Current Events Review

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review
Description: A magazine published for high school students
Issue Date: Volume II (Issue No. 1) July 1946
Publisher: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Year: 1946
Language: English
Rights
Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: :I\.. ~ = A News Magazine Published for High School Students Devoted to the Selection, Organization, Presentation, and Review of Current News for Lessons in Current Events. (Approved for gene:al reading by the Department of Instruction) Published The Best PORTRAITS IN COLORS ARE MADE at 7 in 9 10 Historical Figures in the struggles for Philippine Freedom 14 The Philippine Scene 16 Th-::! Philippines a "Pattern for Global Colonization" 19 The Great Debate Between Stalin and Churchill 20 Our Obligation in the Building of the Philippine Republic 22 Proclamation of Phi1ippine Independence 23 Highlights from the President's Inaugural Address 24 A Dramatic Victory of the Security Council Against Russia 26 What Do!:!s Russia WanV 28 - Towards World Government by Jose B. Ledesma The Gifts of the Amino Ac!ds . . by Ferm'na N. Gan Significant Personages in Cont~mporary News Education in the News Science Marches on Significant World News Roundup Economics in the News 41 18 31 34 40 JULY, 1946 60 centavos INDEPENDENCE ISSUE ~ . I.~ if! 1#:1 //llft0D11c;l!ftlt~ ~. B.V:f B ~ ~ ~='_, -~ ~ A News Magazine Published for. High School Students Devoted to the Selection, Organization, Presentation, and Review of Current News for Lessons in Current Events. (Approved for gene~al reading by the Department of Instruction) Published as a contribution to a common eff01"f,- Educational Rehabilitation. The CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW is an indispensable monthly magazme for all students in social science in secondary schools. It meets the immediate demand for rich, complete, supplementary teaching and study materials carefully selected from authentic books, leading magazines and newspapers, documents, and reports that were 11navailable since the outbreak of the War in 1941 to the early days of liberat:on; and, hand in hand, gives a systematic varied, and comprehensive monthly review of current events. Together with the magazine, suggestions for, guides in, and methods of, teaching the materials presented are prepared for the use of instructors. To accomplish this tremendous task, we have select"ed for the editorial staff men of recognized literary abilities, with specific as well as broad educational backgrounds, and with wide and successful teaching experience;-and to make th:s magazine of utmost service and benefit to the instructors and students, we have made it a general policy1. To select materials educationally appropriate fundamentally for high school instruction and to present them in a style most easily understood and appreciated by high school students; 2. To present fully and exhaustively cor .. temporary eveuls of national or worldwide significance; 3. To gjve continuous and complete account of the progress and achievements in sc:ence; 4. To analyze and interpret national and international trends, movements, and policies towards th• solution of present-day problems; 5. To give critical evaluation of the lives of great contemporary men who have made marked changes in world prog~ess or who may serve as an inspiration and example to high school students; 6. To provide from t:me to time a glossary of new words and terminologies that a:re necessary for full understanding of mod'ern thoughts and ways as well as for adequate and· up-to-date self-expression; 7. To encourage Suggestions f:-om all our readers, especially the instructors, so as to make the magazine responsive to the immediate and individual needs of our readers. You want lo be thorough in your school work. But you have no time lo read many good magazines, newspapers - Read only what is best for you, - as high school students. Subeeribe to the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW. Subscription rates: One year (10 iR~ues) ......... . One semester ( 5 issues) ....... . Please make all remittances payable to the P5.00 3.00 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123-125 Belen Sampaloc, Manila Milestones in the Struggle for Philippine Independence April 27, i521.-Firat Organized Armed Reaiatance. There was a rivalry between two Filipino kings in- Mactan. an island near Cebu. Lapulapu, one of the kings, did not want to submit to Spanish authority. Zula, the other king, was friendly to the Spaniards. He asked Magellan for aid against Lapulapu. Magellan decided to give aid. He dispatched a messenger, demanding Lapulapu's submission to Spanish authority and the payment of tributes to Spain. Lapulapu refused the demands. A battle was fought between the soldiers of Lapulapu and Magellan's men. In that famous battle of Mactan, Magellan was killed and the FHiPinos won a significant victory. The stand taken by Lapulapu was the "first organized armed resistance against Spanish invasion." 1574.-The Reoolt of Rajah Laltandula. Rajah Lakandula. the last king of Tondo, was the uncle of Rajah Soliman. He• rendered many valuable services to the Spanish government, but later rose in revolt because the Spaniards weft m~ltreating his people. He planned a well organized armed resistance in Navotas, Malabo.fl:. This armed resistance did not, however. materialize be· . cause of the timely intervention of Father Geronimo Marin and Juan Salcedo who assured Rajah Lakandula of better treatment for his people. 1585.-Firat Pampanga Reoolt. Liberty is an inherent right of every people When a people find that they are denied libert) their natural reaction is to protest. The liberty-loving people of Pampanga suffered much from the abuses of the early ''encomende· ros." Accordingly, they planned a revolt against Spanish authority. In this move they were able to enlist the help of the Borneans. However. their plan did not materialize. because they were betrayed. 1587-1588.-An Attempt to Regain Philippin• Freedom. A plot to overthrow Spanish authority was discussed by the chiefs of Manila, Tondo. Bulacan, Laguna, Cavite, and other neighboring settlements. Its main purpose was to regain ''the freedom and lordship which their father had enjoyed before them.'' JULY, 1946 The plot was more serious than any which had been conceived before that time and was in· tended to be carried on a big scale. The Filipino chiefs thought of inviting the chiefs of Borneo. J olo, Cuyo, and · the Calamianes to make common cause with them. They even succeeded in conclud· ing an agreement with the captain of a Japanese ship. whereby the later would bring, arms and soldiers from J al'an. The secret plot was carried on for fifteen months. Unfortunately it was discovered by Captain Pedro Sarmiento, who relayed the information to Governor Vera. Among the leaders of the conspiracy were Magat Salamat, •son of Rajah Lakandula; Agustin de Legaspi, nephew of Rajah Lakandula; Martin Panga, chief of Tondo; Pedro Balinguit, chief of Pandacan; Phelipe Salonga, chief of Polo; Esteban Taes. chief of Bulacan; Omagchicon, chief of Navotas; and Agustin Manuguit. 1589.-Reoolta in Cagayan and llocoa Norte in Proteaf Againat Tribute•. Revolts occurred in Cagayan and llocos Norte because of the payment of tributes. The people protested against these tributes and against the abuses of the tribute collectors. These revolts failed . 1596.-Reoolt in Caga)'Gn Againat Spaniah Authority.. · Another revolt took place in Cagayan under the leadership of Magalat. This man was not satisfied with Spanish rule and accordingly incited the people to rise against it. The revolt grew to some proportions, but eventually failed after Mago.lat was' assassinated. 1601.-Reoolt ol the lgorota in Prote•t Against Attempts to Christianize Them. The Igorots of northern Luzon rose in revolt against attempts to Christianize them. Father Esteban Marin tried to pacify them but he waa killed, Later the revolt was suppressed by Captain Mateo de Aranda. 1621.-Reoolt ol the GaddanB• in Proteaf A11ainat Qppre .. ion. The Gaddangs of the Cagayan Valley rose in (Continued <m t/1e ne"'t page) • 1 Milestones ..... . (Continued) revolt because they desired their liberty. Their leaders were Felipe Cutapay and Gabriel Dayag. They gave the curate the following statement: ''The reason for our uprising is that we are weary of the oppressions of the Spaniards." However, Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas succeeded in pacifying them. 1622.-Reuolt in Leyte lor the Restoration ol the Pat1an Religion. a 11ni'9'ersa) mutiny. 1639.-Reuolt in Ca11ayan in Prated A11ain•t tlie Cruelty ol an Alcalde· mciyor. The people of Cagayan rose in revolt because of the ill-treatment they received from the military commander. The revolt failed, 1643.-Re11olt in Bulacan to Throw 011 Spanuh, Sooereignty. Pedro Ladia who claimed to be a descendant of Rajah Matanda was a native of Borneo. In 1643 he went to Malolos, Bulacan, and there incited the people to throw off Spanish rule. He gained many followers. However. his plan was discovered and his dreams came to a futile end. 1649-1650.-Reuolt ol the Visayan• in Pro. te•t ol an Order ol. G011ernor Diego Fajardo, · The people of Carigara, Leyte, rose in revolt under the leadership of Bancao, the ruling chief of Limasawa. Bancao had sincerely welcomed the Spaniards in 1565. He had become a friend of Legaspi and had allowed himself to become a Christian. In this old age, however, he decided to return to his pagan religion, and incited his people to do likewise. This religious revolt was suppressed with the aid of loyal Filipinos. Governor Diego Fajardo issued an order send1622.-the Re11olt in Bohol to Throw Oii ing the Visayans to Cavite to work in the buildSpanish Oppression. ing of galleons and other vessels which were neA native priest (or babayTan) called! Tamblot cessary for defense. The people resented the order had managed to convince the people of Bohol, that, because they would have to leave their families and with the aid of their ancestors and diW4ta8or gods, homes and because of the many difficulties they they could easily throw off the oppression of the kne~ they . would meet. The Spanish friars symCastillians. They therefore rose in revolt. Me· path~zed ~ith their cause and worked for the redina testified that the whole Visayan region sym- co1tsideration of the order. pathized with this revolt. Father Murillo Velarde At about this time .the people of Palapag, on his part believed it to be an important uprising. Leyte, under the leadership of Juan Ponce SumoThe revolt was suppressed with the aid of roy and Pedro Caamug, also rose in revolt. The Filipino soldiers. The suppression checked the ·re· revolt spread as. far as northern Mindanao. Zamvolt in the other islands. boanga. Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Albay, and Camarines, but it was eventually put down liy the 1625-1628.-Reuolt in Cagayan to Throw government with the help of friendly Filipinos. 011 Spaniah Rule. In 1625 the people of Cagayan rose in revolt under the leadership of Miguel Lanab and Alababan. The revolt was suppressed by Governor de Silva. A considerable quantity of silver taken by the rebels from the churches was recovered. The people rose in revolt again in 1627, as a result of which the country was laid waste. There was much destruction of life and property. Unlike the .previous revolt in which the rebels were given a general pardon, the leaders of this revolt were punished. 1630.-Reuolt in Caroga in Proteat Against Abu.ea. The people of Caraga, Mindanao, rose against the government because of the abuses of the officials. The revolt was suppressed and the rebels were punished Although it failed a Spanish mis· sionary regarded this revolt as the beginning of 2 • 1660-1661.-Reuolt in Pampanga Primarily Due to the Lo11e ol the People lor Liberty. The people of Pampanga rose in revolt under the leadership of Francisco Maniago a native of Mexico. The remote cause of the revolt, according to Father Casimiro Diaz, was the desire of the people to recover their liberty which they calleil "a gift of priceless value." The rebels wrote to people in Pangasinan and llocos urging the latter to throw off the Spanish yoke. To counteract the revolt, the curates and the government exerted efforts to pacify the rebels, but failed. Governor Manrique de Lara himself had to go to Macabebe and confer with Juan MacapagRI, chief of Arayat. At the conference Juan Macapagal promised to remain Joyal to Spain. The loyalty of the latter prevented the spread of ;the revolt and demoralized the rebels. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Realizing that his cause was lost, Francisco Maniago sent Fr. Andres de Salazar to Governor Manrique de Lara. Through this emissary he voiced his intentions of laying down his arms if the government would meet his terms. The negotiations were on the whole favorable for the rebels. It was agreed that general amnesty would be granted; that the government would give P14.000 as partial payment of its acknowledge:! indebtedness of P200,000; and that the people would be given time to attend to the cultivation of their fieh!s in exchange for their cutting timber. 1145-1146.-Reuolt Near Manila in Prate•t Again•t the Usurpation of Land•. Several revoltLs occurred in provinces near Manila due principally to the acquisition oi Filipinu lands by the religious orders. The provinces of Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal were principally affected. Their inhabitants protested against what they thought was an unjust usurpation of their rights on their lands. The government sueceeded in putting down these revolts. Agrarian conflicts, however, continued to the end of the Spanish regime. 1660.-Reuolt in Panga•inan to Tl;row 011 1144-1828.-Reuolt in Bohol Due to ReliSpani•h Souereignt)'. giou• Rea•on•. The revolt in Pampanga had an important effect ·in Pangasinan. A leader by the name of Andres Malong urged the people in this province to throw off the Spanish yoke. After his initial success Malong proclaimed himself king of Pangasinan. He even extended his authority outside of the province by sending expeditions to the Ilocos and Cagayan regions under Pedro Gumapos. To Pampanga, Ilocos, and Cagayan, he sent Melchor de Vera. He succeeded likewise in securing the aid of Zambales. Inspite of the wide •territory it covered, the revolt was put down by the government and the leaders were punished. 1861.-Reuolt ol tlae llocos to Throw 011 Spani•h Souereignt)'. Inspired by the revolt of Malong, the people al Ilocos attempted to throw off Spanish rule. Their leaders were Pedro Almazan, Juan Magsanop, and Gaspar Cristobal. The revolt lasted for several months, but was. fiQally put down by the government with the aid of Filipino allies. 1663.-Reoolt in Pana)' due to Religious Reason•. A certain fanatic known as Tapar established a new religion in Oton. Panay. The new religion was a modified form of Christianity. When the government tried to interfere with this religion, its followers rose in revolt. They were suppressed, however. 1118.-Reoolt in Caga)'Gn to Throw Olf Spani•li Souereignt)'. The fl\"st revolt of the Philippines in the eighteenth century took place in Cagayan in 1718. The people were led by Magtangaga and To1nas Sinaguingan. The revolt was readily put down by the government. JULY, 1946 The longest revolt in the history of the struggles of the Filipinos for freedom was the one led by Francisco Dagohoy in Bohol. It lasted for 84 years. The immediate cause of the revolt was the arbitrary act of a certain priest who had refused to give a Christian burial to a brother of Francisco Dagohoy. The Filipino bishop, Lino de Espelata, tried to pacify Dagohoy, but failed because the latter would not yield. The government itself was powe1·less. The forces it sent against Dagohoy were defeated. Dagohoy became stronger for his followers increased. In time he established his own gov· emment. The Spanish government could not, of course let matters stand as they were. During the term of Governor Mariano Ricafort two punitive expe · ditions were sent to Bohol. After much effort. these expeditions succeeded in smashing the rebellion. Francisco o'agohoy is considered by the Fili· pinos as one of their great leaders. 1162-1763.-Reuolt in llacos in Prote•t Againd Exee .. iue Tribute• and Abuse•. The British successfully occupied Manila this time. This defeat of the Spaniards inspired the Filipinos to continue their fight for freedom. As a result the people of Ilocos again rose in revolt. They protested against the excessive tributes and the abuses of the alcalde-mayor. They demanded the appointment of another alcalde-mayor. Diego Silan was the lead"r of the revolt. The bishop of Nue:va Segovia raised an army against Silan, but this army was defeated. The govern· ment troops that came from Ilocos Norte were also defeated. As a result of these initial succe~ ses, Silan became the master of the llocos regions. The British succeeded in making an alliance with Silan. Under the proposals submitted by the British. Silan would be appointed governor of lloeos (Contfoued on the nt.l'f page) • 3 Milealonea ..... . (Continued) and be- given the power to choose minor officials. He was. also to be supplied with arms and munitions. Soon the Spaniards became greatly alarmed at_ the growing power of Silan so that they ~ffected his assasination. 1163.-Re11olt in Caga;yan to Thi·ow Off Spanish So11ereignt;y. The revolts in Pangasinan and Ilocos inspired the people of Cagayan. Under the leadership of Dabo and Juan Maraya-c, they proclairnej their independence on .February 2, 1763. This revolt was suppressed by Don Manuel de Arza and the leaders were severely pu_nished. 1162-1164.-0ther Re11olta for Freedom and Reform•. The revolt was continued by his courageous Wile, Maria Josefa Gabriela. She led her forces and on one ocassion won a brilliant victory against the troops of the government. After several courageous exploits she was captured by Don Manuel de Arza. Other revolts took place during the period of the British invasion. A Spanish historian said that i162-1164.-Re11olt in Pangaainan in Pro- these revolts reflected the spirit of the time. For teat Againat the Tribute• and Abuses. one thing, they indicated the loss of Spanish p1es. Another rev-01t of the Filipi:µos during the period of British invasion took place in Pangasinan under the leadei:ship of Juan de la Cruz Palaris. whos~ real name'\ was Pantaleon Perez. The causes of this revolt were similar to th-0se of the revolt in llocos under Diego Silan. The uprising started in Binalatongan and spread to Calasiao, Magaldan, Dagupan, San Jacinto. Manaoag, Santa Barbara, Malasiq11i, Bayamhang, and Paniqui. lt gained initial success hut was suppressed by the governme»t troop~ under Don Manuel de Arza. The leaders of the revolt were put to death. To The PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC tige. Revolts likewise took plaice in Laguna, Baian .. gas, Cavite, Camarines, Samar, Panay, Cebu. and Zamhoanga. 1804.-Re11olt in Nue11a Vizcaya in Proteat Againat Abuses. The· people of Nueva Vizcaya rose against the government in ·protest against the abuses committe<I by the officials. especially in connection with the collection of tributes. The revolt W&J> put down. (Continued on page 42) SYMBOL OF DEMOCRACY IN THE FAR EAST WE OFFER OUR FULL SUPPORT! • FOR ACTIONS & WESTERN PICTURES! • FOR THEATRE EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES • DeVRY PROJECTORS (latest model) • SIMPLEX STANDARD • HOLMES-EDUCATOR PORTABLE MONOGRAM FltM F.XCHANGE. INC. 2235 AZCARRAGA, MANILA 4 • CURRENT EVENTS RE VIEW "I am a Filipino" (Re1print) By Carlos P. Romulo I am a Filipino--inheritor of a. glorious past. hold of ancient Malacaiian Palace, in the symbolic hostage to the uncertain future. As such 1 must act of possession and racial vindication. prove equal to a two-fold task-the task of meet- The seed I bear within me is an immortal seeding my responsibility to the past. and the t•sk of It is the mark of my manhood, the symbol 0£ my performing my obligation to the future. dignity as a Jiuinan being. Like the seeds that I am sprung from a hardy :r;'ace, child of many were once buried in the tomb of Tutankhamen· inany generations removed of ancient Malayan pioneers. thousands of years ago, it shall grow and fiower Across the centuries the memory comes rushing back and bear fruits again. It is the insignia of my to me; of brown-skinned men putting out to sea in race. and my generation is but a stage in the un .. ships that were as frail as their hearts were stout. ending· search of my people for freedom and hapOfer the sea I saw them come, borne upon the piness. billowing wave and the whistling wind, C>rried upon I am a Filipino, child of the marriage of the the mighty swell of hope-hope in the free abun- East and the West. The East, with its languor and dance of the new land that was to be their home and their children's forever. This is the land they sought and found,' Every inch of shore that their eye~ first set upon, every hill and mountain that beckoned to them with a green-and-purple invitation; every mile of rolling plain that their view encompassed, every river and lake that promised a plentiful hvin~ and the fruitfulness of' -commerce, is hallowed spot to me. By th~ strength of their hearts and hands. by C'very right of law, human and divine, this land and all the appurtenances thereof-the black and fertile soil, the seas and lakes and rivers ·teeming with fish, the forests with their inexhau•tible wealth in wild life and timber, the mountains with their bowels swollen with minerals-the whole ~f this rich and happy land has been, for centuries without number. the land of my fathers. This lrnd I received in tru!';t from them, and in trust will pass it on to my children, and so on until the world is no more. I am a Filipino. In my blood runs the immortal seed of heroes-seed that flowered down the centuries in deeds of courage 0and defi!mce. In my veins yet pulses the same hot blood that sent L'apulapu to battle against the first invader of this land, that nerved Lakandula in the combat agains~ the alien foe. that drove Diego Siiang and Dagohoy into rebellion against the foreign ·Jop1·ess1Jr. That seed is immortal. It is_ the selfsame seed that flowered in the heart of Jose Rizal that morning in Bagumbayan when a volley of shots put an ond to all that was mortal of him and made his spirit deathless forever, the same that flowered in the henrt's of Bonifacio in Balintawak, of Gregorfo del Pilar at Tirad Pass, of Antonio Luna at Calumpit; that bloomed in flowers of frustration in the sad heart of Emilio Aguinaldo at Palanan. and yet burst forth royally again in the proud heart of Manuel L. Quezon when he stood at last on the tresmysticism, its passivity and endurance, was my mother, and my sire was the West that came thundering across the seas with the ... Clross and Sworc:I and the Machine. I am of the East, and eager paTticipant in its spirit, and in its struggles for liberation from the imperialist yoke. But I know also that the East must awake from its centuried sleep. shake off the lethargy that has bound its limb•. and start moving where destiny awaits. For, I, too, am of the West, and the vigorous peoples of the West have destroyed forever the peace and quiet that cnce was ours. r can no longer live, a being apart from those whose worl(l now trembles to· the roar of bomb and cannon-shot. I ~annot say of a matter of universal life-and-death. of freedom and slavery for all mankind, that it concerns me not. 'For no man and no nation is an island, but a part of the main, and there is no longer any East and' West-only individuals a11d nations making those momentous choices which are the hinges upon which historv revolves. At the vanguard of progress in this part of the world I stand-a forlorn figure in the eyes of some. but not of one defeated and lost. For, through the ·thick, interlacing branches of habit and custom above me, I have se.::n the light of justice and equality and freedom, my heart has been lifted by the veins of vision of democracy, and I shall not rest until my land and my people shall have been blest by thee, beyond the power of any man or natior1 to subvert or destroy. I am a Filipino, and this is my inheritance. What pledge shall I give that I may prove worthy of my inheritance 1 I shall give the pledge that has come ringing down the corridors of the centuries, and it shall be compounded of the joyous cries of my Malayan forbears when first they saw the contours of this land loom before their eyes, of the batteries· that have resounded in every field of <'ombat from Mactan to Tirad Pass, of the voices - ----- -~-----------------------.JUl.Y, 1!!46 * 5 Current Events Review for High School Students Published monthly dm·ing the school year. Dioadado G. Capino Editor D. R. Manlapaz Publisher Subscription Rates : One year (10 issues) One semester ( 5 issues) Payable in advance. P500 3.00 Please make all remittance paya~le to He CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila I am a Filipino ..... . 1Co11tin11ed) of my people when they sing: Land of the morning1 Child of the sun retuining. Ne'er shall invaders Trample thy sacred shore. Out of the lush and green of these seven thousand isles. out of the heartstrings of sixteen millian people all vibrating to one song, I shall \\eave t .. e mighty fabric of my pledge. Out of the eongs of the farmers at sunrise when they go to labor in the fields, out of the sweat of the hard-bitten pio· neers in Mal-lig and Koronodal. out of the silent endurance of stevedores at the piers and the ominous grumbling of peasants in Pampanga, out of the first cries of babies newly born and the luliabies that mothers sing, out of the crunch of g~ars and the whine of turbines in the fadtories, out of the cruncll of bloughshares upturning the earth, c.ut c..f the tr8.mp of soldiers marching, I !hall mr.ke the pattern of my pledge: ''I am a Filipjno born of freedom, and I shall not rest until freedom shall have been added unto my inheritance---for myself and my children and my children's children forever." -From The Philippine Ye4rbook, Vol. 7, 1941-1942. Establish.ed 1925 6 * The Educational Distributors IMPORTEa,s-:MANUFACTURERS DEALERS: Schooi & Office Supplies Athletic Goods Oneida & Tudor Tablew~res Sets Dinner Sets Model Kits 1876 Peclro Guevara ····->•~--···· CABLE ADDRESS: "Rotacude" BRANCHES: Iba, Zambales Iloilo, Iloilo Manila P. I. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Development of Filipino Nationalism What is the meaning. al nationalism? Nationalism is derived from ftation. IL means a move of a people to establish an independ:mt country. The sentiment of nationality is a national feeling that reeognizes a common heritage. the memories of the past and hopes of the future. Nationalism has also been defined as the self-consciousness on the part of a pe~ple to possess a common heritage, culture, and traditions. In the majority of cases, the people. of a country want to be independent because they want to achieve their nati~nal aspirations. 1'he common aspiration of all free-loving people is independence. What are the /actors lor the lormation al nationalism? There are various factors respons:ble for thP. growth of nationalism. Some of these factors, ho~ ever. are not indispensable. At the close of the Middle Ages, nationalism developed in many Euro pean countries because of the development of vernacular lllnguages and literature and the growth of the middle class. In his essay on "The Glorification of a Common Inheritance," foriner Justice Jose P. Laurel. wrote that geographical unity, ra· cial homogeneity, linguistic unity, religious Uniformity, and community of economiie interest are not indispensa·ble to the formation of a vigorous and enduring nationality. According to Dr. Laurel the most potent factor in the formation of nationalism is "the possession of a common imperishable tradition.'' What were th• factor• that helped in the lormation al Filipino nationali•m? Before the conquest of the Philippines by the Spaniards the Filipinos were not consciously united. The country was divided -into several distinct barangays. Each barangay had its own ruler. gov. ernment, and laws. No bond of unity existed among them. The conquest of tbe Philippines greatly hastened the growth of nationalism. The country was given one central government. One set of laws was used. Christianity was introduced. I..eandro H. Fernandez, a noted Filipino historian, observed that a complete personality, that owed allegiance to Qne government and recognized one flag and the same body of laws, hgan to develop. This be· came the foundation-stone of Filipino nationalism. l. Common gTieva.nces.-Our common grie\•ances against Spain helped in the formation of the consciousness of oneness. Among the causes of these g1•ievances were the collection of tribute. the forced labor. the agrarian question, and race prejudice. JULY, 1946 The tl'ibute was a certain sum of mcmey paiJ by the Filipinos. Sometin1es the tribute was pah.1 its equivalent in kind. Chitdren. who were be1ow 16 years of age and adults who were above 60 years old were exempted from the payment of the tribute. -In the beginning the tribute was eight reales. The equivalent was one silver peso. The amount was later· increased to ten 1·eales and then to twelve realea. The Filipinos resented the abuses connected in the collection of the tribute: Among the common abuses were the unlawful increase of the tribute and the increase of the tributantes-persons who were asked to pay the tribute. In many cases the children and the old people who should be exempt· ed were required to pay. In 1589 several revolts took place in Ca(&yan and Ilocos Norte because the people protested against the abuses on the collection of the tributes. During the British occupation several revolts tOok place in Ilocos and Pangasinan in protest of excessive tributes. 2. Forced labor,-Personal services or forced labor were imposed on the Filipinos. These personal services were known as polo. Among the. personal services required of them were the bUilding of ships. the cutting of timber. the trade of making the rigging of galleons, the work in the artillery foundry, the service in the royal magazines. the repair of roads, bridges, and public buildings, and· services in military expeditions. The Filipinos hated the forced labor because of the abuses connected with it. It is true that royal decrees were issued to protect the welfare of the people in connection with the personal services. but many of them Were not carried by many offircials. A Spanish bishop pointed out some abuses to the king. He reported that the people were obliged to act as oarsmen whenever the alcaldes-mayor wished. Sometimes they were not paid or given their ration. In many cases the people were asked to leave their families and work in distant provinces. Governor Niiio de Tavora said: ''I found them greatly oppressed and harassed by the many burdens, assessments. and services that were imposed on them for the service of your Majesty and the support of the government employees and justices.'' Several revolts took place as armed protests against the abuses in connection with forced labor. The Visayan revolt of 1649-1650 was mainly due to the order issued by Governor Diego Fajardo to the alcaldes of Leyte and other provinces to send men to work in Cavite. The Pampanga re* 7 Development of Filipino ..... . (Continlled) volt of 1660-1661 was also due to the abuses of forced labor. Father Casimiro Diaz wrote: ''Thiis people (the Pampangos) were harassed by repeated requisitions for cutting timber, for the conti· nuous building of galleons, and they received no satisfaction for many purchases of rice for which the money was due them." 3. Agrarian question,-Another cause of griev. ances against Spain was the uncertainty of land ownership. The ownership of land during the Spanish regime was a cause of many confli~ b. Land-registration was not well planned out. Thcrl? was difficulty in determining the owners of lands because of the absence of perfect land titles. Several revolts occured due to this agrarian question. Agrarian uprisings took place in Manila, Bulacan, Batangas. Laguna. Cavite, and Rizal between 1745 and 1746. 4. Racial po·ejudice.-When one looks down upon another because of the color of his skin, such an attitude would be resented by the individual because it is against self-respect and self-dignity. The Filipinos were greatly opposed to racial prejudice beeause it is against a great principle of the democratic ways of living. The common grievances of the Filipinos helped them realize that they belonged to one race. Leandro H. Fernandez observed that '"they serve to infiltrate in the minds of the Filipinos the ·idea of common interests as against individual grievances, to teach the unlearned lesson that after all they belonged to one race which was quite different and distinct from the ruling people, and to influence them consciously or unconsciously, to take the first step toward the widening of the racial gap." 5. Europe's libera.lism.-Five great revolutions between 1750 and 1850 chan~d the_ world and laid the foundations of present-day civilization. The American Revolution (1775-1783) set up a federal republic for the thirteen colonies. The Intellectual Revolution was characterized by progress in science, religion, politics, education, and. business. The French Revolution (1789-1815) was a protest against aristocracy and autocracy. It carried into effect many ideas of the Intellectual Revolution. The Latin-American Revolutions (1800-1825) freed nearly all the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the Americas. The Industrial Revolution ( 17501850) brought material progress. The intellectual reforms toward the clos• of the eighteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth century brought progress in many spheres of human activities. There were new ~deas in government. .education, economics, and politics. These liberal ideas of the Western world roached the Philippines nnd a gradual progr'll!s in the education of the country took place. The 8 * establishment of Sl·houls and colleges helped in the destruction of sectionalism among the Filipino. The coming of liberals from Europe influenced tne Filipinos to ask for reforms. They developed a common intel'est in the welfare of their country. The Propaganda Movement was la'Unched. Th~ Filipinos became conscious of their rights. They fought for a liberal church policy m ceinnection with the seculariz.ation of the curacies. It is significant to note that the movement to secularize the curacies hastened the development of Filipino nationalism. The rising tide of .F'ilipino nationalism was ~timulated by the Cavite. Revolt of 1872. 6. Philippine Revolution.-'fhe Philippine Rt:volution was the grandest achievement in the his:tory of the li'ilipino people. The Revolution was not merely a sectional protest against Spanish and the American sovereignties. It was supported by the majority of Filipino people. It was guided by one national aspiration-the freedom and independence of the Philippines. President Roque Lopez of the Federated Government of the Visayas aptly expressed this ideal when he answered Presid . .mt .McKinley's messaie of December 28, 1898, instruc. ting the American officials in the Islands to enforee American sovereignty in the following words: ""The supposed authority of the United States be· gan with the Treaty of Paris. on the tenth of Deeember. 1898. The authority of the Central Government of Malolos is founded on the sacred bonds of !>lood. language, uses, customs, ideas, sacrifices.'' 7. Undtn-g1Y>und Resistance.-The armed resistance against Spain and America united the Filipino people[ We 'fought for one national aspirati-On. We were guided by one government. We subscribed to one constitution. We revered one flag and were thrilled by one national anthem. ln 1941. the sacred fire of Filipino nationalism was kindled anew. We fought against the Japanese because we love our freedom. Underground resistance was carried on in the cities, townf!., hills and mountains after our epic stand at Bataan and Corregidor. We never believed in the indepen · denee granted by Japan on Odober 14, 1943. • Typewriters • Adding Machin .. • Calculators • Cheek Writers • Filing Cabinets • Duplicating Marhine~ • Steel-Safes • Offire suppliei:; UNITED OFFICE EOUIPMENT 40 Legarda St., Manila (In Front of Tanduay Fire Station) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW The Philippines as an Outpost of Democracy in the Far Ea~t What i• the aignificance of the Philippine experiment? The grant of independence to the Philippines by the United States is significant not only to the Filipinos but also to the one billion Orientals as well. It is significant to the Filipinos because it marks the culminaton of their long struggles for human liberty and freedom. It is likewise meaningful to the people of the Orient because the great experiment of the Philippines in. the principles of American democracy may serve as a pattern for their future political history. The late President FranJ.:Un D. Roosevelt has aptly sald: "I like to think that the history of the Philippine Islands in the last forty-four years provides, ·in every sense, a pattern for the future of other smalJ nations and peoples of the world. It is a pattern of what men of good will look forward to in the future--a pattern of global civilization which recognizes no limitations of religion or of creed or of race." The same hope was expressed by President Harry S. Truman in his latest annual message to the Congress of the United States when he said: ''Perhaps no event in the long centuries of colonialism gives more hope for a pattern of the future than the independence of the Philippines." The Philippine Experiment America took over the Philippines from Spain. as a result. of the Treaty of Paris concluded between the two countries on December 10, 1898. There were two conflicting policies before the American officials. The imperfalists believed that the Philippines was justly acquired. They favored permnnent retention of the c."untry. The anti-im~ porialists on the other band believed that the Philippines should be left to the Filininos. Their JProups were eager to leave the Philippines. Ac .. cording to former Justice George A. Malcom, the middle course between these two policies was approved. The Philippines was not to be considere:i as either a foreign territory or a colony, but was to be a dependency, temporarily held by the United States. The decision of the United States to govern the Philippines began her greatest experiment in the Far East. This was the training of the Filipinos in the a•t of self-government with the ultimate objective of giving them complete freedom. The United States at the beginning of this experiment had no pattern to follow. She formulated her own policies in governing the country. These policies were followed and modified to make them re1Jponsive to the needs of the Filipinos. JULY, 1946 Under ·the guidance of the United States. the Philippines was given a chance to try out the institutions of democracy. Representath·e institutions were gradually tried out. Municipal governments; for instance, were organized to give the Filipinos a chance to participate in the affairs of the government. The civil service, another great de~llc ratic institution, was introduced. The recognition of the civil liberties like free speech, free press. and freedom of worship led to the introduction of the corresponding institutions that would guarantee and protect them. The Filipino• Learn Democracy What were the results of the Philippine Experiment on democracy? America has developed a pattern which may be followed by other nation• administering colonies. The charter of the United Nations Organization (UNO) proposes the establishment of trusteeship for dependent peoples. America's experiences in the political tutelare of the Filipinos would prove valuable to the proposal. There are nations now that are demanding autonomy, self-government, and independence. They point to the experiment of America in the Philippines. Dr. Mohamet Hatta, vice-president of the Indonesian republic, reminded the Dutch and the Allies of the forthcoming freedom of th.e Philippines. ~he results of America's experiment in the Philippines have b~~ome the inspiration of many nationalists in the• Orient. One tangible result of Philippine-American collaboration in the preparation of the Filipinos for independent nationhood was the education of the Filipinos in the democratic ways of living. They have come to understand the meaning and essentials of demacracy. They have come to realize that democracy is the expression of popular will. They have come to appreciate that sovereignty resides in the people. They have learned to value individual civil liberties. The New Role ol the Philippine• The invasion of the Philippines by Japan did not destroy the beliefs of the Filipinos in the ways of democracy. In fact the Japanese occupation of the country enabled the Filipinos to get a clear contrast between the democratic ways of living and the totalitarian or dictatorial concept of the so-called "New Order'' in East Asia. The Filipinos have developed a better appreciation of what it means to live in a free country. Their love of democracy was the inspiraton of their prayers for their early liberation. (ContinHed on page 13) * 9 Filipino Training in Self-Government Foundation Liberty is a sacred gift. Man fights for it because he wants to be given a chance to enjoy it. The desire to enjoy freedom is the foundationstone of self-determination. Apolinario Mabini, the '"Sublime Paralytic." has voiced this in his ''True Decalogue." when he wrote: "Thou shalt not reeognize in thy country the authority of ariy person who has not been elected by thee and by thy countrymen; for authority emanates from God, and as God speaks in the conscience of every man, the person designated and proclaimed by the conscience of a whole people is the only one who can use true authority." The conquest of the Philippines by Spain brought about political unification of the country. This was a great factor in the development of Filipino nationalism. During the last centun- of the Spanish regime, the Filipinos received some form of training in the art of sell-government. Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes in 18101813, 1820-1823. and 1834-1837 gave the Filipino delegates an idea of representative government. When the representation ceased. the Filipinos demanded its restoration. This became one of the patriotic aims of the Propaganda Movement. Certain laws likewise served to promote Filipino nationalism. The promulgation of the Becer .. ra Law in 1889, for instance, extended local autonomy. to some towns in the Philippines. AllU"i"m.ientos were established in such towns as Albay, Batangas, lloilo. and Jaro. The Maura Law of 1893 established· a municipal tribunal or council for each town containing at least a thousand cedula taxpayers. The council was given power to legislate on purely local matters. The Maura law also extended autonomy to the provinces and enabled the Filipinos to occupy some government positions. All this training that the Filipinos received inspired· them to seek better reforms in the go 1ernment. What Wa• the Si1111ilicance ol the Spanish Tutelaae Receiued by the Filipino•? Conscientiou~ students of Philippine government have found it difficult to understand how anyone who has observed the operation of go• .. ernment in other Eastern countries can doubt for a moment that the fong Spanish tutelage in the philosophy and procedures of the W eat which the Filipinos received has been of inestimable advantage to them. For one thing, it has enabled them to adapt the modern Occidental political institutions to their own use. Joseph Ralston Hayden. Vice-Governor of the Philippines in 1933-1935, was a1no"g to * those who have made this observation. In his admirable book The PhiUppi'MB: A Study in Nati011al Development, Mr. Hayden said that ''Americans are too prone to forget that it is only through the cooperat!on of the Spanish-trained Filipino leaders that with diminishing American supervision. the gover~ment of the Philippines has been carried on for the past forty years. Doubtless these men have. fallen short of American ideals; being human they have not lived completely up to their own. But the fact remains that they carried on their municipal. provincial, and insular· governments in general accordance with American principles." What is the Sipilicance of the Philippine Reuolution? The armed struggles of the Filipinos against Spain and. for some time; against America were protests against foreign domination. The Revolution was not a sectional uprising. It was one phase -the crowning one-of the struggle of the Filipino people for freedom. It was guided by leaders who believed in the principle of self-determination for the whole nation. It was launched because the Filipinos wanted to do away once and for all with the abuses under which they had been groaning anJ because they felt that they had the capacity to govern themselves. Well did they know that [fs success Would demonstrate their capacity to translat~ into action the ideas they had long nourished and cherished. The Revolution was based on lofty ideals. "It was not a struggle of men or of races." says the late Teodoro M. Kalaw in his essay on The PoliUcal Ideas of the Philippi"e Revolution "'but of principles and of institutions. The leaders could, during the war, have made themselves arbiters of the situation. This chance they did not take. Never did they seek to trample on the law. Instead. they tried to implant the ideas of democracy wherever their sphere of action re~ched, and saw to it that all authority originated in the people. While they were undertaking apparently the destr1Jctive work of the Huns of Attila. they nevertheless offered to their brethern. until then subjected, the Decalogue of the Free Citizen." The Philipoine Republic Dem~"!s!rated the Political Ideals al the Fd1p1nos On June 23. 1893 Gen. Emi'lio Aguinaldo changed the dictatorial J?-Overnment into th? Revolutio~ ary Government. The p1·incipal moth-e for the change was to continue the struq-gle for indepen~ dence until the Philippines was reeognizPd by the free nations of the enrth. As President Gen. AguiCURRENT EVENTS REVIEW naldo wanted to make the Central Gove1·nment l'e- The proclamation stated that ''it ~hould be the ca1·prcsentative, and to attract to it the undivided sup11ort of the better educated class. '{o this end r.e <.:of1 vcnE:d a congress of t'i.ipino leti.dt:rs. The Malolos Congress met in the Church of Ba· rasoain. .LVialolos, Bulacan, c:.n September 15, lb98. John H. 'l'aylor, an American writer, wrote in Philippine btsu1·11ent Records that those who composed the Congress were among the ab1est natives of the archipelago. Among its members were lawyers, physicians, pharmacists, engineers, merchants, farmers, and priests. It was a truly representative body. What were the achievements of the Malolos Congress I (1) It ratified the Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. (2) It approved public loans. (3) It drafted the budget for the Philippine Republic. (4) It authorized the Philippine Republic to issue paper money of forc.ed circulation to the value of $3,000.000 to be redeemed in three years. ( 5) It passed an act to regulate universities, htgh schools, and elementary schools. (6) It drafted and approved the Constitution of the Philippine RepubJi.c. 1,he Malolos Constitution, according to former Justice George A. Malcolm, faithfully portrays the aspirations and political ideals of the Filipinos. Joseph Ralston Hayden said that, as a whole. "it showed the results of a wide knowledge of modern democratic political institutions and the thoughtful adaptation of them to meet the ideals of the dominant Filipinos of the time." Other writers have similarly praised this document. Former Director Teodoro M. Kalaw, in his The Philippine Revolution. e~umerates the following' characteristies of the Malolos Constitution: t'ministerial responsibility to parliament; the unicame~ ral system (of legislatul-e); sovereignty residing in the whole nation; the subordination of the p?esident of the republic to the National Legislature; a lengthy enumeration of the rights and liberties of individuals; a permanent legislative committee to act in the name of Congress during the period of recess; parliamentary immunity; the penal responsibility of high ranking officials for crimes committed apinst the safety of the State; the Council of State composed of the President and his secretaries; a local and departmental autonomy; and designation of extraordinary representatives who, together with the regular members, would form t"he Constituent ASsembly." .Early Recognition ol the Capacity ol the Filipinos lor Sell-Gouernment A policy of benevolent assimilation was announced by President William McKinley on December 21, 1898 when he issued a proclamation on the aims of military administration in the Philippines. JULY, 194'6 nest wiSh and paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabit~nts of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way .of that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of free people and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation, substituting the mild sway of justice dnd right for arbitrary rule.'' The Filipinos opposed the military administration. They protested against the policy of President McKinley, however benevolent it appeared, becauoe they sincerely believed that they shouW b<· sovereign in their own country. The opposition of the Filipinos did not. however, deter President McKinley from carrying out the Objectives of America in the Philippines.· The Schurman Commission appointed by the Pl'esident to make a study of the form of government suitable to the needs of the Filipinos recommended the establishment in the Philippines of an autonomous government with an elective lower house and upper house that was to be and partially appointive. This recommendation was a signal recognition of the capacity of ·the Filipinos for self-government. Secretary John Hay. in a set of instructions, authorized the Schurman Commission to offer autonomy to the Filipinos. "The President." the instruction runs. ''earnestly desires the cessation of bloodshed, and that the people of the Philippine Islands at an early date shall have the largest measure of local-government consistent with peace and good order." Concrete steps were subsequently taken to give the Filipinos a large degree of political autonomy. Municipal as well as provincial governments were organized. The officials were Filipinos elected by the Filipinos themselves. Courts of first instance and the municipal courts were established. The Supreme Court was created. As its head was appointed Cayetano S. Arellano. who thereby became the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the American regime. Pro11ren in Sell-Gouernment The Filipinos continued to be given participation in the government. On July 4, 1901 the ci\ril government was inaugurated with Willfam H. Taft as the first Civil Governor. Gov. Taft was greatly responsible for the policy, '"The Philippines for tho Filipinos" which has since then been observed by Ame1·iea in the Philippines. Former Justice George A. Malcolm has aptly described this policy in his book The Co•nmonwealth of the Philippi,.••· Ho said: "American policy was begun as a noble experiment in altruism. It was to be 'the Philippines fnr (Continued on the next page) .. 11 Filipino Training in ..... . (Continued) the Filipinos,' the Americans acting as 'truste :s' for the benefit of the Filipino people, and a gradual development of self-government step by stet:i which would culminate in Philippine independence.' What were the various steps taken by the United States to grant the Filipinos participation in the government? 1. Three prominent Filipinos were appointe:l to the Philippine Commission. They were Trini(~a J H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda. and Jose Lrzuriaga. 2. The first civil service law was adopted with the passage of Act No. 5 in 1900. This marked the real beginning of Filipino participation in the government of their country because as has been said, the civil service law ''is the bulwark of hone:;ty and efficiency in government.;, It is important to remember what Joseph Ralston Hayden said in this connection: "The civil service record of the Commonwealth is one which should be carefully considered in any appraisal of the political institutions that have been developed in the Philippines during the past forty years. These are a few more reliable indices to the soundness of a modern government than are to be found in its civil service. ·In no field of governmental activity have the Filipinos more energetieally and wisely exercised their newly acquired autonomy than in this on~!' 3. Changes were introduced in the provincial and municipal governments designed 'to _establisha form of government with the greatest possibll':! degree of autonomy. 4. The creation of the Philippine Assembly was another significant step. The Filipinos were -·allowed by law to elect &O delegates to tliis As,._nbly. The Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Grand Opera House. Manila. Sergio Osmefia, the delegate from Cebu, was chosen as its Speaker. Manuel L. Quezon, the delegate fron Tayabas, was chosen as majority floor leader. Why was the Philippine Assembly significant in the hiatory ol Philippine autenomy? The establishment of the Philippine Assembly was a unique concession of the Americans 1 o the Filipinos. It was a milestone in the growth of PfiBippine autonomy because it recognized the capa('ity of the Filipino people to govern themselves. Of it Governor-General James F. Smith s::dd: ''Whether this great experiment, the greatest that the worJd has ever seen, will succeed or fai1. depends in a large measure upon the Filipino people. In th!s experiment there is involved the prestige of elghty millions of Americans. In this experiment a1·e involved the future, the hope, and the ideals of seven 12 • millions of the Filipino people." The unique experiment had succeeJed. The Filipinos had thereby disproved the general ieeli. g of the Americans who were then in the Philippines that the experiment would fail. They hzd demonstrated their capacity and fitness fvr self-government. They had lived up to the expect..:.tions of the Secretary of War. Willian H. Taft, when he dee lared that ''the organization of the astembly is 011e of the great steps in the education of Fili1)i: o people for complete self-government." "\Vith the Philippine Assembly." wrote the editor of The Philippine; He1·ald on August 29, 1939, ''the Filipinos made the first big thrust that eventually led- to their complete control of their government." 5. Taft's policy of ''The Philippines for -the Filipinos" was reaffirmed in the message of President Woodrow Wilson to the Filipino people jn 1913. "We regard ourselves as trustees r.cting n t f~r the advantage of the United State;;," declared President Wilson. ''but for the benefit of the peo"ple of the Philippine Islands. Every step we bke will be taken with a view to the ultimate in de pen· dence of the Islands and as a preparation for that independence, We hope to move toward that.end as rapidly as the safety and the permanent inferests of the Islands will permit. After each step taken. experience will guide us to the next.'' True to his words President Wilson so0n took a definite step to grant additional concession to the Filipinos. He gave them a majority in the P.hil · ippine Commission, by appointing thereto live Filipinos and only four Americans. In his message to Congress on December 2, 1913, he said: "I beiie :e that in this way· we shall make proof of their capacity in -counsel and their sen~e of responsibility in the exercise of political power, and that the- sUccess of this step will be sure to clear our view for the steps wMch are to follow.'' 6. The administration of Francis Burton lfarrison, who became Governor-General of the Philippines from 1913 to 1921, was a significant perioi in the progress of Philippine autonomy. By 'naugurating an era of rapid "Filipinization" in the government, he put into actual practice t1u~ pol' cv enunciated by William H. Taft. He appointed Filipinos to new government offices. He filkd with Filipinos the positions that had been held by Americans who retired from the public service. This socalled Filipinization progrcm was an0ther recognition of the capacity of the Filipinos for ~elf-~<w ernment. 7. Another milestone in the growth rf Philippine autotlomy was the enactment of the Jones Law on August 29. 1916. The Jones Law promised the grant of full independence as soon as a stable government has been established. For the first time the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW legislative department of the government of the Philippines was to be composed of Filipinos. 'l'he appointive Philippine Commission was abolished. In its place was substituted an elective Senate. The House of Representatives took the place of the Philippin_e Assembly. Th~ _Jones Law gave ,the Filipfoos all the oj>portun1t1es to establish a stable government. They had. full control of both houses of the Philippine Legislature. They were in a better position than theretofore make laws that would promo~ the welfare of the Filipinos. They received additional chances to demonstl'ate their fitness for self-government. The record of the 'Filipinos from the enactment of the Jones Law in 1916 to the enactment of the _Tydings McDuffie Law in 1934 proves that their second great experiment in self-government was a great success. ''It was tlie success of the Jones Law experiment that logically led to the enactment of the Tydings-McDuffie Act. It was the v~sion of four men-Woodrow Wilson, William Atkinson Jones, Francis Burton Harrison, and Manuel L. Quezon - that guided Philippine political development during this period. . 8. The last and greatest experiment of the Phifippines in the art of self-government came when the Philippine Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. lt may be truly said that the creation of the Philippine Assembly was the barometer that tested whether or not the Filipin?s could be entrusted with r~spOnsibiliiy of ~overm~g themselves. It was a unique experiment m the history of colonial dependencies. The creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was also unique because it was something new in the constitutional, not to say colonial, experience of Ameri. ca. If the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act proved the political idealism and unselfishness of the American people, then its acceptance by the Filipinos demonstrated the faith of the latter in their capacity to govern themselves. 'the Filipinos could not feel otherwise but confident that their training in the art of self-governmeni under the tutelage of America had Pt'epared them for their new responsibilities in building a nation. This w8.s w~at Governor-General Frank Murphy had in ~·~d when. he said in his last message to the Phil.Jppme Legislature: "With full warning, however, nnd understanding of the inconvenience and riSk an~ hardship that may be enbiled by their separation from the United States, the Filipino pe0p1e have definitely and gladly assumed the conditions and responsibilities and have adhered to the course that leads ultimately to full sovereignty an·d independence." JULY, 1946 The Philippines as an Outpost ..... . (Continued from page ~) Japan made many tempting offers to make the Philippines a .worthy and coopetative member of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, The Bllt'mese, for instance, was given "puppet" independence a year ahead of a similar grant to the }'ilipinos. The grant of this ''puppet" independence was not based ort the advanced political training of the Burmese for self-government. Premier Tozyo made a solemn promise. that if the Filipinos would sincerely cooperate with Jap~n in the establishment of the '"New Order" in Asia, independence with honor would be given to her. The ~ilipinos in general refused to exchange democrac)· for totalitarianism. What is the new role of the Philippines in the East? The answer to this question has been given by an outstanding Filipino writer and a well-known American lawyer. "The Oriental of the Far East," writes Carlos P. Romulo in his Mother America, "dares to dream of freedom b~ cause he has seen it in action-he knows of tht= democratic example set by America in the Philippines.'' Unit_ed States High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt in making a plea for the redemption of America's pledge to the Philippines said: "From the Philippines the ideals of democracy are being broadcast. The great powers and all colonial peoples of the Orient will see in our treatment of the Philippines a major test, not only of our colonial policy but of our standing as a world power, our international sense of responsi·bility and our readiness to honor obligations--our war debt." An editorial of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch said that the forthcoming Philippine Republic would be ''a new light in the East, a fresh inspiration to the exploited man of the Orient .... The West has .been challenged to implement t.he principle of liberation and democracy which it proclaimed in fighting World War II." SAN SEBASTIAN COLLEGE Offering: 1. Intermediate 2. High School 3. Liberal Arts Plaza de! Carmen Manila • 13 HistoricaJ Figures in the Struggles for Philippine Freedom "It was night in the woods. The moon gleamed majestically in the sky, the wandering breezes sighed, and down in the grass the crickets chirped. The night of light and joy for so many children, who in the w&rm bosom of the family celebrate this feast of sweetest memories-the feast which commemorates the first look: of love that Heaven sent to earth-this night when in all Christmas families they eat, drink, dance, sing, laugh, play, caress. and kiss one another-this night, which in cold countries holds such magic for childhood with its traditional pine~tree covered with lights. dolls, candies, and tinsel, whereon gaze the round staring eyes in which innocence alone is reflected__: this night brought to Basilio only orphanhood.'' His mother, Sisa, was dead. He wept over here for a long time. When he raised his head he Was surprised to see an unknown man who spoke to him in a weak voice: "Listen! I, too, shall be dead before the day comes. Twenty paces from here, on the other side ~f the brook, there is a big pile of firewood. Bring it here, made a pyre, put our bodies upon it, cover them over, and set fire to the whole pyre, until we are reduced to ashes!" As Basilio moved away, the unknown n1an turned his face toward the east and murmured, as though praying: ''I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land! You, :who have it to see welcome it-and forget not those who have fall~n during the night.'' -JOSE RIZAL protest of Spanish sovereignty. 5. Felipe Cutapay and Gabriel Dayag.-They were theo..teaders of the revolt of the Gaddangs who protested against. the oppressions of the Spaniards. 6. Bancao.-He was the ruling chief of Limasawa. He was a leader of a religious revolt. 7. Tamblot.-He w.as a native priest who led the people of Bohol in their revolt. 8. Pedro Ladia.-He was a Bornean pretender who aroused the people of Bulacan to rise against the Spaniards. 9. J1tan Ponce Sumoroy and Ped1·0 Caamug.They were the leaders ·of the revolt in the Visayas in 1649-1650. 10. Francisco Maniago.-He was a native of Mexico. He was the leader of the Pampanga· revolt in 1660-1661 primarily due to the desire of the people to gain their liberty, 11. Andres Malong.-He was the leader of the revolt in Pangasinan in 1660-1661. He proclaimed himself king of PangB.sinan. 12 .. Pedro Almazan, Juan Magsanop, and Ga;;· par dristObal.-They were the leaders of .the revolt in the Ilocos Regions who were inspired by the revOlt of Andres Malong in Pangasinan. 13. Magtan{Jaga and Tomas Sinaguingan.-They led the revolt in Cagayan in 1718 in protest of Spanish sovereignty. 14. Francisco Dagohoy,-He was the leader of the longest revolt" in the history of the Filipinos in their fight for freedom. 15. Diego Silan.-He was the leader of the revolt in Ilocos during the British invasion of the Countless lives have been given voluntarily in Philippines. defense of Philippine freedom. Among those who 16. Juan de la Cruz Palaris.-He was the leader died in the fight for human freedom and liberty of the revolt in Pangasinan. The cause of the rewere: volt was similar to the cause of the revolt in Ilocos I. King Lapulapu.-He was a Filipino king . under Diego Silan. who led the first organized armed resistance against 17. Dabo and Juan Marayac.-They were the foreign sovereingty. leaders of the revolt in Cagayan during the Brifr_:;h 2. Rajah Solima-n.-He was one of the early occupation of Manila. rulers of Manila. On June 6, 1570 he resisted by 18. Apolinario de la Cruz.-He was the first force the attempt of the Spaniards to impose their Tagalog religious martyr. sovereignty over his people. The Filipino spirit of 19. Fr. Jose Apolonio Bm·gos, F_r. Jacinto Zaopposition agianst foreign domination was shown mora, and Fr. Mariano Gomez.-They were three by Rajah Soliman and his followers. famous priests who were executed in connection 3. Magat Salamat, Agustin de Legaspi, Martin with the Cavite revolt of 1872. Their execution stiPanga, Pedro Balinguit. Phelipe Salonga, Esteban mulated the rising tide of Philippine nationalism. Taes. Omaghicon, Geronimo Bassi, and Agustin 20 . . lo.t:Je M. JutJo.-He was a champion of Fili~ Manuguit.-They were chiefs of Manila and pino representation in the Spanish Cortes. neighboring settlements who fought to regain the freedom and lordship which their fathers had en- 21. Vnifm·a de los Reyes, Francisco Bringa$ Taranco, Vicente Posada.~ and Manuel Saenz de led the revolt in Cagayan in Vizma.nos.-They were the Philippine delegates to joyed before them. 4, Maualat.-He 14 • CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW the Spanish Cortes. Representation in the Spanish Cortes was significant because it gave the 1''ilipinos experien~e in representative government. 22. Graciano Lopez Jaena.-He was a member of the Propaganda Movement. He was its greatest orator. He founded the famous organ of the Propaganda Movement. the La Solidaridad. 23. Ma1·celo H. del Pilar.-He was a journalist and an active member of the Propaganda Move· ment. He worked hard to improve the welfare of his country. He also took charge of the La SolidaTidad. He was the greatest propagandist. 24. Jose Maria Paii.ganiban.-He was .a writer who identified himself with the Propaganda Movement. 25.· Mariano Ponce.-He was a Filipino patriot who took part in the Propaganda Movement. 26. Antonio Ma. Regidor.-He was an active leader for civil reforms in the Philippines. 27 .. Jose Rizal.-He is the greatest Filipino hero whose political principles has continued to guide the Filipinos then and now. 28. Emilio Jacinto.-He was the directing head of the Katipunan. ''His greatest contribution, howeve!". to the success of the revolutionary movement was his having defined with the zenl of an apostato, the articles of the Katipunan.'' 29. Andres Bonifacio.-He was the founder of the Katipunan. He is considered as the 1'.,athE'r of Philippine democracy. 30. Apolinario Mabini.-He is popularly known as the "Sublime Paralytic." He was the political adviser of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine ~evolution. 31. Emilio Aguinaldo.-He was the President of the short-lived Philippine Republie. 32. Antonio Luna.~He was one of the great generals of the revolution. He took an active part in the Propaganda Movement. 33. G1'ego1'io del Pilar.-He was the youngest and bravest general of the revolution. He is ·remembered for the defense of Tirad Pass. 34. Edilbe1·to EvangeUsta.-He was a general and an engineer who rendered valauble services in the construction of fortific&tions. 35. Revolutionary leade.·s.-Among the revolutionary leaders who rendered valµable services to their country were: General Candido Tirona, General Jose Torres Bugallon, General Flaviano Yengko, General Miguel Malvar, General Mamerto Natividad. General Maximo Hizon, General Crispulo Aguinaldo, General Trias, General Noriel, General Paciano Rizal, General Cailles, General Tomas Madcardo, General Pantaleon Garcia, General Teodoro Sandiko, General Licerio Geronimo, General Vicen-te Lukban. General Francisco Flordelis, General Francisco Makabulos, General Mariano San Gabriel, and General Martin Delgado. JULY, 1946 ANYTHING IN ELECTRICAL WORKS ACETELYNE WELDING JOBS see A-B-C REPAIR SUPER WELDING Auro SHOP • • • We accept jobs in and outside Manila. Works guaranteed and prices reasonable, 754 Quezon Boulevard, Manila 36. Contemporaf'11 Filipino leaders.-P;resident :wanuel L. Quezon. President Sergio. Osmefia and President Manuel A. Roxas. • 15 The Philippine Scene Tydings War Damage Act Important Highlights The Tydings War Damage Act (S-1610) wa• signed by President Truman on April 30, 1946. On this important document President Truman said: "In S-1610 we arc making provision for war damage payments to those who suffered war losses in the Philippines, and for the reconstructi •. m and rehabilitation of public property. We are also undertaking to rehabilitate and develop those tech· nical skills and services which will be essential for the survival and growth of the Philippines as t.n ~ndcpendent nation." According to information released by the American High CommissiOner's office, the 1'ydings War Damaged Act provides for the rehab:litation of the Philippines by: (I) Compensation for war damages to private property; (2) authol'i0>tion of various agencies of the United States to carry on programs for the restoration and improvement of public property and essential public services; ana: (3) the transfer of surplus property of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines and other Philippine governmental subdivisions. The funds planned to be appropriated by the Act are as follows: (1) $400.000,000 for payments of compensation for war damage to private property; (2) $120.000,000 to be allocated from time to time by the President of the United States, as a "manifestation of good will to 'the Filipino people." for the repair and rebuilding of public build:ngs, public roads, port and harbor facilities, and public health services; (3) a maximum of $100.000,000 in fair value of surplus property to be transferred to the Philippine government and other governmental units; and (4) $5.000,000 for the restoration and repair· of United States government buildings and structures in the Philippines. including the resid· ence and office of the United States High Commissioner, which will become the embassy and chanicellry of the United States in tbe Philippines. On Curbing Gralt President Roxas issued an administrative order which requires members of the cabinet, undersecre· taries, directors, and assistant directors of bureaus and all other officials of similar rank both in the national government and in government-owned or controlled corporations ''to subscribe to a sworn declaration of their financial assets and liabi1ities" every six months. This administrative order is designed to promote honesty in the government and to curb graft. 16 .. Campaign lor Cultural Rehabilitation A concrete step will be taken to rehabilitate .cultural inst~tutions in the Philippines. The plan will be under the direction of the Philippine Foundation of America Incorporated. The campaign is expected to raise $10.000,000. · The fund may be Used for the restoration of librarie"::, museums. art centers, and other cultural institution~. Report on the Mission to Washington The important points in the joint statement of High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt and President Manuel A. Roxas on the accomplishment of the mission to Washington are as follows: 1. Tentative arrangements will be made for the printing of a new currency issue for the independent Philippine Republic by the United States Printing and Engraving Bureau. 2. Tentative arrangements were made for the post-independence relationship between the peso and the dollar. 3. Arrangements were made for the introduc. tion in Congress of a bill (already introduced) for the refunding to the Philippine Government of i6.500,000 deposited in 1941 with the War Department as a bond guaranteeing· the return of arms and supplies issued by the U. S. Army to the Philippine Army. These arms were lost in this war against Japan. 4. Arrangem"ents were made for the settlement of fiscal balances held by the U. S. Treasury on the account of the Philippine Government. 5. Preliminary discussions were held as to the form and content of the Executive Agreement called for under the terms of the Philippine Trade Rehabilitation Act. 6. Preliminary discussions were held as to the form and content of the following treaties which must be negotiated between' two governments: ·(a1 a treaty of Commerce and Friendship; (b) a treaty regarding military bases sites and military coope .. ration between the United States and the Philippines for their mutual defense and protection; (c) another treaty recognizing the independence of the Philippines. 7. Tentative arrangements were made for in· vitations to be sent by the United States Govern .. ment to all foreign countries inviting them to ae· knowledge and recognize the independent Philippine Government and to enter into diplomatic arrnnge. ments with them. 8. Tentative arrangements were discussed for the establishment of embassies in Manila rind CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Washington. 9. Discussions were had with President Truman, the Interior Department and the War Assets Administration regarding .the acquisition by the Philippines of surplus property now held in the United States. A personal representative of the President-elect was designated to keep in touch 'with surplus property declarations and especially to make efforts to obtain rolling stock for railways here. 10. Discussions were held with President Tru .. man and with deP,.artmental agencies regarding the implemel)tation of the War Damage Act througl\ prompt establishment of the Commission; prompt action was requested and assured on the api>ro~ priation of $520,000.000 for war damages. 11. Discussions were held with departmental agencies regarding the training programs for engineers. meteorologists. merchant marine officers, fishing experts and. others in the United States under the terms of the War Damage Act. ,12. Tentative arran·gem.ents were made for representations of Philippine interests abroad by U. S. diplomatic and consular establishments after July 4 pending permanent establishment of diplomatic and consular establishments by the Philippine Government. 13. Tentative arrangements were ma:de for the extension of the privilege of U. S. passports held by Filipino citizens abroad beyond July 4 pending the issuance of Philippine passports. 14. Arrangements were completed for the transfer of the late President Quezon's remains from Arlington National Cemetery to the Philippines to be enshrined here with a suitable ceremony on the anniversary of President Quezon's death on August l; these arran~ments were made with President Truman who has undertaken to provide for the transportation of the remains of the great Filipino leader. 15. A formal invitation was extended to Pre~ ident Truman to be present in Manila on July 4 and to proclaim in person the independence of the Philippines. 16. Discussion was held on arrangements for July 4 ceremony including joint invitations with the United States to be represented at the ceremonies. Arrangements were made' for the designation of a State Department protocol officers to assist in ceremonial planning. 17. Negotiations were conducted for a governR ment loan of approximately $400,000.000 on a five installment basis to meet governmental expenses over the five-ye.ar pericd to be accomplished by congressional action; discussions were held with President Tt•uman, SeCTetary. of the Treasury Fred Vinson, Acting Secretary of State Acheson and conJULY, 1946 gressional leaders. A bill is expected to be drafted after further consultations between Manila and Washington. 18. Negotiations were informally undertaken with the Export-Import Bank far a rehabilitation loan. A favorable reaction was received, but no definite figure was set, nor a definite time for the final negotiations. 19. Di.scussions were held with former Presi· dent Herbert Hoover, with UNRRA Director Fiorello LaGual'dia, with Agriculture Department officia)s and with State Department leaders regarding food and rice situation especially with regard to pr~posed exchange of trucks for rice with Siam; no definite conclusions were reached, but the subject is still under active discussion. 20. Pressed UNRRA ·for favorable action on Philippine Government request for $100,000,000 UNRRA aid; Director La Guardia promised ••sympathetic consideration." 21. Discussions of reh~bilitation of hemp and abaca lands were held with officials of Reconstruction Finance Corporation, U. S. Commercial Com .. ,Pany. and Alien Property Custodian; no definite decisions were set down and no commitments made. 22. .Urgent representations were made on behall of a higher price for abaca; no decisions were reach~d, but favorable consideration was assured. 23. Recommendation was made by the High Commissioner and supported by the President-elect for Philippine representation in Combined Food Board and in other international bodies. 24. A decision was announced by the Presi .. dent-elect to establfsh a consulate in Hawaii after July 4. 25. Discussions were held on the adVisability of sending by the U. S. Government of agricultural and other missions to study technical phases of the rehabilitation program. 26. Discussions were held with shipping officials regarding the restoration of inter~island traffic and the establishment of increased trans-Pacific service; a request was made for the transfer of surplus ships to Philippine lines. 27. A formal request was made to the State Department for the assignment to the Philippine Government of an adviser on the organization of a Department· of State in the Philippine Government. 28. Discussions were he!d with U. S. o:Cficials and with U. S. Filipino leaders on the status of Filipinos in the United States after independence. 29. Congressional leaders were asked to expedite action on legislation granting an immigra· (Continued on page 46) • 17 Significant Personages in Contemporary News I. Reaulta ol Philippine elediona: President : Manuel A. Roxas Vice-P,.eBident: Elpidio Quirino Senators: (1) Vieente Francis.O (L), (2) Vicente Sotto (L), (3) Jose Avelino (L), (4) Melecio Arranz (L), (6) Ramon Torres (L), (6) Tomas Confessor (N), (7) Mariano J. Cuenco (L), (8) Carloa P. Garcia (N). (9) Olegario Clarin (L). (10) Alejo Mabanag (NJ, (11) Enrique MagaIona (L) (12) Tomas (13) Cahill (N) Jose 0. Vera (N), (14) Ramon Diokno (N). (15) Jose Romero (N), (16) Salipada Pendatun (L). President of the Senate: Jose Avelino Speaker of the House: Eugenio Perez The new Cabinet: Secretary of the Interior-Jose Zulueta Secretary of Finance--Roman Ozaeta Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce-Mariano Garehitorena Secretary of Public Works and Communication-Ricardo Nepomuceno. Secretary of Public Instruction-Manuel Gallego Secretary of. Health and Welfare-Antonio Villarama Secretary of Labor..,...Pedro Magsalin Secretary of National Defense--Ruperto Kangleon Chief of the Executive Office-Emilio Abello II. Japanese War Criminals: On April 27, 1946 the Allied nation charged former Premier Hideki Tojo and other Japanese of ''crimes against peace, CC?nventional war crimes~ and crimes: against humanity." Those indicted, ac ... cording to Russell Brines are: 1. General Hideki Tojo, Japanese premier du· ring the Pearl Harbor attack. · 2. General Akira Muto, chief of Staff under Gen. Yamashita in the Philippines. 3. General Sadao Araki. former war minister. 4. General Kenji Doiha!ra, fomentor af the Manchurian Incident-invasion of Manelluria· on Sept. 18, 1981. 6. Admiral Osami Nagano, chief of naval staff who ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor. 6. General Shunroku Hata, former commander· 18 * in-chief of Japanese forces in China. 7. Shume Okama. civilian official of the South Manchurian ·Railway. He was an active propagandist for the expulsion of the white races in Asia. 8. Taichi Suzuki, a former general and member of the plannirtg board of Tojo's cabinet. 9. Shigenori Togo, foreign minister at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack. 10. General !wane Matsui, •esponsible for the "Rape· of Nanking." 11. General Kingoro Nashimoto, perpetrator of the sinking of Panay in 1937. 12. Kenryo Sato, former lieutenaqt-ge11eral and chief of the military affairs bureau of the war ministry from 1942 to 1944. 13. Mamoru Shigemitsu, former foreign minister, and one of the signers of the surrender terms on Sept. 2. 1945. 14. General Hiroshi Oshima, wartime ambassador to Germany. 15. Toshia Shiratori, wartime ambassador to Italy. 16. Baron Kiichiro Hiranuma. form.er premier. 17. Kunikai Koiso, premier who succeeded Tojo in 1944. J8. General Yoshijiro Umezu. chief of the general· staff and a co-signer of the surrender terms on Sept. 2, 1945. 19. Takasumi Oka,. one time vice· admiral, directing the general and military affairs bul'eau of the navy. 20. Koki Hirota, former premier. 21. Heitaro Kimura, former chief of staff of the Kwangtung army and vice-minister of war under 'l'ojo and Prince Konoye. 22. General Shishiro Itagaki, former chief of staff of the Kwangtung army. 23. Nabuo Hoshino, former president of the cabinet planning board under Tojo. 24. Yosuke Matusoka, former foreign niinister who engineered the Berlin-Tokyo-Rome axis. 25. Shigetaru Shimada formerly Tojos minister. BUYING LAW BOOKS and SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS ORIENT AL BOOK STORE 1873 Azcarraga, Manila CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW The Philippines a "Pattern for Global Colonization" P1·esidenf Franklin D. Rooset,elt ''Though the alien flag of a treacherous aggressor flies temporarily over the Commonwealth of the Philippines. it is with supreme confidence in ultimate victory that the United Nations comme· morate this birthday of its youngest member. It was just seven years ago that tMs Commonwealth was established. By that. time the United States had sovereignty of the Philippine Islands for almost forty •years. But as I said in 1935 when the present Commonwealth was inaugurated. "The acceptance of sovereignty was but an obligation to serve the people of the Philippines until the day they might themselves be independent and take their own place among the nations of the world." Let me go back to the days when Admfral Dewey won the battle of Manila Bay, and American sovereignty was established over the Islands. To a very large number of the American people it seemed incongruous and unwise that the Uniied States should contin~e a colonial status over many millions of human bein.gs who had already shown a desire for independence. However. the United States and the leaders of the Filipino people s~on undertook a long-time process of providing facilities in the islands for-education, health, commerce, and transportation, with definit.e thought that the day ·would come when the people would be able to stand on their own feet. At the same time. we granted them a greater and greater degree of local self-government. By the year 1934 symphathetic conferenees between '.hilippine and American leaders reached the conclusion that the time for complete independence could be definitely set-to follow a ten-year period of ~omplete local autonomy under a commonwealth form of government with its own constitution. This status was duly set up in 1935 under the presidency of my old friend, Manuel Qu02on. It succeeded so well that by Dect:mber 7 1941 we we1·e jointly at work preparing for the ~onsumma tion of complete independence in 1946. Both nations and people had kept faith with each other during all these years. Confidence in each other's good faith was firmly established-and it was cemented into place during the bitter months of ordeal which followed the treachery of Japan. The brave people of the Philippines-their Army and their civilians-stood shoulder to shoulder with the Americans in the fight against overwhelming odds-resolute to shed their blood in defense _of their liberty. Rightfully do they deserve that liberty! I like to think that the history of the Philippines in the last forty-four years provides in a JULY, 1946 very senci:e a pattern for the future of other small nations and peoples of the world. It is a pattern of what men of good will look forward to in the future--a pattern of global civilization which recoi;rnizes no limitations of reliJ?ion or of creed or of race. But we must remember that such a pattern is based· on two important factors. The first is that there be a period of preparation, through the dissemination of education and the recognition and fulfillment of physical and social and economic needs. The second is that there be a period of training for ultimate independent sovereignty. through the practice of more and more self-government, beginning with local government and passing on· through the various steps to complete statehood. Even we in the United States did not arrive at full national independence until we had gone through the preliminary stages. The town meetings in the New En'gland colonies, and the similar local organizations in other. colonies. gradually led to the county govenment and then to state government. That whole process of political training and development preceded the final formation of the permanent federal government in 1789. Such · training for independence is essential to the stability of independence in almost every part of the world. Spme people need more intensive training and longer years; others require far less training and a shorter period of time. The recent history of the Philippines ha• been one of national cooperation and adjustment and development. We are sure now if ever we doubted. that our Government chose the right course. The pattern which was followed there is essentially a parcel of the philosophy and the ideals of the United Nations. The doctrine which controls the ambitions and directs the ruthlessness of our enemies-that there is one master folk des· tined to rule all other people-is a doctrine now on its way to destruction for all time to come. The United States and the Philippines are already engaged in examining the p1·actical economic problems of the future-when President Quezon and his government are reestablished in the capital of Manila. He and I, in conference last week, agreed to set up a Joint Commission of oul' two countries. to study the economic situation Which will face the natiC"ln Which is sOOn to h~. and to work out means of preserving its stabilit,and security. _ This typifies the highest form of good faith. which now exists between our two governments. It is more than th,,.t. It is a realistic !i!Vmbol of our grim determination and of our su~reme (Contin.ued on page 39) ------------* 19 ¥ What ia the international aignilicance of the debate between Stalin and Churchill? The Great Debate Between Stalin and Churchill Fo1·mer Prime Minister Winston Churchill opened the debate \\ith his speech on Mareh o, 1946. at Westminister College, Fulton, Missouri. Marshal Josef Stalin answered the speech in a prepared interview in Pravda on March 15. 1946. Additional information were given by Churchill in his speech in New York, and by Stalin in an answer to· three questions s.ubmitted to him by the Associated Press. Stalin'• and Churchill'• 11iewa on queation• presented to them Stolin Dot11 RuRRin wa-nt wa.1·?-"I am convinced neither nation nor their 1·espective armies are seeking another war. . . This means the 'current fear of W!lt'' is not being caused by this side. I think the 'present fear of war' is being brought about by actions of certain political groups engaged in the propaganda of a new war and by these means are sowing the seeds of discord and uncertainty." Churchill Wliat do•• Ru.Raia desire!-'"1 do not believe that Soviet Russia desires Wat". What she desires is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of her power and doctrines." Stalin Docs Chui•chill stand for war!-"'Hitler storted the work of war-mongering by proclaiming the racial theory. He declared that only people speaking the German language constituted a real nation. Churchill also started his campaign of war-mongerinl? with the racial theory assert'ng that the English· speaking nations are the only nations of full value, and must rule over the remaining nations of the world." Churchill IR W4'J' i11evitable1-•·1 rep'ulse the idea that a new war is inevitable; more still that it is imminent. It is because I 8.m sure that our fortunes are in our own hands. We hold the ·power to save the future and I feel it is my duty ,to speak out "now thnt I have an occasion to do so.'' Stalin l• thei·e a. 11ew slavei·y?-""Churchill affirms that Warsaw. Berlin. Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade. Sofia-all these famous cities and townsare in the Soviet sphe"e. ond that all are not only in one way or another under the Soviet influence but are also subject, to a considerable extent, 20 * to the increased control of Moscow. Churchill qualifies all as blindles expansion tendencies of the Soviet Union& It does not require much effort to show that Church.ill is rudely. and recklessly slandering both Moscow and the above mentioned ·neighboring st&tes of the USSR.'' Churchill ls thei·e i·ell/ froedom!-A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so rc<ently lighted by the Allied victory, Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist Intel'national organization intend to do in the imtnediatt> future, of what are tt.e limits if any to theil' expansh·e and proselytizing tendencies ... '"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trlest in the Adriatie, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all th> capit,ls of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin. Prague, Vienna, ~udapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia. all these famous cities and the populRtions around them lie in the Sovie~ sphere and all are subject in one form or another, 'not only to Soviet influence, but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.'' .Stalin Does Russ;,. believe in the UNO!-'"I attach grnt importance to the lJNO. as it is an august body instrumental in the preservation of peace and international security. The strength of this organization consists in that it is based on the principle of equality of states and not on the principle of domination of one state over others. If the UNO succeeds in preserving in the future this principle of equality. it will unquestionably play a great and positive role in guaranteeing universal peace and security." Churchill What is tlie basis of the UNO's 81tccess!-"'lf the \Vestern democracies stand together in strict ac.14 herence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. their influence for :furthering those prin.ciples will be immense and no one is likely to molest them. If. however, they become divfcled 01· they falter in their duty, and if these all-important years are allowed to slip away, then indeed cafastri>phe may overwhelm us all." Stalin What ;s btlii11d !11.e ""ion of English-speaking peo· pies?-'"! do not know whether Churchill and his l'riends will succeed in organizing after the second CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW war a new military campaign against Eastem Europe. It is therefore possible that nations speaking the English language and representing at the same time an overwhelming majority of the world popul~tion would not consent to enter into a new slavery. Plainly speaking, Churchill and his friends in Britain and in the United States are in fact issuing to all non-English-speaking nations something in the nature of an ultimatum." Churchill What is the ·real purpose of the "fraternal associatiou?"-''l have never asked for an Anglo-American military aJliance or a treaty. I asked for something different and in a sense for something more. I asked for fraternal association ... The only question which in my opinion is open is whether the necessary harmony of thought and action between the American and British peoples will be reached in .a suffioeiently plain and clear manner and in due time to prevent all chance of a new world struggle. or whether that will only come about, as it has been before, after that str.uggle has begun. . . The progress and freedom of all the peopleo of the world .. will not come to pass. . . without the persistent, faithful. and above all the fearless exertions of Enroll at F. D. ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL COLLEGE "A Non-Sectarian Institution De· voted to the Education of the Filipino Youth" COLLEGES OF COMMERCE and BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 01{AL and DENTAL SURGERY LIBERAL ARTS and SCIENCES (General • Pre-Law • Pre-Medic) HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 1. General 2. Commercial 3. Vocational VOCATIONAL DEPARTMENT 1. Secretarial 4. Typewriting 2. Accounting · 5. Stenography 3. Bookkeeping 6. Spanish, etc. Morning, afternoon & evening c1asses Regular classes begin July 1, 1S46 For Particulars see or wi-ite to the Registrar for 1946-47 Prospectus ALDECOA Bldg. 1740-1744 Rizal Avenue In front of San Lazaro Hospital Tel. 2-61-52 JULY, 1946 the British and American systems of society ... In their harmonious companionshill' lies the main hope of a world instrument for maintaining peace on earth and good will toward men." Stalin What should be dO'll.e ta preserve world pea.ce?"lt is necessary for public opinion and the ruling citizens of all states to organize a wide counter.propaganda against these advocates of a new war, and 11J,ake peace secure so that not a single action on the part of . advocates of new wars passes unobjected: to expose war~mongers without loss of time_ a.nd give them no -opportunity to abuse freedom of speech against the interest of peace." Churchill A formula to maintain universal pea.ce,-·'If we adhere faithfully to the Charter of the United Nations and walk forward in seda~ and sober strength, seeking no one's land or treasure.. or seeking to Jay no arbitrary control of the thoughts of men, if all British moral and material forces and convictions are joined with our own in fraternal association, the highroads of the future will be clear. not only for us but for all, not only for our time but for a Century to come:" PETNOL'S ····~>•-<-• .. • BEST SELLERS •TEXTBOOKS •MAGAZINES • EDUCATIONAL GAMES • STATIONERY 1019 Rizal Avenue. Manila • 21 Our Obligation in the Building of the Philippine Republic July 4, 1946 is a very memorable, happy, and auspicious historical event in the history of the Filpino people. It marks the culmination of our long, patient, and heroic struggle for freedom. It marks' the beginning of a new national life in the family of nations. In our rejoicing let us not forget our debt the countless men and women who have labored, fought, and died for Philippne freedom. Let us recall our debt to them to inspire us in our new task of building a respected, dignified, and honored republic. Are We Pro11in11 Equal to the Time•? ··our heroes proved equal to the exigencies of their times; they have bravely fought and gave their all for the service of their country. Are we proving equal to the times1 National Heroes' Day should afford for us an occasion for a thoughtful and sincere self-examination of our conscience in the light of present-day national problems and demands. Are we meeting the present situation in the manner that it should be met?" -President Rafael Palma The Philippines Herald Mid· Week Mapruine, August 23. 1933. The Triumph ol the Sovereign ·Will "Our heroes and martyJ"s, their deeds and their achievements shall ever be examples for our boys, · subjects of our painters, models for our sculptors. linspi'ration for our poets, muse for our musicians, theme for our orators, statesmen and men of letters. They will always stand as symbol of a people who prefer liberty to. a void life; who cheerfully contributed their share to the noble cause of human freedom. What Lexington is to the American history, and the fall of Bastille is for the 'French. the rally of Balintawak is to Philippine history. Here and then was the crystallization of Philippine nationalism, the triumph of the sovereign will of the people that tyranny and 'injustice shall reign no more.'' -Assistant Director Eulogio B. Rodriguez •'The Vision .of a People," From an oration delivered at the foot of the Boaifacio monument on November 30, 1936. Why Should We Keep Faith with Our Heroes? "Our heroes suffered and died because of their li.ntense love of country. True patriotism, then. is their most sacred legacy to us. They taught us, in letters written in blood, that patriotism, ii it 22 * is ever to be fruitful of results, must be cultivated and elevated to the mysticism of a religious creed; that like religion. whose subtle force always provides materialistic with spiritual sustenance to achieve spiritual unity with the sublime purposes of the Creator, !eve of country must be exalted to that degree which considers no sacrifice too great for the welfare and happiness of the motherland; it must be perpetually woven into the fabric of -our IJ.ational life. . . If we are to survive as a nation, ·we have to imbibe the intense patriotism of all those whose lives were sacrificed at the altar of freedom." -Dr. Jose P. Laurel From an oration delivered nt tbe birth place ·of Dr. Jose Rizal on Nov. 30, 1937. Wlay Shall We Forge Ahead in the Build· ing of the Philippine Republic? "Our heroes reveal the potentialities of the Filipinos. A people that has produced Rizal, who >COmbined the richest talent with the most sublime patriotism; such brave fighters as Bonifacio. Antonio L~na, and Gr-egorio del Pilar; such political thinkers as Mabini and Felipe Calderon; such jurists as Arellano. Villamor, and Ortigas; such scientists as del Rosario and Leon Ma. Guerrero; such philosophers as Burgos and Benedicto Luna; and such poets as ApostOl, Jose Palma and .lt.,ernando 'Ma. Guerrero-~uch a people has in its make-up all the capacities and all the possibilities that any people can have. These figures raise the nation's faith and pride. Interpreting Filipinb life at its best and fullest, they hearten the youth of the land. If we did not have these and other national heroes, we of this day and generation would be assailed by grave doubts as to how far the nation may ascend the hill of achievement." -President Jorge C. Bocobo ''What our Heroes Mean to Usi," The Philippine Collegian, November 30, 1938. What i• the Richest Legacy ol the Nation'• Heroes? "The heroes to whose memory a nation pay:s homage are the men and. women whose lives and actions set a course for the nation to follow. "But more than that. they are those who by an act of sacrifice sealed their covenant .with their people--a covenant by which they, for their part, pledged their service to the ideal for which they made their sacrifice. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW PROCLAMATION Of Philippine Independence WHEREAS the United States of America by the Treaty of Peace with Spain of December 10, 1898, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris, and by the Treaty with Spain of November 7. 1900, did acquire sovereignty over the Philippines and by the Convention of January 2. 1930, with Great Britain did delimit the boundary between the Philippine archipelago and the State of North Bo . ..neo, and whereas the United States of America has con· sistently and faithfully. during the past forty-e:ght years exercised jurisdiction and control over the Philippines and its people, and WHEREAS it has been the repeated declaration of .the legislative and executive branches of the Government of the United States of America that full independence would be granted the Philippines as soon as the people of t:-.e Philippines were pre· pared to assume this obligatiori, and WHEREAS the people of the Philippines have clearly demonstrated their capacity for self gove1·nment, and WHEREAS the act of Congress approved March 24, 1934. known as the Philippine Independence Act directed that o.n the 4th day of July immediately following a ten yea1• transitional period leading to the independence of the Philippines the President cf the United States of America should by proclalnah n withdraw and surrender all rights· of possession. supervision. jurisdiction, control of sovereignty of the United States of America in and over the territory and people ·of the Philippines except certain · reservations therein and thereafter authorized to "That ideal, and their devotion to it-a devotion which Jives on after they have passed and which is the dominant factor of all those which imbue the spirit of the people--<!onstitute at the same time their richest legacy to the nation and the strongest bond that knits their memory to the consciousness of the nation. ''Rebels once, in insurrection against injust:c?, they are heroes today because of their rebellion. They can be saluted by adulation. They can be honored only by working for the ideal which they had the vision to see by striving for the goal which they had set." -From an editorial. The Tribune, •November 30. 1937. A Memory and a Challenge • 1our nation has been great because of what our heroes, Jose Rizal. foremost among them, dreamt that it might someday become. Our nation shall JULY, 1946 be made and on behalf of the United States of America should recognize the independence Of the Philippines, now therefore, I. Harry S. Truiiian, President of the United States of America, acting under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the aforesaid· Act cf Congress, do pro-· claim that, in accord with and subject to the reservations provided for in the pertinent provisions of the existing acts of Congress, the United States of Am~rica hereby withdraws and su1 renders all rights of possession. supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty now existing and exercised by the United States of America in and over the ter · ritory and people of the Philippines and on behalf of th~ United States of America I do hereby recognize the independence of the Philippines as a separate and self-governing natiori and acknowledge the authority and control over the same of the Governmeht instituted by the people thereof under the constitution now in force. In withness whereof I have hereunto set by hand and caused the •ea! of the United States of A,merica to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington this fourth day of July in the year of our Lerd nineteen hundred :: nd forty-six and of the independence of the United States of America the one hundred and seventyfirst. By the President Dean Acheson HARRY S. TRUMAN Acting Secretary of State become greater still because of what our generation is doing right now to make it worthy of the jdeals of ·owr fathers. Our h.istory is glorious because of what the past has been; our history shall become more glorious still because of what our future is going to be. On this generation now falls the task to mould the national destiny so that the generations coming after shall have ~ause only to bless our memory as we now bless the memory of those that went before us. "We must prepare ourselves for the tasks that await us. We must fortify ourseh·es against the storms of the future. We must build ourselves from within. Then let us pledge ourselves, even as Jose Rizal pledged himself upon this hallowed field, to be Worthy of the destiny of our people till the end, without counting the cost.'t -Carlos P. Romulo From a speech delivered on th~ Luneta on. December 30, 1938. " 23 * Frnm the Pruident to the People HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE PRE' TEN MAJOR POINTS EMPHASIZED I On Supreme Faith in the People ''I would not have the hope to discnarge the duties assigned me if I were not confident that my countrymen are ready and ·capable of sharing m full measure the work and . sacrifices which li~~ ahead. Certainly no people in recent history huve been called upon to surmount the obstacles which confront us today. But I have supreme faith in the ability of our people to reach the goals we seek. I ask the nation for the full and undivided support of heart, mind and energy for the necessary tasks which await us." II On False Illusion ol National Prosperity 1 'The coincidence of easy money and high prices gives to some of our people the false illusion of national prosperity and the mad notion that we have time to dally and debate. Prosperity money and prices is a hallucinatS>n, a nightmarish dream resulting from the scarcity of commodities and the influx of half a billion dollars of troop money. Soon, very soon, we must awake from that dream." III On Rebuildin11 the. Nation's Economy .. Meanwhile. with. the tools which have been provided us, we must move forward, without pause,_ to bind· up this nation's wounds, to toil, to make, and to build. We have, and will have, a market for our produce. We must concentrate on production-on an ever-increasing production. This nation must produce in order to live. We must have income from abroad-income from. exports. Wa must have that income so that· we may buy the machines, hire the technical skills, and for a time, buy the food which we need to sustain our strength with and impart vigor and health to our young. The time for action has come. The national eilergy, in all Its parts, must be focused on a single purpose. on the rehabilitation of our destroyed and ravaged economic enterprlses--on rice, on sugar, on coconuts, on abaca, on coconut oil, on cigars, and tobacco-. on gold and chrome, and manganese and lumber. We must foster the enterprises which will raise the national income and bring in financial returns from abroad." IV On the National Structure ""The national structure must be sufficient to house the energies of the whole people. For the Philippines to fit into the pattern of the 20th cen24 * tury, to take its place as an equal among the nations of the earth, we must industrialize; we must m!tke as well as grow. Only in this way can we raise t.b substantial and permanently high levels the living standards of our people. To support this kind of economy, the producers must become -consumers. ancl purchasers. They must have the income with which to buy the products of their toil. Higher wages, accompanied by efficient and increased production, are the true road to full employment. Increased wages and income in pesos must represent increased purehasing power. Prices must be kept under control until production and importation reach saturation levels. We must avoid a price structure based on scarcity. We must avoid a wage structure based on inflated prices. Meanwhile we must encourage the production of things we ourselvea will consume. The encouragement of production for consumption and the increase in the purchasing power of the masses are parallel paths which we must travel." v On Foreign Capital ''Capital will be required. The savings of our own people will be called for, but they •re inadequate. We must invite foreign capital, American capital, investment capital." VI On the Reatoration ol Law and Order ''In some few ~rovinces of our land the rule of law and order has yield to the rule of force and terror. Using economic injustice as a rallying cry. demagogues have destroyed the Pricious fabric of public faith in democratic procedure. The faith of the people in government and in law must be restored. I pledge myself to rectify injustice, but I likewise pledge myself to restore ·the role of law and government as the arbiter of right among the people. . . This Government is pledged with all its strength and all its vigor to maintain the rights of the' under-priviledged. It will see justice done to the poor. the lowly and the disinherited. But it will not sanction, it will not permit, it will oppose with every force at its command, if necessary the imposition of extra-legal rule, over any section of this country by any group of self-anointed leoders or individuals." VII On Eeonomie Security "'V'e will move with maximum speed to cure the ills which beset the landless and the tenants, the hungry, and the unemployed. Only unavoidable lack of means can delay the full execution CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW :~!DENT'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS of this policy. A new tenancy law. granting a greater share of the produce of the bnd to those who till the soil will be recommended; usury will be stamped out; lands will be purchased by government and resold to tenantsi new agricultural areas ~ill be opened to settlement; new methods of agri· culture will be taught. and farm machinery will he made available fo1• purchase. It is my aim to raise the status of the farm worker, to increase his earnings, to spread wide the benefits of modern technology. Labor must be given the full fruits of its toil. Its right of organization must be protected. The dignity of work, and the worker's equity in the product of his labor must be assured by the gov· ernment. We will endeavor to assure economic: security for all our people.'' VIII On Our National H•itage ... we have today in our own land a few among us who would have us believe that we are in dange:r of animperialist invasion from the very nation which is granting us our sovereignty. They would have us believe that the American Republic, resplendent in her power and prestige as the leader of democracy and as the spokesman for freedom. would lend herself to a theft of our national heritage for the sake of thimble-full of profits. . . The nation which spent three hundred billion dollars_ to arm the hosts of freedom, the nation which has spent and is spending so much of its substance not only to free but also to feed the hungry peoples of the earth will not do that. . . I will not place my government in the position of accusing the United States Congress of willingly conspiring to cheat us of our birthright. I admit the possibility of error in the United States Congress as in any other constitutional body. But I have faith that justice will be done us by a country which has been Now on display-· SCHOOL SUPPLIES: •NOTE BOOKS our mother .our protector, our liberator, and no.\• our benefactor. In this world, the balances of just. ic~ move only on great momentums. I am firmly convinced that when the scales point unmistak.ll:bly to injustice l:eing rendered us, the United States Congress will graitt us redress in full and generous measure." IX On Our International Obligation• '·We will be as wholehearted as any nation in our devotion to the ideals of an indivisible peace and an indivisible world. We will maintain with all our strength and all our power our obligations to the United Nations, and to the causes set forth in the United Nations charter to which we are a signatory. In the same way we will maintain friendly and honorable relations with aJ; our neighbors and look forward to the day when peace and security will be maintained by mutual consent and by the collective eon science of mankind." x Our Obligation• "We cannot afford to cherish old feuds or old divisions. For the many tasks of national recon· struction, we need the thousand talents of our people. . . The great test of war and sacrifice through which we have passed with such hardship will have failed in one of its few benefits if it has not taught us that only in unity can there be power; that only ii] singleness of national purpose can we achieve national salvation. I have faith In the wisdom of. our people. I have trust in the goodness of God. Let us together ' maintain our faith in each other, in liberty and in the ways of democracy, and give strength to one another as· we advance in our search for the evergreen pastures of peace and well·being for all. With the help of God. let us build in this, our land, a monument to freedom and to justice. a beacon to all mankind.'1 • CRAYONS CHALKS. • GRADED PADS • PENCILS, INK, RULERS • AND MANY OTHERS. VASQUEZ BROS. & COMPANY Importers * Wholesalers • Retailers 740-742 R. HIDALGO Quiapo, Manila JULY, 1946' •Why did Ru•aia "backdown" or retreat? A Dramatic Victory of the Security Council Against Russia Background ol Conllict The first $ession of the United Nations (UN) Secm·ity Council ended in February. 1946. It dis· cussed and solved many difficult proble:ns facing the world but its greate~ t accomplishmi nt fron1 the point of view of r~latitns r mong the lig powers was that it" avoided a split amc.ng the Big Three--the United States, Britain, and Russia. Iran and Greece, two small nations, became the iss"1e between tw.o of the big powers of tl:e post war world. Iran charged Russia of interfering in her internal affairs. Russia charged Britain of endangering peace and security in Greece, and blocking the national aspiration of Indonesia for freedom. The Security Council adjourned in February and decided to hold its second session Gn March 25. 1946 i,; New Yotk. During the off session of the Security Council two important events took place which finally became the issues brougilt bef·:»re the Security Council. These were: (1) the refusal of Russia to withdraw her troops from Iran, and (2) the Franco regime in Spain. Russian troop ra.ovements in North Iran aroused protests from the Iranian gove!Dment. Britain and the United States intervened by sending diplomatic notes to Russia asking her for an explanation of her failure to remove her troops from Iran by March 2. 1946 as previously agreed upon. Both countries believed that Russia should carry out the provisions of the Soviet-Anglo-Iranian Treaty of January 29, 1942 which provided for the withdrawal of British, American and Russian troops from Iran by March 2, 1946. The United States kept watch on the attitude of Iran toward Russia's maintenance- of troops in her country. She bluntly told the Iranian government that if she fails to bring the case before the Security Council, the United States would take the initiative of bringing before the Security Council Russhfs refusal to remove her troops from Iran. The United States maintained that treaties should be 'i'espected, The World Awaited the An1wer to put off the action by the Secur.ity .Council which was scheduled to meet on March 25. 1946. On March 14, 1946, Russia sent her reply to the United .States denying American re;ports of Soviet troop movements in Iran. On March 16. Churchill in his speech in I\ew York c..1.lled on the Security Council to find out the reasons for the failure of the Soviets to evacuate troops from Iran. , On the same day Iran informed the UniteJ. States that the Iranian government will ask the UN's Security Council to reopen the Russo-Iranian question in its New York meeting on March 25. Russia asked for the the postponement of the meeting until April 10, 1946, but President Truman officially announced that the United States flatly opposed the postponement. Russia Suller• First Defeat The second session of the Security Council opened as scheduled. An eleventh hour statement was issued by. Moscow that Soviet troops were leaving ll'an. Secretary of State James F. Byrn_. in welcoming the delegates to the oi.ening session of the powerful UN Security Council saia that "if the United Nations is to endure, there must be no excuse fol' the need of any nation to take the law into its own hanJs." Dr. Quo Tai-chi presided over the meeting. Russian Ambassador Andrei Gromyko re(tueBted the body that the .meeting of the Security Council be postponed to April 10, 1946. Russia's request was discussed, and put to a vote. She was suppol't~ ed by Polish delegate Oscar Lange. The result of the vote was 9 to 2 against the postponement. Gromyko fought hard but .lost. Why wa• the uote •ignilicant? 1. It was significant because Russia's defeat in her request for postponement enabled the Security Council to hear Iran's complaint. 2. The right of small nations to appeal against the might and strength of powerful nations was established. Iran's right to appe'.'tl against Russia was sustained. The Russian delegation to the Secdrity Council staged a walk out of the council chamber after The United States sent a note to Moscow for the group, defying Soviet boycott ultimatum, dean explanation of her southward push in Iran. feated 9 to 2 the Russian demand for postponement Foreign offkials in Iran were greatly disturbed of the meeting. over the reasons of Soviet troop movements in the The Security Council continued with the session. direction of the Iraq and Turkish frontiers. It_ It heard Iranian Ambassado~ Hussein Ala who was genel'ally believed among diplomats that t~ese insisted that the Russo-Iranian questi.Jn be solved current movements we1·e intended to press Iran immediately. He revealed the fa-ct that negotiainto giving Russia certain oil concessions in order tions between Iran and Russia were deadlocked for 26 * CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW sixteen days of discussion beginning February 19, 1946. The demand of Russia to have Ira)) recognize the autonomous government of the prOvince of Azarbaijan was rejected by tfle Iranian government because it violated Iranian sovereignty. The Securi(y Council unanimously decided to ask Moscow and Teheran direct information on the Russo-Iranian dispute. The deadline for submission of the required information was April 3. On this day both governments sent their replies to the Security Council. Russia promised that her troops will be out of Iran early in May. Iran offered to withdraw her charges if Russia promises ''unconditional withdrawal" of all Soviet troops from Iranian territory by May 6. Meaning of the News.-When Gromyko left the session of the Security Council, the members were caught by surprise. They were reminded of a similar action when Japanese delegates left the League of Nations. Just as is the case with this august body many people thought thai the United Nations Organization would not be able to survive. But in spite of all ·vicissitudes in its course, the security Council proceeded with its meeting. It heard Ala and requested Moscow and Teheran to send information on the status of the Russo-Iranian dispute by April 3, 1946. The world was kept in suspense. If Russia refuses to send her reply to the Security Council. what would happen to the Security . Council? This· was the question up.permost in the minds of many leaders. Luckily Russia and Iran sent their replies. The Se !urity Council survived a crisis with "heightened prestige." It proved that this body can withstand a boycott of one of its major members. The weight of world opinion pressing down heavily on her shoulders forced Russia to ''backdown" or retreat. The Security Council Takes a Firm Hand The Security Council won a signal victory over adamant Russia even if she boycotted its session. It uplield to keep the Russo-Iranian dispute on its agenda until May 6, the date on which Russia promised to have all her troQps out of Iran ''unconditionally." Gromyko returned to attend the following session of the Security Council only to fight another losing battle to remove the Rus"So-Iranian dispute from its agenda. In his letter to the Seeurtiy Council dated April 6 he maintained that it is ""not right; is thet"efore illegal; and is contrary to the· charter of the United Nations Organization" for the issue' to be on the agenda. Iran surprised the world when it sent a letter to the Security Council asking for the retention of the Russo-Iranian question on· the agenda. The Security Council listened to .Gromyko's arguments to remov~ the question on the agenda. JULY, 1946 On April 16, Iran announced to withdraw her case against Russia because she has complete con .. fidence that Russia would withdraw her troops by May 6 as she was told to do. The Security Council recorded ail.other diplomati'l victory on Russia when it refused to remove the Russo-Iranian question on the agenda. The vote on the i:esolution sponsored by France to drap the question. was 8 to 3 against the resolution. Only Russia, Poland, and Fran~e voted for the resolution. Then· Gromyko announced that he would boycott for the second time the lliscussion of the Russo-Iranian question. The Security Council took a firm stand on the question thereby gaining power and prestige. When it met on May 6, 1946, it decided to give Iran only ·until May 20 to give a report on the evacuation of Russian troops. Gromyko boycotted the meeting. This unethical display was severely denounced by several delegates. On May 23, the Security Council refused to drop the Iranian case, in spite of the report of the Iranian ambassador to the United States that Soviet troops left Iran by May 6 because the Security Council considered the report incomplete. · · Meaning of the news.-The stand taken by the Security Coun~il to get a complete report is just and fair. It asserted its power to be informed en negotiations in order that it could take a f"air and just decision involving controversies among nations. CORA'S TAILORING .r. D. CURA Maater-Tailor "' "' "' CORA'S TRANSlT We accept Passenge~a and Cargoa from Manila to Dagupan every other day. Time Departure.: Manila 9 :00 A.M. Arriving Uagupan. 8:00 P.M. For- reservatiTins see • •.• J. D. CURA (Prop.) 2214 Rizal Ave., Manila * 27 "' Are Ru••ia'• motive• and movea justified'?, What does Russia Want? War Jitter• In l\!arch, 1946 a series of events which creat· ed jitters took place. Russian troops Moved into Iran causing much concern among all nations. The Ira .. nians considered the stay of Rµssian troops on their soil a violation of the Ang:o-Sovht-Iranian Treaty of January 29. 1942 which provjded for the withdrawal of British, American, and Soviet troops from Iran by March 2. 1946. Basing on the strength of this agreement1 United S~ates and Britain asked Russia to explain why she had failed to remove her troops from Iran. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes announced to the world that the United States intends to use force in order to prevent aggressfon, and throug~ his sugges ... tion the United States warned Russia to stop removing industrial plants from Manchuria. Britain made the same protest. Chinese held a demonstration petitioning "Russia Must Quit Manchuria!'' After all these demom:trations of great powerful nations. Soviet Marshall Rodin Malinovsky, commalfder-in-chief of Soviet troops in Manchuria, informed the United States that Russia would not tolerate the United States interference with Russia's friendship with China. Russia demanded of Austria 67.000 acres of land to help her supply fresh vegetables and milk to Soviet occupation troops. 'Ihe Greeks were also _alarmed and as a result Foreign Minister John Rendis called on the major .world powers to aid her in protecting the Greek frontier against the encroachment of neighboring countries possibly Russia. Turkey announced her grim determination to defend her0 country from any fore'ign aggression presumably referring to Russia also. Because of Turkey's · d_ecision some Anlerican newspaper commentators predict the possible outbreak of World War III. Again Russia's espionage activities came up in the papers. The Canadian government released in March its report on Russian espionage activities. The investigations revealed that Russia's milit·uy attache in Canada received instructions from Moscow to obtain data on the atomic bomb material, the radar. the American e~ectronie shells. and the movements of Ameri-can troops. John S. Wood. chairman of the United States House Un~American Activities committee, announced that proofs have been established that "foreign_" agents were trying to steal United States atom bomb secrets. Sueh actions of Russia toward an aiding nation is inimical and is most tabooed. On March 5, 1946, former Prime Minister Win28 * ston Churchill delivered a speech at Fulton, Missouri. He gave. his views on certain post .. war developments in Europe among which was RU:ssia's expansion tendencies. Fearing Russia's indefinite intentions, he suggested the formation of a strong Anglo-American ''fraternal association". A ~ew days later Marshal Jos{:-f Sblin answered Prime Minister Churchill's speech and called him a warmonger. The United States again refused Russia's request for the postponemeni of the opening of the second session of the Sec\1rity Council of the United Nations Organization. Writers then began to ask themselves: Will the UNO succeed in the establishment of an enduring international peace? In answer to this query Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg suggested that "the United States should match Russian vigor. Russia must quit posing for the members of other nations. The continual question still remains: ''What is Russia up to now?" Does Russia Want War? Russfan radio commentators expressed the view that Russia does not want war. Marshal Josef Stalin assured the world, during the ten days of March. that Russia does not want war. In one of the questions submitted to him by Eoy Gilmore of the Associated Press, Marshal Stalin gave his opinion on the cause of the current fear of war the world over. Jle renounced war and reaffirmed his faith in the UNO. "I attach" said Marshal Stalin. ''great importance to the UNO as 'it is 2' serious instrument for the preservatiOn of peace and international secur?ty. The strength of tnis organization consists in that it is based rn the principle of equality of states and not on the principle domination of one state over others. If the UNO succeeds in preserving in the future 'this principle of equality, it will unquestionably plav a great and posi.tiv~, role in safekeeping universal peace and security. Doe• Ru .. ia Want the Domination of the World? . Russia does not want war. But does she seek domination of the world? Oscar Tarle, a conscientious student' of contemporary events, declared that Russia does not seek to dominate the world. In an article written in Izvestia, he wrote that Russia is not driving for ''world domiition." She is trying to carry out her objectives of making all her frontiers secure. Linetsky, a Moscow radio commentator. made the declaration that Russia has no intentions of CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW seizing foreign tenitory. ··in strengthening its defense capacity, the Soviet Union is thinking not of seizing foreign territory, nor of enslaving other!<) Out of consolidating peace and security, of cl"eating conditions which will obviate th~ r~s~urection of aggressive forces.•• Ru .. ia'• Motiues and Moues During the War An examination of Russia's motives and moves during the war will give us an understanding of her policies. During the la~t days of Hitler's peaceful penetration in Poland. Russia concluded a 10year non-aggression pact with Germany. Her primary objective was to secure the safety of Russia from any possible aggression. September 17, 1939, Russia's second move was to invade Poland's eastern frontier and occupy a territory the greater part of which Pola11d had seized from Russia in 1919-1920. Her invasion of Poland she asserted was a part of her program of security. After her milital"y success in Poland, Russia lauiiched diplomatic pressures in the Baltic States. She succeeded in gaining desired naVal and air bases from Estonia and Latvia. Lithuania was :forced to grant certain concessions. These three Baltic States were later incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Then Russia invaded Finland on November 30, 1939, after the ·country refused to grant 0 her demands for territory and privileges which would endanger the independence of Finland. Finland was forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty in which Russia obtained more than 12,000 square miles of Finnish territory on the Karelian Isthmus and in the north, Rybachi Peninsula, and an im· portant naval and air base at Hangoe. During the later part of the war, the countries of Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungary were liberated by Russia from their Nazi masters. In order that these countries will provide security for her frontiers, she was instrumental in organizing the gov· ernment of each country. ''It is generally agreed." wrote Richard C. Hottelet in Collier's, ''that Moscow will guarantee the establishment of a left-wing democratic government it feelJ it can trust. It will, however, ensure that no governm~nt comes to power which would become pro-Fascist or anti-Russian in its domestic and foreign policy. Thus, by direct intervention, if necessary, no nation behind the high-water mark of the Red Army's westward advance will be allowed to become a threat to the Soviet Union. Russia'• Motiues and Moues in International Conlerenc(!s The Yalta (Crimea) Conference was held at Cl'imea from February 4 to 11, 1945. President JULY, 1946 Roosevelt. P1·ime Minister ChuIThill and Marshul Stalin met and discussed problems of· international importance. Among these were: (1) the final offensive agilinst Germany; (2) common policie~ and plans for the occupation of Germany; (3) agreement on the policies to be obsen·ed u.mong the liberated countries of Europe i and ( 4) the s..:-ttlement of conflicting inte1ests in the government of Poland and Yugoslavia. Certain delicate secret deals in the Yalta Conference were not annQJ.mced to the public when the comm unique was issued. Some of these secrets have .by now been revealed and they have thus given us further understanding of Russia's po!ieies. At the Yalta Conference, Russia made known the following: (1) She secured an understanding for Polish boundaries and a Polish government agree ·able to Russia. (2) Russia made it known to Pres. ident Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill that her acquisition of Kuriles and the southern half of Sakhalin would be a part of the price that sbould be paid to her for the part she played in the war against Japan. (3) The control of Port Arthur and Dairen and the Manchurian railways were also discussed in the _light of Russian interests and in~ fluence in Asia. (4) The Yalta secret deals also gave' Russia three votes in the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization. What were the other significant moves of Ruasia in the other international conferences? 1. In the United Nations Conference on Inter· national Organization held at San Francisco from April 25 to June 26, 1945, Russia insisted on her interpretation of the "Veto" power as discussed at Yalta. She insisted that the "Veto" power sbould be exercised also on freedom of discussion by any big-power member of the Security Council. Her main aim in insisting on her interpretation of the ''Veto'' power was to check even the simplest dis· eussion of an issue, Unluckily the delegates to the UNCIO defeated Russia's suggestion. The detri· mental result that would have resulted had Russia succeeded in her move wi'l te thnt, the rights of small nations would not be respected and their individual problems not heeded. It is most probable that the Iranian qu.est;on would never have been brought to the UNO for discussion by Iranian de· legates. 2. During the First Big Five Council of Foreign Ministers held in London in 1945. Russin clashed with the other foreign ministe1·s on vital questions affecting the Balkans, She insistei. fo1• instance. that the government of Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungary were democ1·atic and representative. ~. During the first session of the Security Counoil of the UNO in London in January and (Contin11ed nn the next page) * 29 What Doea Russia Want... an editol' of Ha1·pe1''s Magazine who Wl'Ote in ··our (Continued) Answer to Russia: Global Revolution, Yankee 1'.,cbruary, 1040, Iran charged Russia of interfering Style,": "The Russians are even more afraid of in her internal affairs. During the second session the Western Democracies than \\ e &re of taem. of the Security Council, Ir~n charged Russia for' They still think of themselves--e.s Stalin emphathe second time of her iailure to remove her Lroops sized in his February 9 election speech-~s eniin Iran as agl'eed upon in the Anglo-Soviet-fr_n circled by hostile capitalist powers, which already 'J'reaty of .January 29, 1942. have invaded the Soviet Union twice and probablr 4. Jn the Pal'is Conference among the Foreign will try it again. Therefol'e they are determined Ministers of the Big l"our. Russia again clashed to build up a proiecting belt of satellite states and with the other minh1ters on qut•stions of her per- outlying bases. stretching from Finland around sonal security. to the Kuriles.'' ' What Doea Ruaaia then Want? 4. t·Territori. .. d expansion" is Russia's idea of The tense international situation in March, security. Rus.:1ia has won certain concessions in 1946, has led several commentators, political writers, Manchuria as a result of the Sino-Russian Treaty diplomatic leaders. and authors to analyze and of 1945. The provisions of the treaty as agreed discuss what,,Russia really wants. Summing up the upon are: (1) Port Arthur will be used jointly by various dis·cussions amounted to this: Russia want11 Russia and China but it was agreed that Russia power, prestige, a.nd secu·rity. She needs power will defend the naval base at Port Arthur. (2) and p1·estige to make her.sel:r as respectable as Dairen will become· a free port open to the trade other nations. and shipping of all countries. · (3) China and RusAdmiral William H. Stanley, retired and form.er sia will jointly own the principal Manchurian 'railUnited Ambassador ·to Russia, stated on May 2f>, · ways. 1946, that ''as the Russ"&ns are a proud and vain Russia has become a sea power through her people, it is only but natural that they should at- possession of the Kuriles Islands. She has gained tempt to hide anything they consider to be detri- complete possession of Sakhalin Island which serves mental to their national prominence in the world as a screen to the seacoast of the Russian Maritime of nations.,. She needs security bee&uae she fears Provinces. the Western democracies. Reynolds Packard of the United Press reported 1. The Russian political objective, m'lny peo. on March. 6, 1946. that Russia does not want a ple fear. is the spread of Communism throughout powerful Manchuria because it wi~l be::ome a methe world. This objective of course is an old one, nace to Siberia. It is also significant tJ rebut former Pi-ime Minister Churehill fearlessly member that Outer Mongolia has completely fallen voiced this fear in his Ful:~on speech when he into Soviet power. said: . "Ex-cept in the British Commonwealth and 5. Russia is :ri.ot well secure in her southern in the United States, where Communism is in its frontiers from the Dardanelles to the Caspian Sea, infancy, the Communi.st parties, or fifth column, and she is determined to establish this security. constitute a growing challenge and peril to Chris- This constitutes the real reason for her recent tian civilization.'' moves in Turkey and Iran. She has recently ask2. "Self-interest," writes The United States ed for the revision of Turkish control of the region New•, ''is the qnderlying guide to Rtissia's atti- around the Dardanelles. A Washington dispatch tudes. just as it is a guide to the attitude of the to The Ne•• Yol'k Times on Matth 9, 1946, said United States in seeking naval bases in the Paci- that Russia demands the return to her of Kars fie, or of Great Britain in opposing Russian move- and the Ardahan regions in northe'lstern Turkey. ment toward the .Mediterranean. Russian leaders Similar demands were made on regions around are reported to weight each situation coldly, cal- Trebizond and Turkish Armenia. culating the risks and advantages and then taking Russia wants a ''friehdly" government in north the line that seemed most definitely in favor of Iran. She has been charged of supporting the auRussian interest." tonomous government of Azerbaijan in north Iran. 3. ''Security'' is a dominant Russian motive in She asserts that her recent moves in Iran are most of her recent campaigns. She wants "friend· primarily connected with the establishment of her ly" countries and governments near r.er. "More security in said region. The conclusion of a rP.important than territories, population, or natural cent agreement between Moscow and Teheran on rP$OUrees. from Russia's point of view," wrote Vera the establishment of an oil concession in Iran has Miehels Dean, Resem•ch Director of the Foreign now enabled Russia to secure great infltiencC in Policy Association, in ''Russia and Her Neighbo1·9 northern Iran. The concession recently granted to in Europe.'' ''are the strategic considerations af- her extends over to all northern Iran to within fecting her sc.>curity in this region (Eastern Europe forty-six miles of Teheran. Because of all these nnd the Balkans), one of the great battles of his- rec'ent happenings thP. Soviets will not hesitate in tory.'' The same opinion is shared by John Fischer. strengthening their political influence. 30 • CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Education in the News _ Education Can End War The fear of an atomic war in this .atomic age can be dispelled if people could only master the science of human relations. People should learn how to live peacefully with their neighbors. This would require underStanding and tolerance. President Truman in his broadcast addressed to Fordham University Centennial Celebration de; clared that education_ can end war. "''Ignorance and its handmaidens, prejudice, intolerance and suspicion of our fellowmen, breed dictators. They breed wars. . . . So we must look up to education in the long run to wipe ignorance which threatens catastrophe." . Adoption al Roman Alp/iabet When the Japanese began teaching Nippongo to the Filipinos, a question has been raised by many educated Filipinos -on the possibility of Romanizing the Japanese katakana. It was then believed by teachers studying at the San Andres Normal Institute and at the Semmon Gakko that much could be learned by them if the Japanese adopt the Roman alphabet. Recently Dr. George Stoddard. one of the outstanding educators of the United States. has recommended the adoption of the Roman alphabet by. the Japanese. The United States educational com"roission to Japan under the chairmanship of Dr. Stoddard believes that Japanese children will learn easier and quicker if their textbooks were written in Roman characters. Incidentally Japanese children will easily learn much from the knowledge of tlie outside world. Japan's relations with her Asiatic neighbors will be more meaningful because the adoption of the Roman alphabet would facfiitate understanding. Japan once dreamt of making Nippongo the language of East Asia. It is, perhaps, high time to give consideration to the recom. mendation of the Educational Commission . Rehabilitation al Education in China The United States is playing a great part in the educational rehabilitation of China. Recent re• ports indicate that America has a hand in e\lueating at least 1 out of every 10 students in Chinese colleges and universities. There are educational institutions that are partly supported by American funds and staffed by American teachers. GREETINGS TO. THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC: • • • For you next suit• see DE LOS REYES TAILORING The Home of Smart Models and Latest Designs BONIFACIO DE LOS REYES (Prop. & Cutter) DEALERS IN MEN'S APPARELS AND DRY GOODS GOOD SERVICE AND REASONABLE PRICES JULY, 1946 2226 RIZAL A VE. MANILA * 31 Science Marches on __ - Advances Made in the Fight againat Germs Definite progress has been made in germ-fighting. Among the important advances that have been reported by Science News Letter are: 1. Dicumarol is an anti-blood clotting sub· stance. It has been found to posses anti-germ activity also. 2. TB germs in test tubes are cheked by a material obtained from Q. strafo of the fungus A~ pergillus fumigatus. 3. Typhoid and dy.sentery germs are overcome by a mold obtained from human hair. 4. The chemical composition of streptomycin has bee.n completely worked out. 5. ''Puehin," is a new antibiotic substance. ·.Its action is similar to that of penicillin. It is found in Chinese water-chestnuts. 6. Buttereup juice yields anti-germ 3ctivity. 7. A chemical from pine trees may prove useful as an antiseptic. 8. ''Bacitracin," a germ-checking substance of the penicillin type, may be isolated from bacteria found iil wounds. 9. "Gramicidin," is very potent against bacteria. It has. been made less poisonous to animals. 10. The fungus that causes athlete's foot yields an anti?germ substance. A New Hope lor T. B. Patient• ~·· Anthony J. Salle of the University of California has announced from his laboratory a new cure for tuberculosis. The new cure is nall"!ed subtul~. a derivative from bacteria found in hay. Experiments have proved that it is deadly to tuberculosis germs nurtured- in test tubes. Experiments on human beings are being conducted and scientists are hopeful that the results would prove beneficbl . to mankind. Lets. wait and hope. How Fast does the "Shooting Star" Shoot? The world's fastest fighter plane, the jet-prope11ed P-80 or "Shooting Star." streaks through the air as fast as the speed o"j. sound going over 550 miles per hour cruising 45,000 feet. The plane is now in mass production. Alcohol from Sawdust 'l'he Timber Engineering Co. and the U. S. Forest products Laboratory has adooted the process Of changing sawdust into al·cohol. Ethyl alcohol from sawdust and wood waste is now a new field in the American lumber industry. Will the Blind Be Able to See? A French professor, M. Paul de Saint Quentin,'" has a new device which may enable the blind to ''Read." The invention is called ''speaker spelling machine." How does the device work? The machine consists of optical apparatus which travels auto32 • matieally over the page. The letters are projected on a revolving cylinder. This -glass cylinder is marked out with the alphabet in transparent white letters on a black back ground. "As each letter, projected on the cylinder from the transparent topped table above coincides with the corresponding letter on the cylinder, it blocks the light passing through the letter to a photo-electric cell inside and so produces an impulse which is transmitted to the photo-electric cell of the second cylinder revolving on the same axis." When the impulse is received, the second cylinder "spells,. the letter by means of a loud speaker. The words are speded out to the blind at least as fast as he can read braille. Death to Air-borne Bacteria The New York Times has reported that a new device has been invented to kill air-borne bacteria. The device is about the size of a small radio table which releases into the air a Non-toxic quantity of triethylene glycol. An invisible fog is produced Which kills air-borne bacteria along its path. New Practical Uses ol Beel Tendons Perhaps yoU have never realized that sc.mcday beef tendons would yield new products useful to mankind. The ·University of Illinois has announced that from beef tendons a new type of pl~.stic has 'beeil. produced. Tendons are shredded and then tossed into glue vats. The tissue is broken up by acid and the unwanted parts are removed by chemicals. A cloudy, gelatinous liquid is thus le:ft. This is then processed and tanned. The new plastic is useful in surgical operation, It can also be used in making threads, shoe soles, or waterproof coating. What is the New Wonder Metal? Suppose you lose one of your ears, won't you by all means care to have it replaced? Do you think those whose bones were shattered during the war are all hopeless cases? Miriam Zeller writing in the Hygeia has described the uses of a new metal called tantalum. It can be made into wire plates, or foil. If you have lost an ear. tantalum may be used to replace! it. Shattered bones may also be replaced by tantalum. Surgeons are now making- use of tantalum wire and tantalum foil in plastic surgery. What is the Future ol Cosmic Rays? Dr. Piarra Singh Gill is conducting a research on cosmic rays. He declares that cosmic rays possess great energy. Thev generate energy one hundred thousand times higher than can be produced with the help of a modern plant. The main problem of cosmic rays at present is that some method• must be found to harnoss them. If the methcds can be found. it is 'iJreJicted that the cosmic ray age wilJ undoubtedly replace the atomic age. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW TOWARDS WORLD GOVERNMENT By Jose B. Ledesma ·Bun:au of Education World Government has been put forward as the then there was no such concept as patriotism. which answer to the problem of attaining world peace. is a modern idea. Educated peOple speaking the It is claimed to be the logical outcome of the con- same language, Latin. and professing the same traction of distances brought about by rapid trans- religion. naturally could nlt feel that thly were portation and rapid communication. The airplane, fundamentally different from one another. Added it is said. has brought France so close t:> China, to this was the fact that various ethnic groups and Russia to Argentina, that it is necessary to were often under the sway of the same monarch. regulate their affairs by means of one agency as But in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth it is necessary to regulate the .affairs of New York centuries, there came to be more and more religious and California by means of the Federal govern- divisiops, and people living under certain rulers ment. The questions that arise in one's mind came to be more and more homogeneous. An·d the are: "Is it practicable· to have one government rulers. to gain the support of their subjects. played for the whole world?" "What are the obslacles to upon loyalty to the nation and thus brought natioworld government?" To answer these questions it nalism about. would ~e enlighiening to look bark upon man's These centuries saw the rise and also the political history. decline of many nations-Norway. Sweden, RusMan has always striven for unity. In religion, sia. France, England, Spain, Holland. Italy. etc. he has progressed from belief in numberless gods This period was the pel-iod of nationalistic wars: to the worship of o_ne God. In politics, as we Russia against Poland and other neighbors. Spain learned in the grades. individuals clung together against England, France against Prussia and . to form families; families united to form clans. eventually against most of Ellrope. etc. which in turn formed tribes. Throughout the nineteenth century and on into In feudal times, the lords held the allegiance the twentieth, diplomacy centered mainly on of their subjects. and they in turn owed allegiance preserving territorial gains and acquiring more. to a prince or a king. During this period there And all· this while. patriotism. was the ralcame jnto existence the beginnings of a World lying cry that set people to killing one another government--that of thP church of Rome. · in the various wars, which were climaxed by the Kings and emperors in varying measure re- First World War. cognized the sovereignty of the Pope--political as That war proved to many people that some well as religious sovereignty. The Church-State world agency for peace was necsesary if civilization had her officials throughout Christendom exercis~ was not to be destroyed in a seriea of great wars. ing compulsory authority over the peop~e. She The League of Nations was the result of such a levied taxes. administered justice in church-courts, belief. But this instrument upon which so many and controlled education as well as religion. A hopes had been pinned started with two principal feature of this world government was the use handieaps. It lacked the adherence of the United of Latin as an international language. This was States and it lacked the power to enforce its de-. not the Latin we know today, involved in grammar cisions. We have witnessed how Gel'many, Italy. and buried in stiff idioms. Then it was a much and Japan flouted and blocked the League. The simpler language, used by educated people everJ. League. it was hoped, would be some sort of World where, in conversation as well as· in writing, For government. but the Second World War blasted these people it was the language of everyday in- that hope if it had not been blasted long before. tercourse as well as the language of diplomacy. After the First World War, intel'n~tionalism Latin, indeed, bade fair to become a world languag-:! spread to the extent of becoming a respectable! used by people under a world government. movement, but it was not expressly a movement But this promise of peace and· concord was cut toward a world government. Its objects were short by the Protestant Schism. The "ifs" at this friendship and understanding among people. The point will never be answered to everybody's satis- movement for a single world government did not faction. Suffice it to say that the weakening, and become vocal until just before the Second World everituall;v, the withdrawal of the power of the War. church strengthened the hand of each king ana One proposal for some sort of federation was emperor. who lost no time iii consolidating his labelled Union Now. It advocated union only of power, and wherever possible, grabbing the territory •the English-speak~ng world. Then there were proof his neighbor. posals for a United States of Europe. Walter Nationalism gained hold at this point. Till (Conti11ued on page 39) JULY, 1946 * 33 * Intelligent Reading Me=rns Understand· ing the Significance ol News Significant World News Roundup __ - Glimpses Here and Ther.e JAPAN First free elections For the first time since 1932, the Japanese nation held its first free election on April 10, 1946. The significance of the election was thr2efold, namely: (1) for the first time Japanese women took part in the election, (2) the Communist porty legally took part in the elect.ions, and (3) freedom of expression in the election was assured. There were 2, 781 candidates representing 267 political parties and aontesting for 466 parliamentary seats. The major polit,ical parties are the Liberals, Progressives, Social Democrats, Coopera ... tives. and Communists. Among the candidates wure 27 Japanese who were graduates of American universities or schools of lower grades. There were also two graduates . of Oxford and a graduate of Cambridge. Eighty-two of the candidates were women. The .Liberal and Progressive parties believed in the continuance of the emperor system. These two parties with the Independents upheld also free enterprise. The Independents also advocated the continuation of the empire system. On election day about three-fourths of the registered voters (36 millions) marched to the polls. The prediction of political dopesters that women would boycott. the election did not come out true. The women marched to the polls and cast th~ir votes. . The results of the election show a swing to the right. The Liberals 0Lta1"ned 141 seats, the Progressives 91 seats, and the Independents 82. There were ~8 minor party representatives and 10 representatives of the Cooper&tives. The votes for the left were won by 92 repr"3entatives of the Social Democrats and 5 of the Communists. · The following interesting details were recorded in the election returns: I. There were 33 members of the 1942 Tojo Diet and 40 other members were returned to the House of Representatives. 2. The election of 38 women was another surprise of the election. Several of the women candidates were elected inspite of the disqualification of their husbands f.or running in the election. 3. Ichiro Hatoyama, leader of the Liboral part. was elected with 106.000 votes. Hatoyama is the author of Face of the Earth, a book written in 1938 praising Nazism, Fascism, and Japanese territori 1 expansion in China. By order of Gen. MacArtl-ur, Hatoyama was debarred from active participation in the Diet. 34 * KOREA Di11ision continues Korea remains to be divided into the Russian and American zone after the joint American and Russian commission failed to agree on the establishment of a provisional government. The joint commis · sion met for seven weeks diacussion of the plan to establish a provisional government as provided for by th,e Big Three conference in Moscow last December, 1945. The meeting failed to remove the 38th parallel division set up for purposes of military occupation. The pTI,posal came from the Americans who occupied the sou.thern division of Korea. The Russians did not even consider the proposal. The suggestion was given by the Americans because they believe Korea will be reunited. Significance of the news.-The failure of the joint Anglo-Soviet Commission delays the establis.h:ment of the provisional government for Korea. D1f .. ferences on both Russian and American opinions could be settled in the interest of the Koreans. The failure of both nations to remove the "38th parallel military division would work against the best interest of the Koreans especially along economic lines. MANCHURIA Why is there a race lor Manchuria? Manchuria became a test in diplomatic relations. The United States government warned Russia from removing indu~trial plants in Manchuria. Russia defended her actions by stating that what has been removed from the Russian occupied zone should be considered as ''war booty." Mukden has become the most looted city in Manchuria. Russia failed to withdraw from Manchuria. The Chinese protested her failure. Demonstrations were held by the Chine~e with the slogan '"Quit Manchuria.'' Then the Ru:;· sian government suddenly annou~ that the Re~ Army would be wit.hdrawn sooner than the Americans would be withdrawn from China. Russia hastily withdrew. The last units of the Red Army left March 12, 1946. Significance of the news.-What is behind the continued occupation of Manchuria? The removal of industrial plants took more time as expected. Chinese sources sad that the removal of Manchurian industries and mines were considered by Russia as reparation for war losses. An American correspondent has observed that the stripping of the Manchurian industrial plants would make Manchuria weak and thus prevent it from menacing Siberia for several years. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW CHINA Chineae armiea continue to litiht Gen. George C. Marshall, President Tr..iman's special envoy to help unify China, is now back agam, to China after several weeks of absence. The world thought that China has secured complete unity when an agreement was signed on February 25, 1946 providing for the integration of the Communist forces into the National Army over a period of 18 months. Civil war broke again during the absence of Gen. Marshall. Fighting for the control of Manchuria became the center of the recent civil war. Gen. Marshall continued to .confer with representatives of political p~rties and other eoneernld with the restoration of peace and order in Manchuria. His general purpose in current negotiations is the restoration of peace and order to unify the Chinese. The Communists have made four demands. These are: (1) unconditional cessation of the civil war, (2) protection of fundamental rights of citizens and the release of political priseners, (3) immediate drafting of a democratic constitution, and (4) swift reorganization of the· present government to include communists and other parties. Lo Lunchi, head of the pinko Democratic League was asked by Gen. Marshall a specific demand which would be satisfactory to the Communists Lo told Chou En-lai. Communist negotiator, that the Communists wanted to revise the ratio of the incorporation of Communist forces into the National Army as agreed last February. He wanted to revise upward the l-to:9 ratio of Red troops to Government trolfps in Manchuria. Changchun, the capital of Manchuria, has fallen to the Nationalist troops. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-<1hek has flown to Manchuria. Gen Marshall is exerting great efforts to bring both Chinese armies to halt the civil war. It is now generally believed that the current civil war will soon end. In fact, it has been predicted that the battle for Changchun may be the last battle in China's civil war. Significance of the news.~What is ~ehind the news? Manchuria is a preefous territory for both the Communists and Nationalists. When the Russians evacuated Manchuria. a race for its control started. The National government has every right to occupy the territory. But 'the Communists wanted to gain control of the territory for certain unknow .1 reasons. If the National government would succeed in gaining control of Manchuria, it is likely that the cause of national unity would be tremendously solved. INDONESIA la Freedom at hand? After several weeks of serious negotiations be· tween the Dutch and Indonesian leaders, a plan has been worked out for the welfare of the Indonesians. The negotiations between Holland and Indonesb JULY, 1946 were carried on under the chairmanship of Sir Archibald ·c1ark Kerr, the llritish mediator. What are the terms of the pending Dutch-British ag1·eement! 1. A Republic of Java or a Republic of lndone. sia is to be immediately established as an autonomous unit in Indonesia. 2. Indonesia in turn is to be a unit in the Netherlands Kingdom. The kingdom includes the Ne· therlands itself, Surinam and Curacao in the Netherlands West Indies. 3. Plebiscites will be ~eld to let the people of some other islands express their wish. 4. Dutch business and property in the islands are to be respected. Order be maintained by Dutch troops. 5. The Japanese troops will be disarmed by the Indonesian troops. Si1J1tificance of the news.-What is behind this new pledge "for Indonesian freedomr Queen Wilhelmina has offered liberal concessions to the peJple of Indonesia in the past. Immediately after the. war, she has renewed her offer for self-government. But the Indonesians demanded c~mplete in· dependence. War took place. The question of "In· donesian aspiration was brought before the Security Council during its first session in London when Russia asked for an investigation of the presence of British troops in Indonesia. The negotiations recently conducted and the tentative agreem~nts reached may perhaps satisfy Indonesian aspira· tions for freedom. INDIA Will the United State• of India be accepted? The Birtish government was desirous of helping solve the problem of Indian freedom. In March, 1946, Prime Minister Clement Atlee offered to the people of India an immediate choice between dominion status and full independence. A three-man Bl'itish ministerial mission was sent to India to confer with Indian leaders on the problem of indepen· dence. The mission was composed of Sir Staltord Cripps, Lord Pethick-Lawrence, and A. V. Alexan· der. They conferred with the leaders of the AllIndia Congress and the Moslem League. The mission failed because the Hindu leaders could not agree on fundamental problems. The Moslem I eague President, Mohammed Ali Jinnah :nsisted on the establishment of ''Pakistan"-n autonomous Moslem state. The British ministerial mission returned tJ Britain and made their proposals for the solution of the Indian problem. The plan covers the following important points: 1. A United States of India is proposed. 2. A union of all India will have a central government and an all-Indian cabinet. (Continued on tlie next page) • 35 World News Roundup .... (Continued) 3. The central government wHI have control of defense, foreign affairs, and communications. It is also given power to raise revenues for those purposes. 4. The British commander-in-chief would be invited to serve under the Indian defense minister. They will both have joint responsibility to the Indian and British government. 5. It has also been proposed that regional governments may be set up. 6. An interim government will be set up. Delegates will be sent by both the provincial assemblies and princes' states to prepare the constitution for an independent India. Significance of the news.-What is behind the news? The proposals submitted by the British ministerial mission aim to solve the problem of Indian independence, inasmuch as the Indian leaders themselves could not work out a satisfactory solution to their own problem. Mohandas K. Gandhi, an .outstanding leader .of the All-India Congress has expressed approval of the proposals. '1The British cabinet mission," according to him. ''has every reason to be proud of its proposals which recommended a plan for the federation of Indian states under a single national government." Will the Moslem League accept. the proposals? CEYLON Sell-gouernmf!nt? Ceylon is an island separated from .southern India by the Gulf of Manar and Palk Strait. It has an area of 25,332 square miles. It has lieen a· crown ci>lony sinee 1802. On May 17. 1946, Colonial Secretary George_ Hall announced that Ceylon has e. new constitution. The main purpose of the new constitution is to give the country a large ti.mount of self-government. A parliament and a cabinet of ministers are to be established. The parliament is given full power to make and administer J.o.ws. The British government will be represented by a governor. He would have to approve measures on foreign affairs and defense. Significance of the new•.-What is behind the grant of the new constitution? The present British government is committed to .the task of granting to most of the crown colonies a .large measure of self-government. It is believed that the present step taken in Ceylon will prepare the country for dominion status. RUSSIA I• Iran now under Souiet Sphere ol In· lluence? On April 5, 1946, an "agreement" was signed between Iran and Russia, while the .Russo-Iranian question was still in the agenda of the Security 36 " Council of the United Nations. Premier Ahmad Ghavam of Iran revealed the important points of the ''agreement.'' they are: (1) the formation of a Russo-Iranian oil company in Iran. (2) The oil company would last 50 years. (3) The Soviets would have 51 % control of the oil company during the first 25 years. The Iranian government would have 49 % of the shares. In the next twenty years .1the two countries :would have equal control. The 1 ·agreement" also laid the basis for the settlement of the Azerbaijan question. The province of Azetbaijan is in Iran. It has revolted against tlfe central government at Teheran and established an autonomouS government. Significance of the News.-What is really behind this ··agreement"? The agreement is the sa .. fest road for Russia to take in the pending problem brought by Iran to the Security Council of the United Nations. Iran has complained to the Security Council of the refusal of Russia to remove her troops from Iran according to the Anglo-SovietIranian Treaty. The presence of Ru~sian troops in Iran may be looked upon as a means of exerting pressure On the Teheran government to grant Russia certain concessions. If the ''agreement" has not been concluded, it would be difficult for ·Russia to obtain the concessions she had acquired. The Security Council might conduct an investigation on the continued presence of ber troops. It is important to bear in mind what an American corres .. pondent has recently written about the recent negotiations between the two countries. Louis Fischer argued that Russia is not interested in oil but in establishing her security. The oil concession is merely an excuse for the. Russian to develop the regions that would protect her weak southern frontiers. TURKEY Decision to lit1ht Otilfre68ion Turkey has annqunced its decision to fight a~ gression from any source. The decision has been prompted by the demands made by Russia on Turkey for the cession of .certain regions in northeastern Turkey. Turkish Premier Sukru SracogTu made the announcement. Certain leaders of Kirkurk have suggested an appeal to the United Nations to go to their country and investigate the real situation. They firmly statE" that there is an attempt to suppress their national aspiration to self-goVernment. They pointed out that negotiations of the Turkish-Iraj treaty were done without consulting the people. Significa:nce of th.e News -What is behind Turkey's decision to fight aggre!t'sion from any source? During the last war Turkey has become one of the "battlegrounds for propaganda" for both the Axis powers and the United Nations. She was CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW able to remain neutral for sometime. She broke o:r relations with Germany on August 2, 1944 and l'.e lared war on Germany and Japan on February 23, 1945. Recent moves of Russia to establish her security were disturbing to Turkey. Her decision was a warning that she would not give up parts of her territory to Russia. GERMANY Is the Russian Zone to become a Soviet Sphdre ol lnlluence? According to the Potsdam Conference, German ·1 is to be under a four-Zone control. The :zones arc the Russian zone,. the British zone, the United States zone, and the French zOJ>e. Three have been reports of difficulties of the Allied Control Council. Recently Russia has refused an inspection of her zone. There were charges that Russia has stripped her zone of Germany's industrial plants. The hope of the United States, Britian, and France in seeing a new Germany freed from totalitarianism has already failed witli the active ''communizing" of the Russian zone of occupation. The membership of the Communist Party has increased during the last eight months of Russian occupation. In August, 1946, there were 32.000 members. At present there are 75.000 niembera. A recess meeting of Communist and Socialist delegates has agreed on the merger of the two parties into a new Social Unity. Significa:nce of the News--What is behind thl! fusion of the German Reds and the Socialists? The political future °of Germany is uncertain. The th re~· democracies-the United States, Britain, and France are carrying on a program of re-educating the Germans in their zones. Steps have been .taken to reintroduce the use of books used in Germany before the rise of Adolf Hitler. Steps have also been taken ~to teach the ABC of democracy. But the Russians have also introduced a program of re-educating the Germans. From Hitlerism ther,e is a concerted move to Communism. What will be the political ideals of the Germans in the near future? Did World War II remove Hitlerism and supplant it with Communism? FRANCE Will France reject Comm11nism? Former Prime Minister Winston Churchill in his Fulton speech said: "The future of France hangs in the balance. Again, one cannot imagine a ·regenerated Europe without a strong France and I will nev~r lost faith in her destiny, even m the darkest hours.'' Churchill's faith was strengthene-1 by the results of the nation-wide referenaum on the JULY, 1946 new constitution of France. On May 5, 1946, some 20,000.000 French went to the polls to vote ''Yes" or "'No'' on the constitution of the Fourth French J;!epublic. The Nation>I Constituent Assembly elected last October drafted a constitution. The Communists and the Soriatists worked very hard for the approval of the constitution in the National Constituent Assem.bly. The constitution in . general was characterized by a swing to the left or Communism. lt provided for a unicameral legislature. The legislature would becorrie supreme. Edomtrd Herriot a leader of the Radical-Socialist par'ty claimed l:nat the legislatu1·e will also dominate the judicial department.·· The constitution was submitt.;.i to the people. It was rejected by a majority of more than 1,000,000 votes. More than 10,000,000 voted against the Communist-Socialist constitution and more than 9.000.000 voted in favor of it. Sifl"ificance of the News,-What is behind the rejection of the constitutoin? France "on a signal victory. This victory was called the Revulut-ion of 1945 by Newsweek, The French rejected a proposed government that would eventually establish dictatorship. They refused to exchange democracy for totalitarianism. The defeat of the Communists and the Socialists and the rejection of the Constitution meant that the French would elect new delegates to a New Assembly for the purpose of framing another constitution. The French went to the polls on June 2, 1946 to· elect the new delegates. The result . of the election showed that the Qommunists we~e ousted as the largest single party bll' the Moderate Popular Republican Party (MRP.) GREECE Victory for· the Royalist• Greek election was held peacefulli'. British. A•n· erican. and French officers helped supervise the election. The conservative Populist Party won in the election. The results showed that more than half of the electorate was in favor of the royalist•. The successful holding cf the election was a vi~~ tory for the French, British, and Aniericans who insisted on the holding of the election as scheduled against Russian insistence for postponemerit. Significance of the News .. - What is behind the results of the' election? The election paves the way for the possible return of the monarchy. The United States and Britain are in favor of the holding of· the plebiscite on the return of King Gl!orge II who is in exile in London. (Continued on the ne<rt page) * 37 World News Roundup .... (Continued) AUSTRIA What i• the rea•on for the chan11e in Policy? A change in two important Russian policies on Austria were recently made by the Russian government. In the first place Russia has decreased its demand for lands in 6.llstria. Originally she had asked for about 125,000• acres of farm lands to feed the Russian occupation troops. The demand was decreased to 60,000 acres. In the second place Russia has returned some of the former JeWishowned properties which were seized by; the Ger· mans when Austria was included in the Third Reich of Hitler. The Russians had formerly claimed these properties as reparations. Significance of the News. - What is behind of the 1>eople of Eg)pt and India for self-government. The steps were opposed by tne Conservatives on the ground that the .l:Srit1sh ~mpire is being weakened. Russia is del.ghted un these decisions because she knows of their effects on Britain'::"! life-l·ine. SPAIN I• the Franco Regime a threat to World Peace? One of the important questions brought before the Seeurity Coundl of the United Nations was the position of the Franco regime towards world peace. The United States. Britain, and Fronce had is· sued a three·power statement urging the Spanis:1 people to peacefully remove ,the government of Franco. Generalissimo Franco answered the threepower statement that Spain is not threatening world peace. the change in Russia's policies? One important On A .1 11 1946 . d th t p reason for the change was the strong stand taken pr• · it was announce a O· by Austria in refusing the demand of Russia for la~d through ~mbassador Oscar. Lange has filed 125.000 acres of farm lands. Austria was greatly with th~ Security Council ~ mot10~ that. the Uniinfluenced in her attitude by the United States and ted Nations sever diplomatic relat'.ons .with Spain Britain. · on the ground that the Franco regime as threatening world pea<e, and is a heaven for Nazis who BRITAIN Deci•ion to quit The present Labor government of England has . taken two important steps in connection \\ith the British ·Empil'e. These are· the decision to quit· Egypt and India. Negotiations are presently going on for the revision of the treaty with E.gypt. The independence of India was offered by Prime Mi· n,ister Attlee. John Parris, an Assodated Press correspondent, gave two important reasons I.or these decisions. One of them is Britain's dire r.eed for postwar trade with Egypt. Failure to recognize the national aspiration of the Egyptians might lead t1 an economic boycott of British goods. It is present, ly believed that a new trade p1ct would produce better results than continued occupation of Egypt. The development of the Indian trade is needed also by Britain. This trade has a good chance to pros· per, if India left alone to govern ·herself. The second reason is the development of atomic power. It has been argued that the maintenance of a large army in Egypt and India is no longer necessary. Britain can still control the Middle East by control of ftrategic bases in Palestine and Transjordan. Significance of the News.-What is behind tlie decision to quit Egypt and India? The steps taken by the Labor govel'nment are· answers to demand 38 * are working on atomic weap.ons. The resolution filed by the Polish delegate was supported by Russia, France. and Mexico who were in favor of breaking diplomatic 1·elations. The Netherlands. ,Britain, Brnzjl, and the United States were opposed . On April 29, 1946 The Security Council voted 10 to 0 to investigate charges that the Fr .. nco regime menaced world peace. A five-man sub-committee was appointed. to _make preliminary investigations. The sub-committee was aske3. ·to submit its report lo the Security "l:ouncil on May 31, 1946. The report of the sub-committee was submitte1 as scheduled. It ~as signed by Dr. Herbert Evatt. chairman of the five·'man sub-committee. The~ report decla~s that the Franco regime "is a potential menace to internaitional peace and early main· tenance of international peace within the meaning of Article 34 of the United Nations Charter." Significa11ee of the NB'W/J. - What is behind the report? The findings of the committee are subject to further discussions and approval of the Security Council. The transfer of Spain's case to the General Assembly has been recommended. It is also significant to note that Poland took excep.tion that the Franeo regime was not at present threatening world peace. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Towarda World Government ..... . (Continued from page 33) Lippmann has proposed system of ~uclear allian~s within the limitations of international order, in which disputes are to be taken to a world court. Finally there is the United Nations organization. But the UNO is not a world government in the sense that the word government is usually under· stood. It does not hold absolute sovereignty over the signatory nations. It is just another agency for peace similar in nature to the League of Nations. over which it has two advantages. UNO has the full backing of the United States and eventually will have standing armies and navies. It is yet too early to tell if this organization can maintain world peace. At any rate, ~II these developments point toward eventual world government, which is a de .. finite possibility. It is in the nature of man. What are the obstacles to he overcome before world government can be established? First is distrust. At the present state of affairs every country is suspicious of the motives of the other. Many factors have caused this suspicious attitude, but most of them can be dispelled by eJucation and more contact between peoples. Second of these obstacles is the unequal distribution of the world's resources which is the cause of trouble between the 1'haves" and the ''have nots". Then there are the tariff barriers and the barriers caused by creed. and color. All these can be overcome, but first must come the conviction that a world governtpent is possible and that it is necessary. The more people there are who are converted to such a belief the nearer world govemment is. Compliment• ol W. RANCAP LAGUMBAY Certified Public Accountant 2235 Azcarraga, Manila JULY, 1946 The Philippines .... (Continued from page 19) confidence that we shall drive the Japanese Army out of the Philippines-to the last man. President Quezon on this auspicious anniversary, I salute, through you. the people of the Philippine Islands. I salute their courage. I salute their independence. -Radio address on the seventh anniv~rsary of the Philippine Common. wealth, November 15, 1942 ( The War Messages of Frankl:n D. Roosevelt, supplement: November 7, 1942 to July 30, 1943.) Compliment• to the PfilUPPINE REPUBLIC For a better and Life-Like portrait drop at . •• NOLI ART STUDIO (Established since 1930) TAKING PICTURES DAY AND NIGHT ......... v1cniiTE ESPIRITU (Prop.) 2242 Rizal Ave. (Near Cine. Noli) Compliment• ol JACOBO Z. GONZALES Attorney-at-Law 2235 Azcarraga, Manila * 39 Economics in the News - - - International Food Conference "Freedom from want" is one of the four essential human freedoms enunciated by the ··late Presddent Roosevelt in his message to Congress c.n January 1. 1942. This freedom means economic under.rtanding which will s,ecure to every nation a healthy peaeetime life for its inhabitants--every where in the world. There can be no real democracy in a hungry world. It is most likely to happen that people would stick to any form of government so long as that government could give them food. The world faces global food shortage in 1946. , Authorities have examined and studied the food situation of the world during the last five months. They have come to the conclusfoit that a food crisis threate~s one quarter of the people of the globe. Herbert Hoover, special envoy of President Truman. has just finished a tcur of the wo'rld for famine relief. He has made a report on the reg.ions that are either starving or threatened with famine. On May 20, 1946, an international food conference was called by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. It began discussing important pioblems in connection with th'e food problem of the world. The conference centered its main objective on a plan on how to bring the ma~ jor food producing nations of the world to come to an agreement on the growing and distribution of food on a permanent basis. It is sincerely believeri that a program of food alloeation '!Viii help a great deal in the alleviation of the coming food crisis which is expected to become critical in the remain· ing weeks before the 1946 grain harvest. Search for Anti-Strike Formula Since the end of the war in Japan on V .J Day (September 2, 1945), the United States has been beset by big strikes. 'rhe autoworkers' strike against General Motors lasted 113 days. The C.I.O. (Congress of Industrial Organization) United Electrical Workers declared a strike against Westinghouse Electric Corp. It lasted 115 days. The strikers lost $75.830,000 in wages during the strike. The nation was also faced by a serious coal strike. During the coal strike, tbe Americ~n people was surprised by the strength of one man. John L. Lewis ordered the 400,000 idle members of his United Mine Workers to go back to the pits for a .two-week truce. During this time further negotiations would be conducted to end the six-week-old coal strike. 40 • Congress has studied various proposals to solve strikes. One of them i.s the Case bill. It proposes the creation of a labor-management mediatimi board. made up of representatives of the public, indus_try, and labor. It wopld have jurisdiction over strikes affecting public interest. It would attempt to settle strikes by mediation and voluntary arbitration. Tbe American people hopes to succeed in this newest formu~a for the final solution of strikes. Aid to P. I. Agricultural Program The United States has once more shown its readiness to help the Philippines in the solution of its problems. An agricultural mission wil! be se~t to the Philippines by the United States .. Jts mam purpose will be to give aid in the framing of re~_ commendations for a national agricultural program. The mission will work with the cooperation of Philippine scientittts, educators, and administrators. The formulation of this program will also be sup· plemented by a. recommendation for th~ function" 1 organization to carry out the program. The farm mission will al!o work out a practical prog_ra~ of collaboration between the Philippines and the Umted States. It will likewise suggest immediate measures on emergency problems intended to restore war-damaged Philippine agricultural economy, Will the Philippines Become An Airline Center.of World Trade? Steps were announced to make the Philippines an airline center of world trade. The civil aem · nautics administration of the United States govern, ment has received the report of the technical men sent to the Philippines last Dec~rr.ber to mak~ recommendations on the establishment of an intern·\tional airport in the Philippines. Recentl.y t~e United States government has announced that it "":ill spend Pl3.000.000 for the equipment of the Mamla international airport. The intcrnation:il airport will be used by international airlines which will operate in the Philippines. Vital Economic Data on Rehabilitation Re.ports were received from J. Bartlett Ri .. chards, Americ!ln Consul in Manila, by the office of international trade, U. S. Department of Com· merce. The reports _deal with important dat~. on. the recovery and rehabilitation in the Ph1hpyHnei::, Among tht significant facts in the report are: 1. Rehabilitation and recovery has procerded slowly. (Continued 011 page 46) CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW THE GIFTS OF AMINO ACIDS Fermina N. Gan Curriculum and Resem·ch Di11ision Depa1·tment of lnsh'uction to by-pass the taste buds by means of a tube inserted through the nasal passages and down into the stomach or small intestine. Uncomfortable, of course, but many patients prefer it to swallowing . Never heard of amino acids or protein starva· . ~he stuff. Very well you can have it injected t1mr.? Really? Oh, Mameng, you need not lose mtravenously. Even by this method. the earlier weight before and after your third operation. May protein prepa~tions presented problems such as: the amino acids come on time to your rescue! Yes, tingling in the bridge of the nose and around the dear, I am sure if and when. . . Please forget the eyes. a tightening sensation over the cheek bones ordeals you have undergone--starvation diets, feel- and a flushing of the face. In some cases. nausea ing of extreme weakness and tiredness, and too .and vo,niting also occurred. When pour::d directly much loss of weight. into the digestive tract, amino acids usually caused Wait. Mams, please wait! Before I answer diarrhea. University doctors overcame this obyour countless questions, may I ask you a few? jection by mixing the protein with starch Very well. It's a long story, Mameng. Have you actually seen living skeletons of men, Line is busy. women, and children with nothing to. cover their However, many groups. including doctors and bare bones but skin? Have you ever thought of the manufacturers have been working to improve the possibility of padding out their ribs or putting on preparations. It took a University of Pennsylvaflesh on their bare bones? D.d you know that mil- nia physician to lick the problem by mixing the lions of these people who were literally ''too starv- amino acids with gelatin. This made the admied" to eat were saved from the clutches of ·slo\V nistration of the "molecular meat'' safer and larger death and were made to pick up weight rapidy? protein rations possible without fear of reac"How?" Oh! oh! oh! That is an all--consu- tions. ming question. To answer it satisfactorily requires Ah. yes. the preparation is very important. a complete answer to each of your ·•what'e'' and First, it has proven that starvation diets of fruit "why's." Relax, Mameng, be sure you puO up a juices. broths, and milk are no longer necessary chair. Encyclopedic, my answer sha]] be. and reasonable for surgical cases. The use of What's that? Hello. hello, hello. Line is amino acids prevent postopel-ative starvation by busy. . . . . . preoperative fattening up. Hence, no more comMameng. Me-eng. . . I thought I frightened you plaints from surgical patients that the hospital is to death. Never? Then, listen, to my kilometric starving them and np more postoperation feeling of speech. · extreme weakness and tiredness· which authorities Amino a.cids, like you, have many pet names... now believe is due to protein starvation ... That's ''predigested proteins," "protein disests,'' "protein right-protein sta.rva.tion is the result of diets lackhydrolyzates." ·1chemically broken-down proteins,'' ing in Protein. Individuals suffering from the ' 1meat in molecular portions," "molecular common insufficiency of prqtein supply become weak, lose denominations," ''molecular building· blocks.'' "mo- in weight. and appear tired. Their bodily resistance lecular meat." So what?-Oh, I see! Your nick- is lowered. Studies have shown that on a protein-names are as many as the stats! deficient diet there is produced only a third to a Very easy! Amino a.aids are chemically broken- fifth the normal amount of disease-fighting antidown proteins acceptable by the blood as nourish- bodies in the blood. However. a rapid pickup is ment and proper building materials for manufae- noticeable as soon as the individuals are given the turing our own human varieties of protein. They amount of protein needed by their bodies. are shipped as a clear amber solution or in the The second importance? Amino acids Worked form of a white, yellowish or bro\Yfl powder. For wonders on those who were literally ·•too starved" oral or tube feeding, the powder is mixed with to eat-the living skeletons of bare bones, those water to form paste or thick cream. . "Odor whose weakened digestive apparatuses could not and taste?" You hit the most obvious objections to handle the food if they could swallow it. Ordinary the amino-acid preparations when taken orally. food could not pad out the ribs of these men. One must have a strong stomach to be able to women, and children. A111ino acids did. They take it without much difficulty. Oh, yes, Mamsy, saved millions of these individuals from slow death. theie have been efforts to mask the iaste with The ravage~ bodies were rebuilt--am.fno acids p•1t tomato juice, fruit juice or chocolate, but-only flesh on the bare bones moderately successful. The best way, so far, is (Continued on page 46) JULY, 194f • 41 Milestones ..... . ( Continmd from page 4) 1801.-Reuolt in the lloeo• in Protest Again•t Abuse•. The people of llocos rose against the government because of the abuses committed with the tobacco and wine monopolies. The revolt was successful at the beginning. The defeat of the government troops encouraged the people to attack Vigan and even eome to Manila. The revolt was put down with the aid of Filipinos loyal to the government. 1811.-Reuolt in the lloeos Norte Due to Accordingly they instituted a mutiny. 'they were led by a Filipino seargeant, La Madrid. The mutiny spread to the fort of San Felipe at Cavite. After two days, however, the government troot>s quelled the munity. The 103.ders were arrestt·J and punished. Prominent Filipino prjests and Ii - berals were likewise arrested because of suspicions that they were connected with the mutiny. Among the prominent FiliPinos arrested and executed wer .! Fr. Jose Apolonio Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez arid Fr. Jacinto Zamora. Why was the Cavite Revolt significant? It stimulated the rising tide of a great feeling-Filipino reform propaganda. Religious Motiue. 1872-1892.--Campaign lor Intense Filipi· The primary cause of this revolt was the no Nationalism. desire of Lungao to drive the friars and establish An outstanding period in the struggle of the a new religion. The revolt was Suppressed. Filipinos for nationalism was the Propaganda 1814.-Reuplt in the llocos to Throw 011 Spaniah Souereignty. The people protested against the oppression of government officials. They rose in revolt, but failed. 1840-1841.-Reuolt in Tayabaa Due to Religious Motiue. Apolinario de la Cruz. a native of Lucbau, Tayabas, was the founder of a religious society or brotherhood known as Cofradin de San Jose, meaning the Brotherhood of St. Joseph. It gained maJly followers in Tayabas, Laguna. and Batangas. When de la Cruz asked the government per-· mission to hold religious services, the governmerit suspected that this brotherhood had seditious motives. Accordingly, he was persecuted. so he left Tayabas and went to Laguna. From thel!e he came to Manila. When better times came he returned to Tayabas. The members of· his brotherhood hailed him as "King of the Tagalogs." The government suppressed the religious uprising and Apolin8'1"io de la Cruz, popularly known as ''Hermano Puli" to de&th. 18?2.-The Cauite Reuolt that Stimulated the Ri•e ol Filipino Nationalinn. One of the significant struggles of the Filipinos for freedom was the so-called Cavite Mutiny of 1872. The immediate cause of the mutiny was t)le abolition of the exemption from the payment of h'ibut•s on the part of the laborers at the Cavite arRenal. When thes~ laborers received their pay on January 20, 1872, t>hey found out that a deductioh had been made. They felt aggrieved because they believed they should not have been required to pay the tribute on account of their services. 42 • Movement. The movement covered the period from 1872 to 1892. The Propaganda Movement was a campaign for reforms. It was brought about by various causes, among which were: (1) the British occupation of Manila; (2) the opening of the ports; (3) the eommereial and economic progress of the Philippines; (4) the rise of a middle-class; (5) the representation of the "Philippines in the Spanish Cortez; (6) the opening of the Suez Canal; (7) the struggle between liberalism and conservatism in Spain and in the Philippines; (8) the growth of education; (9) the improvement of communication; and (10) the execution of Fr. Jose Apolonia Burgos. Fr. Mariano Gomez, and Fr. Jacinto Zamora. What were the specific aims of the Propaganda Movement 1 They were: ( 1) to make the Philippines a regular province of Spain; (2) to secure equality between Spaniards and Filipinos b>fore the law; ( 3) to restore Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes; (4) to secure the Filipinization or secularization of the parishes in the Philippines; (5) to secure the grant of greater individual liberties, such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and the right to meet and petition for redress of grievances. The Propaganda Movement was carried both in the Philippines and al>road. Among the Filipino leaders who took active part in the movement were Jose Rizal. Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, Juan Luna, Dr. Pedro A. Paterno, Antonio Luna, Jose Maria Panganiban, Dr. Dominador Gomez. Pedro Serrano Laktaw. Andres Bonifaci~ and Emilio Jacinto. The leaders of the Propaganda Movement made use of different organs or devices, such as the press, books, ·secret societies, and political meetings. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Among the books that promoted this movement were Philippine Uevolution.,, the late Teodo1·0 M. Kalaw the Noli Me 'fangere and El Filibuste·rismo by Dr. stated that the Philippine Revolution was not, as it Jose Rizal. Among the important newsp'-pen were had been said. "a racial war. a licentiolls outburst the Diarong Tagalog and La. Solidaridad. Two Qf of violent passions, but a war pledged to. and the important nationalistic societies were the Liga determined by, the ideals of liberty, democracy, &.nd Filipina and the Katipunan. constitutionalism." What were accomplished by the Propaganda The Filipinos who led in. this revolution were Movementr Through this movement the Filipinos conscious of the doctrines of popular sovereignty. succeeded in securing reforms. Among these re- They knew the meaning of individual rights and forms were: (1) the abolition of the tobaoco mono· political democracy: They realized the immutabla poly; (2) the tax reform of 1884 which abolished value of human freedom. Writing in The Trib.,,1e the hated tribute; (3) the establishment of. the of November 30, 1933. Eulogio B. Rodriguez, forjustice of the peace -courts; (4) creation of the mer director of the National Library. said that office of civil governor and reduction in the power the Philippine Revolution marked -the first step in of the alcaldes-mayores; ( 5) extension of the Spa- the march of the Filipinos toward self-government. nish Penal Code to the Philippines; (6) application The Revolution was a bloody war, an unequal war. of the Spanish Civil Code and Corle of Commerce but it showed how much faith could do for a people to the Philippines; (7) aw>lication of the Beccera who, conscious of the justice of their eanse fought Law which established municipal go\ ernmcnt~ in their way to moral-though not necessarily physicalCebu, Iloilo. Jaro. Batangas. Albay, Nueva Cace•eli. ly-triumph. The same historian wrote that this and Vigan; and (8) the Maura Law v1hich intro- Revolution proved that the 1Filipinos could conduced reforms in the municipal governments. tribute to the history of human rights. 1896.-"Long Liue the Philippine Repu- Nouem6er 1, 1897.-E•ttihlishment ol the 6lic.'' Biak-na-Bato Re11u6lic. On July 3, 1892, the Liga Filipina, a national- When the Spanish forces had captured Cavite istioc society ,w&s organized in Tondo. Manila. Its and other proviilces, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and constitution was drafted by no less a man than other revolutionary leaders decided to establish a Dr. Jose 'izal. The aim of. the organiiation were: ·Republic at Biak-na-Bato, in Bulacan. A constitu(1) to unite the whole archipelago into one compact. tion was accordingly adopted. The Constitution of vigorous. and homogenous body; (2) t.o provide mu- Biak-na-Bato, prepared in the main by lsabelo Artual protection in every want and neces.sitY; -(3) tache and Felix Ferrer, declared the aim of the to provide defense against all violence and injustice; Revolution to be "the separation of the Philippines ( 4) to encourage instruction, agriculture. a~d com- from the Spanish monarchy and their formation merce; and (5) to provide means of study and. into an independent state with its own government application of reforms. called the Philippine" Republic." The Republic was The organization was not able to carry on its established on November 1. 1897 with Gen. Emilio proposed activities because Dr. Jose Rizal was Aguinaldo as president. arrested and banished to Dapitan oh July 7, 1892. June 12, 1898 . .,.-Proclam~tion oF Philip• On this same day Andres Bonifacio, Deodato pine Independence at Kawit, Cauite. Arellano, and Ladislao Diwa founded the Katipunan. The war betweeen Spain and the Philippines This revolutionary society had two important aims, ceased temporarily because of the signing of the namely, (1) to arouse and unite the people into "Pact of Biak-na--Bato.'' the Revolutionary Governone common cause. and (2) to secure independence ment continued, however, to function·in Ho~gkoJtg. from Spain. The society held s•cret meetings. It is significant to note that the opposition of the Among its members wore prominent men and wo~ Filipinos to Spanish rule was not completely stopped men. by the conclusion of the "'Pact of Biak-na-Bato". The existence of the Katipunam was soon dis- On April 25, 1898 American declared war on covered by the authorities. . Andres Bonifacio had Spain. On this account Aguinaldo then returned to to flee to Balintawak and on August 26. 1890, he the Philippines. He urged the Filipinos to fight for and his followers tore their cedulas, renounced their freedom. On July 12. 1898. in the impressive Spanish rule, and proclaimed the independence of ceremonies at Kawit, Cavite. the Filipino leaders the Philippines. declared the independence of the Philippines. The 1896-1898.-The Philippine Reuolution "'Act of Declaration of Independence" Tead in part: was a Fight for Freedom. ·•summoning as witness of the rectitude of our inThe Philippine Revolution is a memorable event ~ntions, the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and in the history of the struggles of the Filipinos for under the protection of the Mighty and Humane freedom. In his article ''The Political Ideas of the (Continued on the ne:rt page) JULY, 1946 * 43 Milestones •..... (Continued) North American Nation, we proclaim and solemnly declare, in the name and by the authority of the inhabitants of all these Philippine Islands, that they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they are released from all obedi~nce to the crown of S:Pain; that every political tie between the two must be completely severed lind annuled; and that like all free and independent states, they have complete authority to make war, conclude peace, establish treaties of commerce, enter into alliances, regulate commerce. and execute all other acts and things that Independent States have the right to do. Reposing firm confidence in the protection of Divine Providence. we mutually pledge for the support of this declaration our lives. out" fortunes, and our most sacred possession, which is our honor." June 23, 1898.-Estahlishment ol the Reo· olutionary Gouernment. Through the advices of Apolinario Mabin', otherwise known as the!'Sublime Paralytic.'' the die· tatorial govemment of Gen. Aguinaldo was change J into the Revolutionary Government. The main object of the "Revolutionary Government was to "'struggle for the Independence of the Philippines until she is recognized by the fr<e nation of the earth!' January 23, 1899-March, 1901.-The First Philippine Repuhlic. · · The Revolutionary Congress. often rf-ferred t.J as the Malolos Congress, met at Rarasoatn c fi'urch in Malolos, Bulacan. on Septe: .. ter 15, 1898. On, of the first acts of this Congress was the ratification on September 29, 1898. of t'1e D '<larat'on of Independence made in Kawit on Jul'e 12. 1898. The Congress likewise drafted the famous Malolos Constitution. which President Emilio Airuinaldo ap· proved and promulgated on Januarv 21, 1899, The Malolos Constitution has been well CO'llmended by various authorities. Former Justice George A. Malcolm once remarked that this Constitution ''falthfu)Jy portrays the aspirations and P'>litical ideals of the people." In his book The Philip· ~i>ies: " Study in NatiO'llal Development, published in 1942, Former Vice-Governor General of the Philippines, Joseph Ralston Hayden stated that the IMalolos Constitution ''rested upoia the doctrine of popular sovereignty and -contained broad and detailed provisions for the protection of the ri~hts of the individual and the nation. Its bill of rights for instance. compared favorably with that found in nny American constitution. The document as a whole showed the results of a wide knowledge of modern democratic political institutions and the thoughtf11l adaptation of them to meet the ideals of the aominant Filipinos of the time." 44 • The First Philippine Republic was inauguratecl at Malolos on January 23, 1899 and was recognize:! by practically every Christian portion of the ;;:.rchi· pelago." A Filipino historian, Leandro Fernandez, wrote in his The Philippine. Republic: "By January, 1899. certair,Jy be~ore tt e outbreak o~ hostilities with .the United States in February, t~1e territory occupied by it stretched, roughly speaking, from northern Lrzon to northern Mindanao." On his part, George A. Malcolm, in his The Commonweiilth of the Philippines said: "the Philip~in, Republic during the short time it e ·is•e 1 g V.! in· dications of an earnest desire to furnish a gover 1ment f.or the people fitted to their needs and pro· gressively beneficial. The Philip,pinc Republic ha~ been too long dead to be resuscitated. It now serves simply as a lesson in Philippine patriotism.'' Under the Treaty of Paris signed on Decem· ber 10, 1898, the PhUippines was ceded by Spain to the United States. Notwithstanding this treaty. the Filipinos decided ,to continue their armed re· sistance against the Americans. The Filipino· American war began on February 4, 18:9 when a Filipino ~oldier, who hcd refused to halt upon the order of an American sentinel at the San Ju~n Bridge was firod at and killed. Not locg after the war spresd to central end northern Luzon. the Visayas, and other parts of the ~rhipel--g1. For many months the war continued and did not come to an end until the capture of Gen. Emil· o Aguinaldo in March, 1902. 1901-1918.-lndependence Continues to 6e the Ideal ol the Fili!'inos. The establishmept of American sovereignty in the Philippines did not d•mp. n, much less kill, F.li· pino nationalism. The Filipinos continued to drea'11 of an indep(ndent Philippines nnd never wavered in their thc!ir faith in the ultimate triumph of their cause. Their faith strengthened by the altruistic policy of the United Stat:"s as announced by Presi · dent McKinley thus: "These Philippine Islands are ours not to subjugate. but to emancipate; not to rul? on the power of might, but to take to tlose distant people th<! principles of liberty, of freedom of conscience, and of opportunity that are enjoyed by t~·.e people of the United States.'' President WooJrow Wilson went further. In his "Message to the FiHpino People." he gave a direct promise of ultimat'!' independence. He s&id: ''We rrgard ourselv<'s s~ trustees acting not for the advantage of the United States, but for the benefit of the people of the PhilippO\e Islands. Every step we take will b~ taken with a view to the qltimate independence of the Islands and as preparation for that indepm· dence. An~ we hope to mqv• towards that end as rapidly as the safety and tlte permanent inb•re· t of the Islands will permit. After each step ;, taken experienc.e will guide us to the next.•· CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW The goal of the Filipinos was immediate inde pendence. In 1905, during the visit of the Congrc::;sional party headed by Secretary of War Will.am H. Taft, they presented the American congres . .:man with numerous petitions and memorials asking for immediate independence. Var.ions political parties organized with the same aim in view. Among the~e parties were the Nationalist Party (PartidJ Nacfonalista) organized by Pascual H. Poblete in 1901; the lndependist Pal'ty (Partido Independista) organized by Pedro A. Paterno in 11)02; the Lemo~ ratic Party (Partido Democrata) organized by a group of national:sts is 1902; the Imme_iate In dependist Party (Partido Indepf?ldista Immediata) organized in 1906; and the National Union (Union Nacional). Other political parties similarly advocated independence. The Nationalist Party (Partido Nacio~alista) for instance. was organiz~d in prcpa_~ation fo~. the elections to the Philippine Assembly m 1907.·" _"':I'he same may be said of the National D_e?1ocratic Party (Partido Democrata National) ·«rh1ch .was organized by some members of the Nacionalista Party. The election of the 80 members of t!ie first Philippine Ass~mbly was held on July 30, 1907. The most important issue in this election was im mediate independence. The Nationalista Party. with its platform Of "immediate, absolute, and cC'lmplete indepe~dence," won the election, The attitude of the Filipinos towards independenCe Was succintly defined by Sergio Osme:-a who became Speaker of the Philippine Assembly. "He said: ''Allow me, gentlemen of the House. following the dictates of my conscience as a de-. lagate, as a representative of the country, under my responsibility as Speaker of the House. to declare solemnly as I do now before 'God and be~ore the world, that we believe that our people aspire for their independence. that our people consider themselves capable of leading an orderly .life, pfficient for themselves and for others. in the (9ncert of free and civilized nations, and that we believe that if the people of the United States were to decide at this moment the Philippine -cause in favor of the Filipinos the latter could, .ifi assuming the consequent responsibility, comply with their duties to themselves and to others, without detriment to liberty, to justice, and to right." After this speech a resolution was adopted by the Philippine Assembly, embodyin,; the st1tements of the Speaker, Independence resolutions were passed regularly by the Philippine Assembly and later by the Philippine Legislature and were sent to the Congress of the United States. Manuel L. Quezon, perhaps more than any other man. made known to the Congrc>ss of the United ·states the aspirations of the Filipino;, for independence. JULY, 1946 1919-1934.-Reaumption of Campai11n1 for Independence. The Jones Law, which was signed by Presiden~ Woodrow Wilson on August 29, 1~16, was a significant result of our campaign for independence. This law states in, its preamble that "it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the United States to withdraw her sover~ignty over the Philippine Islands and tu recognize their independence as soon as a stable government can be established therein." In 1919 the Filipino poeple sent the first Philippine parliamentary mission to the United States to ask· the American government for the indepen~ dence prom\sed in the Jones Law. Mainly beeau::.e of the labors of this mission and in view of the e.Stablishment in .the Philippines of a stable govern· ment, President Woodrow Wilson recommended the granting of. independence to this country. The recommendation was not however, acted upon. The Republican Party came into power in 1920. Not long after that the Filipino people sent another missi..,n to renew independence negotiations. Other mission"s followed with the same end in view. The last of these missions (the twelfth since the firsti one left on February 23. 1919) was sent in November. 1933. · · Another feature of the campaign for independe~ce was the Independence Congress held in Ma~ niia from · February 22 to 26, 1930. Some two thousand delegates representing the different ele· ments of the population in the Philippines attended this congress and discussed numerous problems in: relation to independence. The Congress believed that the establishment of the Philippine Republic would be logical· since it would be the culmination of the long and reliant struggles of the Filipinos for freedom. The final reward of the peaceful struggles of the Filipinos for independence during the Ameri· can regime was the enS.ctment of the Tydings· M<"· Duffie Law by the U. S. Congress on March 24, 1934. The law established the Commonwealth of the Philippines for a period of 10 ye.rs and author· ized the granting or Philippine independence on July 4. 1946. In accordance with this law, a convention was elected to draft the Constitution of the Philippines. There were in this ConstitutioniU Convention 202 members representing the different parts of the Philippines. The Convention began its work on July 30." 1934 and completed it on February 8, 1935. The Constitution was off!cially signed on Frbruary 19, 1935. approved by President Franklin D. Roose· velth on March 23. 1935, and submitted to the Filipin·o people in a nation-wide plebiscite on May 14. (Continued on the ne~t page) * 45 The Philippine Scene ..... (Continued from page 17) lion quota to the Philippines and providing for naturalization rights in the United States for Filipinos. Legislation was requested to continue civil service status for Filipino employees of the U. S. Government. SO. A request was made to the War and Navy Department officials for the transfer of the Philippine Gawrnment of equipment for the Philippine Army anil for a Coast Guard; a request was also made for the assignment of supplies and subsistence for th~se forces for a temporary period; we solicit the support of Gen. MacArthur for these reque ts to be granted. 31. Discussions were held with ·regard to the acceleration of reparation deliveries of machinery and industrial equipment from Japan. 32. Arrangements were made for continued traini11g of· Filipinos for the consular and diplomatic services. Economics in\ ... (Continued from page 40) 2. Philippine production of sultllr, copra, and and abaca has been hampered by various eau..,.. 3. High cost of li11ing is being reduced .by import of consumer's goods. By the second month of this year, it was slightly more than three and a half times the pre-war scale. 4. Retardation of unleading and distribution of supplies is due primarily to lack of port faci. 1ities. 5. Negligible Philippine exports to the United States has been noticed. -Total value was .$791,000. Pre-war exports to the United States averaged $92.000,000 during 1938-1940. 6, Better showing of Philippine imports from Animo Acid1 ..... . (Continued from page 41J No, Mameng, the usefulness of this new medical weapon is not limited to surgical patients and to the victims of war starvation. Child specialists have reported successful tre ... tments of certain kidney diseases by means of high protein diets. Scandalizing the old theory that kidney patients should refrain from meat, doesn't it? And listen to this Mameng, the pregnaJlt Woman needs 50'7o more prot~in than the average adult, per pound of body weight to insure the health of both mother and child. Amino acids would reduce pr~-mature deaths and births, and lower infant mortality. Finally, a most recent study has revealed that amigen. a form of amino acid·, can easly 1)eaJ ulcers in the stomach. Mmm .. Oh. the cost? Nothing in comparison with its worth. Whereas sufficient meat to provide the tremendous protein intake of a patient would have cost him about thirty pesos a day--assuring that that amount of meat is obtainable and "the patient could eat it, amino acid preparation would cost him only six pesos a. day. Take amino acids daily instead of drinking milk and protein foods? Economical indeed, but healthy bodies . can best be nourished by proteins in the form of ordinary food which also contains the ne,eded carbohydrates and fata. Ah. certainly, you need them before and after operation. This should be the resulting equation. Mameng minus (internal disturbance plus unnecessary weakness) plus (increased beauty plus strength) times (health plus happiness), Oh, hello, hello, what? You heard everything for Mameng's sake! Naughty Joe! pl-e-a-s-e. one by one, Mameng? the United States has also been noticed. By the Mil end of 1946, imports to the Philippine8 from the e.tones · · · · United States amounted to $40,800,000 in value. 7, Scarcity of lumber is mainly due to whole· sale destruction of sawmills. 8. Lossea from war damage in Manila were estimated at 56 per cent of the appraised value. 9. Shortage of inter-island shipping is an impediment to Philippine recovery. 10. Absence of regularly schedule<! shipping was noticed. 46 * (Continued) 1935. The plebiscite showed that 1, 213,046 vot•d for the Constitution as compared to 44.963 who voted against. The first national election for the Commonwealth of the Philippines was held on Septem~er 17, 1935. In this election Manuel L. Quezon was elected President and Sergio Osmeiia Vice-President. The Commonwealth of the Philippine• was formally inaugurated on November 15, 1935. CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Price List of Publications FOR THE HIGH SCHOOL Biolog11--San Juan Vol. 1-(lst Semester) Vol. II-(2nd Semester) Available also by units. 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