Current Events Review. Vol. I, No.5 March 1946

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review. Vol. I, No.5 March 1946
Issue Date: Vol. I (No. 5) March 1946
Year: 1946
Language: English
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extracted text: A MAGAZINE PUBLISHED FOR HIGH SCHOOL SlUDENTS ln this issue .... Page Achievements of the First Session of the United Nations Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I e,(\~ ~ifteen S f·g cant Conferences that Took Place ll$ o\ fl-\1" h . '::,\'3\! ·\)~-a<'I belo t e San Francisco Conference . . .... . \)({\\c,G· · ..... ~(\o~ .\,•. · ·, 3 ' \\' 0 • The Man Hitler Hated Most - Rita Ruiz . . . .......... \(• ! ~ . . . . .. ·~'3'. ~. ~ . 6 ~a\\~ 8 Significant World News Roundup Science Marches On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Economics in the News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Keeping Up with the Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Important Historical Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Education in the News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Vol. I, No. 5 March, 1946 60 centavos a school magazine in the National Language published specially for students and teachers Published as a contribution to a national effort. Special features1) For non-Tagalogs: Easy and instructive lessons for beginners in the National Language. 2) For Tagalogs: Lessons and exercises prepared and arranged in clear, concise and methodical way ;-a modern grammar pre~nted according to a unit plan. 3) Correct usage and idioms. 1) Interesting materials for literature classes; - conversational as well. as dramatic methods of p1•esentation utilized. 5) Adequate vocabulary and glossary as an aid to comprehension. 6) Varied materials for elementary school teachers. Every item published in each issue is complete and ready for use by both students and teachers. Watch for our special April issue. National Language instructors who have heretofore been handicapped h) the lack of teaching materials may req ucst for free, complimentary copies of lnang Wika for examination. * Available at leading bookstores. * If your dealer cannot supply you, please notify ris. MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines Achievements of the First Session of the United Nations Organization THE UNO IS THE HOPE OF THE WORLD The United Nations Conference "And what reasonable price that is!" ORGANIZATION WORK on International Orgal'iization The UNO met in London for 36 that met in San Francisco from days beginning January 10, 1946. April to June, 1945, established During the first few days of its an international organization session, it organized the machinery known as the United Nations. provided for in the Charter. 'l'lils organization is now popularly Security Council. - The Charter called UNO - Unitea Nations provided for the selection of 6 Organization. The Charter of the non-per'l'anent members. The UNO 6bliges all the members of the following countries were selected organization to preserve and pro- to become members pf the Security mate international peace and se- Council until 1947: Egypt Mexico curity. The UNO is the hope of and the Netherlands, Australia' the world for the keeping and pro- Brazil, . and Poland were selected motion of peace. meml'iers until 1948. Norman John 3. Sir Arnold D. McNair-Great Britain 4. John E. Read-Canada 5. Hsu M<>-China 6. Alejandro Alvare:o--Chile 7. Abdel Hamid Badawi PashaEgypt 8. J. Gustavo Guerrer<>-El Salvador 9. Jules Basdevant-France 10. Fabela Alfar<>-Mexico 11. Helge Klaestad-Norway 12.. Bohdan Winiarski-Po!Bnd 13. Sergei B. Krylov-Russia 14. Green H. Hackworth-United States 16. Milovan Zoticich-Yugoslavia In the final plenary session of Oswald Makin was elected Chair- IRANIAN-RUSSIAN DISPUTE UNCIO, President Harry S. Tru- man of the Security Council. man addressed the delegates of GeneTal Assembly. - The Gen· fifty nations on the significance of era! Assembly is composed of 51 their accomplishments; nations. Each nation has one vote. One of the ffrst four questions brought to the Security Couqcil settlement was the lranian-Rus· sian dispute. "You have created a great in- Paul Henri Spaak, Socialist Forstrument for peace and security eign Ministe~ of Belgium was ITan's com.plaint. - Seyed. Hasand human progres~ in the worli:I. elected president of the General san Taquizaleh, Iranian represenThe world must now use it! If we Assembly. tative, bro11glil t'o the attention of fail to use it, we shall betray all SeCTOtariat. - Trygve Lie, For- the Security. Council ~ussia's inthose who have died in order that eign Minister of Norway was terference with Iran's internal afwe might meet here in freedom selected as Secretary-General for 'fairs. He charged that the Red and safety to create it. If we seek a term of five years. Army troops encouraged the nto use it selfishly - for the ad- Economic and Social Council. _ volt in the Azerbaijan province of vantage of any one nation or any The Council is composed of 18 Iran .and ~at Russia refused to small group of nations _ we shall member nations elected by the permit Iranian troops to quell the be equally guilty of that betrayal. General Assembly for a term of 3 revolt. Thl' successful use of this in- years. The President is Sir Ra- Russia.'s answer. - The Russian strument will require the united maswami Mudaliar, the delegate delegation told the Security Counwill .and firm determination of the of India. cil that Russia was not interfering free peoples who have created it. MilifaTY Staff Committee. - with Iran's internal affairs. The job will tax the moi·al Seventeen top-ranking officers re- ReBUlts or action taken: After strength and' fiber of us all. presenting the United States, hearing the case, the Security We all have to recognize - no Great Britain, Russia, China, and Council, with the consent of the matter how great our strength - France. met to lay the groundwork delegates of Russia, voted unanithat we must deny ourselves the n- for their future work. mously to let Moscow and Teheran cense to do always as we please. No Atomic Control Com.mission. - make direct negotiations for the one nation, no regional group, can An Atomic Control Commission settlement of the d,ispute. The dear should expect, any special privi- was created. It consists of repre- cision came after 4 hours of delege yirhich harms any other nl.tion. sentatives from the 11 nations on bate. Vice-Comrhisar. Andrei VisIf any nation would keep security the Security Council, plus Canaaa. hinsky of Russia defended Russia for itself, it must be ready and will- International CouTt of Justice.- from the charge made by Iran. The ing to share security with all. That The General Assembly elected 16 Security Council made it clear that is the price which each nation will judges of the International Court it would retain the right to re· have to pay for world peace. Un- of Justice. The judges are: quest information on the progress less we are all willing to pay that 1. Charles De Visscher-Belgium of the negotiation between Russia price, no organization for world 2. J. Philadelpho de Barros e and Iran. pe""'° can accomplish its ,purpose. Azeved<>-Brazil (Continued on the ne.,t page) March, 1946 *l :ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE ... (Continued) THE ISSUE ON THE PRE- non appealed to the Security SENCE OF BRITISH TROOPS Council for the withdrawal of Significance. - The United Nations considei; th• settlelflent of the Iran-Russian dispute a· 1ignificant achievement of the Security Council. It has shown what the UNO could do for the peaceful settlement of internatiorial disputes. THE RUSSIAN AND BRITISH ISSUE. ON GREECE .The second major problem brought before the Security Council was the presence of British troops in Greece. Russia's charge. - Ru s Bi a, through Andrei Gromyko,· acting leader · of the Russian delegation, made the charge .that the presence of British troops in Greece endangered the peace and unity of t11e world~ Russia asked: uwhy are British troops still maintained in Greece when the war· is already over?" Britain's answer. - Ernest Bevin, Foreign Minister of Great Britain, replied that it is not true that the presence of British troops in Greece endangers international ·peace and unity and that Britain has no intention of interfering with the internal affairs of Greece. Briti!lh troops are in Greece to help maintain peace and orde.r. Result of Russia's demand.Russia demanded for an investigation of the presence of British troops in Gr~ece. Durlng tlie debate there was an exchange of harsh words between the Russian and British chief delegates. The discussion became tense, In the beginning, Russia offered to withdraw her charge, if Great Britain would withdraw her troops .. After several days of discuSsion, Russia withdrew her . charge, including her demand for the withdrawal of British troops from Greece. Significance.-This dispute beiween Britilin and Rul!isia was the first question between major powers brought before the Security Council. The peaceful settlement of the question strengthens faith in the Council and restores our hope for the preservation of peace. IN INDONESIA British and French forces in LevThe third major p rob I em ant. They asked the Security brought to the Security Council Council to adopt a resolution d•for settlement was the presence mantling withdrawal of all forof the British troops in Indonesia. eign troops from Syria and LebaRussian and Ukrainian charge.- non. Dimitri Maniulski, the chief of the Solution. - Various measures Ukrainian delegation made the were discussed to settle the ques· charge that the presence of Bri- tion brought by _Syria ad Lebatish troops in Indonesia was a non. Mexico and Egypt presented threat to world peace and that their proposals. The· United British troops and Japanese sol- States suggested a Solution to the diers were being used to stop the question. Russia vetoed the proIndonesians' fight for the form of posal of the United States, The government of their own choosing. case was closed. No action was Dimitri Maniulsky pointed out taken. that the Atlantic Charter is not Significance.-In the discussion being. applied in the settlement of of the question brought by Syria Indonesian question. Accprdfng' and Lebanon, the Russians used to the Atlantic Charter, the peo- for the first time the veto power. pie of a nation should be allowed The veto of a member of the Big to select their own form of gov- Five in· the Security Council pre~ ernment. vents any action on any question Great Britain's answer. - For- before it. eign Minister Bevin replied that OTHER ACCOlll:PLISHME,NTS the British troops are in Indone- OF THE UNO sia on the order . of the Allied The other achievements of the Combined Chiefs of Staff to pre- UNO were: serve order while Japanese troops 1. The UNO rejected the appeal are being disarmed and prisoners of Albania for immediate admisof war are being rescued. sion to the UNO. The Security Council's answeT 2. The UNO voted ·unanimousto Maniulsky's demand fOT an in- ly to reject the admission of vestiga.tion.-The Security Coun- Spain until she evolves an aeceptcil rej~cted the demand for an in- able change in the form of her vestigation. Only Russia and Po- governmeht. land voted in favor of Ukraine's 3. The UNO elected seven vicedemand for a probe. presidents. Those elected were Significance.-The action of the ftie respective heads of the deleSecurity Council was based on gations of China, France,, the real facts and reasons. It waa United States, Great Britain, shown that the charge was un- Russia, Union of .South Africa, founded. The Security Council and Venezuela. considers the Indonesian question 4. It organized various commitsolely the problem of the Nether- tees. lands. 5. Through the Social, HumanTHE SYRIAN AND LEBANESE itarian, and Cultural Committee APPEAL it was able to act promptly on the The fourth major problem problems of European refugees. brought to the Security Council 6. It created the Atomic Conwas the appeal made by Syria and troI Commission according to the Lebanon. Great Britain Occupied plan of the Big 3 that met in Syria and Lebanon in 1941 ·for Moscow laft December. strategic pui;poses. The Vicny 7. It secured the approval of the Government of France had turned General Assembly of the resoluthese countries over to the British tion urging all members '.lf and Free French forces. UNRRA to set aside 1 % of their The appeal.-Syria and Leba- (Continued on pa,ge 16) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Fifteen Significant Conferences that Took Plaoe before the San Francisco Conference THE ATLANTIC CHARTER CASABLANCA CONFERENCE given to the question of the Allied President Franklin Delano For 10 days beginning January Nations' relations with the FrenCh Roosevelt and Prime Minister 14, 1943, President ROosevelt and Committee of Liberation. Winston Churchill met on the declo Prime Minister Churchill, to- THE MOSCOW CONFERENCE of the American cruiser Augusta gether with their military and The Big Four-the United States, to discuss and formulate the prin- technical adviser& met and dis- Great Britain, Russia and Chinaciples which America, England, cussed important prOblems in 3 held a historic meeting at Moscow, and other allied nations w~re historic meeting at Casablanca, Russia, from October 19 to Octofighting for. These principles be- French Morroco. Marshall Stalin her 30, 1943. Twelve meetings were came known as the Atlantic Char- was invited but was unable to at- held by the Foreign Secretaries of ter. The principles became the tend. During the meeting ;pres- the Big- Four. The important point<; rallying. cry of the United Nations. ident Roosevelt and Prime Minis- taken up were: measures to-bi:l The United States and Great ter Churchill were in constant taken to shorten the war against Britain declared that they do not communication with Gen~ralissimo Germany; continuation of the close seek territorial aggrandizement Chiang. ~ai-sh~k. They also made collaboration in the copduct of the and that they do not desire to see consultatwn with General GC~arl~ls war; treatment of Hitlerite Gerterritorial changes made not in ac- de Gaulle and General trauc · many; establishment of a European cordance with the freely expressed They re~c.hed complete agreement 'Advisory Commission to study wishes. of the people. They respect on the mihtary places and strategy European questions arising frqm the right of all peoples to choose for 1943 in the war against ~€:r- the war; establishment of an adtheir own form of government. many, Italy, and Japan. All possi- visory Council for matters relatThey desire the'orestoration of self- ble aid was to be given to the ing to Italy; and questions of ingovernrnent to nations who were Chinese. Due regard had been ternational economic cooperation forced by a superior power to give given to ~conomic questions parti- and the establishment of general up their sovereign rights. They cularly in North Africa. The lend- peace. The restoration of democracy promise to give all J;lations eaual ing of an effective aid to the Rus- in Italy and the restoration of the privileg··!S in world trade and ac~ess sians was also considered. independence of Austria were also to the raw materials of the world., FOOD AND AGRICULTURE taken up. A dec;laration on the They desire full economic calla- CONFERENCE punishment of Germ'an war crim.iboration among nations, so that On May 15, 1943, the members nals was clearly and emphaticall~· the world may have "freedom from of the Unite~ Nations met at Hot made. fear and freedom from want." They are determined to disarm the aggressor nations and to promote international peace. And to foster the conunerce of the world, they aim to keep the freedom of the high seas and oceans. Springs, Virginia, to discuss what could be done to tree humanity frQm want. The ~elegates agreed that it would be possible to have "freedom from want" in the postwar world. To attain thfs end, the delegates discussed the world food THE UNITED NATIONS problems and the commensurate DECLARATION development of agriculture to meet On January 1, 1942, there were such problems. 26 states which were at war with THE FIRST QUEBEC one or more of the Axis powers. CONFERENCE President Roosevelt . and Prim~ President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill met in . Minister Winston Churchill met \Vashington. Churchill deliverzd from August 11 to August 24, an address to the United States• 1943, at Quebec, Canada. The Congress. The representatives of Anglo-American conference sur26 nations gathered at the Capitol veyed the fie1d of world operations, and signed a declaration. They discussed important decisions to pledged to continue their fight provide for the forward action of against the Axis to the end ahd not the fleets, armies, and air forces to make a separate peace. Each of the two nations, ana took up member of the United Nations sub- the bringing about of effective aid scribed tq the Atlantic Charter. to China. Consideration was alsu THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF CONFERENCE ·The members of the United Nations signed a document on November 9, 1943, for the establishn:tent of the UNRRA . After one month of discussion, the conference agreed that, ih order to take care of the post-war problems of relief and re~abilitation, it shouid establish the UNRRA. It was decided that the UNRRA would help only all Allied nationals, wher. ever they might be found. THE CAIRO CONFERENCE President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek together with their military and diplomatic advisers met·at Cairo from Nov. 22 to Nov. 25, 1943. The Cairo Conference made the following an( Continued on page 13) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ March, 1946 *3 Siqnificanl World News RoundupINDONESIA in the French concessions at Shang- request of both countries. Egypt The newly established Republic tung, Tientsin, Hankow, and Can- and Mexico presented their plans. of Indonesia demands recognition ton and in the diplomatic quarter. After Egypt and Mexico had failed from the Netherlands. In a recent The treaty includes the giving up to secure the approval of their six-point program drafted by of special rights in treaty ports. plans, the United States presented President Soekamo, measures were It must be remembered that the her plan. Russia, however, used suggested for the early recogni- United States and England, in a her veto right. Under the terms of tion of Indonesian freedom. treaty signed with China on Jan·· the Charter of the UNO, when one Among the points iri the prog- uary 11, 1943, voluhtarily gave up of the Big Five - permanent ram given to Premier Sultan Sjo.- their extra-territorial rights in members of the Security Council hir were: China - rights which both coun- -vetoes a proposal before.the Se1. Negotiations should .be con- tries had enjoyed for about a cen- curity Council no action could be ducted with the Netherlands to se- tury. taken on the proposal. cure the recognition of the Indonesian Republic. 2. Steps should be taken to make the Indonesian Republic politically stable and economically sound. 3. Efforts should be exerted in order to obtain better provincial democratic administration. 4. Me8"ures should be tai<en to insure maximum production and fair distribution of food and clothing. 6. In order to carry out the provision of the Indonesian constitutioD. on social security. essentiai enterpriEes should be p:aced under the govemment. BURMA World War II has dislocated Burma's economic life. In order to restore, .at least, Burma's normal economic life, the British government is helping the Burmese govemment finance variou-s p1:0jects that directly promote the rehabilitation of the country. The organization of different proj~:ct boards has been complete~. These project boards will help in the supervision ~t the rehabilitation progra'I!. CHINA China won a great diplomatic victory over France. She succeeded in making France give up by treaty agreement her extra-.,territorial rights in China. 1',rance, it must be remembered, had obtained these extra-territorial rights by treaty signed wit!. China on October 24,1844. France had extra-territorial rights in the international settlement at Shanghai and Amoy, 4* SPAIN On March 5, 1946, the government of the United States, Britain, and France issued a three-power declaration of policy toward ~he Spanish government of Generalissimo Francisco Franco. The important points in the declaration are: 1. It is not the intention of the United States, France, and England to interfere in the internal The UNO adjourned its first session without arriving on the solution of the problem presented by Syria and Lebanon. In order to solve the problem, the British and French military delegations met in_ Paris and agreed to withdraw their troops simultaneously from those countries. The evacuation was deemed the best solution. MALAYA affairs of Spain. The British government offered 2. The people of Spain must a plan for the extension of selfwork out their own destiny. government to MallfYa. The Bri3. The three nations hope that tish White· Paper p:tt>posed the the people of Spain, especially the union of Malayan states) The de. leading patriotic and liberal-mind- legates to the Pan Malayan Coned Spaniards, should find peaceful gress met at Kuala Lumpur to dismeans for the withdrawal of Fran- cuss the proposal. After a thoco, the abolition of the Falange,. rough discussion, the Congress reand the establishment of an in- jected the British proposal. The terim or caretaker e-overnntent. Pan Malayan Congress de..:ided to 4. The Spanish people, under the make representation in England guidance of the interim govern- demanding for a definite study of, ment, should determine for them- and policy on, the question of selfselves the type of government they government for Malaya. should like to have. PALESTINE 6. The interim or caretaker gov- Britain decided in February, ernment that would restore indi- 1946, to admit Jews to Palestine vidual liberties would receive the on a quota basis. She agreed to adrecognition and support of all ..,.it 1,500 Jews a month. The freedom-loving peoples. Arabs disagreed. They insisted SYRIA AND LEBANON Syria and Lebanon are agai}l on the spotlight of world news. In February, 1946, the government of Syria and Lebanon appealed to the Security Council of the United Nations Organization for the withdrawal of all foreign troops in both countries. Various proposals were submitted by the members of the Security Council to meet the that the quota is too small. They asked for a quota of 100,000 Jews a month. The Jewish question is still under study by the AngloAmerican Committee of Inquiry on Palestine. FRANCE France decided to close her Spanish border in protest to the government of Generalissimo Francisco Franco. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW WORLD NEWS . . . Bishop Thomas Tien from China. session of the UNO in London (Continued) Four of the new cardinals are froi;n January to February, 1946, Americans, one of whom is the delegates of the United The new government of France Archbishop Francis J. Spellman States have worked very hard to under President Felix Gouin de~ who recently visited the Pllilip- settle important problems brought cided to inform the people of the i:ines. before the Security Council of the true conditions of France. In his UNO. Secretary James F. Byrnes report to the National Assembly, CANADA spoke vigorously for the withPresident Gouin proposed the fol- A nerve-wrecking sensation was drawal of all occupation troops exlowing five-point program to bring created by the exposure of the dis- cept in Japan and Germany. He France back to normalcy: covery of a newly. successful es- made a vigorous plea for the crea1. The budget should be cut to pionage on atomic bomb secret. t-ion of the Atomic Control Comthe lo~est minimum possible. The investigation conducted by mission. Mrs. Franklin D. Roose2. Wages and prices should be the Canadian government revealed velt defended human: rights and commensurately adjusted and con- that Russia is involved in the es- human freedom. She opposed trolled. pionage ring. Russia admitted that Russia's proposal for the forcible 3. There should be limits to na- its military staff had obtained return of all refugees to their nationalization. The nationalization secret information in Canada on tive countries. of industries should be modified. atomic energy and radar, but she and limited. said that the inf~rmation is value4. The black markets should be crushed. 5. The distribution of food and other commodities should be speeded up. GERMANY less. INDIA The growing tension during the last two months has focused the eyes of the world on India. The main cause of the various demonGermany must not become a menace again to_ the peace and strations and riots was the hesisecurity of the world. This was tancy of the British government to the decision arrived at the Pots- grant independence to India. The dam ConfeRnce. In order to carry Indian question, however, has been out this ultimate objective, the Big made complicated by the disunity Four-Lthe.~ United States, Britain, of the Indian people themselves. Russia, and France - recently lThe Brtish government is confrontagreed to smash permanently Ger-, ed by the following conflicting demany's power to wage another mands: war. Njne new key industries were 1. The Indian Nationalist Conbanned, even those manufacturing gress party demands that Britain synthetic gasoline, rubber, heavy should first make a declaration on agricultural tractors, and machine India's right to independence, and tools. Germany will be reduced to then, should set up a machinery an agricultural country with light for a single constituent assembly industries. to draft a constitution for a united ROME India. Pope Pius XII opened on Feb- 2. The Moslem League demands ruary 18, 1946, the first consi-story that Britain should agree first on since 1930. For the first time in the establishment of the independthe history of the Catholic church, ent state of Pakistan in northwest the six continents of the world and northeast India, and should were represented in t}:le Sal..!red provide a separate constituent asCollege of Cardinals. The new 32 sembly for the Moslems to draft cardinals were selected from 19 their own constitution. These two countries -from six continents. Of demands shou'ld first be met with the 32 new cardinals, 28 are nor~.- before the Moslems can conSider Italians; of the 28, 11 are from their relations with the rest of Inthe western hemisphere. Africa, dia and Britain. Asia, Minor, Asia, and Australia were represented. Two significant appointments are that of Archbishop of Teodosio de Gouveia from Africa and that of March, 1946 UNITED STATES The United States is taking the lead in the preservation of world peace and security. In the first The government of the United st,.tes also took the lead in assuring the people of Spain that the United States, Britain, and France would not interfere in the international affairs of Spain. The United States through Secretary Jam es F. Byrnes warned Russia against removing property from Manchuria as reparation~. He said that the United States would be ready to use force if necessary to prevent aggression. On March 8, 1946, the United States officially announced that it had asked Russia to withdraw all her troops from Iran immediately. The official announceme_nt expre~s ed the hope that Russia would withdraw her troops froril Iran· to promote international confidence, which is necessary for peaceful progress among the peOples of the world. EGYPT Rioting took place in Egypt in ~ebruary, 1946. The Egyptians rioted in protest to the prei;;ence of British troops in Egypt and to the British joint control, over Sudan. It is clear that the Egyptian nationalists were demanding for the evacuation of British troops from Egypt and for the revision of the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty. The new premier of Egypt, Ismail Sidky Pasha, has been doing his best in counselling his people to stop the rioting. *5 The Man Hitler Hated Most By MISS 'RITA RUIZ Elementary Sclwol Division Department of Tnsfruction Julio ambled along in the direction of his classroom. The morning bell h:.id not rung yet. Every room was still quiet. As he drew nearer, he heard a hubbub of voices raised in animated conversation, in tones of unmistakable strife. "I won't tell you," said Mr. Santos. Their faces fell. Hts eyes crinkled in a twinkling. With knowing smile, he continued, "But someone else will. Today, Benjamin will tell you all you want to know about this nl.an dtiring our Current Events period." "Yes, it is." "No, it isn't." Faces lit up with expectancy and The voices seemed to come from eage~ess. The bell had rung. a series of violent speech-making. The spectre of impending war i11 the face of his country's unpreparedness never left his mind fr,r an instant. His apprehensions lent wings to his every word. But England stopped her ears. '\.Varmonger,' she cried back. He continued 'to plague the Parliarne-;,_t with plans for armament. Churchill's thought by day and night was: 11 Bombs wip rain on Eng· land." Recognizing the inadequacy of England's aerial defenses·, he demanded that the air forces be doubled. No answer, save an ·indifferent shrug of the shoulders. Apd then~ the inevitable ha}:ipened. \Var was declared on England, and there were only seven anti-aircraft defenses in the whole city of London, in that darkest of hours, Churchill was the man whom Britain turned to." Benjamin stopped. The class was hushed in silence. his room. What could it mean at Everyone was in his seat - eager this early hour? As h~ turned, hf' and expectant. At long last, it saw a group of classmate.s huddled was Benjamin's turn to report. He in a corner of his room. Some mounted the platform, pressing a straining theii: necks· to see some-· picture close to him. Antonio thing in frDnt, others arguing, a'l leaned forward to see better. And talking excitedly. Could it be an so did everyone else. With an air accident? Perhaps Ding and An- of pride, he held up the picture tonio had a fight again. Julie.,• and asked, ''Do you know this quickened his footsteps. Breath- man?" lessly, he joine!i the 4group; and Antonio's hand shot up. His !:'.trained his eyes to SP.e what voice rang with a note of triumph: everyone else was looking at. The "That's \Vinston Churhi11." focus of attention was - ·not someone hurt, or someone fighting -but the bulletin board. And yet, the bulletin board was .bare, save for a line that read: THE MAN HITLER HA TED MOST "\Vho is this man Hitler hated above all his enemies?" Julio asked the others. "'I'~at's just what I want to know," joined in Antonio. Ernesto ventured a reply: "The late Pres. Roosevelt." ".No, Count Von Ruildt," was Rcdolfo;s cocksure answer. Julio knit his eyebrows and sho.Jk his head doubtfully. "I don't believe it is either," he said. "Then, who is he?" chorused his classmates. 'iWould you boys really want to know?" All heads turned in the direction of th~ speaker. It was Mr. Santos, the Social Science teacher. "Yes, yes, of course we would." "Tell us Mr. Santos-" mingled voices rose from the group. Mr. Sa:htos could not make out what each was saying. But all seemed eager to k.new. 6* "Ooh... So that's the man." Satisfaction sounded in eager 14 Go on, tell us whqt he did," young voices and shone on bright Ding urged. faces. But Julio's face was puc- "Yes, do," the others ahoraused. kered in a frown of puzzlement. "Why did Hitler hate him above all others?" he demanded. Encouraged by his classmates.'· interest, Benjamin went on, "He had not a second to lose, He im'1Because Hitler wanted to mediately iooK over the coordina.:. cat.ch England napping, and he tion of the air, land, and sea ne 1 arly did had not Churchill kept forces, as Commander in Chief or on warning England of Germany's· Great Britain's Supreme War intentions and had he not kept on Lord, Prime ~inister of England. rousing the English to action, to Surrouud~ed by secretaries, adjutprePared1_1.ess." Benjamin's hands ants, and officers, he worked waved eloquently to add force to eighteen hours ;:t. day. Sea battles, his words. He laid the picture aerial battles in the south Atlandown, and in a quiet voice tic and eastern Mediterranean were resumed, "The situation was this. directed from lus desk. All the After World War I, Germany fears he had voiced became a terwanted equality of armaments with rible reality but with his prodiFrance. England saw Tiothing gious strength of mind and will, wrong in this. Only Churchill, apd wfth God's help, he led Bri·with vision beJrond the years, fort- tain through the darkest hour to .saw 8.anger and sought to m1:4ke victory."his countrymen realize the danger by asking this simple question: 'Do. you wish fer war?' He was branded as hopelessly old-fashioned. This did not dampen his spirits but only served to rouse the fighter in him. He launched Alfredo's face was aglow. His voice was little more than a whisper: 0 How glorious!" Jose stood and remarked, "I had always thought he was a politician." CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Jn his eagearness Nieto sprang to answer, "Of course he was. That's my part of the report." "Oh ••• oh," groaned little Da.nny, "I suppose we11 have to listen lo figures again. You are very fond of figures," he accused Nieto. uwell," continued Ben, "that was line of English statesmen is more Churchill's idea. At first military sure of a lasting place in literaleaders were skeptical about it, ture. His masterpiece is "The but when the then premier Lloyd WOTld Crisis"-an account of the George saw it in action, he wa,s so first world war." enthusiastic that he ordered 150. Timidly, Rodolfo ventured to But Churchill is not only a think- comment, "He must have been er. He is a man of action, a unusually bright as a boy." "Well, just a few," consoled fighter. He actually fought at Mr. Santos shook his head. "It's Nieto, and ·went on: u1n 1901 the front lines, so ... " strange. But as a boy he· was :it when he was but 27, he became a A hearty chuckle from the the bottom of his class, He loathconservative member of Parlia- back brought Ben to a full stop. ed Latin, Greek, and Mathematics ment and has devoted his life. to Dannv was laughing. as much as he loved action and politics ever since. Once estab- "" English." lished there, his star rose rapidly. "I'm sorry to have interrupt- uAnd to think ... " Benjamin In 1911 when he was 37, he was ed," Danny hastened to explain, muttered dreamily half to himself .. named First Lord of the Admi- "but you see, I couldn't help "Yes?" his classmates curiously ralty. During World War I, he was laughing at the thought that he asked .. the Jeader of the war party in the must have found life at the front Benjamin was taken aback, but, cabinet. But when his brilliantly very difficult .and harassing - he undaunted, he continued, "to think conceived Dardanelles campaign being a Iord and used to soft, pam- that from the bottom he rose to failed, he r~signed from the gov- pered ways." be the man the world will always ernment. In 1917, however, he It was BeDJ"amin's turn to remember as Britain's tower of was called back to serve as Minis- .strength in two world wars." ter of Munitions. Churchill, it laugh. "That gives me an idea .•. " butmust be remembered, was respon- uThat's where you're mistaken," ted in cheery little Nieto. "If he sible not only for the settling of he said in defence of his idol. "As could do it; why can't I?" the Irish question but for promot- a young man, Churchill spent ex- "Meaning ... ?" Danny and Aring Allied intervention in Russia. citing years in India and Africa as mando's voices rose in unison. So completely did his oratorical an officer in a regiment. Here Questioning glances turned· m and statesmanly genius dominate he saw action with a capital A. his direction. the country that the 1921 session Let me read you a paragraph Nieto had a ready answer: of Parliament was known as "the from the book he wrote on his life '"l'hat, even if I am now at the Churchill session.'' 1922-again he. while he was at the Nile.'' bottom, I may yet rise and see the receded from public view only to . day when the world will proclaim return in 1924 and stick to Eng- He hurriedly thumbed throu~h me the Filipino Winston Churland until the war was over." a small magazine and read m chill." He finis'heCI. with a flourclear tones: ish of triumph and instantly duck" May I show you a few pictures d h b of Chµrchill during the first "Once again, I was on the hard, e .to escape ~ e . ooks that rain~ World War?" asked Romeo. crisp desert· my house at a trot. ed"from ~ll directions. . I had the impression of scattered There s one more t~mg w: The class was all eyes. He held up one, showing a man in an aviator's suit. "That .can't be he," Julio observed. 11He wasn't an aviator." "Oh, yes, he wast An aviator, a colonel, an inventor, and more." This was from Benjamin. His tone of assurance showed how well informed he was. Demishes running in all direction•. should r~emb~r Church11l for. Straight before me a man threw Mr. Santos voice demanded athimself on the gro~nd. 1 saw the tention. ::His philosophy as a gleam ·of his curved sword as he statesman. And then he wrote drew it back for a hain stringing on the blackboard: act. I had just time ~ turn my "~n war,. Resol~tiol_l; in defea~ pony. As I straightened myself Defiance; m vtctory, Magna min the saddle, I saw before me mi~y; in peace, G?o~,will.". . another figure with uplifted Excuse me, sir, Dmg said sword. I raised my pistol and pol.itely. "That sounds beautiful, fired.• but I do not quite understand.'' uno you know," he went on, " . ,, Mr. Santos underlined the first "that in World War I it was he Boyl what an experience! phrase. He turned and asked, who encouraged nav~l aviation, Armando exclaimed. "what is resolution, do you developed the Queen ElizabethJ er And can he write fH Danny ad- know?n . class of 15-inch-gun battle'ships ded. "Oh, yes," answe1·ed Dmg. "On and ... " ~enjamin stopped. New Year we all make resolu"How many have seen a tank?" "Yes," Mr. Santos commented. tions. It is something we are dehe asked. All hands shot up. "It is said of him that none in the termined to do-come what may." March, 1946 *7 CURRENT OPINIONS & DISCUSSIONS ON THE THE ATOMIC AGE In the fall of 1939, the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed an "Advisory Committee on Uranium." The work on the atom was done on a limited scale. Two months before the Japauen·~ attacked Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt wrote Prime Minister Winston Churchill of a plan for a joint research on the atom in the United States by British and American scientists. Many famous scientists-physicists, chemists, mathernaticiansfrom various universities and industrial plants were brought togethere. They worked on various experiments. Many small plants were built. The War Department constructed two big factoriea near Knoxville, Tenn., and a third one near Pasco, Washington. Mor~ than 125,000 people were engaged in the atom project. The project was ca.lied undn th~ deceptive name "The Manhattan Engineer District." Every possible precaution was taken to keep the war's greatest secret. Brilliant and outstanding scienti$ts wE>re given code names. The scientisb: used their code names and correspondence, including the understanding of nature's forces. si°gning of the pay roll. ·Atomic energy may in the future The scienfists worked feverish- supplement power that now comes ly and in absolµte secrecy on many What was the immediate reac~xperiments. This was necessary tion of the people of the in order to be ahead of German world on the results? sCientists who were also working The woTld was thrilled by the on tlie atomic bomb~ It was real- prospect of peace, but it was also ly a race against time and destruc- shaken by the new weapon (the tion. Uranium (a metallic ele- atomic bomb). ment and parent of radium $eries) President Truman wamed: is the basis of the research on the "The atomic bomb is too dangeratomic bomb~ After three years ous to be loose in a lawless worRI. of hard work, the scientists sue- That is why Great Britain, Canaceeded in assembling the compo- da, and the United States, who nents of the bomb at an isolated ;have the secret of its production. spot near Santa Fe, New Mexico. do not intend to reveal that secret:: '1.'he bomb was tested on the de- until means have been found to sert in New Mexico on July 16, control the bombt"so as to protect 1945. 'fhe test gave the following ourselves and the rest of the world results: (1) The atomic bomb from the danger of total destrucdisintegrated (4'vaporized") a tion ..... . steel tower. (2) It sent a gre~.t "We must constitute ourselve~ cloud of smoke boiling up k trustees of this new force--to prc40,000 feet. (3) It knocked down vent its misuse, and to turn it into two men more than 5~ miles away. the channels of service io manOn August 6, 1945, a B-29 kind. (Superfort) dropped the first "It is an awful respoq.sibility atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Pre- which has come to us. liminary reports estimated that ."We than'k God that it has come the atomic bomb killed 200,000 of to us, instead of to our enemies; the city's 340,100 population and and we pray that He may guide wiped out 4.1 square miles or 60% us to use it in His ways and for in all their business transactions of the city. President Harry S. His purposes." Truman asked the Japanese to In many newspapers and magaTHE MAN HITLER . . . surrender. There was no answer. zines of the world reaaers wrote: (Continued) Seventy-five hours after the first "My God! Has the world gone "That's also what Mr. Churchill atomic bomb was dropped on Hi- crazy?".... "Is there to be no means. In time of war, a nation, roshima, a second but different protest against the crime of Hirobecause it believes it is lighting type of atomic bomb, was dropped shima ?". . . . "It is a stain upon for the right, has a strong deter- at Nagasaki. The Japanese _ac- cur national life ... " "It is simmination to fight through-come cepted the Allied demands for un- ply mass murder, sheer terrorwhat may. Should it be defeated, conditional surrender. · ism .... " "Let us dump.the whole this determination is not changed, The birth of the new epoch was thing into the Atlantic or Paciit still remains as a challenge, a announced by President Truman: fie .... man is too frail to be enrefusal to admit defeat. But if "Sixteen hours ago an American trusted with such power." victorious, the true greatness of airplane dropped one bomb at Hi- What is the significance of the mind will be shown in generosity i·oshima, an important Jap~nese atomic bomb in the relations toward allies and enemies, as well. army base. That bomb had more of nations? And this feeling should grow and power than 20,000 tons of TNT. . . Time magazine gave the followextend to all-a feeling of friend- It is an atomic bomb. It is a har- in~ succinct analysis of the ~ig- liness, of kindness." A look of nessing of the basic power of the nificance of the atomic bomb on quiet satisfaction and understand- universe.... What has been done the relations of nations: (1) "The ing spread over the faces of the is the greatest achievement of or- atomic bomb was not merely a new 11-B boys as Mr. Santos finished ganized science in history .... weapon; it was a new dimension talking and underlining the last The fact that we can release atom- of military and political power. phrase. ic energy is a new era in man'.s (Continued on next. page) 8* CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Each in turn steel and gunpow- heat a hotel all winter. The initial ture wars? One leading magazine, der and air:raft had gradually private uses of energy will be in The United States News, states changed war and society. In a chemistry and therapy. .<The t~at. t~e atomic bomb .is the m',»'t single day the atomic bomb made United States News, September 7, s1gn~f1cant weapon smce the ma bigger change than any of them. 1945). venbon of the gunpowder. It can Its blast hit every war office and 4. Atomic energy may in the evolutionize, even revolutionize, of. chancellery on earth." (2) future supplement power that now fensive and defensive combat. "Treaties boundaries alliances comes from coal, oil, and falling Hanson W. Baldwin writing in the the char~cter of the New United water. (President Harry S. Tru- New York Times and Life preNations, the foreign and domestic man) diets :1 "push ~utton" war. "Vic· policies of states-all are affected 5. Atomic energy may be used tory is more hkely to be decided by estimates of the relative for the furtherance of jet propul- not. by conventional surface or strengths of the nations. Now, all sion and rocket power. This will aerial clash of arms but by pushthe estimates had to be recalcu- probably be its first commercial button war. 'Push-button,' using lated." use and within the next ten years missiles of tremendous range havwe will have commercial and prac· ing a terrible destructive power, What is the present use of tical results. (Jacques Martial and seems slated for the primary role. atomic energy? Robert C. Scull, industrial de- Surface forces and piloted 9.ir For the present, atomic energy signers for Electronic Corp. of fleets seem relegated not to the is mainly available for weapons America and General Electric Co.) limbo of the past but to supporting of war. Its destructive effects and secoitdary roles." have been proved in Hiroshima and What are the main problelns in 3. ls there a scientific defense Nagasaki. J. D. tfernal, a profes- the use of atomic energy? against atomic warfMe?-No rp.isor of Physics at the University The two main problems in the litary or scientific defense can be of London, believes that atomic use of atomic energy are: expected. These famous atomic energy in the form of a bomb can 1. Cost.-Figures are not avail- scientists of the University of be used in: (1) blasting moun- able on the cost of producing ato- Chicago, in a prepared statement, tain ranges, (2) the damming of mic energy. What we know is wrote: "No specific defense rivers, (3) the digging of canals, that only several bOmbs have been against the bomb itself-i. e., a (4) in providing extremely high exploded and the cost was $2,000,- device which would explode them pressure and temperatures for a 000,000. The most important ques- before they reach their targetsnew metallurgy arid ceramics, and ti on that should be answered is: is· in · sight. The irresponsible (5) in supplying effective radio- Can atomic power be produced claim that such a device has been active substances for chemical, more cheaply than the power from invented only stimulate wishful biological, and medical research. coal, water, or petroleum? thinking." What may be the future· peacetin\e uses of atomic energy? Opinions differ on the future peace-tiine uses of atomic energy. Here are some of the possibilities pictured by various scientists: 1. A great industry might arise comparable, perhaps, with the electronics industry. (Scien· tific Anierican, November, 1945). 2. Additional research. - The 4. Can we outlaw atomic war· second important prol;tlem in any fare? - Is it possible for nations. post-war project on atomic energy to agree not to use the atomic bomb is the discovery of techniques for in war? Majority of the scientists breaking up the atoms of a com- and military leaders believe thai mon element. the abolition of atomic armaments is impossible, if it is not supported What problems and questions by an efficient control against have arisen from current db"· evasion. This is the main reason cussions of atomic energy? why the Big 3, in its last con· The following problems and ference in Moscow in December, questions have been presented in 1945, agreed "to recommend the es· 2. There is a good probabilit'Y many periodicals: tablishment of a commission to that nuclear power for special 1. Can the secret of the atomic control atomic energy. purposes could be developed with- bomb be kept? Many noted scien- 5. Should the 'sdcret of the atom. in ten years and that plentiful tists agree that the secret of the ic bomb be committed to a "world supplies of radioactive materials atomic bomb could not be kep1. government"?-The establishment can have a profound effect on They agree that other nations of a commission to control atomic scientific research and perhaps on would be able to develop their own energy is very important for the the treatment of certain diseases atomic bomb without knowing the safety of mankind. Dr. Albert, in a similar period. (Scientijic secret formulas now held by the Einstein in his article in the At· American. November, 1945). United States, Great Britain, and lantic M<mthly said that the secret 3. SmasPed atoms and a breath Canada. of the atomic bomb should be comof air would operate an airplane 2. What possible effects may mitted to a world government and for a year; a handful of snow will the atomic bombs have on the fu· (Continued <m the next page) March, 1946 *9 Current Events Review Science Marches On ... Published Monthly for High School Students Diosdado G. Capino Editor D. R. Manlapaz Publishe'I' Message from the Moon 6. The LORAN, an aid to naOn January 10, 1946, the radar vigation based on time radio sigof the U. S. Army Signal Corps nals. at Belmar, N. J ., sent broadcast . 6• Psychological warfare meimpulses to the moon and received thod which greatly .hastened the back the returning impulses. The surrender of Japan. 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila moon is' 238,867 miles away from 7• The development of BAL by the earth. The high-frequency Britain. It is a successful antiTHE ATOMIC BOMB . • broadcast impulses were sent to dote for arsenic poisoning. . the moon Two and a half se- 8. The redolent poison 1080 (Continued). . conds after the last broadcast and ANTU. that. the Umted Sta~es s~o~ld 1m- pulse had been sent, an echo was . 9. The success.ful transplantamed1.atel~ announce its wdh~~e~s recorded on the oscilloscope, "the ~10~ of hearts . m warm-blooded to g1~e it to a v:orld governmen ... visual scop.e" of the radar. The ammals. . The credit is given to Prominent Americans headed by . . ts th ch the Russians. former Associate Justice Roberts :x~erimen on i" b~oo_n-e th 0 io. Steps taken to establish a also believe that a world govern- e:; 8 mayfpr~ve vaiuta' e m ct de National Science Foundation. · f progress o science. 1s expe e ment should be formed to sa ~- that the· development of an equip- 11. :he Radar .. ~ua~d the secret of the atomic ment that would give much high- New D1scoveres in X-ray Therom · . er frequencies would lead to the apy . What 1s the future of the preparation of a map of the moon. In the meeting of ·more than atomic bomb? . Scientists believe that the wiggy 1000 radiologists of the American On August 26, 1945, Prime Min- lines on the visual scope of the Roentgen Ray Society and the ister Winston Churchill urged the radar stand fo "grass ,, But the. Radiological Society of North people of the world to ~eep the possibilities do r not end there. It Amerio~ three invaluable improvepeace ~rought by the atomic bomb. may be possible that a common ments m the use of X-ray 'l'heraHe pointed that ma~. has been code may be established with the py were re~orted: given many opportun'.~1es to keep inhabitants of the moon. . ~· The discovery of ll. new prepeace, and now that it has come c1s1on X-ray tube. It operates at with the bitterest lessons, he must T 1 tant Sc"ent"f"c Ad- 2,000,000 volts. The voltage is do everything to keep it. He s~id, enanc~po~ 1945 1 1 1 twice that of former"X..rll.y tubes. "Our pilgrimage has brought us ~atso! 'havis director of Sci- The new X-ray tube will be more to a sublime moment in the his- ence Service gi~es the following effective in the tr~tment of tory of the world. From the_ least ten most important scientific cancer. to the greatest, all must strive to achievements in 1945 : 2: ".Morgan Timer" is a new be ~~rthy of the~e supreme oppor- l. The atomic bomb, including device mvent,ed by. Dr. Russell H. tumt1es. There is not an hour to the pract"cal release f 1 • Morgan ~f the Umted States ·Pubbe wasted; there is not a bit of 3: energy 1 0 nu~ ea. lie Health Service. This new aeday to be lost." . 2• Verification of the trans- v~ce is capable of taking long seIn November, 1945, thr~e lead- uranium chemical elements 93, 94 r1es of ~est X-~ays at a rate of ers of three great countries met 95 and 96 ' four to five a mmute or as many and . discussed the probl.em of a. Str~ptomycin, the sister as 3{)? ·an hour. The maximum, keeping peace. The~ decided lo drug to penicillin. capacity of the older model was set th_e next blueprint for the 4 The rox"m"t fuse of th< only 100 an hour. atomic bomb. President Truman, Ar~y and ~av 1 1 Y 3. Encephalitis or inflamation Prime Minister Atlee, and Prime y. of the brain may be relieved by Minister MacKenzie issued a 1,000- formation may be shared with X-ray. Dr. U. V. Partmann of word communique on the three- other nations. (3) A special com, Cleveland reported that out of 49 power policy on the atomic bomb. mission should be set up to study patients treated at the Cleveland Among the most important points certain atomic problems. Among Clinic, 29 recovered and 15 imgiven are: ( 1) The monopoly ryn these problems are: (a) the pos- proved. the atomic bomb by a single na- sibility of exchanging basic in- Taking Pictures of the Floor of tion is not possible. {2) An ae- formation for peaceful ends, (b) the Ocean ceptable plan to safeguard the the elimination of atomic weapons, Dr. Maurice Ewing of the Colatomic bomb should be enforce- (c) the control of atomic energy umbia University has perfected a able. When an acceptable plan for peaceful purposes and ( d) an device that could take pictures of has been devised, the secrets of effective safeguard against misuse the ocean floor. The uinstrumenl the atomic bomb and other in- of atomic energy, (Continued on the next page) 10* CURRENT EVENT REVIEW SCIENCE MARCHES ON • • . ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS. . . ( Oontinued) is put into operation by. a trigger which carries ·it down. The trigger, on hitting. bottom, sets off a clock mechanism that controls the Services Rendered by the UNRRA Significant Success of the Filipino Syndicate exposure." War is costly, dangerous, and The Filipino businessmen are destructive. Its after-effects are trying very hard fo wrest the conequally costly and dangerous. The trol of Philippine commerce from miseries of helpless millions must the hands of foreign businessmen. "All-Weather Eyes" be relieved to prevent serious un- Through the efforts of the ChamThe invention of the "eyes': that rest and pestilence.. The members ber of Commerce of th~ Philipcan see even. through the thickest of the United Nations are aware pines the Filipino businessmen fo~ ~~ been ~nnounced by the of the neces~ity fQr, and the pro- have' succeeded in forming a Scientific Amenca.n. Genetal El- blems of, rehef. On November ·9, .. pool,, or 8 combination of Filiectric has dev~loped the .,electron- 1943, representatives of forty- pino 'capitalists for the Purpose ic navigator" which is the first four nations (including the Philip- of buying big !~ts of surplus army practical commercial use of the pines) met in Washington and od radar. Radio waves from far ob- signed an agreement creating the go s. jects are reflected on the visual United Nations Relief and Reha- On November 30, 1945, the Filiuscope" of radar. The radio bilitation Administration. - pino Syndicate submitted its bid waves also give the distsnce of The United Nations are "deter- for 5 shiploads of Army goods. the object. The "'electronic navi- mined that immediately upon the The bid was opened by the United gator" can detect through dark- liberation of any area ... the popu- Ststes Foreign Liquidation Comness, fOg, and storm the position Jation shall receive aid and relief mission in Manila. The cargoes of any object above the water. from their sufferings - food, on the five liberty ships consisted Among these objects are icebergs, clothing, and shelter, aid in the mostly of motor vehicles and conbouys, lighthouses, and even prevention of pestilence and in the 1truction materials: lumber, hardships. The invention will revolu- ·recovery of the health of the peo- ware, prefabricated cottages, and tionize navigation. because it will pie and that preparations and ar- cement. The .Filipino syndicate help the navigator in piloting a rangements shall be made for the consisted of 35 Fflipino Iiusinesssafe course for his ship in spite return of prisoners and exiles. to men and 2 government-owned eorof the ""ather. their homes and for assistance in porations - the National Trading Plant Dise'lses c·an be Cured the resumption of urgently needed Corporation and the Philippine by Sulfanilamide agricultural and inilusfrial pro- Exchange Company. The first record of the treiLt- duction of essential services." The Filipino Syndicate won the ment of plant diseases by sulfani- UNRRA has rendered. valuable bid for P20,000,000 worth of Arinf !amide has been reported by the services to war-stricken peoples goods. The success is significant Science Service. Ernest M. Stod- In French North Africa, the for several reasons: (1) It shows dard reported that, in the experi- United NatiOns have given assis- that the Filipino businessmen ments conducted at the Connecti- tance in the form of seeds, agricul- could unite and pool their resources cut Agricultural Experiment Sta- tural supplies, and agricultural together to protect their common tion, New Heaven, young peach equipment. This a~sistanct! e~- interests and to meet successfully trees were given injection of the abled t~e people to increase their foreign competition. (2) It enabled sulfa compbU'lld p-aminobenzene- production. In Eu~pe, the UN~- the country to acquire for the sulfanilamide at, the cut end of RA has extended m~luable aid people the much needed construcihe stem. The tre.itment reduc.ed to all war-rav~ged ~ati~n~. 1~, h!'s tion materials. (3) It serves as the infection, and made immune done a good l~~ in aiding dis- an inspiration to other Filipino the other 45 inoculated trees. placed persons. businessmen "to work together ror Prolonging the "Life" of Blood a common end .. An American sbldier woundod at Bethseda, Md. Whole blood must in the Solomons needed blood be stored at temperatures 'between Extension of the Operation of transfusion in ·order to live. The 40 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. The the Export-Import Bank to blood had to· come from the Unit- new portable .refrigera~r con~ins the Philippines ed States. The probl~m was how 19 pounds of ice water m a cyhnd- President Harry S. Truman . reto keep the blood· fresh for the er. It keeps the temperature for quested the president of the Extreatment of the wounded soldier over 60 hours. It can carry 24 port-Import Bank to extend its in the Solomons. · one-pint bottles, of whole blood. facilities to the Philippines. The Scic11ce Digest has rP.ported the Science has also succeeded in request was made in ord'er to help development of a portable and in- developing dried blood plasma that the restoration of normal economic expensive refrigerator at the could prolong the "life" of whole life in the Philippines. A bill exNaval Medical Research Institute blood. (Continued on the nezt pa,ge) March, 1946 *11 ECONOMICS IN THE (Continued) .IS,:EEPING UP WITH THE TIME . . . FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE faster the people's acceptance of tending the operations of the Ex- HISTORY OF JAPAN . the democratic ways of living. port-Import Bank to the Philip- Japanese. his~ry accord~ng to AN INSIDE STORY OF ITALY'S pines was passed by Congress and Japanese historians ~gan m 660 SURRENDER signed by President Truman. The B. C. The emperor is the Son of extension of the operation of the Heaven and Scion of the Sun God- An American war correspondExport-Import Bank will enable dess. The first emperor Jimmu ent in an article "The lnside Philippine businessmen to obtain Tenno (11The Divinely B?ave Em- 'Story of Italy's Surrender," pubcapital needed in the rehabilitation peror"), who came. to the throne lished in The Saturd_ay Evening and reconstruction of the Philip- in 660 B~ c., established the seat Post for September, 1944, a year pines. of his empire at Yamato. From after the surrender of Italy, reThe Philippines Won Its Fight 660 B. C. to December 31, 1945, veals ma)ly interesting incidents to Buy United States Vessels the people of Japan had been on the surrender of Italy, David made to believe that the emperor Brown, the author of the article, The Philippines is in great need was a living god, His person was revealed that the official anof vessels to nsume its inter-is- sacred and inviolable. · nouncement of Italy's surrender land trade. Through the effo~ To the surprise of the whole was made on September . 8, 1~3. of Philippine Resident Commis- world, especially of the Japanese It was rev.ea~ed for the first time sioner ·at Washington, Carlos P. people, Emperor Hirohito iasued that negotiations for the surrendRomulo, the Philippines won a an epochal imperial rescript, early er of Italy began_ three weeks besignifieant victory in gaining the this year, denying his own divini- fore, .00. August 19, 19~3. ~hese same rights as United States citi- ty. The imperial rescript reads: negotiations were done m Lisbon. zcns for buying any ·of the $15,- "We have.·· to proceed unflin- The first peace feeler was made 000,000,000 worth of surplus chingly toward elimination of mis- by an Italian general. The geneUnited States war-built merchant guided practices of the past.· · · ral called on Ambassador 'Sir Savesaels. This succes~ was further The ties between us and our peo- muel Hoare at Madrid. A promise · enhanced by the effort and in- pie· · • do not depend upon mere was made by the general that fluence exerted by the United legends and myths. They are not when the Allies land in Italy, the States American High Commission- predicated on the false conception Italians would join ~hem in· .. their er, P. V. McNutt, in expediting the that the Emperor is divine and fight against Hitler. The Italian sale of these surplus ships. Six- that the Japanese people are su- envoy and his com:Panion· were teen navy men have been assig11•d perior to other races and fated t.o told to go Lisbon. General Dwight to supervise the large scale dis- rule the world.·· The Emperor is Eisenhower sent two of his staff posal of United States surplus not a living god. · · ·" -an American and a British ofvessels in the Philippines. What is the significance of the ficer to present the Allied terms. President Truman Vetoed the Fiat Money Bill What is fiat money? It consists of irredeemable paper money is· sued by a financially embarassed government as a result of the breakdown of the ordinary monetary system. Fiat money is not redeemable standard money or specie on demand. For instance: the paper money issued by the Japanese in the Philippines cannot be redeemed in Philippine currency at any bank of tile country. The Congress of the Phliippines passed the fiat or "Mickey Mouse" currency bill. It validates all payments made during the Japanese occupation. The bill passed by the local congress was the opposite of the original measure sug12* imperial rescript denying the di- The two Italian envoys were vinity of the Emperor? It would Brig. Gen. Giuseppe Castellano enhance the democratization of and Franco Montanari. The reJapan and would make easier and presentatives of General Eisengested by the American High Commissioner, Paul V. McNutt. Why was the fiat money biil vetoed by President Harry S. Truman? 1. The approval of the fiat money will give official sanction to the action. of the Japanese in forcing the liquidation of the business of loyal Filipinos, Americans, and Allied nationals wfio were imprisoned by the J apan~se. 2. It would retard the rehabilitation of the Philippines. 3. It would benefit persons who have relations with the Japanese to the detriment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. hower were Lieut. Gen. Walter B. Smith and Brigadier Kenneth W. D. Strong. The negotiations became successful; The story shows that Italy's surrender was not so sudden as the Japanese-owneu paper The Tribune made us believe. AN APOLOGY FOR AXIS . UNITY AND COOPERATION The Axis powers boasted Jf unity and cooperation among themselves. They told and threatened the world · that they woufd create a "New Order" that would bring prosperity in terms of t:he Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and a Greater Germany of 250,000,000 people of German( Continued on the next page) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW KEEPING UP WITH . . . (Continued) ic blood. The Berlin-Rome-Tokyo alliance bound the "Three Ho1·semen of Destruction." But on December 1, 1945 a new light was shed on that much bragged unity. Navy Minister Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai of the Koiso Cabinet apologized to the House of Representatives for . his inability to preve.Jlt Japan froni signing the Tri-partite agreement with Germany and Italy in 1941>. A member of the House of Representatives, Kita, asked' Yonai: SIGNIFICANT . . . (Continued from page 3) noun cement: the Allies agreed on the plan and strategy for the future military operations against Japan; Japan would be stripped of all territories she had seized since the start of World War II; Manchuria, Formosa, and tlie Pescadores would be returned to China; Korea would be given her freedom in due course'; the Allies would accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Japan; and that the conferees had no territorial ambitions. "Why did not the Navy oppose the Army's attitude that the paet THE TEHERAN CONFERENCE should be concluded? Why did President Roosevelt, Prime not the Navy crush the cat1net of Minister Churchill, and Marshal Prince Konoye? That would have Stalin m·et at Teheran, capital of been ed'sier to do than to crush Iran, from November 28 to Dethe United St•tes." cember 31, 1943. They agreed to the three nations would work to·· gether to put an end to this War; they would work together to establish for the world an enduring peace ( they would seek the cooperation and active participation of all nations in the promotion of peace by eliminating tyranny, slavery, intolerance, and oppression. THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION CONFERENCE Delegates from 41 members of the United Nations met in 1944 to discuss measures to carry out the program of improving the econom!c life of the working peole of the world by securing improved lalior standards, economic advancement, and social security. THE BRETTON WOODS MONETARY CONFERENCE Admiral Y0nai answered: "I issue the following declaration: The Bretton Woods Monetary apologize to the Ho'use for my -u-lt-r-an_a_t-io_n_a_h-.s-ti-c-so-c-ie-t-ie-s-in-J-a- Conference was held in Bretton inability at that time to crush the pan were confident that Japan Woods, New Hampshire, from Konoye cabinet." would become the master of the July 1 to July 22, 1944. It. was THE ALLI.ES LOST IN THE Pacific and the great and natural attended by representatives of tile JAVA SEA CAMPAIGN leader of Greater East Asia. United Nations. The Conference The .Je.va Sea campaign was Every Japanese leader thought agreed to establish an internationfought to delay the Japanese ad- that the· day was not far when al monetary fund to stabilize vance to Australia. The Japanese Japan would assume the leader- world currencies. It also agreed succeeded in controlling all the ship of all Asiatics, on· the establishment of an internorthern approaches to the Ne- Only one great Japanese saw national bank - the Bank for Retherlands East Indies. On Feb- and ·believed that Japan could not construction and Development. The ruary 27, 1942, according to the fight for more than one year and Bank would assist in providing caofficial report of Admiral Ernest a half. The man was the late pita! through normal channels at J. King, Admiral Doorman's com- Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He reasonable rates of interest and posite force of two heavy cruisers, believed that Japan would not win for long-term payments for prothree light cruisers and nine des- the war after one year and a haff. iects which would raise the protroyers attacked the Japanese He became the chief cause of do- ductivity of the borrowing counforce in the Java Sea. The Allies mestic controversy because he in- try. suffered heavy losses. The imme- sisted that the Japanese navy diate problem of the Allies was to could not fight for more than his rescue the remaining vessels from estimated time. Admiral Yamathe Java Sea, the exits to which moto was right. Japan suffered a were held by the Japanese. series of naval defeats from the THE SECOND QUEBEC CONFERENCE President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill together with their combined Chiefs of Staif Only four American destroyers Battle of Midway to the Battle of managed to escape and make their the Coral Sea. held a series of meetings from way to Australia. "Thus end.ed Makoto Koyama, a member of September 11 to September _18, the gallant campaign of the Java the Japanese Diet, sorrowfully 1944., The c~~ference reached imSea, conducted against overwhel- told the Diet that both emperor por~ant dec1s1ons on the war ming odds by officers and men Hirohito and Premier Tojo had agamst Germany and Japan. who did the best they could with not been told of the staggering THE AVIATION CONFERENCE what they had." defeat suffered by the Japanese THE RESULT OF MISDIRECT- Navy at the Battle of Midway. ED EMOTION AL PATRIOTISM This lies obstructed the war efThe Japanese people were fort of Japan and made wrong the caught in a web of misdirected strategy in the succeeding operaemotional patriotism. The various tions. March, 1946 Delegates from fifty-two nations met in Chicago in November, 1944. They met for more than one month to discuss a post-war world (Continued on page 16) *13 Important Historical D ocuments-THE FOUR FREEDOMS What are these ufour freedoms? Why are these ufour freedoms" essential? What is the obligation of every student in helping achieve each? Can you suggest for class discussion various activities which you might undertake to carry them out? Cite present examples in your community to show how these "four freedoms" are being observed. A new world is emerging from the ruins of the last war. It is a world that has experienced what war means and that has known what it is to live without freedom. Such a world may fight again for freedom, but it may do everything to keep peace. For freedom ·is inseparable from peace, and peace without freedom may not standings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime THE ALANTIC CHARTER life for its inhabitants-every-· One day, in 1933, the entire where in the world. world was surprised to read in "The fourth is freedom from fear - which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of arinamehts to such a point and in such a thorough .fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-anywhere in the world. "That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the vezy anthithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb. the papers the death of the German Republic. An upstart cor-· poral, the son of · an Austrian paper-hanger, was appointed Chancellor 'Of Germany by Von Hindenburg. · The progt'am of the Third Reich, the building of a Greater Germany was outlined. "Today Germany, tomorrow the entire world" became the rallying cry of thousands of Adolf Hitler's followers. last long. The democracies fought "To that new order we oppose Dot so much to win the war as the greater conception-the moral to guard their freedom and to order. A good society is able maintain peace. One of the most to face schemes of world dominaimportant historical documents tlon and foreign revolutions alike that had served to keep the faith. without fear. For the ~eccind time in a gfine-. ration, Adolf Hitler plunged Europe into a sea of blood, sweat, and tears when Germany invaded Poll!nd. Hitler was waging a war against established political, economic, social, and moral order. It was a war agains~ civilization and man's freedom. In simpler language, it was a war between tyranny and liberty. People wondered why the Nazis started the war. Thell' could not understand the princjples of of the people in the ultimate triumph of Uberty and democracy was the message delivered liir the late President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Congress on January 6, 1941. President Roosevelt clearly set forth the "four freedoms" which every liberty-loving nation should defend and preserve for the happiness of its people. "Since the beginning of our the· so-called "New Order" in American history we have been Europe, Even the Mein. KU.rnpf engaged in change-in a perpet- (My StTuggle)· could not convincual peaceful revolution-a revolu- ingly explain the glaring contration which goes on steadily, quiet- dictions presented by ·the activily adjusting itself to changing ties of Hitlerite Germany. conditions-without the concentra- Germany gained initial success tion camp or" the quick-lime in the· because of force. Various counditch. The world order which we tries submitted to Hitler's new seek is the cooperation of free program because they feared him. What are the Four Freedoms? countries, working together in a The war was bitter, because GerPresident Roosevelt said in part : " ... In the future days, whfch we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. .,The first is freedom of· speech apd ex_pression' - everywhere in the world. friendly, civilized society. many was frilly prepared. France "This nation has placed its destiny in the hands of heads and hearts of millions of free "men and women; and its faith in freedom under tbe guidance of God. Fre•dom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere. Our sun~ port goes to those who struggle to "1-'he second is freedom of every gain those rightE or keep them. person to worship God in his own Ou~ strength is in our unity of way - everywhere in the world. purpose. collapsed after a short period of heroic stand. The British evacuated Dunkirk. Russia was invaded by Germany. The liberty-loving peoples of the world Were horrified. They wondered whether the democracies Were sinc~re in their figh~ for freedom and for peace. They even doubted what the Allies were fighting for~ Then on Thursday, August 14, 1941, they were surprised to read "The third is freedom fron1 want-which, translated in world terms, means economic under14* "To that high concept there in the papers that Prime Minister can be no end save victory." \Vinston S. Churchill and Fratik-Franklin D. Roosevelt. lin D. :Roosevelt met to i:iiscus~ CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW IMPORTANT HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS (Continued) tain told the Russian delegates that they would not conclude peace treaties with the governcommon principles and problems economic field with the object of ment of Rumania, Bulgarili, and for which the forces of democracy securing, for all, improved labor Hungary because their governwere pledged to defend. T]ie two standards, economic advancement, ments were dominated by Russia. leaders of the two great demo- and social security. Do you think this was a violation cratie nations announced eight of the third principle? How is principles on which they based Sio;th Principle.-After the fin- this principle to be carried out in their hope for a new world. al destruction of the Nazi tyran- Japan? Do you think the Japany, the two countries hope to ••• nese should be' forced to adopt deWhat are these eight princi- established a peace which will mocracy? Why? pies? What is the meaning of afford to all nations the means of each principle? What is the sig- dwelling in safety within their Fourth Principle.-Wby do you nificance of each principle? Do boundaries, and which will afford think trade barriers are causes of you think it is possible to realize assurance that all the men in all wars? Do you think the nations each principle? Why? lands may live out their Jives in of the world can compro~se in freedom from fear an,d want. order to remove trade barriers? What are the principles of the Why? Atlantic Charter? Seventh Princip!e.-Tliis peace President Franklin D. Roose- which lthe two countries hope tll' Fi/ th Principle.-Why is econovelt, and Prime Minister Winston see established should enable all mic understanding important in S. Churchill, announced on Au- . men to tra:verse the high seas and the preservation of peace?. One of gust 14, 1941, the following efght ocean without hindrance. the "four freedoms" is freedom Principles which would determfue E. h , p . . l Th d from want. The Atlantic Charter ig t.i rinczp •· - • Unite ;'eiterates this freedom. On May the national policies of the United States and Great Britain believe States and Great Britain and on that all of the nations of the 15, 1943, the members of the Uniwhich they pin their hopes for Id f r t' 11 ted Nations met and establishod the better future of the world:- w~r · ' or rea 18 ic, as we t\S the Food and Agriculture OrganFirst Principle. - The United spmtual reasons, must. come to ization (FAQ) of the United NaStates and Great Britain seek no ~e abandonement of the use of tions. Do you think a conference territorial aggrandizement. orce. The two countries believe on food and agriculture is still also that disarmament of aggres- important now that the war has Second Principle.-T h e t w 0 sor nations is essential. They will ended? countries desire to see no territor- also aid and encourage all precticial changes that do not accord able measures which will lighten witll the freely expres•ed wishes for peace-loving peoples the crushof th~ people concerned. ing burden of armaments. Third Principle.-They respect Let us examine the actual apthe right of all peoples to choose plication of each principle. the form of government under which they will live. They wish First Principle.-Did the Unito see scivereign rights and self- ted States and Great Britian acgovemment restored to those who quire additional territories as a have been forcibly deprived of result of World- War II? Do you them. think the possession of the MariFourth Principle. - The two countries ·will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligaanas, lwo Jima, and Okinawa is a violation of the first principle of the Atlantic Charter? ·Why? tions, to further the enjoyment by Second Principle.-What hapall states, great or small, victor pened to European countries or vanquished, of access, on equal which were liberated by the Alterms, to the trade and to the raw lies? Do you think the incorporamaterials of the world which are tion of the Baltic States into needed for their economic pros- Russia is a violation of the second perity. principle? Why? Fifth Principle. - They desire Third Principle.-In the Lon• to bring about the fullest collab- don Conference of the Big Five, oration between all nations in the the United States and Great BriMarch, 1946 Sixth Principle.-What is meant by freedom from fear? How was this freedom denied durine the short Japanese regime in the Philippines? In what way do you think ~an the world secure freedom from fear now that the atomic bomb has been . discovered? Seventh Principle: Freedom of the seas was one of the 14 points of Woodrow Wilson. What is. meant by this freedom? How can the nations of the world realize this freedom? Eighth Principle. - The eighth principle became the basis of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals on world peace. These proposals later became the basis of the United Nations Conference on International Organization. Do you think peace is possible if the Big Five come to an agreement on international problems? *15 Achievements of the . . (Continited /Tom page 2) Education in the· news .... national income for the relief of FIRST STEP IN RE130,000,000 Europeans who are EDUCATION OF GERMANY facing starvation. 8. It secured a temporary site for the UNO in New York, and finally a permanent one in Westchester Fairfield. 9. It promptly referred the British-Guatemalan dispute over British Honduras to the International Court of Justice. 10. It rejected the Russian proposal for the admission of the World Federation of Trade Union into the Economic and Social Council. 11. It also rejected the Russian proposal for the repatriation of all refugees whether they wanted it or not. This proposal was rejected because it was against human rights and human freedom. 12. It voted an annual budget of $22,000,000 for the Secretarial Staff of the United Nations Organization. 13. · Through the Economic and Social Council it was able to arrange for an international conference on international health to b~ held in Paris in June, 1946 .. 14. It created the Atomic Control Commission. It is composed of the 11 nation members of the Security Council, plus Canada. The Commission would make a report on tne control of atomic The first concrete step taken by the AMG (Allied Military Government) for the re-eaucation of Germany was the reprinting of preN azi school books. The reopened schools at Aachen and Bonn are now using these lfOoks which Hitler burned and suppressed. With these books, once again, the German children will be learning the democratic ways of living. They would not be t"eading anymore of Adolf Hitler and his supermen. Books donated by the United States The Commonwealth has recently received 12,000 volumes of books donated by yarious organizations in the United States. The books were well chosen and scientifically distributed to cover all fields of knowledge - arts, science, and literature. A good many of them are textbooks and reference materials. It is impossible to measur~ in terms of value these donations from the various thoughtful organizations in the U. S. Significant ••• (Continued fTom page 13) aviation program. Among the important agreements reached in the conference were: adoption of scientific safety regulations ; reaenergy. sonable airport charges; establish15. It was able to bring about ment of an international aviation the early compliance of Great Bri- organization; and the establishtain, Belgium, Australia, and ment of a council of twenty-one France to place their mandates nations which would have special under the trusteeship system. ,duties in the execution of the inForeign Minister Bevin announced ternational aviation -program. that Tangayika, Cameroons, and Togoland will be placed under the trusteeship system. Transjordan will be given independence. Belgium declared that she would place under the trusteeship system herself - supporting mandate, Ruanda - Urundi. France went farther. She decided to put her mandates under the UNO trusteeship. THE DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE The Big Four - the United States, Great Britain, Russia, and China - met from August 21 to October 7, 1944, at Dumbarton Oaks, near Washington D.C. The Conference discussed the various proposals for the establishment 'lf a world-Wide peace Organization. The proposals became the basis of Training in foreign service ln order that the Philippines may be prepared to handle its foreign relations after independence is granted, the government started a program of sending pensionados to the United States. Five Filipino students have just finished the first part of their training in foreign service in tlie United States. These students were sent to various United States embassies and consulates for a three-month practical training in foreign service work. These first five are Manuel A. Adeva, Dr. Jose Imperial, C. T. Elbo, Vicente Singian, and Tiburcio Baj a. Plan for a permanent school fund A plan for the maintenance of a permanent school fund has been suggested. According to the plan an educational tax of P2.00 for every citizen between 18 and 59 years would enable the government to secure more than P15,000,000. It is believed that this amount would sufficiently enable the government to accommodaie tlie more than two million and a half children of school age. the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) in San Francisco. THE YALTA CONFERENCE Prime Minister Churchill, President Roosevelt, and Marshal Stalin, together with their respective Foreign Secretaries, the Chiefs of Staff and other advisers, met at Yalta (Crimea) from February 4 to February 11, 1945. The significant points reached at the conference were: final offensive against Germany; common policies and plans for the occupation of Germany; agreement on the establishment of a commission on reparation by Germany; agreement on the holding Qf a conference of the United Nations; agreement on the liberated countries of Europe; the settlement of conflicting interests in the government of Poland and Yugoslavia; and unity and cooperation for peace. 16* CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Philippine High School Series Cumulative Unit System 0 u t I i 11 e s o f L e s s o 11 s a n d R .e f e r e n c e M a t e r i a I s based on the Courses of Study prepared by the Bureau of Education, Manila Published as a contribution to common effort, Educational Rehabilitation. 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