Current Events Review

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review
Description: A magazine published for high school students
Issue Date: Volume I (Issue No. 3) January 1946
Publisher: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Year: 1946
Language: English
Rights
Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: ,\ H\G.\Zl"E Pl 'Bl.ISi IED rc>R IJIGI I SCI IOOL STl 'DE'.\:TS In this iss11e l lo\\ \\ould tlH' ~lnilf'C( Na lions Or!!<tniz.ilion Enforq· PC'ace ? Tllf' Big Nrws of 19·15 Tl1P ,\lom k A'-"· - _F. N. Gou lmprriol Rrsnipl Accrpling Surn•ndn Tenn o: Coclr :'\amrs Usrd lo l lidc Allied Plans RC'JlOrl on Grrmany f~t·r:orl on .Jupan ,, Significant \Vorld Nf'ws Roundup (, lncrrasing Our Rrading Powrr Q S<'i<>nn· ]\ !arrlH's On Signifirnnl Na~es in Conll'mporary N<'ws 12 lm11orlanl I lislorirnl Oocumf>nfs I> Volume I, No. 3 January, 1946 60 centavo We take pleasure in presenting the QTurrrut 1f uruta irutrw A Magazine /or High School Students Published as a contribution to a common effort, Educational Rehabilitation. The CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW is an indispensable monthly magazine fo, all students in social sciences in secondary schools. It meels the immediate demand lor rich, complete, supplementary teaching and study materials carefully selected from authentic books, leading magazines and newspapers, documents, and reports that werf' unavailable since the outbreak of the War in 1941 to the early days of liberation: and, hand in hand. gives a syslf'matic, varied, and comprehensive monthly review of currenl events. Together with the 'magazine, suggestions for, guides in, and mf'lhods of, te~ching the materials presented are prepared for the use of instructors. To accomplish this trf'mendous task. we have selected for lhe edilorial staff men of recognized lilerary abilities, wilh specific as well as broad educalional background.i, and with wide and successful teaching experience:-and to make this magazine of utmost service and benefit lo the instructors and students. we have madP it a general policyl. To select materials educationally appropriate fundamentally for high school instruction and to presPnt tht>m in a style most easily understood and appreciated by high school students: 2. To present fully and exhaustively contemporary Pvenls of nalional or worldwide- significance; 3. To give continuous and complf'te- accounl of the progrPss and achievements in science: 4. To analyze and interpret national and inlt'tnational lrf'nds, movements, and policies towards the sol~tion of present-day problems: 5. To give critical evaluation of the lives of great contemporary men who have made marked changes in world progrpss or who may servf' as an inspiration and t>xamplf' to high school students: 6. To provide from lime lo lime a glossary of new words and terminologies that are necessary for full understanding of modern thoughts and way.s as '"•'f'IJ as for adequate and up·to-date self-expression; 7. To encourage suggestions from all our rf'aders. f'Specially the instructors, so as to make the magazine responsive to the immediate and individual needs of our readers. SURELY. THE CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW IS THE MAGAZINE FOH ALL STUDENTS OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines _How Would the United Nations Organization Enforce Peace? Why was the United Nations ing the machinery that would in- What are the purposes of the Organization established? sure a durable peace are: United Nations? The United Nations Organization was the result of the fever· ish efforts of 50 nations in their desire to est3.blish a machinery that would insure peace in the world, after many peace org?-nizations had failed in building an enduring peace. After nine weeks of hard and cooperative worki delegates from 60 nations agreed to establish the UNO. What are the general principles subscribed to by the peoples of the United Nations? The peoples of the United Nations are determined: 1. To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. 2. To reaffilm faith in fundamental human rights, in tlle dignity and worth of· man, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations, large and small. 3. To establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law ca.n be maintained. 4. To promote social progress and better standards of life. The- peoples of the United Nations are determined to do the following in order to achieve these four general principles. 1. To practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighborS. 2. To unite their strength tc maintain international peace and security. 3. To accept the principles and methods that may be instituted to prevent the use of armed force, except for the common interest of ail nations. 4. Tc;> employ international macbi.nery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples. Who are the members of the United Nations that promised to work together to build peace? The 60 nations that worked together at San Francisco for buildJanuary, 1946 Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia ·Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras India Iran Iraq Lelanon Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Nicaragua New Zealand Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Ukr~inian Soviet Socialist Republic Union of South Africa Union of Soviet Socialist Republic United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Venezuela \Vhite Russian Soviet Socialist Republic Yugoslavia Poland. was lat~i;r -on admitted. The respective government of the members of the United Nationf have agreed to the present Charter of_ the United Nations. The purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain international peace, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace and for the suplJression of acts of aggression or other breaches of peace, and tc bring about by peaceful means: and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international dispute'S or situations which might lead to a breach of peace. 2. To develop friendly relations among natiOns based on r~spect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to $.trengthen universal peace. 3. To achieve international ~o operation in solving international problems of an economic, social cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental frP.edoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. 4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. What is the machinery set up for enforcing enduring peace? The machinery set up to enforce peace consists of the following: The Security Council, the General Assembly, the World Economic and Social Council, the Trustee· ship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. The Security Council is compos. ed of 11 members. The Big 5The United States, Great Britain, Russia, France, and China are permanent members. The first session of the General Assembly (Continued on page 4) Page 1 The World Prepares the Establishment of World Peace through the United Nations Organization-·· THE NEED FOR PEACE What is peace? It generally means freedom from war. It means also . a staie of calm ani:I friendliness. Man has always known that war does not pay. It is not all glory, honor, or profit. War is destructive. It kills many irinocent peoples. It destroys lives and property. In World War I about 28,000,000 civilians lost t!;.eir lives as a result of diseases, famine, and priYation. About 10,000,000 solclie1·s were killed. World War I cost $400,000,000,000. Nicholas Mui·· ray Butler, former president of Columbia University, estimated that making preparations ~ooking toward future acquisitions, which are judged to be hazardous to the independence and national existence of its neigh bars. The G1·eeks had their ancient league of Federated City-States. The Spartans, too, had iheir own league to maint~in and protect the security of all the city-states in southern Greece. It was ca 11 e d Peloponnesian League. The people of Athens formed the Delian League. The German cities formed the Hanseatic· league to protect the mem# hers from the ambitious feudal lords, pirates, bandits, ancf robbers. In 1921 a conference on the limitation of armaments was held at Washington. The Washington Naval Conference was attended by nine nations to settle the lilnitation of armaments and certain questions in the Pacific and in the Far East. In 1928 the Kellog Pact was signed by fifteen nations. 'l'hc nations who signed the pact denounced war as an instrument of national policy. They agreed to settle all disputes by peaceful means. In 1930 the London Naval Conference was held to continue the discussion for the limitation of armaments. Another conference for the limitation of armamente was held in Geneva fo 1932. with such amount we could give a Many other alliances with similar house, worth $2,500 and built on purposes were formed in Eu- THE DUMBARTON OAKS five acres of land worth $100 an rope in the sixteenth, seventeenth, CONFERENCE acre, to every family in the United eighteenth, nineteenth, and twen- Several conferences '!ere held States, Canada, Australia, Eng- tieth centuries. Some of these by the representatives of the iand, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, famous alliances were: the alliance United Nations during the World France, Belgium, Germany, and formed by England and France \Var II. Some .Jf these conferences Russia. against Austria in 1526i the Holy were held to examine the war What was the cost of \Vorld Alliance formed by Russia, Prus- operations and to plan the offen\Var II? Researcher James H. sia, Austria tO suppress revolu· sive against the Axis powers. One Brady has just finished a surve)·. tionary uprisings in Europe; the of the significant conferences held He found out that the total cost Triple Alliance formed by Gel"- was the Dumbarton Oaks Confer-· for armaments and war materfals many, Austria-Hungary a:nd Italy; ence, Dumbarton Oaks is in Washis about $1,154,000,000,000. The and the Triple Entente formed by ington, D.C. damage in property is about $230,· France, Great Britain, and Russia. The conference was held from 000,000,000. The survey placed the One famous alliance that came to August 21, to October 7, 1944. The expenditures of the United States an end after World War II vn powers represented in the conferat. $317,600,000,000, Russia at $192, September 2, 1945, was the Rome- ence were Unitea States, Great 000,000,000, and Great Britain at Berlin-Tokyo (Axis Tri-Partite) Britain, J;tussia, and China. Pro$120,000,000,000. The total cost of Alliance. posals for th~ establtshment of an war to the Axis powers is 0 $468,- l\10DERN EFFORTS TO PRE- international organlzatfon under 000,000,000 - Germany $212,000,· SERVE PEACE the title of the United Nations 000,000, Italy $94,000,000,000, and ' were drafted. Japan $56,000,000,000. The end of World War I has Former Secretary of State EdTHE PEOPLE PROPOSED made the peoples of the world ward R. Stettinius, Jr., gave the PEACE MEASURES realize the significance of living outline of the plans proposed at There were various peace proposals in the past. Treaties of alliance were made for this purpose--to maintain peace. Nations made treaties with other nations in peacefully with their neighbors. Dumbarton Oaks. The late President Woodrow Wil· 1. Peace can be maintained only son suggested the establishment of if the peace-loving nations of the an international organization that world band together to preserve would enforce peace. Through the and maintain peace. efforts of various leaders, the 2. Measures should be provided order to maintain a "balance of League of N at ion s was es- to prevent wars and to suppress power." - "Balance of Power" means th.is: "that any European sta~e may be restrained from pursuing plans of acquisition, or Page 2 tablished in 1920 to preserve them. peace. An Jnternational Court of 3. It is necessary not only to Justice was established in 1921 b prevent· and suppress war but _to settle disputes between nations. (Continued on the ne~t page) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW THE WORLD PREPARES... the two Giants, the United States sion, unity was achieved. (Continued) and Russia, made concessions to The pOsition of the 41 Little 46" build peace and to make that pea.ce the smaller nations. All nations nations on cooperation for the benwith the same effort and strong were very willing to sacrifice a efit of all was stated by J an·Alpurpose which the members have little of the1r "sovereignty" to bert Goris, the distinguished editor given to making war. achieve a greater goal-the es- of Begium. He said: 14The smaller 4. The progressive reduction tablishment of international peace countries realize very well that in of armaments is verv essential to and security. fact the destiny of the world lies world peace. .. 5. The delegates found it possi- with the Great Powers; they have WHY THE UNITED NATIONS ble ~o sett!~ complex questions af- the means in men and technical CONFERENCE ON INTERNA- fectm~ ;ar1ous na~ions. Some of material, to check any aggressor at TIONAL ORGANIZATION WAS the. d1ff1cult questions that .were any time .... If they insist on comCALLED amicably settled through discus- plete unanimity for the decisions sions were: the interpretation <Jf of the Security Council, they do 1'he conference was attended by the Veto Fot·mula, the framework so - they declare - because they ~members of th~ United Nations in of a trusteeship system for colo- realize there is no peace possible San Francisco, California. The nial peoples, the existing regional- in the world when a lack of harconference took place from April security arrangements, and sover- mony prevails among the bigger 25 to June 26, 1945. The main eignty. nations ... purpose of the conference was to 6. The delegates realized that "The small nations understand prepare a charter for a general the success of the new interna- this position very well ... It is the international organization for the tional organization depends on the sacred duty of the smaller nations maintenance ~f international peace cooperation of all. It is note- to do their utmost to prevent the D.nd security. worthy that the representatives Big One from growing apart; on SIGNIFICANT OUTCOMES OF of all the Big Powers stressed the their cooperation rests the futur. THE CONFERENCE same point--cooperaffon._ of the world ... " The Conference brought. toeether a. Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.- 7. The small nations found satrepresentatives of 50 nations to "There can be no end to the tyran- isfaction in the triumph of the discuss the organization of an in- ny of fear and want unless the adoption of the trusteeships. Tlie ternational societli for the preser- proposed world organization com- United Nations Charter on thi~ vation of international peace and mands the allegiance of both th~ point has been considered as the security. The discussions revealP.d mind and the conscience of man- "charter for all the colonial peo· many significant points. kind." ples." The trusteeship system i1 b. Viacheslav Molotov. - "The considered as a victdry of the 1. The conference showed- that point at issue is whether other whole world by Brigadier Ge!l. all the delegates wanted peace. peace-loving nations are willing to Carlos Romulo because of its im-:: 2. The delegates wanted that rally around these leading powers portant purposes. These are: (1) justice be given in the organiza- to create an effective interna- to further international peace and tion of the new international so- tional security organization." security; (2) to promote the policiety. President Harry S. Truman The "Little 45" nations realized tical, economic, social, and educareminded the delegates that '1Jus- als.o their part in the preservation tional advancement· of the inliabitice remains the greatest power on of international peace and secur- tants of the trust territories; (:J) earth. To that power alone wil1 ity. They spent much time in to promote the colonies' progreswe submit." analyzing and discussing the Big sive development towards self-gov3. The delegates realized the Five veto power. Under the agreed ernment or independence; (4) to need of mutual understanding in interpretation, the Big Five keep encourage respect for human rights handling international problems. the right to veto any active formal and for fundamental freed~ms for There were petty quarrels during investigation of an international all without distinction as to race, the conference. The small nations dispute by the new world organiza- sex, language, or religion; and wanted modifications in some pro- tion's Security CounciJ. But no (6) to insure equal treatment in posals, The bigger nations saw one member can veto simple dis- social, economic and commercial the need of undersianding and cussion of an issue. Russia pre- matters for all members of the examining the demands of the viously wanted to change this in- United Nations and their nationsmall nations. terpretation. She wanted that als and also equal treatment for Carlos P. Romulo, a Filipino de- freedom of discussion be subject the latter in the adminisfr&tTon of legate, stated that "human words to veto by any big-power member. justice, are more powerful than guns in She yielded her demand, because 8. The small nations also found the defense of human dignity. . . she believed that there must be great satisfaction in fhe provision Human understanding is the only give and take in the formation of of the charter on ammendments impregnable line." the new international society. and in the provisions for some fu .. 4. The Big .Powers, especially After 12 hectic days of discus- (Continued on the next. page) January, 1946 Page 3 Published Monthly for High School Students Diosdado G. Capino Editor D. R. Manlapaz Publisher ---------- ----HOW WOULD THE UNO ... (Continued from page 1) Page 4 ture constitutional conventions. 9. The delegates modified the Dumbarton Oaks proposals. They made the proposals liberal to promote justice and security. They succeeded. in making a charter that would promote human welfare and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Wqr itg Nrws nf 1!145-The year 1945 was a year of in man's understanding of nature's great decisions and ep'och-making forces. Atomic energy may in the events. The world witnessed the future supplement power that birth of the Atomic Age, the down- now comes from coal, o-il and fallfall of totalitarianism, the decision ing water." to bring about glob~l accord on There are many predictions peace and security, the decision to about the atomic age. Some of give a new concept to world mo~ them are fantastic and others are rality by' having a "clear cut all'l practical. 'rhe majority of scieasily understood definition of war _entists believe that the commercial guilt" and "a consistent severltv use of the harnessing of the mitoward those who are judged raculous powers of atomic-fission guilty," and a new surge of nation- energy may come within the next alism directed at the reaiization of few years. The pace of scieittific the principles of "self-deterinina·· research towards this end has al:tion." ready been stepped up. THE BIRTH OF THE ATOMIC THE SURRENDER OF JAPAN AGE The futu.re of the world was written in a flash. On August 6, 1945, three specially-designed "Superforts" flew over Japan on a new mission. One· of them carried only a small missile yet containing an explosive power greater than 20,000 tons of TNT. At 12 :01 a missile was reteased. A giant flash broke followed by a bluish-green light that illuminated the entire sky. Then a tremtndous blast shook the earth. A giant ball of fire rose belching enormous white rings. A pillar of purple fire shot skyward. It changed shape into a flowerlir.:e form, its enormous petals curving downward. A new era was born-the atomic age. The President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, made the important announcement on the birth of the new epoch: "Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese P.rmy base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT .... It is an. atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. . . What has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science in history ... The fact that we can release atomic energy ushers in a new era J.anuary, 1946 On August 14, 1945, the whole world was electrified by the announcement that the leader of the East Asia . Co-Prsoperity Sphere and exponent of the doctrine of "Asia for the Asiatics" had accepted the terms of unconditional surrender in accordance with the Potsdam ultimatum. Japan's unconditional surrender meant th~ end of World War II. To the Russians, British, and Americans the surrender of J apan meant the end of Japanese aggression long planned and cleverly executed under the guise of liberation of the Orientals fi-om the imperialism of the West. For China, it meant the end of eight years of aggression. For Japan it meant the end of Japanese militarism and the birth of democracy in a land that had afways believed that it was superior to all peoples of the world. To the people of the Philippines it meant tbe restora~ion of peace and security. COLLAPSE OF GERMANY At 2:41 a.m., Monday, M'ay 7, 1945, (French time), the N<izis burrendered. The fall of Germany brought to a close the first phase of the greatest, biggest, costliest, most destructive, and uglie:;;t global war in the history of the world. "The war in Europe was a revolution against the moral basis of 'civilization. It was conceived by the Nazis in conscious contempt for the life, dignity, and freedom of individual man; and deliberately prosecuted by means of slavery, starvation and .th~ mass destruction of noncombatants' lives. It was a revolution against the human soul.'' After 2,076 days of war, Nazi tyranny had come to an ·end. It meant the end of Hitler's dream "for a "Great Germany." It meant also freedom from totalitarian ways of living-the tyrahny of the mind and the tyranny of the body. It signified the triumph of democracy over the ruthless rule of force. THE DEATH OF THE CHIEF'TAIN Atop the Pine Mountain in Wann Springs there is a "Little White House.'' It is a frame cottage that had given comfort and rest to the Chieftain. He was there in the early days of April, 1945. He was resting and getting in shape for the San Francisco Conference. On April 12, he sat at a card table beside the fh'e place. An artist, Mrs. Elizabeth Shoumatoff, was making sketches of him. "I have a terrific headache" he said to Commander H. G. Bruenn, a navy doctor. In a few minutes he lost consciousness. A Negro valet and a Filipino mess boy carried him to the bed room. At 4 :35 p. m. the world was shocked. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States and one of the greatest war leaders of the triumphant Allies, died of a "massive cerebral hemorrhage." The death of President Roosevelt had an '1immediate impact on the world that the death of no other American has ever had.'' His leadership in peace and ·in war for 12 years is the mighty symbol of the determination of free-living countries of the world to rule according to the will of the people. (Continued in the next issue) Page 5 SigniFic1nt World News Roundup·-· GREAT BRITAIN One of the important events in the economic history of G.reat Britain is the offering of a loan to her by the United States. Tho loan would help Great Britain in her program of reconversion. The terms of the loan proposed by the United States are: 1. The United States will give a 55-year $3, 750,000,000 loan at 2%. The interest will be waived in any year in which Britain prove that she cannot pay, 2. -She will get another $672,000,000 to help wind up LendLease. 3. Britain should try to reduce her 3 to 4 billion sterling debt to sterling bloc countries. 4. Great Britain should promis~ to back a multi-lateral trade program at next summer's international conference. On December 14, it was annoqnced in the press that the House of Commons after bitter debates had accepted a $4,400,000,000 loan from the United States. YUGOSLAVIA On November 29, 1945, the Yugoslav Constituent Assell\bly (Skupshtina) in Belgrade proclaimed Yugoslavia a republic. The proclamation ended the Karageorgevitch dynasty. The Assembly declared that the new republic is a "community of equal peoples who have freely expressed their will to remain united with Yugoslavia." The recent election in Yugoslavia overwhelmingly gave a vote of confidence to the government of Joseph Tito, the colorful Marshal. BURMA The return of native rule has been given concrete exRression in Burma. The military control of the country by Great Britain ended when Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, Allied supreme ·commander in Southeast Asia, issued a proclamation turning over the control of Burma to the civil govPage 6 ernment, beginning January 1, 1946. Only in areas where the dis· arming of the Japanese army have not yet been completed will military control continue. The British, therefore, would occupy only certain pai·ts of Tenasserim and Karenni. CHINA and Siam signed a treaty ending the state of war between her and Great Britain. The peace treaty was signed by M. E. Denning, political adviser to Lord Louis Mountbatten, and Prince Viwatanjai J aiyant of Siam. Among the important provisions of the treaty are: 1. Siam retains her freedom, h.er sovereignty, and her independence. 2. She is free to negotiate any future treaty with Britain. 3. She should repudialte all On January 10, 1946, the representatives of both the Chungking gOvernment and the Yenan Communist government gave the order to stop immediately the hostiliti.es between their armed forces. The measures made by hi"r after she "cease fire" order was given fol- had declared war against Great lowing the long negotiations be- Britain. tween Generalissimo Chiang Kai- On January 6, 1945, the United shek and the Communist General States resumed diplomatic relaCho En Lai. General George C. tions with Siam. Secretary of Marshall, special ambassador to State James F. Byrnes received China, participated in the confer- Luang Dithakar, charge d'affail'es ence to help establish unity in of the Siamese delegation. DiploChina. Several delegates of the matic relations with Siam were various political parties in China broken off early in 1942 when were called into a confer- Siam declared war against the ence to settle the main differences United States. The American govbetween the two principal parties ernment, however, did not recog-Kuomintang and Communists. nize the decla1·ation of war Dy Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Siam. She worked closely with announced four significant princi- ihe pro-Allies elenients in Siam. ples which may be tak~n up as the foundation of a constitutional government to be proposed in the consultative assembly on January 10, 1946. The principles announBRAZIL For the first time in fO years, Brazil went to polls last December to elect a president and repre· sentatives to a congress which ced are: would draft a new constitution for 1. The government shall grant the country. The election is signi· to the people freedom of perscn, ficant for three important rea: conscience, speech, publications, sons: (1) the election· was unand association. They shall "tie doubtedly the freest election in safeguarded against illegal arrest the history of Brazil and the and trial. largest popular election in South 2. All political parties shall L .. American history; (2) the election equal before the law and may ope- of the president was tne first in rate within the law. 15 years; and (8) the creation of 3. Local self-government shall the congress was also the first actively be promoted in all places. since 1987 when Vargas abolished Popular elections shall be held. the congress and assumed the dic4. Political prisoners shall be t3torship. The new president, exreleased, with the exception of War Minister General Eurico Gasthose who may be found traitors par Dutra, believes in democracy. or to have connnitted definite acts He said: 0 Brazil and the United injurious to the republic. States have chosen a common lot SIAM of sacrifice, to defend democracy On January 1, 1946, Britain and fight oppression and perfidy." CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW World News ... MEXICO Mexico has set a broad program for- the promotion of her national welfare. She plans to have (a) a broad social security system; ( t•) a strong financial system; ( c) better roads; (d) a stable judfoiary; (e) a highly developed basic industries. The man who has guided Mexico through many progressive .reforms is Manuel Avila Camacho. He has been given the credit of putting Mexico on the side of the Allies in the last World War.· Ca, macho is also given the credit for a remarkable reduction of illiteracy at:nong his people. And he has promised his people. 'r-an honest election" in July, 1946. MANCHURIA ship for Korea. The main p_urpose of the trusteeship is to prepare the country for an independent state. The trusteeship would not last more than five years. It was also agreed that a joint American-Russian Commission would work out the economic-political development of the country and the establislunent of independence. This Commission would cooperate and work with the provisional government, together with all democratic Korean organizations. GREECE Greece had a new cabinet in December, 1945. The 86-year-old Liberal Themistokles Sophoulis succeeded in forming a Cabinet that included all groups, except the communjsts and the royalists. The new cabinet supports ( 1) the holding of a new election' and (2) the withholding of the plebiscite on On September 18, 1931, a "little the return of King George until incident" near Mukden in Chinese. 1948. Manchuria gave Japan reason for invading Manchuria. The inva- Archbishop Damaskinos pr~· sion turned Manchuria into a pup- sented his resigna.tion as Regent, pet state. The puppet state (one but he was requested to keep the of the puppet states in the East regencx. Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere) was The Greek Cabinet approved the rechristened Manchukuo. The bill granting amnesty to all perworld was shocked by the action sons now imprisoned for crimes of Japan. The recommendation of coinmitted during the German octhe Lytton Commission, which· in- cupation and during the December vestigated the incident and the revolution. ManChurian question, was ignored by Japan. The United States refused to recognize the new puppet state. But the Japanese defied America by resigning from the League of Nations on May 27, 1933. With the help of the U. S. and With the consent of Russia, in December, 1945, the Nationalist troops returned to Mukden and Changchun cities which the Japanese had developed into industrial and administrative centers of Manchuria during their 14 years of occupation. KOREA The Big 3 Conference of Foreign Ministers, held in Moscow last December, 1946, agreed on the establishment of a provisional government and four-power trusteeJanuary, 1946 ITALY The coalition government of Italy under Premier Ferruccio Parri fell apart in the first week of December, 1945. After the fail of the coalition government there was fear that the six parties would not be able to reconcile their differences. These parties are the Liberals, the Christian Democrats, Labor Democrats, Actionists, Socialists, and Communists. Crown Prince Umberto named the scholar Alcide de Gasperi as Premier to succeed Ferruccio Parri. The Liberals objected to the formation of coalition government unless the Fascists were purged. The threat of Premier De Gasperi to form a five-party government made the Liberals to capitulate. He promised: "Fascism will never happen again. Never." AUSTRIA About 3,500,000 Austrian voters went to the polls. The election was almost similar to the free elections in 1930. The voters decidedly voted· down Comm'unism even in the zone occupied by the Red Army. The Communists were also d,efeated in the workingclass districts. The VolkspOJrted (standard bearer of Dollfuss' Old Christian Social Party's ideals) got about one-half of tlle vote. The Social Democrats got more than 40% of the vote. It is significant to note that "Red Vienna" voted heavily on the side of the Social Democrat. The new President of the Second Austrian Reput·lic is Karl Renner, who was also the Chancellor of the first Austrian Republic 27 years ago. SYRIA AND L"E:gANUN Syria was formerly a province of the old Turkish Empire. It was made an independent State by the Treaty of Sevres :brut administered as a mandate assigned to France by the Supreme Council of the Allied Powers. Great Britain occupied Syria and Lebanon in 1941 under the terms of an armistice with tne Vichy Government of France. The armistice terminated the five-weeks' war. France tn.i"ned her mandate over to the British and Free-French forces. Syria was proclaimed a Republic on September 16, 1941, by tile occupying Free French authorities. Free France acted in agreement with Great Britain in ending the mandate. An agreement was signed on December 27, 19f3', transferring as of January 1, 1944, all powers hitherto exercised by France to the Syrian and Lebanese governments. In December, 1945, France agreed to step out of Syria and Lebanon. Great Britail\ afso made the same announcement. Both countries believe that should forces be needed to establish peace in Syria and Lebanon, UNO (United Nations Organization) will supply the troop. Page 7 A Short Story After striding past the long, garden-scented corridors, Elvy and Ninette ca;me in breathlessly to join the fourth-year class of thirty happy young girls under Mother Edelvin8.. "The last of the sages!" Paquita joyfully announced as slie cast assuring glances at the two.bookworms who just came in. It was two minutes before eight. Conversation was at its highest when Paquita's hushiiig brought every:_ body at once to her seat. 1'Sh, sh, sh ... Mother Edelvina!" Greetings were exchanged, prayers were said. Mother Edelvina began: "We live in an atomic age. Everything is atomized, atomic congress, atomic penalty, at ..... " "Atomic scientist, atomic grocery store, atomic variety show, atomic decision, atomic conference" sprang the phrases from the different sages in the class. "All sages in? Innocents, too? Very well. We are on for an atomic recitation," Mother Edelvina heralded. Thereupon she seated herself beside Paquita near a window overlooking the driveway leading to the college main door. It was Innocents' Day. The class decided to carry on the current events lesson on the Atomic Bomb between the Innocents and the Sages. Half of the class composed the Innocents' group; the rest the Sages'. The class had -a good laugh to see Mother Edelvina play THE ATOMIC AGE ITS BEAUTY, HORRORS AND WONDERS wishes to convey." denly I heard merry voices and Nodding her head in approval merry names: Atom, Neutron, Mother Edelvina s~id, "Thank Electron, Uranium, Isotopes: Nuyou, Ninette, now I understand." cleus ... The strange things began "Sages, may you help me next?" to talk i'h friendly tones; 1 felt inquired Conchita. "Problems do safe. 'We are your friends,' asnot leave me in p~ace. I have sured Ur~nium. 'I am a metal many problems but I shall give half as heavy as lead. I am made you only two to be answered." up of the most complex of all _ Encouragingly, Elvy responded: atoms. Atoms are the smallest "Shoot the problems. We do the bits of elements retaining properrest." ties of chemical elements. Have "Wh t f brought you heard of U-235 or U-238? a group 0 men These are called isotopes. They about the atomic bomb? Did the both come from me. They differ men mean to do bad?" in atomic weight but are of the uo-o-o-0--, that's something se- same type of element. Each of my rious. Scientists did bring about atoms has a core ·called nucleus the atemic bomb. They did not mean to do bad. Surely, Scientists which, when destroyed by a born. f r to use the results of their bardmenl of n.eutrons, ~eleaseE Pl e ~ energy and atomic explosive restudies for good rather than for ,suits.' As if reading my mind, b~d purposes. 1~ s~ould be the Uranium continued, 'Neutrons aim of a true scientist to make d p t k I . I' th an ro ons ma e up a nuc eus. possible man's contra _ove~ .e N eutrous particles in atoms car~y forces of nature for his hveh- no electric charge. Protons are hood;'' was sage Luisa's explana- the principal particles in atoms tion. Slowly, she continued, with . a positive electric cha1·ge. "While it is true that the atomic Electrons are negatively charged bomb had destroyed thousands particles moving in an orbit outupon thousands of lives to end the side the atom nucleus. Oh, here second World War in favor of the comes U-235!' With this announceDemocracies, it is also a fact that penicillin, another scientific discovery of great importance, will save lives many more times than those lost in all corners of the world." Conchita relaxed with satisfaction. Next to her, uneasy at the seat, sat the somewhat troubled Aida. the role of an innocent child. With "What's up, Aida? Are you inquiring eyes and her right fore- sick?" sympathetically a s k e d finger against he right cheek, she Ninette. ment appeal'ed a shining white metal. Its nucleus was made of 92 protons and 143 neutrons. 92 plus 143 equals 235. 'My sister, U238,' said U-235 as she pointed tc one just like her. It was made of the same number of protons, 92 but differed in the amount of . neutrons, 146. 92 plus 146 equals 238. Still dumbfounded, I was then entertained by explosions fro atomic fission or splitting of atom cores of U-235. As movements became faster, the harder were the explosions until I thought I would be blown up. 'Lord,' I gasped, '1-1 -J-' Mother said that she shook me hard off . my dream. That I proceeded in a slow childish man- ''No, Ninette, innocent me is ner: "I have been hearing 'atomic' bothered by a dream. I have. no very ·often. What does it mean?" time to open the dream book was wriggling and moaning bed. Boldly from among the sages neither have I time to consult the Ninette responded, ,.Very easy, dictionary." Pressed by the others atomic means extremely minute. to relate her dream, Aida contiNow, however, the word atomic' nued: "I dreamed I was in the has acquired a new meaning: the laboratory in New Mexico wher~ superlative degree of anything. It the atomic bomb was born. There may mean ihe best or the worst were so many unfamiliar objects, depending upon the effect one I did not know what te do. Sud"You should be a sage, Aida!'' Elvy's voice rang out clear abov~ all the girls' shouts of joy. ·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C-U-RRENT EVENTS REVIEW Page 8 By FERMINA N. GAN Research and Curriculum Di11isio11 INCREASING OUR READING POWER Department of Inst1·uction Understanding some terms used in "You have the secret of atomic with a polite bow, "Please excuse speaking of atomic power. energy! Incidentally, of course my-interruption." Atom..-It is the smallest bit of but-fortunately indeed," Ninette Smiling, Ninette went on: "The matt:r, with the properties of a corroborated. And then she acl- explosive force of the atomic bomb chemical element. ded: "It is the most mistaken was too strong. The blast was Atom.ic energy.-Power de1ived idea in the public mind today th2t felt 250 miles away-windows that from the atoms. atomic energy is a secret of the far rattled. A giant pillar of pur- Neutron.-It is the particle in United States and Great Britain. pie fire rose from a giant-ball of the core of an atom which carries The basic principles were kno:wn fire. It then changed into a great no electric charge. The neutron is everywhere before the war began. bluish green, purple mushroom used to smash other atom cores. That every atom. is capable of re- which later was transformed into Proton.-It is a particle .in the leasing energy; That through gigantic flower forms with enor- core of an atom. It contains. or atomic fission or splitting, U-286 mous petals creamy wliite outside carries a positive electric charge. can produce a great explosive and rose colored inside. Witnes-- Electron.-It is a particle c011force. The knowledge of the ter- ses were overjoyed at such an ar- taining a negative electric charge. rible weapon can neither be with- ray of beautiful colors. 'It is a It moves in an orbit outside the held from others nor be abolisheJ thing of beauty,' they said, 'a nucleus of an atom. from the world. It is just a mat- most destructive weapon but not Nucleus.-The core of an atom ter of time. The atomic bomb is a dangerous to handle.' The atomic in called nucleus. When it is born.product of teamwork, careful plan- bomb yields its terrific energy only barded by neutrons, it is desning, and wise direction. The under certiiin conditions. \Vould troyed. United States and Great Britain you care to handle one, Letty?" Fission.-It. is a term given to aecomplished the work of fifty "Oh, no! I will not take chances. the splitting of an atom core, years in five years. They have Imagine if I drop one, what may Atomic fission.-It is the term simply gone ahead of the other I bring about?" given to the splitting of the atom. nations. In President Truman's To this question of innocent Cyclotron.-It is the appartus words; '\Ve have won the battle Letty, quiet but intelligent sage, used in bombarding atoms. of the laboratories.'" Minerva replied: "You may erase Ura.nium.-It is a metallic ele· "'rhat's right, it is a scientific Manila and its environs entirely ment. It is the the parent of a victory," Paquita remarked and from the map; vaporize steel, radium series. U-236 releases then pleaded for more informa- stone and wood. The whole area atomic power, tion. "Ninette, plea~e tell us more would seem burned up many Plutonium. _ It is a newly abou.t the bomb. How great is its months ago, cleared up as plain created element (a fundamental force?" and as c1ean as ever. Casualties substance with chemical properAddressing the group once more, would be more or less as Hiroshi- ties.) It explodes and release Ninettee went on. "Know you ma's-33,000 deaths, 30,000 mis- atomic energy,, that the first atomic bomb wiped sing, 14,000 seriously wounded Radioactivity.-It is the name Hiroshima off the face of th!'.: 43,500 not seriously wounded, all given to the artificially produced earth on August 6, 1945? That a the others· suffering from burns." disintegration of chemical elesecond atomic bomb dropped at "I certainly should never ha.ndle ments. Nagasaki made the Japs cry 'quits' one! Can't we use the atomic on August 14, 1945, and ended energy for good?" life of the car; whe1·e coal wotild history's greatest orgy of death 41 Well, the eternal hope lies in no longer be used as fuel but as and destruction? man's living with man. In a world a source of useful chemical, a:ad "The first atomic bomb was free from the fear of war, atomic many other such wonders." equal to 20,000 tons of TNT (tri- energy should not encourage the A pause. nitrotoluene - a powerful e~plo· building of underground cities and "Annie, I now yield the floor to sive) or 4 trainloads of TNT, the prepare for 0 push-button" war&. you, ,in the name of the mother, total bomb load of 2,000 Sup~r· Instead, atomic energy should of the innocents, and the sages." forts!" The atomic bomb ha.s been bring us into a dreamland where It was at this time that an autoestimated to weigh 400 pounds." s~all, n e a t energy~produciug mobile drove through the cJ,rive· "My! Oh My! I have a bet~er buildings take the places of great way. The ever-alert Paquita anbomb to tell you about if both dams and big hydro~electric nounced: 11 Annie, your Tia Elisa sages and innocents would give me plants; where automobiles can be and little cousins Nini and Nie!.> a chance to talk," naughty An- supplied ·with small but powerful are here. Nini is waving a maganie, an innocent, bragged. Then units of fuel to last throughout the ( C.ontinued on the next. pa.ge) January, 1946 Page 9 ~rteure flarrqes ®u-011 Physics 1. Over a thousand different rays may prove even more effecplastic parts go into every battle- tive for killing cancer cells. In an article in the Atlantic ship, Uundreds go into every plane, Monthly, Dr. I. Rabi of Columbia tank, and transportation vehicles. Another Great Killer of Rats ~nv~si~y s:y(;. that the t~rogress 2. Tens of millions of trench Science has just announced the> ~~ssp t~~1i~8 ::~1~;.ate~a~i;n:t:i:: mortar fuses have been made from discovery of a new great rat kilthat the principles of the radar plastics to save about 15 million ler: "lOSO." "The rat is not easy and the atom bomb had been pounds of aluminum and over 1 to poison, because it soon learns known before the war. He fur- million machine hours and over to detect a give-away taste in· ther states that there are two three quarters of a million marl- smelJ. But "lOSO," a chemical · t t t' h' h · t hours. known as sodium fluoroacetate, impor an ques ions w ic scien - fools the cagiest rat. It is soluists have been t~yillg to solve since 3. Total plastics production has ble in water and can be offered before the War. been estimated at around· 400,000 in a taseteless solution. And a 1. Are there other electrical toi1s. The production is still in- pintpoint of it ki1ls a half-pOunrl components of the atom still un- creasing. rat. known? 2. It it possible to produce a resistance wire that woula carry the current indefinitely once it is started? A discovery of such wire will ra~ically revolutionize the electri~al industry. A New Drug for the Heart Five Argentine scientists have recently announced the discovery of a new drug for heart diseases. The name of the new drug is agaraine. Tests conducted on animals and human patients have proved that the drug may be effective in certai11 heart diseases, especially the heart disease characterized by auricular flutter and auricular fibrillation. Dicumarol is the new drug that is producing remarkable results in the treatment of heart diseases, according to Col. Irving S. Wright of Army Medical Corps and clinical professor of medicine at Columbia University. Wright says that the new drug greatly helps in preventing blood clotth~g such as that which takes place in apoplexy, coronary .thrombosis, and other heart ailments. (USIS) Growth of Plastics Industry A "Science Forum Program11 gives the following contributions and achievements of the plastic industry: Page 10 4. There are, at least, 25 major classes of plastics with different characteristics and pro.Pertfes. 5. Thousands of different materials go into plastic compOsition.s ~s fillers, platicizers, extenaers, stabilizers, curing agents, coloring agents, and lubricants. 6. Plastic cars, plastic houses, plastic furnitute and so forth are the new possibilities of the industry. Dehydrated Vegetables Prof. F. M. Tiller, E. E. Litkinhous, and "\Vilfred Turbeville of the Vanderbilt University have developed a new process of dehydrating vegetables in a few minutes. This new infra-red process can dehydrate carrots in 10 minutes, sweet potatoes in 8 minutes, and turnip greens in 5 minutes. The old hot air oven process took 10 or 20 hours, A small infra~red C•Ven is now being designed for housewives. Ray Gun War Against Cancer A magnetic ray gun was developed at the University of California. It has been reported in a recent book, The War on Cancer, tha;t the rays from the magnetic ray gun, or cyclotron, have radium-like properties. The experi· menters have proved that the Toothpaste to Prevent Decay'! Science Digest reports the result of the experiments conducted by Mrs. Naomi C. Turner, of Radcliffe College. Some day, according to her we shall be able to keep our teeth from decaying by the us_e of toothpaste or chewing gulD. containing tryptophane or by swallowing regular doses of this chemical in the form of tasteless white crystals. 'l'he report given in the recent issue of the Journal of School Health_ states that the promise in tryptophane to prevent tooth decay is based on the finding that it slows down the rate of starch decomposition. THE ATOMIC AGE ... (Continued from page 9) zine. He is coming." "How thoughtful aunty ist" "Annie, the Life magazine you were reading," Nini said as he handed her the magazine. "My surprise is a thing of beauty. It is not destructive. It is nut an atomic bomb." "Speak up! What is it?" hurriedly and eagerly asked Pacita: another innocent. "Turn to page 32 of this September, 1945 issue of Life," was Annie's only answer. "Wow! The anatomic bomb." CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW The Rise and Fall of Mussolini's Roman Empire··· The story of Mussolini's Roman was then invited by the king to Empire is the story of the rise and become Premier and to form a fall of Italian distatorship which cabinet. This happened on Octobegan with the historic March to ber 29, 1922. The first eabinet Rome in October, 1922, and ended was composed of four Fascists and with the unconditional surrender eleven socialists. No communist of Italy on September 8, 1943. The was chosen member of the cabinet. following facts and event$ throw 1923.-Benito Mussolini, Oecame light on the rise and fall of the II Duce, meaning the leader. To 11 Roman Empire." change the government from a de1918-1919.-After the end of mocracy to a dictatorship, MussoWorld War I, Italy remained unit- Uni did the following: (1) he caled. She later became imperial- led Parliament to give him dictaistic. Her leadere were discontent- torial powers; (2) he dismisseC ed with the terms of the Versail- cabinet members who opposed him; les Treaty, because they felt Italy (3) he either imprisoned or exil· had not received sufficient rewards ed critics against his gOvernment; for her participation in the war. ( 4) he suppressed all democratic Italy faced many domestic prob- processes; (5) he suppressed free. lems. Among these were unem- dom of speech and of the. press; ployment, deficit in the budget, and (6) he promised to make Itaviolent strikes, disorganizations in ly "great." He reechoed the favarious industries, inflation, and mous saying: "The glory that was grave political conflicts among an- Greece, the grandeur that was archists, socialists, and Bolshe- Rome." vists. 1926.-A law was enacted creat1921.-The Socialists wanted tc ing the formation of "corpot·ations.,' solve the economic problems by re- and confederations. The "corpovolution. To achieve this end, Be- rations" were employers and labor nito Mussolini called a meeting of syndicates. Mussolini believed ex-soldiers and the discontented that representation in the governnationalists. With these elements ment should be based on economic he organized a new party called groups and not on geographic "Fascist," a word derived from units. The national confederations "faces," meaning a bundle of rods were originally established to solve and an ax. The word stands for labor problems. Later they beauthority and unity. The Fascist came important in the reorganizaparty was opposed to communism ti on of the government. M ussoliand democracy. It opposed the es· ni became the first minister of tR~ tablishment of parliaments, free Ministry of Corporations. He held elections, and freedom of speech seven of the thirteen Italian caband of the press. inet positions in 1935. Many Italians joined it. Among 1928.-Italy won a diplomatic them were businessmen, workmen victory. She was invited to share and intellectual leaders. The party in the administration of the Free became powerfut Various local City of Tangier. Fascist societies were organized. 1929.-The Roman Question They were all bound to Mussolini. which dated back to 1870 was S.t1922.-A great congress was tied. The Lateran Accord was conheld in Naples. The Fascist• eluded between Benito Mussolini about 50,000 men marched to and Cardinal Gasparri. The agreeRome. Mussolini intimidated the ment reached with Pope Pius X Chamber of Deputies to resign. On provjded for the recognitio-n of th~ October 26, 1922, Premier Facto Vatican City as an\ in~endent was forced to resign. The king state. The Pope recognized the of Italy was frightened. Mussolini kingdom of Italy and Catholicism January, 1946 was made the state religion. 1934. - Mussolini reorganized the corporate state to strength•n his powers. The country was diV'ided into 22 corporations. He b2came president of each. 1935.-0n January 7, 1936, Italy secured from France a part of French Somaliland, a part of the Sahara Desert, and a share in the ownership of the Abyssinian ranway. Mussolini dreamt of building a "Roman Empire." On October 3, 1935, Mussolini's troops invaded Ethiopia. The pretext was a border dispute. It was a clear act of aggression. Addis Ababa, the capital was occupied, on May 6. 1936. Mussolini proclaimed a Nev-· Roman Empire on May 9, 1936. King Victor Emmanuel of Italy gained an additional title of "Emperor of Ethiopia." 1936-1937.-Italy and German~ formed the so-called "Rome-Berlin Axis" to offer a common front to the League of Nations. The formation of the Rome-Berlin Axis was enhanced by the Abbysinian cr1s1s. Italy and Germany favored the participation of their countries in the Spanish civil war. They supported the Spanish Fascists. 1939.-0n April 7, 1939, Italiau armies invaded Albania. Mussolini believed that the control of Albania would guarantee Fascist control of the Adriatic Sea. Albania was invaded under the pre· text of defending the "honor and dignity of the Italians." This was the second -act of Italian aggrea· sion. In the same year, I taly(was dreaming of acquiring Nice, Corsica, Savoy, and Tunisia. To realize her ambition, on May 22, 1939: Italy signed a 10-year military and political alliance with Germany. 1940.-Mussolini "dreamt of acquiring additional territories in the Balkans. On October 28, 1940, Italy sent an ultimatwn to Greece. In the beginning, the Ital~ans won some ground. In their counter Clf· Page 11 Significant Names in Contemporary News - General George S. Patton, Jr.General Patton, known among his soldiers as "Old Blood and Guts," died in December, 1945, as a result of complications resulting from a motor accident . sustained in Germany. Gene1·al Patton was the famous and colorful commander of the American Third Army. General Tomoyuki Yamashita.On December 7, 1945, fourth anniversary of Japan's treacherous attack on Pearl Harbor, the "Tiger of Malaya'' was sentenced to death by hanging. The aecision of the commission has set a preceTHE RISE AND FALL ... ( Coutinued) fensive, the Greeks drove the Italians. 1941.-Italy attacked France on Jtlne 10, 1941. The action of Italy was a "stab in the back." Italy rejoiced when France signed a humiliating treaty with the Axis. On December 11, 1941, Italy dee· Jared war on the United States. 1943.-0n May 9, 1943, the lta· lian African Empire of Mussolini was conquered by the Allies. By the end of 1943, North Africa, the Mediterranean life-line, had fallen back to the Allies. On July 25, 1943, Mussolini faced a hostile Fascist Grand Council, and was forced to resign. The Fascist regime in Italy came to an end after twenty-one years. The Italian King appointed Marshal Pietro Badoglio as the new Prime Minister. Mussolini wa::; placed under 1'protective custody." He w~ later rescued by Nazi paratroopers. He then became a 0 puppet" of Hitler. On August 17, 1943, Sicily :fell to the Axis. The Allies decided to advance the date of the invasion of Italy. On September 3, 1943 the .A.llies invaded Italy. On September 8, 1943, the uncondition1'.1 surrender of Italy was announced. This date marks the fall of the "Roman Empire," which Benito Mussolini had trieil to build. dent in war criminology. For the first time in history a military commander has been sentenced for being responsible for the acts of his troops. "The accused," according to the commission, "is an officer of long years of experience. ... Assignment to cpmniand military troops is accompanied by broad authority and heavy responsibility. . . Where murder and rape and vicious, · revengeful actions are widE!spread offeitses, and there is no effective. attempt by a conunander to discover and control the criminal acts, such a commander may be held ~esponsi ble, even criminally liable, for the lawless acts of his troops." 3. Russia-Judge, Major General I. T. Nikitchenko. 4. France-Judge, Henri nedieu de Vabres. Do'llPromotion.-On November 21, 1945, President Harry S. Truman announced the nomination of Gene1·al Dwight D. Eisenhower . to succeed Gen. Marshall as Army chief of staff. He also nominated Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz to succeed Fleet Admiral- Ernest J. King, and Admiral Raymond D. Spruance to succeed Nimitz aS commander-in-chief of the Pacifie Fleet. Edwin Pauley. - Pauley is President Truman's special ambassador on reparations. AmbasMa;ior General Patrick J. Hur· sador Pauley remarked, during a ley.-Hurley was formerly the conference in Manila, that the Un_ited States. Ambassado_r to Philippines deserves top priority Chma. He resigned from his po- in the granting of reparations sition because he said. he w~s from Japan and that he would double-crossed on the Chma poh- recommend to President Truman cy by the State Department. the shipment of whole factories General George C. Marshall.- and equipment to the Philippines as "interim reparations payOn November 21, 1946, President Truman announced the immediate retirement of Gen. Marshall. Suddenly on November 28, the President announced the appointment of Gen. Marshall as the President's special ambassador to China. The appointment indicates the determination of the United States to solve the tangled East Asia affairs. With his appointment, President Truman has issued a clear-cut U. S. policy on China. The all-star cast jurists at Nuernberg.-The trial of the 2C top Nazi war criminals at Nuernberg will go down in history a:s the first step in the revolution. in the art of peace. The jurists wh'J are going to pen epoch-making decisions are: 1. United States-Judge, exAttorney General Francis Biddle. ment." Death of a Prince.-Prince }l.,uminaro Konoye, th1·ee times premier of Japan committed suic-ide. His death came as a surprise to many. In an interview with the Associated Press; Prince Konoye gave out an account of how he proposed to reach an agreement with the United States between April and October, 1941. He has left a finished revision of th~ Japanese constitution along d:emocratic lines. Man of 1945.-Time gives the following interesting recall of the different Men-of-the-Year, starting with Adolf Hitler. 1. Adolf Hitler, Man of 1938. died by his own hand. 2. Benito Mussolini, Italy's selfstyled Man of Destiny, died ignominiously and was hung hy his heels like a slaughtered pig. 2. Great Britain-Judge, Lord 3. To the Japanese, Tojo should Justice Sir Geoffrey Law- have been the Man of 1942, were rence. it not for the Battle of Midway. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Important Historical Documents - To all high school students who are interested in knowing· the peaceful negotiations that were conducted to avoid the outbreak of the Pacific war, the last message of the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Emperor Hirohito, will be of great interest and importance in the light it throws on the might-have-beens of the war in SIGNIFICANT NAMES ... (Continued) 4. Franklin D. lloosevelt, Man of 1932, 1934, and 1941, had died before Nazi Germany surrendered. 5. Winston Churchill, the "Architect of Victory" and Man of 1940, suffered a humilating political defeat and became His Majesty's Loyal Opposition. 6. Chiang Kai-shek is China's Man of Eight Years becausP. throughout those years he guided China in her bold and fateful struggle against Japanese aggression, 7. The Man of 1945 is President Harry S. Truman. IV oman of 1945.-The choice for the Woman of 1945 fell on Lise Meitner. Dr. Meitner is a noted physicist who had suggested a formula that helped in the <l°'elopment of the atomic bomb. She participated in the preparation of a formula for splitting tl\e uranium atom in two approximately equal parts. The Outstanding Personalitu Leade1' of 1945.,-Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, army chief of staff of tbe United States, wae chosen for the second consecutive time as the outstanding military leader of 1945. The Top Jltlan in Business of 1945.-The honor for the top man in business for 1945 fell on Eric A. Johnston, president of the United States Chamber of Commerce and world "good will" travel'="r for American business. Scientists of 1945.-All tne scientists who had contributed to the development of the first atomic January, 1946 the Pacific. The message shows the final appeal of the head of a nation to the head of another nation to save mankind from the horrors of war. War in the Pacific could have been avoided, had the Emperor of Japan taken a strong and determined resolution to keep and preserve peace in the Far East. The late Fuminaro Konoye, who bomb won the honor for leader. ship in the field of science in 1945. 1. Dr. J. R. Oppenheimer, University of California physicist was given special credit by the U. S. War Department for making the atomic .. energy work for war. 2. Dr. Lise Meitner. 3. Dr. Vannevar Eush. 4. Dr. Ernest 0. Lawrence, 5. Major General Leslie Grover. R. Labonnan of 1945.-J ohn L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers was beaten by ·w alter L. ReU:thP.r for the labor title of 1945. Walter L. Reuther, the leader of the United Automobiie Workers' strike against General Motors, was chosen the Laborman of 1945 ·for giving a new interpretation to laborcapital relationship. His demand to make the company open its books so that the employees can dete1mine the capacity of the company to pay its workers has. estab· lished a new precedent. Outstanding Perso11Allity in Lit· eraturc for 1945. - The vote for the outstanding personality in literature for 1945 went to Ernie Pyle, America's most beloved war correspondent. He was killed on le island off Okinawa in April, 1945. Among his famous works are: (1) He?·e i.• Your War, (2) Brave Men, and (3) G. I. Joe. conunitted suicide, had written in his memoirs that only Emperor Hirohito could have controlled the hell-bent-for-war militarists. But the emperor took no positive steps. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S MESSAGE TO EMPEROR HIROHITO "Almost a century ago the Presc ident of the United States addressed to the Emperor of Japan a message extending an offer of friendship of the people of the United States to the people of Japan. ThS:t offer was accepted, and in the long period of unbroken :peace and friendship which has followed, our respective nations, through the virtues of their peoples and the wisdom .of their rulers, have prospered and have substantially helped humanity. "Only in situations of extraordinary importance to our tw'J countries, need I address to Your Majesty messages on matters of state. I feel I. should now so address you because of the deep and far·reaching emergency which appears to be in formation. "Developments are .occurring in the Pacific area which threaten to deprive each of our nations and aU humanity of the beneficial influence of the long peace between our two countries. Those develop· ments contain tragic possibilities. "The people of the United States, believing in peace and ih the rig~t of nations to live B.nd lf't live, have eagerly watched the conversations between our two governments during the past months. We have hoped for a termination of the present cOnflict between Japan and China. We have he>ped that a peace of the Pacific could be consummated in such a way that nation· alities of many diverse peoples could exist side by side without Nobel Prize ~,Vinner in Letters fear of invasion; that unbearable for 1945.-The Nobel Prize in let- burdens of armaments could be ters for 1945 went to Gabriela lifted for them all; and that all Mistral (pen name of Lucila Go- the peoples would resume com~ doy y Alcayaga). She is a noted merce wit}J.out discriminatjon Spanish poetess from Chile. against. or in favor of :my _nation. Page 13 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS . . THE WORLD PREPARES ... (Continued from page 4) (Continued) 0 1 am certain that it will be clear to Your Majesty, as it is to me, that in seeking these great obu ,iectives both Japan and the United States should 3.gree to eliminate any form of military threat. This seem essential to the attainment of the high objectives. ''More than a year ago Your Majesty's government concluOed an agreement with the Vichy gove1·n· ment by which five or six thou· sand Japanese £roops were permitted to enter into northern. French Indo-China for the protection of Japp.nese troops which were ope· rating against China farther north. And this spring and summer the Vichy government permittea further Japanese mifitary forces to enter into southern French lndo· peace and their national existence. ization succeed? The delegates I am sure that Your Majesty will who took part in the conference understand why the people of the haYe great faith in the new interUnited States in such large num- national. organization. The Big bers look askance at the establish- Powers are determined to make it ment of military, naval and air work .. They had many lessons in bases manned and . equipped 80 t?e failure of the League of Nagreatly as to constitute armed tions to promote peace. The forces capable of measures of of- League of Nations lacked authority fense. to enforce its decisions. The new 0 lt is clear that a continuanc.e of such a situation is unthiii.kable. "None of the peoples whotn I have spoken of above can sit either indefinitely or permanently on a keg of dynamite. .iThere is absolutely no thought on the part of the United States of invading Indo·China if · every Japanese soldier or sailor were to be withdrawn therefrom. international society has solved that weakness by supplying that power by placing it to where it properly belongs. The Newsweek asked the opinions o~ 37 repiesentative newspaper correspondentt! covering the San Franeisco Cort· ference on two vital questions. China for the common defense of 11 1 think that we can obtain the French lndo·China. I think I am -same assurinC.e from tlie governcorrect in saying that no attack ments of the East Indies, the gov· has been made upon lndo-China, or ernment of Malaya and the gov· that any has been contemplated. ernment of Thailand. I would even To the first question: "Is the charter of the new organization likely to be more effective than the Covenant of the League of Nations?" 27 answered 0 Yes,"; 7, No; 3 were undecided. To the second questio11-: "Have the Francisco discussions promoted the cause of American-BritishRussian cooperation?' 26 answered "Yes"; and 2 were undecided. "During the last few weeks .it has become clear to the world that Japanese military, naval and air forces have been sent to southern Indo-China in such large numbe~s as to create a reasonable doubt on the part of other nations that this continuing concentration in IndoChina is defensive in its character. uBecause these continuing concentrations in Inda-China have reached such large proportions and because they have extended now to the southeast and the southwest corners of that peninsula, it is only reasonable that the people of the Philippines, of the hundred of the islands of the East Indies, of Malay,. and of Thailand itself are askundertake to ask for the same assurance on the part of the government of China. Thus a withdrawal of the Japanese forces from IndoChina would result in the assur- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ance of peace throughout the whole of the South Pacific area. "I address my self to Your Majesty at this moment in the fervent hope that Your Majestv at this moment may, as I am doing, give thought in this definite emergency to ways of dispelling the dark clouds. I am confident that both of us, for the sake of the peoples not only of our own great countries, but for the sak~ of humanity in neighboring territc,.ries, have a sacred duty to restore traditional am'ty and prevent further death ar.d destruction iri the world." with Emperor Hirohito in order to present the letter of President Roosevelt. He read the mesSage aloud and handed a copy to Togo. Togo promisecfl:o present Hie matter to the Throne. "On December 8, 1941, at 7 :00 a.m. I was awakened by a telephone call to come to see the Mi· nister as so~n as possible. I hurriedly dressed and got to the official residence at about 7 :30. Togo was grim and form«i. He made a brief statement and then handed me a memorandum of thirteen pages, dated December 9, breaking off conversations. ing themselves whether these In his book Ten years in JO!pa-n, forces of Japan are preparing or Joseph C. Grew, U.S. Ambassador intending to make attack in one ~r to.Japan from 1932 to 1942 said "Togo said that he had seen the more of these many directions. that on December 7, 1941, he sue· Empe~r (at 3:00 a.m., I underceeded in making an appointment stand), and that the memorandum 111 am sure that Your Majesty with Shingenori Togo, Minister of constituted the Emperor's reply to will understand that the fear of Foreign Affairs in Tozyo's CaDi- the President's message. Not a all these peoples is a legitimate net. Togo saw Grew at 12: 15 word was said about Pearl Harfear inasmuch as it irlvolves their a.m. Grew requested an audience bor." Page 14 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW IMPERIAL RESCRIPT ACCEPTING SURRENDER TERMS For the first time in the history of Japan, Emperor Hirohito personally read his imperial rescript accepting the Potsdam declaration for unconditional surrender. The message follows: HTo our good and loyal subjects: "After pondering deeply the general trends of the world and the actual conditions obtaining in our empire today, we have decided to effect a settlement of the present situation by resorting to an extraordinary measure. "\Ve have -ordered our government to communicate to the governments of the United States, Great Britain, China, and the Soviet Union that our empire accepts the provisions of their joint declaration. To strive for the common prosperity and happiness of all nations as well as the security and well being of our subjects is the solemn obligation which has been handed down by our imperial ancestors, and which we lay close to the heart. would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but it would also lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are we to save the millions of our subjects, or to atone ourselves before the hallow .. ed spirits of our imperial ancestors? "This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions Of the joint declaration of the powers. "We cannot but express the deepest sense of regret to our allied nations of East Asia, who have consistently cooperated with the empire towards the emancipation of East Asia. The thought of those officers and men as Well as others who have fallen in the fields of battle, those who died at their posts of duty, or those who met with untimely death and 8.11 their bereaved families, pains our heart night and day. The welfare of the wounded and the war suf11we declared war on America ferers, and of those who have lost and Britain out of our sincere de- their homes and livelihood, are the sire to ensure Japan's self-preserv- ob!.ects ·of our ~rofound solicit~de. ation and the stabilization of East The hardships and sufferings to which our nation is to be subAsia, it being far from our thought either to infringe upon the sove- jected hereafter will be certainly l'eignty of other nations or to em- great. bark upon territorial aggrandize- "Vle are keenly aware of the ment. But now the war has last- inmost feeling of all ye, our subed for nearly four years. Despite .iects. However, it is according to the best that has been done by the dictate of time and fate that everyone--the gallant fighting of we have resolved to pave the way our military and naval forces the for a grand peace for all the gendiligence and assiduity of om·' ser- erations to come by enduring the vants of the state and the devot- unendurable and suffering what is ed service of our 1100,000,000 peo- insufferable. pie, the war situation has deve- "Having been able to safeguard loped not necessarily to Japan's and maintain the structure of the advantage, while the general imperial state, we are always with trends of the world have all turn- ye, our good and loyal subjects, ed against her interest. relying upon you.r sincerity and "Moreover, the enemy has be- integrity. gun to employ a new and most "Let the· entire nation continue cruel bomb the power of which to as one family from generation to do damage is indeed incalculable, generation ever firm in its faith taking the toll of many innocent of the imperishablenesei: of its dilives. vine land, and mindful of its hea04Should we continue to fight, it vy burden of responsibilities, and January, 1946 Code Names Used To Hide Allied Plans The following code names helped cloak the great strategic plans of the Allies in secrecy. They came to light in the biennal report of Gen. George C. Marshall on the campaigns in Africa, Europe, Asia and the Pacific. ROUNDUP-the t<!htative target date for the cross-Channel operations set for the sumtner of 1943. SLEDGEHAMMER-the plan for a diversionary assault on the French coast in 1942 or in 1943. TORCH-the North African landings, November, 1942. HUSKY-the invasion of Sicily, summer, 1943. AVALANCHE-the landings on the mainland of Italy, fall, 1943. ANVIL-the landing on southern France, summer, 1944. GRAPESHOT-the clean-up cam· paign in northern Italy, 1945. CAPITAL-the Allied recapture of Burma, 1944-1946. · GALVANIC-the . Gilbert Islands campaign, November, 1943. FLINTLOCK-the Marshall Islands campaign, January-February, 1944. FORAGER-the Marianas cam~ paign, summer, 1944. OVERLORD-the landings on Normandy, June 6, 1944. MIKE-the operations on - Luzon, 1946. OLYMPIC-the planned invasion of Kyushu in the fall of 1945. CORONET-the projected invasion of the main island of Honshu i:µ the spring of 1946. DISINTEGRATION - the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. the long road before it. 11 Unite your total Strength to be devoted to the construction for the future. Cultivate the ways of rectitude, foster nobility of spirit; and work with resolution so as ye may enhance the innate glory of the imperial state and keep pace with the progress of the world." Page 15 REPORT ON GERMANY Gen. D\Vight D. Eisenhower gave the following significant points in his report· to W ashin~on : 1. Germans have been criticiz .. ing the policies of the Aineritan military goverpment. 2. Seve1:e punishment. of former Nazi officials. are . being urged by "extreme leftists." a. There are no mass political movements to defeat the activities of the American military government. 4. The program of denazification is going on smootliry. 6. The American· milita1;y government has a1ready removed some 20,000 Nazis from supervisory positions in Private business and industry. 6. There is an acute labor shortage in construction, coal mining and wood-cutting industries. The major four Allied powers governing Germany signed a law last October which set forth the rules on the disposition of the German assets in foreign countrie~. President Harry S. Truman has approved the recommendation of Gen Eisenhower on the transfer of the German government from military to civilian hands. The plan ts subject to the approval of the other three powers-Great Britain, Russia and France-particip&ting in the occupation of Gennany. German fascism has ruled and dominated the life of Germany since Hitler came into power in 1932. For almost thirteen years fascism had suppressed every vestige of democratic ways. The downfall of the Hitler regime has brought to Germany an opportunity to resurrect the democratic ways of living for people wlio lo,ve freedom. Page 16 REPORT ON JAPAN The wodd-wide broadcast of Gen. Dauglas MacArthur on Japan on October ~6, 1945 gave the followiilg significant reports on the military occupation of Japan. the following facts: 1. The .groundwork for demo· cracy in Japan is being laid with success. According to the Supreme Allied Commander, the J apanei::;e 1. Japan~se demobilization has ha¥e no experience with democracy. been completed. There were nearly The dignity of the individual is seven-million Japanese soldiers in foreign to the people who have Japan alld other outlying islands lived under feudalistic and totali-. who had laid down their arms. tarian ways. Practical steps have 2. The surrender of Japan was accomplished under difficult and dangerous circumstances. MacArthur i-eported that not a shot was necessary and not a drop of Allied blood was shed in the signing of the surrender instrument. 3. The Japanese civilian population was given an inspiring les · son in the execution of the .surrender plans. The occupation troops o~cupied the lands peacefully. The armed forces did not practice any cruel and brutal acts. They were fii-m in their duties and exercised self-control. 4. The finality of the surrender was not only physically thorough but also destructive to the J apanese spirit. The Japanese military were formerly boastful and arrogant. Now they were fearful and servile. 5. The main cause for Japan's surrender was the strategic and tactical circumstances forced upon the country. The greatest lesson for the future, according to Gen. _MacArthur, is a complete integration of the services in unity. taken by the occupation forces ta help the Japanese appreciate the ideals of democracy. 2. A11 extemdve information and education program has been prepared to help the people get the facts on war crimes, atrocities. the cause of the defeat of Japan, and the responsibility of Japanese leaders for the war. Great future for Japan is seen by General MacArthur in his New Year gr~etings to the people. Among the important points in the greetings ·are : 1. A new day has come to the people of Japan and that the Japanese ·must now IE!arn to work together. The Japanese should remember that· the future of the riation is not determined by a few people. 2. The Japanese are now enjo;y-.. ing personal and fundamental freedoms. The shackles of militarism and feudalism ha.ve been removed and the· regimentation of body and soul has taken plaee. Thought control and the abuse of The latest report of Gen. Mac- education are no more. Arthur on the occupation reveals On the first Week of November, 1945 the beginning of a new political life in Germany was marked by the demonstration of more than 40,000 German democrats in Hambu1·g. The assembled Germans paid tribute to the thousands of Germans who died in the German concentration camps because they love freedom and cherished the fundamental rights of man. 3, The enjoyment of freedomreligious freedom, freedom of speech and freedom of asaemblyshould enable the Japanese to think of their individual responstbility. 4. "It is necessary for the masses of Japan to awaken to tlie fact that they now have power to govern and what is to be done must be done Dy themselves." CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW the only school magazine in the National Language published monthly for students and teachers. Published as a co11trib11tio11 to a 11atio11al effort. Special features - l) For non-Tagalogs: Easy and instructive lessons for beginners in the National Language. 2) For Tagalogs: Lessons and exercises in grammar prepared and arranged in clear, concise and methodical way. :3) Correct usage and idioms. 4) Interesting materials for literature classes. 5) Adequate vocabulary and glossary as an aid to comprehension. 6) Varied materials for elementary school teachers. Every item published in each issue is complete and ready for use by both students and teachers. National LanguagP instructors who havf' hPretofore been handicapped by the lack of teaching materials may request for free, complimentary copies of foang Wika for examination. Available at leading bookstores. MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Rden Sampaloc. 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