Current Events Review

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review
Description: A News Magazine Published for High School Students Devoted to the Selection, Organization, Presentation, and Review of Current News for Lessons in Current Events.
Issue Date: Volume II (No. 2) August 1946
Publisher: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Year: 1946
Language: English
Subject: Philippines--History--Periodicals.; Philippines--Social conditions--Periodicals.
Rights
Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: A News Magazine Published for High School Students Devoted to the Selection, Organization, Presentation, and Review of Current News for Lessons in Current Events. (Approved for general reading by the Department of . AREVALO Studio * ., Artist photographer trained abroad, expert in posing, lighting & composition. The State of the Nation .. •••........ ,. • . • • • • • . . • • 14 :l'tadar Makes a Bow (Fermina N. Gan) ld The Potsdam Declaration Outlining the Term1 for Japanese Capitulation . . ..... . ...... , ........ . What were the Axis Blunders in World War IIT •• Significant World News Roundup . .. .• .•.....• . •• •• Japan Italy Manchuria Greece * Russia Germany China Britain 1226 RIZAL Siam Spain' AVENUE Indonesia United States India France Science Marches On II- No. Z August, 11148 Sixty Centavo• To The Student: We know you are an ambitious student. You want to be well-infonl:led on ev~rythiug, but you have No Tim~ e To read at least 60 newspapers and magazines on current events; · e To read the official documents of, and reports on, international conferences; e To read the recent books on subjects of world importance. Well, we know your problems and we can solve them for you! We can give you all the information you neEd and desire to have. We have eng.aged competent men to gather all the important available facts on and about any event, international figures, or conferences; and we have those facts condensed in one magazine - The Current Events Review. Read the Current Events Review and you will be surprised at the completeness, clearness, and interestingness of the information it gives. This is not a secret, because1. The compilation is regularly done by compe·tent researchers who are aware of what students need and like in the classrooms and what ambitious students desire for mental growth. · 2. It is purposely designed to meet your needs and to solv.; your problems. 3. It is written in simple language of unmistakable cle.arness. Many universities, colleges, and public high schools are now using the Current Events Review, both as text and as reference m!lterial. 7632 students have already subscribed for the Current Events Review and many more are buying their copies from bookstores and magazine stands. · The reasons are obvious: 1. The materials are purposely selected for current events lessons and for civil service examinations. 2. The information is accurate, complete, and carefully written. 3. The Current Events Review saves time. Read in one hour what a dozen competent men read 8 hours a day for one month! Read to be one of them. Be well-informed, so that you may be able to discuss any world problem intelligently and entertainingly. Read the Current Events Review so that you may be respected for your learning and opinions that are based on authentic facts. Do it now, because our copies are limited on account of the scarcity of printing materials. Fill the blank and send it to us. Remember, well-informed men are always needed in government service, and well-informed men always succeed! Manila, July 16, 194.6. --PUBLISHER Our address is: CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila Jf. Will the United Nations Succeed? Current on Opinions and Discussions the United Nations W4at is Man's Universal Hope? All people wanted security against the renewal of armed aggression. They had learned that after World War I. the nations d>ifted into peace when they failed to lay the firm foundations of an endur"tl peace. When they found that treaties were scrapped, the nations drifted to war. All people do not want: to repeat the same experience becauSe they realize the cost of war in terms of human lives anct vroperties. The extent at the sufferings, devasta.tions, and horrors of World War II, and the staggering implications of the catastrophe that modern wea_pons could bring, have made every man feel the need for permanent peace at all cost. E.very man now knows that should another war com\?, it would mean the end of civilization. Atomic bombs and rockets would wipe out nations in one sweep. Every man iealizeE that the next war will cost the world all that it has achieved since the beginning. All men c;emanC' that something must be done and they !rnow it could be done if world leaders and all na• tions would candidly look back into the causes of the last world war and would lay the foundations of peace on sincere give- and- take formula in the interest of common world prosperity and welfare. Everyone now feels this need if we have to save t.his world for ourselves and civilization for Dill' children. 'Wlta.t is the Prtnnise of the United Nations? In one of the Headline series of the Foreign Policy Association, Vera Michels Dean wrote, that yeace was being hainmered out in the workshops of \he last world war. The Big . Three-President Roosevelt,~ Prime Minister Churchill, and Marshal Stalin had decided at the Teheran Conference to work together to establish for the world an endurit1t; peace by eliminating tyranny, slavery, intolerance, and oppression. To implement this decision the rep1·esentatives of the United States, Britain, Rusf'.ia, and China drafted the Dumbarton Oaks propr.sals. The proposals were then submitted to the r.overnments of the United Nations for discussion and improvement. , Th••• proposals were then taken up at the United Nations Conferenee on International 01·gani•ation (UNCIO) which met at San Francisco from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Representatives of 51 nations thoroughly discussed and finally agre•d on the establishment of world organizatiOn now known as the United Nations. It i• important to bear in mind that the delegates of th.e 51 members of the U.N. met fo San ·Francisco not to· discuss peace settlements but to lay the foundation for a future world of nations that \\·ould be free from the fear of aggression, and that would be free to work together to promote the cause of human rights and human welfare. Will the Uni~d Nations Succeed? The birth of the U.N .. was welcomed by all Ute "peace loving" nations of the world. It received praise from all the heads of these nations. It received unqualified endorsement from all kinds of people. Delegates to the World 'l'rade Union'·Conference, representing sixty million people from every major country in the world outside Germanv unanimously endorsed the historic decision to lay the foundation of the U.N. But the people still remember the failure• of the League of Nations to establish an enduring world peace. They saw the failure of "collective security" to prevent Hitler and Mussolini in starting the last world war. Because of this fact. many believe that, since the League of Nations an~ t'collective security" failed to establish an enduring world peace, the United Nations will also fail. 1. What is the price to be pllid1-"No one nation," says President Harry Truman, "nor region·· al group, can or should expect, any special privilegto which harms any other nation. If any nation would i':eep security for itself, it must be ready and will.ing to share security with all. That is the price esch nation will have to pay for world peace. Un· less we are willing to pay that price, no organi.Zs,i .. tion for world peace can accomplish its purpoRe;• AUGUST, 1946 WORLD PROBLEMS * 1 2. Why is the prlnoiple of equ11lity importantF -"I 1tttach great im.portance to the UNO," reaffirms Marshal Stalin in an answer to a question submitted to him by the United Press, "as it is a :&erious instl'ument for the preservation of peace .ii.nd international security. The significance of this 'Ol'ganization consists in that it is based on the i-rinciple of equality of states. If UNO succeeds in preserving in the future this principle of equality, it will unquestionably _play a great and positive role in guaranteeing universal peace and security." 3. Why •hould we adhere faithfully to the L'NO?-In one of the most thought provoking postwar speeches delive1·ed by Prime Minister Churchill on world peace he said: "If we adhere faith. fully to the Charter of the United Nations and walk forward in sedate and sober strength, seeking no one's land or treasure, or seeking to Jay no arbi. 'trary control on the thoughts of" men. . . the high roads of the future will be clear, not only for ns l:ut for all. not only for our time but for a century to come." Why hlUI the U11ited Nationa the Best lnstrrt· mientalities for the Suppression of Aggression and De11elopment of International Co•PeTaticm? The United Nations has all the best chanc~s to promote world pe~ce. The world has a total rooulattnn of 2.169.868.000. There ar~ 51 membep ~r the United Nations. The total pooulation of thse U.N. m•mbers i• 1,705,839,615 01' 78.6% of the total population of the world. If the United Nal tfons. suc<'essfu1ly function, it could at least promc.te the hanpiness of these people. ·The same ohs~rvation has been made by King George VI. At a state banquet given to the delegates of the U.N. in their fr~t ~ession at London in January, 1946. h£. said: "the eyes of all' humanity will be upon you . .. It is in your hands to make 01· mar the hap. p:.ness of millions." The fathers <>f the United Nations have deemed it wise to devise six instrumentalities that witl save the nations of the world fl'om the ~ourge of onother world war. !. The General Aeaombly is a true world p..,._ Uanient. It can· discuss any subject of world im .. r.~rtance. It may discuss the maintenance of world &eeurity, the regulation of armaments, and mea&ures to stop aggression. 2. The S•ourity Co·uneil is composed of the five great powers of the world-the United States, Great Britain, R!.!ssia, France, and China, Its main aim is to unite the great powers into a concerted effort to prevent war. For the first time in history, a world military force has been placed at the command of the Sockrity Council to stop any armed agl,ression that might bring about another world wide conflict. 3. The Eco1t{)mic and Social Council is a body constituted to study and suggest ways of elinlinating the economic and social causes of war. It was also intended to coordinate the works of other affi~ liaited org,.ni?.ations fur the promotion of world reace. 4. The lnte1'natio""l Court of Justice decides disputes between nations brought before it. Its decisions will be enforced by the Security Councjl. With the backing of the Security Council, the In· iernational Court of Justice will play an important role in the promotion of peace. 5 . The Trusteeship Counoil is intended to 1>romote the well-being of the inhabitants of dependent tt>rritories and. to help them in their progressive development toward self.government. It dedicated to the promotion of the equality of human rights. 6. The Secretariat is headed by a Secretary General who owes allegiance to the United Nation•. Theoretically he foreswears his allegiance to his country. This should be so. because the Secretary General has the unique function and power to bring before the attention of the Secu•~ty Council any threat to world peace. What Acid Tests has the U .N. Passedr Ten months after the United Nations had been ef.tablished at San FranciscO, . it was immediately ccnfronted by a ser.ious international problem. Ira~ filed a complaint before the Security Couneil that Russia refused to remove her troops from Iran as agreed JJpon in the terms of the treaty signed by Russia. Russia wan~d to postpOne the discussion ~I the complaint brought by Iran. The Security C&un.cil voted against Russia's request for pos"lr i1onement. Russia refused to take part iii the di:r cussion of the Iranian-Russian dispute. Gromyko, the Russian ambassador, left the meeting. The world began asking whether or not th. United Nations was doomed to fail. The Seourity Council continued ii:s work on the Iranian Russian di&pute. It sent a letter of request asking both Russia and Iran to give an account on the progress of the settlement between them. And the Security Council ••t a time limit on which the reply must be 2 ·* WORLD PROBLEMS CURRENT l!lVEN'TS REVIEW submitted. What would have happened had Russia refused to answer the request? That was the question uppermost among the delegates of the United Nations. But both Russia and Iran sent fheir replies promptly. Russia promised that her troops would l•a ve I ran on May 6, 1946. The Security Council ,·1aited and asked for a report on the "'Onflrmatlon of Russian withdrawal from Iran. Iran finally eon, firmed the withdrawal of Russian troops. The Security Counoil passed the acid· test. It succeeded in forcing a major power to respect its decision. The Security Council gained prestige and has earned tht: respect of all nations. -Another serious interuational problem set b~ fore the Security Council was the Sp:mish question. It should be remembered, in passing, that Spain remained neutral during World War JI in spite of tile pressure exerted by both the Axis and th• United Nations to make Spain give up her neutrality. The Spanish . question was brought to the Stcurity Council by Poland. Poland charged that Spain was (1) concentrating a large number of troops near the French border, (2) harboring a large number ctf criminals and Nazi leaders, and For 11our next suita aee DB LOS (3) promoting the researches of German scientists on atomic energy and other deadly weapons and methods of warfa1•e. Poland wanted the members of the Securily Council to take immediate action against the Fran .. c.u regime, because she believed that Spa.in wu threatening world peace. The acid test was: Would the Spanish question immediately be discussed by tl1e Security Council and would it be taken-to a Yote? It wae firmly believed that if the SpaniSh question would ,pass the discussion stage, then a vote would be taken by the Security Council. If the majority decided against Spain. then the members of the United Nations would be instructed to break off diplomatic relations with Spain, Various plans were prepared, studied and discussed. Finally the Security Council decided to a.ppoint a five member committee to study whether 01· not the Frar-.co regime is a threat to wtirld peace. The decision gave the Security 0.uncil another lea'se on its life because it found a ~ost dip.. lomatic way to deal with the thorny Spanish question. REYES TAJLORl·NG The Home of Smart Models and La.test Designs BONIFACIO DE LOS REYES (Pmp. & Cutter) * DEALERS IN llen's Apparels and Dry Goods GOOD SERVICE AND REASONABLE PRICES AUGUST, 1946 WORLD PROBLEMS 2226 RIZAL A VE. MANILA * 3 it tGhe ~oremost ~ilipmo Statesmart MANUEL L. QUEZON By CONSUELO C. BANAG Bureau of Education The Philippines is now a republic. Today, more than ever, there is need of strong, upright men and. women for the spiritual reconstruction and the eco., notDic rehabilitation of our country. If the late Fresident Manuel L. Quezon had been here on the July 4th inaugurs.tion ceremonies, he would. hav• stressed again the prime importance of high stand.srds of character and conduct as he did at the Rizal Memorial Stadi.um before 40,000 students and teachers: usome leaders of men have advocated the stren .. uous life; others ·a life of danger and adventure; I offer to you the useful life, devoted to self-improvement and the service of the state .. It must be rooted on character, self- discipline, and work. It should glorify productive enterprise, a high sense of res.ponsibility, and the ethical virtues." During these trying times when our newly born republic needs all the help and encouragement, it is well and fitting to recall the insph'ing words of this Great Leader: "We hope for the best. We shall promote friendly lelations with other nations and be mindful of their rights. We shall endeavor to protect and defend our national integrity and independence to the limit of c1ur means. We know not what the future has in store for us, but we have faith in a just God Who presides over the destinies of nations, and Who alone holds our fate." 1'he life of this great first. President of the Philippines is indeed an illustrious example, and his memory, an inspiration. Born of humble parents il.. Baler, Tayahas. he rose to the highest position in the land and gained world wide recognition for his leadership. It is interesting to note, in passing, tTtat Quezon's success was prophesie!f by the Frenchman whose life he had saved. (According to General, M.ascardo's account, this Frenchman was accused of being a spy and it was the young Quezon who d,.. fended' him at the trial.) "The young man who took charge of my d,.. fense iS very admirable. His mind is of tbe sharpest and brightest kind. A glorious and brilHant career i• ahead of him. You watch-that brilliant and g10rious career will surely be his." In a nutshell, President Quezon sums up the story of his life in contrast with that of a certain Mr. V ent.ura: ''i was born a poor man, the son of a school teach .. er in one of the smallest towns in the Philippines, Baler. My father had, besides his salary, a twohectare riceland which he cultivated. 0 Mr. Ventura was born rich and now he has practically nothing ... "There you have two men-one whe made himself and the other who wasted his o.pportunities, the S(·lf-made and the self-unmade man." The late illustrious leader really made use of hib opportunities and created opportunities when none was in sight. This, indeed, is the keynote of his success. After learning the rudiments of readmg and writing from his aunt, his father, and the villbge priest:, he studied in Manila at San Juan de Letran, first as a working student and, later, as a boarder. Later, he· transferred to Sto. 1'omas University where he studied law. In his first and second year ia the University of Sto. Tomas, he studied Latin and Spanish grammar, geography, doctrine, and sacred history, and in each subject he got the grade of sobresaliente. In the third year, he obtained also. a grade of sobresaliente in Greek, translation and analysis of Latin, arithmetic, algebra, Spanish, and Philippine history. In 1894 he was awarded th• bachelor of arts degree, smnma cum laude. In 1895, he started studying law. Among his classmates were Sergio Osmeii.a, Vicente Madrigal, Juan Sumulong, Francisco Ortigas and Cirilo B. Santos. In the same university there were other stlr dents destined to become illustrious: Epifania de los Se.ntos, Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. GuerreTo, Rafael Palma, and Emilio Jacinto. His studies, however, were interrupted by the outbreak of the Philippine ·Revolution which was precipitated by the betrayal of the Katipunan in August, 1896, made frantic by the discovery of the existence of the K.K.K. (Katastaasang Katipur.on ng mga Anak ng Bayan), the aim of which was to fight the oppressor and to defend the OPpiessed, the Spaniards retaliated by casting even ir•nocent peo_ple into prisons and by punishing them summarily. Soon came -the Cry of Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Bonifacio tore his cedula tax in defiance of Spanish sovereignty, as he shouted. 4 • MEN AND EVENTS CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 11 0ur secret plan has been discovered I · We must. fight or die in Spanish prisons! With our bolos let us fight Spanish oppression." The Philippine Revolution spread like wildfire. It was in the American .. 1',ilipino hostilities in 1899, however, that the young Manuel Luis Quezon became attached to General Mascardo's brigade in Bataan. Many a time, he ~11owed himself a useful and daring soldier; unafraid of crossing even the American lines. During one of the hand encounters, he risked his life by braving enemy fire in order to get ammunitions; he secured in Manila 12 guns and seve1·al hundreds vr rounds of ammunitions and he brought them to Panl.panga in a carretela. Quezon fought at Bacolor and Angeles against the American troops under MacArthur, the father of Gen. Douglas MacArthur. For his bravery anJ leadership, he was promoted major and later w».s made "commandet· of guerrilla in all Bataan.'' On one occasion he hil"ed a banca at Limay and rowed to Manila to seek medical treatment. Met hr a detachment of American soldiers. Major Que. zon, disguised as a civilian, in spite of his fever proceeded to the house of the Albertos in Manila ii. order to give medical· aid to his loyal brother i;oldier, named Rodriguez, who had been wounded by several bullets. · It was Major Quezon who saw Aguinaldo afte~· th( latter's surrender to the American forces, and it was also. the gallant Major who returned to Ma!=i cardo's camp and advised that the fight be contir.ued. Although taken ill by about the middle of August, it. was only aftet· much persuasion by Mascardo and Lieutenant Miller, that he. at last, agreed ti') surrender. After General Malvar's surrender on April 16, 1902, the young Quezon after his recuperation, resumed his law studies in the University of Sto. To1nas. It is inte1·esting to note that Quezon clerked in the Monte de Piedad in his senior year for P25 ;::, month. In A.pril, 1903, he obtained the degree of legum hacca.leut·atum, and in the same year ·he paesed the examinations with very high grades. The young lawyer easily rose to prominence. From the Ortigas law firm where he was employee~ at P150 a month and where he won every c:ase alloted to him, including the ease of the 16 captured rebels who were accused of brigandage before Judge Sweeney and that of Aurelio Tolentino wno \\•as accused of sedition fo1· having written ,.Yesterday, Today, and 1l'omorrow.,, He opened a law office in Tayabas which became highly lucrative. '!'his office he left at much sacrifice and accepted the fiscalship for Mindoro at Pl50 a month, for he rleemed the new post a call to public service. There, hE- distinguiahed ·himself as a fiscal and as an "impulsive" and determined lover, resourceful and dar. ing to the extreme, prepossessing in ap,pearance, i ich with the ·gusto of life, and brilliant in inte1ltct.'' After six months as fiscal of Mindoro, he was t1ansferred to the fiscalship in Tayabas in recog .. 1iition of his meritorious services. The Inspector of Fiscals, Judge RosS, considered him as one of the I est fiscals of the Philip.pin••. He proved his mettl ! when he won the legal royal battle against five American lawyer3 who defended an American newspaper owner who. had robbed a number of ig. r.01·ant but somewhat welt-1io-do Filipinos. Later, he i·esigned and. ran for the governor.:. ship of 'l'ayabas. He became the first Filipino governor of his province, in February, 1906. It was the young governor who urged the planting of thousands. of coconut trees in Tayabas. It was he who helped put out a fire one evening, while he was going home from a visit. This quality in Que .. zl')n won many hearts. In 1906, during the convention of provincial f!OVernors in Manila, although Osme:iia became chairman of the convention, it was Governor QuP· zon who was the most vocal of all the governors. He was the spokesman of Fili.Pino support and cc.operation at the banquet given by Govern.,,r Genual Smith. It was also in this year, 1906, when h~ became one of the founders of the Nadonalista pr.rty. From· then on, he rose to prominence by leaps. By his brilliance, leadership and personal magnetism, he was elected in 1907 to the Philippine A•· st.mbly and was chosen floor leader of that body. It was he who took the floor when Mr. Taft, who ~as expected to preside over it, did not come. Quez,,r.. rose and addressed the Assembly: u1 t seems to me, gentlemen of the Assembly, that the hour has come for us to begin our task. We have not opened the session until now, in the belief that the Honorable Secretary of War would come to preside over the Assembly until the Speakor shall haw been duly elected, but since he has not come, I pr:>AUGUST, 1946 MEN AND EVENTS * 5 pose· that in accordance with oul' agreement arriv.ed at in the ,preliminal'y sessions and in conformity with the established practice in the Congress of the United States, the session should now be opened in c-rder that we can proceed with the election of the speaker, and that the delegate from Iloilo, Senator J alandoni, who acted as secretary in the said preliminary sessions should temporarily preside over cul' session." After this motion had been app_roved, 0&1mefia, nominated by Quezon, w~s elected speaker and Quezon became floor leader. Believing in the r<cessity of hard work, he then asked the delegates to _report for work in the afternoon. He also became chairman of the committee on appropriations and member .of the committees on rules on '.!lections, and on provincial and municl-pal gove1nments and metropolitan relations. From then on, his rise was meteor.like. In 1909, he became Resident Commissioner of the Philippines to the United States. On October 16, 1917, by atclamation, he became the President of the Senate, while Osmeiia was reelected Speaker. In 1918, after his quiet marriage with Aurora Aragon in Hongkong, Miasioner Quezon with Palma, Sison, and Singson Encamacion went to the United State•. It was Quezc•n who spoke for Philippine Independence to Secretary Baker on behalf of all the missioners. 11.The Philippine Mission, Ml'. Sicl'etary, is here charged with a high and solemn obligation. "It is enjoined with a noble and sac1·ed trust. It is ins.. truded to present the great cause so essential and ~ecessary to the happiness and existence of the entire Filipino people. I refer to our national birth right to be free and independent. We, ttiere'!ore, formally submit hereby the vital and urgent question of Philippine Independence to you, and through you to the Government of the United States, in the confident hope that it. shall merit a just, righteerus, and final settlement." How many of us remembered the Great Missioner on the birth day of our· republic, the Great Leader who had brought home in 1917 the memor•ble Jones Law that assured the ·grant of independence "as soon as a stable government has been formed?" How many do remember that untiring Filipino President, who, because of worry and hard work, died in the United States! How many of us remembered him when the Fi. l:pino flag was hoisted to fly freely and alone, when the age long aspiration for freedom became oi;rs at last? I wonder how we can really forget a brave patriot who believed in our capacity for. self-rule. HI prefer a g0vernment run like hell by Filipino~ to a govel'nment run like heaven by Americans." He really cannot be forgotten as an exponent of social justice, as the f'.oremost Filipino statesman, and as Ute First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, under whose wise and capable leadership the Philippines had made untold progress in various lines of t:ndeavor. How his heart must have yearned for the Philippines when he was in America during tlie World War II! In his interview with James Wingo at Shoreham in August, 1942, he said, ''We must not let the Philippines be forgotten. We must let the world know the importance of the Philippines to the rest of the world. We must make all freelom-loving people know about the long struggle the Filipinos have carried on for independence, including this war against the Japanese." In his autobiography, "The Good Fight," our late beloved President revealed his anxiety for his people and his dtSire to return to Manila. First, "l wanted them to know I was not afri.id," and second, "such action on my part would solidify t..he It'ilipino to any Japan~se influence." And Wingo, the newspaper correspondent, a.thats that P•esident Quezon retained to the end all the qualities of great leadership--courage, fierce patriotism, dramatic flair, wisdom, vision, charming personality, and a deep sense of justice. But, like the reformer propagandist Marcelo H. de! Pilar, who died in Barcelona without seeing again the land where all his affections lay. the the Great Manuel Luis Quezon, the Leader, the First President of the Commonwealth, died on August 1, 1944, mourned by his people and by all those who love social justice and freedom. Manuel L. Quezon, the greatest Filipino statesman, has joined the immortal. He was given all the. fitting honors due a hero when he Was buried among the Great Americans in Arlington Cemetery, U.S.A. His remains have just been brought back to i.s, the people he loved best, and they now rest in ,he land he dearly loved and for which he gave a life-long devotion. May we always pray for the peace· of his soul and may we always cherish his memory! MEN AND EVENTS CURRENT ElVEN'I1S REVIEW iC Can you give the significance of each date? One l-lundred Days that Gave t:he l-llghlights of World War II These One Hundred' Days were selected and tabulated from the events presented in the following references or ·sources: 1. History of World War II by Francis ·Trevelyon Mill•,. .2. HistOT11 0 0f World War II by John L. Springer 3. They W<f"e There: The Story of World War II and How it Came Abot1t by America's Foremost Correspondents 4. It Happened in 1945 by Clark Kinnaird 11. 'fh.e War in Ouu;,,,e: 1939-1944 prepared by the War Department 6. Our Na"'ll At War, Official Report by Ar. miral Ernest King 7. Biennol Report of the Chief of Staff of the U.S. A •-my by Gen. George C. Marshall 8. Time (Issues of 1939-1946) 9. Newsweek (Issues of 1939-1946) 10. The New York Times War Chronology 11. World War II: A Concise History by Rog-er W. Shugg and H. A. DeWeerd. NOTE The dates given are as of local time in the area of action .. Srptember 1. 1939.-Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war. The act was a di· net violation of the 10-year non-aggression pact ~•tween Germany and Poland. September 8, 1939-Britain and France declared war on Germany. · September ·17, 1939-Russia invaded the eastern frontier of Poland. She occupied certain territories which Poland had seized from Russia in 1919-1920. September 27, 1939-Warsaw surrendered unconditionally to Germany. October 11, l939-President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordeted government organization of the atom-bomb project. November a, 1989.-The U. ·s. neutrality bill was amended to permit the shipment of arms on a "eash-and-carry basis." Novemb•r 30, 1999-Russia invaded Finland. April 9, 1940-Germany invaded Norway and Denmark through lightning attacks. Denmark offered no resistance. N.orway, however, fought back. May 10, 1940-German forces invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and the frontier of !',ranee. Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Britain. Instead C1f glowing promises, he ofi'ered his countrymen "blood, toil, tears, and sweat.., 11What is our aim? It is Victory. . . for without v 1ctofY there is no survival.'' May 27-June 4, 1940-The epic evacuation of Allied armies at Dunkirk took place. More than 320,000 troops succeeded in crossing the English Channel. May !18, 1940-King Leopold surrendered the Belgian army to the Germans. June 10, 1940-ltaly declared war on Britain and France, and immediately afterwards inv&de.:l the latter. The invasion was considered as a stab on the back. June 22, 1940-France signed a humiliating armistice with Germany at Compiegne, France, in the same railway car in which the armistice of World War I was concluded. July 25, 1940-President Roosevelt stopped the export of American oil and scrap iron except under a. special license. Au11ust a-October 21 1940-The. Battle of British Somaliland. Augu•t-October 21, 1940-The Battle of Britain took place. An air ,.blitz" Was launched by Germany against England as a preparation for an ~nvas1on. The air ''blitz" failed. however, because of the gallant fight put up by the British Royal Air Force. September a, 1940-The U.S. traded 60 overage destroyers to Great Britain .for a 99-year lease of naval bases in Newfoundland and the West Indies. September 27, l94o--Japan became a fullfledged member of the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo military alliance (Pact of Berlin). October 28, 1940-Italian troops invaded Greece. December Ill, 1940-The greatest see.saw bat· tie of World War II began in North Africa. March 8, 1941-The U. S. Senate passed the {.end-Lease bill authorizing the President to give uall-out" aid to Britain and other couritries fight.. ing the Axis. April 13, 1941-Russia and Japan signed· a 6vear treaty of non-aggression and mutual friendship. June 1, 1941-The British forces abandoned Crete to the Nazis. Hitler's flag flew over an emAUGUST, 1946 ESSENTIAL INFORMATION • 7 pire g .. eater than the empil'e of Napoleon, Cesar, and Charlemagne. June U, 1941-Germany invade! Russia fl'Om s•veral points in East Prussia, Poland, and RumLnia. On this day in 1812· Napoleon invaded Russia. July 116, 1941-President Roosevelt issued an Executive Order freezing assets and halting all trade with Japan. Japan began occupying southern Indc-China. August 14, 1941-Preaident Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill issued the famous Atlantic Char. ter· afte,. their 9ecretl conference on the U.S.S. Augusta lying off the coast of Newfoundland. October 19, 19.U-A state of siege in Moseow was proclaimed by Mal'shal Josef Stalin. The government capital was temporarily transferred to Kuibyshev. NovembeT !l6, 1941-Pe&ce negotiations between the U.S. and Japan became critical. Secretary of State Cordel Hull issued to the Japanese en• voys a memorandum of 10-points which the Japanese considered as an 11ul.timatum!' D•c.mbBT 7. 1941-Japanese planes attack Pearl Harbor. Eight elf America's 17 battleships were destroyed. A total of 2,888 men were ltilled and 960 were missing. The Congressional Pearl Harhor Investigating Committee reported that Japanese losses were estimated at less than 100 easu11lties, 29 rt11;nes and flve midget submarines. DecembeT 8, 1941.-'l'he U. S. and Britain decJa,..;d war on .Japan. Three dava later (lJecem. ber 11) , Germany and Italy . declared war on the United States. On the same day the Unitj!d States declared war on .Germany and Italy. December 22, 1941. - Japanese forces, estimated at 80,000, landed in Lingayen Gulf. JanuaTy 1, 19411. - Twenty six nations signed a joint declaration at Washington. This became known as the "United Nations Declaration.'' JanuaTy fl, 19.U. - Japanese forces entered Manila. Gen. MacArthur's forces, in turn, retired to Bataan. FebTUaTlf 15, 19411. -- Singapore. "the Gibraltar of the F.ast," fell to the Japanese. The fall of Singapore was the greatest blow Britain had suf. fered since Dunkirk. Febn•aTlf 117-118, 19411. - The Japanese fleet trapped the United Nations fleet in the Java Sea. The naval engagement that followed was a disaster for the Allies. April 9, 19411. - After a heroic stand <If three months, Bataan fell to the Japanese. About 86863 Americans and Filipinos were taken prisoners. ApTil 18, · 19411. - Several B-25 bombers under Lieutenant Col. James Doolittle bombed Tok. yo, Yokohama, and Nagoya for . the first time. The 11ttack was stimulating to the Allied moral•,, whieh was then at a low ebb. May 6, 19411. - Corregidor was surrendering after an epic stand of 27 days. lltay 4-s, 19411-The Battle of the Coral Sea took place. It was the first great modern sea battle fought without the surface ships coming within given range. The carrier planes of both sides did all the fighting. The battle marked the turning of the tide in favor o·t the United Nations. Jun• 8-B, 19411. - The Battle of Midway was fougnt., The Japanese naval forces suffered their first decisive defeat in 350 years. It put an end to the long period of Japanese offensive action and r•stored the balance of power in the Pacific. July l, 1941. - Axis forces in North Africa under Field Marshal Erwin R,ommel were stopped by the British 8th Army under Gen. Bernard L. 'Montgomery at El Alamein, 70 miles from A!exan .. dria and less than 200 miles from the Suez Canal. Augwt 7, 1941. - U.S. marines astablished a foothold on Guadalcanal and Tulagi in the Solomons. This was the first major offensive of the Allies in the Pacific. September 18, 19411 - The German reaehed the outskirts of Stalin&"rad and began the long siege of the city. Septemb•T 117, 19411. - Gen. MacArthur's forees turned back the Japanese from Moresby, the New Guinea port nearest to Australia. OctobBT 119, 19411. - The British 8th Army under Gen. Montgomery broke the Axis line at El Atamein and commenced the longest chase in hi~ tory - 1,300 miles in 13 weeks. NovembeT 8, 1941. - The Allies invaded A!gie•!lr., Oran, ai.nd Casablanca in French ~orth Africa. ,This was the first great Allied overs•~• invasion. November 18-15, 19411. - The decisive naval battle of Guadalcanal was fought. This was one of th• greatest surface actions since the battle of Jutland in World War I. It cost the Japanese 52 .• 000 men killed or wounded, from 57 to 65 ships sunk, 102 ships damaged and 800 planes destroyed. American losses were 28 ships sunk and very heavy ground casualties. Jan""Tlf 14-Junuary 113, 19411. - The Casa. blanca Conference took Place between President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill and their comhined chiefs of staff. They decided on "uncon. ditional surrender" as the objective of the United Natfons. 8 • ESSENTIAL INFORMATION CURREN'!;. EVENTS REVIEW Janiw.1·11 18, 1943. - The Russians complete .. ly broke the 17 month ,siege of Leningrad. February 2, 1943. - ·The German 6th Army surrendered at Stalingrad. More than 330,000. Gc>rmans were captured or destroyed. February 10, 1949. - American occupation of Guadalcanal was completed. More than 40,000 Japanese were killed. M irch 30, 1948.-The Battle of the Atlantic became less crucial for the Allies. Allied shipping losses were reducPd by twa .. thirds. May lll, 1943. - The Battle of North Afr;. ca ended With the capture of Gen. von Arnim, c:>m~ander-in-chief Of the Axis forces. July 25, 11148 •. - Premier Benito Mussolini was forced to resign by King Victor Emmanue1 of Italy. Marshal Pietro Badoglio was appointed prime minister. Augitst 11-~4, 1943. - The First Quebec Conferenc~ between President Roosevelt and Prime Minitter Churchill took place at Quebec, Canad,, The conferees examined the whole field of worlJ operations. August 1.~. 1943. - U. S. and C.anadian troops went ashore on Kiska in the Aleutians. The Jap.flnese withdrew 10,000 trooIJa. September a, 1943. - ·The Allies invaded lb1~· by crossing the Strait of Messina and landing on the Calabrian peninsula in the southern part of the country. September 8, 1943. - Italy surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. September 1'1, 1948. - Gen. MacArthur's for .. cei-: took Lae, an important Japanese base in New Guinea. October 19-30, 1948. - The · Moscow confer. ence between the Foreign Secretaries of the United States, Britairi, and Russia took place. The ccnference discussed many problems. It decided to c~ntinue with \!cillaboration and cooperation in order to solve the P'~blems of the world. November 9, 1948. - The members of the United Nations decided to establish the UNRJ1.A to take care of postwar problems of relief and repabilitation. November 20, 1943. - U. S. marines and soldiers landed at Makin and Tarawa in the Gilbert l!--Jands in the Pacific. Tarawa wa8 captured at u cost of 1.,026 Americans killed and 2,577 wound .. ed. Enemy resistance ended on Noveniber 24. To ... tal number of Japanese killed was 5,000. November $2-115, 1943. - The Cairo Corrference took place. President Roosevelt, Prime Ministe.r Chu:rehill and Gent:ralissimo Chiang Kai ... shek discussed the military operations against J apan, the unconditonal surrender of Japan, and the stripping of Japan of the territories which she had taken by violence and greed. November BS-December 1, 1943.-The Teher,•n Conference was held. President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Marshal Stalin "shaped and confirmed our common policy with determination that our nations ilh.all work together in the war and in the peace that will follow.'' Feb1"Ua,y 11, 1944.-U.S. and Canadian .forces won control of the Huon peninsula, New Guinea. March B2, 1944.-Japanese forces crossed the frontier of India from central Burma. June 4, 1944.-The Allies Iiberat•d' Rome. June 6, 1944.-The greatest amphibious invadon in history took place when Allied troops landed on Normandy, France (D-Day) .. June 15, 1944.-U.S. troops landed on Saipan in the :Marianas. June 16,.1944.-B...29 bombers (Superfortresses) basP.d on Chinese flying fields made the first ~ajar ~ttack on Japan. June 19-20, 1944.-The First Battle of the Philippine Sea was fought west of the Marianas. The bdtle b'!:oke the Japanese effort to reinforce the Marianas. July 1-BB, 1944.-Representatives of nearly all peoples held the Bretton Woods Monetary Conference at Bretton Woods. New Hampshire. They dis~ cussed monetary changes and agreed to set up an International Bank of Reconstruction and Deveiop ... niellt. July 20, 1944.-An attempt of German generals to kill Hitler failed. August 16, 194·4.-The Japanese forces were driven from India. The Manipur campaign ended. August 21 .. 0ctober 7, 1944.-Representatives of the United States, Great Britain, Russia, and China met at Washington. They recommended the creation of an internation~l security organization to be known as the United Nation•. August !5, 1944~Paris was liberated by French and U.S. forces. September 11-18, 1945. - The Second Quebec (,onference bt.tween P1·esident Roosev~lt and Prime Minister Churchill and their staffs took place. The r;onference reached important decisions as regards to the early completion of the war in Europe. It likewise mapped out a campaign for use against Japan. October fO, 1944. - Gen. MacArthur's forces Ionded at Leyte. More than 600 ships steamed into L•yte Gulf, after an undetected eight-day 1,500mile voyage from the waters of New Guinea and the Admiralty Islands. Gen. MacArthur thus fulfilled the promise he had made on March 27, 1942 i:r Australia: "I ca..me through and· I shall return." (Continued on page 13) AUGUST, 1946 ESSENTIAL INFORMATION Siqnificant World News Roundup JAPAN Progree-s made by Japan In his latest report on Japan, Gen. Douglas MacArthur gives the following significant facts: (1) Japan has made considerable progress toward dE:!rnocracy; (2) -various .Political groups have realized the need for gradual and moderate changes in the political system of the country; (3) the parti~ipation of the Japanese people in the first !free election shows that the Japanese are interested in the political life of new Japan; ( 4) the makeup or coml'Dsition of the new Diet shows that no single party has ciecured a working majority to form a strong cabinet; (5) the controversial woman suffrage was gladly welcomed by the people; and (6) the election was made free from intimidation or undue influ~nces by efficient and sincere government sur.ervision. What is behind the news? The report of Gen. MacArthur shows that Japan's ,progress toward ctemocracy will determine the nature of the Allied fiolicies on the political life of Japan. It has been nbserved that the present state of political life in Japan is still in a "state of flux". The issues that will aominate the .Political life of the people "have r.l)t yet been clearly defined nor have the lines been filially· drawn." It is significant to remember that the people's attitude toward the occupation forces was rated "eood." MANCHURIA Official recognition of strippitlfl Three months ago Manchuria came into the news spotlight because of two important events. The first was the refusal of the Soviet army to leave .Manchuria as agreed in a treaty that Russia sign .. ed with China. The second was the Russian systematic stripping of the industrial plants in Manchuria. Recently several official reports have been written on the &tatus rif Manchuria's industry. According to these official reports the removal of the industrial machineries was systematic and according to. plan. The industrial plahts have been stripped of electrical generators and m·otors. ·Textile looms have been removed entirely. Edwin W. Pauley, United States Reparation c-:>mmissioner, estimated that about 60% of Man1.·h.uria's industrial equipments has been removed. n hat is behind the news? It is signficant to nott that these official reports confirm the widely publicized stripping of Manchurian industries by both Russians and Chinese communisis. These rc[H;rt-s a1S11 confirm the warning once made by Seccretary of State, James F. Byrnes, who .warned the Russian to cease removing industrial plants a'J reparations. The Russians stripped Manchuria of many mdustrial equipments because she needs them. Ruef ia believes, moreover, that the strip_ping of Manchuria is a military necessity, because a weak Manchuria would mean a safe borderline for Rus.sia. RUSSIA Russi.a' I!- Land Plan Russia haS" submitted to the Allied Council ·for Japan a plan to seize large Japanese estates for the n.ain purpose of dividing them among the peasants. The plan provides for either partial payme:nt ·or free distribution of the estates. This proposal was rejected by the United States· ~e cause it is in violation of the principles of tlle Pctsdam Declaration of the Big Three and of the principles of democracy. n hat is behind the news? The' United States has also introduc'ed land r~forms in Japan. These land reforms are intended to uproot Japanese feudalism and to strengthen democracy in Japan. The United. States is not in favor of not paying the 0wners ivr their lands, because such a prac.tice would be intentional discrimination. Democracy, according to the United States, must provide gafeguard to the rights of the people to acquire pro.perty. "That certain men are rich in property is not justification for depriving them of the property without just compensation." CHINA Mutuui DistrustR The restoration of peace is still China's great yiroblem. The delay O'f the final rest'Oration of peace and order is mainly due to the mutual distrust between the Chinese Nationalist and Chinese qommunists. General George C. Marshall was sent by the United States to intervene. General Marshall succeeded in making both sides agree to a 15-day truce and to discuss peacefully the settlement 'l'f the dispute. There was a deadlock. The truce was extended for further discussions, Still both parties failed to come to terms. 10 * INTERNATIONAL NEWS CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW '£he cause of the deadlock wa8 the ·demand of the National government to make the Communists leave or evacuate certain areas. This demand was rejected by the Communists. The Communists C'ven refused to let peace truce tea.ms enter certain se".tions of Manchuria. They also opposed the propos. al to make the decisions of Gen. Marshall final .. ·what is behind the news? The current .peace negotiations would fail unjess both ,parties forget iheir mutual suspicions. The Communists are de. termined to exf!rcise control on certain areas. The National government. on the other hand, is alao determined to exercise full sovereienty over all Chi.nese te~1·itory. Sl.4.M Ji\' hat is the Puzzle? Kinw Ana.nda Mahidol the 20-year old mon. arch of Siam, one of the three sovereign nations in East Asia, died on June 9,1946. The young king Was loved by his people because of his democratic kanings. He succeeded to the throne left vacant by .the abdication of his uncle, King Prajadhipok, on March 2, 1935. The young monarch favored the introduction of democratic constitutional reforms, ill his country~ Last May, he signed a new con.: stitution providing for an elected penate and hou!iie of representatives. Government aJ{thorities- are now conducting a .thorough investigation on the mysteI"ious death of the king. People have been· askinst for the cause of the king's death. What is behind the news? It is important to note that Siam· has successfully withstood the Western. imperialist infiltration in the East. Through a blood. leBf. revolution, the country was transformed from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. The world is closely following the present situation in Siam. The king's death may have serious effects on the life of the people, and such a sitna .. tion may have repercussion~ throughout the worM .. INDONESIA ls Indonesian P;.oposal a Step Backward? Several weeks ago 'the Netherlands outlined her ncornmendations for the freedom of Indonesfa. She proposed that Indonesia should be a unit in the Netherlands Kingdom, The plan was not a1>ceptable to the Indonesians. The Indonesians gave the following counter-proposals: ( 1) The authority and power of the Indonesian government in Java and Sumatra should be formally recognized l>y the Netherlands government; (2) Indonesia would conclude an alliance with the Netherlands; (3) Hostilities should cease; (4) An agreement should be entered into between the Netherlands and Indonesia- That no change should take _place .in th£ position and strength of the armed forces of both parties; (5) Special arrangement should b" made for territories (outside of Java and Sumatra) that do not like to join the Indonesian free atate. What is behind the nJJws? The Netherlands government consider the proposals presented by Indonesia• Premier Sultan Sjahrir as a step back\vards. The Indonesian Republic "wants its _sovereignty to be formally recognized. The Netherlands government wr.nts the establishment of a free Indonesia which would be an a.utonomous unit in the Netherlands kingdom. The Netherlands government believes that the freedom of ,the Dutch East Indies should be .at. taine\I gradually. The Dutch liberals strongly favor this policy. INDIA Progress towa.rd }'reedom India has made gr!"at progress towards attaining her freedom. The British rDinisterial mis•io" that visited India and studied the problem of Indian independence has pro.p~ed the establishment of a United . States of India. The British plan• is ae·ceptable to the Hindu All-India NatianaT Congress. Gandhi urges for its acceptance. Mohamt:J. Ali Jinnah, the only strong Moslem leader w:hf'.\ could give strong op,posH:ion to Gand!ti, has also finally accepted the British plan. It should be remembered, in passing, that Ali Jinnah insisted in the past for a Pa.kista'nr-a sep~rate Moslem state. His proposal for a Pakistan was not accepted hv the British ministerial mission. What is behind the news? The accentance of the British plan by both the Hindu All-India Congres• end the Moslem League brings India nearer to freedom. The Moslem• have at last realized the futility of asking for a Pakistan and have seen thR need of cooperation in the execution of the t1rogram :tOr •n independent India. ITALY The Birth of a--Republic The House o.f 811.voy came ~o an end as a re.. suit of the national election held on June S, 1946. 'l'wenty..:four million men and women went to the tmlls to vote on whether they like to retain the monarchy or to have a republic. The result of the plebi~cite showed that 12,672,000 were in favor of_ ihe republic and 10,688,000 were in favor of the retention of t.he monarchy. The decision at ~he polls ended the 900 year old House of Savoy. For the first time since "Jufius Cesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 B. C., Italy has agaiii become a republic. King Umberto II, th• last Italian monarch and one o.f tho last few kings of Europe, went into exile. The Italian electio.n, the first free national eleetion in twenty five years, also showed that Italy is against Communism. Of the 569 seats in the ConstitueuL Assembly, the Christian Democratic PaTtY won 196 seats, the Socialists won 116 seats, and the Communists won 107 seats. AUGUST, 1946 INTERNATIONAL NEWS • 11 fl hat Is bel>ind the 11ews? 'fhe end of the Italian monarchy fulfills the hope of the United Nations for a strong Italy. The result of thie election shows that the Italians have preferred democracy to cO'Ql• niunism or totalitarianism. GREECE The I nsue is Decided T_he disposition of the Dodecanese 1slands, which were occupied by th~ Germans during the World War II and later liberated by the United Nafions, became a serious threat to peace because of Russia's desire to keep these islands. Uurmg the rtecond_ Parfs. ·Conference, however, Russia un~ conditionally agret!d to return the Dodecanese Is.. lands to Greece. What tr. behind tl>e ·news? During the J,ondon Conference, Russia .wanted trusteeship of the Dodecanese Islands. Russia was interested in these Islands because of their strategic position. During the first Paris Conference Russia expreased her de-sil'e to establish bases in the Dodecanese Islands. The United States, France, and Britain fil"mly op. l'Osed Russia's plan. Russia gave in. She gave back the Islands to Greece. The unconditional return of the islands to Greece removed one of the greatest threats to peace in Europe. BRITAIN Nationalization Prcuram. On The Labor government of England is vigorously pushing its nationalization program. During the last eleven months, partial success has already been achieved in aarrying out the program. The people welcome . the nationalization program on coal, ele~ tricity, national insurance, social medif!ine, iron and sbeel, and the bank of England, In general, there is r.~ serious opposition to the various projects being carried on by the government. What is behind the news? The Labor government of England is jubilantly conscious of the reason" for the success of its nationalization program. Even the Conservatives see these reasons, too, in the reaction of the people. The people know that this program is the best possible solution of their postwar problems. Obviously, England is going socialistic. Nevertheless, while England continues its march ·to .. ward Socialism, it also continues to fight commumsm-particularly Russian communistic expan ... sionism in Europe. GERMANY America Leads in the Politica.l Administ·ra.tion There are two significant exp~riments in government going on in the world. These experiments ere t:he "democratization" of Japan and of Ger .. many. Dilri11g th·e Paris Con!erence of the Foreign Ministers, Secretary of State James F. Byrnes ziuggested 8. 25· year disarmament of Germany and the establishment of a federated German states. 1 l'he United States zone of occu'pation has at .. ready set up the pattern for such a plan in . Germany. The three German states under- the Unitecl States created a council. The council is an advi, sory, consultative, admi.nistrative, .and coordinatlnt: P.gen.cy. It has no executive nor legisative powers. Wh.at 1~if behin.d the· n6Ws? The inComplete plan that is now .being tried in the zone occupied by the TTniterl States is significant because it will have an important bearing on the form of government that will finally emerge in Western Germany. The ~uc C!P.~s of the A~erican experiment' will have also- an important effect on thP future admirN.stration of Gt'rnumy. ,'WAIN An Eml1arrassment'! ·rhe final disposition of the Franco regime JS a thorny problem for tlje Security Council. The report submitted by the five member nation committea that investigated the Franco government stat.es that the Franco regime is a "potential threat" to world peace. The Security cOuncil has discussed the .repOrt. On. June 25, rn46, it voted to reject the proposal of Poland to make the United Nations sever diplo. matic relations with Spain. What is behind the news? Poland, Russia, France, and Mexico wanted to break oif diplomatic reJa .. tions with Spain. Tlie other members of the Security Council refused to sever relations with Spain. A compromiS"e was later. drawn which gave to the General Assembly the right to find other ways, except breaking diplomatic relations, for dealing with the Spanish question. 1'hen on June 28, 1946, the Security Council voted 9 to 2 to keep the Spanish question on the agenda. This attitude of the Security Council towards the Spanish qu~stion is l"'abeled by the Time magazine as embarrassing. How would the Spanish question then be di._ posed nf? This is now the problem .of the General Assen:bly that will meet in S~ptember. 12 * IN·TERNATIONAL NEWS CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW F'RANC1!: A •'m•d Clashes on the ·Frontiers France is confronted by the serious borue1 clashes between French Indo-China and Siam. The French say that the Annamites attacked certai.o towns in Indo-China with the aid of Siamese and Japanese troops. Because of this provocation, the F'rench troops were forced to pursue the Ann~ mites. The border clashes between the two countries are becoming seriou~. It is said that the United States has been asked to act as the mediator in the settlement of the dispute. Wh~t is behind tke news? France accuses Siam for darting the border clashes. France points~ that t.hese clashes are motivated by the desire of Siam to hold permanently the Indo-China territories given to Siam by Japan in 1941. United States and France firmly believe that these territories should b• retume<J by Siam to French Indo-China. rTNITED STATES Will Atomic Secrets be Revealed' The United States has once more shown itFI willingness· to continue its work to promote inter.. r.ational _peace. Through Bernard M. Barauch, chairr.l&n of the United Nations Atomic Commission, tlte Unit.ed States announced its willinJtness to dest-ro~ z.11 atomic bombs as well as to stop makin2 new ones and also its desire to give to the world th~. secrets of the atomic bomb u_nder certain conditions. The United States ask nothing in r•turn but om•crete guarantees for peace from the major bowers of the world. ThP. two ilnp!lrtant conditions announced bv Barauch to hasten world .Peace are: (1) The United States will reveal the secrets of the atomic bomb when treaty guarantees shall have been conclude<I by the different nations. (2) An international atomic development authority should be established at once and its inspectors should be given free access to all atomic plants to watch out for any possible misuse of atomic energy. What;~ behind the news? The Barauch plan places be:fore the world a practical plan in the interest of world peace. It is sincerely believed that if all plants engaged in the peaceful uses of atomic energy are opened for inspection .. nd all nations are willing to cooperate to carry out the agreements reached by them to guarantee serurity me•sures, the atomic energy may help bring about world peace by providing man with power that could prodUC!i:! mo1 e than what he needs. One Hundred Days ... (Con.tinued from page 9) October S3J8, 1944.-The Second Battle of the Fhilippine Sea was fought off Leyte. The battle is lccorded as the greatest naval. battle of the war and t.he greatest in American naval history. The JaPanese navy was badly crippled. December 17-29 1944.-Field Marashal Gerd vo11 Rundstedt launched Germany's last and desperate counterattack on the Belgian-Luxembourg frontier .. In sdme places the Germans drove 50 miles into Belgium. The Battle of the "Bulge" }Vas bitter. The Allies drove back into Germany on January 28, 1945. Janum'V 9, 4945.-U. S. iorces landed in Lingayen Gulf. By nightfall 68,000 troops were ashore and were in control of a 15 mile beachead. Janum·y 17, 1945.--Warsaw, capital of Poland, v·as liberated· by the Russians after five years and four months of German occupation. February 4-11, 1945.-The Yalta Conference was held in Crimea between President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Marshal Stalin. They discussed important problems on the treatment of Germany, common policies in assisting the people of countries liberated from Nazi Germany, and plans of holding a conference of the United Nations. They r•affii·med the principles of the Atlantic CliiirWr. February 7, 1945-U. S. marines invaded Jwo Jima, 750 miles from ·Tokyo. It was taken at a cost 9f 19,938 American castialties, including 4.189 dead. Japan lost 23,244 111en. March 7, 1945.-The Ailies crossed the Ludendorff bridge over the Rhine at Remagen. German leoders said that the last important mistake of Germany was letting the American First Army capture this bridge intact. The ca_pture niade Ge~any commit to action a mobile force that was being held for the defense of the "Rhine Line." April 1, 1945.-American forces invaded Oki·· nawa Island, 325 miles from the Japanese mainland. The island was captured aftel' 12 days of sever~ fighting. U.S. casualties totalled more than 46,000; Japanese casualties, more than 110,000. April 12, 1945.-President Roosevelt died ::t \\'"arm Springs, Georgia. April 25, 1945.-U. S. troops and Russian soldiers were linked at Torgau. Germany. April 185-Jwne 28, 1945.-The members of the l!nited Nations met at San Francisco to establish an international organization that would preserve world peace. (Continued on page 19) AUGUST, 1946 INTERNATIONAL NEWS * 18 *How will our national problems be solved? THE STATE OF THE NATION Significant notes from the 15,000""'Word· m,.essage of P'resident Manuel A. Roxas to the joint session of the Congress of the Philippine~ on Ju"" 8, 1946. THE PROBLEMS OF THE NATION Cur /income The government is , without financial means to maintain its basic functions. Our national income is Only 40 million pesos more or less. Our budget could not be less than 240 million pesos. We shall face a deficit of 200 million pesos. Our Currency Our currency is suffering from a vast over ... ~xpansion in circtilation. Today there are in circu .. lation over 800 million pesos, compared with the 1·re-war total circulation of only about 200 million J,iesos. This over-circulation is partly the rea!on for the lowering of the buying power of the peso. Our National Production Our annual export before the war wa! about 240 million pesos. We may be fortunate to export 30 million pesos.worth of goods this year. Our importfl this year will exceed 300 million pesos an amount several times that of our import before the war. Qur production facilities have been pitifully de:stroyed. Practically all our tractors and 60 per cent of our work animals disappeared during the war. Owr Transportation Facilities Our transportation f~ilities have been co~ pletely disrupted. rrhe United States Government, however, has given us much help in resioring out" transportation facilities. Our roads are in shambles and tend to deplete our usable motor vehicles. Our coastwise shipping is at present but a fracUori of what we had before the war. Our Communication Our communication, particularly the radio, and the telegraph, has been completely ~isrupted. Business operations are seriously crippled by the lack of rapid communication facilities. Business messages cannot ~wtftly be sent to, nor received from, the different pal'ts of the Islands and of the world. Our !!'..Broads are depleted with rolling stocks and the lines are in a sad state of desrepair. Our Publie Health and S"anitation Public -health and sanitation are far below the level which existed before t•he war. There is a constant threat of .epidemic. The three great pests of our land-the rat, the mosquito, and the locustthrived on our misfortunes and threaten u~ with both disease and hunger. Our' Food Production There is possibility of famine. Shortage of too1I is critical. In addition to the damages done by rats :tnd locusts, food production is hampered by the lack of work animals and by the absence of law and order in some provinces. This is not all. Therf;' ts world shortage of rice. Our Housing Condition. The big cities in the Philippines have very sel'ious housing problems, especially in Manila. W"ant of building materials and high cost of labor l1ave delayed the reconstruction of thousands of houses .destroyed by the war. Thousands of sc.nbol children could not be accommodated: ~overnment activities are crowded in congested quarters; thousands of families live in low and uncomfortable 11barong-barongs." Our Natural Resouroes The destructi0n of our productive industries i~ tragic. Sugar, hemp, copra, coconut, oil, c1gar, tobacco, minerals, and lumber were once our main exports and the princip_al sources of our national income. These products gave u5 the favorable balance of trade with the United Sta~es, China, Japan and several others countries. Today 60 percent of our sugar mills are not producing, because their machineries are either beyond repair or missing. Not a single coconut mill r~mains intact. Our gold mines are still flooded. l'rlost of the sawmills were -destroyed, and those that a,re functioning at present cannot meet even onehalf of the local demand. Our Labor Condition Thousands of laborers have been suddenJy thrown out of work because of the immediate demobilization of the U.S. Army and Navy. Unemploy. rnent will still continue to increase as the U.S. Army and Navy continue withdrawing from the Philippine.:;. This situation may remain so for sometime, because there are no productive enterprises to absorb the men discharged by U.S. Army and Navy. RECOMMENDATIONS TO SOLVE OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT FINANCES The projected loan from the United States 14 • NATIONAL AFFAIRS CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW Current Events Review for High School Students Published monthly during the school yervr. Diosdado G. CapinO Editor D. R. Manlapaz Publisher Subscription Rates: One year (10 issues) One semestel' (.5 issues) I;ayablc in advance. P5.00 3.00 Please make all remittance payable to the· CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila will be only of transient value. The entire budget procerlur~ must be l'eviewed and that a more ·nexibl• technique, both for determining budgetary n•eds and for allocating our expenditures should be devised. Taxes must be raised to reasonable levP.ls without discouraging enterprises of business ~xpansion. Taxes should be imposed on war profits. The taxes will be based on taxable income and on the increase in capital assets from 1941 to 1945. Ou the People's Confidence in Financial and Credit Institutions The confidence of the people in financial and credit institutions must be restored, to lure savings in.. to productive streams of industrial and commercial credits. Banks must be fully rehabilitated and strengthe;1ed. The banking laws must be studied and modified to solve the problems of the nation. In order to hasten our economic rehabilitation, t.lie banks should make easy credit available to small.· investors, home builders, and producers. It may be nec~ssary as well as ·advisable for the govet·nment to guarantee small business and farm loans On the Probl•m of lnfla"on The abnormality of prices as due to the scar. d ty of materials and the great ilemand of consumers. Because of this fact, we must cont\·ol prices in the meantime until we shall have geared our production. 'l'he black market must be minimized, profiteering mu.st be prevented, the suiCide race b£tween prices and wages ·must be obviated; for s-.:::ch practices will abnormally raise prices and consequently inflate the value of our peso. 011 , tlio Participat~ of ln<llviduals on Business llnd Industry Small ente1·.p1us1111 are economiCl'HY ~ssentlal and socially desirable. Special financial and ere• clit facilities should be extended to them. Techni. cals advice and assistance should be provided. On Husbanding Our Nlltural Resource• Our soil must be kept rich and fertile. Our mineral ·resources must be developed according to pian~ Reforestation must keep pace with the cut.. tmg of lumber. The work of our·experimental 8gritultural stations must be expanded and the results of their work t1·ansmitted to all. On Lllbor Conflicts Conciliation and mediation must be. recognized IA.nd emphasized as a proper procedure for the settlement <If labor disputes. The good offices of the government should always be made availabl~ to iwevent labor disputes from reaching the stage uf strikes. On Law and O\·d•r The establishment of the State Poli<e Is important. The police force must be a civilian body although its members will be selected largely from our defense forces. The DiviSion of Investigatio.."'1. in the Department of Justice must be strengthened to apprehend violators of national laws and to guard against bribery, corru.ption, and graft in the government. · There must be an increase in the penalty for the illegal possession of firearms, especially automatic rifles. machine guns, hand grenades, bombs and heav.ier armament. It has been proposed that the asseMbly of three or more men carrying ille~ gal firearms shall constitute presumption of conspi~ racy to commit acts of banditry, On Our Food Problem Food production must be intensified. New commodity crops m.ust be developed such as ramie, peanuts, soya beans, and cotton. To increase further our food supply, we must stimulate the fishing lnrlustiy. AUGUST 1946 NATIONAL AFFAIRS RADAR MAKES A BOW By FERMINA N. GAN Departnient of Instruction Uureau of Education, Instruction Division Radar? \V oal is radar? Oh, it's one of the biggest war secrets that fmally came through the vdl of military security. And how significant and surprising! The armed st:r~ices decided to take the wraps off radar th~ same week that the atomic bomb was revealed. Have you ever thought that human v1s1on could be extended th.-ough the use of radio waves? Did you .know that even without the atomic bomb Japan was doomed? w~n. both are true because of the "all Eeeing eye."' ~hat is this eye with a super. ,-ision, "a traffic c<>:p of the skies'' that sees the unseen? It is ,..adar. The word ·radar is coined from the words "radio dictation and ranging." ll'he invention of rcdar belongs to no one man or nation. As early as the 1930s, the United States, Britain, France :ind Germany werf' working independently on l·adio detection devices. The experiments made on these devices were bast>d on Heinrich Hertz's discove.ry i1886) that radio waves are rt>flected from solid objects. Upon this ba~dc principle, the structure of radar was developed. The radar beams forth a burst of energ·y, r.alled a. 1mhe, in all directions. When the ·pulse hits something in its path-be it land, water, factory, city .. ship, or plane-the pulse b )Unces back. Then, since the pul~e travels at the speed Of light fl 86,000 miles a second), it is possible to tell the direction and distance of. the target by the lapse of time between the pulse and echo or rebound. The echoes as shown on the cathode tube, appear on the radar scope or viewing screen, as spots of light, or "pips'' of varying intensity: water is dark, land is light. and ships, planes, submarines, and cities are bright. The images may indicate even ti1e direction, distance and height of the object that sends back the echo or rebound. The following pictures illustrate some of the va. ried uses of the radar: (Popular Mechanics, October, 1945) The radar is the only top.secret weapon of war that will have a sure and invaluable peacel time use. Its applications will bring about a safer peace: (1) A network of radar stations would permit faster and Jn.Ore accurat:e weather forecasting; (2) Radar could safely navigate ships and planes through darkness and bad weather. It would prevent the re~urrence of accidents like that of the B· 25 which crashed into the Empire State Building of New York. How accidents can be pre ... vented through pulses and echoes is shown by the following pictures taken from Life, August eo, 1945. 16 • 'MODERN SCIENCE CURRENT EVEN·TS RE.VIEW t PULSE TRAVELS AHEAD or PLANE WITH THE SPEED or LIGHT I ?E STRIKES BUILDING AND £CHO STAATS BACi<. TOWARD PL.AMC Is radar of real importance? The followin!t questions will help you find .out: 1. What has been the revolutionary weapon since the-beginning of war? Radar. 2. What is the "all seeing eye" that can see at night th.rough fog. clouds, . and smoke? Radar. 3. What enabled the Allied ships, through di. l'ected gunfire, tO sink enemy vessels they could not see? Radar. 4. What enabled carrier planes at night to return safely to their ships which were but tiny dot5 in a vasL• ocean in spite <If bad weather? Radar. 6. What was used by the British to warn .their force of fighter planes when Gel'man bombers ap. proached in. the Battle of Britain? Radar. 6 . What enabled Joseph L. Lockard to give the unheeded report that unidentified planes were. flying towud the Pearl Harbor naval base? Rada.r. 7. What powerful weapon did the German• and the Japanese use and did feverishly try to de~ velop in order to win the war, but failed to perfect it? Radar. 8 . What weapon smashed the Axis U-Boat campaign to break the Allies' supply lines? Radar. 9. What made possible the wrong.weather invasion of the European continent? Radar. 10. What enabled the Allied air forces to bomb accurately Germar, cities and factories until the enemy collapsed? Radar. What , th-1?n, wan the Mtperim· weapon that wo-n fhp wnr /01· the A.IMP.•? RADAR. * Circular Letters * Lecture Notes * Business Forms • Textbooks & Outlines • Posters "' Classroom Tests * Campaign Write-ups "' Programs MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. Editors - Mimcographers - Bookbinders Artists ......... Designers - Illustrators 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc. Manila av <(:H(> PLAN.E ~ENDS. OllT SJ:COND PULS£ AUGUST 1946 • 17 SCIENCE MARCHES ON Elect~o'fbi.c Microscope Science has again made a great stride witlt t.hE' inventfon of the electronic mic!roscope. The electronic microscope enlarges or magnifies an obi•ct 100,000 times. It exposes objects ranging from 10 to 200 millimicrom. A millimicrom is a millionth of a millimeter. The power of this microscope lies in the use 'bf electrons for light. The electromagnets focus on the object and direct a stream of these electrons to it. The super-brightness of the electrom makes visible the object. that with ordinary light are invisible. The electrot1ic microscope has enabled scient.. ist~ to get a clear picture of the once invisible in .. fluenza vlrus. With the aid of this microscope, it wm be pcissible tn eliminate influenza, man's deadliest enemy. Liquid Insulation What happens to an automobile when it passes on a flooded road? Have you seen how automo.. biles are oftentimes stalled because of the flood? Vuring the war, Army engineers tried to solve this 1.roblem. They investigated how Army jeeps, \teapon carriers, personnel carriers, and other A~ n·y vehicles could be made serviceable in flooded areas. After numerous. experiments ·an insulatory liquid w~s developed. This liquid waterproofs the ignitioJi systems, and thereby keeps the engine going. This discovery has made the landing at troops easier and faster, because trucks, tanks and jeeps don't havP. l'O be carried to the dry land anymore. War Wanders for Ci1Jilia..,, While the last war is the costliest, biggest, and ugliest war in history, it has also brought ;wout many useful scientific discoveries and in· ventions. 1. The Army jeeps for example have been adapted to a variety af peacetime uses. They could oe used for pulling plows, for running generators, and pumps, and for hauling logs. 2. Air· filled rubber boats which were designed oy the Army and Navy for inland waters can be used for duck hunting or boating. 3. Quonset huts m~y be used' for summer cott~gu. 4. Waterproof matches have solved the problems of fishermen, hunters, and farmers. 6. Army soap has been found good not only for shaving but also for various washing purposes. 6. Canned ham and eggs, 7. The Army super-raincoats have been found 100 times resistant to water than pr·.!·War raincoats. 8. The Army germinicidal rinse has proved to be the most economical for the kitchen and res .. taurants. A few ounces will make a 26.gallon can Jf water into disinfectant. 9. DDT, the wonderful insecticide, is now uBed by farmers and housekeepers. 10. The mechanism of the famous landing shipS is now being adapted by merchant marines to facilitate unloading. 11. Portable stoves developed by the Army for utes in combat areas are ideal for outdoor cook. ing. 12. ·The square candle invented by the Army can be used as a substitute for small stove fire. 13. "Five harness sateen" developed by the Army for special war purposes, is the toughest cloth ever woven. It will be very useful for work clothes and childrens play clothes. 14. The walkie-talkie radio may now be used tor home-office or field-home communication. 15. The Army shoe soles developed for war services have the distinction of outlasting five times the ordinary sole of prewar shoes. 16. The nylon material discovered only during this war has been found to have various practi .. cal uses, such as nylon stockings, shoe strings, ropes, etc. 17. Plastic materJals have been found to be gaod materials for manu'facturing buttons, dishes, at!d even musical instruments. 18. Dehydrating processes developed during the war have great commercial possibilities. 19. Mosquito-proof tents are ideal for camping and other allied purposes. 20. One pound stoves are ideal for picnics and campings,, 21. Floating match boxes. 22. Candid X-ray camera has been greatly developed to get pictures of moving objects uncler ur100 fa:vorable circumstances. 23. Non-breakable milk bottles will minimize waste and will make .the delivery Of milk surer. 24. Combination foods with meB.t were su~ cessfully developed during the war. They may now be useful for everyday purposes. 26. Halazone tablets rendered valuable services during the war by purifying river and' creek water for the soldiers. These tablets will enable. communities without water systems to have safe drinking water. 26. The new type of sleeping bags intended !or jungle fighting are handy and safe for hunting and camping. 18 * SCIENCE CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW The Potsdam Declaration Outlining the Terms for Japanese Capitulation HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS The Potsdam Doclaration Outlining the Ter11UJ fo" Japanese Capitulation The future of Japan was first broadly outlined m U1e · Cairo Conference by President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai..shek. But the detailed conditions for the capitulation of Japan were set down during the Pots~ dam Conference. The terms set down in the Potsdam Conference are as follows: On the Authority and Influence of PeTsona Re. eponsible for the War "There must be .eliminated for all time the au" tnority and influence of those who have deeeived ud misled the people of Japan into embarkinl? on world conquest, for we insist that a new order of peace, security and justice will be impossible until irresponsible militarism is driven frOm the world." "Until such a iiew order is established and unless there is convincing proof that Japan's .warmaking power is destroyed, points in the Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies shall be occupied to secure the achievement of the basic:. chjectives_ we &re setting forth." On the Terms of the Cairo Declaration. "The terins of the Cairo Declaration shall be canied out and Japanese sovereignty shall be Jim· ited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Rhikoku, and such minor islands as we determine.'1 On Democracy. "We do not intenrl that the Ja1>anese shall he enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but ste1·n justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited crueltif~s upon our prisoners. The Ja~anese Government ahall remove al! obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among- the Japanese peonle. Freedom of speech and religion and of t bought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established." On Japanese Economy. "Japan shall be permitted to maintain such indust.t'ies as will sustain her economy and permit t.he payment of just reparation in kind, but not those industries which will enabJe her to rearm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from control of, raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation. in world trade relations shall be permitted." On the length of Allied Occupation. "Th• occupying forces of the Allies shall he withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives hnve been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely exPressed will of the Japanese people a peaceful!y inclined and 1esponsible Government." On. Unconditional Sut'Tmder. ·~e call upon the Government of Japan to fJroclaim now the unconditional surrend.er of .'lll Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adeqnate .1:1.ssurances of theh· good faith in such action. Th~ .alternative for Japan ;, pl'Omut and utter destruction." The A•llied Te'rmB in ActA>n 1. Do you think the Allied terms constitute a "soft peace?'' Why? What is the purpose of limit. i'lg Japanese sovereignty to foul' main· islands? 2. What prompted the Allies to make the declaration that the Japanese shall not be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation? What did Filipinos in general want to do with the Japanese on the eve of the surrender of Japan? .. 3. Why should Japan be permitted to participate in world trade relations? 4. Recently, Secretary James F. By1·nes p1~ posed a 25-year treaty for the disllrmament of Japan. Do you agree with Brynes's -proposal? W)ly? 6. Explain these terms: sovereignty; human rights; economy; unconditional surrendel'. ONEHUNDREDDAYS ... (Continued from page 18) May 1, 1945.-The Nazis announced th0 death of Adolf Hitler. May !!, 1945.-Berlin fell to the Russians after 12 days of seve1·e fighting. The German a1·my in Italy surrendered to the Allies. &lay 7, 1945.-Germany surrendel'ed "unconditionally" to the Allies after 5 years, 8 months and 6 days of war. (V. E Day). July 5. 1945.-Gen. MacArthur announced the end of the Philippine campaign. July 17, 1945.-The Big Three-the United States, Great Britain, and Russia-held the Potsdam Conference in Gennany. Among the important prob( Continued .,. pag.e BO) A.UGUST, 1946 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS * 19 ~Were the Axis blunders costly? Why? What were The Axis Blunders in World War II? The national leaders of both Germany and J a. pan finally rew~aled the reasons or causes for tf,e defeat of the Axis powers io1 World War II. These i·easons were summarizP.d ln the previous issues of the Current Events Review. Now, we ask the question: What did the lead., .• of the United Nation• think were the blunders of the Axis in World War II?' Want of 01Hlr-All Sti-ategic Plan According to Gen. George C. Marshall the high German command had no over..a.11 strategic plan. The1·e were concrete cases in which the policies of Hitler were opposed by ranking generals Of Germa. ey. The invasion of Russia, for instance, was o~ pnsed by some of Hitler's great generals. In almost the same way Japan blunder,,d, Japan. started the , .. r well. During the first •ix months of the Pacific war. she gained more than She had expected. P.ut, after that, Japan failed to exploit her initial victories, because she did not have a definite overall plan. Wrong Objeotive Germany and Japan made a common blunder in their main obj-t:ctive. Both countries were interetted in ·a war of of territorial expansion and ec.>.nomic ·resources rather than in a decisive militarv victory. Hitler decided to attack Russia because he was interested in the food of the Ukraine, slave la. bor of Russia and the oilfields of Baku. Ranking Ger. man generals, however, believed that Hitler s'Ttould have forced a military decision by conquering Enstfand. In similar manner, Premier Hideki Tofo ot'•lered the attack on the United States because Japan needed the economic resources of the Southern rPgions. Many ranking military experts believe that Japan should have finished the conquest of China before attacking the United States. Overeztension of Operotions Germany and Japan had no. definite plan after both nations had successfully started the blitz. Mussolini's invasion Of Egypt and .Greece forced the ex .. tension of the German a·rmies to unne~essary places. 1'he Japanese forces advanced on a large space. The &pace of their advance became the main trap of the Japanese forces. A San Francisco commentato1 cnee said during the war: "·The longer the Japanese forces advance, the longer will they retreat." The Split of Milita"ll Leaders One important blunder of the Axis war · 1ead.. crs was the split · among ·them. Hitler and most members of his Staff could not arrive at some imi-ortant military decisions. Hitler ruled nut many of the wise advice oC the best German generals. This split among the German. high command was made worse by the conflict betwee., the radicals a,pd the moderates. Japan, too, had a divided high command. The political leaders were diVided and the Army and Navy were unreasonably jealous of each other. Laok of Coordination German and Japanese propaganda during the war boasted that ·Germany and Japan· could crus!o the United Nations because they had a ~uperic. and coordinated plan of attack. The Nippon Times and Osaka, Mainichi, for instance, widely circu1at1 ed this propaganda in Manila to convince the Fil· ipinos that Germany and Japan would meet somewhere in India. They pointed the German drive toward the Baku oil fields and the Suez Canal an:! the Japanese drive toward India from the dir~ion of Imphal in central Burma. Officials investigations ordereJ. by Gen. George C. Marshall on the war plans of both Germany and Japan fail to show any evidence of close coordiJJ.ation between the two countries in the p1•osecution of the war. ONE HUNDRED DAYS ... (Continued from page 19) lems taken up were the occupation and disarma.. rnent of Gel'many; the conclusion of peace treaties with Bulgal'ia, Finland, Hungary, and Rumania; the punishment of war cl'irninals, and the sending of an ultimatum tO Japan. July 26, 1945.-The Potsdam Ult:matum was issued. It called for the unconditional surrender'' of Japan. Augm1t 5, 1945.-The first atomic bomb was dropped at Hiroshima, an important .army bai::e of Japan. August 8, 1945.-·-Russia declared war on Japan. August 14, 1945.-The Japanese gove1'!lment announced that it would accept the Allied surrender terms. August 28, 1945.-The occupation of Japan was l;egun. Air .. force technicians landed at Atsugi airdrome as United States naval forces entered Tokyo Bay. September fl, 1~45.-Japan signed the surrender instrument on board the U.S.S. Missoari. '20 .. FOREIGN AFFAIRS CURREN'r EVENTS REVIEW Manlapaz Publishing Co. 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila Sirs: . . . 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