Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.6 December 1946

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.6 December 1946
Issue Date: Vol. II (No. 6) December 1946
Year: 1946
Language: English
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extracted text: Second Report on the Parle Peace Dl1ellllfon• an& Conflic:t. on Special lteport on the Future u- o tomlc Energy ...•... Bf8ujfleant Wo:rld News :RouD!iup •........ United State. Koru GemaaJ' Bmnallla Spala Indoneela Paleetlne Britain Y~Yla What 11 the ll'uture of F:rance 1 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • • . • . . • • . • 9 WJui& ii the CrlaU in India f • • . . . .. . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . • . • . .. • • • • . . . . 10 Bepo:rt Oil the United Natione Activities . . . . • . . . . . • . . • . . • • • . • . • . . • . . . . • . 1• Doell the Ulllted Stdee Interfere in the Internal Attain of other Cowm:leeT Cenau of Global lleeourcea Outllnu of Atom Sa.feguarda Who la Sabotaging the United Nationll? World Freedom of Information The End of an J.CC11118tlon in the Security Council Blueprint of Euzopean Eoonomy Wo:rld Leaden and Thel:r Views on Wo:rld Affai:re ..........•.......... Bevin, "National Ambition Mut be Sac:rlllced" Churehffi, "What la the BemedJ for .the Continued TngedJ of Europe?" Attlee, "Mutual Underatanding la N-q"' Molotov, "What la l:he Real NrPoa of the~ Conf8ftn4l8T" ~. "Let Ua Give Them Peace" Cardinal Spellman, "What la the Real Bula of~?" The ~ Powe:r is Unde:r Attack . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . • . . . • . . • • . . . • . • 16 Philippip News in Review .. • . . • . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . • 16 Wm T:rleate Become Anothe:r Danzig? . . . . • • . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . • . • .. . . . . 18 December, 1946 Price List of Publications (Prices subject to change without previous notice) FOR THE HIGH SCHOOL Biology-San Juan Unit Price Vol. I-(lst Semester) .................. 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P5.00 Vol. II (Intermediate Grammar) . . . . . . . . . . 5.00 Vol. II (Advanced Grammar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.00 Reading Methods, Gomez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 Reading Methods, Soriano-Vol. II . . . . . . . . . 2.00 \Vastong Pananagalog, Dangalio-Serion . . . . . . 3.00 Current Events Review (Magazine) By Subscription: One year (10 issues) 3.00 One semester (5 issues) 1.50 Vol. I (Nos. 1-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . 2.00 Single copies . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 !nan g Wika (Magazine) By subscription: (Same as Current Events Review) MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila SECOND REPORT ON THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: Discussions Peace and Conflicts Proposals on The drafts of the peace treaties for Italy, Hungary, RuDr..ania, Bulgaria·, and Finland, presented by the Big Four during the Foreign Minister's Council in Paris, contain the following major disagreements: Italian Treaty, , Russia can not come into agreement with the United States, Britain, and France on the frontiers between Italy and Yugos]av"ia and the frontiers ·of e&'Ch country - with· the proposed free territory of T.rieste. Russia wants to giv(' favorable concessions to Yugoslavia. The three democratic countries oppo.Sed RusSia's proposal, and gi've their pwn counter-prop.osals. These counterproposals ar~ unacceptable to Russia. Hungarian Treaty. In this treaty, the major cOnflict is on the payment of reparation. The United States has reserved the right to- re-open lhe question of reparation at the Paris Peace Conference. Rumaniau Treaty. The most important disagreement between Russia and the Western democracies over the treaty for R0 umania is ori th.e navigation of the Danube River. The Danube is the mo:st important of all European rivers. President Truman in his latest report on the internationalization of Europe's waterways, saYs that the selfisb control of the Danube is a ','persistent cause of wars in Europe in the last 200 years." The United States wants to give aJI nations equal rights in the navigation of the Danube. Russta is opposed to this plan. The next st;rious disagreement oVer this trellty is between Russia and the United States. The United States wants Rwnania to pay in full foJ damages to the properties of the· United Nations. Russia opposes ,this plan because she w~nts Run:ania to pay only one-third. She believes that Rumania ought to be given consideration because of her declaration of war against the A.xis. Bulgarian Treaty. Greece desires 6,500 square miles of territ~ry from· Bulgaria as a reward for fighting on the side of the United Nations. Bulgaria refuses this demand. With the backing of Russia, she even demands an outlet to the Agean and l\'IP,diterranean Sea at the expense of Greek territory. World· Problems This dispUte 'between Greece and Bulgaria remains unsettled. Finnish Treaty. The major conflict over this treaty is the disposition of the property of the United Nations and the p'roperties of Finland· in Germany. The Mochiner·y Set Peocemoki11g The Couflcil of Foreign' Ministers of the Big Four-the United States, Britain, Russia, and France-not only drafted the peace treaties for the· enemy countries but also recomnlended the procedure to be followed in the discussion of the peace pi·oposals. The drafts were submitted to the Pal'is Conference of 21 n..ations who .were at war with the Axis. These nations were: China, France, Great Britain, Russia, the United States, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, By~lorussia', Can"ada, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, Greece, India, the Netherlands, New Zea· Ja:nd, Norway, Poland, the Union of South Africa, Yugoslav.ia, and the Ukraine. The 21 wartime Allies received all matters su!Jmitted to them by the Big Four. At the request of any member, suggestions were added to the original drafts. These drafts were refened to treaty commissions and rule.~ cotmnittee. . There were eight trcat11 conimissirm:-:: a political group for each of the five enemies, one economic commission for Italy, one economic commission for the Danubian states, and a single military cominittee. The rules committee was composed· of the' chiefs .of each of the 21 delegations. This committee drafted the rules .. Of proced,ure for the full conference of tl1C\ 21 nations. During the discussion of the rules of procedure bitter debates took place on the- voting procedure The members finally agreed on a compromise ·voting procedure. The compromise allowed the full peace conference to forward recommendations to the Big Four by either two-thirds votes or simple majority. The full confel".enee recejved, and voted orl, the reports of the various treaty commissions. The recommendations of the full conference of the 21 nations were sent to the Council Qf Foreign Ministers. The Big Four would consider the recommen* 1 datfons made in the ·full conference, and. whatever the Big Four would have decided would be finally writte1l into final treaties by -the Council of Foreign Ministers. llighlights of tfr.e Discussions The various discussions in the different sessions ef the treaty c01"1/niissions, rules committee, and full confe'rence reveal many conflicts and many significant differences in ideologies. Voting procedure. Byrnes ancl Molotov bitterly clashed on the voting pro.cedure. Molotov insisted that a11 substintial questions in the conference committee should be decided by tw'o-thirds vote of the committee. B'yrneS called the attention of MolotOv to the rules on procedure, which were drafted by the I<'oreign Ministers, that such questions should be decided by a simple majority. By a vote of 15 to 6 U1e peace -conference ado.pted the British. ame11d~ ment to the voting p1•ocedure. The British amendment alloWs the full peace 'conference to forward recommendations approved by simple majority tu the Big Four Foreign Ministers Council. Italy asked fw,. "softe1· peace te1·ms." Italy appealed for "softer peace terms" through Prirr.e Minister Alcide de Gasperri. He requested the {!.1 nations to defer action on the internaIµatfon r,f Trieste. The· delegate oI Yugoslavia1 Eduard Kardelj, opposed Italy's proposal ta postpone for a yea:· the treaty· decisions against her. Bulgari~ pleaded ·to keep its drrny. Rumania's Foreign Minister, George Tatarescu, pleaded before the 21 nations for the softening of the .treaty terms for Bulga1·ia. Bulgaria re(iuested for a privilege to keep her army, in return for which she pledg-ed cooPel"ation with the Big Four and allegiance to the princiPies of the United Nations. HungOIY'y pleaded for economic a.';)sistanc:e." Hungary's F?reign M_inister, Janos Gyoengyoessi, appealed to the 21 nations to give his country ea:sier p~ace terms and economic assistance; and in return for these considerations he promised to support the United Nations. Bulgaria asked for ac~~ss to the ill editer1·a,iiean. Bulgaria's Foreign Min,ister, George Kulishev, asked the, 21 nations for the transfer of western 'fhrace front Greece to ;Bulgaria to enable his Country to have an access to the Mediterranean. Dmitri. Mahuilsky, · Ukrainian Forejgn Minister, supported Bulgaria on her demand. But Constantin Tsaldaris, chief of the Greek de1egation, opposed this demand and defended Greece. by asserting that justice had been given to Bulgaria, Britain Und Rus[!ia clashed, The other enemy states of the. United N~tions were allowed to state their views on the proposed peace settlements. Austria requested for permission to state her views. Russia and Brit~in bitterly clashed on the request. 2 * IITitain argued tlmt Austria should be given a chance to give he.r views on the peace proposals. Russia, supported by \Vhite Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia, opposed Austria's request for •. in:portant reasons. The rest of the 21 nations supported Britain because they believed that failure to a11ow Austria to state her views would be a ,great discrimination. .4lb<tnia and Aust•~a demanded South Tyrol. Albania demanded that she be admitted .. as the 221;d member of .the peace confe1;ence. She also demande\! for further· reduction of the Italian militai-y forces in order· to as§ure peace in the Balkans. Togethi~; .. , with ·Austria, she d~manded the return of Soub Tyrol which was given by the Big Four to ItAly. Egypt demand independence for Lybia. Tne chief of the Egyptian delegation, Wacyf Boutres Ghali Pasha, asked the 21 nations to grant full independence to Lybia. Lybia was a former colony of Italy. It was in ·Libya where the Nazis struck for Egypt. Egypt's reason for this request was to insure peace in North Africa. Bulgat'ia failed. Bulgaria made a _strong bid_ ·for the status df a co-belligerent country. White Russia, Ukrairie,- Yugoslavia,_ and Czechoslovakia suppo1;ted Bulgaria in her argument that she had aided the Allies before, the armistice in Octoben, 1944, and therefore was a co-belligerent in the war against Germany. By a vote of 9 to 4 the 13-nation political commiSsion defeated Bulgaria's bid for the status of a co-belligerent. The "heated discussion" on -l"eparations. Therf' w'ere many "heated dis~ussions" on the. question of reparations for the Axis satellites. The United 'States, through her delegate, Willard L. Thorp•, told the Italian economic corr.missiQn that America had renounced all her reparation claims against Italy which amounted to about 20 billion dollars. Other nations, like Britain, India, Canada, Australia, and South Africa, also waived their reparation claims against Italy. These countries set an. ex~ ample to Russia so that Italy might be given the considerations wMch she earned by finally rallying to the side of the Aflies. Italy's democratic elemen.ts Tec_ognfa~d. The Paris Peace Conference was composed of the Big Four and the "Little Nations." The -"Little Natio:hs" succeeded by a unanimout:i agreement. in cha.nging the wording of the preamble of the Italian pea,ce treaty drafted by the Big Four. The recommendation adopted recognized the democratic elements in Italy who wel'e responsible for the overthrow of Fascism. P.eace Tactics During the peace conference Molotov stuck to his argument that unity· among the four major Alties (Continued on pa,ge 17) Current Events- Review SCIENCE MARCHES ON - Special Report on the FUTURE USE OF ATOMIC ENERGY REPORT OF COMPTON AND JEFFERIES On July 10, 1946, Bernard M. Baruch, the United States representative to th·e United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, submitted to the Commissio11 a report prep3.red by Arthur H. Compton, Chancellor of \Vashington 'university, and Zay Jefferie:i, Vice-President of the General Electric Corgp8.Jty. The feport ··presents the following outstanding facts: On tire science of physics Since physics iS .the basic ·Science involved in the productidn · of atomic energy, it should be g-iv€'n l:l'reater encouragement. Even up to the pr•~sPnt time there are many unsolved problems . in physics. These problems if solved would bring new fore~s which will be of much help to mankind. And 'he solutions to Irr.any of· these problems are cou:ing closer with the possibility of producing powerful rays, such as gamma ·rays, fast and slow neutron beams, alpha, beta, and so on. These rays wiJI salve· the problems in the structure of mattC'r .1nct in radiation. On the 11se of neutrons It has been discovered that neutrons may be produced by uraniu'IT:. fission. And· neutrons have been found very useful. The diffraction of neutrons, for example, reveals many features of crystal structures. On radioactit•e materials Radioactive materials are bound to become less and less expensive, for they may be produced :from various chemicals. Radioactive materials have many possible uses. On radioactive tracer elements The radioactive tracer elements ·wm make possibl.e the answering of ar.any difficult questions in physics. We may be able, fqr. instance, to know how and how fast atoms transfer from one molecule to another or from one place to another in th(' course of a chemical process, including such processes as corTosion, diffusion, form.ation, and rle.<e;truction of colloid.s. Aside from their use as a means of solving difficult problems in physics, the radio tracer elemen1:s Science may have the following ·practical applications: (1) Radioactive tracers could be applied to reduce the wear and make easy and effective the l'ubricatiOn of moving parts; (2) they could be used for traeing flows. of liquid or ga~eous materials; ( 3) radioactive materials might be employed for reducing static electricity, particularly in explosive plants and in the printirig industry. On atomic explosions Atoor:ic explosions are at present too uncontrollable to be of practical use· in any industry. But, of course, the future is bright with great possibilities because of the discovery of this tremendous power. Even now the cost per unit of energy released in atomic chain reactions is not much greater than that of TNT. Should scientists dlscove1· a ,means of utilizin.g the atomic explosion, our industries would run at the lea~t expense and with the highest imaginable efficiency. 011 the use of atomic energy for Cfll'S Any atomic plant must have a massive shield thick enough to prevent dangerous radiation. Such a plant ·Or machine WO"Q.ld weigh in tons. It is for this reason that the use of atomic energy for driving motor cars or airplanes of ordinary sizf:' is at present unimaginable. On tire advantages of Momic power Whp.t are the advantages of atomic power? Th~ atomic power has· the. following advantages: (1) the extraordinary JoW rate at which fuel is consumed in proportion to the energy. released; (2) the consequent low first cOst of fuel consiClering the energy -available in it; (3) the wide flexibility and easy control of the rate at which power is develop·ed; and (4) the insignificance of the weight of uranium when compared with the weigh~ of coal 0r other non-atomic ~ue) necessary to produce ~m e<.Jual am:ount of heat energy, On the operation of atomic 11ower plants The use of uranium for power is at pre.sent full of difficulties and hazards. The radiation produced by the atomic explosion is so fatal to man that • 3 CURRENT EVENTS REVI~W A. Magazine fo'I· High Sc!wol Student~ Published monthly during the Rchoolyear Diosdado G. Capino Editq1· D. R. Manlapaz Publisher S11ps.cription ra.te."i: 011e,year (10 issues l , , , ·!'3,00 Ohe semester (5 issues) L50 Payable in a_dvance. , Please make all remittances p,1yal>le to the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123~12G Reten, Sampaloc, Manila ·---------·----------thC' use of atomic power would need the rare and sel'Vicc of e)ipei'ts in radiation. On the suggestions for the use of fftomic powei· The following possible practical uses of atomic power have been su~gested: power and heat supply for cities and large industrial plants, power plants for ships, and' power plants in remote places fo operate mine.s or to recover other natural resources. Having read the adyantag"es of atomic pOwer, we could readily see the great economic gain that this powe1' wOuld g:ive to the world. It will bring the comfort of rich cities to the poor ones at a cost so unimaginably low. On the use of mdioactive tracers and intense fadiation Present development ind\cate that the greatest promist?; of atomic energy in biology 'and medicin.e is in the use of 1·ndion.ctiN' tracer.~ and of intense rndiation. Radioactive tracers ·and intense radiation can both be used as research as well as -diagnostic tools. Iritense radiation majr greatly help the present studies in the utilization of phot9synthetically 1woduced plant food out of non-photosynthe~ic 01·p,anisms. In diagnostic work, radioacti've tracers may be used to label and trace red blood cPlls in shock cases, to. Check blood circulation tiriie in certain eases of diabetes or in hardening of arteries, to dete1m-ine the h~aling of bone fractllres, and to measure the functioning Of the thyroid glands. On the future significance of the release of atom.ic energy. The future of atomic energy may be seen in the light of the history of other great discoVeries. Fifty years ago it was simply evident that X-rays could be useful fo1• "seeing" through objects, such a~ the human body, which are opaque to ordinary light. It could- not be p~edicted that X-rays would become a powerful weapon in the fight against_ cance.r, or that researches made possible by X-rays would re· 4 * veai the electron and. with it give us the radio and a host of electronic devices. Such unforseen deveJopments are the result of every great discovery. It would not th~refo~e be sui'pri~ing if scientists imagine the future as the great atomic era, with machines running at tremendous speed and industries producing at unimagina_ble maxim1.11rr. efficiency. Indeed, the unpredictable potentiality of atomic power is beyond ordinary imagination. REPORT QN THE NON-TECHNICAL FUTURE USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY BY DR. CHARLES A. THOMAS A significant report on the future .uses of {ltomic eii.erg;y has been submitted by Bernard M. Baruch to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. This report was prepared under the direction of br. Charles Ao Thomas, the vice-president of the Masanto Chemical Company. Tho following. facts stand O!'t in the report: 1. It has been estin'}ated that it is possible to build a 75,000 kilowatt atomic·power,plant for about 25 million dollars. A similar power plant using coal could be built at a cost of 10 million dollars. 2. The cost of the electric poWer produ<;ed in the atomic power plant would. be approxior.ately 0,80 cents per kilowait hour. This is nOt far more.costly than the 'cost of electricity produced liy .. coal-produced power which is. 0.65 cf!iits per kilowatt hoUr; 3. It is believed that cheaper atomic-produceft electricity will be possible. 4. Atomic plants· could be used. in certain isolated regions oi the world where coal or oi_l is._eit~et expensive or not available,· and they could also he used for ·industrial deCentralization. Atomie plants are necessary f~r the production of radioactive isotopes for medieal uses. Study Helps In a class discussion of thi"s report, ask you1~ teacher 01· instructor to e~plain the significance of the rep01·t and the details you cannot fully understaruJ,, (frnm Popul111r Science) 1. Learn to· use the following terms correctly: a. A tom: It is the smallest bit of matter retaining the properties of a chemical element. b. Neutron: It is the particle in the atom core whiCh does not carry electric charge._ It is used in smashing other atom cltres. c. Uranium: It is a metallic element. It is ~lso a parent of the radium series. U-325 releases atomic energy, d. Fission: This ·is the splitting or disruption of an atom core into two or more elements. d. Radioactivity: It is the spontaneous or artificiaNy produced disintegration of chemical elements. e. Gamma radiation: This term is given to highly penetrating rays. They are similar to X-rays. They have, however, shorter wave length. Current Events Review * The world is in ferment'. Significant World News Roundup UNITED STATES Will the new Congress fo'llow the people's will? The election 'held on November 5, 1946, gave the Republicans a strong majority in both houses. of the U~nited States' 80th Congress. The results of the election are as follows: Senat,e--51 Republicans; 45 Democrats House of Representatives-246 Republicans; 188 Democrats Governors-25 Republicans; 23 Democrats What is t.he significance of the n~ws? (!) The election returns put an end to the 14-year old New Deal, begun by the late J;'resident Roosevelt. (2) They confirm the swing to the right which began 8 y0ars ago. ( 3) They place the responsibility on the new Republit:an Congress to solve the present labor dispute. (4) They make the new Republican Congress guardian of the freedom obtained by the people from various forms of governthent control. (5) They place the responsibility on the pew Congress to reduce the government expenditures. ( 6) They place the responsibility on the New Congress to reassert the 'foreign policy of the United States. CHINA A new era of amity and friendship. A new five-year 0 mutuality" trade treaty he· tween the United States and China was recently concluded. It provides for eq.ual, reciprocal, and most·favored nation treatment of the citizens, cor· poratioit; and commerce of the two countries. The citizens; business firms, and associations of one country can reside, travel, and Carry on trade in all parts of the other. They will, however, be subject to existing immigration provisions. The citizens of both countries can operate commercial, manufactur· ing, scientific, educational, religious, artd philan· thropic activities in any or both of their territories. Such citizens can buy or lease buildirigs for these purposes. Each country is obliged to grant to the other the same. rights to explore and develop the mineral deposits to a third nation. Wbat is the significance of the news? This neW treaty supers~des nine previous trea· ties. Most of the nine treaties were concluded with unequal treaty rights to the disadvantage of China. The new treaty establishes real friendship and amity with China. It is expected that this treaty will set the pattern for other treaties to be con· eluded by the United States with other countries. INDONESIA Recognition of a new Republic Negotiations between the Dutch delegation and ~he Indonesian representatives have given rise to Intetrnational News another important and historical event in the Orient. This is the recognition of the Indonesian Republic headed by Achmed. Soekarno. The Indo-nesian Republic iS composed of J.ava, Sumatra, and Madura .• According to present negotiations, the Indonesian Republic will become a part of a federated 44 United, States of Indonesi~." Other islands, like t.he Celebes, the Moluccas, and Lombok1 will be allowed to become members of the federation should the people decide to do so. What is the significance of the ·news? The agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesia· ends the 350 Years of colonial rule in the Dutch East Indies. The great responsibility of the Indonesian leaders now like the leaders of the new·, interim go:"ernment of India, is to secure the unity of the people.. But this may not be difficult because there ar:e many Indonesians who do not want to see any vestige of Dutch power in the Dutch East Indies. KOREA News spotlight on divided Korea The people of Korea is again in the spotlight of world news. Korea had been allowed to estab· lish an interim legislative assembly, and an elec· tion was held for that purpose. The Korean Demo· cratic .-p·arty 'obtained fifteen seats and the Korean Indepel)dence Rapid Realization took fourteen seats. What is the signHicance of the news? The election shows the victory of the right wing party-the Korean Democratic party headed by Kim Sung Sao. The victory shows that the majority Of the people in the American zone are in favor of democracy. The election was preceded by Com·, munist violent propaganda and agitation cal'culated to make the people vote for the left wing partythe Korean Independence Rapid Realization headed by Syng Man Rhee. JAPAN !Tomulgation of the new constitution Emperor Hirohito read an imperial rescript proclaiming a new charter for the Japanese nation before the members of the Japanese Diet on the occasion of the ~birthday of Emperor Meiji, the ruler of the- "Englihtened Era," who gave Japan its first constitution 57 years ago. Hirohito said: "I have caused this day the constitution ·of Japan to be promulgated. This constitution represents complete revision of the imperial constitution. It seeks a basis for national reconstruction in the universal principles of mankind. It has been decided upon by the freely expressed will of the people. It explicitly stipulates that the people of Japan renounce war of their own accord; that they desire to see * 5 the realization of a permanent peac;e founded on justice and order throughout the world, and that, having constant regard to fundamental human rights, they will con.duct their natidnal affairs on the fixed line of democracy." What is the significance of the .news? The promulgation. of the constitution by an imperial rescript statts a,. new political life for the Japanese people. In prom"Q.lgatiiig the constitution the Emperor has voluntarily and publicly given up his power to the will of the people. PALESTINE First armed clash between Arabs and Jews. In a recent article in The Nation, a writer asked the question:. "Will the Arabs Revolt?" Before the world c;ould ponder on this question news came that an armed clash between Jews and Arabs had tp.ken place in the northernmost part of Pales·tine. The report was that the Arabs fired upon a group of Jews who were preparing a settlement. Several Jews and Ai"abs were killed. What is the significance of the news? The report on the first armed clash indicate the seriousness of the· problem of Palestine. From then on, reports of terrorism, sabotage, underground activities, and unwarranted attack on British troops have been coming in. The problem of Palestine must be solved now before the tense relations between Arabs and Jews explode anew. GERMANY What shall be done with Germany? The Allies have won the war against Germany, but they have not definitely agreed on what to do with Germany. While it is true that the future of Germany was outlined in the Potsdam Declaration it is also true that the Big Four-the United States, Britain, Russia, and France-have not come to· a definite program to implement the various principles enunciated at Potsdam. Today no definite agreement has been reached on the peace treaty for Germany. Various proposals, howeVer, have been presented. .Secretary James F. Byrnes has proposed American deputy military governor of the American Zone, in a recent radio address, said that the absence ,of a 0 centralized German government" makes difficult the administration of the German people. RUSSIA Russia insists The latest trends in world .chancelleries and political bodies iridicate that Russia insists on many things. In an inspiring speech before the UN General Assembly, Foreign Minister Molotov proposed a world disarmament. He called on all nations to start arms reduction immedi3.tely. Then he urged all UN members to outlaw the use of atomic eneTgy for warfare. He insif;ted that the great powers report on the disposition of their troops in friendly countries. This demand was made after the Security Council had voted against Russia's charge that U. S. troops are interfering in the interltal affairs of various countries where they are found. Molotov also insisted to keep the "veto power." He condemned the move of the "little nations" to r~ vise the "veto" rule as a desire. by them to destroy the unity of the Big Powers. Molotov also opposed the Baruch plan for the control of atomic energy. He called. the plan egoistic and selfish. What is the significance of the news? What is behind the news? Russia has found another opportunity to air or express her opinions on many important world problems before the United· Nations General Assembly. Russial) foreign policy on world disarmament is accepted by all. But most nations can _not find good reasons why she insists on. the census of troops in friendly countries. It is generally accepteO that if the maintenance of foreign troops in foreign countries interferes with the internal_ affairs of the country, it is the duty of the leaders .or government of the said country to bring the case before the UN Security Council. The "little nations" dislike the stand of Molotov on the "veto" rule. Most of them_ believe that modifi~ cation of the "veto" rU.le should be effected. Russia's opposition to the Baruch plan for the control of atomic energy is linked with the Russian foreig:n policy of establishing "security frontiers." a 40-year treaty to keep Germany disarmed. Russia BRITAIN remains non-committal. France has proposed a Britain grants Egypt's rights basis for the settlement of the frontiers of Germany. Secretary Byrnes has also· proposed that the future Britain's world policy to grant the rights of ·her of Silesia and the Rhur should be settled first be- subject peoples was again demonstrated in her fore the status of Germany is finally set by the dealing with Egypt. Egypt demanded Sudan terms of peace treaty. from Britain. Sudan was Once a sore. spot in the Anglo-Egyptian relations. Sudan and Egypt were 'What is the significance of the news? annexed to the British Empire in 1914 as a war The Big Four are now trying to explore various measure. After the settlement of World War I, proposals for the writing ·Of the German peace Egyptian nationalists demanded the assignment of treaty. The failure of the Big Four to arrive at an Sudan to Egypt. The British_, however, continued early solution to the problems of Allied control of to exercise control over Sudan. After the end of Germany is primarily due to the differences in po- World War II negotiations for the return of the litical and economic ideologies between the western Sudan and for the withdrawal of British troops powers and Russia. Lt. Gen. Lucius D. Clay, the from Egypt were conducted. After many weeks of ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6 * Current Events 'Review negotiations Pr.emier Ismail Sidky of Egypt announced that Britain had agreed to Egypt's request to unite Sudan with Egypt and to· withdraw British troops from Egypt within 26 months. What 'is the significance of the news? The announcement of the withdrawal of British troops from Egypt and the granting of Egypt's request to regain Sudan may peacefully solve the strained relation between Egypt and Britain since the end of World War II. It is to be remembered that several menths ago riots took place li1 Egypt demanding the withdrawal of British troops from Egypt. The decision of Britfan to quit Egypt is significant in_ that it. removes the "sore spot" in the Mediterranean. RUMANIA Protests and Counter-Protests In the Moscow Conference held in December, 1945, the Big Three-the Ullited States, Britain, and Russia agreed to broaden the g<>vernment of Rumania and Bulgaria. This was a condition set by the Foreign Ministers of the Big Three prior to the recpgnition of the Rumanian and Bulgarian governments. According to the Moscow Conference members of the opposition parties should be included in the cabinet of the new governments. Before the electiQn was held in Rumania, the United States and Bdtian had protested against the el~ctoral laws of the country becaus~ both, countries wanted to make election clean and just. The Russian member of the Allied Control Council refused to heed the protest. Both countries also protested the attempt of certain· political partiel)i in Rumania to oppress the minorities. The Rumanian considered the protests an interference in its internal affairs. What is the significance of the news? In the parliamentary election recently held the Communist-dominated coalition government was returned to power. The Rumanian· political opposition parties considered the election void because it was not held fairly. The United States and Britain protested appa1-ently against the undemocratic procedure of the last Rumanian election, but in reality both countries are determined to see a democratic government for Rumania. In fact both countries have made it a condition they would not sign the peace treaty with Rumania until her government earns their recognition-and that means a democratic government. BULGARIA Will the United States recognize the new Bulgarian regime? Several months ago Bulgaria held a nation-wide referendum on the establishment of a republic. The International News people voted for the establishment· of a republic. Recently elections were held and the electio~ returns show that the Fatherland Front obtained 2,980,175 votes, an overwhelming majority over the 1,230,960 votes obtained by all opposition groups. The elec-1 tion, as in the case of the election in Rumania, was preceded by a request of the U nlted States that steps be t_aken by the Allied Control Commission to safeguard the election. The request was turned down by Russia. What is the significance of the news? Both the protest and request of the United States were refused by Russia. The question that now remains is, Will the new Bulgarlan gbvernment include the united opposition parties in the cabinet? u·this is not done, the government will fail to get the recognition of the· United States and Britain, because the Moscow Conference of the Big Three in December, 1945, provides that the Bulgarian government should be broadened. YUGOSLAVIA Yugoslavia does not want war What does Yugoslavia think of world affairs particularly on peace? In less than one week after the Paris Peace Conference had begun its session, Yugoslavia became a "proving ground for diplo,matic '¥'elations." The United States succeeded in making Yugoslavia observe the use of normal diplomatic procedure in dealing with questions affecting two· nations. The .cause of the diplomatic incident was the shooting of Ameri.can planes by Yug6slavs. The pressure' of the United States representation was such that recently Josip Broz (Marshal Tito), was forced to announce that "Yugoslavia does· not .want war." What is the significance of th·e news? The world is in.terested ih the peace of the Balkans. It is also interested to se·e Yugoslavia cooperate in the main~enance of peace. The tired and weary world is anxious to see Yugoslavia stop fighting for .14 positions" in the interests of other peoples. Her demand for Trieste, for in.stance, can not be looked upon as conducive to the peace of the world. It would be better for her to abide by the decision of the Big Four on the internationalization of the "Free Territory of Trieste." SPAIN Recognition of Allied Control Commission For more than a year negotiations have been going on between the Spanish government and the British; French, and American governments in conhection with the liquidat\on of German public properties in Spain. The Spanish government has agreed to recognize the Allied Control Commission in Ger* 7 ma·ny as the successor of the Nazi government of Hitler in Germany. This recognition paves the way for the liquidation of German properties in Spain. What is the significance of the news? Direct negotiatfons can now be conducted between SPain and Britafn, France, and the United States for the disposa1 of German holdings in Spain. These holdings include those of the government and those of private firms. These can be taken over by the Allies and sold for repar~tions. German properties' in Spain a•e estimated at $300,000,000. INDIA lndian leaders move Moslems and Hindu leaders are now working very hard to stop their followers from fighting one another. They appeal to both peoples to stop the various riots and disorders in order to give the interim governme'nt a chance to work out its program of preparing the nation for eventual independence. 'The British gov.erm;nent, according to Lord Inverch3.p~l, the British ambassador to the United States, feels 'that Indian unity must be preserved regardless of whether India chooses a dominio:q status or complfte independence. What is the significance of the news? The offer Of independence to India is now a chal:lenge to the Indian leaders to unite their people to take the responsibilities of independep.t nationhood. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the leader of the interim government, must now work hard to secure the unity of the peop'le, otherwise, India will become a 11 divided house." Study Helps Write the answers to these questions? 1. What two local problems of the American people must the new Republican Congress try to solve? 2. What has been established by the new treaty between China and the United States i 3. Why is the recognjtion of the '•Indonesian RepUblic" significant"? 4. Why is the new election in Korea significant? 5. Why is the promulgation of the new Japanese constittrton by imperial rescript important? 6. What do the present armed clashes in Palestine indicate? 7. Why could not the Big Fo.ur agree on what to do with Germany? 8. Can -you give the Jnotive of ·Russia in insisting on the census of troops? 9. Is the British withdrawal from Egypt justifiable? Why? 10. Do ybu "think the recent statement from the United States that the absence of free elections in a country is sufficient ground for refusing credits to that Country? Why? 11. \vhy is th~ preservation of Indian unity sig-. nificant to the British Empire 3.l)d the interim government? You want to be thorough in your school work. But you have no time to read many good magazines, newspapers,Read what .is best for you. Subscribe to the Current Events Review, a news magazine approved for general reading for Second· ary Schools by the Department of Instruction. Subscription rates: One year One Semester . p 3.00 I.SQ Current Events Review 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila l5i!.525i!Si!525i!.5i!!Si!.!;25C!Si!.!;j!.Si!5i!!;j!.Si!5i!!;25i!Si!!;25i!5i!!5i!.5i!Si!~·~il5a5C5"...S, 8 • Current Events Review "' ll"ill Fro.nee remain demoCTatic? What • IS the Future of France? Emergency of New France A new Ftance enl.erges from the ravages of war and the lingering influences of Nazi propaganda. France was liberated by French and U.S. troops on August 25, 1944. After her liberatidn, France was governed by provisional milit~ry govern~ent until the creation of a civil government now known as the Fourth. Republic. The rise of France is mainlv due to the view of the leaders of the Allies, such ~s Churchill, that a strong France iS nece.Ssary for the preservation of democracy in postwar Europe. Political Climate On· Octo.ber 21, 1945, free elections were held in France. A National Constituent Assembly was elected. The three leading parties that composed the first Constituent Assembly were the Coor.munists, Socialists, and Movement Republican Party (MRP). Ninety-six per cent of the People -voted for the pr~ paration of new French constitution to supplant the constitution of 1875. A provisional gove1·nment was established to draft the constitution of the Fourth French ·Republic. The Communist was the largest single party in the Constituent Assembly. For several months delegates worked on the new constitution. The F,.ench Rejected the Constitution The .constitution drafted by the first Constituent Assembly was in reality a Socialist-Communist constitution; so much so that when this Constitution was sulimitted to the people for .adoption, the people rejected it~ "The decisive factor responsible for the l'ejection of the constitution," says George Slocombe in his article, ls France Swinging to the Right? "was the uneasiness engendered by the prospect of n single legislative assembly, without democratic clwcks or safeguards, dominating the President of the I!cpublic, the Premier, and the Judiciary." The.French Held the Second F,.ee Election Another election was held on June 2, H:l4t. There was a gene1·al ·prediction that the Cot'nm1:1nists would g·et the or.ajority of the seats in ,the Constituent Assembly. The election returns surprised most of the F1·ench people. The results showed that th€ MRP obtained 166 seats, the Communist 150, and th~ Socialist 125. The conservative will of the people triumphed and the Christian demot'ratic party, (MRP)i became· the largest single party in the Constituent Assembly. George Bidault was made President of the provisional government. A _coalition government, composing of three major partiesSocialist, Communist, and MRP, was formed to prepare another conStitu~ion· for the Fourth Ft·ench Republic. The election results encouraged Gen. CharleR de Gaulle to stage a political coor..eback. He appealed to the new delegates to work for a constitution along, democratic principles. He asked them to create a two-chattber legislature. Most French people began asking themselves whether the delegates would form a new coristitution~based ori·democratic principles or on totalitarian ideologies. The world also asked: "Will France swing to the Left or to the Right?" The expression "to the left" means "toward communism or totalitarianism,':' and "to the right" me~ns ''toward democracy.'' The People Approved the New Constitution The second Constituent "Assembly drafted the new constitution, and approved it by a vote of 440 against 106. The new constitution is based on thP. cardinal princip.Jes- of democracy. It provides for three separate departments: ·The Executive Department which is headed by the President and. the Premier, the Parliament, which is composed of the National Assembly and the COuncil of the Republic, and the Judi~iary, which is composed of independent rr.agistrates. The Constitution was submitted to a national referendum held on October 13, 1946. Gen. Chilrles Pe Gaulle appealed to the people to re.iect the constitution in that it does pot provide for a strong goveril-. ment to enable France to become a strong nation .. The people approved the new constitution by -a vote of 9,200,467 against 7,790,q76. Fifty-seven per cent of the 96 departments approved the constitution. About. 36 per cent of the people abstained from voting, Results of the Election for the Delegates On November 10, 1946, the people of F,ranrr· went to the polls for the_ fc>urth time in seven months. The people voted for the 169 delegates or deputies to the National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic. Election results showed that .the ~ommunists won 166 seats as against 157 for th<' MRP (Movement Republican Party) and 90 for the So-Cialists. The election was significant becausr the MRP was replaced by the Communist Party as the la1·gest single party in France. The victor~~ of the Communist Party might have been due to tilt> fact that only 78o/,., of the people went to the pollR. The coalition p;overnment of ·the three leading---··--·----------------------------------Foreign Affairs " 9 Will there be more bloodshed in India? What is the Crisis in India Today? Is there an Indian nation? The diversity of the population, languages, relig"ions, and social groups in India makes. one ask: Is there a Hindu nation? India is a country of more than 45 races, 200 langu~ges, 2.400 castes . and tribes, and 700 feudatory states. HindustS.ni is the most important language. Approximately twothil'ds of the population embrace the Hindu faith. Islam or Mohammed.anism is the second leading religion. It is embraCed by more 'than 92~000,000 people. The other religions include Christianity, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Judaism, and . various tribal faiths with more tha:ri 25,400,000 followers. The main reason for this, diversity of language, religion, 3.nd social grc;mps in· India is the caste system. There are fOur principal castes, and more than 2,000 minor castes. Each caste adheres strong1).. to itS religious beliefs and social ideas. ln his l'eCent book The People of ·India, Kumar Goshal states that the conflicts among the castes in India reflect the economic, social, ·and. cultural differences of the different groups and levels in· Indian society. Jn spite. of all these differences, however, there WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF ... (Cont_inued) parties-the Communist .Party, the MRP, and thf! Socialist Party - is faced with a great problem. Although the Communis_t Party is the largest single 1,arty, it will not be able to control the National Assembly. This is the reason that it has been forced · to form a coalition government with -the other parties. And two big questions come up: Will the Communists which constitute the larg·e£t single pa11y demand a Communist premier? How wiil Fl"ance fare during the eal'iy stage& of the Fourth French Republic? Study Helps 1. Study the n.n.c.:we1·i:: to the followinJ! que.c.:tfon~ and disc,crns them with your cla.c.::-:mate.c.:: a .. \Vhy does Europe need a strong France? b. Was the rejection of the first constitution justified? c. If the people approved the second democratic constitution, why, do you think, did the majority of the seats in the National Assembly go to the Communist Party? 2. Hold an open {Orum on these topics: a. Since the Communists won a majority of the seats in the new National Assembly, F1·ance should be allowed to have a Communist premier. b. A coalition government is the best form of government for, France. 10 • runs a common bond of tradition and culture among all the peoples of India which identifies, them as' a nation. Such 9ifferences nevertheless, may be found in any nation in ·varying degrees. No nation is free from such, differences. Brit'1in's responsibility in the devision of India How much is Britain 'responsible for the division of India? The Portuguese were the first to establish iheir trading posts in India. The Portuguese explorers landed in Calicut in 1498. After the Portuguese, came the treasure-seekers from Holland, France, and England. Rivalry among these , nations followed, and it became bitter iti the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The rivalry between France and Britain was particularly ve.ry bitter. The defeat of France in the Battle ·of Plassey in 1857 finally g·ave· Britain the control of India. From 1660 to 1858, Britain's trade in lndia was handled by the English East India Company. The Company acquired lands for business either by treaty or by purchase. Later, the Interest of the Company came into clash with those of the natives. The friction resulted in the Sepoy Mutin'y of 1857. To avoid further bloodshed, the English crown took the control 'of the government from the English East India Company. BritaiJ). negotiated treaties with the Will India become a divided house? Current Events Review natives and promised them protection. And then Britain divided India into two: (1) British India which was immediately under the rule of the, Crown and (2) the "''indepeiident states" under the rule of native raj.abs who owed allegiance to the British King. There are 562 "independent states," peopled by one-fourth of the total population bf India. Because of the size of India and its great popula~ tion, Britain adopted the policy of "divide and rule." This means that Britain made the independent states check one another. Being independent of one ano· ther, these states vied for favors from the British crown. Whenever a rebellion arose, Britain used the friendly states in suppressing it. While this policy enabled Britain, with hardly eighty million population,. to control India which has over three hundred million population, it also kept . India divided. To some extent, therefore, the British policy of "divide and rule" is responsible for the want of unity,amoni the Hindus. flow did Indian nationalism arise? N ationaTism, in generb.l, means a move of a people to establish an independent country. The septiment of nationality is ·the national feeling that recognizes a common heritage, common tradition, and common aspiration. Generally, the people of .a country want to be independent, because only under such condition could they find the freest expr~ssion of their native characteristics and the freest and fullest promotion of their common welfdre. How such spirit gradually rose in India is clearly stated by a noted political analyst, R. Palme Dutt, in his latest book The- Problem of India. He says: "The Indian national movement arose from soci_al conditions, from the con_ditions of imperialism and its system of exploitation1 and from the social and economic_ forces generated within Indian society under ~onditions of that exploitation." This means that the British exp1oitation of l~d~a and the B.ritish racial disc.ri. mination against 'the Hindus made the Hindus conS<'Jous of their common cause.· Such a realization is the very spirit of nationalism. Ideals of the Indian Nationl(I Congress The leading organization in the struggle for Indian nationalism is the Indian Natiorial CongTess founded in 1885 by outstanding Indian leaders. For twenty years· the ideal of the Indian National Congress was for a greater degree of Indian representation within the British system of rule. In 1905, however it adopted a new program. The program demanded from the British the Swaraj or a colonial self-government within the British Empire. This change aroused further the people's spirit. of NatiOnalism. And in its annual session in 1920, the Indian National Congress adopted a still more ambitious program. The Congress demanded a dominion status. This demand fired the nationalism of the Hindus. In 1929, the demand for dominion status was changed to complete independence. Foreign Affairs Ideals of the Moslem League The second ~reat organization in the· fight for Indian nationalism is the Moslem League, founded in 1906. In the·1920's, however, the Moslem League nearly died out. But in the thirties it was revived. Mohammed · Ali Jinnah reorganized. the MOslem League and became its outstanding leader. Ali Jinnah was formerly a member 0of the Indian National Congress. He left the Congress it). 1920 in order to revive the Moslem League. He is now fighting against the unity of the Moslems and the Hindus. He has consistently aimed to unite all Moslems against the Hindus and t.o make the Moslems independent of the Hindus. Differ~nces between the Hindus and the Moslems What are the differences between the Hindus and the Moslems? The Indian National Congress Party is an organiiation of both Hindus and .Moslems of India. It appeals to the whole country to achieve Iadian independence. It st3.nds for uriity. It is oppos~d to any move that would divide the people. It teaches that the rights of the r·ajahs of the uindependent states" must not be made an obstacle to the attainment of I~dian independence. The Moslem League 'insists that it speaks for 90,· 000,000 Moslems. But the fact remains that many Moslem organizations today cooperate with the Indian National Congress Party. 'Phe Mos,em League makes the charge that the Indian National Congress Party is purely a Hindu organization and that the Congress has failed to and dqes ·not, work for the interests of the Moslems. BeCause of this fact, the· Moslem League appeals to all Moslems to unite in self-defense against the Hindus. It insists on the creatfon of Pa.kistan. Pakistan means an independerit Moslem stat~, Which, according to Ali Jinnah s_hould constitute three provinces in the Northeast and three provirices in the. Northwest. The British rejects Pakistan and the, Hindu plan To solve the Indian problem, Si1· Stafford Cl'ipp8 Proposed the "the creation of a new Indian Uiifon which shall constitute a D~minion, associated with the United Kingdom and other Dominions by n common allegiance to the Crown, but equal to themselves in every right, in no way subord,inate in any aspect of its domestic or e~ternal affairs." Cripps held several conferences with the representatives of the Congress, Moslem League, Hindu Mahasabha~ Sikks, Liberals, Untouchables, and Princes. 'rhe Cripps proposal was rejected by the first four group~. In June, 1945, the "Wavell Plan." was indorsed by the British· government. It. recommended that, in the meantime that the Indian leaders were working for an agreement on the future of their country, the Viceroy's Executive Council would be reconsti* 11 tuted to include .representati_ves -of· the leading -Indian groups, and that the Indian leaders should recommend to the Viceroy a· number of their chosen members from whom the Viceroy would select the Indian representatives to the new E~ecutive Council. Late iii. June of the same year, a conference was held in Simla to discuss the Ihdian problem. The Simla Conference failed, because Mohammed All Jinnah insisted on the creation of PakiRtan. The British Ministerial Mission tO India rejected both Jinnah's proposal and the Hindu proposal for a strong central governlflent. The British offered independence to India When the new British Labor Government opened it~ first session, King Geoi·ge proclainied: "In accordance with the promise ·already made to my Indian people, my. Government will do its utmost to promote, in cooperation with the leaders of Indian opinions, the early realization ot full-self government in India." Following his proclamation, on March 6, 1946, Prime Minister Clement Attlee offered India fuH independence. Will the Hindus and Moslems cooperate? Jn order to prepare the Indian peOple for their ultimate freedom, an interim government was formed, Viceroy Wavell held several conferences with the Indian leaders on the formation of a Cabinet (Executi'\re Council) composed entirely of Indians. The conferences were obstructed by· the differences in purpose between Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the leaders of the Hindus and Moslems, respectively. The Moslem. League ·at the outset refused to cooPerate with the Indian National Congress. At the interposition of the Viceroy, however, the Moslem Leagiie promised to cooperate with the Hindus. But this promise was followed by riots and disorders· between Moslems and Hipdus. /\.s a result: the Moslem League withdrew its promise of cooperation. The Hindus, nevertheless, proceeded with the establishment of the in· terim government. Again, . i-iots and disorders followed the inauguratioii of the interim government .on Aug'\1st 26, 1946. The Viceroy was determined to make th'e Moslem League join the interim government. Several weeks afte.r the inauguration of the interim government; through good offices of the Viceroy, the Moslem League joined the interim government. And now a great question fa~s India: Will "the cooperation. between the Moslem's and the Hin<lus bring about the drafting of the constitution for an independent India? WASHINGTON (USIS)-Discussing the Indian situation, the Dallas News said: "'During1 one month's freedom, 'more Indian blood has been shed, runs the comment of a native of· India, 'than in the 200 yeal's of British rule.' The observation merits thoughtful conside1 ation of all critics of imperialism everywhere. 12 * "Liberty is the goal of mankind arid ought to. he. But it will not do to adopt the blind belief that liberty can 'be imposed-that freedom is an unearned donation. A people that would be free ·must prove its worthiness, its sturdiness and its integrity." The Kansas City Times said: "Unless a :flinduMoslem formula is found, the British a.pparently will be confronted -wi~h the· choice ·between quitting India in the knowledge that civil war would almost surely ensue or backing out on their com~it ment to retire from the scene as soon as a constitution has been adopted. "A civil' war -in India, on top of the civil war in Cl1ina1 might destroy all hope of a stable, democratic and prosperous Asia in the years ahead. Th~t js a prospect which we Americans and the rest of the world cannot view with comp_lacency. n The Cincinnati Inquirer declared that despite the abstention of the Moslems, the.Constituent Assembly in 'New Delhi is proceeding .by and that 11 its work remains largely one of the devising protections for racial. and religious minoritieS." The ediiorial asserted that "it is peculiarly significant the President of the assemblf devoted much time at the opening meeting to an argument for a close study of the American constitution. It is cert8inly the most successfully written con~titution in the world. And it lends itself to the governance of a large and heterogeneous people. 11 India is not a nation in the usu·a1 sense, but an aggregation of races and creeds. Only a federal constitution leaving extensive powers in provinces and states could possibly be made to serve so diyergent a cluster of political units. "It ia by no means certain ·that India will be able to draft a constitution satisfactory to enough of its people to be adopted. The constitution~making process is going to be one of more than passing interest to Americans who .can see repeated in the heart of Asia in J 946 the very procedure of compromise whiCli led our, own founding fathers to adopt the principle of the federal union." STUDY HELPS ToJ)ic,q for class diRcwmion: 1. India will never become a united nntion. 2. The division of India was partly due to the"divide-and·rule policy" of Britain. 3. British racial discrimination contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism. 4. The ideals of the Indian Nation:JJ Congress Party are _better than those of the Moslem Le!l.gue. Whai is the answer to each of the1te que.<ition . .::? 1. What is the root of the differences bet'\veen the Moslems and Hindus? 2. What is the aim of Paki.~ta,n? 3. Why do the' Hindus. oppose Pald.<;tan? 4. Why did the British government oppose PakiRtan? 5. Will the Hindus· and Moslems cooperate"? Current Events Review Report on the United Nations Activities Andrei Gromyko, Russian representD.tive to the Security 'GoU.ncil of the UN, formally presented charges that the United States Marines in China, Iceland, and Latin America were interfering in the , internal affairs' of these countries. He argued that the presence Of American troops in 'these countries end:rngers the peace of the world. He called the attention of the Security Council that protest~· had been heard from these countries. He proposed for an, investigation of Allied troops abroad. The Chiilese delegate, C; L. Hsia, defended the presence of United States troops in China. E. N. Van Keffen of the Netherlands, said that the countries concerned have the right to bring such question before the -Security Council if foreign troops are interfering in the affairs of, their countrY. The Russian proposal was put to ·a vote. Ru.ssia was defe8.ted by vote of 7 to 2. Only Poland supported her. The other members of the Security Council, with the exception of France and Egypt who abstained from voting, supported the United States. Census of Global Resources President. Truman asked the United Nations to call a scientific conference for the main purpose of studying the resources of the world. , The proposal 'o/as submitted to the Economic and Social Council of the UN. It als.o suggested that steps should be taken to discuss the possible peaceful uses of atomic energy in the next few decades. Outline of Atom Safeguards The 12 nations that compose the UN's Atomic Energy Commission have unanimously approved the first international report on atomic energy. The international report does not outline any plan for the control of the atom. It, however, outlines the processes of atomic energy. It discusses how atommic power may Qe devoted to military uses. It outlines various scientific safeguards. It also gives the world a d'iscussion of raw- materials for atomic fission. Who is Sabotaging the United Nations? Two of the Big Four Powers clashed on several occasions not only during the Paris Peace Conference and the Council of Foreign MiJi.isters at Paris but also during the session of the Security Council on the question of peace. BOth countries have also charged each other of sabotaging the United Nations. Sir Alexander Cadogan, Britai!l'S rep;esentative to the Security Council, charged Russia of failure to keep international peace. He dep~red Russia's accusation that British and Greek policies in the Balkans endanger world peace. Russia denied,~ the f?harge ,and accused the Western. Powers of sli.botaging the UN. The charges and co11ntercharges make the UN a platform for airing differences of opinions. At least the Security Council and the General 1Assembly are becoming the Parliament' of Man where nations may air their opinions instead of settling disputes by armed threats. ' World Freedom of Information The Security Council of the UN has received a special report outlining the proposal to establish world freedom of information and of the press. The program states that nations must recognize that free exchange of information is the fundamental basis of friendship among nations; the recognition o:f any .government of Private monopoly of the media of information ,is inimical to public .interests; and the right of government or person to infringe upon, discriminate against, or censor, information in time of peace should be refused. The End of an Aecusation in the Security Council After eleVen sessions, characterized by bristling debates, the Security Cquncil rejected several proposals of Ukraine for the sOlution of the fr0ntier troubles between Greece and Albania. Ukraine chargecl Greece with the responsibility of menacing the peace along the Albania~ frontier. Russia pro· posed a 'resolution which would make Greece stop alleged provocations on the Albanian frontier and terminate the persecution of national minorities. The United States proposed that the frontier trirnbles between Alba.nia and Greece be kept under surveillance. Russia exercised the ''veto" on the United States proposal for an "on the spot investigation." The "veto" ended the acci.lsation of Ukraine against Greece. Blueprint for European Economy The UN has received the blµeprint for a new European economy. The temporary sub-commission on the recons'truction Of devastated areas in Europe presented the plan to the UN's Economic and Social Council. What are the important recommendations? ( 1) A permanent international housing agency should be created to map out the housing and reconStruction program of damaged areas. (2) An agency whose main purpose is to coordinate the World Problems ----------------------------*-13 World Leaders and Their Views on World Affairs-N1Jtional Ambition Must Be Sacrificed Trieste must not become another Danzig. It must be free from intrigue and conspiracy. World peace is· more important than a few miles of territory or world pride. -Senator Tom Connally in a speech in the Italian Political Co.mmission dwl.'ing the Pmis Peace Conference What is the Remedy for the Continual fragedy of Europe? The sovereign remedy is to recreate the European family, or as much of it as we can, and to provide it with a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety, and in freedom. We must build a kind of United' States of Europe. "In order that this may be accomplished, there must be an act of faith in which millions of families speaking many languages must consciously take part." -U'inston Churchill in his speech at Zurich Mutual Vftderstanding is Necessary "It i's' one of the tragedies of the world situation that the Soviet government appears deliberately to prevent intercourse between the Russian- people and the rest pf the world. They are not allowed to know what is being done or thought by their fellows in other partS of the world .... A wall of ignorance and suspicion is built up betwee~ the nations." -Prime Minister Attlee in a speech before a trade annual conference What is the Real Purpose of the Peace Conference? "The Peace Conference mu'st exclusively serve the interest of peace, not of something else. We UNITED NATIONS ACTIVITIES ..• (Continued) post-war resources ·of Europe should be created and should be united into. a single continent-wide process system. It should also plan numerous projects 1 similar to the U. S. Tennessee Valley Authority. (3) 1\.n expedient means should be sought to accelerate the financing of urgent export-impor~ program which is vital to reconstruction work planned by the Eu,ropean governments in 1947. (4) A plan should be ·adopted to hasten food collection · and payment to food producers.: ( 5) Man-power should be allocated in order to regulate the supply of labor. The extra man-power in Greece and Yugoslavia, for instance, may be moved to France. (6) European coal production should be stepped up because it is the c::enter of· industrial reconstruction problem. must strive that the interest of peace is based on the strengthening now possible of unity among the Allies and have an. earnest desire to be in the Same demQcratic camp iii peace. The interests of peace must dictate to us all decisions on questions of importance, in particular on the question of the voting principle of the Conference." -Molotov in answering Byrnes on the, ticklish question of the voting procedure of the Paris Peace Conference Let Us Give Them Peace "I appeal to the- Conference to get on with its work. The world is crying for peace. The people do not want armies of occupation continued ·indefinitely in countries which are trying to reconstruct their national life on democratic lines. The people want our fighting men returned to their homes and their families. The people w~nt us to get on with the peace. We shoulQ not disappoint them." -Pyrnes' reply to Molotov during a debate on the ·voting procedure of the Paris Peace Conference What, is the, Real Basis of Peace? "A peace worthy of the name can only be a peace built and consolidated in sinceritY. and loyalty, in justice and reality; a peace of resolute force to overcome or preclude those economic and social conditions which might, as they did in the past, lead to new conflicts; a peace that can be approved by all right-minded men of every people and every nation; a peace which future generation will gratefully regard as the happy outcome of a fearsome period; a peace that will restore human dignity and liberty." -Cardi~al FTancis J. Spellman on the opinions of Pope Pius XII on peace For neat jobs-* Circular Letters * Business Forms * Posters * Manifests *. Lecture N o'tes * Textbooks & Outlines * Classroom Tests * Programs MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING, CO. Editors - Mimeographers - Bookbinders Artists - .Designers - Illustrators 123_-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila 14 * World Problems Current Events Review Why is there a bitter attack on the '"Veto" power?The Veto Power is Under Attack What is the Veto? One of the important questions under discussion by world leaders, political writers, radio commentators, and delegates to the United Nations is the "veto" in the United Nations Security Council. What is the 0 veto"? It is a voting procedure or formula g:i-anted to the Big Five powers or permanent members of the Security Council. The Charter of the UN provides that in deciding majo;r problems in the SecU.rity Council, the Big Five mus,t agree. If one of curity Council, the Big Five must agree. If one of the Big Five votes ''No" on a major question~ aside (rom routine .procedure, :no action can be taken, even if all the other 60 members favor an action on such a question. History of the Veto The '1 veto" power in the Charter of the UN was originally proposed by the late President Roosevelt in 1943. It was presented to Britain, Russia, China at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. Britain, Russia, and China had submitted similar proposals on the "veto" during the Dumb3.rton Oaks Conference from Augu~t 21 to October 7, 1944. When the "veto" power was discussed, the right of the present members of the Security Council was not questioned. Russia, however, wanted to enlarge the interpretation of the uveto" so as to include the discussion as to what disputes could be brought before the Security Council. T.he delegates to the Dumbarton Oaks Conference failed to reach an agreement. The delegates later met at the Yalta from February 4 to Jl,ebruary 11, 1945. A compromise was reached. The "Veto" Power Attacked at San Francisco The uveto" power was attacked during the United Nations Conference On International Organization at San Francisco, California, from April 25 to June 26, 1945: The 11 Little 45" nations realized their -part in the preservation of world peace. They spent much thr.e analyzing and discussing the Big Five '1 vetO" power. Under the agreed interpretation, the Big Five keep the right to veto any 1;1.ctive formal investigation of an international dispute by the new world organization's Security Council. But no one member can veto simple discussion of an issue. Russia wanted to change this interpretation. She wanted that freedom of discussion be subject to veto by any Big-Power member. After several days of hectic di~cussion she gave up her demand because she believes that in the fonr.ation of the new international organization there must be give arid take. The Exercise of the Veto Power How was the "veto" power used since the inauguration of the United Nations? Since the inauguration of the UN, the "veto" power was used 10 times by Russia. During the discussions of the proposals for the solution 1 of the peace problem of Syria and Le,. banon, Russia exercised the veto. During the discussion of the Franco regivie, Andrei Gromyko, vetoed the United States co'mpromise resolUtion on Franco's Spain. In each case, Russia exercised the veto against a heavy majority. Reaction to the Use of the Veto The members of the UN have expressed their opinion on the use of the 11 veto" power. COl. W. R. Hodgson of Australia once said during the Paris Peace Conference that the Security Council had been discredited in the eyes ~f the world because the uveto" had been irresponsibly used by Russia. Priree Minister Clement ·Attlee con,demned the frequent use of the 11 veto" in the Security Council. He said: "We never conceive of the veto as a decree to be used whenever a particular power is not in full agreement with the other, yet that is .what happened recently." Winston Churchill spoke in the House of Commons and declared that the idea• of the veto power was that it should be reserved as a la.St assUrance that the great power would not be voted down on a matter oh which it was prepared to fight. Molotov in defense of his frequent. use of uveto" said that there must' be unanimity among the Big Powe:rs in ord~r to make the peace of the world· secure. Hj, attacked the proposal of Australia for its abolition. Why is the Veto Important? The Big· Five believe that the 0 veto" is the cornerstone of the UN. They believe that it provides the UN an element of .Strength and permanence which is essential in the solving of world problems. It provides a legal means of p~eventing action that otherwise might force one of the Big Powers to defy and break away from the -world organization. Many of the "Little Nations" wanted to abolish or overhaul it. None of the Big Five is willing to give it up. A resolution passed by the General Assembly in its last session for 1946 calls on the Big Five powers to use re~traint on the use of the uveto". Study Helps Hold an open fOTum on these topics: 1. The use of the 11veto power" should be limited. 2. The "veto" is essential to the unanfar.ity of the Big Powers. 3. The "veto" should be abolished. Use these terms correctly: "veto power," compromise, interpretation, ,_;_n4nimity, abolition. World Problems --------------'-----------,*-15 Philippine News • In Review Equality of Opportunity On the occasion of his acceptance of the position of an honorary president of the Boys Scouts, Presi~ dent Manuel A. Roxas expre~sed his desire to bring about reforms and policies that would eventually 'give equal educational opportunity to all. He ,said: 41 Jt is my purpose and it is the purpose of your government to work toward the day when every boy and every girl has every ·chance -that he needs to make the mosf 'of the talents which the Lord has give~ him. The poor man's son must have the same chance to go through college as th~ son of the rich." Plan is Ready for the Training of Filipi· nos in the United States The Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946, passed by the 79th Congress of the United States provides that 850 FilipinQ _citizens will be given training by the United States. Eight agencies in the United States will .cooperate 'in the training program. Technical training will be given to Filipino engineers, public health service men, personnel to take care of merchant marine activities, p~rsonnel to take care of civil aeronautics adn:inistration, personnel to De in ch311"ge of meteorological duties, personnel to take charge of advanced methods of deep sea ·fishing, and personnel t~ take ~~re of surver work. Plans to impleme~t this prov1s1on of the Philippine Rehabilitation Act have already been completed, and anytime from now qualified personnel wil!' be sent to the United States at the expense of Uncle Sam. Abrogation of Copra Paci At the request of the Philippine government the United States ·has agreed to terminate the copra agreement entered into by the Philippines and the United States. The copra agreement gave the U.S. Commodity Credit Corporation purchase monopoly ori Philippine copra and coconut oil. Th~ _request was made following ·the lifting of the ce1lmg prices on copra and oil in the United States. .T~e abrogation of the copra agreement will be benef1c1al to the Philippines because it will enable the copraindustry to take advantage of the best price in t~e world's markets. The Philippines, however, w1l1 continue to observe the allocations made by the International Emergency Food Council. Abrogation of th.e Abaca Agreement The abaca agreement entered into by the Philippines and the United States last August has also been terminated. Abaca will now be free from price or export and import control. The Philippines wiH complete the full paYl!r.ent of the loan of f'4,0PO,OOO advanced by the ·ReconstruCtion FinaTI.ce Corporation to the National Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation. Know Your Rights under the War Dam.age Act Efforts are being exerted by the War Damage Commission to enlighten the people on the provisions of the War Damage Act, or the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946, and to secure just methods of knowing the clai'rns to be presented to the Comm1ss1on. According to the members of the War D;,mage Commission (l) all claims up to f'l,000 will be paid first; (2) cl11ims·exceeding f'L,000 will have to wait for the approval of the "parity proposal" which will be voted upon by the people next March; (3) all claims cannot be paid in full; (4) it will take a .considerable time .before all claims can be satisfied; ( 5) the cw.mission will expedite the pay~ents of claims as justly and as equitably as possible. Industrialization Program A group of Anterican experts hea.ded by Henry E. Beyster has submitted to President Rdxas a brOad program for the industrialization of the Philippines. The main purposes of the program are to make the Philippines self-sufficient and to capture a great parl: of Japan's prewar overseas trade. What does, the program call for? It calls for the establishment of ·new industries designed tO meet consumption needs. It envisions the development and -expansion of textile, lumber and fishing industries; the establtshment of fertilizer plants, factories for building materials, and factories for the manufacture of soap, hand tools, and paint. Beyster has suggested that the machineries necessary -to carry out this program may be partly secured from J ap:i.n as reparations and the rest will be bought from the United States. He stresses, however, there is a need for immediate training of technicians to run those machineries, and he strongly recommend the establishment of a National Enterprise Corporation with the President as the head. This corporation is intended to correlate, supervise, and control the different government pro~ jects. 16 * National Affairs Current Events Review What About Our Stateless Citizens? In a recent ruling handed down by the judge advocate general of the Philippine A)'my,' .Filipinos enlist'ing in any foreign army 10ae· their Fili.pine citizenshjp. This ruling automatically makes not less than 40,000 Filipinos who are enliSted in the Philippine Scouts and in the -U.S. Navy stateless citizens. Under the '?resent law these Filipinos are neither Filipine citizens nor American. eltizens. -Official cir~les have expressed the desire _to amend the law on Fi1iPi.no citizenship in order tO make these 40,000 stateless citizens retain their Filipino. citizenship. Study Helps Topics for cln.~s d·i-scu.i::sfon: 1. What is meant by equality of educational opportunity? . Why ·is it ilri.portant in a democracy'! 2. How Will the program of tr8.inin.e; Fitipinos aid in the. rehabilitation of our country?" 3. \\.rhy is the abrogation of. the copra and abaca pact beneficial to the· Philippines? 4. How will the payment of ·-war damage claims mihance the ·rehabil,itation of the country? 5. Are the objectives of our industrialization proBram justified? Why? 6. \Vhy shou1d we amend our citizenship law? DISCUSSIONS AND CONFLICTS ... ( Contmued from page ~) i~ essential to the peace of the world. He bitterly opposed the simple majority vote, because he feared that such procedure would enable the members unsympathetic to Russia to defeat many ·of Russia's suggest~ons on the peace proposals. The United States on the other hand supported the "Little Natjon·s" in their demand for the right to give their recommendations. Pravda, 14 the voice" of Russia, accused the· formation of the. "Anglo-American" bloc in the Paris Pllace Conference. lt made the charge that the western Qt;!mocracies. were being supported by othH democracies to· facilitate the victory of the American dollar. Russia knew. the peace tactics of a vote of twothi.rds. She could .easily defeat any measure which she might .disappl,,"ove. The Australian Foreign Mini-ster, Herbert Evatt, argued that the adoption of the two-thirds vote is a deterrent to peac~, becau_se under such condition "nothing contl"ary to Soviet desires -could ·be adopted." Molotov retorted that the "Simple majority vote constitutes a very simple :rr.eans of securing the adoption of an al)lendments directed against the Soviet Union." A~strali~ openly made the statement that tl~e Rig Four should not dictate the terms of the p~ar.e conference. Andrei Vishi-nsky made the clurge that some countries had helped Australia in ma.king amendments to the peace treaties for the advantag-(? World .Problems of the democl'atic bloc. Speaking of the pea"" conference tactics. Freda Kirchwey. in a recent article in The Nation, said: "Just as certainly as the war ;would have been Jost had th'e leading Allies fallen apal·t, so- the peace will' be lost if they do not assume full and united responsibility ;for defe~nding it." Study Helps Fill in the blankf>l with the correct answer: 1 . The Counter-proposals of the westem powers on Trieste are to R.ussia. 2. The of the Danube Rlver is important for the ol the world. 3. Russia wants Rumania to be given cuns.l: d<!1·ation in th,e payrrient of ~----4. Bulgaria w·ants an --- to the--and----5. The machinery set for. peacemaking- cons;sted of the and 6. The final peace treaties will be written by the-----7·, An important questi'on that aroused hea:tE.rl debate was on the procC'dtnt'. 8. Italy appealed for ------9. South Tyrol is now owned by ---- ~·. 10. Bulgaria failed in her bid to become ·a;,___,- - 11 . .AJtr..erica - - - - - - her ------·· against 12. The "Little Natioils" have .the· right to ml\kr. their - - - - - - - 13. The Big Four, according to Molotov TIC"d:: EMMANUEL EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTOR Importer · Indenter Dealers in Office, School Supplies Equi)lf11ent Educational Materials * Authorized distributors of books, outlines released by MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. AMADO C. DIZON Manager 1878 Azcarraga ' • 17 Will Trieste Become Another Danzig? What about·Trieste? The world is now asking whether or not Trieste will become another D~nzig? DanZig was the worst sore spot tha.t finally brought about World War II when Germany invaded Poland on Septenlber 1, 1939. Today the little city of Trieste is the bitter source of conflict not only between Italians and Yugoslavs but also between the Soviet bloc and the western democracies. Adriatic Sea. They present a strong argument for the return of Trieste. Tl;iey point to Ute contribution of the Italian Partisans in saving much of thr country's industrjes from the Germans. Yugoslavia wants Trieste for economic reasOn.s. Trieste is a great sea harbor and Yugoslavia needs it. Marshal Josip Broz (Tito) has said: "Yugoslavia needs it, but only so much as it needs Yugoslavia. It is linked with' Yugoslavia by commercial ties." Russia and the western democracies are interested in Triestf' Russia is interested in it because she realizes th~. value of the city in her fight for the strengthening of the Russian sphere in the Balkans. The western defnocracies needs a free Trieste to stop Russian f'Xpansior towards the Mediterranean. Be.fore World War I, Trieste was an irnporlant -seaport of the vast Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Italians were then shOuting as loudly as the Yugoslavs are shouting today against its inclu~ion withih Italian territory. The peacemakers at Versailles after' World War I gave Trieste to Italy as a reward for her participation in the war against Germany. Why Italy and y,,goslavia Fight· for· Trieste Why Trieste iS Important Today Trieste is ittr..porta'nt today. for Italy, Yugoslavia, the western democracies, and Russia. All Italians are united in their desire to keep Trieste. They know die importance of Trieste as a seaport in the The population of Trieste is overwhelmingly Italian. Out of the city's population of 300,000 seventy per cent are Italians. All Italian parties claim that this' is a sufficient reason why Triestt11 * AORIATIC SEA New Battle-Ground for Peaceshould be given to Italy. The people of Italy, however, are not opposed to the internationalization of Trieste. But they are rea<ly to fight for it if Trieste is given to Yugoslavia. There is an important fact to remember about the city of Trieste. The city is overwhelmingly populated by Italians. But the surrounding territory of the city is overwhelmingly populated by Slavs. This condition is the strong reason advanced by Yugoslavia why the city should be. given to her. It is the opinion of most peacemakers that it would be dangerous to the peace of the wodd to give Trieste either to Italy or to Yugoslavia. Ar:thur Gaeth in his article "Trieste: A Battleground for Peace" says: "A partial decision either way for or against Italy or Yugoslavia certainly means trouble between the two coµnti·ies, now or later." Struggle for Power The status of Trieste has been discussed in the various meetings of the Foreign Ministers. h1 the first session of the Council of Foreign Ministers held in London, the Big Powers Jailed to arrive at any conclusion. The status of the city was again taken up in the Paris meetings of the CounCil of Foreign Ministers. They proposed and approved a statute governing Trieste a.nd submitted it to the Paris Peace Conference. How is the status of Trieste related to the policy ·-of the Big Powers in the Mediterranean'? Yugoslavia is a Co~munist country. It is under the influence of Russia. Possession of Trieste by Yugosiavia would give Russia a commanding position in the Mediterranean. It ls important to note that, on the one hand, Russia's command 'of a certain portion of the Mediterranean would endanger the British "life line," bU.t, on the other the United States and Britain desire a strpng and democratic Italy to serve as a bulwa1·k against the spread of Communist power in southern Europe. Foreign Affairs Current Events Review Proposals and Cou11ter-Proposals During the Paris PeaGc Co11fere11ce Trieste became the subject of heated discussions. Originally tht:: Big Four proposed the creation of a "Free Territory of Trieste." During the. conference Czechoslovakia led the caJn:paign of tire.Slav bloc to ~elp secure for Yugoslavia a dominant position in Trieste. She opposed the sugge:Stion of the Big Four that Trieste be placed under the supervision: of the Uriited Nations. She wanted to have Trieste Joined with Yugoslavia. Premier Eduard Kardelj of YugoSlavia inade the charge that the weste~·n ·de'lr..ocracies were trying to build an "iron curtainn around the Mediterranean. Molotov also attacked the suggestion of Britain describing the status of the governor of the internationalized city .of Triestf!. Molotov argued that under such description the city wo'uld have the ~tatus of a British colony. He chargM .the United States and Britain of trying to. build military bases in Trieste. Molotov offered the following recommendations of the statu~ of Trieste: ( 1) Trieste should be m'ade neutral and qemili tarlzed. ( 2) Allied troops should be withdrawn from Trieste ( 3) The port should be opened to all nations'. ( 4) A provisional gov.ermllent should be formed1 by an iriter-Allied Commission composed of the United States, Russia, Britain, and France. (5) The provisional government should conduct the· holding of a popular assembly bY:universal suffrage. The duties of tfie governor of Trieste should be limited by the statute. Subscribe to INANG The United States through S~l!ator Tom Conally · denied the Russian charge that the United States was trying to build military bases in the Mediter:. ranean. He clearly expressed the American view that Trieste should be made free, neutral and demil· itarized. He said: "The' peace of the world is more important th.an a few miles of territory .... We must not create aJlother Danzig Out a free territory without conspiracy or intrigue." Study Help~ What is the answer to each of thpse questionsl !. Why is Trieste a battleground for peacef'"-· 2. Shall we give Trieste either to Italy or Yugoslavia? 3. Why is Russia interested in Trieste? 4. Why are the western powers interested ir, Trieste? 5. Is the proposal for the demilitarizati01\ and neutralization of Trieste important? 6. Do you think Trieste will become another Danzig? Why? Use these terms correctly to inorea.se your f'ead .. ing power: battlegrouiid for peace, neutt'alization, demilitarization, internationalizt;ition, bulwark, 'fJ'l"O· visional. WIKA i the only school magazine devoted exclusivelr to the study and teaching of the National Language ~ Approved for use as supplementary material by the I •~~· .r •n~ .. &1•~•~ r~~;!•52S<CSi!SC52S<CSi!SCS2.!;o5;i!!H!S2.!iCSi!2!52!il!li!Sil~1. * * * Foreign Affairs " 19 a school magazine in the National Language published specially for students and teachers. (Approved for use as Supplementary Material by the Bureau of Private Education) Published as a contl'ib11tio11 to " nation.al ef/01-t. 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