Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.7 January 1947

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.7 January 1947
Issue Date: Vol. II (No. 7) January 1947
Year: 1947
Language: English
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extracted text: Price List of Pnblieatiou s (Prices subject to change without previous notice) FOR THE HIGH SCHOOL Biology-San Juan Vol. 1-(lst Semester) ................. . Vol. II-(2nd Semester) ................ . Laboratory Manual or Biology ......... . Oriental History-Capino ................. . Philippine History-Alip .................. . 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Today, there are ,55 members. The powers and functions of the General Assembly are: (1) it discusses all matters pertaining to peace and security, welfare of mankind, and promotion of human rights; (2) it receives reports from other organs; (3) it approves the budget of the UN; (4) it elects the non-permanent members of the Security Council; (6) it elects Hll merr.bers of the Economic and Social Council and Trusteeship Council; (6) it appoints the members of the Atomic Energy Commission; (7) in cooperation with the Security Council, it elects the 15 judges of the International Court of Justice; (8) it admits new members to the UN and may suspend ol· expel any member for cause; (9)- on thf' 1·ecommendation of the Securi·ty Council, it appoints the Secretary General; and (10) it makes recommendations for international agreements on all matters concerning world cooperation. First Half of the First Session.. The first half of the first session of the General Assembly was held in London for 36 days hcginning January. 101 1946. During the session, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter of the UN, the General Assembly organized the 8erurity Council, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the Military Staff Committee, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the International Court of Justice. The Assembly decided to hold the second half of the session on September 23, 194fi. This date was later postponed to October 23, 1946, because it was found necessary to give time to the delegates to the 21-nation 'Paris Peace Confe1·ence to wind their work. Opening of the Second Half of tlit> First Session. The second session of the General Assembly was opened by President Harry S. Truman in New York on October 23, 1946. The session lasted for 54 davs. Delegates of the original 51 members attended ihe session. In his welcorr..e address, President Truman stressed the following facts: ( 1) the General Assembly is the world's supreme deliberativ<' body; (2) there must be accommodation by all the Allied nations' in which mutual adjuptments of lesser national interests are made in order to serve the great interest of all in peace, security, and justice; (3) the free and direct exchange Qf arguments and information promotes understanding and therefore contributes in the long run to the reinoval of the fear of war and some of the causes of \Var; (4) it is essential that the members of the Security Council should use the Council as a means of promoting settlement of disputes as well as for airing them; (5) the Security Council represents a most ·-;lgnificant development in international relations; (6) the Allied nations must reach an agreement in establishinp;' international control of atomic energy in order to ensure the use of this energy for peaceful purposes only; (7) efforts must be made to break down barrie1·s to mutual undel'standing and tolerance; and (8) efforts must be exerted to secure freedom from want. Important .Issues Dist:ussed. Jn his .The United Nations: .4 Ha-tulbooJ.: on fhr New World Orgcrniza,tio-n, published in 1946, Lou.is Dolivet defines the General Assembly as a political hocly of the UN which examines carefully every dangerous situation and which· recommends ways of conecting- Ol' solving it. The Assembly discussed the following vital questions threatening the peace of the world: (1) the abuses Of the veto power in the Security Council;' (2) world disarmament; .(3) the Franco reg·ime in Spain; (4) the unjust treatment of the Indian minority in South Africa i ( 5) full information on the strength and placement of Allied troops i~ nonenemy territories; (6) immediate solution to religious and racial discrimination; (7) freedom of information; (8) conferenee of non-self-governing· peoples to promote their common welfare; and (9) ol'ganization of the Trusteeship Council. Views Exp.-esse<l on International Problems. F1·ee J}lorld, a monthly magazine devoted to th~ ,vork of the United Nations, calls the General Assembly the P01·liament of Men where representatives of certain people or peoples can air their views qn r1ressing· international problems. This statement i~ W --o-r-ld_P_r_o_b_l_em_s __ ----------·-·------------- ----------------,-, l borne by the records of the deliberations of the General Assembly. The records show that -the General Assembly deliberate on complaints, conflict of ideologies, differences of opinions in solving international problems, and opinions on the fundamental rights of man. The small nations, for example, led by Australia, assailed the abuse and misuse of the "veto" power by Russia. These nations believe that such misuse of veto is a discredit to th·e Security Council. Again, Mrs. Pandit, chief of the Indian delegation, attacked the way the Indian minority are treated in South Africa. In the same spirit, Molotov attacked the Western powers for keeping troops in non-enemy territories. Brig. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo urged the UN to give the dependent peoples of non-self-governing terr1tories opportunity to air their views so that their problems might be better understood. He also championed the cause of freedom of information by urging a worldwide conference to seek out methods for unimpeded transmission· of news throughout the world. Various delegates urged the Security Council to reconsider its rejection of the application of Albania, Outer Mongolia, Ireland, Transjordan, and Portugal for membership in the UN. Egypt led the fight for the adoption of a l'esolution to end "religious and so-called racial persecution and discrimination." A Russian delegate moved to classify racial discriar.ination as a war crime against the world. The United States delegation urged the Economic and Social C~uncil to study the subject of genocide (racial destruction) and to recommend legal prohibitions against plannerl destruction of racial, religious, or national groups. Molotov urged the General Assembly to establish without delay an effective international control of armaments, in.eluding atomic bombs. The United States and Britain insisted that there must be no veto on world disarmament and on the control of atomic. energy. Russia demanded an immediate international troop census; and together with Poland, she also recommended a complete diplomatic break with Franco. Colombia moved that the 54 inembers of the UN appeal to the Spanish people to install a democratic government in Spain, but the motion was rejected. Significant Achievements of the General Assembly. \Vhat were some of the significant accomplishments of the 54-day session of the General Assembly? 1. The General Assembly passed a resolution designed to strip the Security Council of some of its restrictive powers over applications for membership. 2. Afghanistan, Iceland, and Sweden signed articles of adherence to the UN. 3. The General Asserr.bly elected Colombia, Syria, and. Belgium as non-permanent members to the Security Council, replacing the Netherlands, Mexico, and Egypt. 2* 4. By a vote of 32 against 15, the General Assembly decided to intervene in India's charge of discrimination against the Indian. minority in Sduth Africa. South African delegate Jan Christiansen Smuts had asked that the charge be submitted to the International Court of Justice. 5. By a vote pf 34 against 6 ( 13 abstained from voting), the General Assembl'y passed a resolution recalling the ambassadors of the Allied nations f~om Spain. 6. The General Assembly unanimously approved the 'resolution calling for a general reduction and regulation of armaments. The disarmatn:ent resolution recommends that tlie Security Council immediately undertake the formulation of appropriate international trea,ties covering a full system of control and inspection through special organs commg within the framework of the Security Council. These international treaties will not be subject to the veto in their operational phase. 7. By a vote of 36 against 6, the General Assembly decided to drop the plan for an immediate troop census. 8. By a vote of 31 against 1 (21 nations abstained from voting), the General Assembly approved the amended Philippine resolution permitting regional conferences of the tepresentatives of non-selfgoverning territories for the purpose of airing and solving their coTr.mon problems. 9. The General Assembly created the Trusteeship Council provided for by the Charter of the 'UN. The members of the Trusteeship Council are the United States, China, ·Russia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Belgium, Australia, Mexico and Iraq. The last two countries were elected by the General Assembly. The General Assembly also approved eight dr3.fts of trusteeship agreements. · 10. The General Assembly approved the United Nations' administrative budget for 1947, amounting to $27,740,000. The share of the United States is 38.89%; Great Britain, 11.48%; Russia, 6,34%; France and China each 6%. The minimum of 1.04% is ailoted to several smalJer nations. 11. The General Assembly rejected the proposal of the Union of South Africa to annex the mandated territory of Southwest Africa, and it asked South Africa to submit a draft agreement to bring Southwest Africa into the UN trusteeship systerr .. 12. The General Assembly approved the agree~ ment to bring four specialized agencies into the service of the United Nations. These agencies are the International Labor Qrganization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Org·anization, the Food and Agricultural Organization, and Provisional International Civil A via ti on Organization. 13. The General Assembly approved the suggestion to allow the World Federation of Trade Unions Current Events Review and three other international, but non-governmental, organizations to submit questions for the agenda of the UN's Economic and Social Council. 14. The General Assembly appointed a l 6-nation committee to review information submitted by the st,tes administering non-self-goVerning territories. 15. The General Assembly recommended that all member nations of the UN accept the constitution of the World Health Organization at the earliest possible date. 16·. The General Assembly approved the bud!!"et and constit'ution of the International Refugee Organization (IRO). The IRO will take over th• functions of the UNRifA in the refugee field. 17. The General Assembly approved the selection of a site in New York City for the permanent headquarters of the• United Nations. 18. The General Assembly approved Siam's application for .membership in the UN. Siam is th~ 54th member of the United Nations. Achievements of the General .4ss•m1bly Hailed. T;he achieverri.ents- of the General ~ssembly have been hailed by great international figures and influential papers. The United States Chief Delegate Warren R. Austin declared that the General Assem· b!y had "established the essential reality of the United Nations.". Speaking on the great- nlission of the General Assembly, he said: "But this Asselrr.bly has given life to a new concept. It has mobilized here the public opinion of the world. It has influenced our discussions and shaped the results we" have achieved.. . . Here, we have spoken from our hearts, stoutly defended our views, worked day and night toward recenciliation and agreement -all in "full sight and hearing of the world. There has been nothing like this before in the history of nations. The General Assembly gives promise of endless achievement through continued scrutiny of any situation which might impair the general welSubscribe to INANG fare and through the public will aroused by its debate and recommendations." President Paul-Henri Spaak of the General Assembly said that the achievements of the Assembly had "brought to birth a great hope." He pointed out that during the sessions there had been more understanding and cooperation than at any time in the past, and he expressed the hope that the United Nations would surely become the World Parliament of Man if the mere.hers continue to work together with the same unanimity and determination. The New York Sun said: "There was a Spirit of de'termination to "'Prove that an international body, developed on democratic Jines in which the smallest as well as the largest may be heard, can and must be made to wqr:k." The New York Herald Tribune conunented: · "It (General Assembly) has acted as useful forum of opinion and of minority interests; it }\as exposed the basic forces out of which any world order must be made; it has arrived at resolutions which in general reflect the presently possible rather than ,the disastrously extreme. It has not rr.ade peace or a new world. Rut it has helped toward those ends." The Baltimore Sun said: ·11The basis of optimism lies par.t!y in• the accomplishments of the Assembly itself, partly in the accomplishments of the council of forei·gn ministers-and most of all, in the concil~ iatory spirit shown ·lately by the Russians." The Richmond (Virginia) News Leader said: 11 From the first meeting of the earliest conunissions, there never was a doubt that the majority of the nations wereJof one mind on right and justice alreong _men. As the Jong talk went on, there was an approach to the supreme need of this era-a reconciliation of the Western and Russian point of view. That has not been--;-but it assuredly is nearer than it has appeared to be since Potsdam. At adjournment, there no longer was a "great gulf fixed" between the USSR and the West. The Russ;ians have made their first adventure in compromise. It cost them little and will help them· much." WIKA A magazine de.voted exclusively to the study and teaching of the National Language (Approved for use as supplementary material by the Bureau of Private Education) Only P3.00 a year Pl.50 a semester World Problems *3 • Removing threats to world peace Significant World News Roundup JAPAN Economic pllr(le. A historic making economic purge is going on in Japan. The purge is designed to eliminate from irydusti-y and finance all the men who influenced prewar Japan. It will be thorough enough to reduce the powers of fRin?.ily monopoHes that have had a strangle hold on Japan's economy. It will h11sten liquidation of business and industrial l'!on1hines and to give officials with clean war r~ords a chance to move into responsible policy-makin!? positions. These officials are being encouraged to buy stock in companies. The economic purge affects about 15,000 individuals. The purge order lists 238 business firms, sixty banks and other financial organizntionR, ~n<f 84 semi..,fficial organizations. 'Thirh·-fnur n<"w.c:paners are on the inv<'stiP"atio11 lists. Thev inclnri" Tokyo's "Bif!' Four"-Asnhi, Mainirhi. Y1.m;,inri, anrf the Nippon Times. Steps are being taken to make the pur~f' PfCective. The ten wealtliiest famHif"s in ,Japan havro lost control of their assets. The total ,;st.lne nf their industrial combines is in excess of $5TIO,OOO,OOO. An examination committee is weerlinrr out .911 persons prominently classified as "undesirablf"." 1Vha.t iS the significance of the news? The econoreic purge is a part of the Allied program to purge Japanese politic~, education, fin~nce and industry of war-makers and other undesirables. The policy aims not 01"!1Y to break up family r.ombines but also to eliminate· wartime executives from responsible policy-makin'g positions. Persons prominently classified as 0 undesirable" wi.11 not onJv be dismissed from their present positions but W111 also be prohibited from holding similar posts in other firms on the purge list. INDIA Fear of the outbreak of civil war. Will there be civil war in· Iridia? This has been the question uppermost in the tnind.s of leading statesmen and political writers since Britain's· failure to bring about all-party participation i~ India's historic constituent assembly last December. The Moslem and the Hindu delegation to London failed to compose their differences. Mohammed AH Jinnah reiterated his demand for PakisUtn and was resolved to see Two India, Winston Churchill speaking in the House of Commons predicted the outbreak of civil war. 4* What is the significance of the news? Britain is now .faced with a great problem. What will she do if a civil war breaks out? Wm sh• quit India in order to prevent the outbreak of civil war? "If civil war breaks out, wi11 it destrov all hope for a stable, democratic, and prosperous ·A~ia in the years to come?" asks -ihe Kansas Cit~• Times. GREECE GreerP .fi/ps cnmplaint. Greece, the only country in the Balkang outsid~ Russia's "iron curtain," files a cd.replaint beforf> the Security Council. She requested the Securit.v Council to look into her dispute with Yugoslavia, Rulgaria, and Rurnania over her northern border!'. Crmstantine Tsa ldaris, the fighting Premier. of Greece. person2.lly brought the comn)aint' to thr Security ComfciJ. Greece made the char~e that thP horder troubl~s had been furthered bv her northern nehrhbors-YuJ?oslavia, Bulgaria, and Rumanin.. H'hat 1"s the significance of the news? On August 24, 1946, the Ukrainian Soviet So· cialist Republic filed a complaint before the Security Council charging Greece of fomenting border disputes with Albania.' The United Nations Security Council refused to• take action on the matter because it was believed that Greece was not a threat to world peace. Recently, however, the UN Security Council approved the United States proposal. for an on-the-spot investigation of the disputf' which had been brought before· the council by Greece. The unanimous decision to send an inquiry com· mission to the Balkans to investigate the facts related to the alleged border violations was hailed in various editorials in the United States. Thfl: editors saw in Russia's willingness to see such ~ eommission set up now a sign that the United Nations is becoming more and more th1;1 ma.for vehicle for the proreotion of peaceful internationa] relations. RUSSIA What is meant by the laiesl Russian concessions? The outlook for international peace was partl}1 brightened by the concessions made by Russia, not only in the various meetings of the Coun.cil of Foreign Ministers, but even in those of the United Nations, and of the Allied Council. Current Events Review What were these concessions? (1) Russia modi· fied her stand on the eXplosive question o"f Trieste whic11 had deadlocked the writing of the Italian peace treaty. She gave way to some of the United States and British proposals. (2) She agreed on the reduction of occupation troops in Austria. (3) She conceded to withdraw partially her troops from o~cupied territories. (4) She changed her stand on the veto. She agreed that there should be no veto in world disarmament. ( 5) She also' agreed on the principle of international control of atomic weap-_ ons and inspection of the production of atomic energy. .(6) Russia agreed to let the small nations discuss the veto in the General Assembly, (7) In December, 1946, she ag.reed to the creation of the' commission to make an on-the-spot inquiry in the Balkan problems. This was a carr:.plete reversal of her stand on the same question in Sept.ember of the same year. What is the significance of the news? Russia had at last realized that in order to solve some of 'the world's pressing problems she must cooperate with the other nations. The New York Post remarked: "When Russia and Ameiica are able to reach practical working agreement, one knotty question after another is disposed of, and the hope and vigour of the United Nations are strengthened." The New York Times commented: 04 Russia appears to have decided to make· some concessions of her own in order to make agreement possible. n GERMANY A.mei·ica11-British merger poses a challenge. A historic agreement was signed by Secretary James F. Byrnes and British Jt,oreign Minister Ernest Bevin merging the American and Sritish zone of occupation in Germany. Under the plan five bipartite interzonal committees are established. These are committees to supervise food and agriculture, finance, economics, transport, and com~ mwtlcation. The new agreement is a move toward the realization of the American plan to ~reat Germany as an economic unit. Whitt is the significance of -the news? The or..e11ger is significant both for the Germans and ·the British and American forces of occupation. The merger brings 40,000,000 Germans under a combined administrative unit and will bring about a more earnest consideration of Germany's- economic problems. The food crisis, for instance, "1u be solved. German industry will be revived under certain limitation as agreed upon B,,t Potsdam. An export surplus will be made possible in order to pay for the occupation expenses of both the BritInternational News ish and American forces. The merger poses a challenge to the French and Russians. It is now up to the French and Russian forces to consider their stand whether they would abide by the Potsdam agreellr..ent to treat Germany as an economic unit. SPAIN Action and reaction. The United Nations General Assembly has approved a resolution recommending the recall of the ambaasadora of the menibers of the UN from Spain. It is significant to note that this resolution was a compromise resolution designed to bear pressure on Franco so that he might give up his rule whkh is undesirable to the Allies. The original United States proposal indicting the ,Franco regime and requesting Franco tO surrender his powers to a representative Spanjsh government was rejected by the Political. Security Committee. The proposal of Colombia to install a democratic g&vernment was also scrapped by the co.n:.mittee. And the Russian inspired proposal calling for a complete break with the Franco regime was like· wise rejected. What is the significance of the news? The United States convincing!¥ argued fhat to break 8ff diplomatic relations with Spain would only serve to entrench Franco in his present pos1~ tion. This argument played an important role in the adoption of the Belgian compromise resolu~ ti on. What was the reaction of the Spanish govern· ment on the resolution? Franco addressed a very large gathe1;ng of the Spanish people and declared that Spain would not tolerate foreign intei-ference in its internal affair. The Spanish cabinet· met and issued an official declaration calling the United Nations resolution as a "terrible precedent for' future relations a~ong people which a majority of nations soon will regret." FRANCE Solution to a political crisis. The year 1946 was a year of decision for France. During that year the French people went to the polls four times in seven months to decide imJ)or· tant national questions. On May, 5, 1946, some 20,000,000 French went to the polls to vote "Yes" or 14 No" on the adoption of the Communist-Socialist constitution for the Fourth French Republic. This .constitution was rejected by a ire.ajority of more than 1,000,000 votes. On June 2, 1946, the people went again to the polls to elect delegates to the constituent assembly that would frame another constitution. The Conununist-Socialist popularity was arrested by the Moderate Popular Republican Party *5 CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW A Magazine for High School Students Published monthly during the schoolyear Diosdado G. Capino Edito~ D. R. Manlapaz Publisher Subscription rates : One year (10 issues) One semester (5 issues) Payable in advance. P3.00 1.50 Please make all remittances payable to the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila (MRP). The MRP became the single largest party. On October 13,1946, the people went to the polls for the third time to vote on the second constitutiol'I prepared by the constituent assembly. The people approved the new Clemocratic constitu,tion by a vote of 9,200,467 as against 7,790,676. About 36 per cent of the people, however, "absiained from voting. On November 10, 1946, the people went to the polls for the fourth time in the year to elect 619 deputies to the first National Assembly of the Fourth Republic. The Cam·munist became again the single· largest party. In December Of the same year the French govern~ ment was faced by a great political question: Who will head the interim government of France? On Decem'ber 5, 1946, two outstanding leaders of France were rej€:cted by the Natipnal Assen:.bly to become Premier. Maurice Thorez, the outstanding Communist leader lost his bid,for Premiership. A day after, former Premier Georges Bidault was rejected as Premier. France became a pilatless government for two weeks. Vincent Auriol, President of the National Assembly, appealed to Leon Blum to accept the Premiership in order to solve the political crisis. He was elected by an overwhelming vote of 576 to 16. His election ended the two-week-old deadlock. What is the sig'nifinace of the news? - The deadlock in the political leadership in France is less due to a struggle for power than to the complex and serious economic and political problems which threaten France with civil war. Leon Blum's acceptance of the leadership of the French governkr.ent for thirty days was only a temporary remedy to enable the National Assembly to solve the true cause of the crisis. The true cause of the crisis is France's two greatest problems to meet the budget for 1947 and to avert the threat of a large-scale civil war in French Indo-China. 6* CHINA Natwnal Assembly opens under the most inauspiciorts circum,stances. The National Assembly of China opened on November 12, 1946, the opening was postponed for three days in an effort to make other non-Kuomintang parties attend the session. Members of the Communist Pa~y, China's second largest political party, and representatives of the Democratic League refused to participate. Members of the Kuomintang, 100 members of the Young China Party and 70 non-partisans participated, however, in the deliberation on the proposed changes in the constitut1on of 1936. What is the significance of the news? The refusal of the Conununist· Party and of the Democrwtic League de:Prived the National Assembly of views that might contribute much in shaping the new constitution for China. In taking the task of rewriting the constitution without the participation of the Communist, the Kuomintang party is taking a grave responsibility. The work of the Assembly will, ·however, be judged by the nature of the orga~ic law that it might evolve UNITED STATES Important deciswns. The United States has recently made important decisions on the settlement of post war problems. In the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary James F. Byrnes voluntarily made public the disposition of American ~troops. He revealed that United' States troops abroad totalled less than 550,000, most of whom are in Germany, Austria, Vene;zuela, Japan and Korea. Only about 46,000 of U.S. forces in locations other than ,those mentioned are combat troops. · He also made known that the United States wou'ld proceed with its program of administering former Japanese mandated islands in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and that the United States Navy is carrying on the following five-point program; (1) restoration of damaged propertieS and facilities; (2) improvement of health and sanitation; (3) encouragement and provisions for the early etsablishment of self-governing communities; (4) institution of a sound. program for the development of the trade, industry, and agriculture of the natives; and (5) establishment of an educational program adapted to the natural capacities of the natives. President Truman has approved a comprehensive system of unified military command of all U.S. land, naval, and air forces. In every region of military hnportance to the United States all the land, naval, and air forces will be placed under the control of one single commander. (Continued on page 13) Current Events Review * If a Pan-American Union is possible,•a United States of Europe is feasible. Is there a Need for a United States of Europe? The proposal is not hew. The concept of a United States of Europe is not new. It has been advocated by many outstanding statesmen and writers. The late Aristide Briand was one of the leading exponents of this concept. Count Koudenhove-Kalergi is another untiring champion of a federation of European nations. During the Second World War discussions on a plan for a United States of Europe Vi~ere advocated. William C. Bullitt, former ambassador to Russia and France, advocates the formation of a European Federation of Democratic States. In his recent book The 'Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs he 'wrote: "A democratic federation of European states would be no threat to any nation. BY their very nature democratic federations are incapable of planning and laUllching wars of aggression. If the remaining European democracies remain separated, they will be swallowed one by one by the Soviet Union. A major portion of Europe will be united in a democratic federation, or all Europe will be united under Soviet tyranny." In his latest book entitled Where are TVe Heading F01'? Sumner Welles, (also author -0f the famous book Time .for Decision), says that anl!: regional federation of Europe could bring about the abolition of the standing arrhies which have been the chief curse of the smaller nations of Europe. Proposals of Winston Churchill Churchill has consistently advocated for the establishment of a United States of Europe. He was aptly named by Atlee as the "Architect of Victory." Churchill wrote an anticle on this subject in the Saturday Evening Post, February 15, 1930, presenting the general arguments for a European federation. Again, in his world wide broadcast on March 21, 1943, Churchill proposed the creation of a Council of Europe. And lately, in an address delivered at the University of Zurich in Switzerland .pn September 19, 1946, Churchill outlined in detail his plan for a United States of Europe. What are the aims of the various proposals of Churchill? What is the aim of the Council of Europe? -"It is to recreate the European family, or as much of it as possible, and to provide it with a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety, and in freedom. We must build a kind of United States of Europe. In this way only will hundreds of millions of toilers be able to regain the simple joys and hopes which make life worth living." World Problems What should be. the process in building it?-"The process is simple. All that is needed is the resolve of hundreds of millions of men and women to do right instead of wrong, and to gain as their reward blessing instead of cursing. Much work has been done upon this task by the exertions of the PanEuropean · Union, which owes so much to Count Kov,denhove-Kalergi and which demanded the services of the famous French patron and statesman, Aristide Briand." What should the Council embrace?-"One can imagine that under a world institutfon embodying or representing the United Nations, and so~e day all nations, there should come into being a Council of Europe and a Council of Asia. As, according to the forecast I am outlining, it is upon the creation of the Council of Europe and the settlement of Europe that the first practical step will be centered. Any one can see that this Council when created must eventually embrace the whole of Europe, and that the main branches of the European family must some day be partners in it." Will the United States of Europe weaken the United Nations?-There is no reason why a regional qrganization of Europe should in any way conflict with the world organization of the United Nations. On the contrary, .I believe that the larger synthesis will survive any if it is founded upon coJierent natural grouping in the Western Hemisphere. We British have our own commonwealth of nations. These do not weaken; on the contrary, they strengthen the world organization. They are, in fact, its main support. And w:hy should there not be a European grouping which can give a sense of national patriotism and common citizenship to the distracted Peoples of this turbulent and mighty continent, and why should it not take its proper, rightful place with other groupings and help to shape the destinies of man?" What is needed to accomplish the United States of Europe ?-"In order that this may be accomplished, there must be an act of faith in which millions of families speaking m'any languages must consciously take part... If Europe is to be saved from infinite misery, and indeed from final doom, there must be this act of faith in the European family. . . The people have only to will it in order to achieve their heart's desire." What is the first step in the recreation of the Eu<?"opean fam.ily?-"I am now going to say something which will astonish you. The first step in the (Continued on page 20) *7 * How does Iran play an important role in the struggle for po'IJlelr politics? IRAN Made History • 1n 1946 Strategic Importance. Iran, or modern Persia, occupies a strategic place in the present struggle for position in the Near East. It forms the bridge-head on the way to Central Asia. It bars the way to India, like a glacis of a fortification. It dolrr.inates the Persian Gulf. In his latest book Iran, published in 1946, William Hass says: "In modern times the British look at Iran as the bulwark protecting India, the Russians as a· much-coveted outlet to the warm sea, and it is mainly for these reasons that Iran became in the nineteenth century one of the focal points of international interest." Fate of Iran in Wodd War I. During World War I, Iran became the pawn in the struggle between Britain and 1tussia. Russia is interested in the northern half of the country. The British is interested in the southern half of the country. In 1907 the country was divided into two zones. The Russians secured a "sphere of influence" in the north. The Bri~ish · secured a "sphere of in{luence" in the south. A quasi-independent buffer zone between the two was formed. This scheme prevented actual bloodshed between the two powerful nations. The end of the Russian Revolution in. 1917 inspired Britain to suggest a "protectorate" over Iran. Iran did. not accept the suggestion. In 1921 the Russian offered a treaty of alliance. Britain was forced to abandon her scheme. Iran remained in a precarious position until 1939. Occupation of Iran in World War II. During World War II an agreement was reached with the Iranian government on January 29, 194·2. The British, Russian, and American forces were allowed to occupy the territory for strategic reasons. Britain was interested in safeguarding India and her oil resources. Russia, Britain, and the United States wanted to safeguard ihe supply route of war materials to the USRR via Iran. It was ag-reed, however, that the occupation troops should be withdrawn by March 2, 1946. During the occupation of Iran there were attempts to conclude for possible negotiations on oil concessions. Significance of the Azebaijan Revolution According to the Anglo-Russian-Iranian agreement, the Russian troops should have been withdrawn by March 2, 1946. Several weeks before the expected withdrawal of the Russian troops, there spread a news about the -"uneasiness" in the northern province of Azerbaijan. A little later, thi~ Communist-dominated northern province revolted and declared itself an autonomous state. An article in th'e New Republic states that this revolt was a Russian-sponsored affair for the purpose of justifying continued Russian occupation of northern Iran beyond March 2, 1946. World diplomats saw in the Azerbaijan uprising an attempt to create difficulties ii) the government of Iran for thi;: purpose of securing oil concessions from Iran. Iran Became a Test Case for the United Nations. The refusal of Russia to remove her troop& on March 2, 1946, and the Russian activities in northern Iran caused the Iranian government to file a complaint before the Security Council <fuarging Russia of interference in Iran's internal affairs. This complaint became the first test case for the newly organized United Nations. The Security Council refused Russia's request for postponement of the meeting of the scheduled session of the Security Council. Andrei Gromyko, Russia's representative in the Security Council, boycotted the session of the Security Council during -the discussion of the Iranian question. The Security Council heard the complaint of Iran. Hussein Ala, Iran's delegate, insisted on the ill!'.rnediate solution of the Iranian question. The Security Council decided to ask both Russia and Iran to submit under time limit direct information on the Russo-Iranian dispute. Both countries complied with the request. The Security Council survived a crisis. It was able to withstand the boycott of Russia and to make Russia furnish the required information at a spkified time. The End of the Azerbaijan Autonomous Government. During the ·heated hearings conducted by the Security Council on the complaint filed by Iran against Russia, it was revealed that Russia demanded that Iran recognize the .autonomous government of the province of Azerbaijan. The demand was rejected by Iran because it violated her sovereignty. -------------------------------;C:;:urrent Events Review 8* o ls Dardanelles a problem of peace? Who Shall Control Dardanelles? What is the Dardanelles? The Dardanelles is a strait which lies between Europe and ~sia. The strategic importance of Dardanelles is mainly due to its being a key point to three important bodies of water. In the north we have the Black Sea. A smaU channel leaves the Black Sea and flows into the Sea of Marmara. It passes by the important town of Istanbul, the old Constantinople. Across the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles (not more than a mile wide at one point) cuts a~ross the peninsula of Gallipoli in Europe. This was the site of the ancient city of Troy. The Dardanelles reaches the Agean Sea. Dardanelles in History. The strait of Dardanelles has a very interesting historical background. It has been the object of control from the 16th century to the present. In his IRAN ... The Communist-dominated governin:ent of Azerbaijan continued to function for several months. Premier Ahmad Gavan set out a plan to reestablish its sovereignty over Azerbaijan. He gave direct announcement that Persian troops would be Sent to Azerbaijan to bring the country under the central government at Teheran. The Russian ambassador to Iran, Ivan Sadchikov, protested against the announcement. The Communist-dominated government of Azerbaijan shouted defiance. The head of the rebel goVernment, J afar Pishevari, proclaimed a revolution and a war for independence. The government· troops marched into Ir~n. In less than three days of "civil war," the CdirJnunist-sponsored autonomous government of Azerbaijan came fo an end. The New York Times .commenting on the event· said that the solution to the dangerous Iranian question came. as surprising as it was welcome. The significance of the event lies in the fact that thi-ough the intervention of the UN Iran was able to bring the Russian-established government of Iran under the sovereignty of her central government. Iran thus made history in. 1946. First, because she becam.e the first test case of/the young United Nations. The Security Council triumphed with "heightened prestige" over a major opposition in dealing with the Iranian complaint. Second, the action of the Teheran government in reestablishing its sovereignty over Azerbaijan showed to tlie world what become to Russian-sponsored governments when Russia fails to support and defend their.. World Problems book The Rising Crescent: Turkey, Yesterday, Today, and TomorroW, Ernest Jack states that the control of the a;trait is the oldest and most crucial issue in the history of Turkey. Turkey has defended her control of the Dardanelles from 1356 to the present. In a single century, she fought more than 10 wars in defense of this strait. She fought the armieS of Napoleon in 1799 and those of Mehmet Ali in 1833. For the same reason, she fought five wars against Russia-in 1806, 1828, 1853, 1877, and 1914.' Again in 1911 she fought against Italy and during World War I she fought against the Brit· ish-French navy, mainly because of this strait. Struggle for Control. Who are the nations interested in the control of Dardanelles? History gives the answer to this question. Russia from the time of Peter the Great wants an outlet to the Mediterranean because she is landlocked and lake-locked on the Black Sea be· hind the Balkans and the Bosporus. Britain is interested in the Dardanelles for security reasons. Early in the 19th century she had to step into the u. s. *9 scramble for this strait to prevent Russia from controlling it. She knows that Russian control of the Strait would threaten the Suez Canal and would endanger her life line to the Far East. 'Fhe Straits after World War I. After World War I important developments took place in connection with the control of the Straits -including the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus. The Treaty of Sevres (August, 1920) placed the control of these Straits under a special 'commission. It was specific~lly provided that the Straits should be open, both in peace and war, to every vessel of commerce or of war and to military and commercial aircrafts of all nations. Again, the Treaty of Lausanne, July, 1923 brought about the demilitarization of these Straits. But the passage of ships in time of war depended upon the neutrality of Turkey. If Turkey became a belligerent, freedom of navigation was to be granted only td neutral vessels provided they did not carry contraband, troops, or enerr:.y nafionals. The Montreux Convention. How did Turkey feel about the Lausanne Treaty? She felt that it was directed against her because it allowed the navy of the Western powers to enter the Black Sea in spite of her desires.. This feeling turned to apprehension when in 1936, Italy seized Ethiopia and Hitler's power became 8 threat in Europe~ Because of this fact, Turkey requested for a revision" of the Treaty of Lausanne. Russia supported her. A Convention was held at Montreux, Switzerland on July 20, 1936. Britain, France, Russia, Turkey, Japan, Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Rwnania attended the convention and signed the following agreements now known as the Montreux Convention: 1. Turkey was given permission to fortify the Straits. 2. Nations without ports in the Black Sea might send warships through the _Straits, but the ships should not be more than nine warships with a total displacement of 15,000 tons and advanced notice must be given to Turkey, the guardian of the Straits. Russia was permitted to send its fleet to the Mediterranean without restriction during peacetime, but in time of war, the Straits might be closed to all warships, if Turkey would be at war or threatened by aggression. A New Diplomatic Struggle. A new diplomatic struggle for the control of the Straits has begun. After the Potsdam Conference, PreW.dent Truman proposed the free navigation of important waterways including the Danube, the Straits, the Rhine, and the Kiel Canal. But Russia i::i: opposed to the freedom of navigation of the 10 * Straits. In 1945, she dellr.andod from Turkey a revision of the Montreux Convention. The demand was rejected by Turkey. Turkey was supported by both the United States and Britain. In November, 1945, Secretary James F. Byrnes sent a note to the Turkish Government giving the following suggestions for the navigation of the Straits. (1) The Straits should be free to merchant of 811 nations at all times. (2) The Straits should be opened to the warships of the Black Sea powers at all times. (3) Warships of natfoits not on the Black Sea above a certain tonnage should be permitted to pass in peacetime only with the consent of the Black Sea powers. (.4) Certain changes should be introduced to modernize the Montreux Convention, such the substitution of the United Nations system for that of the League of N a.tions and the elimination of Japan as a signatory. In 1946 Russia renewed her deniand for the control of the Dardanelles. ·sne proposed that the provhdons of the Montreux Convention be revised only by the Black Sea powers. She asked for a joint defense of the Straits. This demand was preceded by the demand for the restoration of Kars and Ardahan, two mountain districts that border Soviet Armenia. These territories were ceded -Dy Russia to Turkey in 1921. The dear.and was again rejected by 'I'urkey · witn the support of the United States and Britain. Turkey is, however, not opposed to the revision of the Montreux Cqnvention. She is opposed to direct negotiations with Russia alone. She wants that the Allies and all interested states should participate in tlie revision. Among the interested states are Russia, Turkey, Britain, the United States, Greece, and all of the Danube nations. For neat jobs'-· * Circular Letters * Lecture Notes * Business Forms * Textbooks & Outlines * Posters * Classroom Tests * Manifests * Programs MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. Editors - Mimeographers - Bookbinders Artists - Designers - .Illustrators 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila Current Events Review World Leaders and Their Views on World Affairs There Must be Two India. "We want India divided with an independent sovereign state, Pakistan, created in the northwestern and north~astei:n zones. That is the only practical solution which will secure the achievement of stable and enduring goverrur..ents for Hindustan and Pakistan which I ·feel confident will settle down as friendly neighbors like Canada and the United States. "Hindu India and Moslem India must be separated because they are entirely different and distinct and in some matters antagonistic. One India means slavery for the Moslems under the Hindus." -From a statement issued by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, President of the All-India Moslem League, to the International News SeTvice Will there be Civil War in India? "Any attempt to establish a reign of a Hindu numerical majority in India will never be achieved without civil war. This war will, before it is decided, lead to an awful abridgement of the Indian population." From the speech of Winston Churchill in the House of Connr..ons America's Missio11. in China. '•China is a sovereign nation. We recognize that fact and we recognize the national government of China. We continue to hope that the government will find a peaceful solution. We are pledged not to interfere in the internal affairs of China. Our position is clear, while avoiding involvement in their civil strife, we will :persevere with our policy of helping the Chinese people to bring about peace and economic recovery in their country. "As ways and means are presented for cQnstructive aid to China, we will give them careful and sympathetic consideration.... . When conditions in China improve, we are prepared to consider aid in carrying out other projects, unrelated to civil strife, which would encourage economic reconstruction and reform in China which, in so doing, would promote a general revival of'. commercial relations between American and Chinese businessmen. "We believe that our hopes for China are identical with what the Chinese people themselves IJr..ost earnestly desire. We shall therefore continue our National Affairs positive and realistic policy toward China which is based on fuH respect for her national sovereignty and on our traditional friendship for the Chinese people and is designed to promote international peace." -From President Truman's statement on China issued on December 18, 1946. Let Us Have Economic Cooperation for Peace. "The bank can help to fill the gap which now exists between widespread and urgent needs and available private resources or reasonal:He terms. Its operation, however, are not substitute for healthy private ;nvestment. · The· loans will, I hope, contribute to the strength and stability of the borrowing countries. They should also help to bring about conditions under which priv;1.te trade may be restored and expanded. The bank's efforts alone will not bring about con\iitions which we wish to see restored throughout the \vorld. There is need for action on many fronts.. . . in other fields as well, men of good will are working 'together to force the economic conditions of peace through mutual assistance. "I am convinced of this: we shall not have peace, unless economic conditions are bearable and backward economics are helped to go, forward. Whether we live in a porrowing or lending country we can all play our part in improving international relations and in strengthening the force which benefit men in their daiiy lives." -From a speech delivered by Eugene Meyer, President of the International Bank, before the annual meeting of the Life Insurance Association of America. Why Economic Security is Elemental to Peace. uour objective is to attain peace, prosperity and security through the operation of free competitive enterprise. We have to be practical about it and recognize that we cannot maintain our freedom unless other people maintain theirs -as well. "But their people will not long maintain their freedom-will not be able to exercise -them_.if they are groU.nd down by_ poverty and ;kept in ignorance. The foundation of democracy is widespread literacy and decent standard of living." -From a broadcast delivered by Spruille Bra.den, Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs. * .11 Philippine News • 1n ReviewDecision Remains. An act passed by the Congress of the Philippines in its last session became the subject of the first protest received by the young Philippine Republic from a foreign government. This law gives preference to Filipinos in the lease of city market stalls. The protest· was transmitted by Chinese Minister Chen Chih-Ping to Malacafian. The Secretary of Foreig"Jl Affairs, Vice President Elpidio Quirino, in ·his reply to the protest, said that the law is not discriminatory and not directed against any particular alien; and the government would execute the law; A Step Toward Economic Emancipation. There is a very good sign towards general economic emancipation .of the peasantry in the Philippines. The Archbishop of Manila has offered to sell to the government several of the church's big estates, such as the Baclaran Estate in Paraiiaque, the Hacienda Nuestra Seiiora de Guia in Tondo, the Hacienda of T3.mbobong in Malabon and the friar lands in Polo, Bulacan. A number of landlords in Pampanga have also · signified their intention to sell their lands to their government or to lease :Parcels to the tenants with the government banks as guarantors. Summary of Recommendations for Agricultural Program. The Philippine-American Agricultural Mission which has surveyed the agricultural problems of th~ Philipp,ines made 13 general recommendations. (1) A technical planning board should be appointed in order to advise the Philippine government on phases of national planning. (2) Priority should be given to the rehabilitation and improvement of facilities for the production, processing, and marketing of agricultural products. (3) The most promising source of revenue are four major industries-sugar, abaca, tobacco, and copra. ( 4) Resettlement projects for economic and farm units should be given greater emphasis. ( 5) Machanized production, improvement of varieties through plant breeding, introduction of leguminous crops into rotations with rice and .corn, and Jn:ore extensi:ve use of fertilizers should be encouraged to the utmost extent to make the Philippines self-sufficient in its staple products-rice, corn, and sugar. (6) Increase in the number of agricultural products both for exports and home consumption should be brought about. (7-) It is essential that Water resources should be utilized extensively both for power and irrigation. (8) The livestock improvement program of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the breed development of the College of Agriculture of the University of the Phil12* ippines, the program for the expansion of liveatock research, especially on diseases and parasite control, the pasture development and range improvement, and the encouragement of private livestock breeders should be effected without delay to rehabilitate live-· stock industry. (9) Since fuel is scarce and farm units are small in the Philippines, it is necessary that caution should be used in applying mechanization: (10) There is a need for a cohesive organization in order to improve the marketing of farm prod~ ucts. The national commodity corporation ahd the national cooperative administration should be consolidated. ( 11) Free enterprise compatible with democracy should be given encouragement. (12) The government should adopt a more extensive agricultural educational program, encourage all scientific agricultural researches, and extended to the people essential services that Would help improve their production. (13) The Philippine agricultural program should enlist the collaboration of the United States. The Philippines and the World. The Philippines has taken active interest in international affairs. The members of the Philippine delegation took active part in the various sessions of the recently concluded session of the United Nations General Assembly. Brigadier Gen. Carl~s P. Romulo, Philippine chief delegate to the UN presented two resolutions of significant international import: one calling for a regional conference for dependent. peoples and another for a confab that would work out a plan to promote freedom of information. The Philippine delel!"tion to. the UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and ·Cultural Organization) also took active interests in many of the deliberations of that body. Dr. Encarnacion Alzona was the only woman delegate elected chairman of a committee. She was elected chairman of the subcommittee on Social Science, Philosophy, and the Hulrr..anities. In sports, too, the Philippines had representatives in international contests. The Philippine Davis Cup team composed of Dr. Alfredo Diy, non-playing captain, Felicisimo Ampon, Amado Sanchez, Cesar Carmona, and Raymundo Deyro made impressive showing in the United States. And recently, it was announced that the Boy Scouts of the Philippines would send an official delegation to the 11th Biennal International Scout Conference in France in August, 194 7. The RFC will Finance Rehabilitation. The Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) is a government institution recently created by Congress on the recommendation of the President. Without necessarily competing .with private banks, the RFC will grant loans for the building of homes for Current Events Review the rehabilitation or developmeyit of agriculture, commerce and industry, and for the reconstruction of public works and utility. It will grant loans, therefore, to individuals, to provincial, city, and municipal governar..ents, and to private as well as government-controlled corporations. Top priority, however, will be given to the building of homes·. Damaged industries wiII be second in the list. According" to Republic Act No. 85, the RFC will have a capital stock of P300,000,000. Where will the RFC get the money? There are two poSsible sources. If there will be -established a surplus from the monetary reserves of the country, it is expected that Pl00,000,000 of such surplus will be transferred to the RFC. If profit could be realized from the sales of u:my surplus materials, another Pl00,000,000 will be added to the capital stock. The RFC must operate and while waiting for the contigent sums described above, it must make use of the assets of the Agricultural and Industrial bank which has been sublimated into the RFC. Additional funds will be secured by issuing bonds and by liquidating debentures, securities, and collaterals. The "rehabilitation bonds" are expected to tap the unused savings of our people. There is Need of Cooperation with the United States Philippine War Damage Commission. The War Dahr..age· Commission needs the cooperation of the people. We may extend our coopetation by understanding the complexity of the problems in determining claims and by honestly following the regulations and requirements set by the CQmmission. The Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946 sets the following requirements for all claims: (1) The damage or destruction must have occurred in t]Je Philippines between December 7, 1941, (Pninppine time) arid October 1, 1945. (2) The damage or destruction must have resulted froID one or more of the perils listed in the Act. The War Damage Commission C(annot consider claims for loss of life or personal property. Fur's, cash, bullion, evidence of debt, jewelry, antiques, precious and semi-precious gems are not covered unless they constituted inventories for carrying on a trade or business within the Philippines. (3) The claimant must be a "qualified person." A person is disqualified if he has been found by proper authority to have been a collaborator or to have committed acts of disloyalty to the Philippines or the United States. A person is not, however, disqualified by reason of being a citizen of a nation that does not pay reciprocal war damage to the citizens of the United States who reside in his country. ( 4) The claimant must have had an insurable interest in the propertY lost or damaged. Insurable interest means the interest of the claimant in the property as owner, mortgagee, lien holder, or pledgee,-an interest which would have entitled him to obtain insurance to protect such interest. National Affairs Clail!J"_ forms will be distributed through the school system of the Philippines. Each claimant will be expected to appear in person and obtain his own claim. In cases where that is impossible by reason of illness someone else may obtain forms for him. But in every case the name and address of the claimant must be written on the form before it is released to the p~rson who requestS' it. Accompanying the forms Will be a circular of general infor:r;nation, giving claimants advice as to who may file claim, where to file it, details regarding property coverage and the qualification of claimants. There will also be a claim receipt which the claimant mUst self-address and send to the Commission with his claim so that it may be returned to him as acknowledgement of the receipt of his claim. The claim form must be sworn to by the claimant or in the case of married couples by husband and wife. And the oath must be executed by a person duly authorized to administer oaths. Claibr.s, when completed, may be submitted in person to the Manila office of the Commission, they may be filed at any one of the eleven branch offices which the Commission intends to establish in major cities in the Philippines or they may be mailed but if the mail is used, the claim must be directed to the Manila office of the Commission. After a claim is filed, it will take the claimant a considerable time to collect the payment; for the investigation that 'is required by law cannot be fin-· ished in a brief period. World News Roundup ••• (Continlted f~om page 6) President Truman, in a statement issued on China, reiterated the United States policy on China as announced in 1945. The United States Information program abroad was described in the 23rd session of the Institute of World Affairs by Dr. Eric c. Bellguist. He said: "The State Department's program is designed to replace the confusion, ignorance and suspicion that exists throughout the world about the United States and that have promp- 1 ted the establishment of a new instrui;nent of foreign policy, the creation of an overseas informational and cultural relations program. The time when we collld afford to ignore opinions of the United States held to throughout the world had passed, as we are making decisions, through the United Nations and independently which has repercussions affecting the lives of people in all sections of the globe." The same determination is felt in the reiteration of i:ts views on the treaty neg<>tiations going between the United Kingdom and Egypt. The United States hopes that the. negotiation will terminate in such a manner as to give Egypt a sati~factory guarantee of full sovereignty without at the same time running the risk of undermining the security of the Middle East. * 13 * Will Russia tfml France accept the challenge? The United States Challenges Russia in Germany Four Germany. It was at the Yalta Conference held from Febru1>cy 4 to February 11, 1945, that the Big Three, Prime Minister Churchill, President Roosevelt, and Marshal Stalin decided to partition Germany into four zones of occupation. After Ble defeat of Gertr:.any on May 8, 1945, praGtica'I steps were taken to set out the zones of occupation according to the territory conquered and already occupied by the armies of the Big Four-the United States, Britain, France, and Russia. It was also agreed that the four zones of occupation would be coordinated by an Allied Control Council with headquarters in Berlin. The Supz:eme Commanders of the four occupying powers would compose the Council. All decisions of the Council must be rea.ched by unanimous vote. Tbi!J procedure would enable one nation to block the undesirable proposal of the other three nations. Policies Set Down by the Potsdam Conferences. The Big Three met at Potsdam in August, 1945, to decide the plans for German economy. The Potsdam Conference set down certain political and economic principles to govern the treatment of Germany during the initial control period. The Big Three approved the following principles: (1) uniformity of treatment of the German people throughout Germany; ( 2) complete disarmament and demilitarization; (3) the decentralization of fue political structure of Nazi Germany and the development of local responsibility; (4) treatment of Germany as an economic unit during the period of occupation. One Year of Potsdam. The four oC.cupying powers began working out their plans for the control of their respective zones of occupation. The four powers carried on the work of demilitarization, decentralization, denazification, and deindustrialization. There were difficulties encounltered by all the occupying forces. The four powers felt that there is a need of a single program of running Germany, particularly in treating Germany as an economic unit. America Challenges Russia~ The United States through Secretary JaJlr.es F. Byrnes laid on the table a coherent policy on Germany in his Stuttgart speech. The policies laid down for the other powers to cons~der are r 14 * 1. The United States will not withdraw.-We are not withdrawing from Germany. As long as an occupation force is required in Germany, the United State~ will be a part of that occupation force. 2. The United States will carry out the principles of the Potsdam Agreement. 3. America believes that the Germans should know the terms of the peace settlement. - It is the view of the American government that the Germans ahould be permited to make the necessary preparation for the setting up of democratic German governtr..ent which can accept and observe the peace terms. 4. The United States favors the establishment of a provisional German Government. - The American government believes that a provisional government should be established, and t~at said government should not be handicapped by other governments.· There should be a German national council eomposed of democratically responsible minister presidents or other chief officials of the several staltes or provinces which have beeil established in each of the four zones of occupation. The provisional government should administer the country under the supervision of Allied control council. The provisional government should prepare a constitution for the United States of Germany. 5. The United States wants a peaceful democratic Germany. -The American government does not want Germany to become the satellite of any power or to live under a dictatorship, foreign or domestic. The American people hope· to see a peaceful and democratic German:y become independent and remain free and independent. 6. T,he United States wants the Allies to define the boundaries of the new Germany. - The time ha's coln:e to define the boundaries of new Germany. It is to the interest of both Germany and Austria and .the peace of Europe that Austria and Germany should pursue their separate existence. The United States would support the transfer of Konigsberg to Russia and a revision of Poland's northern and western frontiers in favor of Poland. The United States accepts the claims of France to the Saar but will not suppo'rt any encroachment on territory which is indisputably German,-such as the people of the Ruhr and the Rhineland who desire to remain united with the rest of Germany. The United States favors such control over the whole of Germany, inCurrent Events Review eluding the Ruhr and Rhineland, as may be necessary for security purposes; but would not favor any control that would subject the Ruhr and Rhineland to political domination or manipulation of outside powers. 7. The United States fawws a long period of df!'militarization.-How could the Allies make certain that Germany would not rearm as it· did after World War I'! The American government proposes that the major powers enforce from 25 to 40 years the demilitarization plan that may finally be agreed upon in the peace settlen:ent. 8. The Vnited States firmly believes that Germany should be administered as an eConomie unit.-The American government believes that Germany shoi.ild be administered as an economic unit and· that zonal boundaries should not be applied to the economic life and activity of the German people. The economw ic life of Germany must be preserved for the peace of the world and for her own survioval. 9. The United States does not believe in "revengeful measures."-The American people who fought for freedoar. have no desire to enslave the German people. . The freedom Americans believe ih and fought for is a fr~edom which must be shared with all those who are willing to respect the freedom of others. 10. The United States is opposed to repwratfon greater than those agreed at Potsdam.-The German people should not be denied the right to use such savings as they might be able· to accumulate by hard work and frugal living to rehabilitate their industries for peaceful purposes. This was the principle of reparation agreed upon at Potsdam. The United States will oppose the taking from Germany of greater reparations than was provided in the Potsda1D: agreement. Russia's Answer to the Challenge. The Stuttgart speech challenges Russia to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Agreement. Russia's activities, policies, and proposals indirectly reveal that she is communizing her zone of occUM pation in order to bring it within the "iron curtain.'' Russia opposes also the revision of the Polish frontiers. She has indicated her willingness to unify Germany as an economic unit, but she wants the principle of reparation ·r~visei:h She wants to secuz:e reparation from current Gerinan production. She proposes that Germany should pay the Allies not Jess than $2,000,000 a year for reparation. Russia's demand, in the opinion of inter· national economists would cripple German econo· my. You want to he thorough in your school work. But you have no time .to read many good magazines, newspapers,Read what is best for you. Subscribe to the Current Events Review, a news magazine approved for general reading for Seeond· ary Schools by the Department of ln8truction. Subscription rates1 One year One Semester p 3.00 1.50 Current Events Review World Problems 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila * 15 * Why does America wa.n.t an effective di.sairmcbment '[J'Y'ogram? America's Stand on World Disarmament Outstanding achiel)ement. The outstanding achievement of the second half of the first session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, held in 1946, was the approval of a resolution directing the Security Council to formulate plans for regulation and reduction of arms and armies. These plans would then be considered by the General Assembly in a special session. It is important to note that during the discussions and deliberation of the resolution, Russia reversed its policy on the veto. She agreed that there should be no veto in a program of world disarmament. The change of the Russian attitude is a great triumph af the forces of peace over the foreboding threats of war. Ame~ica's 11tand on world disarmament. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes in his speech before the United Nations General Assembly expressed support of the general world disarmament plan. He outlined the stand of the United States on the plan. (USIS) On the primary concern of America. The Un;ted States supports wholeheartedly the proposed resolution. which has as its objective a general reduction of armaments with effective safeguards to· insure complying states against the hazanis of violations and evasions. Ever aince the cessation of hostilities, it has been the policy of the United States to hasten the return of the conditions of peace. We wish to enable the fighting n:en of the United Nations to return to their homes and to their families. We wish to give the peoples of all lands the chance to rebuild what the war has destroyed. On time, patience, and goodwill. It will take time, patience, and goodwill to achieve really effective disarmament. The difficulties are great and the complexity many, The defense needs of the states vary greatly. The elements which make up the military strength of states likewise vary greatly and cannot readily be compared" or appraised. On ejje<;tive disarmament. Effective disarmament cannot be secured by any simple mathear.atical rule." Demobilized divisions can be speedily recalled to the colors. But a scrapped plan or a scrapped battleship can never be re· commissioned. 16* Disarmament to be effective must look to the future. It is easy for us now to see what folly it would have bee:ri when gunpowder was discovered, to ~tart disarming by limiting_ the use of the bow and arrow. We must see to it that disarmament starts with the major weapons of ma.ss destruction. Wf? must see to it .that disarmament is general and not unilateral. We must see to it that disal'llr.8.ment rests not u,.pon general promises which are kept by some states and ignored by other states. We must see to it that disarmament is accom· panied by effective safeguards by way of inspectio11 and other means under international control which will protect comll)ying states against ·the hazards of violations and evasions. We must see to it that these. safeguards are so clear and explicit :t;J1at there will be no ·question of the right of complying states, veto or no veto, ·to take immediate action in defense of· the rule of law. No disarmament sy1Jtem which leaves law-abiding states weak and helpless in the face of aggression can contribute to world peace and security. On meeting the control of atomic energy. In 11r.eeting the problems of disarmament the first task which must be undertaken· is the control ot· atOmic energy to ensure that it will be used only for human welfare and not for. deadly warfare. On the initiative of America in controlling atomic energy. Having the knowledge of atomic energy and possession of the atomic bomb, we did not seek to hold it and threa;ten the world. We did not sit back and play for time. We came forward with concrete proposals designed fairly effectively and practically to carry out the tasks assigned to the commission. Our proposals when fully operative would leave with the state responsible for the discovery of atomic energy no rights which would not be shared with other members of the United Nations. Our proposals outlaw the use of atomic weapons and contemplate the- disposal of existing atomiC weapons. They set up an international authori,ty with power to prevent the national lll'!&nufacture and use of atomic weapons for war purposes and to develop the use of atomic weapons for war purposes and to develop the use of atomic energy for human welfare. (Continued on· page 20) Current Events Review • ls tM birth of the United States of Indonesia a triumph of Asiatic nationallsm1 United States of Indonesia What is the Treasure House of Asia? 'The N&herlands East Indies has been called the ' 4 Treasure House of Asia." The Dutch call this mr..pire the Netherlands Indies. Its· more familiar name, however, is the Dutch East Indies. The Netherlands East rndies is the largest archipelago in the world. The approximate area is 753,168 square nriles. The estimated population is 72.000,000. The four major islands. are Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes. There are innumerable small islands. This archipelago is a melting pot of seve\·al races. The Malayan pre-domiitates Dy a leirg-e majority, There are all in aU sixty different languages. Fiftee11 of these languages are used in schools. Ninetyper cent of 'the people adhere to .the Mohammedan faith. Christians number 2,600,000. These islands are among the richest areas in thr world. Before World War II the archipela1<0 produced: 91 % of the world's qµinine, 86% of its pepper, 72% of its kapok, 37% of its rubber. 43% of its plant oils, 33% of its cordage fiber, 27% of its coconut, and 19% of its tea, Dutch Policy. The colonial policy of the Dutch was primarily for profit. • Economic exploitation and radal discrimination characterize this policy. Such policy supposes the superiority of the white race t& the colored races. Because of thiS policy, the· Dutch incurred the hatred of the natives. Later, however, the Dutch rulers realized that t.he success of the econdlr.ic exploitation of their colonies is proportional to the improvement of the economic 1ife of the inhabitants.. Accordingly they Foreign Affairs took steps to improve the general welfare of the natives. The Dutch. improved agricu1ture to insure adequate supply of food and provided all kinds of encouragement to make the natives work consistently ana diligently. The Dutch also realized, that they needed the cooperation of the natives. To secure this cooperation, they gr?-dually extended autonomy, The administration of local affairs which was then directly under the· Dutch rule were later·' placed in the hands of village headmen. In many localities native princes were allowed to rule under the supervision, however, of Dutch 0 residents." In many large adrninistratiV~ divisions, the natives were given representation. In 1916 a Legislative Council ( Volksrad) was created, This Legislative Council gave the natives voice in the administration of the central government. Twenty-four Of the members of the Cou.ncil were elected and the other twenty-four were appointed, The Struggle for Independence. The nationalist moven:ent really began in 19C.8 with the formaJtion of the all-Indonesian Boedi Oetomo society which was followed, in 1911, by the formation of the Mohammedan organizatien Sarekat Islam, the Indische Party in 1912, the Social Democratic Party in 1914, and the Comrtmnist Party of Indonesia (PKI) in 1920. After World War I, a new nationalist movement started in the East Indies. The movement was mainly the work of educated Indonesians. Among the student leaders was Achmed Soekamo who had taken up engineering in Holland. Upon his return to the. ·East Indies, Soekarno joined the nationalistic md'vear..ent. His participation in the nationalistic movement resulted in his imprisonment in 1920. * 17 As a result of the Nationalist movement, in 1926 the Malays on the island of Sumatra revolted against Dutch rule. They demanded a share in the government. Unfortunately, the revolt 'failed. At another time the nationalists in Java tried to drive tl)e Dutch out of the island. The revolt nearly sue' ceeded. The Japanese Established the lnoonesian Republic. During the Japanese occupation of the East Indies, the spirit of nationalism was greatly stirred by th~Japanese slogan of "Asia for the J\.siatics." The people saw the Japanese conquerors humble the white rulers. The Japanese for selfish motives fntentionally aroused the spirit of nationalism in the countries they had conquered in Great East Asia. Achmed Soekarno collaborated With fhe Japanese in the pursuance of his objective-the independence of Indonesia and the end of Dutch rufe. In his testi;,,ony before the international military tribunal in Japan, Major Klass A. DeWeerd, a reserve officer in the Royal Netherlands fames am:y who was interned in Java during World War 11, testifi~d that the Indonesian ·Republic headed by Soekarno was created by the Japanese army. It ..vas proclaimed after Hirohito had ·capitulated. This was mado. possible. by th~ fact that the news of the unconditional surrender could not reach the people. Outside information was totally withheld f.rom the natives and ordin&.ry soldiers. The lnd-Onesian Republic Resisted. The· proclamation of the Indonesian Republic inspired the Indonesians to defend their rights. The Japanese saw in the proclamation of the Republic an opportunity to embarrass the Allies .. Several weeks had passed after the Japanese surrender before the Allies were able to send troops to disarm the Japanese. By that time Soekarno had won many followers and the Indonesians joined him in fighting the returning ·British and Dutch. Bloody clashes took place between the Allies and the Dutch for more than a year. Dutch and lnd-Onesian Negotiations. The Dutch government initlatad several negotiations with the Indonesian Republic for the purpose of meeting half-way the demands of Indonesia. Queen Wilhelmina reiterated her determination of solving peacefully the Indonesian question. In the first negotiation held in April, 1946, the Indonesians refused to accept Queen Wilhelmina's offer of eelfgovernl!r.ent, because they wanted complete independence. The Netherlands government recommended the establishment of a free Indonesia which would be an autonomous unit in the Netherlands kingdom. The Netherlanils government presented 18 * the idea that the freedom of the Dutch East Indies should be attained gradually. Because of 1he unyieJding demand of the Indonesians~ the negotiation failed. Being determined to settle the question, tlie Dutch government continued the negotiation. Formation of a United States of Indonesia. Negotiations between the Dutch and the Indonesians continued through the mediation of British diplomat Lord Killearn. The lridonesian nationalists were headed by Soekarno and Premier Sjahrir. Ailter many weeks of difficuft give-and-take negotiations an agreement was reached. What are the provisions of the historic agree~ent? 1 .. The Netherlands East Indies will be divided into three divisions: (a) the Indonesian Republic, (b) Borneo, and (c) the Great East. The Indonesian Republic comprises the >island of Java, Sufnatra, and Madura. Dutch Borneo comprises the whole territory under the Dutch. The Great East is made up of Bali, the Celebes, Lombok, the Moluccas, Dutch New Guinea, and the lesser Sunda Islands. 2. These three autonomous states would be linked as equal partners in the United Stat.es of Indonesia. 3. The Netherlands and ,the Indonesian Republic shall endeavor to establish the United States of Indonesia and the Netherlands Union on or before January 1, 1949. 4. The United States of Indonesia may make speaial arrangement concerning tthe territory of their capital. 5. The constitution of the United States of Indonesia shall be determined by a constituent assembly of democratically nominated representatives of the republic and other two states of the United States of Indonesia. Proclamation. What steps have been taken to hasten the formation of the United States of Indonesia? The firsl step in the formation of a United States· of Indonesia was taken at Cheribon when an agreement was signed recognizing the Indonesian Republic in Java, Sumatra, and Madura. The second step was taken in the last week of December, 1946, when the provisional state of East Indonesia was proclaimr..ed in the name of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. The proclamation was made by acting Governor General Hubertus Van Mook of 'the Netherlands East Indies. A provisional parliament was formed with Rajah Sukawati as the first president. A third step is expected to be taken at a conference to be held at Pontiak. In that conference Borneo will be formally proclaimed an autonomous state. Current Events Review Science Marches OnNew Medical Operation. Martha Strayer's article in the Washington Daily News describes a surgical operation which has recently been developed at a lqcal hospital and which has become the subject of a recent article in Modern Medicine magazine. The object of the operation is to tie off deep blood vessels of patients suffering from blood clots in order to prevent the clots from moving to the heart and lungs; for such blood clots upon reaching either the heart or lung may cause death due to embolisirr.. Only a few United States surgeons are using this new method to save the lives of patients, who are usually elderly people, threatened with sudden death from embolism or floating blood clot. The vein-tying operation has not been 100% successful. Thirteen of thirty-six operations ended in death. Most of the fatalities, however, occured in cases where patients we1·e in very poor condition. The article in Modern J\fedicine concludes: "Patients in good general condition are soon able to walk after the operation, which takes ten to fifteen minutes. Shock is at minimum and loss is comparable to that of a simple appendectomy. Mortality usually result from the disease no,t from operation." Plastic Film to w,.ap Fresh Vegetables. A united States Corporation is trebling its production of lumarith ('cellulose acetate) film for wrappjng fresh vegetables. Cellulose acetate being porous allows vegetables to "brea:the" and is therefore considered superior to viscose film as wrapper of fresh vegetables. Experi:lnents conducted in conjunction with farn:ers and in agricultural colleges indicate that wrapping reduces spoilage from shipping and handling by as much as 40 per cent. This method of wranping Will enable farmers to ship their products wiithout waste bulk, such as extra leaves and husks. Chicken Heart Tissues can Live for Six Weeks. Doctor Philip R. White of the Institute of Cancer Research of Philadelphia has succeeded in keeping alive and pulsating fragments of embryo chicken heart tissue for as much as six weeks in a solution of an exactly known chemical composition. Until now such tissues could be kept alive only in fluids taken from animal bodies. The nutrient medium used by Doctor White contained dextrose, several mineral salts, 11 vitamins, and 12 amino acids (protein building blocks). The significance of Doctor White's discovery is Science that it promises to open the way for the study of the basic differences between nor.rr.al and cancerous tissue, through observation of what the tissues do 'with the same food maiterials. The method may also lead to the finding of means for growing human tissues, such as spleen, extracts of which have shown therapeutic promise. New Approach to Leprosy Advocated. A new approach to the problem of Jeprosy, with emphasis upon attacking the disease from the -public health raither than the individual segregation and in.~titutional care standpoint hllS been recommended by a national advisory committee on leprosy in Washington. The committee said that with the new approach, stress would be placed on case-finding, out-patient treatment if possible (with segregation as a I.ast re~ sort), follow-up of discharged persons to inc1ude periodic examinations, and a prograire. of education for diseased persons, their families and the general public. It was reported that the sulfa drug promin had been used so successfully at national leprosariurn at Carville, Louisiana, that of 137 patients treated with it over two years, "38 per cent showed a reversal positive tf;o negative in bacteriological tests." The other sulfa drugs, diasone and promizole have shown enough promise to warrant further study." Streptomycin also is being used in experiments at Carville. Ship Converted into Floating Fish Factory. The Wall Street Journal featured an unusual seafood factory; the s.s. Pacific Explorer, a floating fish cannery. It is an 8,800-ton World War I freighter rebuilt by the government into a de luxe tailor-made plant. The ship is equipped with devices for detecting, catching, freezing and reducing waste Pacific fish, chiefly tuna, crab, and bottom-fish. The Explorer is equipped with rad3.r for navigation. It will carry an amphibious plane to scout for running fish. Twelve trawlers, including four 100-foot steel boats, will be connected to the ship by radio-telephone. Both the cannery vessel and the trawlers are equipped with quick-freeze units, and the Explorer has a storage capacity of 3,800 tons. Television Advances. Latest techniques in the booming television industry were demonstrated at Passaic, New Jersey, for the benefit of officials and experts of the Federal Communication Commission and newsPaperttr.en. Included in the demonstraion were the new means of electronic color television and a new "black and • 19 United States Stand on ... (Continued from page 16) Our proposals also provide effective and practical safeguards against violations and evasions. They enable states that keep their pledges to take prompt ai:td collective action against those who violate their pledges. If we are really interested in effective disarmament, and not merely in talking about it, we should instruct our representatives on the Atomic Energy Commission to press· forward with its concrete constructive proposals. They have been at work six months. They can file an interim report next week. I do not want the work of the commission to be distracted or sabotaged. On aggressor nations. Aggressor nations do not go to war because they are armed, but because they want to get from their enemies things which other nations will not freely accord there. Aggressor nations attack not only because they are armed but because they believe others have not the armed strength to resist them. On the1 need of understanding. Sovereignty can be destroyed not only by armies hut by a war of nerves and by organized political penetration. United States of Europe ... (Continued from page 7) recreation of the European family must be a partnership bet\veen France and Germany. In this way only can France recover the moral and cultural leadership of Europe. There can be no revival of Europe without a spiritually great France and a spiritually great Germany." What is the place of small European nations?"'What -is to happen to the larger number of small nations whose rights and interests must be safeguarded? The structure of the United States of J~urope, if well and truly built, will be such as to make the material strength of a single state less important. Small nations will count as much as large ones and gain their honor by their contributions to the common cause. The ancie'nt states and principalities of Germany, newly joined together into a federated system, might take their individual place among the United States of Europe." Why is there an immediate necessity of a United :•Hates of Europe?-If we are to form a United ~tates of Europe, or whatever name it may take, WP must begin now. In these present days we dwell f;trangely and precariously under the shield, and T will even say protection, of the atomic bomb. The atomic bqmb is still only in the hands of a state and nation which we know will never use it except in the rause of right and freedom, but it may very well be thnt in a ff"w years this a\\'ful agency of destruction 20 * \Vorld peace depends upon what is in our hearts more than upon what is in our treaties. Great states must strive for understanding which will protect not only their own legitimate security requirements but the po1itical independence and integrity of the smaller states. It is not in· the interest of peace and security that the basic power relationship among gr~at states should depend upon which political party comes to power in Iran, Greece, or China. Great states must not permit differences among· themselves to tear asunder the political unity of smal\er states. Smaller states must recognize that the true collective security requires thefr .cooperation just as .n:uch as that of the larger states. Without the cooperation of large states and small states, our disarmament plans are doomed to failure. What doe~ the United States urant? A race for armaments, a race for power is not in the interest of any country or any people. \Ve want to stop the race for armaments and we want to stop the race for power. We want to be partner with all nations, not to make war, but to keep the peace. We want fo uphold the rule of law among nations. We want to promote the freedom and well-being of a~I nations. We want to promote the freedom and wellbeing of people in a civilized world. · Scienc.- Marches On ... (Continued) white" television tube, both of which represent(•d notable advance over pre~ious devices. The latest method of transmitting color pictures was described by the New York Times as prpviding a "far more brilliant scene" than another known system. The new black and white television made possible the reception of ordinary video images outdoors in full sunlight and registered a bri11ianre fully 30 to 50 times as great as that of the average motion picture. · Also displayed was a table-model home television set having a screen about 10 inChes square which is expected to be ready for the public early in 1947 at a cost "within the reach of most anyone.'' * From special releases of the USIS" will be widespread and the catastrophe following from its use by several warring nations will not only bring to an end aH that we call civilization but may possibly disintegrate the globe itself:" Chrtrchill begins campaign. On January 17, 1947 former Prime Minister Winston Churchill launched a campaign for a United States of Europe. He announced the formatio11 of a British provisional committee of 23 prominent Britons. Churchill said that the eonunittee subscribe to the doctrine that if Europe is to survive, it must unite. Current Events Review MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Reten, Sanipaloc, Manila January 25, 1947 Dear Fellow lnstrucwrs: We are happy to inform you that the Inang Wika, a magazine-pamphlet which is devoted exclusively to the teaching of the National Language and which has become a supplernentary textbook in thousands of c/,asses throughout the country, on account of the great increase in subscription and the decrease in printing cost - could now be given to you at a much 1·educed rate: from 1'5 to 1'3 a year. Certainly, thousands of you who are now using this magazine-pamphlet are happy with us, and certa.inly, too, those of you who meet problems in teaching the National Language would be glad to know that there is such a helpful material available at a very low cost and with a rnuch improved quality and very much enriched materials. What has pleased thousands. of teachers and students cannot fail to help you! Lately, commensurate with the progress we have made,-thanks to yoU1· cooperation-we have added to our staff two mo1·e outstanding Tagalog professors who are now devoted to making the magazine, not only as a supplementary material, but as a possible substitute for a textbook in installment plan and in accordance with the courses of study prepared by the Bureau of Education. Using this magazine for clas.sroom material would save you the writing of the lesson plan, would assure you of complete and unified teaching help and material, would make you feel safe, confident, arid hq,ppy in your teaching. For, our editorial staff sees to it that non-Tagalog students and teachers are given the clearest and fulllest explanation and every necessary material for the learning and teaching of every lesson. Subscribe now! Remember, we cannot assure you that we could ac •. commodate late subscriptions on account of the limited capacities of print-. ing presses in Manila. Our quota per issue is only 20,000 copies. Al. though we have your interest at heart, we feel that, at the rate the demand increases, we may not be in a position at present to qcc01nmodate everybody. Fill the forrn inclosed herewith and mail it at once. Only 1'3 a yea1• for better and pleasanter teaching and learning of the National Lcinguage for you! 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