Current Events Review

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review
Description: A magazine published for high school students
Issue Date: Volume I (Issue No. 6) April 1946
Publisher: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Year: 1946
Language: English
Rights
Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: ln this issue .... Motives and Resufts of the Colonial Revolts in the Orient .......... . The Philippines Acquired an Advanced Political Status ......... . DDT - A Kill All, Cure All - F. :A :Review Test in Cilrrent Events , ...... . Significant World News Roundup .. ........ , .. . .. •................ Science Marc ea On .......... ......... .... ................ ...... . Significant Names in the. News .. .. . . . . • . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . 'I' Economics in the News . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 9 Secrets of the War Unfolded ..... . .•..........•.....•.....••....• Curreni Topics for Class Discussion ............................. .• Commin ami Current Abbreviations in the News No. 6 April, 1946 * This Special 1s:ue includes a Teal it! Current Eventa. Qturrrut 1£ uruts irutrm A magazine- published for High School Students Published as a contribution to a common effort, - Educational Rehabilitation. In an eUort to serve the interests of its readers, the Current Events Review has selected, reviewed, and presented the following materials deemed to he educationally appropriate fundamentally for the teaching of current events in the high school. Historical International Conferences: 1. The Atlantic Charter-1941 ing 811rrendcr Terms 5 . The Four Freedoms 6. The Atlantic Charter Progress in Science: 1. The Ins'de Story of Penicillin 2. The Story of Streptomycin 3. DDT-the Wonderful Insecticide 4. Blood Plasma 5. The Atomic Bomb 6. New Discoveries in X-ray Theraphy 7. Message from the Moon (Radar) 2. The Uni~ed Nations Declaration-1942 3. Casablanca Conference-1943 Secrets of the War Unfolded: 4. Food and Agriculture Confer- 1. Why Germany Failed 8. 9. to In- lO. Scientific Advance of 1945 The Plastic Industry A New Drug for the Heart ence--1943 vade England. 5. The FiTst Quebec Conference 2. Why Germany Invaded Russia -1943 3 . Was France Betrayed ? 6. The Moscow Conference--1943 4. How Magic Served the Unit7. The United Nations Relief ed States 8. 9. 10. 11. Conference--1943 The Cairo Conference-1943 The Teheran Conference-1943 The International Labo~ Organ:zation Conference-1944 The Bretton Woods Monetary Conference--1944 12, The Second Quebec Conference -1944 13. The A via ti on Conference - 1944 14. The Dumbarton Oaks Conference--1944 15. The Yalta Conference--1945 Historical Events: 1. Historic Events Leading to the Surrender of Japan 2. Significant Dates for Filipino Students 3. Why Germany Surrendered 4. Why Japan Surrendered 5. Interesting Light on the Attack on Pearl Harbor International Events: 16. The United Nations Confer- 1. ence ori International Organ- 2 · ization-1945 3 · International News Review The Ten Dig News of 1945 Motives and Results of Oriental Revolts 17. The First Postwar Council of Foreign Ministers of the Big Five--1945 4. The Unity of the Big Thr~e dur:ng the War 5. The Defensive Phases -of the Pacific War 18. The First Postwar Conferenc~ of the Foreign Ministers of the Big Three--1945 6 · The Atomic Age Special Report on Germany Special Report on Japan 19. The First Session of the Un't- 7 · ed Nations Organization-1946 Historical Documents: 8. 9. The Advance Political Status of the Philippines 1. The Japanese Demands of Contemporary History: November 20, 1941 2. The Hull "Ten Points" of N oveinber 26, 1941 3. President Roosevelt's Message to Emperor Hirohito in 1941 4. The Imperial Rescript Accept1. 2. 3. The Rise and Fall of Nazi Germany The Rise and Fall of Mussolini's Roman Empire History of German Aggression Review of Current Opinions and Discussions: 1 . Current Opinions and Discussions on the Future Uses of Atomic Energy. 2. Twenty-two Directives Issued to Bring Changes in the National Life of the Japanese. 3. Significance of the Epochmaking Trial of TClp Nazi War Criminals at Nuern!·crg. 4 . Scientific Thinking and the Pseudo-Sciences 5. Will the United Nations Organization Succeed in Enforcing Peace? 6. Redemption of America's Promises Keeping Up with the Time: 1. The Death of Hitler 2. The Inside Story of Italy's Surrender 3. Denial of the Emperor's Divinity 4. Apology for Axis Unity and Cooperation 5. The Loss of the Allies in the Java Sea Campaign 6. Japanese Documents on the attack on Pearl Harbor 7. 8. 9. Kinds of War Crimes The Battle of Midway Effect of. Misdirected Emotional Patriotism (Continued on page 24) Motives and Results of the Colonial Revolts in the Orient 'What is the meaning of nation- ruler was the emperor and not the alism? shogun. The Japanese worked Nationalism is derived from na- hard for the abolition of the Shotion. It means a movement of a gunate. Many daimyos and feudpeople to establish an independent ·al lords voluntariJy offered their country. The sentiment of ua- lands to the emperor as a symbol tionality is a national feeling that of their loyalty. recognizes a common heritage, the The Filipinos have never ceased memories of the past and hopes of to fight or work for their freedom. the future. Nationalism has alst') The first period of their struggle been defined as the self-conscious- for nationalism was characterized ness on the part of a people for by armed resistance against the the possession of a common herit- Spaniards and the Americans. The age, culture, and traditions. In second period was a peaceful majority of cases, the people of campaign for independence. a country want to be independent The Indian people have waged a because they want to achieve their long fight for self-government. national · aspira.tions. The corn- 'Vhen the Indian nationalists mon aspiration of all free-loving found out that the Government of people is independence. India Act of 1919 was unsatisWhat are the political ideals of factory, they boycotted the elecnationalism? tions of 1920. To appease the InTowards the close of the Middle dian demands, Sir Stafford Cripps' Ages the spirit of nationalism mission presented in 1942 a proarose in many countries of Europe-. gram of self-government to India. Among the reasons for the rise of The people were not satisfied with nationalism were the 'growih of the offer. They demanded for abthe Third Estate, or the b'Ourgeoi- solute independence. sie, the rise of vernacular Ian- The people of the Dutch E!ast guages and literature, dang~rs Indies, the "Treasure House of from foreign conquest, and the in- Asia," have long be'en fighting crease of the powers of the king.' against economic exploitation and Nationalism springs from three racial p:rejudice. After the end important political ideals. These of 'World War I, a new and strongare: (I) each people should have er nationalistic movement was led a government suited to its parti- by educated Indonesians. One cf cular traditions and needs; (2) these is Achmed Soekarno, whc1 the people should be ruled by their was then taking up engineering in cwn native offiC"ials; and (3) it Holland. He returned to the Neis wrong for o:ae people to dam- therlands East Indies to join the inate or rule another. r.ationalistic movement. H i s Nationalistic movements of participation in the movement reOriental countries in the past sulted in his imprisonment in After the Sino-Japanese War 1920· (1894-1895), China, suffering In 1926, the people of Malaya from a' humiliating defeat, tried to revolted against Dutch rule. They unite the peOpl~ by: ( 1) i;ntro- demanded for greater participaducing reforms to strengthen the ti on in the government. The Nacountry; (2) recovering its "lost tionalists at Batavia tried to drive national rights"; and ( 3) estab- the Dutch out of Java. The revolt lishing a strong centralized gov- failed. l'rnment. After the World War I, the peoDuring the closing years of the pie of French Indo~China demand· Tokugawa Shogunate, many Jap~ ed for self-government. They reanese discovered · that the real sented the economic exploitation APRIL, 194;6 of their country. This resentment hastened the growth of IndoChinese nationalism. The movement was backed up by the Annamite Nationalist organization, Viet Minh (Nam). This organization was.founded in 1936. The people of Korea had. fought hard for the sovereignty of their country. But Korea became the prize of war between China and Japan. On August 22, 1910, a cleverly manipulated treaty was signed between Japan and Korea under which the lat~r country ceded her rights or sovereignty to the emperor of Japan. Korea became a pa1·t of the Japanese Empire. The people of Siam have long been fighting for the abolition of the extra-territorial rights of fo1·eign powers in Siam (Thai). These extra-territorial rig·hts make the citizens of foreign countries who live in Siam subject only to the laws of their respective count.ri~s. A British citizel\ residing in Siam, for instance, is subject only to the courts established by Britain in Siam. The British citizen is not subject to the Siamese Coutts. Effects of World War II on the nationalistic movement in the Orient The defeat of Russia by Japan in the Russo-Japanese .,Var of 1904-1905, inspired the people of the. East to fight for their national rights and national inter· ests." A new spil'it or' nationalism surged among the peoples of Asia. Japan dreamed of building a new hemisphere under her influence under the slogah "Asia for the Asiatics." Japan continued her program Clf Quilding a new hemisphere under the guise of liberating the Orienta]s from the imperialism of the West. She propagated the idea of building ·a New Order in Greater East Asia. · This was known as (Continued on the next pa.ge) * 1 Motives and . . . (Continued) the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It was fundamentally based on the ideas and program set forth in the Tanaka Me~ morial. She succeeded in conquering the Phnippines, Dutch East Indies, Burma, Malaya and a large part of China. She gave puppet independence to the Philippines and Burma. The Koiso cabinet promised freedom to the people of the East Indies. A psychological warfare between Japan and the Allies was launched. Japan's policy of giving independence to conquered terri·· tories was looked upon by the Allies as a mere gesture to secure the cooperation of the peoples of East Asia in the pfosecution nf the war. Japan made a wide propaganda of the evil effects of the Western imperialism· on the Asiatic nations. She launched a cultural program to make the peciple of the East realize the wealth and strength of Oriental culture and civilization. Motives of the present colonial revolts World War II ended on September 2, 1945. The war ended J apanese aggression in the Orient. China was faced by another civil war, but succeeded in securing national unity. The Koreans ware liberated from their Japanese masters. The "Hermit Kingdom" was promised independence by the Big Powers in the Cairo Conference in 1943. A new surge of nationalism has swept the peoples of the East. What factors are responsible for this new nationalism? What do the people demand? E~peror of Annam, Bag Dai, ab- was carried on by nationalists. dicated. Mgnyen, the chief of the The resistance movement was nationalist party - Viet Na1n, carried under the leadership proc1aimed a republic. The An- of the Malayan People's Resistance narnites demanded a constituent Army. The leaders of the resistassembly elected by universal ance movement are now demandsuffrage. ~These demands were ing from England self-governnot met, and war followed. rnent. The Indonesians. - Before the The Hindus.-The people of InJ apanese surrendered, they had dia showed their loyalty to Great granted independence to Indone- Britain in the first and second sia and had installed Achmed Soe- World War. In 1916, the Home karno as ''President of the Indo- Rule League was organized. Its main purpose was to demand fol' nesian Republic." Obvious}y, this ho~e rule. In recognition of the was cd!culated to make the Indonesians independence concious as services rendered by India dlJring well as to sow seeds of conflict be- the World War I, th'e British Partween the colony and the mother liament passed the Government of country, India Act of 1919, granting selfThe aim of the Indonesian na- government. Under the lead~rship tionalists is for complete inde- of· ~a~dhi, the people worked for pendence. They are opposed to dom1mon. government. I~ July, colonial rule. In 1942, Queen 1940, an important re~olution was W"lh 1 · ff d th 1 d passed by the All-Ind1a Congress 1 e mma 0 ere e n one- Committee. It demanded indesians "equal partnership" in the Netherlands Empire. This offer pendence for India and provided was renewed in 1945. The Inao- for the formation of a nationa1 nesians strongly rejected it. In government responsible to a cenMarch, 1946, President Soekarno tr~r!:~i~~~::~n e~=~~~ i:o I::i~~ drafted a six-point program a:s basis for negotiations with the the problem of India. In 1942, Dutch officials. One of the six Sir Stafford Cripps presented a points is the demand for the re- program of self-government to Incognition of the Indonesian Re- dia. According to the program, an public by the mother country. elected body, charged with the framing of a constitution, would be The Burmese. - The Japanese immediately set after the war. gave independence to Burma on Brit!lin would accept and impleAugust 1, 1943. The "grant of ment the constitution ·framed by independence" to Burma, with Dr. the elected body. llpdia would Ba Maw as puppet President, was become a free and equal partner another gesture to secure the ful- of the British Commonwealth. If lest cooperation of the Burmese her Constituent Assembly chooses in the prosecution of the war. otherwise, sh'e could renounce the This "grant of independence" had Brjtish Commonwealth and set up two political significance: (1) It an independent state. This proencouraged the "Free India" posal was rejected by India. movement. (2) It made tlie Bur- Results of the nationalistic mese become independence consci- movements in the Orient ous and made them see the unde- The nationalistic movements in The Annamites. - The Annamites are fhe most intelligent o! all the peoples ln French IndoChina. They are politically advance among the peoples ruled by France in the East. The Anuamites started a revolt against their French masters after the surrender of the Japanese. 'l'he sirability of foreign domination. the Orient after the World War II When the British returned to Bur- have achieved certain impo~tant ma after the surrender of Japan, results. 'fhey effected modificathey found that the spirit of na- tions an<;l changes in the colonial tionalism had been strongly stir- policies of the mother countries, red. have succeeded in securing grants The Malayans.-British Malaya for the establishment of self-govwas conquered by the Japanese in ernment. 1942. During the Japanese 1. On March 9, 1946, tho occupation, resistance movement French cabinet approved the re2* CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Motives and . . . (Continued) cognition of Annam State in northern Indo-China as a free &tate within the Indo-Chinese federation. An agreement for the grant of self-government was signed between the French government and Viet Nam, the nationalist organization. One significant point in the agreement definitely provides for the political future of three Inda-Chinese states -Annam, Cochin-China, and Tonkin. The future status of these states will be submitted to a popular referendum. 2. In 1945, the offer of selfgovernment to the Indonesians was repeated by Queen Wilhefmina. Indonesia expected to present her case before the Security Council of the UNO. Direct negotiations between the Indonesian Republic and Holland are being conducted on the problem of selfgovernment and independence. 3. Great Britain promised to grant Burma self-government as early as possible. Military ·rule was immediately withdrawn. The administration of Burmese civil and political affairs was placed in the hands of civil officials. Steps. have already been taken to bring about the self-government of Burma and to aid Burma in her program of rehabilitation. The PhHippines Acquired an Advanced Political Status Under the provisions of the Ty- international conferences attenddings-.McDuffie Act, the Com- ed by the Philippines were the monwealth of the Philippines will Conference on Food and Agricul•nd on July 4, 1946, when the ture, the United Nations Relief Philippines becomes an independ- Conference, the Bretton Woods ent nation. The J~panese would Monetary Conference, .the United have destroyed the Commonwealth ·Nations C0nference on InterGovernment had not President national Conference at San FranManuel L. Quezon and Ji.is reduced cisco, and the first session· of the cabinet evacuated Corregidor for United Nations Organization in the United States at the invita- London. tion of the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Commonwealth Government functioned in the United States fro'!' May 13, 1942, to October 3, 1944. Presiderit Quezon and VicePresident Osmeiia also attended the meetings of the Pacific War Council, and when the Moscow Conference of Foreign Secretaries The Philippines acquired an ad- held in December, 1945, created vanced political status during the Far Eastern Commission and World War II. The Common- the Allied Council for· joint conwealth Government was officially trol of Japan, the Philippines was recognized by the United States made a member. a.s a member of the United Na- The creation of the Filipino Retions. All the members of the habilitation Commission by the United Nations also recognized it. American ·congress was another The late President Manuel L. Que- significant manifestation of the zon was privileged to sign the At- friendly and progressive attitude !antic Charter. The Common- of the American people towards wealth Government adhered to the the .Filipinos. The Commission is United ,Nations Declaration on composed of nine Americans and June 10, 1942, and cSigned it on nine Filipinos. In appreciation June 14, 1942. The membership for this great American generosiof the Pltifippines in the United ty, Romulo wrqte in his article Nations is a recognition of her "Partnership in the Pacific" (Li~ capability of assuming her inter- berty, May 22, 1945): "You can national - obligations. In fact, thumb your way all through the 4. The British government is President Quezon and his cabinet pages of history without finding determined to carry out her plan were accorded the respects usual- another case where a sovereign nato form a Malayan union. This ly accorded to the heads of saver- tion Fi.as created a commission for plan has been proposed to meE>t eign or independent nations. The the rehabilitation of a sul:>ject nathe Nationalists demands. The Philippines was given seats in va- tion and granted equal memberBritish government will institute rious international conferences of ship to representatives of the subMalayan citizenship which Will the United Nations. Among the ject peoples." .give equal citizenship rights to - - - - - - - - - those who can claim that Malaya --------------~--will be their homelatd. 5. In 1942, the proposal of Sir Stafford Cripps' mission was ·rejected by the people of India. This offer was revived by India in 1945. In March, 1946, mutiny and riots occurred in India. Bloody civilian riots broke in several places anci. even in the Royal Indian Navy. 'rhe people crieO "Vietory for InAPRIL, 1946 dia." The mutiny a~d riots ended after Prime Minister Clement Attlee had ~nnounced in March, 1946, that India would be given independence. What is the significance of colonial revolts in the Orient? Is the era or period of colonialism ended? This question has attracted the attention of many writers and thinkers. 1. Barnett Nover, the wellknown columnist of the Washington Post, wrote: ~"What the British, French, Dutch, Portuguese,· and others claim for themselves they cannot in principle deny to Indians, Malayans, Javanese, Cam· bodians, and Annamese." (Continued· on page 13) *3 Significant World News Roundup--sPAIN On March 5, 1946, the United States, Britain, and France callea on the Spanish people to peacefully remove Generalissimo Francisco Franeo from power and to establish in the meanwhile an "interim caretaker government.h The United States relea<ed the text of · 15 documents to show the close relationship between the government of Franco and the governments oi the Axis powers during World 'Var II. ·Spain must purge herself if she desires the friendship of the Allied powers. France went even farther. She urged the United States and Britain to bring the case of the Franco government to tlie Security Council of UNO. She argued that the government of Franco is a threat to world peace. The proposal was turned down by the United States. Russia favored the proposal. Generalissimo Franco issU.ed a 26-page reply to the United States, denying that his country had ever aided the Axis. The reply of Franco pointed out the measures taken by Spain in order to \Void the repetition of Spain's historical "grave error," - the sinking of the battleship Maine,-an error which caused the Spanish· American war. JAPAN The 1 apanese government ~n nounced on March 6, 1946, the adoption of the new constitution for Japan. The constitution wa::; approved by Emperor Hirohito arid Premier Kijuro Shidehara. Under the new constitution the goven1ment aut.hority is vested in the representatives elected by th people. The Emperor remains only as the "symbol of the state and the unity of the people." He derives his position from the sovereign will of the people. The Cabinet. is responsible to the Diet, not to the emperor. The constitution renounces war and includes the 4* "Bill of Rights," guaranteeing the do so." The next move individual liberties - freedom of with the people of India. remains thought, conscience, equal rights for both sexes, ana freedom from bondage. It replaces the House of Peers with an elective body named the House of Councilors. RUSSIA Secretary Jam es F. Byrnes warned Russia not to remove the enemy property from Manchuria as war reparations. He clearly stated that seizure of plants is a violation of the Open Door policy and a clear discrimination against Americans. On March 7, 1946, British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin disclaimed knowledge of any treaty or agreement that gives Russia the right to strip Manchurian factories of machinery or equipment. On ·March 11, 1946, announcement was made that Britain had protested to the Russian government against the Russian removal of industrial equipment from Manchuria. On IUarclf 12, 1946, a similar announcement was made that thie United StaMs had asked "Russia for an explanation of reports on heavy southward movemenfs of Russian troops in Iran. The British and American announcements were made in view of Russia's failure to carry out her commitment to leave Iran by ·March 2, 1946. INDIA The demand of India for independence has been squarely met by Britain. On September 19, 1945, Britain renewed her offer Qf' selfgovernment for India. Th~ proposal was not satisfactory to the Indian leaders. On March 16, 1946, the British Prime Minister offered India full independence. He told the House of Commo11s that he hoped India would choose to remain within 'the British Commonwealth but that "if she elects independence, she has the right to BRITAIN Hearings on the British loan have started. President Harry S. 1I'ruman has urged for the· approval of the loan because he considered the loan as the "cornerstone in the world's structure of · peace. ii The loan would also benefit America because the Britisli government has promised ii) return to remove or abolish the harriers that block mutual trade. United State• Secretary of the Treasury Fred Vinson even said that its approval would be beneficial not only to America but also to the world. If the loan is refused, Britain wouia conduct an economic warfare. She would be forced to resort to a· competitive economic bloc. This would i·esult to the destruction of world trade and all ccuntries would be affected. GREECE Greece has revealed that Russia p1•omised to ship grain to Greece if Russia is allowed ·to set up a base for her merchant marine on the Dodecanese islands. These islanCs were Italian possessions. They had been promised to Greece and were given to her atter'World War II. I:nowing that such a. base would complete the Russian string of security and frontier bases across half of Europ·e,. · the Greek Prime MiniSter Sophoulius refused the demand of the Russian government. CHINA China has pledged amity with Russia. This 'is a sequel to the Sino-Russian agreement reached in 1945. China has finally succeeded in bringing about the national unity of her long-divided people. The Central government and the Communist government decided recently to settle their differences. (Continued on the ne:r:t page) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW World News ... (Continued) China's present· economic problem is tremendous, difficult, and pressing. According to Premier T. V. Soong, four factors are responsible for China's present economic plight: ( 1) exhaustfon of raw materials brought about by tho war and the blockade; (2T continued inflation both during· and after the war; (3) transportation; and (4) much reduced productive capacity due to enemy plunder and destruction. COCHIN-CHIN A France has moved to carry out the provisions of the Atlantic Charter which established . the right of any people to choose their own form of government. Th~ French Constituent Assembly has passed a bill conferring the status of a French department on four French colonies. The Ministry of Co1onies has already announced a free constitution for Cochin-China in French Indo-China. The constitution provides that Cochin-China will have its own government, .parliament, army, and finances. AUSTRIA Russia demanded from Abstria 67 ,000,000 acres of agricultural land io supply the needs of the Russian occupation troops. Austria boldly insisted in giving Russia only one-third of her demand. This was unusual. Rarely has it happened that a defeated countrv sU.cceeded in greatly reducing th~ demand of the conqueror. ITALY The first free election in Itahin nearly a quarter of a centurf was held in the second week of March, 1946. The results of tho election will determine the strength of the six coalition government parties. The secret verbal agreement rnached by the Big 3-President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Premier Stalin-at the Teheran conference on the disposition of the colonies of Italy has been announced. According to the APRIL, 1946 report, it was agreed that Italy would be stripped of all her colonies, she would be broken as a Mediterranean sea power, and the controversial Trieste would be internationalized. KOREA The United States and Russia have begun studying plans to implement the decision ·reached at the Moscow Conference of Foreign Secretaries last December. According to the Moscow conferenee, a provisional government would be established in Korea to give prar.tical training to the Koreans in the art of government. This step is a part of the plan being followed in the_ establi~hment of the fiveyear trusteeship for Korea. Two politi~al parties are fighting to gain power in the future administration of the country. The Rightists under the leadership of Ki.pl Ko are trying to show to the United States military commission 1:hat they are for democratic priilciples. The Leftists or Communists on the other hand are trying to convince the Russian military commission that they have a large following in tl'ie country. Lieutenant John Hodges of the United States Army urged the removal of the boundary line dividing the Soviet and American-occupied sections of Korea. Tliis was suggested to prevent the domination of the country by small minorities. The American and Russian commissions are conducting negotiations for this purpose. GERMANY The inter-Allied reparations agency met early in MarCh to work on the division of reparations from Germany. At the Potsdam Conference, the Big 3-Presirlent Truman, Prime Minister Atlee and Premier Stalin - had agreed (Ill principles to be followed in the allocation of German reparations. Russia has been allocated one half of Germany's industrial and capital equipment. The other nations who have been given their allocations are: Albania, United States, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Britain, Greece, India, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Netherlands, the Uniou of South Africa, and Yugoslavia. TURKEY Russia has demanded from Turkey Kars and the Ardahan regions in northe3.stern Tti.rkey. The Russian government declared in her demand that these two territories formerly belonged to her. Several months ago Russia also made a demand for the regions occupied by Georgia. It was reported that Iraq and Turkey had signed a treaty for mutual aid or defense in case of an uprising by Kurdish tribesmen who inhabit the Turko-Iraq border. The tn .. aty was denounced by Russia a;.; an "anti-Soviet" move. MALAYA The British government is determined to bring about the union of the Malay States. The Straits Settlement Bill was passed fo; this purpose. It provides for thf' regrouping of the Straits Settlements of Perang, Malacca, Singapore, and of the Malay States. Britain declares that the ma.Vt purpose of this policy is to lay the foundation for self-government and that the motive behind it is not imperialistic. GREECE British, American, and French officers who were assigned to supervise the election in Greece have finished examining and checking the electoral regis~ers of various towrts and villages h1 Greece. This step was taken in order to insure a clean general election; for, in the last Big Five conference of Fol-eign Secretaries in Ldndon, Russia told France, the United States, Britain, and China that the government of Greece was undemocratic and, therefore, she would not discuss . (Continued ox the next page) *5 Current Events Review Science Marches On ... for High School Student& Published monthly during the Clothes from Milk, Crude Oil, lest living organism-the virus. school year. Cotton Seeds, Wood Pulp, and It is so small that it could -be see:l Diosdado G. Capino Bituminous Coal only through the new electron Editor microscope. Scientists have sucD. R. Manlapaz World War II has brought great ceeded in capturing the virus and Publisher progress in the manufacture l>f have made it yield its se~rets. They Subscription Rates: textiles. A new cloth fiber known have succeeded in growing influOne year (10 issues) P5.00 as casein, has been. produced. Ca- enza germs or viruses in the eggs One semester (5 issues) . 3.VO sein is the protein of whole milk. of chickens. These breeding Payable in adv~nce. ~t constitutes about three per .cent ground.s are now yielding· enough Please make all remittances pay- of skim milk. Casein is chemically of the poisonous flu germs· used able to the treated until· it flows li~e honey, in the manufacture of tlie flu vacCURRENT EVENTS REVIEW and this syrupy substance is turned cine. The United States Army's 123-125 Ret.en, Sampaloc, Manila into fibers. Thousands of strands Commission on Influenza has found - - - - - - - - - - - - - of fiber are produced from casein. the new vaccine effective. The World News ••. (Continued) peace treaties with the government of Greece. IRAN Iran is on the spotlight of international news again be'Cause of Russia's refusal to withdraw her troops from Iran. According to the treaty signed by Britain, Russia, and Iran on January 29, 1642, Britian and Russia pledged to withdraw their troops from Iran on or before March 2, 1946. The United States and British armies had withdrawn before the deadline set forth in the AngloSoviet-1.ranian Treaty, but Russia has failed to Jive up to her obligations. The United States and Britain have asked Russia for 11.n explanation Of her failure to remove her troops. It is significant to know that in c&se Russia withdraws, the autonomous government established at Azerbaijan would lose its support or · protection. Azerbaijan is 1n Iran and its autonomous government established as a result of a recent revolt, depends solely on Russian protection. It is also significant to know that Russia is very much intereSted in acquiring oil concessions in Iran. During the first session of the UNO in London, Iran presented her complaint to the Security Council. She demanded for an investigation of Russia's interference in her internal affairs. The 6* The new casein fiber is called Aralac. Science has produced synthetic rubber from crude oil. This synthetic rubber is woven with nylon in the manufacture o~ laces. Residue from cotton seeds yields a new suede-processed nylon. From woOd pulp and cotton linters come the raw materials for flannels. Bituininous coal forms the basis of new nylon. Humanity Hopes for the Conquest of Influenza Every year millions of people suffer from influenza. The symptoms are known to all: temperature suddenly_ rises; body aches.; nose often runs; and coughs or sore throats may increase the discomfort, The United 6tates Army now uses an efficient flu vaccine which can keep epidemics under control. world hopes that this vaccine could be made more inclusive vaccine as to become a perfect lifesaver. Technicolor Increases Safety Why do you enjoy a technicolor moving picture show? Why do yoti for instance, enjoy "The Thief 'Jf Bagdad"? The answer is: It is pleasant to the eyes. The- same principle has been applied by some factories. Many industrial workers are now enjoying the practical applications of technicolor. Multicolored machine tools are· improving safety. It has been found that multicolored machine tools emphasize to workers the danger spots. Improved safety means increased production and better morale. Possibilities of New Advances in Heart and Brain Operations In a Congress of Soviet-Amet·iInfluenza is caused by the smal- can Friendship, held in New YorK, - - - - - - - - - - - - - in celebration of the 10th anniverSecurity Council decided to let sary of diplomatic relations beMoscow and Teheran settle tht!ir tween the United States and Rusproblem directly. On March 20, sia, a demonstration was held on 1946, Iran presented another com- the experiments of Profe"ssor plaint to the Security Council. Bryukoilenko of Russia. ProfesIran charged Russia of: (1) sor Bryukonenko has achieved a maintaining troops on Iranian remarkable result in restoring life soil in violation of the Anglo-Sov- to dead animals after 15 minutes iet-Iranian Treaty of January beyond life. 29, 1942; (2) interfering in her The demonstration was centered internal affairs; (3) violating the on the apparatus called an autoUnited Nations Charter; and (4) jector. This new apparatus carries violating the Roosevelt-Churchill- the functions of the heart and Stalin declaration at Teheran in lungs until those functions are re1943. ( Continu<d on the next page) CURRENT EVENTS RF.VIEW SIGNIFICANT NAMES IN THE NEWS---Scientists who have worked on how the atom released its powers. - (Uranium fission means ~he splitting of the uranium atom). The discovery of the atomic bomb is merely a consumation t>f \he studies made by great scientists, starting with Sir Isaac Newton. These scientists, together with their contributions to the final discovery or control of the atomic power, are listed below. Sir Isaac Newton .. -Newton, an English scientist, explains the laws of motion governing the atoms. He revived the "atomic theory" which explains that all things are made· of tiny particles known as atoms. John Dalton.-Dalton, another ~nglish scientist, continued the studi'es on the atom and propounded th"' idea that the atoms have weight and that every element has a given atomic weight. ered that atoms had a neutralcharge and that these atoms contain negatively charged "corpuscles" which were later called "electrons.'' ' Lord :&-nest. Rutherford. - Rutherford, an English scientist, discovered that the atom has a nucleus. Based on this principle, he was able to change one kind of atom to another. Pierre and Mar~e Curie.-These two Fren~h scientists succeeded in isolating radium. They discovered that other elements decompose when acted upon by the emitted rad:oactive rays. Max Planck.-Planck, a German scientist, originated the "quantum theory." This theory explains that Enrico Fermi.-Fermi, an Italian scientist, succeeded in ·producing artificially radioactive atoms by bombarding uranium with neutrons. These radioactive atoms were the by-products of the fission or splitting of the uranium atom. Otto Hahn.-Hahn is a German scientist. He continued the work of Enrico Fermi and disco~ered one new element-light. He called it barium. It is significant to note that Hahn fully knew that he had split the atom, a process which is knowii as fission. Dmitri Mendelyeev.-Mendelyeev the energy of radiation is not cona Russian scientist, made further tinuous and that it exists in small, studies on the atomic weight. He exact unit measures which Planck prepared a periodic table of 92 calls "quanta." known chemical elements whiCfi Lise Meitner.-1\feitner is an Austrian sc:entist. She conducted many experiments to split the atom. Her aim was to release energy. She made it known that U-235 is present in minute quau-· tities in ordinary uranium. he arranged according to their Sir James Chadwick. _ Chad- ;\lfred Q. Nier.-Nier, an Ameratomic weights. wick, an English scientist, discov- ican scientist, succeeded in isolatAnteine Nenri Becquerel.-Bec- ered the existence of neutrons. ing a minute quantity of U-235 in , 1940. The energy produced was querel, a French scientist, accidentally discovered the existence of radio-activity. He also found out that uraniUm emits or gives off invisible radiation. Albert Einsten.-Einstein is a sufficient to spring a mC?USe trap. !:r~h:~r;c~~~~s!as~:0!~:~;1:::~ Wilhelm lfraysny-Ergen. verted into energy. Kraysny-Ergen, a Swedish scientist, discovered a method of exSir Joseph Thompson.-Thqmp- Niels Bohr.-Bohr, a Dutch tracting U-235 from uranium elevson, an English scientist, discov- sCient!st, worked On the structure en thousand times faster than of the atom and discovered that a the method known in 1940. Science Marches On • . . (Continued) stored- on the part of the organisms. The apparatus is connected on one sitj.e to an artery of the animal, on the other side to a vein. The apparatus pumps blood and reoxygenates it. The demonstration is significan.t to many biologists because it indicates th~ possibilities of new advances in certafn types df brain and heart operations. APRIL, 1946 nucleus with electrons revolve around an orbit. E:nest Orlando Lawrence. - LaWrence, an American scientist, H. G. J, Moseley.-Moseley, an invented a· high powered machine English scientist, used X-rays in that could split the atoms. He calls studying the atom. He found out the machine cyclotron. that every element ha.s a definite atomic number. J. Robert Oppenheimer.-Oppenheimer, an American physicist. Irene and Frederic Joliot. - did the great pa.rt of the work on These two French scientists dis- the atomic bomb at Los Alamos, covered two important facts about New Mexico. He also helped in the atoms: 1. artificial radio- supervising many of the experiactivity, and 2. uranium fission, mental tests of the atomic bomb. *7 Why the Big 3 were United During the War Origin of the Big 3 coalition few." Du:-ing the early morning of .June 22, 1941, the Nazi armies \nvaded Russia. For once Hitler made a declaration of war-half an hour after the first exchange of shots. The invasion bro!te the Soviet-German • Non-Aggression , Treaty of August 21, 1939. It also marked the end of peaceful · relations between Russia and Germany 'Vhich had prevailed since 1921.• 8* est coalition in the history of the world. President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met late in August, 1943, at Quebec to discuss some important problems in the operations of the w~r. After thi.s conference Russia joined in some of the talks of the United Nations. One important announcement made after the Quebec conference ~as the possibiiity of holding a tripartite meeting with Russ:a. The victory of common s~nse his article "Agreement to Agree" he said: 0 The conference has crystallized as never before, in language as lucid as it is trenchant, the will of the United States, Great Britain, and the S(\" viet Union to fight side by side to complete victory, and to build with Ch.ina and other freedom-loving nations a new world based on th\? soundest human foundatioll~ and international relationship mankind has ever known." The triumph of the unity of the Big Three The Moscow Conference paved the road to Allied unity. The con· duct· of the war called for unity of purpose · and the elimination 0f other issues, doubts, and concerns as to the future of th~ world. 'l'he Big Three discussed their common problems to shorten the war. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Economics in the News---Values of the Trade Senice Department 3. It will connect buyers with Bill 308. H.B. 355 provides sellers. It will assist in effecting for the nationalization of the The C11.amber of Commerce vf actual transactions betwe_en them. retail trade in the Philippines. 4. It will consolidate small or- According to the provisions of the Philippines has created a new ders from retailers and take this bill, aliens not owing allegiservice department to be known as charge of filing same through ance to the United States or to "Trade Service Department." h PhT · What are the services of this new wholesale purchases. t e 1 1ppmes are banned from department? They· are as follows: 5. 1.t will also tonsolidate ime~gagip.g i,n :i-~tail business. House portation of goods. Btll 308 provided that 6.0 percent 1. It will organize an Associa- . · · of the amount mvolve.d m payroll tion of Filipino retailers, manu- . 6. It will try to solve the prob- of a firm's employees and Iaborfacturers and importers iri Mani- lems of the r~tailers. ers who. are citizens .of the Philipla and in the provinces. 7. It will help Filipino busi- pines or of the United .States. 2. It aims to h~lp the impo1~ters nessmen in every· possible way. The bills were vetoed by the and retailers decide to work out a Census of the World Natural President because it is believed feadsible plan for distribution of Resources that they are contrary to intergoo s. national policies. .It is believed Why the Big 3 . . - (Continued) tier Churchill, and Premier Stalin jointly said: "\Ve reaffirm our faith in the principles of the Atlantic Charter, our pledge in the declaration of the United Nations, and our determination to build in cooperation with other peace-foving nations world o:rder under Jaws, dedicated to peace, security, freedom, and general well-being of all mankind." Postscript to Allied unity In his recent book, the Big Th,r~e, ·published in 1945, Dr. David J. Dallin made a thorough study of the relations, Objectives, and problems of tlie United States, Britain, and Russia. He asked the question whether the Big Three alliance born in 194i would continue. After examining thoroughly the problems of the Big Three he concluded: "Real progress can be achieved only through abolition, down to the last vestige, -of internal political suppression and subjection, of all forms Of· autocracy, in the soil of which warlike tendencies and lust tc conquest are bound to ripen. Progress will be possible only ln a world re.ally free, and only if the \Vars of Liberation are succeeded by a real Peace of Liberation." APRIL, 1946 A proposal was made at the that there should be a stronger inQuebec Food and Agriculture Con- ternational unity among all naference held at Quebec by the tions. The charter of the United United Nations. The conference Nations Organization specifically began on October 16, 1945. 'l.'he states that there should be deveproject is one of the most impor- loped, (1) friendly relations among tant global activities of the Unit~d nations, based on respect for the Nations. This will be the first principle of equal rights of peo.· attempt to obtain exact figures on pies, to Strengthen universal peace th&> world's supply of agricultural and achievement of international. products, forests, and fis}\eries. cooperation in economic and social Agricultural statistics will cover matters; (2) respect for human such data as crops productioni rights and fundamental freedoms dairy production, and livestock. fo~ all without distinction as to Forestry s~atistics will include race, sex, and religion. acreage figures and classifications by type of. tree, and industrial, Ratification of the Bretton which will be about the cominer- Woods Monetary Conference cial outp>1t of lumber. The United Nations Food and Agricultural organization wiil survey areas of shortage and areas of surplus. Then it will recommend measures to remedy the undersupply situations. It is believed that the world project on the census of the world's natural Tt'!SOUl'· ces will be felt by the people In the form of (1) improved Iivi~g conditions and (2) higher nutdtional standards. Application of the Philippines' International Policy on President's Veto The Congress of the Philippine• approved two bills designed to protect Filipino interests. These bills were House Bill 366 and House The Bretton Woods Monetary agreements are now in full force. :~fwenty-rrine nations, including the Philippines, signed the monetary agreement. Among the signatories are the United States, the Unit-;d Kingdom, China, France, Canada. 1 Mexic9, Cuba, India, Nether~ lands, South Africa, and Egypt. Russia is the only major pow~r that has not approved the agreement. 'l.'he Bretton Woods Monetary Conference was attended by 'nearly all the people of the world from July 1 to July 22, 1944. Tltc conference approved many significant points. (1) Monetary trQ.nsa<f(Continued on the next page) *9 Secrets of the War Unfolded---WHY FRANCE COLLAPSED tany. In case of reverses, the French government would be able to move to England or North Africa. Marshal Pf:tain insisted thd the war was lost and that Franc~ should ask for an a:i-mistice. What is the main purpose of the present government of France? Charles de Gaulle, the famous wartime soldi~r, statesman, and resistance leader of France was elected· by the Constituent Assembly of France as interim President of F"rance until the creation of the Fourth F~erich Republic. It is significant to note that France has been recognized· as one of the Big powers of Europe. This was the sa~e recognition given to her before the outbreak ot, the war in Europe on September 1, 1939. The present government has the solemn duty to restore the spirit and ways of democracy and to establish a republican form of government. The First French Republic was established On September 22, 1792. The National Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy. The Second French Republic was proclaimed in 1848; the Third French Repul:>lic, on September 4, 1870. Was France quickly defeated? In the early days of April, 1940, the military situation in France was critical. N evilie Cliamberlain was replaced by Winston Churchill as British Prime Minister On May 10, 1940. Churchill rallied his countrymen to fight for victory. He said, "What is our aim? It is Victory... for without victory, there is no survival." On May 13, 1940, Reynaud, the Frenchman who believed in the offensive, replaced Daladier as Pre· mier of France. Five days later General Weygand replaced General Gamelin, the champion of the defensive. Several happened. interesting incidents 1. Churchill and Reynaud decided to send an appeal for helil to the United States. This was intended to secure help for the French government. But Roosevelt had no "authority to engage the United States to declare war." 2. Churchill left France after he had secretly gone to Tours. The French cabinet met again. In the early meetings of the cabinet, General Weygand was not present. 'Vhen he attended the meeting of the cabinet, he said: "I am a vanquished soldier, and there is nothing left to do but to lay down c.ur arms." · Economics in the . (Continued) The change in the government tions are international: The na- and in the army did not stop the tions mtlst agree on the ba::;ic ruies German advance. On June 14, which govern the exchanges. (2) 1940, Paris was abandoned to the The nations should cnnsult and Germans. Marshal PCtain became agree on internation&l monetary Premier on June 16, 1940. A huchanges which affect each other. miliating armistice was signed at (3) They should outlaw practices Compiegne on June 22, 1940. 3. The cabinet did not accept th~ idea of surrender. It was greatly surprised to hear 'Veygand anr.ounce that he 'fiad given thf! order to declare · Paris an open city twelve hours earlier. 4. Th e French government moved to Bordeaux on the day the German army marched to Pal·is on June 14, 1940. The meeting of the cabinet continued. Petair.: and Weygand were strongly for surrender. which are agreed to be harmful Was France betrayed? to world prosperity and should assist each other to overccme ~hort term exchange difficulties. ( 4) The conference agreed that expanded international investment is essential to provide a portion of the capital needed to establish the Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Bank should assist in providing capitD.l through normal channels at reasonable rates of interest and fot long periods for projects which will raise the productivity Jf the borrowing country. The Bretton VVoods monetary agreements provides for an $8,800,000,000 international currency stabilization fund and a $9,100,000,000 reconstruction and rehabilitation loan bank. 10 * It is the opinion of a noted journalist that France was betrayed. Waverly Root believes that there 5. Pierre Laval heard of thC! should have been at least three impending armistice. He believed great battles at three natural 1that his skill might be useful tc lines of defense at the Somme, the Petain. The Mayor of Bordeaux Seine, and the Loire. There was tried to find out from Pf:tain little fighting along the Somme. whether Laval could come to Bor· Along SE:ine and the Loire no bat- deaux. Laval came to Bordeaux. tie was fought because Paris sur- 6. Pierre Laval, later cal1ed rendered a few days after the gov- the "evil genius," held a sort of ernment had officially declared cabinet meeting of his own. The that l'aris would be defended to meeting paralleled the officio] the end. cabinet meeting that was going on. On June 12, 1940, the French government met at the Chateau de Cange, outside of Tours. Th~re were two opposing opinions. General Charles de Gauile wanted to establish the government in Brit7. 'Waverly Root, the distinguished author of The Secret History of the lVar declared that Petain told the ministers that he be(Continued on the next page) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Different Phases of the Pacific War---STAGES OF THE WAR January 24, 1942: Japanese forces inoving southward were attacked by destroyers of the United States. In the first Official Report submitted by AdmiTal Ernest J. King, Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet and {;hief of Naval Operations to the Secretary of the Navy, the various phases and stages of the Pacific War were described. Tile report entitled Our Navy at War covers the combat operations from the start of the Pacific War in December, 1941, up to March 1, 1.944. The four stages of the Pacific War Were: 1. The defensive.-The United States was engaged almo~t exclusively in protecting her shores and her lines of cominunication from encroachments of the enemy. 2. The defensive-offensive. - During this stage the operations of the American Navy were chiefly defensive. The American Navy however, was able to take certain Secrets of the War . . .. (Continued) offensive measures. 3. The offensive-defensive. - This stage covers the period im·· mediately following the seizure of the initiative by the American Navy. During this period, however, the American ·Navy had to use a large part of her forces to defend her recent gains. 4. The offensive. - This stage began when the advance bases were no longer seriously :threatened and the American Navy was able to attack the enemy at places chosen by the United States. THE DEFENSIVE PHASE IN THE PACIFIC Chart I of Admiral Ernest King's Official Report gives the following detailed activities of the American Navy. 1. Battle of Makassar Sbrait, 2. Raid on the Marshall and Gilbert, February 1, 1942: U. S. carriers and cruisers attacked enemy bases. 3. Bandoeng -_,Strait, February 19-20, 1942: Combined forces under Rear Admiral Doorma~ engaged Japanese forces on Bali. 4. Action off Rabaul, February 20, 1942: Aerial engagement near the enemy's major base· in New Britain took place. 5. Raid on Wake Island, February 24, 1942: A U.S. Task Force bombarded a former American outpost. 6. Java Sea Action, February 27, 1942: Combined Allied Naval forces attempted to intercept Japan~se convoys. This marked the end of o1·ganized Allied. naval re~istance in this phase of the war. children, (2) too few arms, (3) the people did not work hard, an1i ( 4) the people lacked the spirit of lieved that Germany would grant sacrifice. 7 .. H~uston and Perth Lost. March 1, 1942: The surviving cruisers of the combined Allied naval forces were Jost in action near Soenda Strait. lenient armistice terms. "In less troubled times, such an admission would have caused a conunander td be Court-martialled, for it indicat· ed that without authorization, PC· tain had alrea<lY communicated with the enemy -concerning the possibility of surrender." 8. Just after the votes were taken, Gen. Charles de Gaulle axrived by plane from London. He wanted to find out whether something could still be done. He was told that the armistice was voted. He returned by plane ·to England and drafted the famous proclamation to the French people: "France has lost a battle; she has not lost the war." The Free French movement was founded and Charlos de Gaulle became its spirit and leader. Why did France collapse? Marshal Henri Petain laid down the causes for the collapse of France. These were: ( 1) too few APRIL, 1946 Other writers explain that th~re were many French leaders who Ulldermined the foundation of the Republic. They secretTy worked for the collapse of the Republic1 so that they might come to power. Among them were the "Cagoulards." There were also leaders who were not willing to fight for the welfare of the country. Henry Hauck, Labor Attacne of the Ministry of Information, said: 8. Raid on Salamua and Lae, March 10, 1942: Carriers attacked enemy ships in recently Japanese occupied New Guinea bases. 9. Raid on Tulagi,. May 4, 1942: The opening b!Ow of the Coral Sea actions began. U.S. carrierbased aircraft attacked Japanese ships in the_ newly Japanese occupied -Solomons. "There were in France certain people afraid of the working class movement, and prepared to accept any form of dictaforsh1p." Pier~·e Laval, the "evil genius," was the 10. Battle of the Coral Sea, most influential of such group. May 7-8, 1942: Carriers of both Through guile, he was able to con- sides exchanged blows. Severe vince President Lebrun and the damage was inflicted· on the Japleaders of the French army that anese carrier force. LEXINGTON surrender was the most acceptable was lost, but the advance of the position because the continuance of Japanese was checked. the war would mean internal dis~ cension and civil war. (Continued on the next page) * 11 Current Topics for Class Discussion REDEMPTION OF AMERICA'S PROMISES President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a historic pr.olilise to the }'ilipinos on December 28, 1941. He said: "I give to the people of the Philippines my solemn pledge that their. freedom will be redeemed and their independence established a.nd protected. The entire resources in me.n and materials of the United States stand behind that ple<fge." On August 13, 1943, the late President reiterated his promise. He said: "We shall keep this promise just as we have kept every promise which AmeriCa has made to the Filipino people." The Philippines 4as been liberated. A broad program of rehabilitation is under consideration . by the Congress of tJie United States. Practical measures are being taken by the United States to assist the Philippines, Two important ·American officials have analyzed the Philippine problem in the light of recent devDifferent Phases of ... (Continued) THE OFFENSIVE-DEFENSIVE PHASE IN THE PACIFIC Chart II of the Official RepDlrt gives the following detailed information: 1. U.S. Landing on Guadalcanal, August 7, 1942: U.S. marines established foothold on Guadalcanal and Tulagi in their first major Allied offensive in the Pacific War. 2. Battle of Savo Island, August 9, 1942: Japanese forces launched a night attack on naval force protecting the American landing. One Australian and three U.S. Army heavy cruisers were lost. Other units we.re damaged. 3. Battle of the Eastern Solomons, August 23-25, 1942: A powerful Japanese naval force was intercepted by U.S. carrier-borne 12 * elopments. They have given their views on the meaning of the redemption of America's promises. The Secretary of the Interior, Harold L. !cites, in a signed article, "Can the Philippines stand a1one?" stated two important reasons why the Philippines must have a stable E-conomy. One of these reasons is: "The prestige of the United States in the Pacific and the Far East depends not only upon the presence in that area of our armed forces, but a]so upon successful operation of the independence which we propose to grant. An independence which resulted in decay of the -islands' economy, a lowered standard of living, and . increased Unemployment would ·seriously impair the .standing of the United States in that area." The second opinion on the redemption of America's promist:s was given by U. S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt. He said: "In this is our obligation to the Philippines-our war debt, if we will. We promised through the war they wou1d secure both po1itical independence and economic assistance. If we fail, we will be in default not only in the eyes of the Filipinos but in the eyes of the world. The rest of the world is watching the Philippines. Russia to be sure. And also Britain, Holland, and China. In an Orient seething with unrest and demands .for . self-rtile, the Phil.iPpines are the one stable element, comparatively speaking. From the Philippines the ideals of democracy are being broad.:::astP-d. The great powers and all colonial peoples of the Orient will see in our treatment of the Philippines a majo1· test, not only of our colonial policy but of our statute as a world power, our international sense of responsibility and our readiness to honor obligations--our war debt." aircraft. The e)\emy broke off ac- both sides. tion after the loss of carrier sup- 7. Battle of Tassafaronga, Novport. ember 30, 1942: A Japanese at4. Battle of Cape Esperance, tempt to reinforce her troops was October 11-12, 1942: U.S. cruisers defeated at heavy cost. NORTHand destroyers in a surprise night AMPTON was lost. Three U. S. attack engaged a sizeable enemy heavy cruisers were severely damforce near Gtiadalcanal. aged. The Japanese completely 5. Battle of Santa Cruz Islands, withdrew on February 7-8, 1943. October 26, 1942: Blows were ex- 8. First Battle of Kula Gulf, changed by U.S. carriers and Jap- July 6, 1943: U.S. cruisers and desanese carriers protecting a power- troyers · intercepted the "Tokyo ful enemy ·force intended tq sup- Ex~ress." HELENA was lost. port the enemy land operations at 9. Second Battle of Kula Gulf, Guadalcanal. Two enemy carriers July 13, 1943: The circumstances were put out of action and four of the engagement of July 6th were enemy air groups were decimated. repeated. Three Allied cruisers 6. Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov- were severely damaged by torpeember 13-14-15, 1942: Enemy con- does. centrated invasion force at Rabaul. 10. Battle of Vella Gulf, August U.S. naval forces covering :i-ein- 6, 1943: Japanese destroyers esforcement for trooops on G~adal- corting reinforcements were intercanal met and decisively defeated cepted by American forces. Sevthis enemy force in a series of eral enemy destroyers were damviolent engagements in which aged and sunk. heavy losses were sustained by (Continued on the next page) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Different Phases ... (Continued) SWORN STATEMENT (Required by Act No. 2580) THE TIDE OF WAR IN THE PACIFIC Chart III of the Official Report gives the following detailed naval operations up to February 23, 1944. 1. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. The undersigned, Delfin R. Manlapaz, publisher of Current Events Review, published monthly in English, in Manila, after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, hereby submits the following statement of ownership, management, circulation, etc., which is required by Act No. 2580 as amended by Commonwealt)t Act No. 201. 2. Philippine Islands'; First attack, December 8, 1941. Bataan sutTendered, April 9, 1942. Corregidor surrendered, May 6, 1942. 3. Java Sea Action, Janu;uyFebruary, 1942. 4. U.S. raids on enemy positions: Marshall and Gilbert Islands, February 1, 1942. \Vake Island, February 24, 1942. Marcus Island, March 4, 1942. Salamua and Lae, March 10, 1942. Tokyo, April· 18, 1942. 5. Battle of Coral Sea, May 78, 1942. 6. Battle of Midway, June 3-6, 1942. 7. North Pacific: Attu and Kiska occupied by the Japanese, June, 1942. Engagement off Komandorski Is., March 26;· 1943. Attu retaken by U.S., May 11-31,- 1943. Kiska reoccupied by U.S. August 15, 1943. 8. Solomon Islands Campaign, August 7, 1942. The Japanese evacuateti. Guadalcanal, February 7-8, 1943. 9. Capture of. Gilbert Islands, November 21-24, 1943. 10. Attacks on Marshall Islands, February 1-23, 1944. Editor: Diosdado G. Capino Publisher: Delfin R. Manlapaz Printor: National Printing Co. If publication is owned by a corporation: N'o, Bondholders, mortgagees: None. Sent to subscribers: 564 copies. Sent to other than subscribers: 1436 copies. Total to be ·printed: two thousand (2000) copies. (Sgd.) DELFIN R. MANLAPAZ Publisher Subscribed and sworn to before me this 30th day of April, 1946, ~t Manila, Philippines. ,Res. Cert. No. A 2582631 Manila, April 8, 1946 FRANCISCO R. CAPISTRANO Notary Public My commission expires December 31, 1947 Doc. No. 4, Page 1, Book I~ Series of 1946. OUR OBLIGATION We in America can never again turn our backs upon the world. For we are not only a part of it - we are one of its most important parts. If we do not assume our new responsibilities willingly, then we shall be compelled to assume t~em by the brutal necessities of self-preservation. There is no possibilitr, of retfeat. Let us, instead. with God's help, march forward in the cause ol' peace, with a greatness worthy of our heritage and of the men who gave lives on distant battlegrounds. -Edward R. Stetfinius Jr. Motives and . . . 3. Writers have been inspired (Continued from page 3) by the third principle of the Atlantic Charter which states that 2. The liberal New York Post the United Nations respect the opposed the attempts of European right of all peoples to choose the powers to maintain the pr-e-war form of government under which status o'f thefr possession in the they will live. This principle East. It argqed that "Colonialism means the end of colonialism. keeps these native lands (posses- Brigadier Gen. Carlos P. Romulo sions in the East) tibnd.reds of once said in one of his speeches years behind the lndustriil Reva- that the eastern peoples are now lution and makes them economic fired with the sa~e ideals of frae~ wastelands incapable of producing dom and democracy for which even a fraction of the real wealth . 11. U.S. raid on Truk, February 17-18, 1944. they could turn out and incapable western peo~1es ha<I so valiantly of buying but a fraction of the fought and died. They want to be world's produce they could other- full partners with the west in tlle 12. U.S. raid on Saipan, Tinian, Guam, February 23, 1944. APRIL, 1946 wise purchase." building of a better world. * 13 DDT --A KILL ALL, CURE ALL by FERMINA N. GAN Research and Curric1tl1o>t- Divisio11 Dcpartm<'nt of /11st1·uction The early morning air filled him as I left the room for his me- named Othman Zeidler. He had the .spacious bedroom with invi- dicine. no idea of its value as an inseetigorating freshness from the gar- "Ne, where is the dead fly?" he cide. Later, Paul Muller, a Swiss den. Birds were chirping ~heerily inquired upon my return. chemist of Geigy Co. in Switzeras sunbeams, thinly pouring After giving him .a dose of the land, rediscovered it and noted its through the softly fluttering leaves medicine, I looked for the fly in insect-killing quitlities. Its first of a s·preading mango tree richly vain. test came during a plague of poIaden with fruit, danced into the "Incomplete service to human- tato beetles in Switzerland in room. ity," he challengingly remarked. 1939. DDT stopped the beetles Propped up on pillows after a "Please forg,et about the fly, Tia dead. refreshing sponge bath, Tio Tinoy, Tinoy. Let DDT serve 11.urnanity In 1942, the U.S. Department oi well on the road to recovery was with 'excellent' for service." Agriculture began to experiment dreamily communing with nature. "'\Vhat is this DDT you rave ~o with DDT. Sensational results As I stepped in to put some flo- much aD.out? Where is your DDT? led to a full scale investigation wers in a vase, I caught his face Isn't the story about it fantastic? uncovering DDT'Li immense miwith a' lingering smile of content- Why are there disappointments litary possibilities. The problem ment as he watched two yellow concerning its use? Will nature then was findin·g an easy process butterflies chasing each other. still De beaufiful ana fruitful of producing DDT in large scale "Ne," he half-whispered, "What when a large-scale use of DDT is quantities. Dr. Oskar Frey, a a lovely morning!" Then his eyes made? A barrage of questions Swiss-born chemist of the Cincinwandered in search for something. came from Tio Ti,noy. Not that he nati Chemical Works, solved the "Oh," he exclaimed pointing to a doubh the value of DDT, but be- problem. The company still supfly, "it must die!'~ cause he wants me to acquire self- plies 60% of the DDT supply." ~'Decision unalterable?" I jok- reliance in supporting my state- "And now where is your.DDT?" ingly inquired as I got a fly men ts . and discover by myself my broke in Tio Tinoy. swatter. rightness or wrongness on my "It would not be very long be"Final. Know you not that that stand. fore DDT invades this house," I unmeaning disease-carrier is dead- Assuming the air of a lecturer, pr'ophesied "Seven U. S. Iaboratolier than great armies qf men? 1 therefore began: "DDT is a nick- rie.S and hundreds of bio-chemists We human beings are only fairly name for a mouth-filling, jaw- are engaged in its production." good at killing. A few million breaking, .scientifiC-chemical term "Pretty soon the Philippines will men wipe out another few millions 'dti.chloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane.' havein wars, only now and then. We It is practically colorless, odorless Healthier homes and happier lack persistence, whereas the fly crystalline substance. It is not places, picks up germs in his daily brow- soluD1e in water but can ile dis- Happier homes and :9miling ·sing for food and starts an epidemic without much ado." I almost slipped in my fourth attempt to swat the fly. "There you are," he said with a smile of victory. "See what I mean?" HYou are partly right, T'io Tinoy, while I'm using the hardest and oldest method of killing a fly, -but not When I employ DDT." With ferocious tenacity I aimed at flie fly, swang the fly swatter and the death blow was consummated. "Fin~! That's good Work!" "The· words should have been 'amazing,' 'dramatic,' 'remarkable,' or 'extraodinary,' had you observed DDT at work," I assured 14 * solved in kerosene or oil. It may faces,'' be used as dust, or as a spray. It intE:rpOsed Tio Tinoy. acts both as a contact and stomach poison. First it paralyzes the insect's hind legs, then it gives the insect a violent attack of the jitters and finally it brings kbout a complete paralysis and death. "Like penicillin, DDT was known long before its usefulness was appreciatea. lt took World War II to make the world realize its importance in helping the war and in improving the counfry's postwar health. "DDT is fairly old. It was first syntliesized (formed by the combination of separate elements) in 1874 by a young German student, To justify the adjectives used to describe DDT I shall just mention three cases. First,--· DDT stopped a typhus epidemic in Naples late in 1943. The vital port city was teeming with more than a million people living in' unclean home1 and lice-infested . air-raid shelter. Typhus struck in October. From ari · dverage of 25 deaths daily in October, it rose to 60 cases a day iii January. PeoNle were dying in the streets. In January, DDT ·was given its big chance. Gl's worked overtime, dusting 1,300,000 people with the (Continued tm the next page) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW DDT .•. (Continued) powder ?-t 43 delousing stations. By mid-February, the epidemic was under control. The second case is the most dramatic demonstration of DDT's power on Sai_pan. Swarms of flies, mosquitoes, and other insects were waiting to cause the invading troops suffering and illness. Low-flying planes sprayed DDT over the island, and the result was almost complete extermination ~f the bugs. The third case involves a triangular area in the Central and South Pacific from Hawaii to New Caledonia and to Guam. Mosquitoes and flies~ exacted a heavier toll ·than J ap bl!llets. At first GI's relied on in8ivraual sprayers and' aerosol bombs (small, sturdy metal cylinder, some five by three inches in size which releases a fine mist or fog when the nozzle at one end is opened) fo kill the pests. But thiS could not cope with the billions that infest the islands. 'fhe planes were used again. Aud wasn't the effect on the bugs deadly when the airplane was engaged to spray the mangrcwe swamps!" ,-~ ''Frightening? Amazing!" agreed my only audience. "Tio Tinoy, I do not blame the public for expecting DDT as a kill-all, cure-all. ltS records on the battlefronts are excellent. DDT simply is not suited to all. DDT will be effective only if used properly. The best way to do is to learn to use the right preparation in the right way." ''You should be a Field Se1·vice Representative" for the DDT laboratories," Tic Tinoy remarked complimentarily. "More than that, if you pleasE-... Here are tested facts the public may swallow without asking any questions: 1. DDT is a great delousrng agent against typhus. 2. It has staying power, which means economy. a. Sprayed on a wall, it kills any fly that touches the wall for as long as three months afterApril, 1946 HOPE FOR PEACE The day will come when the joybells will ring again throughout Europe, and when victorious nalions, masters not only of their foes but of themselves, wi.11 plan and build justice, in tradition, and in rr~e+ dom a hou~e of many mansions where there will be room for all. -Winston Churchill LIVING TOGETHER IN PEACE We must. once and for all, reverse the order, and prove by our acts conclusively, that right has might. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace. -President Harry S. Truman RECIPROCAL CONFIDENCE Our faitl1 must rest, not ~n the great or the small nali~ns, but upon the common man of all nations. All peoples, lcirge and small, fully know that the world cannot bear the terribl~ stress of another tot'11 war without turning back to the dark ages. There is, therefore, a pre-erii.ptory necessity to live in peace. Let us have a reciprocal confidence, let Us have the full measure of our goodwill. -Ezequiel Padilla PEACE AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING Technicalities can be ironed out. The wise and the shrewd of all lands can come to an understanding. Business and commerce can ngree. or let ·us say that they can be made lo agree, but the human pattern cannot be forced, and its settlement cannot be delayed. For it must be delern:iined or another war will wipe us and our biclcerings and our J'.lisunderstandings from the face of the earth. Unless we can agr~e. \\e will return lo the dusl', for we have failed as men. -Carlos P. Romulo INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Today the United Nations are the mightiest coalition in history. They represent an overwhelming majority of the population oE the world. Bound logcl her in solemn agreement that they themselves will not commit acts of aggression or conquest against any of ~eir neighbors, the United Nations can and must remain united for the maintenance ol' pence. .-President Franklin D. Roosevelt wards. b. A bed sprayed with DDT remains deadly to bugs for 300 days. c. Clothing dusted with it is safe from lice for a month even after 8 launderings. 3. A few ounces droppe(i in a swamp kills all mosquito larvae. 4. It is deadly to household pests as moths, cockroaches, termites and fleas. 5. As a crop protector, it is deadlier and lasts longer than any other insecticide. DDT is effective against potato beetles, cabbage worms, aphids, Japanese beetles. fruit worms, and corn borers. "Tio Tinoy, what else would you ask DDT to do? "Nothing more than the accomplishments of the powers accredited to it. I hope, however, that such a protecting power may increase nature's gifts of flowers and fruits and rich greenness without subtracting what make a beautiful morning like this." uoh, yes, here is something I forgot. I have some clippings 3.bout that. We need not fear upsetting the balance of nature. Experiments in South Africa revea)ed that DDT has no effect upon bees, butterflies, and some types of ants and moths." "Everyday brings· a new discovery," said he. "Science marches on!" • 15 The Rise and Fall of Hitler's Nazi Germany The story of the rise and fall write the book. He set forth his bm·g appoint Hitler Chancellor on of Nazi Germany is the story of plans for the Third Reich th,1t January 30, 1933. the growth of "totalitarianism," a would dominate the world. How did Hitler establish Nazi way of living in which human 1925-1929.-After his release dictatorship? liberties and freedom are sacrifie- from prison, Hitler reorganized Hitler waged war against tha ed for the sake of the state. Hit- the National Socialist German Masons, the Jews, the labor Ierism was a form. of dictator- Workers' Party. This party was unions, liberals, Socialists, and all ship, or an autocratic national ·later known as the Nazi party. political parties that opposed him. regime that controlled all politio- Hitler's Mein Kawpf gives the fol- He outlawed Communism. He disal, social, and economic enterpri- lowing objectives of the Nazi par- solved the Social-Democrats and ses and activities. ty: (1) a Greater Germany, (2) the Nationalists. He centralized 1919.-Germany was faced by anti-Semitism, (3) the restoration the federal, state, and local govvarious problems after World of colonies, ( 4) Nordicism, (5) the ernments. He coordinated labor War I. The Versailles Treaty im- abrogation of the Treaty of Verorganizati~ns. He united all youth posed harsh terms. The people sailles, (6) the revocation of the organizations. He strengtheited were discontented with the print- German war guilt, (7) equality in the Nazi Storm Troops. The new ing of paper money. The Germans armaments, (8) social legislations, unified German EVangelical shouldered the payment of repa- (9) better working conaitions, Church was placed under the conrations. Many industrialists be- ( 10) nationalization of the trusts, trol of tlie State. All liberties lieved that the people were not (11) land reforms, and (12) the were suppressed. Later, a systemready to exercise their democratic abolition of unearned profits. atic campaign was waged against rights, when the Weimar Assem- The Nazi party fought German all religions. bly adopted a republican consti- Communism. In the election of In June, 1934, Hitler carried tution on July 31, 1919. They 1928 the Nazi won twelve seats in through the Blood Purge. He bestrongly opposed the new govern- the R.eichstag. came absolute Fuhrer of the Nazi ment. 1929-1931.-Hitler carried on itis Party. In August, he became ab1919-1923.-Captain Ernst Rohm program making the Nazi party solute dictator. started Adolf Hitler on the path the biggest and the strongest in In July, 1934, he tried to annex to power. He bought Hitler a Germany. He divided the whole Austria. The intervention of Bemembership in a tiny' political club country into districts._ Each dis- nit9 Musso!ini prevented his plan. of Munich CEiled the German trict had an organized group to 1935-1939.-In 1935, Hitler took Workers' Party. Rohm worked take charge of the Nazi party. the following steps to make Gerhard for the building of tht? Two armies were organized to many strong and powerful. He orstrength of this party. He always support the program of the Nazis: dered the building of submarines, reminded his co-members that the (1) Storm Troops and the (2) reestablished military conscripday would come "when the ban- Protective Guards. The Nazi tion, and took control of all Gerner of our movement will fly over party adopted a national emblem- man civil air fleet. On March 7, the Reichstag, over the castle in the Swastika flag. They conduct- 1936, he denounced the Versailles Berlin, yes, over every German ed an aggressive nation-wide pro- Treaty and sent his armies to ·rc!house." paganda. They distributed ' lite- occupy the Rhineland. On OctoHitler was elected president of rature, hefd public meetings, pa- her 24, 1936, the formation of the the party in 1921. He reorgan- rades, demonstrations, contests, Rome-Berlin Axis was announced. ized the party, recruited members, and rallies. The Gei·mans were In 1936, Hitler intervened i.n tlie raised money, and nominated can- trained to shout "Heil Hitl~," or Spanish civil war. He gave of£ididates ·for the parliame~t. "Heil der Fuhrer.'' cial recognition to Italy's seizure 1923-1925.-0n the night of 1932-1934.-In the election of of Ethiopia. He inaugurated the November 8, 1923, Hitler together 1932, Hitler proclaimed himself "Four _Year ~Ian" to make Ger·· with Ludendorff tried to seize the the candidate Of the workers ana many mdustr1aI1y strong. Heavy Bavarian government. The inci- the masses against Hindenburg. industries were expanded, New dent took place in one of the beer The people refused to give power military roads were built. halls. He planned with Luden- to Hitler. Hindenburg was elect- On February 20, 1938, the Ausdorff 3. putsch on Berlin. He was ed. But the Nazis polled more trian Anschlus.s (union of Ausarrested and jailed in the Lands- tha;~ 13,000,000 votes of the 37,- tria and Germany) became a fact. berg prison. . 100,000 votes cast. That was a Hitler succeeded in securing this During· his stay in prison, he high-water mark in the rise of union. He told the world that in wrote the Mein Kampf (My Strug- Nazi power. It was the strength these two regions over 10,000,000 gle). Rudolf Hess helped him of these votes that made Hinden- (Continued on the next page) 16 * CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Common and Current Abbreviations m the News OW/.-Office o.f War InformaAFWESPAC.-American Fore- Corps. es in the Western Pacific. CIC.-C o u n t er Intelligence tion. SCAP.-Supreme Commander Corps. PH/BSEC.-Philippine for the Allied Powers. FB/.-Federal Bureau of Inves- Section. Base G. /.-Government Issue. G. l, .loe.-The common name given io an American soldier. tigation. PA.-Philippine Army. · CONCOR.-Construction Corps of the Philippines. G. I. Bill 1of Rights.-A-1aw enacted by the Congress of the United States. The major feallf P.-Military Police. UNO.-United Nations Organization. PCAU.-Philippine Civil F.E.C.-Far Eastern Commis- fairs Unit. Aftures of which include: (1) Pen- sion. ECA.-Emergency Control Adsion and compensation for soldiers FEAC.-Far Eastern Advisory ministration. discharged, because of physical disability; (2) unemployment compensation; (3) vocational training and rehabilitation; (4) loans extended to soldiers honorably discharged from the service who may Commission. Big 3.-Great Britain, the United States and Russia. Big 5.-Great Britain, the United States, Russia, France, aw! China. wish to buy a farm or invest in USSR.-Union of Soviet Socialany business. ist Republics (Russia). UNRRA.-United Nations Re- NE/.-Netherlands East Indies. lief Rehabilitation Administration. US.-United States. PRRA.-Philippine Relief Re- Pl.-Philippines. habilitation Administration. USIS.-United States lnformaWAC.-\V omen's Auxiliary tion Service. ---------·--···--·--------------A-Bomb.-Ato~ic Bomb. TNT.-Trinitrotoluene (a powerful explosive). DDT.-Dichloro - diphenyl-trichloroethane (the wonderful insecticide) Sulfas.-The common term used fo1· sulphaguanidine (sulfaguanidine), sulphanilarnide (sulfaniiamide), sulphapyridine (sulfapyridine), and sulphathiazole (sulfathiazole). The Rise and Fall of . . . ~;la~"J'~:~:. 4,;,i~~t3:,:/~1~:~~ ~~~ NISEI.-An American-born Jap(Continued) Democracies abandoned "appease- anese. Germans live and it was the duty of Nazi Germany to protect them. On Septt:mber 29, 1938, Hitler succeeded in bringing together Mussolini, Chamberlain, and Daladier in Munich to discuss the question over Sudeten Germans 'who were ment." FLO.-Foreign Liquidation OfOn September. 1, 1939, Germany fice. invaded Poland without a declara- .FEA.-Foreign Economic Adtion of war. This act of aggression was similar to the invasion c.f Manchuria by Japan in 1931 and the invasion of Ethiopia by Italy "being tortured by the Czech:;.'' in 1935. The Munich Conference won for Nazi Germany, nearly became Hitler the Sudetenland. the Master Race of Europe. The 1939-1945.-After the solution conquests of Hitler were compared of the Sudeten Crisis, .Hitler pro- to those of Napoleon Bonaparte, mised to keep peace m Europe: the little corporal. The fall of 14 We have but one wish-to. make Nazi Germany began when the Alcontribution to the general peace lies succeeded in landing on the of the world." But the promise beaches of Germany on D-dayi was not kept. In March, 193~, June 6, 1944. The Allies made Czechoslovakia was made a Nazl the most coordinated assault on "protectorate." The world w~s the fortress of Europe. After 11 shocked. The world beeame suspi- months of continuous assaults, cious of the Gestapo and the Gau- Nazi Germany surrendered. The leiters (Nazi political chiefs)· Third Reich which Hitler had tried On August 2?, 1939, Russia and to build in order to dominate the Germany concluded a ten-yee.r world and to introduce a "New Non-Aggression Treaty, two days Order" came to an end at 2 :41 after Britain and Poland had sign- a.m. ·on May 7, 1945, in a little ed a defensive military alliance. house at Rheims. APRIL, 1946 ministration. POW.-Prisoner of War. USHC.-United States High Commissioner (to the Philippines). AHC.-American High Commissioner. A TC.-Air Transport Command. PC.-Philippine Constabulary; People's Court. PEA.-Philippine Economic As· sociation. Hukbalahap.-Hukbong Bayang laban sa Hapon (The People's Army .against the Japanese). UNESCO.-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. D-Day.-Day of landing; Day of Days. A-Day.-Day of assault. A-Hour.-Hour of assault. M-Day.-Mobilization at the outbreak of the war. * 17 A REVIEW TEST IN CURRENT EVENTS Explanation.The purpose of this test is to help CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW readers check on their knowledge of current affairs. In recording answers make no marks at all opposite questions. Use one of the answer sheets printed with th~ test. After taking the test you can check yot.r replies against the correct answers printed 011 page of this issue, entering the number of your right answers as your score on your answe1 sheet. Directions.For each of the questions five possible answers are given. You are to select the best answer, and put itS-number on the answer sheet next to the number of the question. Example: 0. The President of the Philippines is ( 1. Osmefia, 2 Rodriguez, 3, Sumulong, 4. Quirino, 5, ·Confessor.) Osmeiia is the correct answer. Since this question is number 0, the number !-standing for Osmei\a-has been placed at the right of 0 on the answer sheet. 1. The first landing in the Phil· ippines by Gen. MacArthur'~ forces as an initial step for the liberation of the Philippines was on : (1) October 14, 1943. (2) September 21, 1944. (3) October 20, 1944. (4) December 16, 1944. ( 5) February 3, 1945. 2·. The Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic with Jose 1~. Laurel as President was inaugurated on: (1) October 15, 1942. (2) October 14, 1942. (3) October 15, 1941. (4) October 15, 1943. (5) October 14, 1943. 3. The Japanese forces occupied 18 * Prepared by DOMINGO C. SE!UON National UnitJerf)ify Manila on: ( 1) January 1, 1941. (2) January 2, 1941. (3) January 1, 1942. (4) January 2, 1942. ( 5) January 3, 1942. occupied territories was: (1) revolutionary movement. (2) collaboration activities. (3) civil war. ( 4) uprising. ( 5) underground movement. 4. The greatest need of the rm-. 11. pinos today is: The two principal parties .in China are: (1) power. (2) politics. (3) unity. (4) wealth. (5) food. 5. The First Cavalry Division entered Manila on: (1) February 2, 1945. (2) Fe15ruary 3, 1945. (3) February 4, 1945. ( 4) February 5, 1945. ( 5) February 6, 1945. 6. Who signed the surrender instrument when Bataan fell? (1) Lt. Gen. Wainwright (2) Gen. Lim (3) Major King (4) Gen. MacArthur ( 5) Gen. Sharp 7. Who was the chairman of the J apanese·sponsored Philippine Executive Commission? ( 1) Benigno Aquino (2) Jorge Vargas (3) Jose P. Laurel (4) Claro M. Recto ( 5) Pio Duran 8. The Allied Supreme Commander of Southeast Asia is : ( 1) Gen. Eisenhower (2) Gen. MacArthur (3) Adm. Lord Mountbatten ( 4) Gen. Stilwell (5) Admiral Nimitz 9. The first decisive defeat suf· fered by the Japanese Navy in 350 years was in the Battle of: (1) Saipan. (2) Leyte. (3) Philippine Sea. (4) Midway. ( 5) Corregidor. 10. Th.e term applied to all guerrilJa activities in the enemy (1) Kuomintang and Communists. (2) Communists and Revolutionists. (3) Communists and Democrats. (4) Kuomintang and Nationalists. (5) Republican and Kuomintang. 12. The United States high command succeeded in making a machine that automatically intercepted the messages sent by the Japanese. This machine is called: (1) Spy. (2) Magic. (3) Secret. ( 4) Surprise. (5) Faithful. 13 . According to Admiral IS;ichisaburo Nomura, Japan I~st the wilr when the Americans captured: (1) Leyte. (2) Saipan. (3) Corregidor. (4) Manila. (5) Okinawa. H. The greatest problem In l!hina is: (1) national unity. (2) colonial uprisings. (3) fo9d. (4) lack of territorial possession. (5) disloyalty. 15. The project boards of Burma will help: ( 1) in the political life of the country. (2) in the supervision of the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW rehabilitation program. I (3) in the military training of the Burmese yoU.ths. ( 4) in the dealings of the country with the outside world. ( 5) in the restoration of peaco and order. 16. The newly established Repuolic of Indonesia demands recognition from: (1) Russia. terial aid to Britain and China ' and expressed a clear-cut ac- 27 . knowledgment that China and Britain were part of the Democratic Front. This is known as: ( 1) The Tydings Rehabilitation Act. (2) The Lend-Lease Act. (3) (4) (5) Trade Relations Act. The Sherman Act. The Bell Bill, ( 5) Frankfurt The UNO voted unanimously to reject uritil slie evolves nn acceptable change in tlie' form of her government the admission of: ( 1 J Albania. (2) Venezuela. (3) Un1on of South Africa. ~) Spain. (5) Syria. (2) Spain. z2. The five principal Allied Who is known as China's Man of Eight Years? 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. (3) the Netherlands. ( 4) England. (5) United States. Through the Social, lfumanitarian, and Cultural Colnmittee the UNO was able to act promptly on the problem• of: (1) disarmament. (2) European refugees. (3) the atomic bomb. ( 4) collaboration. ( 5) territorial division. The Charter of the UNO obliges all the members of the organization: ( 1) to guard all the small nations of the world. (2) to guard against one another's faults. (3) to preserve and promote international peace and security. (4) to preserve and increase the wealth of their dependencies. (5) to complete disarmament. Who was elected Chairman of the Security Council? (1) Norman John Dowa!<I Makin (2) Paul Henri Spaak (3) Harry Truman (4) Edward R. Stettinius Jr. (6) Trygue Lie The particle in the core of an atom which carries no elec · 23. 24. 25. tric charge is the : (1) micron· ! 26. (2) neutron I (3) proton (4) electron I ( 5) cyclotron I The United States Congress on March 11, 1941 passed a bill which provided for a ma- , APRIL, 1946 powers are: (1) U.S., England, Russia, Canada, Australia. (2) U.S., England, Russia, France, Switzerland. (3) U.S., England, Australia, China, Canada. (4) U.S., England, Canada, China, Belgium. (~) U.S., England, Russia, China, France. The world organization designed to give help to nations .who need relief is known a: tke; (1) UNO. (2,) UNCIO. (8) UNRRA. (4) PRRA. (5) USSR. What is the nickname given to Gen. Dwight D. Eiserlhower, former Supreme Allied Co1nmander in Europe? (1) Ickes f2) Ike (3) Bull (4) Bell (5) Bill 29. 30 . 31. The pseudo-science which pre· sumes .to be able to tell the character traits of a perso:r1 32 · by his handwriting is called : ( 1) palmistry. (2) astrology. (3) phrenology. I (.il) calligraphy. ( 6) physiognomy. The scene of trials in Ger- ! 33 · many which was once the seat of Nazi pomp and glory is: (1) Berlin (2) Leipzig (1) Cho En Lai 1(2) Chiang Kai-Shek (3), Mao Tze-tung ( 4) Wang Shih-chieh (5) Wu Lien Who plunged the world into World War JI? ( 1) Roosevelt (2) Tojo ( 3) Mussolini ~4) Hitler (5) Hirohito During the year 1945, the world .witnessed the birth of: (1) totalitarianism. (2) socialism. f3) atomic age. ( 4) global discord. (5) communism. The Axis' Triumvirate was composed of: ( 1) Hitler, Mussolini, and Hirohito. (2) Goering, MusSolini, and Tojo. ~ Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo. ( 4) Hitler, Mussolini, and Yamashita. (5) Molotov, Hitler, and Mussolini. The leader of the Communist Party in China is: fl) Mao-Tze-tung (2) Lin Yutang (3) Lao Tze (4) Henry Pu-yi (5) Ling Tan A form of surrender in which the vanquished accepts all the terms and conditions demanded by the conqueror is called: (1) conditional surrender. (2) precemeal surrender. ( 3) Hannover (.4'J Nuernberg ( Continu~d on the next page) * 19 A Review Test •.• (Continued) {S') unconditional surrender. (4) total surrender. (5) signal surrender. 34, Aspergillin is a new drug developed by : (1) Sir Alexander Fleming f2) Nikilai Krassilnikov (3) Dr. Selman A. Waksman ( 4) Dr. Albert Schatz ( 5) Alexis L. Romanoff 35. T h e American-born 1 a d y known as Tokyo Rose and accused of broadcasting propaganda from Tokyo to U. 8. armed forces is: (1) Eva Braun 40. 41. (5) Japan. The water-proof match which lights when wet discovered by Raymond Davis Cady is called: ( 1) water match. ( 2) Cady match. (3) Raymond match. \4-) amphibious match. ( 5) water'shedding match. The United Nations provides for the establishment of an: (1) International Court ot Relations. (2) International Security Council. _(St International Court of Justice. ( 4) Independent Social Court. ( 5) International Economic Society. 47. (3) existence. ( 4) national integrity. ( 5) independence. Prof. F. M. Tiller and Wilfred Turbeville have developed a -new process or dehydrating: <•> fruits. (2) eggs. (3) vegetables. (4) milk. ( 5) chickens. 48. The Wo:rld Economic and Social Council fs composed ot how many members elected by the General Assembly? ( 1) 50 members. <.(2) 18 members. ( 3) 6 members. ( 4) 20 members. ( 5) 5 members. iJZ) Iva Toguri (3) Clara Petacci (4) Irma Gresse ( 5) Rita Louisa Zucca 42. Japan accepted the terms of 49. 36. The term which means in unconditional sui-render in The apparatus used in bombarding atoms is: economics as any group or accordance with the: groups of persons who carry (1) USSR ultimatum. on transactions in any com- (2) MacArthur's terms. modity above the ceiling (3) Truman's directives. prices set by the government f4"f Potsdam ultimatum .. is: ( 5) Eisenhower's terms. {1) black market. 43. President ~ranklin D. Roose(2) retailers. velt died of: (3) wholesalers. (1) infantile paralysis. (4) merchandisers. (2) tuberculosis of the brain. ( 5) indent business. L.(3) cerebral hemorrhage. 37. The magnetic ray gun that is ( 4) double pneumonia. effective for killing cancer ( 5) malaria. cells is called: 44 .' On September 19, 1945, Great <-( 1) Cyclotrone. Britain renewed her offer to (2) Dicamurol. India of: (3) Agaraine. (1) colonization. (4) Tryptophane. '*2J self-rule. ( 5) Streptomycin. (3) commonwealth status. 38. Which of the five. powers ( 4) independence. used her veto right on the (5) dominion status. request of Syria and Lebanon 45. After the termination of for the withdrawal of all World War I what was estabforeig,n troops in both coun- lished in 1920 to preserve tries? peace 1 \..fl) Russia ( 1) the Dumbat'ton Oaks. (2) France (2) the Atlantic Charter. (3) United States (3) the League of Nations. (4) England (4) the United Nations Or( 5) China ganization. 39. When we speak of the Third ( 5) the Allied Powers. Reich we refer to: 46. Nations made treaties ·with (1) England other nations in order to (2) Italy. maintain: (3) Germany. ()..) balance of power. (4) France. (2) colonies. (1) plutonium. (2) cyclotron. (3) fission. ('4) nucleus. ( 5) uranium. 50. The new great rat kffier that has j\ist been discovered L; called: (1) tryplophane (2) "1080" (3) "1170" ( 4) dicumarol ( 5) agaraine 51. The new President o~ the Second Austrian Republic is: (1) Themistokles Sophoulis (2) Ferruccio Parri 52. (3) Alcide de Gasperi (4) Luang Dithakor ( 5) Karl Renner Dimitri Manuilsky, head of tHe Ukrainian delegations to the UNO demanded tliat the UN 0 should send a commission to Indonesia: (I) to give aid to the Indonesians. (2) to investigate the economic conditions of Indonesia. ( 3) to probe the British intervention in Indonesia. (4) to hasten the rehabilitation of the countFy. (5) to foster democratic principles in Indonesia. 20 * CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 53. The resignation of Gen. Charles de Gaulle as president uf the French government wa_s prompted by: (1) a mandate of the UNO. (2) the coming bankruptcy of the country. ( 3) his disagreemont with the Communist party. (4) his failure fo so1ve the problems of his country. ( 5) his failure to prevenf foflation. 54. In the Moscow Conference hf December, 1945, the Big 3 agreed to establish a fiveyear trusteeship for : (1) Sakhalin (2) Cambodia (3) Iran (4) Korea ( 5) the Kuriles 55 . For the discovery of penicillin the gratitude of the world should go to : (1) Sir Alexander Fleming. ( 2) Dr. Ali xis Carrel. (3) Dr. Edward Jenner. ( 4) Dr. Otto Stern: (5) Dr. Selman· A. Waksman. 56. The war ended in Europe on: ( 1) February 3, 1945. (2) May 7, 1945. ( 3) Septemller 2, 1945. (4) October 21, 1945. (6) December 2, 1945. 57. The wonder medicine, penicillin, is prepared out of: (1) living mold or fungi. (2) chemical drugs. ( 3) dehydrated vegetables. ( 4) active red corpuscles. ( 5) rich chromosomes~ 08. The new Five Year Plan of Russia is known as: ( 1) piatileka. (2) vodka. ( 3) piestra. ( 4) litharge. (6) Fakker. 69. A medicine which is more effective against diseases on which penicillin has no power is the: ( 1) streptomycin. (2) sulfanilamide. ( 3) fibrinogen. ( 4) sulfathiazole. ( 6) sull'aillazine. APRIL, 1946 60. The honor for being the top man in business for 1945 in America was accorded to : (1) Erie A. Johnson. ( 2) Henry Ford II. ( 3) John Marsman. (4) James W. Huffman. (5) Walter R. Birnson. 61. One of the important achiev~ ments of the exiled Cornfuon· wealth Government was the: (1) speeding up of the preparation of the necessal'y men, material, and plans for the reconquest of the Philippines. (2) payment of all public debts of the government incurred up to 1941. ( 3) unification of all Chinese and Filipinos in Anrerica. (4) borrowing of $1,000,000 for its expenses. (5) granting of the independence of the Philippines. t>2. The Hero of Corregidor was: (1) Gen. Douglas McArthur (2) Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainright. (3) Maj. Gen. Edward P. King. (4) Lt. Gen. James Doolittle. (5~ Adj. Gen. Carl D. Seals. 63. The Ge~tapo was the secret police of: (1) Russia. (2) Japan. (3) France. (4) Germany. (6) Italy. 64. The greatest weapon against malaria is known as: (1) DDT (2) Atabrine ( 3.) • gas spray (4) mosquito repellant (5) quinine 65. From May 13, 1942 to October 3, 1944, the seat of the exilea Commonwealth Government of the Philippines was in: (1) San Francisco. (2) Washington, D. C. (3) Iloilo (4) Davao ( 6) Melbourne 66. A new and terrifying total death-weapon invented by the U.S. and used for the fh-st time in Japan was the: (1) garand gun. (2) atomic bomb. ( 3) flame thrower. ( 4) Sherman tank. ( 5) rocket bomb. 67. "Tiger of Malaya", •'Gopher of Luzon", 14Butcher of Bata· an", "Beast of Bataan" are the names given to: (1) Gen. Tumoyuki Yamashita. (2) Gen. Masaharo Homma ( 3) Sgt. Major Hindekitsu Tanakadate. (4) Maj. Gen. Masataka Kaburagi. ( 5) Marshall Shuroku Hata. 68. The new drug that is produc· ing remarkable results in the treatment of heart diseases is: (1) Dicumarol. ( 2) Fission. (3) Marihuana ( 4) Coccaine (5) Tryptophane 69. The vote for the outstanding personality in literature fo.r 1945 went to: (1) Ernest Hemingway (2) Ernie Pyle (3) John Steinbeck (4) W. Somerset Maughan ( 5) John Galsworthy 70. The present President of the Republic of Fravce is: (1) Charles de Gaulle ( 2) Gen. Francais Sevez ( 3) Judge Henri Donnedicu de Vabres ( 4) Daphne du Maurier ( 5) Honore de Bolzac 71. The choice for the woman of 1945 fell on: (1) Eleanor Roosevelt (2) Madame Curie (3) Lise Meitner (4) Mrs. llarry S. Truman ( 5) Pearl S. Buck 72. The "Architect of Victory" was: (1) Winston Churchill (2) Dwight D. Eisenhower (3) Franklin D. Roosevelt (Continued on the neixt page) * 21 A Review Test ••• (Continued) ( 4) Douglas MacArthur (6) Chiang Kai·Shek 82. ( 4) Indonesia (5) Persia In the Moscow Conference the Big 3 agreed to establish a: (1) National Security Counfalling water. ( 4) the furtherance of jet propulsjon and rocket power. (5) weapons of war. 73. Germany is now under . the supervision of the Allied Control Council while Japan is under the: cil (2) World Lab01· Organiza- 88· tion The Big Four agreed to reduce Germany to: (1) a manufacturing country. (2) a colony. (1) AFWESPAC (2). SCAP (3) Southwest Pacific Command ( 3) F!!r Eastern Commission· (4) Charter for the United Nations (5) Moneta1·y Commission (3) an· agricultural country. ( 4) a military base. (4) The Council of Foreign Ministers 83. The final offensive against Germany was agreed upon by 89 · the Allied powers in the i (1) Dumbarton Oaks Con(5) an industrial country. The United States and Great Britain declared in the Atlan-. (5) Maritime Commission 74. The Man of 1945 is: (1) President Harry S. Truman (2) Gen. George C. Marshail (3) Chiang Kai-Shek (4) Winston Ch11rchill (5) Joseph Stalin 75. The U.S. general known to his men as the "Old Blood and Guts", commander of the famous Third Army was: 84. ference. (2) Yalta Confe1-ence. ( 3) Bretton Woods Conference. ( 4) Potsdam Conference. ( 5) Teheran Conference. The first concrete step takon by the Allied Military Government for the re-education of Germany was the: ( 1) importation of American 'tic Charter that they aim to keep the freedom of the high seas and oceans, (1) to give the products of these two nations an easy highway to the different countries of the world. (2) to make the easy sending to and fro of troops. ( 3) to foster the commerce of the world. ( 5) to· prevent aggression. ( 1) General George S. Patton. , books. 90. President Roosevelt and Winston Churcliill met on the deck of the Augusta to discuss and formulate: 78. 79. 80. 81. (2) General Dwight D. Eisenhower (3) Gen. Douglas MacArthut (4) General Robert Montgomery ( 5) Gen. George C. .M&rshall Tooth paste and chewing gum containing tryptophane prevents: ( 1) indigestion (2) tooth decay (3) scul"Vy and rickets ( 4) mouth bleeding (5) lockjaw The man who has guided Mexico through many progressive reforms is: (1), Juarez. (2) De Silva. (3) Camacho. (4) Villa. ( 5) Bautista. Japan's foreign trade is mainly dependent on her: (2). opening of schools. (3)" reprinting of pre-Nazi school books. ( 4) burning of all German textbooks ( 5) writing of new books. 85. General Electric has developed the "electronic , navigator" which is the first practical commercial use of the : (1) atomic bomb. (2) radar. (3) nuclear energy. (4) trans-uranium chemical element. ( 5) proximity fuse. 86. On January 10, 1946, the radar of the U.S. Army Signal Corps at Belmar, N." J. sent broadcast impulses to: (1) Mars. (2) the North Pole. (3) the South Pole. (4) the moon. (5) Venus. ( 1) textile industries. (2) fishing industries. (3) agricultural products. 87. For the present, atomic ( 4) natural resources. 1 energy is mainly available ( 5) manufactured products. I for: Iran is the official name for: I ( 1) blasting mountains. (1) Yugoslavia (2) airplane operation. (2) Java (3) supplementing power that (3) Siam comes from coal, oil, and (1) the Atlantic Charter. (2) the Casablanca Conference. (3) the Augusta Conference. (4) the Moscow Conference. (5) the Dumbarton Oaks Conference. 91. The shifting of the armed forces from the theater of oper~tion to the home country is known as: (1) reconversion. (2). rehabilitation. ( 3) redeploynient. ( 4) inflation. ( 5) deflation. 92. The first resistance leader of France is: (1) Petain. (2) Laval. (3) Offenhauser. (4) Bidault. ( 5) De Gaulle. 93. Who was known as Lord Haw Haw?, (1) Henri Petain. (2) Vidkun Quisling. (3) William Joyce. 22 * CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW (4) Pierre Laval. ( 5) Charles de Gaulle. 94. What was recorded as the greatest naval battle of World War II and the greatest in American naval his·· tory? (1) The First Battle of the Philippine Sea. (2) The Second Battle of the Philippine Sea. (3) The Battle of Saipan. (4) The Battle of Midway. (5) The Battle of Liligayen Gulf. 95. The first important step in the program of reviving democratic processes in Ge1·many is the decision of· the · American authorities to: (1) evacuate their troops. (2) give an all-out aid to the Germans for rehabilitation. ( 4) let the people elect their president. ( 5) form a German Republic. 96. Who was known as the "Beast of Belsen"? ( 1) Henri Petain. (2) Pierre Laval. (3) Josef Krammer. (4) Herman Goering. ( 5.) Rudolf Hess. 97. Russia, through Andrei Gromyko, made the charge that the peace and unity of the world are endangered by the presence in Greece of: ( 1) Chinese troops. (2) British troops. (3) American troops. ( 4) French troops. ( 5) Siamese troops. 98. The name given to Hitler's plan of new way of living for the people of Europe is: (1) Mein Kampf (2) Co-Prosperity Sphere (3) New Order (4) Totalitarianism (5) Evil Genius 99. The plan for Hitler's New Order is contained in the; (1) Imperial Rescript (2) Mein Kampf ( 3) Atlantic Charter ( 4) Potsdam terms ( 5) surrender instrument '100. A recently discovered aid to APRIL, 1946 navigation based on time radio signals is the : (1) Loran (2) Bal (3) Antu (4) Radar (5) Atomic bomb 101. Who has perfected a device that would take pictures of the ocean floor? (l)_Dr. Russell H. Morgan. (2) Dr. Maurice Ewing. (3) Dr. U. V. Poriman. (4) Ernest M. Stoddard. ( 5) Sir Samuel Hoare. 102. In recognition for a most meritorious service "to humanity, tjle 1945 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine has been awar<led to: (1) Dr. I. Rabi. (2) Col. Iwing S. Wright. (3) Sir Alexander Fleming. (4) Prof. F. M. Tiller, ( 5) Prof. Wilfred Turbeville. 103. For giving a new interpretation to labor capital relation· ship the title of Laborman of 1945 went to: ( 1 )- John L. Lewis. (2) Eric A. Johnston. ( 3) Goeffrey Laurence. I 4) Walter L. Reuther. (5) Henry Donnedieu. 104. The Nobel Prize in letters for 1945 went to: ( 1) Gabriela Mistral. (2) Pearl S. Buck. (3) Lise Meitner. (4) Eleanor Roosevelt. (5) Fannie Hurst 105. In the French elections on October 21, 1945, the people expressed its loyalty to: (1) Gen. Eisenhower. ( 2) Gen. Franco. (3) Gen. De Gaulle. ( 4) Gen. Bidault. ( 5) Gen. Patton. 106. The Man of 1938 is: ( 1) Mussolini. ( 2) Roosevelt. (3) Hitler. ( 4) Hirohito. (5) Truman. 107. The attorney-general of the United States is: (1) Joseph C. O'Mahoney. (2) Ernest Bevin. (3) Hugh Baille. (4) Tom Clark. ( 5) Carl Hayden. 108. MajOr Gene1·al Claire Lee Chennault, the genius of U.S. air power in China, is known among the Chinese as: (1) Old Leather Face. (2) Big Bull. (3) Strong Man. (4) Old Cop. ( 5) Fair Face. 109. The nickname given to Admi·· ral William Frederick Halsey, the commander of the famed U.S. Third Fleet that did a very nice job in the Second Battle of the Philippine Sea is: (1) Nick (2) Bill (3) Bull (4) Ike (5) Ickes• 11.0. The present regent of Greece is: ( 1) Damoskinos. (2) Molotoff. (3) Salazar. ( 4) Soekarno. ( 5) Voulgaris. 111. The man Hitler hated most.is: (1) Franklin D. Roosevelt. ( 2) Count Von Rundt. ( 3) Harry S. Truman. (4) Winston Churchill. (5) Charles de Gaulle. 112. What was Japan's most int· portant export which CQnstituted 70% of the world's supply? (1) Raw silk. (2) Linen. (3) toys. (4) Iron. (5) Timber. 113. Who is the so-called Father of the Japanese Navy? (1) Hideyoshi. (2) Tojo. (3) Togo. (4) Homma. (5) Yamashita. 114. The "Father of the United Nations" was: ( 1) Cordell Hull. (2) Franklin D. Roosevelt. (3) Edward R. Stettinius. ( 4) Harry S. Truman. (5) Winston Churchill. (Answers on the next page) * 23 Materials Published in the Current Events Review (Vol. I, Nos. 1-6) A Review Test ... (Continued from page 23) (Continued from inside front cover) Policies: 1. Foreign Policy of the United States. 2. Far Eastern Policies of the United States. 3. United States Policies in Japan. lied plans 3. Terms Used in Speaking of Atomic Bombs 4. Common Abbreviations 0 Used in Periodicals 5. Common Terms Used Everyday Economics in 4. President Truman's Directives Economics in the News: to Give Assistance to the Phil- l. The Bretton Woods Monetary ippines. Conference 5. Foreign Policy of the Philip- 2. The World Trade Union Conpines. ference 1-(3) 2-(5) 3-(4) 4-(3) 5-(2) 6-(3) 7. (2)' 8-(3) 9-(4) 6. The Work of the Comrnonwealth Government During its Stay in Washington. 3. The United Nations Food and 10-(5) Agriculture Organization Conference 4. Rehabilitation Program of the Philippines 11-(1) 12-(2) 13-(2) Significant Names in Contemporary News: 1. Incidents in the Life of \Vini:;ton Churchill 5. Services Rendered by UNRRA 6. Significant Success of the Fili- 14-(1) pino Syndicate 15-(2) 1 • Extension of the Operation of 2. Incidents in the Life of Douglas MacArthur 3. Twenty Significant Nickname~ in Contemporary News the Export-!~1port Bank of 16-(3) the Philippines 17-(2) 4. Outstanding Persons in 1!)45 8. President Truman's Veto of lS-(3) the Fiat Mo,;ey Bill 5. The All-Star Cast Jurists of 9. Landlord-Tenant Sharing Crop 19-( 1) Nuernberg 6. Outstanding Personalities of 10 · the United Nations Organit:aAggreement The Philippine's Victo:·y to buy United States Vessels. ti on 7. Scientists of 194~ Education in the News: 20--(2). 21-(2) 22-(5) 23-(3) 8. Axis Leaders 1. Risi;; of Racial Intolerance 24-(2) ,Increasing Om· Heading Power (Significant Terms in Contempo1·ary News): 2. Reforms in Japanese Educa- 25_(4) tion 3. Exchange of Worl'd Ideas and Knowledge 26-(4) 4. Purposes of UNESCO 27-(4) 5. Donation of Books .to the 28-(2) 1. War Crimes Philippines 2. Code Names Used to Hide Al· 6. Training in Foreign Service You want to be thorough in your school work. 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