Current Events Review. Vol. I, No.2 December 1945

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review. Vol. I, No.2 December 1945
Issue Date: Vol. I (No. 2) December 1945
Year: 1945
Language: English
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extracted text: REPORT ON GERMANY REPORT ON JAPAN What is the Foreign Germany is under the Allied The late Presfdent Franklin D. Policy of the Philippines? Control Council. She is divided Roosevelt chose the American flag into four zones of occupation. that would symbolize the triumph These are: ( 1) The Russian zone, of the American democratic way' of (2) the United States zone, (3) living. He chose the ' American the British zone, and (4) the flag that flew over the Capitol in French zone. Washington on the-day Pearl Har·what are the significant new bor was attacked. The same flag developments in the military oc- was raised in Rome on July 4, cup'ation and administration of 1944, when the Americans occupied Germany? the city. The same flag flew over 1. The Potsdam conference provided that Germany should be treated as a single economic unit. This provision is very important in the solution of the economic problems of Germany. Presid~nt Sergio Osmeiia announced the "liberal foreign policy" of the Philippines on October 28, 1945. What are the significant points iii the "liberal foreign policy" of the Philippines? Ko'rea.-11 We recognize the his: torical rights of the freedom of Korean people. we· sincerely hope they will regain what they have lost." Netherlands East Indies.-11 v..re have deep sympathy for the Indonesians, especially, because many of us are of Malayan extraction. We wish that relations between them and Holland in the future 2. The first significant step taken by the Allied Control Council was the organization of five allGerman ministries. They are (1) Ministry of Transport, (2) Ministry of Finance, ( 3) Ministry of Communications, ( 4) Ministry of Trade, and (5) Ministry of Industry. Berlin on July 20, 1945, when Germany finally capitulated. On September 2, 1945, the same historical flag was flown - over the American Embassy in Tokyo. This time the flag symbolized not only the victory over Japan but the final triumph of American democracy over the Axis totalitarianism. will result in the same spirit of 4. The five all-German ministries are directly responsible to the Allied Control Council. General MacArthur's answers friendship and freedom which exists between the United ~tates to the different questions of Hugh Baille, president of the United and the Philippines." Pre·ss, give the general outline of China.-41 0ur relations with his policies as Supreme Command- China have always been Very corer in. the occupation of Japan. dial. She is our Oldest friend, anfl 1. The Japanese Army would he it is o'ur desire to cultivate even abolished. Complete demobiliza- stronger friendship between our tion should end on October 15, peoples." 1945. 5. The second major important 2. The Japanese Navy would be Siam.-"'\Ve would like to see step taken by t.he Allied Control destroyed. Some minor specimens clciser relations developed between Council was an economic program for scientific or museum purposes the two countries and we would for the whole ·of Germany. Under would be retained. like ·to see her linked with the this proposed economic program, 3. An educational campaign United Nations.'~ the four zones of occupation would would be launched to make the Indo·China.-HThe Filipino peoexchange goods and services; Ger- Japanese people know and accept ple sympathize with the desire of many would be allowed a limited, their defeat. the lndo-Chinese for freedom." rigidly controlled import-and-ex- 4. The occupation would take India.-"Our country's relaport traOO. many years. tions with the United States, is an What is the significance of the 5. The demobilized Japanese excellent illustration for India to steps taken by the Allied Control soldiers 'w'ould be absorbed into observe in her dealing with Great Council? normal, civilian life. Britain." The new ;teps taken by the Al- 6. The Japanese arms and rn.unilied Control Council are import- tions would be assembled and de· Japan.-"There is severe, antiant because- stroyed. · Japanese feeling in the Philip1. The provisions of the Pots- . 7. Japan would never again be- pines. However, with other coundam Conference can be carried out· come a world power. tries, we will carefully watch Japonly if Germany is treated as one 8. Trials of all war criminals an to help make certain that she administrative body. A divided would immediately begin. will never become a_ menace to the control of Germany would certain- 9: Afl major policies would be Far East again." ly defeat the purposes of the occu- determined by the Allied powers. pation as well ruin Germany's 10. The Emperor would be reeconomic life. tained during the surrender and 2. An economic program for the demobilization processes to avoid whole of Germany will permit· the unnecessary bloodshed. It would Germans to rely on themselves. save many American lives. Page 2 11. The Japanese Diet would be permitted to meet as 'the representative of the people to accept and disseminate the surrender terms and directives. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Report from the President ............ President Sergio Osmefi.a flew a. The President submitted to 6. To insure to J.i""ilipino veteto Washington on September 26, the United Nations Relief and Re- rans the same benefits which ac1945, to take up the reconstruc- habilitation Administration a re- crue to American veterans in the tion and rehabilitation program of lief program calling for more than United States. the Commonwealth with President 200,000,000 pesos of emergency a. The Administrator of VeteHarry S. Truman and other Unit- supplies - food, clothing, and rans' Affairs is now making a ed States high governnient offi- medicine. careful analysis of all phases of cials. The president returned on b. The President conferred with past and current benefits payable November 21, 1945, and reported Governor Herbert Lehman, the _in the Philippines. to the people the results of his Director-General of the UNRRA, 7. To gain control over' enemy mission. and pictured to him the sufferings property of every· character and JVhat we1·e the significant points of the Filipino people. description in the Philippines, to in the report of the President? c. The emergency ~id to the be disposed of by the CommonThe main purpose of the Pres- Philippines, amounting .. to four wealth government as it- sees fit. -ident's mission.-To secure the ful- million pesos, was at once made a. This is provided for in the filment of American commitments available at the request of the Tydings Rehabilitation Act of to help the Philippines in her re- President. 1945. habilitation and reconstruction 2.. To rebuild our homes and our 8. To provide credit facilities in program and in the preparation industries destroyed by the war. order to restore commerce, indusfor her forthcoming independe~ce. a. Senato'r Tydings has already try, and agriculture. The diffi<:Ulties met by the Pres- introduced in the United States a. President Truman has reident. - ( 1) The President found Congress a bill to achieve this ob- quested .the president of Exportthe United States faced with tre- jective. Import Bank to extend facilities mendous, complex, pressing, na- b. It is expected that one bil- for the restoration of normal ecotional and international issues. To lion pesos will be provided for this nomic life in the Philippines and draw the attention and interest of purpose. to suggest steps that will permit the President and the Congress of 3. To rebuild our roads, bridges, the Bank to do so. the United States to the problems and port and harbor facilities. b. A bill is now pending in Conof the Philippines, he had to be a. To cover this objective, Sen- gress to implement this measure. very cautious, patient, tactful, and. a tor Carl Hayden presented an 9. To establish and maintain persevering. (2) The President amendment which has already been mutually beneficial trade relations did not have all the time he need- incorporated with the Tydings Re- which will insure the rebuilding of ed. There was an imperative de- habilitation Act of 1945. The Ty- our industries and bring about the mand for his· immediate return to din_g-s Act will shortly be voted on normal flow of consumer goods. Manila to act promptly on many by the United States Congress. a. The Ways and Means Comserious national problems. His 4. To 'assist our government in mittee of the House of Representattention was divided between restoring and rebq.ilding essential atives of the United States Cori~ Washington and Manila. (3) The public buildings, services, works, gress is 'now considering a Trade President was faced by ,widespread and utilities. Relations Bill designed for this American impression that the Fi- a. This is covered by the hil1 purpose. lipinos are not united. authorizing the Surplus Property b. In the meantime, President The most important accomplish- Board to transfer, without cost, to Truman has requested the chairment of the mission.-lt enabled the Commonwealth of the Philip- man of the Reconstruction Finance the President to assist personally pines all the surplus property of Corporation to continue and adin the formulation of a program the United States now or here- vance the Philippine program of for the reconstructcion and rehabil- after located in the Philippines, importing and selling consumer itation of the Philippines, now and with the exception of weapons and goods. after independence, along definite munitions. 10. To strengthen the position lines. 5. To redeem the guerilla cur- of national police force, so as to The specific objectives of the re- rency. enable . it to assume the full rehabilitation program and the a. The War and Treasury De- sponsibility of maintaining peace steps or measures taken to at- partm:ents have been requested by and order throughout tfie Philiptain them. the President of the United States pines, 1. To secure supplies to meet to take the necessary steps in ful- a. President Truman has rethe present emergency require- filling the United States' obligation quested the War Departmerlt to ments of our people. with regard to this currency. continue assisting the CommonDecember, 1945 Page 3 REPORT FROM THE... to the orderly and safe operation States. In one or two cases, bow( Continued) of air traffic. ever, the initiative came entirely wealth government in reorganizing 15. To ej)tablish meteorological from the United States. ·the Philippine Constabulary. facilities in the Philippines until The directives are in line with 11. To strengthen the stability the Philippine Weather Bureau is of the Commonwealth government reestablished. the tradition of mutual cooperation a. The Chief of the Weather with the United States. They carby eliminating the causes of dis- Bureau of the Department of Com- ry with them the spirit of assistcontent. t f d · t f · a. Pr.SI .dent Truman has I'e- merce has been instructed to es- ance, no o un ue m er erence 111 our purely domestic affairs. quested the High Commissioner to tablish such faciliti~s in th_e Ph~l- Therefore, just as we welcome <lithe Philippines to study, in co- ippines and :o tram Filipinos m rect American help in giving us operation with the Commonwealth. weathei: service at the expense of relief and supplying our economic government, the causes of agrarian the United Stat~s. government. . needs, so must we welcome in the and labor problems and to suggest 16·. :'0 r~habihtate and develop same spirit the sincere desire of measures that may be taken up· by the flShmg 1~~ustry. . d L'f the United States government to the Commonwealth government to a. The Fts and WII 1 e give us the best advice and suggeseliminate such causes. Service of the Department of In- tions for the solution of our poi12. To provide immediate fin an- terior has been requested to co- itical and social problems. cial assistance to the Comnion- operate with the Commonwealth wealth government. government in developing the fish- The greatest need of the Filipiing industry and conserving our nos.-Our greatest need today is . a. The Congre~s and the Pres- fishing resources and to establish unity. We must bury ovr rival1dent of th~ Umted States have and maintain fishery schools to ries, our political disputes, our now removed all restrictions to the train Filipinos in all the tech- jealousies, in the common cause of use of the coconut oil and sugar niques and methoPs of deep-sea reconstruction and rehabilitation. excise funds. This makes avail- fishing. This was the keynote of President able for general purposes an b The Maritime Commission Osmefia's message tO the people amount of approximately 140,000,- has· been authorized to sell or upon his return from Washingtou. OO~ pesos. charter small vessels for use in the In his appeal to the people for b. President Truman has also fishing industry. unity, he said, "I make this appeal signed a bill releasing part of our to you,-not only in the highest exchange standard fund for the 17. To secure a reasonable ad- spiritual interest of our nation,~general purposes of the Common- justment in the base pay of the en- but in the practical interest of the wealth government. listed men of the Philippine Army work that must yet be done." 13. To restore and improve in- in recognition of their valiant serv- The Filipinos still want their inter-island commerce. ice. dependence.-In the United States Th M 't' C . . a, This matter has been dis- many influential and prominent a· e ari. ime ... ommtssion cussed fully by President Osmefia figures asked President Osmefia has been authorized "0 charter to with the President of the United whether the Filipinos still want individuals or corporations vessels States and the Secretary of War, 1 • d d A d th p s of less than two thousand gross their m epen ence. n e re - tons and to permit Filipinos to re- and is now receiving serious con- ident's answer was one word ( ceive instruction on nautical sideration. . "Yes." science in ihe United States Meredb.toSo=-:a~l t;:ism:~~:~:~v!nt~:~~ When the President returned, he chant Marine and at the United already been accOmplished; others made it a point to explain to the States Marine Academy at the ex- still await the action of the Con- people why our independence pense of the United States govern- gress of the United States; and should not be delayed. He said: ment. the rest are still under negotia- "I do not say to you that inde14. To maintain air navigation ti on. pendence will be easy. There will f8.cilities and communications serv- The nature of American Assist- be many hardships and many reices for inter-island air transpor- ance to the Philippines.-Some sponsibilities for us. That is the tations. phases of our rehabilitation pro- price we must pay for the choice a. The administrator of Civil gram are covered by the directives we have made. Surely none of us Aeronautics of the Department of of President Truman to various is unwilling to pay that price. For Conunerce has been instructed to executive departments and govern- there is a just God in heaven Who provide the facilities and services ment agencies. Many of the direct- has guided us throughout the for this purpose and to train Fili- ives were requested by the Philip- stormy years of war and destrucpinos at the expense of the United pine government in accordance tion. In His own good time, He States government in air traffic with its previous agreement with protects those who are true ta control and other services essential the government of the United themselves and to Him." Page 4 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW The Problems, Issues, and Outcome of the Peace Conference of the Big Five in London Why was the Conference called? The peace settlement would be sending an army to fight Russia. The Potsdam Conference, which presented to the German people Italy. despoiled Yugoslavia. She was held from July 17 to July 25 for acceptance as soon as a Ger- attacked Greece. Therefore, Itaand from July 28 to August 2, man government adequate for the ly's industrial plants should be dis1945, created the Council of Fn- purpose was established. mantled to pay the necessary rereign Ministers, composing of the The Council of Foreign Minis- parations. foreign ministers of the five prin- ters discussed the following ques- Disposition of Italian colonies. eipal powers,-United States, Eng- tions: The disposition of Italian cololand, Russia, China, and France, 1. The Balkan situation. nies was thoroughly discussed by -mainly for the purpose of draw- 2. The Russian territorial and the Council. It was _generally ing up peace treaties with the de- reparation claims. agreed that the Italian colonies feated enemy countries and of pro- 3. The administration of Eu- should come under the trusteeship posing settlements of territorial ropean inland waterways and key provisions of the charter of the questions. It was also empowered, points controlling the entrance to United Nations. however, to take up matters that important sea lanes. Anglo-American opinion: The might be referred to it upon agree- 4. The peace treaty with Italy. United States and Great Britain ment of the governments repre- 5. The disposition of the Rhur believed that Libya, Eritrea, and sented in the Council. and the settlement of territorial Somaliland should be governed by Who are the Big Five? changes made by Germany. an administrator respons:ihle to The five foreign ministers de- 6. The future control of Japan. the United Nations Organization. signated by the Potsdam Confer- 7. The settlement of Middle Great Britain proposed individual ence met in London for 18 days. East controversies over oil rights. trusteeship. They were: 8. The settlement of Middle Russian opinion: The Rusjian 1. James P: Byr9es, Secretary East controversies over political commissar reminded the Council of State for the Unite.d States. differences. that, at the San Francisco confer2. Ernest Bevin, Foreign Min- g. The formulation of the trea- ence, Russia was promised the adister of England. ty with Finland. ministration and trusteeship of 3. Vyacheslaff M. Molotoff, What were the different issues some Italian colonies. Russia Foreign Commissar of Russia. that arose in the discussion of wanted sole trusteeship of Tripol4. George Bidault, Foreign Min- these questions? itania, Western Libya, and, perister of France. The Council began with the dis- haps, Eritrea on the Red Sea. 5. Wang Shih-chieh, Foreign cussion of the peace treaty with 2. Trieste.-This city is largely Minister of China. Italy and ended with the discus-. Italian. Before \Vorld War II, What were the problems discussed sion of the internationalization of Yugoslavia did not question the· in the Conference? European waterways. Italian possession of Trieste, so The Potsdam Conference de- 1. The peace treaty with Italy. long as Yugoslavia retained Fiufinitely outlined the work to be The discussion of the peace treaty me. There was, however, a general done by the Council: with Italy presented two great is- belief that if Italy had owned both 1. That the Council's immediate sues: (a) Should Italy pay in Fiume and Trieste, Fiume would task should be to draw up treaties full the Allied reparation claims? have advanced much more greatof peace with Italy, Rumania, Bui- and (b) How should the Italian ly. garia, Hungary, and Finland. colonies be disposed of? Anglo-American opinion: UnitThese treaties would have to be Payment of reparation claims. ed States and England insisted submitted _to the United Nations Anglo-American opinion: The that Trieste should be made a free Organization for consideration and United States and Great Britain port under international control approval. maintained that Italy deserved regardless of its sovereignty. 2. That the Council should pro- lenient peace terms, and, becauS.e of Russian opinion: Russia argued pose settlements of outstanding her deplorable condition, it would that Yugoslavia should have territorial questions th3.t would in- be impossible for her to pay the ne- Trieste, for the population is evitably come with the termination cessary reparations of around 600 mostly Yugoslavia; or, at least, the of the war in· Europe. million dollars, - that is, if her boundary should be drawn liberal3. That the Council might be economy has to be restored. ly in favor of Yugoslavia, so that utilized for the preparation of Russian opinion: Russia argued Yugoslavia would have control of peace settlement with Germany. that Italy helped Germany by the province of Venezia Gilllia. December, 1945 Page 5 CONFERENCE OF THE BIG FIVE IN LONDON though they shbuld not be allowed (Continued) to vote. Nevertheless, Russia agreed that Russian opinion: Russi a Jn his official report to WashTrieste shollld be a free port. charged that United States and ington, Minister Byrnes propos3. The Balkans.-The Balkans England were tryh~g to bring back ed that another peace conference have always presented one of the the ki.ng and the old reactionary be called to reconsider the peace most difficult problems in the his- regime. And because of the un- treaties with Italy, Rumania, Bultory of Europe. The Balkan· ques- der:iocratic for1:11 of the Greek gov- garia, Hungary and Finland, with tions after '\Vorld War II appear ernment, Russia refused to allow the fo11owing nations participatas insolvable as they were after -Greece to take part in the discus- ing: the termination of World War I. sion of the peace. treaty with Ita- a. The original five members of A 1 A . . . U . ly. · the Council of Foreigo Ministers n,q o· merican o1nnion: mt- What were the results of the dis- which are also the permanent mem<.'d States and England pointed out· cussions of the Council of For· hers of the United Nations Sec~hat the present governments of eign Ministers? urity C.ouncil. Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary The Council discussed thorough- b. All the European members are dominated by Russia. They ly aJI the important questions of the United Nations. argued that the governments of placed before it by the Potsdam c. All non-European members these countries are not in accord- Conference, but no statement of of the United Nations which supance with the wishes of th~ir re- agreement was made. The discus- plied military contingents for the spective peoples. They are dicta- sions reveal serious conflicts on the execution of the war against the to rial governments set up by small (1) Balkan situation, (2) Russian European members of the Ax~s. minOrity supported and dictated by demands for Italian reparations, · 2. Vyacheslaff M. Molotoff, Russia. Uriited States and Eng- (3) administration of European in- Foreign Commissar of Russia, reland insisted that the peace trea- land waterways and key points iterated· that only those countries ties with these three Balkan coun- controlling the entrances to im- that were signatories tc the armistries should be signed only with the portant sea lanes, (4) Italian peace tice with an enemy country should governments formed by real "free" treat:•ir, anµ (5) disposition of the take part in drawing up the peace elections. Rhur and other territorial changes treaty with that Country. He reRussian opinion: Russia reason- made by Germany. called the agreement reached in the P.d out that the governments of The Time magazine pointed out Potsdam Conference excluding Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungar)l'. two significant ~chievements of France and China from the disare democratic. The overwhelm- the Council of Foreign Ministers: cussion of some peace treaties. in~ majoritv of their peOples is (1) It J?ave voice to sma11er na- The significance of the Council of represented in the government of tions. (2) It found a basis for Foreign Ministers. each country. The present leaders settlin~ the disposition of Italian The Council proved to the world of the three J?Overnments are true colonies. that the success of any peace treapatriots because they have con- On the whole; it is true that the ty depends upon cooperation and sistently fought ag-ainst Nazism·. Council adiourned without fulfill- mutual understanding. For, true To prove her sincerity, - Russia ing the main tasks assigned to it; and lasting peace is possible only agreed that free elections would but it made a spJendirl exploratory when "based upon mutual underbe held as desired by United States and preparatory work towards a standing and respect. It cannot and En.e:land; but, jn the mean- probable lasting solution of the be secured by procedural m8;newhile, the peace treaties should be problems now confronting the uverings which obscure from the si1wed with these countries. world. people the real and vital issues 4. Greece: The problem of Greece Statements released by the dif- upon which their peace depends." was also thorou.e:hly discussed'. The ferent ministers before leaving Faced by possible catastrophic problem centered on the nature of London: atomic warfare, the world must Greece's present governm~nt. 1. James P. Byrnes, United find a solution for· permanent Anglo-American opi.nion: Unit- States Secretary of State, said peace, if J:iumanity is not to perish ed States. and England declared that the Council should allow all from the face of the earth. "Unthat Greece should be left alone in. the nations that participated fully deterred by temporary setbacks her choice for the form of go\l"ern- in the execution of the War against and even willing to accord to ment she likes to have. They pro- the Axis powers and their allies. to others that tolerant understanding mised to call off the .plebiscite on discuss and plan the means of at- that we wish others to accord to the monarchy; but they would sup- tainini;r and keeping world peace. us we must not relax in our efervise the e·lections, for they would .He added that France and China forts to achieve a just and lasting 11ot allow the Communists to start should be allowed full share in the peace for ourselves and all naanother revolution. discussion of peace treaties, al- tions." Page 6 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW UNDERCURRENTS IN CURRENT EVENTS By Serafin A. Abasolo Philippine Army As provided for in the Potsdam agreement, the American, British and Russian governments have wanted, since last September, to place Germany again under a centralized administration by Germans in Berlin. The French government, however, has strenuouslY opposed this proposal, declaring that it had not been invited to the Potsdam Conference and, consequently, was "in no way bound by it." The opposition by France to any centralized German administration is perhaps best expressed by a French spokesman who insisted that "this is a matter of life and death for us. We cannot afford to risk another German invasion." There has been much talk of independence for India. The present Labor Government in London has committed itself to a policy of giving the Indians as much autonomy as· is consistent with their political capacity and preparing them for eventual independence. But will Britain ever make India free? Walter Winchell, wellknown commentator and columnist, broadcast on December 5 th.at the British would nevel- give India Freedom as a result of the disclosure that uranium had been substituted by the rare metal thorium in the production of atom ·bombs. He said the world's largest deposits of thorium are found in India. Using Thunderbolts and mechanized units, the British have launched an all-out campa~gn against Indonesian extremists in Java who are said "to be intt>nsifying their attacks on British posiiions and internment camps." The British claimed they are doing this "to preserve order." Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney (D. Wyo.) exPresses what is geni::rally regarded as the undercurrent Of opini<Pl on this matter: "The British are fighting a little war of aggression in the Dutch December, 1945 President Truman's Directives to Give Assistance to the Philippines··On October 2i, 1945, President perty to the Commonwealth withTruman issued directive& to carry out cost. out the United States' program in 5. On emergency currency. The assisting the Philippines. The tone War and Treasury Departments of the directives implies that the shall Illl'ke a careful study of the Filipinos should have full confi- currency situation in the Philipdence and faith in the noble inten- pines, submit recommendations, tions and sincerity of the United and take necessary steps to disStates in helping the Philippines charge obligations that are propersolve her social, economic, and pol- Jy the responsibilities of the Unititical problems. These directives ed States government. were published through the court- 6. On the purchasing power of esy of the United States Informa- the Japanese-1-'hilippine peso. 'fhe tion Service. Secretary of the Treasury shall coThe directives: operate with the Americari ··High 1. On agrarian unrest. The Commissioner and the CommonAmerican High Commissioner to wealth government in drawing up the Philippines shall order a a scheoule showing the relative prompt investigation of the agra- trend of the purchasmg power and rian unrest in the Philippi_nes. . exchange rates of the Japanese 2. On the reorganization of Philippine peso during the period Philippine Constabulary. Contin- of invasion. ued assistance shall be extended to the Commonwealth Government to 7 · On pension of the veterans. restore law and order in the short- The administrator of veteran afest time possible. The War De- f".Lirs shall make careful s~udy of partment shall assist in every pos- all p~st and cu~·~en~ benefits paysible way and on non-military ba- ~ble m the __ P~Il1ppmes to .Amersis in the reorganization of Phil- ican ~nd Fihpmo veterans and to ippine Constabulary; as, for exam- submit a report and recommendaple, in the assignment of officers tions for any necessary Jegisla:tion. and men and in the transfer of ne- 8. On the retitoration of normal cessary equipment. economic life. - The president of 3. On collaborators. The attor- the Export-Import Bank shall subney-general of the United States, mit a recommendation, on whp.t Tom Clark, shall investigate and proper step_s may be ta'k.en to let determine the status of the high the bank operate in the Philippines government officials who held key on a purely business basis. po&itions during the Japanese oc- 9. On the amount of tonnage alcupation. lowa.uce. The administrator of 4. On .cmrplu..'i 1woperty. The War Shipping Administration shall surplus property administrator submit plans to help Philippine shall make arra11gcment for the trade." transfer of the Army surplus proEast Indies to crush IndonC'sian counterparts of Washington'~ rebels. They arP not content to lend-lease their own army and navy to sustain the Dutch empire, but they have gone so far as to organize Japanese mercenaries to carry on the war to maintain a system of imperial exploitation in Asia." 10. On import trade. /The chairman of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation shall direct the United States Commercial Company to use resources and per;;on.,. nel withi,n its jurisdiction to continue the Philippine program of reconstruction and, whenever necessary, to sell goods on credit terms not exceeding two y~ars1 in duratio·n. Page 7 Significant World News Roundup--CHINA any nationality to assist in the ad- mined to gain complete indepenministration and development of denee for India. On October 31t The undeclared Civil War in the kingdom, 1945, the Indian National Congress China is the military off-shoot of 4. The details of the agreement Party issued a manifesto. the unsuccessful unity negotiations will be worked .out by a joint What does the manifesto conbetween the Central Government French and Cambodian commis- tain? and the Communists immediately sion. 1. It after V-J. The significant events that led to the Civil War in China: announced that the Indian National Congress Party would go to the polls in the coming election under the battle cry: TURKEY The United States has proposed four changes in the Dardanelles i~asSage !'act. The following have been suggested by Secretary of .8tate James P. Byrnes: 1. Peace talks were carried on successfully between Generalissimo Chiang Ka: -3nr:l~ and Mao Tzetung. Important points were agreed upon by the Central Government and the Communist Government. l. '!'he ::Stniits should be open to 2. The civil war spread across merchant snips of all nations at North China. ail times. a. Generalissimo Chiang Kai- ~- 'i.·he Straits should.be open to shek's armies moved to restore the transit or: warsmps of the .l:Uack. Central Government sovereignty bea powers (1'uss1a, .Kwnania, and above the Yellow River. .l:Sutg;ana) at ail times. 4. Central Government armies ii. '!'he ~traits should be denied clashed with Communist forces to warsmps of nations other than moving toward the same region. the J:stack ::Sea powers, except by The aim of the Communists is to svec1t1c consent of tnese powers. control a belt of territory reaching There should be a peace-time exceproughly 500 miles from Soviet- tion permitting passage of a limited dominated Outer Mongolia to So- tonnage of warships of all nations. viet-occupied Manchuria. 4. The lVlontrevix Convention 5. The Kuomintang peace pro- Organization should be modernposals were sent to the Yenan ized. The United Nations OrganCommunists. These Chinese Com- ization should take the place of the monists rejected the peace pro- League of Nations as the superposals of the Central Government. visory body. Japan should be elimThe Communists demanded that inated as a signatory. the CentraJ Government - should withdraw from Communist-dominated "liberated" areas in North China. CAMBODIA The French government has given Cambodia greater autonomy. What are the important points agreed upon by the French and Cambodian government? 1. Britain and France will give technical assistance in the development of Cambodia. 2. All French administrative officials will completely be withdrawn from 'the Cambodian government. 3. Cambodia will be given complete freedom to choose experts of~ GREAT BRITAIN Agriculture has become highly socialized in Great Britain. The labor government has placed permanent control over agriculture. The prices of many farm commodities are fixed 18 months in advance of their harvest. In order to solve the impending food shortage, the labor government intends to issue directives compulsorily requiring farmers to grow sugar beets and potatoes. INDIA The British government has already given India the outline of her self-government. The Indian nationalists, however, are deter"We Demand that the British Quit India." 2. The primary object 'of the manifesto is to raise the economic, cultural, and spiritual standard of the masses and to solve widespread unemployment. 3. The party stands for a world federation of free nations, 4. The party will give all its support for the maintenance of world peace and world unity. PORTUGAL Premier Antonio de Oliveira Salazar announced on October 7, 1945, that he had decided to restore freedom of the press. He also announced that he would make the state police subject to the courts. The restoration of individual freedom is an important event in the history of Portugal. NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES The government of the Netherlands East Indies gave out the details of the government for the Indonesians. Under the proposed liberal government, . the national self-respect of the Indonesians would be recognized. What are the other important points in the program of the government? 1. There would be a parliament elected by the people. The majority of the members would be composed of Indoriesians. 2. The Queen would be represented by a governor-general, who would have under him a council of ministers. 3. The internal affairs of the country would be handled by the council and the parliament. Page 8 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW WORLD NEWS ·ROUNDUP 4. Christian services of thanks- contemplated on to be taken both ·(Continued) giving were revived. in Palestine and in Europe. 4. There would be a gradual 5. Grade schools were reopened. and systematic increase of Inda- 6. Korean lawyers were in- VENEZUELA nesian participation in the service structed to reconstitute .speedily The revolutionary government of of th k" d the legal structure of their cow- Venezuela was given full recogni5. ~e::1g ~~,:,,s should be the try. tion"by the United States. Provisame for both the Indonesians and GREECE sional President Romulo Betanthe Dutch. court and his seven-man junta 6. There would be a reformed The problem of Greece in look- promised to work for the welfare educational program to combat illit- ing for a premier to succeed con- of the country. Some Of the imeracy and.the Indonesian language servative Admiral Petros Voulga- portant plans being worked out would be placed on the same level ris wa~ solved. After a month of are: with the Dutch tongue. almos~ hopeless a~xiety'. Regent 1. The income from Venezuela's 7. There would be a planned Archbis~op Damaskmo:; discovered fabulous oil wealth will be turned economy for the benefit of the In- P~nagotis Kanellopoules, who has to the people in the form of low· donesians. himself equal to the expectation of cost housing and better social sec8. Indonesian industries wou'ld the people. The new premier is urity. be increased and developed the leader of the National Union- 2. Grafters would be weeded 9. There would be rehabilitation i~t Pa:1'ty. The job of the new Ca- out. of finances. · bm~t is to govern Greece until the 10. Powerful defenses on militia national elections in January, 1946. BRAZIL basis would be rebuilt and reor- PUERTO RICO Dictatorship came to an end in ganized. . . . Brazil. Dictatorship introduced to The offer "of a type of dominion A bHl has been mtroduced m Brazil by Getulio Vargas 15 years status for Indonesia was rejected the .senate by S~nato~ Millard F. ago. Lately, Vargas was forced to by Dr. I. R. Soekarno, President Tydmgs .. The bill wi_B allow the resign and Supreme Court Justice of the Indonesian Republic. Soe- Puerto Ricans to decide by refe· Jose Linares took over the Presikarno and his followers insisted on rendum ';heth~r they want: dency. A new civilian Cabinet was colnplete independence for Indone· 1. Outnght independence. formed. The new Cabinet promised sia. 2. Annexation to the United the holding of democratic elections. States as a state, KOREA 3. Some form of dominion sta- FRANCE The occupation of Korea by the tus such as Canada enjoys. The constituent assembly ot Americans and the Russians is an PALESTINE France elected Charles de Gaulle, experiment unprecedented .in the France's famous wartime soldier, history of the country. The re- Foreign Secreta.ry Ernest Bevin resistance leader, and statesman, joicing of the Koreans were inde- presented to the House of Com- as interim president of France unscribable after their liberation mons the ge_neral policy on the til the creation of the Fourth from Japanese domination and sub- Palestine question. Some of the French Republic. He was unanijugation of almost 40 years. significant points announced by mously elected. The term of office Korea was dividerl into two Bevin arc: will last seven months. zones for purposes of militarY oc- l. That the Palestine question On November 16, 1945, General cupation. The northern areas, cannot be solved by force. de Gaulle's office announced that above thirty-eight parallel, were 2· The general policy on Pa- the general had decided to resign assigned to the Russians for oc- lestine is of great importance be- as interim president of the provicupation; the southern areas, to cause of its possible effects on the sional government of the French the United States. Jews and the Arabs throughout Republic. The main cause was his In the American occupied areas, the world. This is especially true failure to settle differences with the following reforms were speed- with the Arabs and their "co-reli- the Communist party in his ef· ily carried: gionists" in India. forts to form a coalition govern1. Japanese legislations restrict- 3. An Anglo-American commis- rnent. The Communist party deing individual freedoms were sion would consult the representa- mantled for key cabinet positions abolished. tives of the Arabs and the Jews on in the proposed three-party coali2. Freedom of worship, speech, the problems of Palestine. tion government. The Constituent and application were restored. 4. The Anglo-American comrnis· Assembly refused to accept 3. The ban ~on the ringing of sion would make recommendations the resignation of Charles de church bells on Sunday morning to the Arab and the Jewish repre- Gaulle. He continued forming a was lifted. sentatives on practical measures new cabinet. December, 1945 Page 9 Current Events Review Published Monthly for High School Students Diosdado G. Capino Editor D. R. Manlapaz Publisher 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila WORLD NEWS ROUNDUP (Continued) On November 24, 1945, it was announced that the Constituent Assembly gave a unanimous vote of confidence to France's new cabinet chosen by Charles de Gaule. The most important problems to be taken up by the Constituent Assembly are: 1. To prepare the budget. 2. To nationalize the credit system, electricity, and insurance. 8. To reform the judiciary, public service, and national defense structures. 4. To modernize mining, industry, and agriculture. 5. To coTisider the devaluation of the franc. BELGIUM The people of Belgium will go to the polls next spring. Ap.proximately 2,500,000 voters will be free to choose their new government. The voters will ele~t a ne\v parliament. The new Belgian parliament will decide whether King Leopold who is now exiled in Switzerland will be allowed to come back to Belgium. If the new Belgian parliament decided otherwise, the present l~ft wing coalition shall remain in power. ITALY Italy was invaded by the Allies on September 3, 1943. On the same date, Italian commissioners signed in Sicily an armistice with the representatives of the Allied Headquarters. Among the important provisions of the armistice were: 1. The Surrender of the Italian Navy. (Continued on page 20) Page IO FERMINA Research and Cui Depa1·tment,rd EDITORS NOTE: In the Noi•ember issue of this magazine, Miss Gan wrote a letter to her niece Luisa, a Pre-Medic stud~nt of the University of the Philippines on uThe Inside Story of Penicillin." If you were Luisa, would you have sent me the following re'J'ly? Or would you have differed in your answer? Why? Oearf"st Aunty "Mine." Momma and I burst into peals of healthful laughter. "Staphyloc-c:Ocied puppy," as my firs! case for penicillin. I shall have more courage lo a,dminister injections if you will be around. Mny I count on your presence? "Excf"llent" would have been tilt rating for youl' answers to my question but "gram-positive bacteria"' in your definition for penicillin gave me a hazy idea. There.;must then be "gram-negative bacteria," I suppose. By the way, what is this sister-dfug to penicillin? Am itching lo hear of it. although, I fear th~t more of these wonder drugs would lnt'nn fpss USP or mf' nftn graduation. Don't you think so? Your niece, Luisa Now follows the brief but up-to-date information on streptomycin, a sister-drug to penicillin. November 2l. 1945 Dear young lady, Wonders and yet more wonders, still opportunities are plentifol for those who are on the· alert and are capable. - I do not necessarily mean those who _have grown old in the work. Penicillin is a wonder drug but it will have to take the back seat' if aspergillin·, a new drug dt"veloped by Soviet Biologist Nikolai Krassilnikov, can prove really superior in many respects to the British discovery. So there you are. Indeed. there will be endless wonders to come. Streptomycin is now in the air. Picking up where penicillin and the sulfa fail, it does jobs. neither of those drugs can do. Unlike penicillin which was discovered byi accident, streptomycin was discovered by design. Remember how I refosed to touch or eat food when visiting graves in the cemetery? Well. research men suspected the soil. particuhuly that of ct>metnies, of being the source of epidemics. But tests showed that there were no disease bacteria in it. Soil microbes had destroyed them. Then began the search for these good microbes that kill disease hncteria. Dr. Selman A. \Vaksman of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, set out to find the drug which would do 'johs not done by sulfu or penicill.in. His hunting ground was the soil. His problem was to discover the weapon against "'gram-negative bacteria" which produce such ailments as typhoid fever, urinary infections. lulercimia, dysentery, and cholera. By. the way. penicillin does ils hang up job on gram positive bacteria or pus formers which generally cause wound infections. At first the task was discouraging and looked. hopelessly unrewarding. He began by mixing s~il with water. -then spread this mud across a glass plate holding a thtiving colony of dis.ease mJcrobes. Then again he had to look for clear areas on the plate where CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW .flJJT~I~ NGAN 'CU.Lum Division ilistruction disease microbes had- been destroyed. The sorting out of the soil microbe responsible for the killing of disease bacteria followed. Even when found. hf' had to extract the chemical juke that had the killing powers. Not an easy job. At last, one day in the fall of 1943, Dr. Albert Schatz, one of Wak~man's co-workers, found specill].ens of a soil microbe called Actinomyces griseus. This was a brilliant performer right from the start. fl attachd and killed scores of disf'ase bacteria-"grnm-negali.;<' bnclf'ria'· -which cause tularemia (rabbit fever) and typhoid fevn. Th<" chemicnl killing stuH t>xlracted was· named <;freplomycin. The testing of the new drug followed. Merck and ·Company laboratories in Rahway, N. J., promptly assigned fifty resenrrh men lo study the new drug. They tested the efff'cl of slreptomycin on th<' disease bnct£>rin that inhabit lhf' human intestine. The microbes proved to he a powerful baderia-killing agent. I. It proved wholly satisfactory against infection caused by n burst appendix. This new discovery will certainly work brilliantly against death. 2. Sixty-six soldiers who were suffering· from urinary tract infections were given streptomycin. In 24 hours the soldiers were relieved of the disease bacteria. 3. A man who had been miserably ill .with typhoid .for lhref' W{'cks promptly recovered after receiving streptomycin injections evny three ha ours. 4. Streptomycin completely eradicates microbes which cause foodp~bisoning as proved in the case of a nurse in Philadelphia. ,5. A number of tularemia sufferers recovered in 1:2 hours after rec~iving streptomycin. Patients who wtould have been side for months W'ere up and about in a few days. 6. The results of the experiments on the effect of this medicine on p,._tients suffering from undulant fever, a disease caused by unpasleurizrd m;ilk. have been encouraging. 7. Experiments on the use of streptomycin on luberculosis and lf'p~sy are yielding encouraging results. h is predicted that slTepfomydn may be used aS a preventive against typhoid, just as atabrine is used in pre"venting malaria. In short, sfrepfomycin is a miracle drug .made from a common earth mold. It is e/fectiue against diseases on which penicillin has no power, namely: urinary inf~ction, typhoid fe11er, dysentery, cholera, food-poisoning, tuberculosis, leprosy, undulant fe"er. tuliirpmia. Heat does not affect the drug. However, it will take at least a year more before it can he ger.t>rally available to the public. bf'cause lhe microhe that secrC"tt>s 1hr drug secretes it in very little amount. It is sure lo be expensive. Luisa. do you know that Dr. Waksman nnd other medical m<'n look upon this drug with mixed feelings just as you do? Penicillin slreplomycinate, a salt produced b)' the combination of lhe sister-drugs would hr a weapon against so many diseases that the need for diagnost>s would no longer be felt. Hence, Dr. Waksman's half-srrious prediction is thal it may run many of the doctors out of busin{'ss. Should this worry yon? )' oung lady, fear not, there will always b" room at the top. Now, Sweet, please hum with me a refrain you love- to playShine, little glow-worm. glimmer, glimmer ... " December, 1945 Your aunty as always, "Mine" INTERESTING LIGHT ON PEARL HARBOR President Truman released the recent report on the investigations on the Pearl Harbor disaster. The report reveals many interesting facts. 1. About November 22, 1941, Japanese fleet units left the Inland Sea and ~eaded north. 2. At Tankan Bay, near a desolate, sparsely populated Etorfu Island in the southern Kuriles, the fleet units gathered and made ready for sea. _ 3. On November 27, 1941, the Japanese fleets steamed· into the Pacific. There were six aircraft carriers, two fast battleships, two heavy cruisers, ' a light cruiser, destroyers and submarines. 4. The Japanese fleet units followed little-used sea lanes. 5. They had orders to sink any vessels they encountered, even Japanese. 6. In the early morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese task force was about 200 miles north of Pearl Harbor. 7. From the decks of the J apanese carriers roared 300 planes. 8. At 7:02 A.M. an enlisted man practicing with radar on Honolulu detected planes _apprOaching, 132 miles away. The enlisted man reported them but he was ignored. 9. At 7:55 A.M. the planes were over Pearl Harbor, hurling bombs, bullets, and torpedoes. The Navy's ships, docks, and ajrfields were attacked. 10. Five battleships were sunK or put out of commission, three cruisers were damaged, three destroyers were sunk. The Army lost 97 of its 273 planes, plus many dam-aged. Over three thousanct men were either killed or reported missing. 11. The attack on Pear) Harbor was the greatest disaster in the rnilitwry history of the United States: The Japanese explain the Pe<irl Hnrbor.- On October 9, 1945, the outgoing Premier of Japan, Prince (Coniinued on page 20) Page 11 Science Marches On · · · Blood derivatives onds; let them cool off and keep lights. This system ·eliminates Blood derivatives have different them in a refrigerator. You will overhead flood lights and superspecific uses. Scientists have dis- have them fresh for the whole structures. covered the following derivatives year. 6. Application of the "embryo to have specific uses: Talking mosquitoes culture technique" to speed up the 1. Gamma globulin may be used Drs. Morton C. Kahn, William growth of seeds. to prevent measles. Celestin, and William Offenhauser Quicker growth for see.ds 2. Albumin, for shock. succeeded iii amplifying, recogniz- Science Digest for June, 1945, 3. Fibrinogen, to 'ktop bleeding. ing, and recording the mosquito gives an interesting account of the 4. Fibrin, for cementing skin, mating calls. They worked on application of a new prOcess to grafts in place. four species: Anopheles quadrim- make seeds grow quicker. 'J'his Recent researches and experi- culators (malaria), Aedes aegypti new process was discovered at the ments have proved that human (yellow fever), Aedes albopictus special "embryo culture" laborablood is a prime material for med- (dengue), and Culex pipiens (New tory of Cornell University. The icine. New products have been Jersey). scientists give the following facts produced out of the component They recorded with high-power- that led to the discovery of the parts of blood plasma. The com- ed microphone and amplifier the process: ponent parts of blood plasma are noise.s made by each male and fe- 1. They discovered that an inseparated in t~e same way as pet- male mosquito. They d~scovered hibitor lies in the storage tissue roleum is fractionized into fuels, that the males make noises that of the seed. oil, and chemicals. resemble bird love-calls. Confront- 2. This inhibitor causes dorWhy is it possible to develop new ing the other mosquitoes with the mancy or rest period of the seed. products from the blood? recorded sounds, they discovered 3. The process is simply the 1. Our blood contains a large that the female mosquitoes were cutting of embryo and. the separatvariety of proteins in solution and drawn to the sounds made by the ing of the issue of the seed. This thrillions of living cells in free- males. Those sounds made by the process removes the inhibitor, and, floating suspension. males are certainly love-calls. therefore, quickens the sproutin~ 2. ~hese cells perform specific These three researchers of Cor- of the seed. { functions. The red cells carry nell University • Medical College By using this method, the scien-; oxygen to the tissue. The white believe that with properly deviced tists have succeeded in reducingi cells scavenge the tissues and. con- traps mosquitoes maY be elimin- the breeding cycle of iris fro~ duct the active resistance to in- ated with very little expense. two or three years to one yeaif. fection. Possible control of Tuberculosis They have already elimina.ted th~ 3. The proteins in the red cells The spread of Tuberculosis may dormancy period in the seeds o~ and . i~ the· pl~sma perform also be controlled. Recent experiments cabbage, white ash, and black asht1 ~pec1f1~ func~1ons.. So1?~ carry have shown that .airborne spread , !mmumty against infection; s.ome of Tuberculosis germs could be Believe It or Not: The first co-··. make the clots that stop bleedmg; stopped by ultraviolet irradiation. }or photo ever transmitted by msome control the volume of blood dio showing the Big Thr.eein circulation. NOTABLE INVENTIONS AND Prime Minister Clement Attlee, 4. The new products have been DISCOVERIES President Harry S. Truman, and made possible by ~ process known I. A new process for producing Premier Josef Stalin-eon·ferring as fractionation. The proteins, synthetic liquid fuel and oil out of at Potsdam was publish~ by Colfer instance, have been separated cheap gases has been discovered. lier's (September 8, 1945). Tlie and packaged with their functional 2. A camera latching mechanism Army photographer who took the powers intact. that prevents double exposµre. picture used a one-shot camera Eggs kept in ed,ible condition 3. An infra-red, bread-baking which exposed three negatives_ siIn Science News Letter, one short machine that could bake the loaves multaneously. From the negatives note arrests the attention of mil- evenly in one-fourth the ordinary three black-and-white prints were lions of housekeepers and gro~ery time. made, and each was placed on a managers. Professor Alexis L. 4. An apparatus which substi- cylinder representing one of the Romanoff has discovered that tuted air pressure for gravity in three basic colors-red, blue, and eggs could be kept in good condi- administering blood plasma to the yellow. Within a few minutes the tion for one year by a very sim- wounded in battle. picture from Potsdam arrived in ple process: Plunge the eggs in- 5. A new system of illuminat- Washington - by radio. The picto the boiling water for five sec- ing airfields by underground ture is called telechrome. Page 12 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW United States Policies in Japan . . . Modern wars are wars not only the interest of world peace, Ja- How may these objectives be of men and materials but of ideas. pan is not mercilessly trodden. carried out? But no war has ever been so much She is allowed to rise in the light a war of ideas as the last world of peaceful principles and aspira- 1· The soverignty of Japan will war. This is so, because the mo- tions. be limited to the main islands of dern man is a reasoning being. Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, ShiHe must be convinced about the How does the occupation of Japan koku, and such minor islands as good or cause he is- fighting for differ from that of Germany? may be determined in accordance with the Cairo Declaration and :~!0::e~y.ta!:~ :t0:~:~ea~~~~~: ea~her~o~:Y gi:Ve~~:~~e~Yfn~e z:i~~~ other agreements to which the his arguments against the enemy's tary government of one of the Al- United States is or may be a party. propaganda must be strengthened. lied powers-United StateS, Eng- 2· Japan will be completely disThuS, Hitler and Mussolini very land, Russia, and France. Japan armed and demilitarized. assiduously, even if hypocritical- is governed through the Japanese 3· The authority of the militarly, preached their dogmas for the government which receives direct- ists as well as their direct or in"N ew Order" to the discontented ives issued from time to time by direct influence on Japan's polinations of Europe, with the view the Allied Supreme Commander. tical, economic, and social life will to making those. nations believe be stamped out. that their internal unrest and What are the ultimate objectives 4. Institutions and organizatheir unstable. foreign affairs of the United States? tions expressive of the spirit of would find complete and lasting militarism will be suppressed. The Department of State, the 5. The Japanese peo le will b solution in the 41New Order." So War Department, and the Navy P e did Hideki Tojo almost succeed in Department jointly prepared a enco_ur~g~d to_ dev~lop a desire making the Orientals believe that statement of geneTal policies re- for md1v1dual hberttes and respect Japan was the liberator and a lating to Japan. These polides, for the fundame~t~l human rights god-send leader of the colored rac- after the approval by President -f~edom of reltg10n, freedom of es. But even just the half-awake T s t b 6 1g45 assembly, freedom of speech, and rwnan on ep em er ' . ' freedom of the ress. Orientals easily discovered the in- were sent to the Supreme Alhed P sincerity of Tojo's promises. His Commander, General of the Army . 6. The Japa~ese people will be honeyed words became bitter mock- Douglas MacArthur. The policies given opportunity to develop for ery "in the face of tlie brutalities definitely outline the ultimate ob- the~s~lve~ an economy which will and flagrant robberies that .the jectives of the United States occu- suff1 .c1ently meet the peace-time Japanese soldiers had openly com- pation C!f Japan. requirements of the population. mitted in occupied areas. Becau.Se 1. To insure that Japan will not How is Allied authority to be of the insincerity of the Axis pro- again become a menace to the exerdsed? paganda, the Allied powers won United States or to the peace or the sympathy of the world with security of the world. 1. Military occupation. - The their frankness, fairness, a"nd hu- military occupation of the Japmanitarianism. EVen in her poli- 2· To bring the establishment of anese home islands will be carried cies towards the conquered Japan, a peaceful and responsible govern- with the full force of an invasion. United' States is doing everything ment which will respect the rights The occupation will carry out into possible to be fair with a country of other States and will support effect the surrender terms and that treacherously stabbed her at the objectives of the United States. achieve the ultimate objectives of the back. Of course, the post-war These objectives are reflected the United States. It shall have dreamers of either side had alrea- in the ideals and principles of the the character of a military operady formulated plans for the occu- charter of the United Nations. tion by the Allied powers acting for pation of the defeated enemy long They suggest that the United and in the interest of the United before the war was ended. And States desires Japan to form a Nations at war with Japan. Partmany of those plans certainly have government that would conform as icipation of the forces of other the bitterness of the hate and suf- closely as possible to the princi- nations that have taken a leading ferings of millions, most of whOm ples of democracy. It is also im- part in the war against Japan will were helpless and defenseless non- plicit, however, that United States be welcomed and expected by the combatants. The present policies of will not impose upon Japan any United States. ~very effort will the United States in Japan is an form of government not supported be made to establish the policies epoch-making experiment in the by the freely expressed will of the for the conduct of the occupation treatment of a defeated enemy. In people. and the control of Japan by consultDecember, 1945 Page 13 UNITED STATES POLICIES ... (Continued) ation and through appropriate advisory bodies duly constituted for the purpose. The occupation will be under the command of the Allied supreme commander. 2. The Allied supreme commander and the Japanese government. erties and introduction of democratic processes. a. Freedom of religious worship shall be proclaimed immediately upon occupation. b. Ultra-nationalistic and mili:. taristic organizations, hiding behind the cloak of religion, shall be stamped out. a. The supreme -commander will c. The Japanese shall be enbe invested with all the powers couraged and given opportunity to needed to put into effect the sur- becoqie familiar with the history', render terms and to carry out the institutions, culture, and accompolicies duly established for the plishments of the United States conduct of the occupation and the and other democratic countries. control of .Japan. d. The formation of democratic be eliminated from thE;! Japanese educational system. j. Social, political, professional, and commercial societies and institutions that are ultr~-nationalist. ic or militaristic shall be dissolved and prohibited. k. Military and naval officers shall be excluded from supervisory and teaching positions. 2. Abolition of discrimination. -a. Laws, decrees, and regulations which establish discrimination on grounds' of race, nationality, creed or political opi~ion shall be abolished. b. Laws, decrees, and regulations which are conflict with the b. ·The SJJ.preme commander will political parties with fUll rights exercise his authority through the of assembly and public discussion Japanese governmental machinery shall be encouraged and supported. fundamental objectives and poliWhat a1·e the political policies of cies of the United States shalJ be and agencies and the Emperor. The supreme commander will use the Japanese government to serve his purposes, but .will not support it. the occupation? repealed, suspended, or amended. 1. Disarmament and de'militar- c. Agencies which were created ization. to enforce these discriminatory c. The Japanese government will a. The disarmament and demili- laws, decrees, and regulations be permitted to exercise its nor- tarization of Japan shall be car- shall be abolished or modiffed. rnal powers in domestic adminis- ried out promptly. d_. Persons unjustly confined by tration, but it will be subject to b. The Japanese people shall be ~he Japanese government on politthe supervision of the supreme made to realize the distress and 1cal grounds-shall be released. commander . who may require sufferings brought to them by e'. Th~ Japanese judicial, legal, changes in order to carry out the their own military and naval and pohce systems ~hall . be. resurrender terms and the ultimate leaders. formed to conform with objectives objectives of the occupation. c. Japan shall. not be allowed to 3;nd policies of the United States. d. The supreme commander will have an army, navy, airforce, What are the economic policies? encourage and permit changes \ni- secret police organizations, and tiated by the Japanese people or civil aviation. 1. Economic demilitarization. government to make the govern- d. The ground, naval, and air a. Present and future producment democratic. forces shall be disarmed and dis- tion of goods for any military 3. Policy on publicity. banded. force or establishment shall be a. The objectives and. policies e. The Japanese Imperial Head- stopped and prohibited. of the occupation shall be made quarters, the general staff, and all b. All especialized faciliiies for known to the Japanese people and military and secret police organ· the production or repair of implethe -world. izations shall be dissolved. ments of war shall be closed and b. The manner of, and progress f. All· military, naval, and avia- banned. in, carrying out these policies and tion materials and c,rafts sfiall be c. Industries designed for war objectives shall likewise be made surrendered. purposes shall be eliminated. public. g. All officials and leaders re- d. Researches designed for war4. War criminals. gponsible for the war of ag:gTession making power shall be stopped and a. All war criminals charged by shall be taken into custody and prohibited. the supreme commander shall be held for future investigation and e. Japan's heavy .industries shall arrested, tried, and, if convicted, disposition. be limited in character· and size. punished. i1. Persons who have been active f. Japan,ese merchant shipi)ing b. \Var criminals not included exponents of militarism or mili- shall be restricted. in the list of the supreme co~-· tant nationalism shall be removed g. An effective system of inrnander b!;It are wanted by one of and barred from public office or spection and contrOl over all extenthe United Nattons shall be ar- position of substantial public re- sive Japanese economic ·activities rested and turned over to the cus- sponsibility. shall be instituted to prevent contody of the nation wanting them. i. p,re-military training and the cealed or disguised military pre~ 5. Restoration of indfoidual li/J- teaching of ultra-nationalism shall parations. Page 14 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Economics m the News . Landlurd-tenunt crop-sharing landowners have agrce<l to couproblem.-.-The relations bctwet-n cede to the tenants' terms. landlords and tenants are not al- Organized relief rtgcncy. - The ways harmonious. This fact is ei:;- President of the Philippines ha::; pecially true with the division of c1pp1·ovNt the organization of the the crops. There arc different (PRRA) _ Phi1ippine Helief an<l types of crop-sharing. Crop divi- Rehabilitation Administration. The sion under the Philippine Rice PRRA will absorb the unorganized Share Tenancy Act ts on a 50-50 relief agencies in the country. basis. This provisioil is not true The PRRA will function under if the. contract entered into be- a - director general who will be tween the tenant and the landlord given ample powers under the spt!cifies another basis. In the emergency. It will function through sugar industry, individual planters three main services: and tenants operate under a mill- 1. Procurement, warehousing, ihg contract with a central. The and distribution of supplies. contracts are usually drawn for a 2. Relief acti'9'1ties, including period of 30 years. The contract health and social welfare. may be divided into two types of 3. Rehabilitation of destroyed share division: (1) equal division or damaged agencies and 'properof the sugar between the planters ties. Ban on the use of suoar for th;i cion, pointed the following two mQasurcs of the administration. ( 1) 'fhe fil'st part of the program consists in securing financial aid froin the· United States through the Filipino Rehabilitation Commission in Washington. This Commissio1.1 was· created by the United States Congress. It is composed of nine Americans and nine Filipinos. The Ainerican members are headed by Senator Tydings. The Ji'ilipino members are headed by Secretary of Finance, Jaime Hernandez (2) The second part of .the pro· gram is the creation of a Commis· sion on Reparation to collect payment of war indemnities from Japan, and to require Japan to redeem the full value of Japanese war notes that she used in paying for the war materials and services. and the central and (2) 60-40 division with the large share going to the planter. manufacture of alcohol. - Presi- World Trade Union.-A ·world dent Sergio Osmeiia has issued an Trade Union conference was held Coconuts also are generally pro- executive order prohibiting the in Paris. The main purpose of the duced on a share-tenancy basis. ·manufacture of alcohol from sugar conference was to find out how One of the directives of Presi- cane juice. This step was taken the different world labor unions dent Harry S. Truman is the in accordance with the recommend- can be united. One of the imprompt investigation of the agra- ation of the members of the Cab- portant achievements of the conrian unrest in the Philippines. To inet. The executive order in- ference is the adoption of a constihelp in the study of the social con- tends to help solve the <":ritical su- tution which will unite all labor orditions in ·Central Luzon, a cabinet gar situation in the Philippines ganizations throughout the world. committee composed of Secretary by bolstering the local sugar ·sup- United Nations Food and Agri~ Marcelo Adduru, Secretary Jbse ply. cultwre o?·ganization.-The United Locsin, and Secretary Alfredo It is noteworthy to remember Nations Food and Agriculture OrMontelibano have been working in that since 1923 the value of Phil- ganization began its session on compiling informative data an<l ippine sugar export has been October 17, 1945, at Quebec. The preparing reports for reference of greater than that of any other conference is significant because U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. Philippine export ·product. In it is the first conference of the McNutt. 1932 our sugar export exceeded members of the United Nations Secretary of Interior Alfredo 1,000,000 short -tons. In 1934 the Organization in working out a Montelibano has reported that the export rose to 1,275,000 short to!ls, common program to solve the food landlord-tenant crop-sharing prob- valued at f'l30,900,000. In 1937 the problem of the world. In his mesJem has been amicably settled export amounted to about 960,- sage to the conference, President through the untiring efforts of the 000 short tons, valued at more Harry S. Tnunan, said that had government. The most important than Pl15,000,000. Our sugar ex- the United Nations not won the points of the settlement are: port represeil.ts 38 per cent of the war, there would have been no con1. The tenants demanded the total Philippine exports. The su- ference fo1· an international organratio of 60-40 on crop shares and gar export for 1940 was valued at ization that would hold to the im60-50 on expenses. r94,4s5,s35. portant propositions that: (1) 2.· This demand was objected to Rehabilitation program.-What The peoples of 'the world can and by the landowners. They insisted is the program of the Philippine should have plenty of food; (2) on the ration of 60-40 on both government on rehabilitation. The The peoples of the world can and crop shares and expenses. Latest Secretary of Agriculture and Com- should enjoy. their fair share of reports, however, indicate that the merce, V:icente Singson Encarna- the good things of life. December, 1945 Page 15 Secrets of War Unfolded • • • WHY GERMANY INVADED least, had Russia in mind in carry- interests, the securing of Russia's RUSSIA ing out his political program for future. Russia was never hlind to The invasion of Germany by a new Europe under the leadership the threat." Stalin proved himself Russia on June 22, 1941, is per- of the Reich. more ·than equal to Hitler. haps the most interesting as the Why did 8tali11 •igu a non-aggr-- Wh d'd u· I · most puzzling event in the history ~ Y 1 It er mvade Russia? of World War II. All students of sion pact with HHlet"! Hitler failed in the Battle of modern history will find it neces- On August 21, 1939, nine days Britain. He had underestimated sary to study carefully the histor- before the German im·a::;ion of Po- the determination of the British t.o ical backgrounds of the relation laTI.d, Russia signed a non-aggres- defend their country. Most of his between Russia and Germany to sion pact with Ge!'many. If Hit- generals were opposed tC1 the inunderstand fully and intelligently ler included Russia in the orbit of vasion of England because Russia the reasons and motives of Ger- New Gei:many, why did he sign a was then an unknown factor. many in invading Russia. non-agression pact with Stalin'! If Hitler launched a series of peace What was the political testament Stalin knew that Russia was "in- offensives designed to strengthen of Nazi Germany? eluded in Germa~y's political. p1'C1- Germany by winning the good-will . ·' g.ram of expansion~ why did _he of all the conquered peoples and Hitlei s JIJein Kampf (My Battle sign a non-aggression pad with . . ' · . or My Struggle) is in substance H'tl ., Russia was not excluded m his the political testament of Nazi i er. program. It was Hitler's desire, Germany. Hitler's primary objec- Since 1922 up to the time' Hitler after he had given the plan for the tive was to establish a nation of came to power, the relation be- invasion of England, to persuade 250,000,000 people of pure Ger- tween Germany and Russia was Russia to become Germany's fullmanic blood. To achieve this goal, peaceful. But when Hitler became pledged ally against England. he would make Germany the only dictator of New Germany, he enun- But Germany made the wrong military power in Europe. H~ ciated policies and alliances that steps when she demanded that would not tolerate the creation cf made Russia careful and suspici- Russia should adhere to the Three two continental powers in Europe, ous. On Nov. 25, 1936, Germany Power Pact and comply with Hitnor the creation of another State and Japan s'igned the Anti-Com- ler's other demands in exchange capable of becoming a military intern Pact. The Pact was a direct for concessions and offers that power. He would build a Germany countermove against the dangers were to be given to Russia. Gerwhose strength would depend upon of the activ.ities of the Communist many's proposal to Russia containthe European territory of the International. Russia fully recog- ed the following: homeland, not on oversea colonies. nized the significance of the agree- a. A demand that Russia should He would make the New Germany ment between Germany and Japan. adhere to the Three Power Pact-secure by providing for centuries an alliance against the Comintern. every German with his own bit of Russia was not blind to the va- b. An offer to lend several divisoil and territory. In his appeal ~·ious activities of Hitler in e~larg- sions of SS troops to Stalin tu asto the German people for u;e sup- mg Germa.ny and German mflu- sure the exploitation of the Ukport of his aims, he said, ''Never ence. Russia knew Germany would raine, Donets, and the Caucasian forget that the most 'lacred right finally attack. her. She knew, too, regions. in this world is the right to that she needed time to prepare ade- c. An offer to gh·e Russia Gerearth which a man desires to till quately her defense; and she knew, man manufacture pM<lucts .in exhimself, and the niost sacred sac- too, ho~ much w i s d 0 m a~d change for Russian oil and wheat. rifice, that blood which a man shrew~ness was necessary to gam d. An offer to give the city of spills for this earth." that time. The steps taken by Lublin, Poland, to RL•bSia. Was Russia included in the Tet!!h- Russia to carry out her objectives e. A.n offer to sr.arc~ the spoils ment? are best described by Waverly of Ge1'many's conqu~rt in the Near Root in his book, The Secret His- East. Hitler wrote in his Mein Kampf: tory of the War: "Only- the out- These offers and d~mands were "An alliance whose aim docs not side.r's assumption that Stalin's' followed by an ultimatum demar.dcompromise a plan for war is Sel\Se- first preoccupation was with the ing: (1) Joint eJ1::ploitation by less and worthless. Thus, the fact rising tide of Facism makes Soviet Germany and Russia of the of the conclusion of a GerJnan policy inscrutable. To the insider, Ukraine and Russian oil wells. (2) treaty with Russia embodies the the Russian game seems simple Destruction of Russian fortificatiOn declaration of the next war." In enough. He knows that Stalin's and demobilization cf part of her this statement there is a cl.::lar ex- prime object has not varied. That army. plicit inference that Germhny, at end wa§ the promotion of Russia's Stalin refused to :1crept all the Page 16 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Historical Documents . . . To high school students who ment which shall later be embo- lations with Indo-China and would would like to get acquainted with died in the final agreement. use its influence tQ. obtain for each the historical documents relative 3. That the governments of J a- and all of the signatories equality to Japanese-American relations pan and the United States shall of treatment in trade and commerce before the outbreak of the war in cooperate with a view to securing with French lndo-China. the Pacific, the following are verY the acquisition of those goods and 3. The g·overnment of Japan will useful reference materials. commodities which the two coun- withdraw all military, naval, air' THE JAPANESE DEMANDS tries need in Netherlands East In- and police forces from China and OF NOVEMBER 20, 1945 dies. from Indo-China. 1. That both the Governments of 4. That the governments of Ja- 4. The government of the. United Japan and the United States un- pan and the United States mu- States and the government of ,Jadertake not to make any armed tually undertake to restore their pan will not support-militarily, advances into any of the regions commercial relations to those pre- politically, economically any govin Southeastern Asia and the vailing prior to the freezing of ernment or regime of China other Southern Pacific area, excepting the assets. than the national government of the part of French Inda-China 5. That the government of the the Republic of China, with temwhere the Japanese troops are United States shall supply Japan porary capital at Chungking. stationed at present. a required quantity, of oil. 5. Both governments will give 2. That the Japanes·e government 6. That the United States shall up all extraterritorial rights in shall withdraw its troops now sta:. refrain from such measu'res and China, including rights and intertioned in FrenCh Indo-China upon actions as will be prejudicial to ests in and with regard to intereither the restoration of peace be- the restoration of general peace national settlements and concestw.een Japan and China or the es- between Japan and China. sions and rights, under the Boxer tablishment of an equitable peace THE HULL "TEN POINTS" OF Protpcol of 1901. in the Pacific area. 6. Both governments will ~ndeavor That, in the meantime, the NOVEMBER 26• 1941 to obtain the agreement of the Brigovernment of Japan is prepared I. The government of the United tish and other governments to give to remove its troops now station- States and the government of Ja- up extraterritorial rights in Chied in the southern part of French pan will endeavor to conclude a na, including rights in internatioIndo-China to the northern part multilateral non-aggression pact nal settlements, in concessions, of the said territory upon the con- among the British Empire, China, and under the Boxer Pl'otocol of clusion of the present arra1'~- Japan, the Netherlands, the Soviet 1901. SECRETS OF THE WAR ... (Continued) demands of Hitler. Hitler threatened to invade Russia if she Tefused to comply with tho ultimatum. Stalin remained firm. He was already prepared to defend Russia. In the book The WaT in Outline, published by the Infa'ltry Journal Inc., the objectives of Germany in invading Russ~a are given as follows: a. Germany was interested in the wheat of the Ukraine. b. Germany was interested in the coal and iron mine; and in the industries along the Dnieper and the Don. c. Germany was interested in the oil of the Caucarns and the Caspian. d. Germany was the vast potential "slave" labor. December, 1945 interested in of Russia's Union, Thailand, and the United States. 2. Both government will endeavor to conclude among the American, British, Chinese, Japanese, the Netherlands, and Thai governments an agreement whereunder each of the governments would pledge itself to respect the territorial integrity of French IndoChina. And, in the event that there should develop a threat to the territorial integrity of French IndoChina, to enter into immediate consultation with a view to taking such measures as may be deemed necessary and advisable to meet the threat in question. Such agreement would provide also that each of the governments that are parties to the agreement Would not seek or accept preferential treatment in its trade or economic re6. The government of the United, States and the government of J apan will enter into negotiations for a trade agreement, based upon reciprocal most - favtired - nation treatment and mutual reduction of trade barriers. 7. The government of the United States and the government of J ~ pan will respectively_ remove the freezing restrictions on Japanese funds in the United States and on American funds in Japan. 8. Both governments will agree upon a plan for the stabilization of the dollar-yen rate and for the allocation of funds adequate for this purpose, half to be supplied bv Japan and half by the United States. 9. Both governments will agree that no agreement which either has concluded with any third power or (Continued on page 20) Page 17 Increasing Our Reading Power . SOME SIGNlli'!CANT TERMS Hitler himself with the W ~r Crimiu<tls. The four great Rudolf Hess. help of SOME SIGNIFICANT NICKNAMES Allied powers, United States, Britain, Russia, and France, cs- Cu-Prosperity Sphere. What is Lord Haw Haw.-William Joyce tablished three categori€s to deter- New Order to Hitler in Europe so was tried and sentenced to die. He mine what constitute a w:.u: crime: is Co-P,rosperity Sphere to Tojo was Britain's Traitor No. l. 1. Crimes against peace; as, in Greater East Asia. Co-Pros- Axis Sally.-Rita Louisa Zucca planning, preparing, initiat- perity Sphere ideally means a re- was called 0 Axis Sally." She was i_ng, and waging wars of ag- 1ationship of cominon prosperity the star singer in propaganda gression. and well-being among the coun- shows during the Mediterraneaii 2. Violations of the laws and tries of Greater East Asia under campaign. She was arrested for customs of war, as, maltreat- the leadership of Japan. This treason charges. ment of prisoners of war, ideology was the basis of Japanese Tokyo Rose.-American-born Iva and civilians in occupied propaganda to justify her acts of Toguri is accused of broadcasting countries, plundering and aggression and conq~est. The idea propaganda from Tokyo to United destruction of cities not was originated by General Tana- States armed forces. warranted by military laws. ka in his book, Tanaka Memo1 rial, . . . .. 3. Crimes against humanity; which outlines the conquest first _Quisling.-Vidkun Q~1slmg was as, murder, extermination, _of all Asia and then of the world. tried and sentenced to die. He was enslavement, deportation, or Underground movement. This No:w.ay's Traitor ~o. 1. T~e word persecution. was the term applied to 811 guer- Quisling has acquired an mternaUnconditionai surrender. A rilla activities in the enemy occu- tional meaning: traitor. form of surrender in which the pied territories. Hero of Verdun.-Henri Phivanquished accepts all the terms United Nations. President Roose- lippe Petain, the Hero of Verdun and conditions demanded by the velt and Prime Minister Churchill in World War I, was sentenced to conqueror. found difficulty in choosing an ~;:c:o:a~r:::~ute~h~ ~~:t~m~e~~ Black rna-,rket. A market is po- appropriate co11ective name for all sonment by Gen. Charles de Gaulpularly known as a public place the.belligerent nations at war with le, President of the Provisional where commodities are sold and the Axis. The name United Na- Government of France. bought. A black market, therefore, tions came to President Roosevelt is a place where commodities are one nig-ht. He suggested it to Pre- Evil Genius.-Pierre Laval was sold and bought at prices above mier Churchill. On June 7, 1945, those prescribed by the govern- the term United Nations was unament. In economics, however, mar- nimously adopted by the United ket means any group of persons Nations Conference of Internacalled the 11 Evil genius" of the Nazi-sponsored French government under Henri Philippe Petain. He was sentenced to die as French who carry on transactions in any tional Ori;ranizations (UNCIO) as traitor. commodity. Similarly, the term the official name for the new Architect of Victor-y.-Winston black market should mean .in eco- worJ<l organization. s. Churchill was called by Prime nomics any group or groups of per- Minister. Clement R. Attlee in his sons who carry on transactions in UNO. This is the abbreviation speech in the House of Commons a.ny commodity above the ceiling fo the .name "United Nations Or- as "one of the architects of our prices set by the government. g-anization." victory." New Order. This was the name UNRRA-It is an organization given to Hitler's plan of a new designed to give help to nations Conqueror of Berlin.-Marshal way of living for the peoples of who need relief. It stands for Gregory K. Zhukov was the leader Europe.· It was the basis of Hit- United Nations Relief Rehabili- of the Russian armies which ler's propaganda to win the sym- tation Administration, stormed Berlin. pathy and help of the German oc- Lend-lease. _ The Lend-Lease Hero of Co:'°reg.idor.-Gen. Jo~acupied countries as well as of those than M. Wamwr1ght was des1gthat lay within the orbit of her in- Act was passed by United States nated the Commander of the Filfluence. The New Order was Congress on March 11, 1941. It American troops by Gen. Douglas intended to supplant, for the provided for a material aid to Bri- MacArthur after his flight to better, the cumbersome democratic tain ana China and expressed a Australia. For bearing the brunt ways. The plan for this New Or- clear-cut acknowledgment that of defeat, against insurmountable der is contained in Mein Kampf China and Britain were part of the odds, Wainwright became the Hero (My Strum;le), a book written by Democratic Front. of Corregidor. Page 18 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW NICKNAMES ... (Continued) Keeping Up with the Time Ike.-This is the nickname given 'WORLD WAR II "The Americans will never forget to Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, While the war was going on the ·Pearl Harbor, and the Japanese former supreme !A.Hied commander ordinary citizen did not b~ther will nev.er forget the U.S. S. Misin :Europe. He has been named to himself with the name or naming sour!'." succeed Gen. George C. Marshall of the last \Vorld \Var. But Pres- "Remember Singapore!" was as Army chief of staff, ident D. Roosevelt was not satis- very significant to Emperor HiroWonder Boys.-Three interna- fied with calling the war 41 The hito. He stayed awake all night tional figures have been given this Second World War." He called on February 11, 1942, waiting imnickname. They are: ( 1) Anthony for public suggestions. Thousands patiently for the fall of Singapore. Eden, former Foreign Minister of of answers poured in. President When Singapore fell on February England in the Churchill cabinet, Roosevelt tentatively called it "The 15, 1942, Emperor Hirohito put on (2) Viacheslav Molotov, present War of Survival." Later he named a ~emedalled uniform, mounted Foreign ComtTI.issar of Russia, and it "The Tyrants' War." The Brit- his white horse, and presented (3) Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., for- ish called it simply "The Six himself to the wildly cheering mer Secretar"y of State in the Years' VVar" or "The War." The crowds in Tokyo. Roosevelt cabinet. Russians called it oiThe Father- "Remember Bataan! Remember Tiger of M_alaya .. , Gopher of land War." On September 10, 1945, Correg~dor!' Luzon ••• Bul:cher of Bataan • , , Secretary of War Stimson and In his speech before the AmerBeast of Bataan!-These are the Secretary of the Navy Forrestal ican people at the Washington nicknames given to Gen. Tomoyuki wrote President Truman to call the monument, Gen. Jonathan E. Yamashita, the fourth and last war "'World War II." The name \Vainwright, the Hei:-o of Bataan, commander of the Japanese Army became official. spoke with profound emotion: in the Philippines. 11 That moment of surrender in Liberator and Defender of the THE BATTLE OF MIDW A y Tokyo Bay had bee.n bought with Philippines. - General Douglas The Battle of Midway (June 3- the b~ood of more than a million MacArthur. June 6, 1942) was the 'first deci- A~ericans. · · all because for a Beast of Belsen.-Josef Kram- sive defeat suffered by the Japan~hil,e we were careless of the -namer was sentenced to die for con- ese Navy in 350 years. In 1592 tion s safety. we- let down our centration camp crimes. He was the Korean Admiral Yi-sun ad- guard.·· In the name of all my th chief of the Belsen concentra- ministered a resounding def-eat to comrades who suffered with ·me, tion camp. the Japanese Admiral Hideyoshi I p~ay that this nation will never Beastess of Belsen. - Irma of~ the ~~rean coast. And yet ~g;m neglect the strength of its Grt:sse. was also sentenced to. die H1deyosh1 IS the so-called Fa,ther Re enses. . . Remember Bataan! for concentration camp crimes at of the Japanese Navy. emember Corregldor!" Belsen. REMEMBER!... REMEMBER! BATAAN DEATH MARCH! The Hammer. - A nickname ... REMEMBER! Released American prisoners of given to Viacheslav Molotov For- "Remember Pearl ~arbor!" was war believe that Lt. General Maelgn Commissar of Russia ·f~r his ~he rallying cry of the Americans :::r~, Homma ordered the "death iron policies. m World W~r II. And yet some- ch from Bataan to Capas. Old Leather Face.-Major Gen~~::a!~t!ha:h~:ce;i~~\7• 1~41', is THAILAND DEATH MARCH! eral. Claire Le~· Chenna~lt,., .the famy." tve m m- The Japanese forced 7,000 con~emus of U.S. air power I~ chma, valescent Allied prtso IS known among the Chmese as "~emembt!r the U. S. S. Mis- "death march" of ab ners to. a "Old Leather Face." He formed soun !" was the keynote of Pres- across Th .1 d 0 out l 50 mtles the spectacular American Volun- ident Truman's V-J Day message 3 500 a: ~~ d f the 7,000, tee: Group ("Flying Tigers"), on September 2, 1945. He said; side. were e ead on the waywhich shot down 297 Japanese-----------'--planes at the cost of only 14 pilots. manding general of the American A NEW INTERPRETATION· Bull.-is a nickname for Ad- 10th Army. OF "WEAPONS" miral \Villiam Frederick Hal~ey, Father of\the United Nations.- The Ministry of Home Affairs the. commander of ~he famed U.S. is the title given to Cord·ell Hull, of Japan announced that !h1r~ Fleet that did a very nice the s-ecretary of State in the swords, the hol.iest symbol of J apJoh_ ~n ~he Second Battle of the Roosevelt Cabinet~ for laying the an's power, should no longer be Phil~ppme Sea. . . foundations of the United Nations regarded as weapOns. They should Vinegar Joe.~1s a mckname for Organization. He won the Nobel be regarded as "objects of ancient• Gen. Joseph Stilwell, the com- Prize for Peace for 1945. art and cutlery." December, 1945 Page 19 Philippine High School Series Cummulative Unit System Outlines of Lessons and Reference Materials based on the ucourses of Study" prepared by the Bureau of Education Manila, Philippines * Economics * Philippine Social Life * Current Events Review (Magazine) In preparatiOn: * Literature & Composition (Magazine) * Tagalog (Magazine) Available at leading bookst01·es.· * Oriental History * World Histol'y * Biology * Physics * General Science * U. S. History MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. Editors * Mimeographers * Process Printers * Bookbinders 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila LIGHT ON PEARL HARBOR secret orders. WORLD NEWS ROUNDUP (Continued from page 10) 2. Italy's ultimate switch to the Allied side. 8. All resources and facilities in Italy would be placed at the disposal of the Allies. 4. Withholding of the announcement of the armistice until September 8, 1943. On November 8, 1945, documents on the long-suppressed Italian armistice terms were released simultane~:>Usly in Washington, London, and Italy. Among the documents released were: 1. Military armistice with Italy. 2. Additional conditions of the armistice with Italy. (Continued from page 11) 1. Secret order No. 1-"The 3. Letter of September 29, empire is expecting war to break · 1943, from Gen. Dwight D. Eise:n:Bigashikuni said _that Emperor out with the United States Great hower to Marshal Pietro Badoglio. Hirohito knew in advance the Jap- Britain, and the Neth:rlands. 4. Memorandwn of agreement anese plan to attack Pearl Har- When the decision is made to com- on employment and disposition o{ bor. The Emperor heard from the plete overall preparations, orders. Italian f1eet and merchant marine. naval chief of staff the general will be issued establishing the ap- 5. Amendment to the agreeoutline of the operation, but was proximate date for commencement ment on the employment and disnot informed of the details of the of operations and announcing position of the Italian fleet. sneak attack. Outgoing Premier 'first preparations for war.'" 6. Statement of Admiral de· Higashikuni said that the Emperor (The Pearl Harbor attack order Courten. understood that a formal declara- was publi.shed November 5, 1941.) 7. Aide memoire of February ti on of war would be transmitted 2. Secret order No. 2.-"The at- 24, 1945, to the Italian governto the government of the United tack was set for December 8, Jap- ment by th.e acting president of States before the attack. anese time, in combined top· secret the Allied Commission. Japanese documenis on Pearl operation order No. 2, dated Nov- 8. Commentary on the armistice Harbo1'".-Secretary of the Navy ember 7, 1941." terms and the Cunnigham-deJ ames Forrestal made public the Courten agreement~ contents ,of the Japanese docu- What are the. lessons taught by -----~------~ ments on the attack on :Pearl Har- Pearl Harbor disaste~?-Jai:nes ~· ism that the "ten points" Cordell bor.. The documents were· fo~nd Reston wrote a sp_ec1al a.rt1cle. m Hull issued on November 6, 1941 in the rusted hull of the cruiser the New York Times d1scussmg .. . . · M _ the lessons taught by the Pearl were not suff1c1ent to be the sul>N ach1 which had been sunk m a . ject of a Cabinet decision. Tlu1 nila bay. The documents, ~m.ong Harbor disaster. Cabinet did not decide on the tenr.s other things, were two prmcipal 1. The War and Navy Depart- of the reply and the timing of the HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS ments should be coordinated, com- reply. It is believed that impnrt(Continued from page 17) bined, unified under one command. ant decisions should be reviewed powers shall be interpreted by 2. The combined. War and Navy by the principal members of the either government in such a way Cabinet and that the functions of as to conflict with the fundamen- Departments should not he organ- the Cabinet should be greaf;lJ tal purpose of this agreement,- ized only for national defense. 'l'he strengthened. t d t' 0 41defensive mentality" among many 4. The p 1 H b t the establishmen an preserva .1 .n of our leaders reatl handica Jed . ear ar or repor s of peace throughout the Pac1~1c the re arati:ns f~r war p!nd have m~reased the outcry for c~os area. hamp~reX the immediate respr.nse er . r~lations. between a responsible 10. Both governments will use to the attack itself. umf1ed Cabm~t, on the one hand, their influence to cause other gov- and the pubhc and the Congresernrnents to adhere to and to give 3. A closer collaboration be- sional committees responsible for practical application to the basic tween the separate Army and the. supervision of foreign and and economic principles set forth Navy services is not enough. military and naval affairs, on th~ in this agreement. There was considerable critic· other. Page 20 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW