tobacco which is considered the mosl unrealistic in the wodd. As a result of overproduction which exceeds the domestic requirements for cigarette manufacture, there exists a large surplus. The industry is young compared to the flue-cured Virginia tobacco industries of the United Stales, Ca· nada, Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and India. These countries arc the major producers and suppliers of flue-cured Virginia tobacco in the free world. However, laboratory tests indicate that the locallygrown flue-cured Virginia tobacco is comparable to its foreign counterparl in aroma, fla\·or, mild(Colltinued on page 28-A) ... New Board members t~ke o"h of office. Page 27-A CCE -A Service Organization The l'hi\ippinr< 1 traditionntl) an u~ri· ill' affcctin~ our rural foiL can lo.: a[!, cultural connlr). But rice farming " ;m \iatcd J,y go•~rnrncnt a,,;_,\ancc throu;:l• indu>IT)' has not r~achcd the dt irl"<l mn- a self-help pro~ram. Thi~ office came tu turit)· b) nhirh our people mi~ht achieH be l..nown a~ the .\CCF.\ (.·\:,:rk<!llUr«l suffiricucy in our rice [>roduction. Thouf(h Credit and Coopcrati'" Financing _\J,,,;. hnrdtoadmit, it isllC\Crthcle>lllnn admilt<d fact that our ~ID]>lc food, production i th,· i<>wc.t in the \\Or!tl "o much <o that \\C are importer' in•tcad of c~portcrs of our major cnca\ ncl'd'. Thi.< ha~ t.._....n a great drain on the national bud~:ct and our dwindling dollar rf:'!INH"S a the bull.. nf importation has reached ~uch proportioth a< to render J>ercnnial foot! •hurta!!C", n~ cc·itatinp; our dr]H.'ndrnc) on lo\\-!(radc ccrea],, mOr(' JH.'cificall) ricc. Our agricultural J>racticc an· n ami,1uatct! that our farmer.' li,inp; comlitiun• and produNion lta,e so ,uffcred a' to great!}· affect our national cC<>nomy .. \n a\era~c farmer in the l'hilippint•, doc< nut 0\\11 the land hc till. llr i a tenant \\ho s]aq· for mmt!wr. \\Orlin,.: a farm of about .l.5 hectare• \\ith the mo-t pri· miti\e of farm implemcnh ami plantin~ ~)•tcm. \lo.l probably he own• a carahao or two for Jllowing purposes ami has only a ~ingle crop hanc't annuall}. The aH"ra~e )ield of his farm is :!7.3 ca,on~ per ht•ctare uml hi• credit facilities arc limited to •ch<'ming uourers and loan >hark• "]"' ,jctimizc the farmin(l; ~cgmcnh of our ociel\. llardly docs an aH~rage farmer ha\r enou~h caoh for hi• hare•! needs a' hi· limited income does not permit much mar· gin after pa)'ing hi' debts and thc ('' horbitant intcre,ts impo.ed on him. \ntl so it i~ a \iciou~ qdc by "hid• our farmers arc un\\illin~; ,·ictims of .t lop>idcd rocial S)Stern from "hich they can not ri.e al>o\c their in•mcdiatc problem~. l'nwantcd pm·ert)· and misery ]•Iague our rural folks gi\ing "akc to the wa.-c~ of ]a\\lC>'ne">, criminalit)- and di..c<mtent that our go,·crnmcnt i,; tr)'ing to chef"k hdorr theya,_umealarmin~: proportion,, .-\lthou!lh thc•c manifold national cri_,_., arc inherent \\ith any l:lfO\\ing rt·public they ~hnuld unerthckss be trcatNI in aeeort!ancc \\ith their apparent pa,·ity. 1\nd ro. an awa· kcned populace became cun,;ciou' of the ta~k at hand aml the crusading ~J>irit rosP totakcnpthechallcngcthatthc]-t·\\·ar era brought forth in our mid>!. A handful of men and a determination born out of thc dela,t;>tion of the la>t war sern~d as the foundation for a bold go,·crmuent program that WO! aim~d toward• the cmancipatiou of the small farmer. A go,·ernment office was created to work out a truly dfet:tive way by which the man) Page 28-A ni !ration). The .\CCF.\" tuo·folt! mi.-ion· arc: I) to promo!<' tlw organi1ation of a•soeiations and Z) to ntcnd to fMnWr· members liberalcrcditfaeilitics thus hel]>i>l!l them e·ca1.e the trntatk• of rural tbt>r). Thi' program al o introduc~d to th,• country d)namic and far-rcaching sociu· economic reform• and the cmnballing of Communi,t·in pircd element.< by demoeralit· "Ill' beamed tO\\ar<b the re::cncration of the uninformed ~egments of our rur3l population. In area \\hi'Tc want ami unrc-t \\as mo~t common .. the go,ernmcnt con· centrate<l on a frenzied acti,·aton of an or11anized coopcratile ~pirit. The onccc-'' of this concerted mml"ment resulted in th,· t!e,-elopmcnt and accrptan~c of the ne" pattern of agtil"nltural reforms and correct· ;, . ., mcasn«"~ dl"<iJ!:nt'd to boot production aud oontributc to th~ stability of our national cconom). Because of tlw iuuur,liate and cnthu iastic re-•JI<l''-'C that met the implementation of this undcrtakin:: .. \\ithin l!.rcc to four )C:IN after the ,\CCFA was crented. lhou· sands of farmers throughout the countr~ lmnt!cd together uudn ACCF\ SIIJH.'r>i,ion and organized tht'm'-l'he~ into coopcrali,._. marketing a ·'>OCiations and fe<lcration~ called FaCo'\las. This led to the ._.,.tabli~hment of the Central Cooperathe E~changc. Inc. or CCE, the national marJ...etins arm of tlw FaCo'\las u~tcgated "ith the cfficient and eff<"'ti,·c marl.etin~; .. procc>"ins and di,tri bution of farm J>roduct>. The CCE \\a' organizcdonJanuarr 11.1955undcr .\ct :\'). 31:!.~. oth._.r,.ise l.no\\n a~ the Cooprr.o· ti,·c Marketing Law. It wn~ inoorporatcd on February 2;;, 1955. and was affiliated with the .\CCF.\ on February 1:!, 195:>. dcdieatcd to •cnc the FaCoi\las. It was authorizrd with a capital of one million pe.<O~ \\ith 10.000 shar<'s, rach \a]ued at 1'100.00. \t the dote of incoql<ltation. the CCE had " member-hip of ]I FaCo\lao \\ith llpaiduJ•sharcs\\hilc:!,l86shares\\er•· ~ub>cribcd by the ACCFA "hich was 99.11 of the total co1>ital. Recent figures recortl FaCo'\la membership 10 1111 aeti\C a-..n. tialions ownin:: 5.836 •hares "hile tht• ACCFA uow hold~ only l].(d~ of thr shores. This i~ iu lin._. \\ith the main objccti\'CS of the ACCF.\ in organiLin:: the FaCo'\la~, that the ACCFA would ~low!) withdraw its capital stock from 1he CCE upon the ability of the mcml>cr-FaCo,b< The Philippine Virginia . (Continued from page 27-A l ness, burning capacity and other L·haracteristics needed in the manufacture of a good quality cigarette. The industry as a whole has become a P70 million a year business cntcrpt isc so mw.:h so thai it n.:quires cffccti\'e and efficient high financing and scientific marketing management. After intensive researches and studies on the local and world tobacco situation, particularly on production, consumption, price trends, tariffs, trade agreements, Philippine balance of payments, foreign exchange, and many other rele\·ant factors have been con· dueled, the PVTA Management and Board of Directors decided to sur\·ey potential markets in Europe and Asia and Oceania. Survev learns were ~ent lo ~elected coun· tries therein to implement lilt' project. Howewr, it would seem !hat 1he production of sufficient quality flue-cured Virginia tobacco at lower prices deserves equal im mediate atention and action in order IO have a conlinuous supply of the type that i~ acceptable in the free world market. The go\·ernment's price support program cannot go on fore\'er. In fact, some legislali\·e leaders are in favor of abolishing such program and make the flue-cured Virginia tobacco business a free enterprise. Indeed, the PVTA is faced with manifold problems. What are the major problems and their solutions? Shall the government continue the price support program considering 1he impact of the industr\' to the national econonl\'? lf the price support is " ithdra\~n. what would be the best alternatin:? to raise enough funds to hu) out th•• ACCFA ~hare•. Thi.; stipulation ho• been the goal of all the a~ti\c FaCo"a" whid1 10 them would l>c the ape~ of their CO· operati,·c dforB. Of 1hc JIS acti\atcd FaCoMa~, 311 handle rice and l"Orn. T he CCE lhrough it~ members sene about :!31i.816 famitir, from 10 pro• ince~ "ith 9.327 barrio• in :i.l7 (Co11tinued 011 page 30-A) SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 I GREETINGS from - PAOAY FaCoMa Paoay I locos Norte COMPLIMENTS OF CHINESE CHAMBER of COMMERCE of LA UNION San Fernando La Union Compliments ofSTO. DOMINGO FaCoMa Sto. Domingo llocos Sur GREETINGS fromSAN ILDEFONSO FaCoMa San lldefonso llocos Sur COMPLIMENTS ofPASCUAL LIM SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION KHAK I & REO Philippine-American Cigar & Cigarette Manufacturing Co .• Inc. 354 Protacio St., Pasay City Cable AddreS5 "PHILAMCIG leis. 8·24·07 & 8·24-87 Smoke SNOWMAN- Filter Cigorette For A Pleasurable Eve11ing GREENLAND NITE CLUB MAGDALENA BLAZA Proprietor 1690 Manila Avenue Oloogapo, Zambales "We invite you to join us at" CLOVEII NITE CI,UB 28 Mag•aysav Drive, Olongapo, Zambales Tel. 1263 Open 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 A.M. JULIAN BUENAFE Eni. SIXTO IIASOBAS Proprietor Man8ger IV elcome Everybody Young and Beautiful e11tertainers with lovely music at ROYAL NITE CLUB & LUNCHEONETTE FRED G. Prop. & Manager Have a guod time. Visit the 2499 Manila Avenue, W.S.B. Olongapo, Zambales BAMBOO GROVE Rosendo ( Sosing ) Lara Man11ger 2420 Manila Avenue Olo"9apo, Subic Bay Philippines Page 29-A CCE-A Service. (Continued from page 28·A) to"'"· lking o fnrmrr.-;~wned·nnd-coutrolletl n!l!ional marletin(: a;:cn•·). the CCE is o potent foetor that "orh fur the i>endit of the former-producers nnJ the cvnsumers as well. 115 ~ntralizcd marlo·ting ucti•·itie' also indudl' the buying of f1orm implement> ami •upplie' on a roll~cti• e Ln<i~ for tlw nwmher-FaCo\las 10 he u•cd in tlw production of stO[>lt> foods. •\t the lo" whole,.,lc prices that the.oe farm nN:d~ an· i>ought. the farml'r. pay at rdoti•rl) lo" rotc< than the pre\lliling marlrt prices of what· l'\<:'r supplie~ thl') (:N from tht>ir local FaCo\la• Ba•ed on thi, princi[>lc of rolleeti•c marleting and hu)ito~t for the member•. eachandt><Ct) ouc•horcantl benefit two "8J'D" the marginnal ,8,inj!S deri-ed from -urh tron•al'tion~ ore cooHerted into pMrOII· D,!;<' fum/s. The CEE a\"<) funNion~ a• a read) hu)er of the pooled produr<' of FaCo\la mem!...111 ao•urin~~; them of IH:ttcr income~ from their (>todncts thus •n•·inj!; the farmer. from the dutche• of grerdy monel lendeno and uuprincipled '"urer.. In it• role liS 11 middleman bet,.ren the farmer ami the eon,uruer. 1he CEE wurl~ CO.HPLIMENJ'S ofto .. artl~ minimizin~; e'cc••i'l' profitcerin~ and [>rice manipulation'! of opportunish and economic 'ai>oteur'i. at 1he ~amc time efferting an o·fficicnt Dn<l relioble system of organized rnllrlctius:.pr(l(·e--ing:omldi,trihution of our ho•ic '1:tplc product•. Thi• coopcrati<c umlertakin~ nmong uur rur<>l l"'l'"lation hn<e been found lobe a nw_. im[JOrtant fuctor iu the implcmcn1atiunof ai:"<:CVtL'"tl go•erumcnt refurms for rural de•elol>mcnt from .. hich the great IJOteutial< o£ out agricultural rerourees lllD) be tapped lo meet 1he incrcn•iu~ food needs of the J>lulii>Pinc,· unpref'~-dcnte<l JlOpulation l''· J>l<»ron. The CCE hu• the machi~>er) and \\Otl· injl: fadlitiC!' 10 carr) on ir~ onulti-forion• ~eri•ee acti<i1 ie~ for it~ rncml>f'rs. It also <UJ>l't\i'-t''i the lmrtcr of romnooditi~~ from diffrren1 FaCo\la" that proolut't' di•cr>C crop~ and re¥-ional pruducts. In thi• .,,. fhang<". di•tribnlion of much needed food >npplie<; from farmer• "ho produce an e'cc•• amount of one particular product toothers .. hoarc in U('"(•rlor •hortBgeof hame is effected through the CCE. ,\, the national federation of farmcB COO!H:rati<e marketing :t'sociotiun, the CCE >'t'r<<"~ the FaCo"n-meml~rs as stockholders and 1•roduecr" at the ~none tim•· h)· th·· ~tondardi>.ation of qualit) and price~ of farm pr(l(luce tlm'l ~"urin ;;: tlwm uf •a\ in{!~ for lot•)and "hat 1he)· rna~ '''II('<"\ from l>ri\ate quarters. Tlo., CCE a• till' rnotht-r· FaCo:\la i• dedicated to .. arth tht' moral. phy•ical uud 8piritual rcg<"n<·ratinn of i1< mt·mll('r• hy cle•uting the humhl~ farm~r from the depths of poH"rt~ ami dc,pair. It st>l·l_, to gi•e hack to th<· farmer hi~ IO!'t di11nity and •tlf-re~J>l'CI a· mr ,.,..._.ntial rnemloer of our present <ocit'h .. \lthou:;h tlw ~CO[I(' of its aeti•itil"< hn~ been limit('"(] dur to ad,erse drcum'ltonc<"> noul ternporar~ ....-thacl~. it ;, •w•erth...Je,. ral!)in,~t fa•t to 1hc ~ro"i"~ need' and J>roltlrrn· of our farminj! indn~tr)· · l\lnnn;:<•rn••nt Staff of the Co·ntral CoOII('rathe E~dwnge. Inc. Euj!rnio \. \ lcndoLa. Officer·inCimrgc; Clemcntl' Tcrso, Jr. Admini•trati•e Officer; lknedil'IO Togonon. 1\.<•it. \dmini<troti•e Officer: Geronimo Garcia, Internal ·\uditor: \'icrnte SamEOn. A••t. Auditor: Tcodorico Ad, incula. Legal Offict>r: Uien<<"nido Fon•tino. \<•it. Legal Officer; Homen GD\iiio. Chief. -\rcountin~: Di• i•ion: .\laric Lou P. Shih. Puhlie R.,\a. Lions Officer. Co111plimen/J (Jf: LA TONDENA, INC. N orthern Farmers Products: Ginebra San Miguel Ginebra Cruz de Oro Manila Rum I Exchange, Inc. 73 Quezon Blvd. Ext., Q.C. Tels. 6-67-38 & 6-30-20 Cable Address: NORFEX Cr)mplimen/J of: CONCEPCION BAKERY 306 Gen. Lunt, Mal•bon, Riul ANTONIO GREGORIO Proprie1or Page 30-A 'I Aiiejo Rum Volga Vodka S•n Fdo. Lao Ch1m Bros. SfnFdo., La Un;on I C()mplimen/J of: NORTHERN FILIPINO CHINESE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE P. 0 . BOX NO. 22 L•o• g, !locos Nor!•, Phllippln.s SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 The Advantages of . . . ( Cmltimted from page 26-A) the tobacco seedlings w ill ha\'C been strong enough to withstand their attack. 4. There is no feeling of ··rush'' in plowing and land preparation which usually affect soil texture and porosity, and decreases pore spaces which arc conduci\•C to proper soil aeration. Seedlings with roots well bedded in good texture soil have better chances of developing into strong plants. The four :.uh·antages cited above C\'cntually make tobacco culture easier. They increase the qualit.v of cured tobacco. If we should plant tobacco, it should be through by late Decem· ber. There will be plenty of time for firewoo~l. preparation, repair of shedhouses, curing barns, tools and implements used in the care of growing plants and the general repairs preparatory to stringing sticking, poling and curing operaGive Generously to the PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICE PERSONNEL: Standing from left: Seyero Ventenitla, Artist· tllustr<~tor; Melchor Gasmen, E ditor-Tr~nslator; Ramon Peralta, Typist; Hilario Untalan, Jr, lnform~tion Writer; Jaime de Jesus, Arti•t·lllustrator; Arthur Oiaz, Information Editor I; Rogelio Rodrigul!l, Photographer. Sitting same order: Min Sonia Borje, Clerk; Miu Fely Marron, Stenographer; Miu Connie E. Valdez, Officer-in-Charge; Mrs. Ro•e Recto, Libr~· rian; Mrs. Annie Corpus, Aut. Librarian. tions. Early planting means, there- and headaches. fore, an early curing and hence, It is always good to be ahead the elimination of petty worries with one's work. BATAC EASTERN BARRIOS VIRGINIA TOBACCO PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION, INC. Batac, Ilocos Norte SOARD OF DIRECTORS FRANCISCO GAOAT ANGEL AGLIPAY TOMAS RA. VALDEZ TOMAS ESTAVILLO JOSE AGLIPAY ROGELIO QliiAOiT ROSENOO CARIAGA LUCIANO ORTAL RED CROSS ALFREDO SACLAYAN TEOFILO SACLAYAN QUIRINO BANIAGA Compliments of BENNY DEE Laoag !locos Norte KHAKI & RED President Manager Se<:retary-Treasurer Warehouseman Bookkeeper Repruentative Cashier Clerk LORENZO SEGGAY NUMERIANO CAMANGEG NAPOLEON It FLOJO MARIANO AGDIGOS CRISPIN CAMANGEG . OFELIA LOPEZ LAUREANO INVENCION OPHELIA CAMANGEG I. FILIPINAS CAMANGEG 2. ELMER ARCHANGEL Page 31 -A We Do Our Part ... in the implementation of the SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROGRAM of President DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL VIGAN (ILOCOS SUR) F ACOMA ILOCOS SUR MORE POWER to the PHILIPPINE VIRGINIA TOBACCO ADMINISTRATION from VIGAN VIRGINIA PRODUCERS ASSOC IATIO N VIGAN ILOCOS SUR another statute. Delegate Jose Aruego writing on The Framing ot the Constitution, VoL 1, p. 19U, claims that "this point was not definitely decided in the debates in the Convention". The interpellations of Delegates Joven and Rafols on Delegate Jose P. Laurel really d1d not settle the question. However, . this dilemma was partly solved in several cases decided by our Supreme Court. The principle is clear- a single act may amount to an offense against one or more statutes, if one statute requires proof of additional fact which the other docs not. In People v. Bacolod, G.R. L-2578. July 31, 1951, the above principle was applied by the Supreme Court. ·1 he accused in a previous complaint for serious physical injuries thru reckless imprudence pleaded guilty. Later on a second complaint was filed against him for public disturbance. The Supreme Court in denying the motwn to quash held that while both informations were based on the same act of firing a submachine gun, the first offense charged was a crime again~t person and the second, against public peace and order. The proof establishing the first would not establish the second, it being necessary to show besides the willful discl"iarge o( Jirearm that there was a· dance in the tennis court in connection with the town fiesta with the consequent disturbance to the people in attendance. The same doctrine was followed in People v. Tinamisan et al. G.R. L-4081, January 29, 1952. The evidence showed that several accused went fishing with five bottles of explosives. After throwing one bot· tle into the water, they were caught and arrested. The remaining four bottles were then seized. They were convicted of the crime of illegal fishing with explosives under Sees. 12 and 76 of Act 4003 as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 471. Thereafter they were prosecuted again for illegal possession of explosives under Sees. 1 and 2 of Act No. 2225 as amended by Act No. 3023. They raised the quesKHAKI & RED tion of double jeopardy on the ground that the exhibits mentioned in the information for illegal possession of explosives were the same bottles presented in the former case of illegal fishing with explosives. The issue boils down to the question of whether or not prosecution for illegal possession of explosives will lie when the accused had previously been convicted for illegal fishing with explosives. In overruling their contention, the Supreme Court held: One offense is distinct from the other. When a man fishes with explosives, he violates the first mentioned law or the second, or both, or he may commit no offense at all. No offense, if he obtained licenses from both the Secretary ot Agriculture and the Chief of Constabulary. He infringes the first (and not the second) if he has no license from tho! Secretary of Agriculture but he has license from the Chief of Constabulary. He transgresses the second (but not the tirst) if he holds no license from the Constabulary but he wiel_ds a permit from the Agriculture Secretary. He transgresses both laws as in this case when he exhibits no license at all. Coming back to the 96th and 97th AW, it is also said that like in the Bacolod case, s11pra, there is an element in A W 97 not found in any other punitive arllcle penalized either by the civil court or by the military court. That element is the prejudice to good order and military discipline or the bringing of discredit to the military service. Assuming this to be true, how about Sec. 9, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court which says ··The conviction or acquittal of the defendant or the dismissal of the case shall be a bar to another prosecution for the offense charged, or for any attempt to commit the same or frustration thereof, or any offense which necessarily includes or is necessarily included in the offense charged in the former complaint or information", assuming of course that all the other elements of double jeopardy are present? On the question of whl.!n an offense includes or is included in another, we have Sec. 5, Rule 116 of the Rules of Court. It says: An offense charged necessarily includes that which is proved, when some of the essential elements or ingredients of the former, as this is alleged in the complaint or information, constitute the latter. And the offense charged is necessarily included in the offense pro\"ed, when the essential ingredients Of the former constitute or forms a pan of those constituting the latter. The Grafton case which upheld double jeopardy says ··for tht! same acts constituting the same offense". In the hypothetical case 1 cited it is for the same acts but constituting different offenses, one is for mbbery under Arts. 293 and 294 of the Revised Penal <;ode and another under either A W 96 or 97 of Commonwealth Act No. 408 as amended. Following the doctl"inc enunciated in Welch v. State 185 S.E. 390 cited in 15 Am. Jur., sec. 399, p. 72, supra, thatAlthough the defendant in such case is charged with the same act in both instances, nevertheless the prosecutions are not for the same offense, since tht! act constitutes a transgression of distinct laws and an offense under each law. This rule, however, is limited to the case of a single act which infringes both the civil and the military law in such a manner as to constitute two distinct offenses, one of which is within the cognizance of the military courts and the other a subject of civil jurisdiction. there will be no double jeopardy. But as was previously stated, this point was not sufficiently clarified by the framers of our Constitution. 1t is hoped in the immediate future this impasse w ill be resolved once and for all. Page 17 Floro Crisologo has always been a controversial figure in politics. But there is one outstanding trait in him which ha~ made fanatics out of his admirers- his steadfast loyalty to his friends. Inured in the rough and bloody political climate of Ilocos Sur, he knows how to share his fortunes with his friends in defeat or in victory. Contrary to popular expectations. Flaring, as he is popularly called, has very little military experience. His only military training was his stint in the guerrilla forces of Northern Luzon where he started as a buck private. He received a purple heart for wounds in the bloody battle of Bessang Pass and was discharged as a captain. Unlike other guerrilla outfits. Col. Volkmann's guerrillas were stingy in promotions, so that Flaring was already a full-fledged lawyer when he started his guerrilla stint Bureau ( R.A. 624 ), and Social Security Act (R.A. 1792). He is now a member of the powerful Commission on Appointments. The fighting legislator of l\ocos Sur is also the vice-chairman on the committee on banks, currency and corporations; and the Committee on Reorganization. He is a member of the National Defense Committee, the CAFA, Committee on National Language; Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations; and Committee on Mines. Fighter The story behind the increase of soldiers pay started when President Macapagal pledged to improve the soldiers' lot in his first speech as President at Camp Murphy. Since then serious studies have been made for the increase in pay and cautious planners from fortunately, H.B. 958 on the Ionge· vity pay was vetoed by the Prcsiident because of some technical defects. More Pro;ects, Bcnefirs Flaring is not too familiar with the internal problems of the AFP but from his little cubicle in Con· gress he listens and studies reports on the morale and welfare of the Filipino soldier. He is st ill awaiting proposals on the increase of officers' pay, a funding system for the AFP, a nation-wide housing project for the soldiers' families, and such other measures affecting the welfare and morale of the armed forces. In his recent speech at a graduation exercise in Camp Vicente Lim, he promised to reintroduce the bill granting longevity pay for the enlisted men and sponsor another bill for the increase in pay of officers. He is aware that with Congressman FLORO CRISOLOGO soldiers' friend in congress as a buck private. He may not be too familiar with the art of soldiering but he knows the sufferings and deprivations of a soldier. This experience later on was to help him help his friends who shared with him the hardships of the war. Good Record in Co11gress Among the first measures he sponsored when he became a member of congress was the G. I. Bill of Rights (R.A. 65) whicb granted deserving guerrillas free hospitalization, medical care. educational benefits, right of land ~ettlement, and other preferential privileges. Now in his fourth term in Congress, Flaring previously sponsored other measures like the increase in teacher's pay (R.A. 2040), the Central Bank Cha rter ( R.A. 265), New Press Freedom Law (R.A. 1477), Home Financing Act (R.A. 680), Tourism and Tourist Page 18 Murphy presented proposals calling for increase of allowances only that will entail an increase of P8 mi!lion in the AFP appropriations. Flaring found the proposal inadequate to meet the rising cost of living. While DND top brass agreed in principle on a substantial increase, they were skeptical on the passage of Flaring's H.B. 957 which called for the huge amount of P34 million. Other members of the National Defense committee were equally skeptical. Flaring was adamant- it was either his bill or nothing. This resulted in his being the sole ~pon sor of this bill in the lower house. Senator Balao sponsored the same bill in the Senate. Apparently irked by the attitude of some Defense officials, Fla ring sponsored another bill, H.B. 958 giving longevity pay for enlisted men. Flaring succeeded in the passage of both measures in the lower house. Unthe implementation of the WAPCO wage scale in civilian offices, the officers' salary is comparatively far from adequate to be commensurate with the responsibility attached to the position. Thankful Soldiers The soldiers were not remiss in thanking the congressman for their pay increase. Flaring was honored in a dinner party given by a representative group at the Rufino Building where he pledged anew his services to tho Filipino soldiers. He also spoke in graduation exercises both iil the first and second PC zones. During his last birthday, he did not hesita te to leave the company of his colleagues in congress to receive Col. Lucas Cauton and a group of soldiers from the first PC zone who presented him a gift as a token of the esteem the Filipino soldier has for Flaring.Comributed. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 slows down, looks at the PC troopers who look back, slowly accelerates speed, and drives on. Sometimes, he is whistled back, he backs up and is accosted by the check point guard. He is perfunctorily waved on, a confused man. Why not remove the I STOP I PC CHECK POINT Any motorist who makes regular out-of-town trips in addition to daily hazardous city driving should by now be inured to signs at check points. The Motor Vehicles Office ( MVO). the Public Service Commission ( PSC). Traffic Bureaus, Schools, bottling companies, civic organizations, private corporations, Municipal Boards, now assist the Philippine Constabulary in cluttering up the highways. It is not our aim to discuss the legality of "NO PARKING" and other· signs. That we reserve for future discussions. Nor is it our desire (it is too tempting to pass up though) to discuss the unrealistic speed limits im· posed by municipal and city boards. (Have you ever tried driving in high gear at five kilometers per hour?) We shall just discuss the simple when not intended to halt the motorist? What's wrong with portable signs? In searches at check points when passengers are required to alight, can't the order for male passengers to alight be given in a less Prussian-type military command? BABA LAHAT ANG MGA LALAKE could be expanded to: MAWALANG GALANG NA PO, MAARI PO BA NA ANG MGA LALAKE AY UMIBlS LAMANG, maybe? The practice would do the nontagalog speaking troopers some good. There should be a law prohibiting PC troopers from These signs are strewn along the highway, some of giving erring motorists looks that could kill. them manned, some abandoned, some down, some How about using the PC Rangers sparingly? placed on the right center of the road, day and night. A few meters away, probably under a tree, shade, When municipal police forces are placed under PC or in a tienda, one or two PC troopers are keeping control, the municipal government is not included eye on the check point. A confused mo_ to _,_ i•_ t __ in _ th _ e_< _ ontr _ o_ l. _ _ _ _ Biographical Sketch of Congressman Criso\ogo Vigtn, llocos Sur flther- Moises Crisologo, revolutiont ry hero who wao oentenced to duth by the Spani•h authorities for revolutionary activiliet but uid decision wu destroyed by his friends. 1. Colegio de Ia lnmaculadi Conupo cion-Vigin, llocos Sur 2. Public Schools-Vigan, !locos Sur 3. University of the Philippines '· Associate in Arts b. Bachelor of Laws aa. President of the U.P. Debating Club 4. 1933 Bn Euminationo: One of the ten bar topnotcharo WAR RECORD: 1942- 1945 1. Wer here, wouncled in action 2. Recipient of war medals for bravery and heroism 3. From Private, he r05e to the r1nk of Captain. 4. Under Col . Walter F. Cushing, US Army, 1nd Col. Ruuel W. Volckman, U.S. Army, he fought in the battl• fields of IICKOs Sur, IICKOS Norte, Abr1, La Union, Mt. Province, Caga· yan, 1 t-~b. la, Nuen Vizcaya and P1nguinn. 1. El&cted Congressman, hi District, KHAKI & RED !locos Sur for four terms: 1946-1949 b. 1949-19S3 d. 1961-totheprnent Liberal Plrty Vice President for Special Operations; Member of the Encutin Committee. LEGISLATIVE WORK: Author or Coauthor or Cosponsor of the following laws: a. G. I. 8ill of Rights (R.A. 6S) b. Central B~nk Charter (R.A. 26S) lncrea.., of Teachers Salaries (R.A. 2040) d. New Preu Freedom L~w ( R.A. 1477) Heme Financing Act (R.A. 6801 f . Tourism and Touri$1 B11reau ( R.A. 624) II· Social Security Act ( R.A. 1792) h. Enemy of Graft and Corruption Enemy of Smuggler~, and ta~ Evaders, and Embroidory manu· flcturerswhoselltheir imported textilll in bl1ck market. J. Champion of the Virginia Tob.cco Industry (R.A. 1194) k. Fu rlan Advoctte of Civil Liber· LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEES · Member, Com minion on Appointments Vice Ch1irman, Comn>ittee on Banks, Currency 1nd Corpor1tions Vice Chairml n, Committee on Reorgan· Member, Committee on National Language Member, Committee on Anti-Filipino Activities (Call) Member, Committee on Labor 1nd Industrial Relations Member, Committee on National Defense Member, Committee on Minu "Simple, I changed husbands!" BE A BLOOD DONOR It Makes You Feel Good! LOCAL RED CROSS OFFICE TODAY. Page 19 • l'f PltOTOS Ponci~no L. Capistrano ( right ) of HPC Service Ballalion wu re;:endy awarded a certificate by Secretary Manrio Peralta, Jr. for being chosen PC civilian employee for 1962. Capistrano of Tipas, Tagig, Riul, hu bftn with the PC since June 1947 . PAGE 20 "PC DAY" AT CAMP MURPHY- Four PC officers and enlisted men received well-earned aw1rds for valor from President Macapagal at Camp Murphy last 26 September, The four (from right to left ) are: Sgt. Pedro Velnco, who was 1w1rd&d the milit"ry commendation ribbon; Capt. Apolinarlo de Guzman, bronze crou; Sgt. Remigio Mabagos, gold (ron; and C1pt. Diamongon Mangondato, gold crou and wounded pertonnel medal. Accompanying the Prnident is Lt. G.n. Alfredo M. hnto• (left) Armed Forces Chief of Staff . In so far as the principles of nunagcment of a transportation unit is concerned we can say that it is no different from the management of any other industry. It involves the management of men, money, and materials. In the trans· portation business we u~e proper ways and technique to make sure that each function is properly coordinated with each other for a ~afe, good, and profitable operation. Profit is the goal of every transportation business. This is achieved thru proper selection of personnel and equipment, the wise scheduling, routing and maintenance of equipment, the proper training and supervision of drivers, mechanics, and other personnel. Accomplishment of the above will result in a well-knitted operation. Any breakdown in any of the points mentioned will bring undesirable results and will cause delays in operations, friction among personnel, occurrence of more frequem accidents, damaged equipment and cargo, lowering morale among workers and employees' complaints from customers and above all high operating costs. It is, therefore, important that the management should~ particularly a sizeable transport company~ set up a sort o( a control program. This can be done by tirst identifying the problem areas, those which a re the causes of troubles in the organization. This is more readily done by studying the operations of the company and records of accidents and breakdowns. In studying the operations, one tries to find the weakness in the application of the basic principles of management, the basic control factors responsible for the faulty conditions and to find correct or improved methods and procedures. Here, it is important that the day to day operating records are studied closely. One of the tools used KHAKI & RED The author (right) with Deputy Commissioner ~nd Mn. ALlan McNab of the Department of Transport, Ontario, Canada. Management of a Motor Vehicle Fleet By Major PATERNO R. SANTOS, OMS more effectively is the use of "check sheets" which itemize those which need to be known about equipment, causes of damage to equipment and cargo, the selection of drivers, training of personnel, scheduling and routing procedures, operating delays, road failures, causes of high operating costs, customers' complaints, supervision and the like. One method is to list all problems andjor so-called headaches of the company and as they are found indicate those conditions you feel may be responsible for them. The important thing is to get on the paper the problems and indicated causes, even if you have to revise them later. After you have placed all these on paper, the next thing to do is to study them from the point of view of the overall operations. It is wise to list all phases of the operations and those which cause the most troubles, such as bottlenecks, frictions, etc. If the study is thorough, you will be able to identify a great many of the problems. The next important step is to develop corrective actions. At this pain!, you should know those most important and common problems, who are responsible for them or what causes them. Judging from the seriousness of the individual problem you should decide which of the solut ions or actions should be given the priority. It is wise to discuss the problem areas and the proposed solutions with other supervisors and personnel who may have some knowledge or who are experts on the matter. Any business venture is a teamwork and the solving of the company's problems is best done by team· work which may be done by get· ting the supervisors gather for a meeting, preferably with the boss' permission, and get their sugges· tions as to the area most in need of correction and which should get priority attention. In a transportation business, as well as in government operations, it is always the aim to consider those actions which require the least financial outlay, that which can be established without too much difficulty and one which holds the most promise for improvement and profit within a lairly short period. In the transportation business also, it is important to remember that any improvement made in preventive maintenance can help materially reduce operating costs, maintenance costs, eliminate road failures, prolong the life of equipment and reduce mechanical failure, lessen accidents, and improve drivers' attitudes towards their equipment and their work. One of the important considera· tions in a good preventive maintenance program is the establishment of an effective driver trainmg program and methods. This can increase drivers' skill and vehicle operation. A good trainmg program should and can elimmate common mistakes, bad habits, reduce cargo damage, reduce number of mis-deliveries and iessen customer complaints. The application of good driving principles by well-trained drivers can reduce accidents, damage to cargo and equipment, and execsPAGE 22 sive operating costs. Improved drivers' habits and attitudes likewise will result in better care of equipment on the road and re· duce maintenance costs. In order to avoid confusion and make corrective actions effective, they should be specific. Each action contemplated should be looked into very well and see to it that they will result in improvement or in economy without sacrificing the other phases of operation or the profit to be realized. A simplified procedure often is less misunderstood and gives bel. ter result. It is, therefore, wise to avoid thinking in terms of elaborate programs as they are apt to be more misunderstood by both supervisors and workers. The training program for dri,•ers and other personnel should be designed to be inexpensive and should result in minimizing if not completely stop repetition of previous mistakes andjor accidents. While profit is the main objec· tivc of any transportation company, yet transportation companies- the personnel and management, have certain obligations to their customers, the riding public, the consignors and consignees. Probably the best form of advertisement for any company is reliability of service and courtesy of company personnel to its customers and the general public. The drivers, conductors, and helpers who have direct contact with the public can be the best sales representative of the company. As had been previously stated, court· esy and service are what the public looks for. The performance and attitudes of drivers, conductors and other personnel can gain or loss public confidence, and in terms of operating cost, can mean the difference between profit and loss. So it is also important that in the design of training programs, such subjects as courtesy, reliability, safety, senice, etc. be included. Management should be concerned and every effort should be done to insure the fine quality of service, because as public confidence is built up, it will mean better business. While these are known to business executives and personnel, the basic principle of good public relations is often taken for granted or even ignored, especially where there is little or no competition. However, such should not be the case. Many experiences show that where monopoly takes the better part of the management, in the long run it becomes detrimental to the company's interest, in that bad public opinion will cause customers to turn to other means of transportation and company growth towards modernization and meeting the changing needs is often slow or retarded. Every corrective action should result or point directly to the correction of at least one of the conditions responsible for the company's problem and each should in turn tie directly to the basi(; control factor for an efficient, profitable organization. ABOUT TilE Af..TIIOH. M1JON PATERi\""0 R SAi\""TOS was a Colombo Plan Trainee on Ad,~nce Trans· portation !\lan~gcmcnt in C~nadu and U;o,A m 1961. He also graduated from the Officer~' Ad,·aucc 'framin~; Transport~tion Course from the U.:,. Army Tr~nsportation :,chool in fort Eustis, \irgiuia. in 1958 ::~~ ~~~~~t~~ ~~~~~ ;,11n F~d~~~6':,i.n~;e G~:~ graduated from the GHQ. AfP Manage· ment Course and se,·eral other courses in the AFP. He is a ho;>ldcr of a B.S.A. from the Uni\'crsity of the Philippines and BSl\IE from the PCP. lie was a former Technical Assistant to the Chairman of the Commit!~ on Transportation and Public Senices and the Committee on National Defense & Seen· rit). Philippine Senate. and a former mem· her of the Presidential Committee on Nali· galion in the Philip]lines. Major Santos al~o made obser\'Dtions and studies on the TranS• portation industry in England and other European countries. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 A11alysis of Questio1wd Documents The study of handwriting has been so perfected that the expert can be of the greatest assistance to many professionals. This is especially true in the probate of contested wills. The testimony of a handwriting expen may be admitted in evidence. The Rules of Court,· in Rule 123, Sec. 50, states ;,HANDWRITING, HOW PROVED -The handwriting of a person may be proved by any witness who believes it to be such, and has seen the person write or has seen him writing, purporting to be his upon which the witness has acted or has been charged and ha~ thus acquired knowledge of the handwriting of such person. Evidence regarding the handwriting may also be given by a comparison made by the witness or the court with Jaws to be violated with impunity. The number of individuals who devote a lifetime to the examination of criminal documents is few. But the number of people who in the course of their daily avocations find themselves brought closely in touch with the handiwork of the forger and the blackmailer must run into countless thousands, and this vast number is composed, for the most part, of members of the legal professior; and the Police Force. It is not suggested that either lawyer or policeman must be an expert analyst of handwriting in order to attain a high standard of efficiency in his proper sphere. But, the lawyer who finds himselt armed with the weapon of expert testimony of handwriting, and who does not know how to use the weapon given him or how to parry blows when directed against him -such a man can never hope to achieve triumphs save such as come to him by default. The day is gone, moreover, when an advocate could successfully hope to contest evidence of this type to be professing to decry handwriting analysis as something essentially conjectual. Further, there arc many crimes in which handwriting docs not constitute the corpus delicti, but which during izwestigation furnish clues of documentary nature which can be turned into account. A Dispwetl Docume111 Case hz Court Whether it is in a little square court-room with its plain wooden benches or in a great marble hall, the court problem in a disputed document case is the same: the proof of certain facts and the transformation of a client's contention into legal judgment. The ON HANDWRITING writings admiucd or treated as genuine by the party against whom the evidence is offered, or prO\'ed to be genuine to the satisfaction of the Judge." And again, Sec. 18 of Rule 123, provides: "Expert Evidence,- The opinion of a witness regarding a question of science, an or trade, when he is killed therein may be received in evidence." The basic principle upon which handwritings are classified, in• dexed and identified depends upon ' the truism that NATURE never offers to us her handiwork in facsimile. Again and again, in her flora and fauna, she reproduces specimen after specimen marvelously and miraculously true to type. But meticulous as is her case to faithfully reproduce the species, it is not wise to outstrip her caution never to completely reproduce the individual. And what is more, in this as in all other particulars, she will not permit her KHAKI & RED By Major AGAPITO FIGUEROA Page 23 idea~. suggestions and warnings presented in this writing are intended to aid in the important task, but to be effective they must, of course, be correctly and directly applied to the problem in hand. This practical application is the task of the lawyer. There is no way to insure succes~ in an undertaking of this kind even if on the right side of a good case, but there are certain things to do and to know that contribute to the success even if they do not insure it; and, if they are known, certain common errors can be avoided. In the first place the lawyer should know the facts in his case and he should know the law he depends upon or that which may be cited against him. In a case involving a technical problem, he should qualify himself so that he can assist in presenting the technical testimony in the most convincing manner. To be fully prepared he also must understand these technical questions well enough so that he can crossexamine adverse technical witnesses effectively if they arc either mistaken or dishonest. To do this well, he must be able to promptly recognize fallacies, incorrect logic and unwarranted inferences that appear in testimony. To be fully equipped he must hkewise be prepared to argue promptly and eflectively on certain technical points that haVe a distinct bearing upon questions of proof grow· ing out o( objections he makes or that are made against him. This preparation or technical argument is a highly important phase of a trial involving a technical question. The attorney is the one who mainly creates the atmosphere. It is he who asks the questions and by his incidental argument emphasizes, connects and clarifies the testimony and shows its purpose. As a rule, witnesses cannot answer questions unless they arc asked. They can not make arguments to the court on the manner of presenting the testimony. The witness often necessarily remains dumb, helpless and almost useless because the attorney fails to say Page 24 at just the right time the few necessary words that the conditions require. Certainly silence is not always golden; it sometimes is simply stupid. The failure of the attorney is mainly due to lack of clear and accurate technical knowledge on the exact point under consideration. He cannot fully elicit and emphasize the testimony because he has had no conference with the witness and does not know what it is to be and does not fully understand its application and significance. The failure is also sometimes directly due to his stubborn and ignorant insistence on conducting the examination according to his own plan instead of the plan that will bring out testimony in the most effective manner as the witness is prepared to give it and has given it many times. It is pitiful to sec fraud triumph because the interest of truth and justice arc thus put into the hands of one who is uninformed and unprepared. If he is unable to attack a grotesque and illogical theory of a witness against th~ facts, this erroneous or perjured testimony may prevail. Ignorance is the only word that clearly describes the condition that leads to stupid cross-examination or to no crossexamination when there should be cross-examination. Again it needs to be said that one cannot consider intelligently or discuss effec tively a subject that he does not understand. In contrast with this inefficiency of the unprepared attorney is the work of the skillful artist in crossexamination who sees the weak· ness, the e rror or deliberate perjury in testimony and is fully prepared to lay its base. One of the most stimulating of spectacles is the effective cross-examination of a pretentious lying witness by a qualified and courteous attomey who puts the wriggling victim on the gridiron and broils him. The interest of justice are thus served in a most effective and conclusive manner. A cross-examination of this kind often is a work of art. By a series of carefully framed questions nearly all to be answered by yes or no, which answers are mainly a succession of admission to skillfully worded significant statements in the questions themselves, the witness is led up to the brink of the precipice and like the swine in the ancient tale is then cast into the sea. The attorney enlisted to attack a fraudulent document, or engaged to delcnd a genuine paper wrong· tully auacked, sets about the task by preparing for the undertaking. He properly interviews his client with thoroughness and following Quintilian's advice of A.D. 88, in· vestigates, doubts, assails and cross-examines every phase of his story until he is sat isfied that his client is not deceiving him and that his story will bear the fierce light that beats upon the witness-box. While knowledge of the facts and of the law arc the first essentials in the preparation of a disputed document case there arc some other important incidental matters that should receive carelui attention. One of these outsided questions is the irwestiga· tion of the standing and character of the special witnesses to be called or that may appear and give erroneous, unwarranted or dishonest testimony for the opposition. This is a subject on which the lawyer need not remain ignorant, and if he docs it is his own fault. As a duty to his client, as a protection to his own repu· tation, and in the interest of jus· ticc, this is a part of his preparation for the trial that should not be neglected. Of all the phases o( a trial of this sort this is the one phase in which promptness is also especially important. '· Criticism is aimed at the expert testimony of all classes, not mainly because no capable and reliable men can be found but because incapable and unreliable men arc found to disagree with them. This is as unjust as to condemn all lawyers as dishonest merely be· cause one out of many is a dis· grace to an honorable profession. !"here are honest lawyers and hanSEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 est experts and the main fault is in the intense spirit of advocacy that makes of a court of justice a game of wits and technical trickcry, and seeks until it tinds what will support its contentions. With the improved procedure, however, allowing effective illustrations and reasons for opinions these pretenders do not have as free a field as in former days and cannot render the easy assistance they once give in questioned document cases, when their principal service was not to prove anything but to bring a '"Conflict in testimony," by giving a mere opmion. These assistants to fraud and assistants to the attorney who aims to defeat justice must, however, still be reckoned with in many cases. The most effective protection against this testimony is a thorough technical preparation by the attorney who represents the facts and who cannot only see and understand the presumption and falsity of the testimony but also able by cross-examination and by argument to show it to others. Mere abuse of even a lying wit· ness may not be very effective. Manv technical questions that arise ii1 disputed document cases can be intelligently examined and discussed only by those with some special experience who have investigated and studied the particular problems involved and possess the necessary instruments and reference material. They know the limitations as well as the extension of the subject considered and can show others what they themselves see. With no one present who is qualified on the controverted technical subject it would no doubt be safer in many cases, as heretofore suggested, to decide the case entirely on the outside and collateral is· sues rather than on the main question involved. The Latv a11d Legal Procedure ht Disputed Documclll Cases The probability ol success for those who represent the facts in disputed document trial varies greatly in different jurisdictions and strange to say, this great variation appears to be practically unknown to many participants who conduct these contests. The practical efficiency, intellectual grade and cultural quality of lawsuit in one jurisdiction cannot as "SHALL I INCLUDE HIM IN THE LIS T ?" KHAKI & RED a rule, be directly compared with a similar performance in another state or in another land by the actual participants. Many who have not had experience iu widely separated field do not know how \'Cry poorly they are doing what is better done elsewhere. They compare themselves only with themselves. Participation in trial of exactly the same nature in actual progress in widely separated states and in different countries soon discloses that the administration ot law in certain jurisdiction is more rapid, more scientific and more efficient than in another jurisdiction. One would think that this important fact would have great interest to those who take pan in law administration where the work is poorly done. There arc many who apparently have never stopped to inquire or to wonder why th..: United States Federal Courts are generally more efficient than the State Courts. There arc certain of these "'Prac· tical Men", with no interest whatever in reform, who appear to look upon the coun with a sense of ownership and consider 1hem not a tribunal for administering justice where the fac ts arc to be dis· covered and shown, but as a place where lawyers practice law to earn a living. These alleged owners of the courts intimate, if they do not assert, that it is an impertinence for the ordinary outside individual of the ''TH EORETICAL COLLEGE PROFESSOR" even to suggest that the administration of any phase ol the law is not at all times and in all places one hundred per cent perfect. There are many legal practitioners who assume that nothing can be done about improvements any· where, even if improvement is necessary, and they complacently speak about the "Uncertainty of the Law" as something fixed and inevitable. These unscientific and Page 25 indifferent performers could in many instances find that some· thing could be done b~· merely going across a state or national boundary line with their prejudices lelt behind and their eyes wide open and see how that something they are doing can be better done. There is no more suitable word to characterize this indifference and lack of progress in what vitally affects human rights than the word shamdul. In some cases and in some places, a trial at law involving a disputed document is in fact JUSt about a 50-50 adventure. There is no ample opportunity or legal permission to teach those who need to be taught if the matter is to be preserved, considered and decided in a scientific manner. Sometimes it i~ most discouraging to know at the end that one of those who still remain uninformed on the subject is the one who was supposed to be trying to proYc the facts. With too many members of too many professions, it avails little that scientific and progressive methods ha,•e been de\ eloped and they do not know what they are. Without scientific method a disputed documcnL trial after in,-oh·ing a difficult problem is more than a farce. The contention in simpler words seems to be that these judgments must depend upon an impression of a handwriting as a whole and certain indescribable intuition that excludes all analysis and necessarily jumps to a conclusion. Few things arc misleading or deceptive than general re!Semblance o r "General Character" in writing as in many other things and nearly all errors in examination are in fact made by those who literally follow this unscientific method. This vague and fallacious argument, howe,·er, has been quoted with appro,·al in hundreds of legal opinions and is still printed in the books and heard in Coun. Page 26 ln the old days a forgery many times was as good as a genuine paper if boldly presented and positiYely and plausibly supported by perjury and still is in the same jurisdiction. This peculiar procedure in connection with the proof of document like that in some other fields in some measure at least justified the alleged statement of Aaron Burr regarding the Jaw: "The law is what is boldly asserted and plausibly maintained". In most courts now, after a long and bitter fight, the expen witness is also permitted to present the reasons for his opinion. This he is permitted to do on direct examination and as the enlightened opinions in the New York courts say, "An Opinion without reasons may be of little value, while an opinion with reasons amount almost to a demonstration". There are still courts, however, where the word demon:::.tration seems to be unknown and effecti\'e reasons for an opinion can not be gi\•.cn, for what might have been effectiYe testimony is sometimes restricted to an extent that makes it but little more than the expressing of a mere opinion. May I state at this juncture that the success of cases which invoh-cs analysis of questioned documents depends on the expert's thorough analysis of the document. In this work, as in the conduct of lawsuits, the following saying of John C. Reed is applicable: "non-preparation or hasty preparation against thorough preparation is empirical matched with scientit ie nnd rational knowledge and as a mob against the regular troops. Good luck and accident will sometimes lead the unprepared to success, but in the a\·erage he will be beaten and hardly understand \\·hy." Officers' Register in the Noll - Current Records Branch of the Adjutant Geneml's OJ!ice i11 Camp Murphy reL•eals: lst Lt. Francisco V. Cmwto 1cas Bom on 4 June lB9i . A private. corporal, sergermt from 28 No1r. 1918 /0 31 Jan. 192 1 From l Feb. 192 1 to 31 Oclobcr 192:!. a cadet in the old PC A cariemy. Assigned 7 t1/uy 1923 with the 58th PC Company in Pangasimm. On 22 April 192.j assigned with DHM. Th e following month tra/lsferred to the 99th PC Comtxmy in Surigao. On ] 0 hme 1926 promoted junior officer of the 117th PC Company also in Surigao until April 1927 when he was gi1•en the commaml of the 99th PC Company i11 Trmdag. Su rigao. Becume CO of lllth PC Comprmy in that province 011 J6 March 1929. ],~ 1930 served with thr> Agusan PC wllil 25 Febnwry 1931 whe11 he wus made commrmder of the B7th PC Com · pany in Camp Kalao. Davuo. Next year wus placed on temporary duty u;ith If PC in the old Oricntr> Bldg.. Binomlo. Mrmila. Brig. Gen. Charles E. Natlwrst. dubbed "Tiger''. " Oltl Man"'. was then PC Chief. PC Surgeon was then Col. /Jasifi, Valde:::. rmd Manilu Garrison Commrmder was Captr1in Mariano Castaiieda. Following his _llrmila ussignmellt. was assigned as junior officer of the 123rd PC Com · puny in Zambalcs on 1" ]rmuury 1933. On 1 Dec. of same year 1cas placed 011 duty with PC Ri::al in Pasig. The11 followed a gap of seven years i11 the avail~Jble records until 21 '1!I{;USI 1910 rdzenthe enigmatic entry in the Officer~· I ~~:~;,,_, """' "Left the ,.,. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 Lt. Canuto's Death Recalled . (Conti.nucd from page 7) progress at the high school ground. Digamon stealthily slipped away from his Japanes~ companions as they came downhill from the cemetery, and attended the meeting to find out what it was all about. Among the speakers was Sam Hill, who broke out the news of the execution to the crowd. Hill said, "l have witnessed a total of 96 execution.!> but I have not witnessed one like that of Lt. Canuto among them. Up to the point of death, the officer of th~ Constabulary maintained his firmness. unruffled by any adverse physical influence that could have induced him to change his mind-and lived." Jap· anese soldiers were around and understood him. No one among them contested the governor's statement. As if to confirm Lt. Canuto's prediction that the Japanese would take care of his trip home to the hacienda after the execution, the soldiers offered Digamon a free trip in one of their vehicles. The tense settlement was awaiting the news. Digamon told all. Author's Note: When the Japanese pulled out from Surigao town after two years Diamola and Digamon dug up the grave, hoping to bring home to the hacienda the remains of Lt. Canuto. After excavating a pit "wide enough to bury two carabaos," they failed to find his remains. Diamola is an eyewitness to the capture and torture at Barrio Man· sayao. Digamon is au eyewitness to the torture and execution. Before the interview with these witnesses, I reminded them that accuracy is the PC's main concern, and that the general purpose of the interview was to find out the cireums· lances surrounding the death of Captain (sic) Canuto, pre·war PC officer, per CS PC directive to C-1 dated 3 May 1962. Both witnesses assured accuracy of information within their knowledge. The interview was conducted in public to KHAKI & RED Inside photo of Lt . Canuto's •hrine taken by the town photographer with the perminion of his followers. On for~round is his easy-chair behind his low round table of ornate hardwood. A framed photograph of his once occupied the '"hallowed center of the altar", side by side with pictures of Andres Bonifacio and Or. Rinl clipped from old magazines and aln1anacs. A local movie producer visited the ~hrine with a plan to make a movie of the life of Lt. Canuto, borrowed the picture and brought it to Manila. He promised to return it after· wardo. His followers keep on waiting for more than one year since. It is an unplusant sight among his followers to see anyone siuing in his easy·chair. An enigmatic air of revere nce pervades the place. Behind the 10l!ior are some of his belongings, mainly consisting of inoect·devoured personal and official papers accumulated during his tour of military duties. Two tumbled-down narra king·size chests hold len than half of the papers. The rest io strewn around. During maues Lt. Canuto wu said to occupy the eny·chair, surrounded by a retinue of his trusted men. During liberMion an unidentified plane made a passing str;ofe of the shrine. No one got hurl. The shrine and the monument are the centers of the barrio celebration every 26th of July, the date of his e•ecution. Formerly the barrio celebr;oted the yearly fiesta on 30 December (Rinl Day} which wu switched to 26th July. allow others who might have additional information to bring out what they know. No less than 30 hours were allowed the witnesses to enable them to fairly recollect the fateful incident 20 years ago. The interview was conducted in the Surigaonon dialect, translated into English by the two PC escorls, the barrio school teacher, who once resided in Pasay City, and some tagalog·speaking ex-colorums who learned the nationnl language in the Bureau of Prisons in Manila and in lwahig Penal Colony in Palawan. I asked Diamola for some of Lt. Canuto's belongings which he willingly gave: Two khaki breeches, one with red and the other with blue pipings on the side seams; a University of 1he Philippines insignia, a pair of leather boots, a pair of leather leggings, a threadbare khak i blouse, a cut-off rosary, a pillow case with initials "FVC", a sleeveless undercoat, two pairs of handsewn fabric footwear, personal and official papers, pre-war newspapers and a copy of KHAK I AND RED magazine, PC official journal, issue of August 1938. I brought them all to HPC. Coming to Surigao town for the home trip to Cebu, I proceeded with two PC soldiers who escorted me from Mainit town to the grave of Lt. Canuto. Because of the previous failure to find his remains, I decided to help to find them if and when another attempt is made in the future. A crude grave of flat concrete nearby bearing either Chinese or Japanese calligraphy, aroused my curiosity. I am not a student of Professor Virchow nor of Professor H. Otley Beyer, but in the somber twilight that shrouded the place at the end of that busy day I copied the characters a nd brought them to HPC for de· ciphering, hoping they might un· ravel even at this late age something for posterity. Page 27 The 8th APACL Conference The APACL 8th Conference wu precede<! by 111 Extr~ordinuy Conference 11 Seoul, Korn, Jut May. Abov. photo shows the delegatu an.d a few of the obserw.rs (foregroutld) Mr . .H!an Litho of Congo (Bru.znille), Medam Suunne Lebin of Frence, and Mr. Rame Swerup Sabhorwel of India, durl1>9 a plen .. y HUion et the Chosun Hotel, At the chiirmen'a dais could ~ seen Mr. Kyu tbh Chol, league council chairmen, end directly t..low In the center Mr. Tren Tam, APACL Suretary G.nuel. Counter-clockwifl from the 1-'t coOJid be; '"" Australian M. 1>. Bruce Wi!lhl, Mr. Llu Pen11 Kiou and Dr. Ku Cheng-Keng of Chln1, Mr. Ching Kuo.Sin of Ho"'lkong, Mr. Tan 't'•Ming of Chine, Mr. Seburo Chibe and Mr. Dalsuke Tak10k1 of Jepen, Or. Hedjl lbnhlm T. Y. Me of Malaya, Mr. Fung Hon-ohu of Meceo, Mr. D1rnod1r Pnud Ghirnlre of Nep1l, Mr. Mn L. P" n of New Znl1nd, Mr. Lo Kwock Chuen of Norlh Borneo, Dr. P1o Shis Tiln 1nd Dr. Jou Ma. Hernandez of lhe Philippin11, Mr. hal Ching of 1he Ayukyus, Min Mlch11l1 A. Mon1ern1yor 1nd M1jor Consl1nle M•. CruzoflhePhilippines. Page 28 SEPTEMBER·OCTOBER 1962 "Free peoples of Asia, unite! Seck the help of your fellowmen in the East and the West, and persuade them to join with us in this crusade. Fight Communism or any aggression as illdividuals and as natio11s. Fight it at all levels and in all theaters ol war. Penetrate the Bamboo and Iron Curtains to bring hope to those held iri bondage behind them, and to establish a free underground that can strike against International Communism ... " Thus reads Resolution No. 1 at the historic First Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League Conference at Chinhae, Korea. Forty-two delegates from eight countries and localities in the Asian and Pacific region met from June 15th to June 18th in 1954. Next month, from October 1st to the 5th, well over a hundred delegates and scores of observers from twenty-two member countries and nineteen observet units wi1! converge in Tokyo, Japan, for the Eighth Conference of the LeaguC'. Mr. Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister from 1957 to 1960, is the host chapter president and will be league council chairman during the conference. The Story of the APACL June 1954. Korea was still a shambles. The beautiful land of the Korean people had been divided into North and South Korea; the North was Communist, the South democratic. The Communists were on the loose in Asia, in Europe, in Latin America. The world was in a seething ferment and although writers and journalists called the struggle between Communism and Freedom " the cold war", everywhere in Asia there was a definite and clear apprehension the long-centuried and peaceful lands of the Oriental peoples would fall under the hammer and the sickle. It was under these circumstances that Syngman Rhee, President of the Republic of Korea, called a meeting of the yet unravished naKHAKI & RED tions in Asia at the peoples' icve! in order to secure the active, unit· ed, and unrelenting support of the people for the worthy efforts of their respective governments, not only to contain but finally to conquer the dark forces of Communism. The meeting was held at the naval base of Chinhae, Korea. Only· seven countries and regions responded to the urgent call of the Korean President; namely, the Philippines. Free China, Vietnam, Thailand, Hongkong, Macao, and Ryukyus. The first Chairman was Mr. Young P. Lee of Korea. Mr. Ku Cheng Kang of China, Dr. Jose Ma. Hernandez of the Philippines and Mr. Nides of Thailand were asked to preside over the plenary sessions. It was quite clear that the peoples gathered in Chinhae, Korea, had come to establish a united front to fight Communist imperialism; to refuse recognition of the fruits of Communist aggression or subversion; to outlaw the Commumst Party; to counteract Communist infiltration, subversion. the aggression; and to maintain a collective security in accordance with principles promulgated by the United Nations. At the end of this first conference it was decided that a Charter be drafted for the League and that the membership of the organization be enlarged to make it truly representative of the peoples o[ Asia. The APACL met in extraordinary session in Manila in !956. All the countries were represented in Manila except Thailand. The main item on the agenda was the approval of the Charter. In the course of the discussions, the thorny question regarding the proposed admission of Japan as a member of the League came up, with China in favor and Korea vehement ly against. The Draft Charter was approved by the delegates present without resolving the Japanese issue. The Charter was to be submitted to the Second APACL Conference for ratification. It was agreed that the second Conference be held in Taipei, Formosa. In the year 1956, because of the unsettled question of the admis· sion of Japan as a member of the League, the proposed Conference scheduled for Taipei was cancelled at the last minute. Instead the Second Conference was held in Manila on March 9, 1956, and the Charter was approved. Since the Second Conference the APACL has increased its membership. It has expanded its activities and has drawn fire from the Communist camp. It has been under attack particularly by Red China but it has neither wavered nor vacillated in the pursuits of its objectives: to expose, fight and ultimately to defeat Communism. The Third Conference was held in Saigon on March 27, 1957. Six new members and six observers were admitted. Saigon was chosen permanent site of the APACL SecretariaL In Bangkok, on April 27, 1958, the Fourth Conference admitted Iraq as a member and India as an observer. Four standing Committees were established. On June I, IYS9 the APACL held its Fifth Conference. Iran and New "Yeah, we have a potato peeling machine. And you're th4J latest model." Page 29 3. How to strengthen anti-Communist solidarity of the free nations of Asia; 4. flow to aid economic coopcra:~oen ~~~~:.~~u:~l ,\~~e~l~~~:tc~mong 5. How to support the ..,:nslaved peoples of the world. As a result of the discussions of these topics, var!ous resolutions of importance were adopted, showmg beyond doubt that solidarity and cooperation hnd become bywords among the members o( the League and that there was unmistakable determination in the APACL to destroy Communist ideology and practice all over the world and to supplant Communism with Freedom characterized by peace and justice. Mr. Nobusuke Kishi, president of the Japan chapter of the APACl, was born in November, 1896 in Yamaguchi Prefecture, second son of Hidesuke Sato. He wu later adopted by Nobumau Kishi. Gr~duating from the Faculty of law of the University of Tokyo in 1919, he first ente~d the government service in the department of agriculture ~nd commerce, becoming minister of that department i.n 1941. During the war years he served in the House of Representatives. In 1956 he become Foreign Minister in the Ishibashi Cabinet. Asked to head the government in 1957, he served as Prime Minister up to 1960. Objecrives of rile APACL In the light of its charter and program of action, the Asian t'eoples' Anti-Communist League strives for the realization of the I allowing objectives: Zealand were added as new members. On the fifteenth of June, 1960, the Sixth Conference of the APACL was held in Taipei, Taiwan. The membership included Australia, the Republic of China, Hongkong, Iran, Japan, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Macao, Malaya, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Ryukus, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, and the Republic of Vietnam. Observers were present !rom the Cameroon, Ceylon, the Federal Republic of Germany, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, North Borneo, Saudi Arabia, the United States of America, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (A BN), the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (N.T.S.) and Free Front. The long-standing question on the admission of Japan had at last been resolved and the APACL haJ been extended not only as far south as New Zealand but also into the Middle East, Europe, and the emerging new nations in Africa. In the Taipei Conference the subjects considered in the variou~ committee meetings as well as in the plenary sessions were: I. How to strengthen anti-ComPage 30 munism IO reserve the spiritual crisis of the free world; 2. How to strengthen anti-Communism in Asia, Africa and the Middle East to consolidate their common effort against the Communist bloc; I. to consolidate the anti-Communist forces of ali Anti-Communist people in Asia, and establish anti-Communist united front to fight against international CommuThe Philippine del.-gation to the APACL 8th Conferenee ulb on President Diosdado Macapagal who is shown fourth from left hnding to Congressman Ramon D. Bagalling, vice chirman of the delegation and PACOM pruident, hi1 menage to the conference. From lefl to right are Major Medudo T. Justiniano, Congreuman Bagatsing, Speaker Cornelio T. Villareal, Major Constlnte Ma. Cruz, Mr. Yao Shiong Shio, and Attorney Antonio MHr. Dean Conrado Aquino, Attorney leon 0. Ty, Allorn•y Jos. G. Guevara, ll Col Ricardo P. Bahia, Captain lngani P. Cruz, Mr. Cua Piok Poo, Manila A~ting Collector of Customs T.otimo A. Rojaaretheotherdelegates. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1962 nist imperialism until it is wiped out; 2. to call the 3ttention of all Asian peoples to the fact that Communism is contrary to human n;:tturc and is an iniquitous ideology, which must be completely wiped out before justice, freedom, and peace can prevail; 3. to unmask the cold-war strategy a_nd tactics of International Communist imperialism and oppose the policy of neutralism and appeasement; 4. to prevent and e radicate infiltration and subversive activities of Communist imperialism and urge all governments to outlaw the Communist partJes; 5. to broaden the contacts with all existing anti-Communist organizations and leaders and to promote the convention of the world people's anti-Communist congress. so as to build up a world antiCommunist alliance; 6. to strengthen and support antiA Reappraisal . (CQntinucJ frQm 71ayc J3) ficient, effective and economical defense establishment lor the country. The Philippine Navy must not lag very far behind the other major services. A mere cursory e.-..:amination of our defense organization will reveal that a t the present time we are a maritime nation that has massed on the ground in our defense o rientation. lf ever, we should mass on the sea as the very life and strength of our country depends on it. . Help Keep the World Free But Under the Rule of Law Join the Philippine Anti-Commumsl Movement Inc. ( PACOM ). now! Your least bounden duty to the Fn::e World cause is to enlist in the crusade pledged to strengthen and defend the ramparts of our democratic way of life. Fill out this membership card at the PACOM HcadquarlersjSecretaries at No. 924 Oregon St., Ermita Manila, or call up Tel. No. S-93-09 for details. KHAKI & RED ll:ep~.tbl ic of China Vice President Chen Cheng, APACL s~.tpporter and anti-Comm~.tniu stalwart, receivu Major Conslante Ma. Crl.tl d~.t r ing the latter's visit with APACLII:OC collng~.tes lut M1y. Communist re\'olutionary movements by people shut behind the Asian I ron Curtain, and to promote closer union of the anti-Communist forces on both sides of the Iron Curtain, so as to emancipate the people shut behind the Asian J ron Curtain at an early date; 7. to build up a free, peaceful, prosperous Asia and to promote world peace and prosperity. --oOO-The delegates look forward to the 8th Conference. To be d iscussed among o ld friends and new acquaintances are· I. Problems o( neutralism and the counter-measures. 2. Problem_s related to economic and technical assistance to under· developed areas. 3. Problems o( international cultural exchange and cooperation. 4. Problems of strengthening and widening the base of international anti-Communist movements. 5. The critical situation in Southcast Asia and remedial measures. The APACL Eighth Confcr~nce in Tokyo will add a chapter to Japan's development as a post-war power. MEMBERSHI P CARD (Name) of (Address) is a bona fide Charter Member Asian Peoples Anti-Communist League member of the PHILIPPINE ANTI-COMMUNIST MOVEMENT, for the year ................. j;;~;id~;;t"' Page 31 HOUSE BILL NO. 958 TO BE RE-INTRODUCED BY CONGRESSMAN CRISOLOGO IN THE NEXT CONGRESS Begun and held in the City of Manila on Monday, the twenty· second day of hnuary, nineteen hundred and sidy-two. AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A LONGEVITY PAY TO ENLISTED MEN OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION ONE AND THE TITLE OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED ELEVEN HUNDRED THIRTY FOUR, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR . Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represenutivu of the Philippines in Congress assembled: SECTION I. Section on• of Republic Act Numbered Eleven Hundred Thirty-Four is amended to read as follows: '"SECTION 1. H ere~ fter, uch officer or enlisted man of the Armed Forces of the Philippines shall receive in addition to his monthly pay longevity pay equivalent to ten per centum of the monthly base pay authorized for his grade for each five years offeithfulandefficientserviceheretoforeorhereafterrendered u an officer or enlisted man of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and of recognized guerrilla units, such additional pay to be compounded eve.-y five years: Provided, That the total amount of longevity pily shall not e•ceed fifty per centum of the soldiers monthly bue pay as prescribed by law: Provided, further, That nothing in this uction shall be construed as authorizing FN~Yment of any back longevity pay for any period of services heretofore rendered." SEC. 2. The title of the same Act is amended to read a5 follows: " An Act to provide for lon.,evity pay to officers and enlisted men of the Armed Forces of the Philippines." SEC. 3. The sum of eight million pesos is hereby appropriated, out of any funds in the NationiOI Treuury not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the provisions of this Act. SEC. 4. AU l•ws or parts thereof inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are repealed or modified accordingly. SEC.5. This actshalltakeeffectuponits ilpproval . Approved, (Sgd.) EULOGIO RODRIGUEZ President of the Senate s/t/CORNEL10 T VILLAREAL (Signed Speaker of the House of 10:2SH RepresenUtives II June '62) Finally paned by the This Act, which originated in Senate on May 14, 1962. the House of Representatives, was finally passed by the same on May 7,1962. (Sgd.) REGINO S EUSTAQUIO OK. INOCENCIO B PAREJA Secretary of the Senate Secreury of the House of Republic of the Philippines First Session Begun and held in the City of Manila on Monday, the twenty· second d11y of January, nineteen hundred and sixty-two. (Republic Act No. 3460) AN ACT INCREASING THE MONTHLY BASE PAY OF ENLISTEO.. MEN OF THE REGULAR FORCE OF THE ARMD FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, AMENDING FOR THIS PURPOSE SECTION FOUR OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER EIGHTEEN HUNDRED THIRTY· ONE. BeilenilcledbytheSenlteandHouuofRepresentatiYesofthe Philippines in Congress assembled: SECTION I . Section four of Republic Act Numbered Eighteen Hundred Thirty One, otherwiUt known as the " Enlisted Men'1 Pay 11nd Allow~nce Act of 1957," is amended to read as follows: "SEC. 4. The monthly baUt pay of enlisted men of thll Regular Force shall not be less than the following: "{a) E-7 . 175.00 "(b) E-6 16500 "(c) E-s . "{d) E-4 "{e) E·l "{f) E-2 "(g) E-1 SEC. 2. There is hereby appropriated, out of any funds in the National Treasury nol otherwise appropriated, the sum of thirty-four million pesos to urry out the provisions of this Act. SEC. 3. Thio Act shall take effecl on July first, hundred and sixty-two. Approved, ( Sgd.) EULOGIO RODRIGUEZ President of the Senate o/t/CORNELIO T VILLAREAL {Signed Finally passed by the SenateonMayiS,1962. Speaker of the House 10:25 ofRepreuntatives 11June'62) Thio Act, whiclo originated in the House of Represenutives, was finally passed by the uma on May 16, 1962. ( Sgd.) REGtNO S EUSTAOUlO Secretary of the Senate OK. INOCENCIO B PAREJA Secretary of the Houu of Representatives Approved: I Sgd.) DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL KHAKI AND RED Philippine Constabulary Journal (ll!d General Magazine .MAJ. CONSTA.i\"TE i\IA CRUZ Editor & General 1\la,.nager Subscriplion Ratf'8 In The Philippinf's: One Year .......... P10.00 Six Months 6.00 Three Months . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 In The United States of America & Abroad: One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . P40.00 Six Months 24.00 Three Months ..... 12.00 Entered As Second Class Mail At Post Office, Manila, On Nov· ember 6. 1!!26. Single Copy: fl.OO "HE WAS A MEMBER ALRIGHT, HERE'S HIS MEMBERSHIP CARD." Vol. XXXV Headquarters Philippine Constabulary Camp Crame, Quezon City, Philippines Tels. 71011 or 66611 thru 66620, local 4-74-83 the HAND that MOULDS P~UJ~~[M£ ECONOMY WHEN ARE YOU GETTING A PACKAGE DEAL .. • ? When you join your local F~CoMc1 as a cooperative member you share and benefit by the e~perience and te<:hnical know-how of men ••••• dedicated to help improve, store ~~11\···illi···!ljli!Ji.it and market your products on a systematic nation-wide e~ change. This is only possible through the CCE, your National Federation of Farmers Cooperative Marketing Association pledged to organize self-help and cooperation among the members. 'CENTRAL I C OOPERATNE E XCHANGE NC. NDC COMPOUND, PUREZA, STA. MESA, M.ANILA TELEPHONE NO. 6-35-96 * 6-35-97 • 6-35-98 , I ~yno1zymou:. wed Y'1t'el~,ftene "'ei<jme'a tolacco . . . meld, mellow, jully ana lemjie1'ea ly i~ily l~<aenea /eoknict'an:..