Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.8 February 1947

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.8 February 1947
Issue Date: Vol. II (No. 8) February 1947
Year: 1947
Language: English
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extracted text: Price List of Publications (Prices subject to change without previous notice) FOR THE HIGH SCHOOL BioJogy-San Juan Unit Price Vol. I-(lst Semester) .................. 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Grammar) ................. P5.00 Vol. II (Intermediate Grammar) . . . . . . . . . . 5.00 Vol. II (Advanced Grammar) ...... , . . . . . . 5.00 Reading Methods-Gomez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 Reading Methods-Soriano-Vol. II . . . . . . . 2.oo Wastong Pananagalog-Dangalio-Serion 3.00 Current Events Review (Magazine) Subscription: One year (10 issues) . . . . . . . . 3.00 One semester (5 issues) . . . . . 1.50 Vol. I (Nos. 1-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 Single copies: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Inang Wika (Magazine) By subscription: (Sarne as Current Events Review) MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-25 Reten Sampaloc, JUanila * Peacemakers have come to terms Results of the Conference of the Council of Foreign Ministers in New Y orlc Purpose of the Confere)1ce. The Council of Foreign Ministers established by the Potsdam Conference held three separate con· ferences in three different capitals to discuss the peace treaties for the five Axis satellites. The Council of Foreign Ministers, held in London from SeptembP.r 11 to October 2, 1945, took up exploratory work in preparation for the drafting of the peace treaties for Hungary, Bulgaria, Rumania, Italy, and Finland. In their Moscow conference held in Decenaber, 1945, the Big Three-The United States, Russia, and Britain-discussed the basis and the proce<lmes to be adopted for the drafting of the peace treaties. In their two sessions in Paris held from "-pril 15 to May 16, 1946, and from June lu to July 12, 1946, the peace treaties for the five Axis satellites were drafted. A 21-nation peace conference was held at Paris from July 29 to October 15, 1946, to examine the drafts of the five treaties. This peace conference ma<le a number of recommendations and submitted them to the Council of Foreign Ministers for examination, for it is the Foreign Ministers of the Big Four that are empowered to write the peace treaties after the recommendations of the 21 nations have been examined. The Big Four met again in New York on November 4, 1946, to consider these recommendations and all unsolved problems connected with the five peace treaties. Outstanding Peace Problems Unsettled by the Paris Peace Conference. The 21-nations Paris Peace Conference approved the draft of the peace treaties with Italy, Rumania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland. There were, however, many issues left unsettled by the delegates. Among recommendations submitted to the Council of Foreign Ministers were: (1) the government for the "Free Territory of Trieste," (2) the navigation of the Danube, and (3) the question of reparations. Discussions of the Unsettled Problems. 'I'he Foreign Ministers of the Big Four discussed the final status of the "Free Territory of Trieste." The Big Four and the Paris Peace Conference had agreed on an international control of Trieste and the territorial line between Italy and Yugoslavia. The disagreement between Russia and the Western Powers was on the status of the governor of Trieste. World Problems Russia insisted that Trieste should have a high de· gree of autonomy. She wanted that the governor should be given wide powers. The \Vestern Powers insisted that there should be close supervision of the city by the United Nations. They wanted that the governor should be given veto rights with the ful1 authority of proclaiming a state of siege, if n~cessary, either to protect Trieste's independenc<' or to keep peace and orde1·. Final agreement: The governor of Trieste will be given the authority to" appoint the provisional government which will be composed of the people of Trieste. The governor, however, will consult both Italy and Yugoslavia on the policies of the provisional government. The provisions of a permanent statute of Trieste should apply during the regime of the provisional government which wm function only until elections are held. The governor will fix the date of the elections within four months after the date of his assumption of office. It is important to note that the provisional council will be given assurance to agree upon the name of a governor before the peace pact becomes final. Ninety days after the date the governor assumes office, he should announce whether or not fOreign troops should re· main or be withdrawn. The agreement stipulates that the troops of Britain, the United Stat~s. and Yugoslavia should be reduced in the international zone to 5,000 each as soon as the governor assu:rTics office. All foreign troops should be placed at thf' disposal of the governor. '\\'hen the governor finds out that foreign trOops ought to be withdrawn, he must make ce1·tain that they are withdrawn simultaneously. Navigation of the Danube.-Freedom of the seas is important to world peace. President Truman recommended the internationalization of Europe's water highways to promote freedom of commerce. Russia opposed Truman's plan because free navigat.ion of the Danube V;ould allow other \Veste1·~1 Powers to make use of it. The Paris Peace Conference also recommended that the Danube be opened to the free navigation of all nations and that the countries along the Danube should permit inte~national trade to all nations .;without discrimination. Final agreement :-Russia made a big concession at the Council of Foreign Ministers when she agreed to the free navigation of the Danube within the. customary commercial relations. • 1 Question of Re1>aration: The quc~tio1.1 of reparation with the five Axis satellites has become the prohlem between Russia and the Western Powers: Gm1erally, Russia wanted either to maintain or incn•a:;(' the amount of reparations. In the case of the ~·eparation to be paid by Italy and Bulgaria, Russia wanted Yugoslavia to receive more than Greece. The \Vestern Powers stood for equality of l'(~parations. f'inal a!Jreentt:u.f: The Council of Foreign Minister~ finally agreed on the 1·c11a1·ation riuestion after several comp1·omises. The amuunt. to be paid -by each of the five Axis satellites is given under the inovisions on reparation below. Vinal JIJ"jo1· Pro11isio11s of tht• Pe"ce Tre(lties The Council of Foreign Minister aiier 13 months of heated discussions concluded their historic New York meeting by approving the peace treaties to be siJ?"ned by the Axis satellitei;;. \Vhat are the major provisions of the peace treaties? llEl'ARATIONS: ltnly U'ill pau $:160,000,000.-Yugoslavia will receive $12.l,000,000; Greece, $101),000,000; Russia, $100,000,000; Ethiopia, $2Ct,000,000; .and Albania, $0,000,000. B11l!Jarirl will 1111y $70,000,000.-Gree~e will receive $4G,!)00,000 <.11uJ Yugoslavia will get $25,000,000. Rumania 11:ill puy $300,000,000 to Russfo. TERRITORIAL CHANGES: /ta~itt,n colo-1tie$-E1 ritrca, Somaliland, Lybia, <Wd Trie.'1te-u:ill be diNpu:::ed of" by the Big Powers. Tlw Dodecanese Islands will be given to Greece. Ital)' must give up her s11ecial rights in China. Yugoslavia and France will receive minor areas from Italy. The city of Trieste wil1 become an international zone under the United Nations. The iudcpendence of Albania and Ethiopia will be re· cognized by Italy. Bul11u.ria will retain her prewar territories as of January 1, 1941. Rumaufo. ll'ill yfrt' Ressarabia to Russia. She will, howevert retain Tra.nsyh·ania, which was ceded to Hungary in 1940. Hungm·y will 'retain her prewar territory as of January 1, 1938. She ·wm return T1·ansylvania to Ru mania. Finland u:ill gire the po1t and provhice of Petsamo to Russia. LlliHTATION OF ARMIES: Country Number of Tmtks Anti-afrcruft meu j"orce Italy 250,000 200 0 Bulgaria 55,000 1,800 Rumaaia 120,000 0 5,000 Hungal'y [85,000 0 0 ffinlan<l 34,000 0 0 - -- ----,-----·----LIMITATIONS OF NA VIES: Italy Bulgaria Rumania Hungary Finland of 111en 22J500 3,500 5,000 (no navy) 4,GOO 67,GOO (excluding battleships; 2 battleships; four cruisers; four destroy~rs; 20 corvettes and other minor vessels) 7,2GO 15,000 19,000 Prohib-ition to all: No torpedo boats because they are offensive weapons. LIMITATION OF Am FORCES: Country Number of men Italy 25,000 Bulgaria 5,200 Finland 3,000 Humania 8,000 Hungary 5,000 Plnnes 200 fightt~rs, and reconoisancc, 150 non-combat types, no· bombers ~O including 70 combat typCs GO 1:,0 including 100 combat types 70 COMMON PROVrnIONS: Bo'l'del' f01·tiffrotir111.'l arc largely limited in order to prevent frontie1· disturbances and maintain internal security. Oct·uputio11 troop.-; will be w·ithdnw·n from Italy 90 days after the time the treaties become efrectivc. Rn.<.11:rian froop.'l u•ill be u:itlid.ntwu. under the same condition. Rus~ialt troop~ uwy be .i·1Hti-ntained in Rumania and Hungary as long as necessary to maintain communication with Austria. Fret· nal'i!Jatiou oj" ll!e lh1u11be is provided in the Balkan treaties. Human ri!J/lls an: t111a.-rauleed. There will be no religious persecution an<l rachl discrimination. Rebirth of' Nazi::nn and Fasc-ist organizations is 11rohibited. luter11atio1wl (rHde rnu~t be guaranteed by each of the Axis satcHites. There should be equality of trade to all nations. Who 1t'ill Sig11 the Peace 1'1·e"ties? The 21 victorious nations of World War II will sign the peace trCaties. For e~1ch dcfca.ted country, however, different nations sign the t1·eaty. The· list of signatories for every corresponding· treaty follows: Italia JI Trcnty: The United States, Great Britain, U.S.S.R., France, China, Aust!'alia, Belgium, the Netherlands, White Russia, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Ethior.iia, Greece, India, New Zealand, "Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia, and Ukraine. Hn11r1ariau Trc(l.ty: The United States, Great Britain, U.S.S.R., Australia, White Russia, Canada, (Continued on page 13) Current Events Revie.w ~' Will Chiuu become united? Why do the Chinese Fight Among Themselves? What is the Meaning of Unity in Chinai" Since the beginning of the 20th century, China has been faced with the important problem of uniting all her people. The first period of the Chinese Revolution in 191:1 resulted in the overthrow of the Manchu Empire and the establishment of the Chinese Republic. The republic, however, failed to establish a parliamentary or a truly democratic government. From 1911 to 1926, the problem of national unity was made difficult by war lords. Chinese war lords, who were genera11y politicians with private ! armies, insisted in ruling independently their own spheres of influence. Sometimes these war lords fought among themselves. Sometimes they dealt directly with foreign countries for loans and othe1· international .transactions. It is significant, according to Walter Judd in his article "Our Ally. China," that the word unity in China means one government and one army. There cpuld be no unity in China if there are two governments and two armies. 81·eak with the Communist Party. The Communist Party was organized in 1921. It was admitted into a partnership with the Kuomintang Party in order to promote fhe second phase of the Chinese revolution as envisaged by Dr. Sun Yat Sen, Father of the Chinese Republic. This phase was the formation of a strong and representative governriient. In 1926, the Nationalists waged a campaigll to unify all of China. The campaign was successful. Gen. Chiang Kai-shek feared that the United States and Great Britain might intervene in the internal affairs of China if China would establish a government with Communist or Russian influence. The left \ving of the Kuomintang Party wanted to base the power of the government on the peasants and workers of China. Gen. Chiang Kai-shek was not wholly in accord with this view and he thereby hroke up \vith the left wing of the Kuomintang Party. He set up a government at Nanking in 1928 which was recognized by the European· powe1·s. What does the Chinese Communist Party Stand For? The Chinese Communist Party has departed widely from Russia's Communist Party. "Offhand it might be said that in establishing their O\vn regime in North China/' writes Lilil Yutang in The Vigil of a Nation, "the Chinese Communists had for their own purpose to promote the lot of the common Foreign Affairs peasants. They had accordingly sought to introduce land and social reforms. Nevertheless, these communists were responsible for the civil war in China. The great difference between the Communist Party in China and other Communist parties was that the former 4id not only preach· its doctrines· but also execute them through action by force of_ arms. They went to the extent of putting up a separate regime in the rural section of North China which they controlled. They nominally recognize the rule of Chiang Kai-shek, but they refused the Central Government access to their part of the country." 'The Chinese Communist Party demanded the following drastic purge of the National government: non-Kuomintang officials should be included in the government. A conference should be held on national affairs. Free speech, free press, local selfgovernment, and free elections should ht" guaranteed. - The National government should recog:uize the local self-government established under Communist guidance in former Japanese invaded territory. The government sh,ould institute widespread land ownership. The rents of the lands should be reduced. What does the Kuomintang Party Stand For? One 'of the nine questions submitted to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek by Henry La Cossitt, editor ef Colliers, asked for the objective of present China. Chiang Kai-shek's reply ~·as i "The ultimate. object of the Chinese National Revolution is the establishment of a united free and independent China. At present the only obstacle to unity is the refusal of the Chinese Communist Party to obey the orders of the National Government ... " The National Government stands for adequate representation of all political parties, and for the establishment of a constitutional democracy in which the government is run by political parties as expressed by the sovereign will of the people. The Kuomintang Party is determined to carry out the mandate of tlle Constitution of 1936 to return the sovereign power of the people. The National Government advocates introduction of scientific farmihg, extension of cultivation, adoption of a progressive land tax, and reduc.!tion of land rent. A planned free economy is designed by the Nationalist Government. Private and public enterprises will ·be carried on. There will be limitation on state monopolies, especially on postal Service, telecommunications, arsenals, mines, railroads, and hydraulic power plants. *3 first Step towards Reconciliation. After the sUrrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, steps were taken to make' the Kuomintang and the Communist Party reconcile their differences. In October, 1945, Generalissimo Chiang Kaishek and M~o Tze-ti.mg, leader of the Chinese Communist Party, r_eached an agreement on two fundame;ntal principles: First, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party would cooperate on an equal footi11g in the reconstruction of China under the leadership 'lf Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Second, a1J political aJJd non-political _groups would confer on participation in the. Central Government The agreement, however, failed to bring imme<liate truce. Undeclared civil war began between the Nationalists and the Communists. Gen. George C. Marshall was sent by President Truman as his Specia 1 mediator to bring about a unified China. Negotiations were carried on between Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Gen. Chou En-lai. On January 10, 1946, 38 representatives of both the National Government and the Yenan Government gave . the orde1· tO stop immediately hostilities between their armed forces. Delegates to the Political Consultation Conference met. The 38 delegates listened to the announcement of a bill of democratic rights granting civil liberties, release of political prisoners, establishment of loCal self-government, and equal rights for a:n political parties. The delegates agreed to abolish the ·maint'enance of private armies and to recognize the National Government. Gro1111dwork for a Broad Democracy. The historic Political Consultation COnference laid down the groundwork for a broader demoCracy in China. The program includes: (1) democratiZation of .politi.cs, ( 2) nationalizatic...n of troops, ( 3) equality for all political· parties, ( 4) full freedom for the people, ( 5) fafr division of the po~ers of the government, ( 6) improvement of the conditions. of labor, (7.) ecoriomic reconstruction, (8) tax reforms; (9) fight against usury, and (10) extermiJiation cf Japanese influence. Undeclared Civil War Continues. Undeclared civil war again broke out between the two parties. Charges and countercharges were hurled by both parties. The Communists tell the world that the National Government failed to respect the agreement for a coalition gov.ernment. The Nationalists likewise charge the Communists for breaking solemn promises to bring about a unified China. The truth of the matter is that the right wing of the Kuomintang party in March, 1946, had altered the basic terms of the agreement for a coalition government in order that the members might i·etain the monopoly of power in the proposed coalition government. Pu,:pose of America's Mediation. Gen. Marshall had to begin over again his wo1·k of bringing the two rival parties to Compose their differences. Several conferences were held. The United States mediation is in.tended not only to stop the civil war but also to bring about the cooperation b_etween the Natfonalists and the Communists in a coalition go.veriiment and to amalgamate both. armies into an all-Chinese· Army. The Communists continue to demand that they be given at least onethird representation ·in the coalition government. But the problem is that the Nationalists would-not consent to the one-third representation Of the Communists in, the coali~.ion government. If this is granted, the Communists would be willing to ·place their armies under the authority of the National Government. Sllch an offer would be the biggest concession of the Communists to the unity of China. And if the Nationalists agree on the one third representation in the National Government it wouJct be the biggest concession· of the Nationalists to the cause of Chinese unity. A New Chinese Constitution was Proclaimed. The National Assembly of China opened its session on November 15, 1 1946, to consider changes in the 1936 constitution. The sessions were held under the most inaUspicious conditions because the Communists Party and the Democratic League Party refused to take their seats. This event was paralleled by a similai.: event in India where the delegates of the Moslem League, India's second largest party, refused to participate in the drafting-of a constitu: tion for a free India. While India is facing an impending civil waJ·, China is actually fighting an undeclared civil war which might result into a large scale civil war. How do Writers View the Chinese Case? The World Report comments: "Civil war, left to run its own course, will continue for many years. The Nationalists will take and hold key cities along the railWays. But they .will be unable to conque:r the countryside from which the Communists will emerge repeatedly to disrupt communications, raid supply trains and kill small detachlnents of Nationalist troops." Mark Gayn, an analyst of foreign news, in his arti~le "Can China Unite?" says: 11 Reforms cannot be imposed on China by her foreign friends. They must come from within China, perhaps from within the Kuomintang itself. Therein lies our greatest hope for a common victory and continued friendship between America and China..'' The American head of the informational -and cultural program of the Department of State in China, Associate Professor John K. Fairbank of Harvard University, says: "Freedom of contact, meaning reciprocal contact; is our chief hope of avoiding fatal misconceptions Olt our part as to Chine.se realities, and of contributing some of our liberal faith and values to the revolutionary process in China." Current Events Review *What.is the U. S. policy on Chinat Significant Points from President Truman's Statement on China President Truman's released statement on China reviews in part the work done by the United States in China and reiterates the United States policies on China. On a 1tnited and democratic China. "We believed then and do now that a united and democratic China is of the utmost importance to world peace, that a broadening of the base of the natiortal gpvernment .to make it tiepresentative of the Chinese people will further China's progress toward this goal, and that China has a clear responsibility to the other United nations to eliminate arme~ conflict within its territory as co'nstituting a threat to world stability. On the task of American troops. "At the request of the Chinese government, we had retained a considerable number of American troops in China,- and immediately after V -J Day we landed a corps of marines in North China. The pi-i.ncipal task of these forces was to assist in the evacuation of the 'Japanese. Only some 200,000 had been returned tO Japan by the time Genera] Marshall arrived. On the co1tntrywide tr1tce. "Events moved rapidly upon Gen. Marshall's arrival. With all p~nties availing themselves of his impartial advice, agreerr..ent for a counfrywide truce was reached and announced on January 10, 1946. The feature of this agreement was the establishment of a unique organization, the Headquarters in Peiping. It was realized that due to poorer communications and the bitter feelings on local fronts, g·eneralized orders to cease fire and withdraw might· have little chance of being carried out unless some ailthoritative agency, trusted by both sides, could function in any local situation. . . . The degree of cooperation attairied between the government and Communist officers in the headquarters and on the truce teams '\\"US a welcome proof that despite two decades of fighting, these two Chinese groups could work together. On the political consultative conj erence. 'jOn January 10, 1946, the political consultative conference began the sessions with representatives of the Kuomintang or Government Party, the Communist Party and several minor political parties participa~ing. Within three weeks of direct discussion, these groups had come to a ·series of statesmanlike agreements on outstanding political and Foreign Affairs military problems. The agreements provided for an interin: ·government of a coalition type with representation of all parties, for a revision of the draft constitution along democratic lines prior to its discussion and adoption by a National Assembly, and for the reduction of the Government and Communist armies and their eventual aR1algamation into a small modernized, truly national army responsible to the civili~n government. On the extension of credits. "This government had already authorized certain minor changes to the . Chinese government iil an effort to meet emergency rehabilitation needs as it was doing for other war devaiitated countries throughout the world. A total of approximately U. S. $66,000,000 was involved in six specific projects, chiefly for the purchase of raw cotton, and for ships and railroad repair material. But these einergency measures were inadequate. • Following the important forward step made by the Chinese in the agreements as reported by GeJ.1. Marshall, the Expoi;t-!mpo.t Bank earmarked a total of U. S. $500,000,000 for possible additional credits on a project-by-project basis to the Chinese government agencies and private enterprises. On s1trpl1tS property A considerable quantity of civilian goods has been made available by our agreement with China for the disposal of. surplus property which enabled us to liquidate a sizable indebtedness and ·to dispose of large quantities of surplus material: During the war, the Chinese government furnished Chinese currency to the United· States Army far use in building i'ts installations, feP,ding the troops, and other expenses. By the end of the war) this indebtedness amounted to something Jike 150,000,000,000 Chinese dollars . China agreed to buy ~II surplus property owned by the United States in China and on 17 Pacific islands and bases with certain exceptions. On the cancellation of the debt. "The Chinese government cancelled all but U. S. $300,000,000 of our indebtedness for the Chi_nese currency, and promised to make· available the equivalent of U. S. $35,000,000 for use in paying United States governmental expenses in China and acquiring and improving buildings and properties for our diplomatic and consular establishments. An (Continued on page 7) lf'hat wre the rea.sons for tJie breakdown of peace negotiations? Gen. Marshall's Report On China The U.S. Department of State has released the spee'ial report of Gen. George C. Marshall on China. Gen. :Marshall was sent by President Truinan to China on a special mission to bring about a peaceful settlement of the complicated Chinese undeclared civil war. Tlie report is of special importance because it analyzes the obstacles to peace in China. What is the greatest obstacle to peace? The g;eatest obstacle to peace in China is the deep-seated suspicion with which the Chinese Communist party and the Kuomintang regard each other. On the one hand,. the leaders of the government are strongly opposed to a Communistic form of government. On the other, the Communists frankly state that they are marxists and that they intend to work toward gradually establishing a Communistic form of government in China by first advancing through the· medium of a democratic form of government of the Amerjcan or British type. The leaders of the l\.uomintang government are convinced that the Communist-expressed desire to participate ·in a government of the t)l.pe endorsed by the Political Consultative Conference last January ( 1946) had for its purpose oniy a destructive intention. The Communists feel that the leaders of the Kuomintang g·overnmertt were insincere in their acceptance of the PCC resolutions for the formation of the new government and that they intended, by coercion of the military force and the secret police, to obliterate the Commul)ist Party. Combined with this mutual deep distrust was the conspicuous indiscretion of both parties in ignoring the effect of their mutual fears and suspicions on the settlement of various matters under negotiation. Each party sought only to take cotinsel of its own fears. Because of their prejudiced view on the question, the negotiations Qf the two parties 'n·re susceptible to every evil suggestion. What are the important factors in the breakdown of negotiations? On the side of the national government, which is in effect the Kuomintang Party, thel'e is a dominant group of reactionaries who have . been opposed to almost every effort I have made to influence the formation of a genuine coalition government. This has usually been under cover of political or party action, but since the party was the government, this action, though subtle or indirect, has been devastating in its effect. They were quite frank in publicly stating their belief that cooperation by the Chinese Communist Party in the government was· inconceivable and that only a policy of force could definitely settle the issue. This group includes rnilitary as well as political le~ders. "On the side of the Chinese Communist Party there are, I believe, liberals as well as radicals, though this view is vigorously opposed by many who believe that the Chinese Communist Party discipline is too rigidly enforced to admit of such d1fferences of viewpoint. Nevertheless, it has appeared to me that there is a definite liberal group among the Communists, especially of young men who have turned to the Communists in disgust at the corruption 1e~ident in the local governmentsmen who would put the interest of the Chinese people above ruthless measures to e~tablish a Communist ideology in th,e immediate future. The, dyein-the-wool Communists do not hesitate at the most drastic measure to gain their end as, for instance, the destruction of communication in Ol'der to Wreck the economy of China and produce a situation that wo·uld facilitate the overthrow or collapse of the government, without any regard to the immediate suffering of the people involved. They completely distrust the leaders of the Kuomintang Party and appear convinced that every government proposal is designed to crush the Chinese Communist Party." What is the attitude of reactionary groups? "Sincere efforts to achieve scttkment have been frustrated time and ag·ain by extremist elements of both sides. The agreements reached by the Political Consultative Conference a year ago u·ere a liberal and forward-looking charter which then offered China a basis for peace .and reconstruction. However, irreconcilable groups within the Kuomintang Party, interested in the preservation of their own feudal control of China, evidently had no real intention of implementing them. Though I speak as a soldier, I must here also d~plore the dominating influence of the military. Their dominance accentuates the weakness of civil government in China. At the same time in pon.dering the situation in China, one must have clearly in mind not the workings of small Communist groups or committees with which we are accustomed in America, but rather of millions of people and an army of more than a million men. "I have never been in a position to be certain of the developme:&t of attitudes in the innermost Chinese Communist circles. Most certainly, the course which the Chinese Communist Party has pursued in recent months indicated an unwillingCurrent Events Re):iew ness io make a fair compromise. It has been· impossible even to get them to sit down at a conference table with government i;epresentatives to discuss given issues. Now the Communists have broken off negotiations by their last offer which demahded the dissolution of the National Assembly and a return to the military positions of January 13th w·hich the government could not be expected to. accept. What do the reactionar·y groups expect? Between this dominant reactionary group in the government and the irreconcilable Com'inunists, who I must state, did not appear last February, lies the problem of how peace and well-being are to be brought to the long-suffering and presently inarticulate mass of the people of China. The reactionaries in the government have· evidently counted on substantial American support regardless of their actions. The Communists, by their unwillingness to compromise in the national interest, are evident. ly counting on an economic collapse to bring about the fall of the government, a.ccelerated by extensive guerrilla action against the long lines of rail communications-regardless of the cost in suffering to the Chinese people. Upon what does the salvation of Chi11a depend? "The salvation of the situation, as I see it, would be the assumption of leadership by the liberals in ·the government and in the minority parties, a splendid group of men, but who as yet lack the political power to exercise a control1ing influence. Successful action on their part under the leader .. ship of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek should, I PRESIDENT TRUMAN'S . . . (Continued from page 5) additional sum of U. S. $20,000,000 is also de· signated for the fulfilment of a cultural program. On the disappoin.ting political negotiations. 0 A change in the course of events- in the political field was equalJy di:Jappointing. Negotiations between the government and the Comlpunists have been resumed again and again, but they ha\·e as often broken down, although hope for final m.i.ccess has not been implemented, and the various Chinese groups have not since that time been able to achieve the degree of agreement reached at the political consultative conference." On the disarmament of Japanese units. "American forces helped in the disarmament of Japanese units. The executive headquarters and Foreign Affairs believe, lead to unity through good government. In fact, the National Assembly has adopted a democratic constitution which, in all major respects, is in accordance with the principles laid down by the a11-party Political Consultative Conference last January (1946). It is unfortunate that the Communist did not see fit tO participate in the asselnbly since the constitution that has been adopted seems to include every major PC?int that they wanted. Soon the government of China will underge a major reorganization pending the coming into force of the constitution following elections to be completed before Christmas Day, 1947. Now that the form for a dernocratic China has been laid down by the newly adopted constitution, practical measures will be the test. It remains to be seen to wh~t extent the government will give substance to the form by a genuine welcome of all groups actively to share in the responsibility of government. "The first step will be the reorganization of the State Council and the executive branch of the government to ~carry on administration the enforcement of the constitution. The manner in which this is done and the amount of representation accorded to liberals and to non-Kuomintang members will be significant. It is also to be hoped that during this interim period ·the door will remain· open for the Communists or other groups to participate if they see fit to assume their share of the responsibility for the future of China. "It has been stated officially and categoricalJy that the period of political tutelage under the Kuomintang is at an end. If the termination of the one-party rule is to be reality, the KuornintanR" should cease to receive fin'.ancial support from the government." its truce teams were able to make the comPlicated arrangements necessary to transfer the Japanese across Jines and through areas involved in civil conflict on their way to ports of embarkation. American and Japanese ships under control of· Gen. MacArthur in Japan transported this enormous nmr.ber of persons to reception ports in .Japan." On the American stand on China. "China is a sovereign nation. We recognize that fact and we recognize the national government of China. We continue to hope that the government will find a peaceful solution. We are pledged not to interfere in the internal affairs of China. Our position is clear, while avoiding involvement in their civil strife, we will persevere with our policy of helping the Chinese peopl~ to bring about peace and economic recovery in their country." *7 Significant World News Roundup CHINA China adopts its first "Republican Co11stitutio11." After working for more. than 40 days, the Chinese National Assembly adopted China's first republican constitution. The new constitution follows the principles laid down by the Political Consultative Council held in 1946. The constitution was adopted with the participation of the K.uomintang Party, the Young China Party, the Social Democrats, and a majority of independents. The sessions of the National Assembly were boycotted by the Chinese Communist Party, China's second biggest party, and by the Democratic League. The new constitution is a combination of the presidential government of America, the parlian1entary system of Britain, and some Chinese ilmovations. The constitution is a revision of the constitution of · 1936. It is unusually long containing 175 articles. It is also complicated. It contains an unusual clause because China adh,eres to the United Nations. The constitution is based on democratic principles. There are three repre$entative bodies - ( 1) The lawmaking body, Legislative Yuan, (2) an upper house, Control Yuan, and (3) the National Assembly. The members of the Legislative Yuan are to be elected by professionals as well as geographic units. The Legislative Yuan will exercise a limited control over the Cabinet or Executive Yuan. The members of the Control Yuan are to be elected by jn·ovincial assemblies every six years. The Control Yuan has the power to impeach officials and to make audits. The members of the National Assembly are to be elected every Six years. The President and Vice President are to be elected by the National Assembly .. They will not serve more than two six-year terms. The President has the fo11owing powers: (1) He appoints the head of the Executive Yuan; (2) He appoints the members of the Judicial Yuan with the consent of the Control Yuan. (3) He is commander-in-chief of all land, sea, and air forces .. (4) He has the power to declare war, negotiate peace, exercise emergency powers, and declare martial law. ( 5) He may promulgate laws which should be countersigned by the President of the Executive Yuan. The constitution provides for equitable distribution of land, protection and limitation of private property, management of public ~tilities by the government, definite provision for allocating a definite percentage of the budget for educational, scientific and cultural purposes, adoption of a national insurance system, protection of women and child labor, and employment for all able-bodied persons, a Rm of Rights and a definite quota for women members 8* in the National Assembly and Legislative Yuan. lVhat is the signilicance of the news?-The adoption of the new constitution is a step towards the broadening of the government structure which has been severely cl'iticized for its undemocratic tendencies and one party dictatorship. The new constitution. is an attempt to work Gut a system of government that will fit conditions in China. The New York Times calls the constitution a blend of Western democracy and the philosophy of Dr. Sun Yat Sen. The Mia.mi Herald states that "all the friends of China will hope that it works. Yet it is well to remember to bear in mind Sun Yat Sen's remark that it might take China a hundred years to establish a smoothl}r working political system along the lines proposed." HJt is unwise to expect too much for a mere document," says the Cincinnati lnqu-ire1·. "Democracy must have a fertile soil and a good deal of willing effort to grow and thrive. Words on paper do not, in themselves, ordain a nation's way of life." INDONESIA Drive for ratification of treaty. The Dutch-Indonesian basic treaty agreement for the establishment of the United States of Indonesia has been approved by the Dutch parliament in one of the heated deliberations of that body. Approval of the basic agreement by both Dutch and Indonesian governments is necessary for the acceptance of the treaty. Latest news stated that the Indonesian Nationalist Party has rejected the basic agreement. Soekarno, President of the Indonesian Republic, initiated sweeping changes in the composition of the Indonesian control national committee, the provisional parliament. The main purpose of the1 sweepi~g changes is to secure ratification of the treaty. H'hat· is the significance of the news? - Indonesian extreme nationalists are opposed to the basic agreement because they want to wipe out every vestige of Dutch imperialism. But the present Indonesian leaders have committed themselves to the acceptance of the basic agreement. In fact, steps have already been taken to implement the treaty. The sweeping changes introduced by Soekarno are intended to control the policies of the party in order that it may dominate the projected government under the United States of Indonesia. INDIA 4ppeal for the acceptance of British statement. The Hindus and the Moslems held conferences to form,a United India. The Moslems indicated their unwillingness to take part in the writing of the conCurrent Events Review stitution. In spite of the unwillingness of the Moslems, however, the Hindus decided to proceed with their work, preparing the necessary steps for the writing of the constitution. On December 6, 1946, the British government ·issued a statement declaring that the grouping of provinces is necessary because it is included in the British plan for Indian independence. The resolution to carry out this plan was approved by the delegates to the assembly. 1Vhat is the significance of ihe news? - The approval of the resolution on the grouping of provinces was necessary in order to give justice tp both Hindus and Moslems. During the discussion of the resolution, Pandit Nehru appealed for its adoption and emphasized the need for the cooperation of the Moslems in the writing of the constitution of an independent India. The big question still remains: Why does the Moslem League continue to boycott the sessions of the assembiy? DAIREN What is the cause of the delay in the reopening of Dairen? Tfte so1·e spot in the Far East is Dairen. On August 14, 1945, the Chinese and Russian governmenti:; concluded an agreement declaring Dairen a free port, open to trade and shipping of all countries,- but giving the civil administration to China. Today there are abnormal conditions in Dairen brought about by the conclusion of the war and by the repatriation of Japanese soldiers. These abnormal conditions howev-er, should not be an excuse for the delay of the reopening of the port. What is the significance of the news? The United States has delivered a note to both the Russian and Chinese governments calling the attention of both governments to the fact that the current unsatisfactory situation with regard to the status and control of the Port of Dairen should be solved. It is believed that a prompt implementation of the agreements 'Yith regard to Dairen and the Chinese-Changchun railway would constitute a major contribution to the re-establishment of noi'mal conditions in the Far East. GERMANY Another Soviet tactic? Recently, the Soviet authorities issued a seri#s of directives intended to reform the education of the Germans in her zone of occupation. The directives restrict and prescribe the nature of the history course to be studied by the Germans in the Russian zone of occupation. The directives specifically provide that the study of history should be limited to the study of the principles taught by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. International News H'lwt is the siunificance of the news? The Russian directives on education will affect more than 2,000,000 young students in the Russian zone of occupation. 'the Russians believe that the Germans should be thoroughly acquainted with the socialistic principles enunciated by the two German authorities. American educators are opposed to the directives because such teaching will develop in the German students hostility toward democratic forms ·of government. The Russian directives are part of her program to make the Germ.ans turn to· ward Russia for their ultimate salvation. JAPAN f''Or Eastern Commission announced agreement on principles. Several important policy decisions have been agreed upon by the members of ihe Far Eastern Commission. These policies have been forwarded to Gen. MacArthur. Japanese workers should be encouraged to form themselves into trade unions for the purpose of preserving and improving conditions of work, of participating in industrial negotiations to this end, and of assisting the legitimate trade union interests of workers. A unionized Japanese worker would help much in -the building of a peaceful and democratic Japan. The right of trade unions and their members to organize for these pu~poses and the freedom of workers to join trade unions should be provided for· by law. All laws and regulations preventing trade unions achieving these objectives should be immediately abrogated. Employers should be forbidden to refuse employment to, or discrimin'ate against, any worker becauSe he is a member of a t~ade union. Trade unions should have the right to free assembly, speech, and press. These rights should not inteTfere with the interests of the occupation. Trade unions should be allowed to take part in political activities and to support political parties. Trade unions should be encouraged to promote adult education and understanding of democratic processes and of trade union ·practices and eims among their members. The formation of trade unions should be a process of democratic self-expression and initiative, proceeding from the workers themselves. It should be the responsibility of the unions to ensure that all officials are democratically elected at regular stated intervals and that all their activities are democratically conducted. What is the significance of the news?-The principles_ for Japanese trade unions a.re the basic principles of labor organizations in a democracy. Democracy cannot be brought overnight in Japan. It will take time bMore the Japanese become real democrats. The Japanese trade unions are given chance to take part in hastening the democratization CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW A Magazine for High School Students Published- monthly during the schoolyear Diosdado G. Capino Edito·r D. R. Manlapaz Publisher Subscription rates: One year (10 issues) P3.00 One semester (5 issues) . . . . . . 1.50 Payable in advance. Please make all remittances payable io the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila of Japan. It is significant to note that the FEC approves the policy of abolishing government insti-· tutions and agencies-or, at least, of revoking their powers, which obstruct free labor organization and legitimate trade union. No police or other governrment agencies should be employed in spying on wo1·kers, breaking strikes, or suppressing legitimate union activities. BRITAIN Supreme test of so~ialism. Socialism in Britain faces a supreme test. At the beginning of 1947. the labor government took over the ownership of' the vast coal industries and world comn~unication network. It should be remembered that the Labor Party won the election on the program of public ownership of credit (the Bank of England), coal, 'inland transport (railroad, civil aviation), iron and steel, electricity and gas supply, and telecommunications. The success of government operation of these enterprises in the face of grave post-war problems, especially the acute shortage of fuel, will'determine the rise Or fall of the labor government or of socialism. What is the significance of the news?-Nationalizing commercial institutions and industries is a part of the labor governinent's economic policy. If the labor government fails to operate the coal mines successfully, then it will be repudiated by the people. But if it weathers the storm, it will push through its nationalization program with additional vigour. RUSSIA Is Russia changing her world policy? There are three basic Russian policies today. First, Russia is determined to communize the world. Second, Russia is desirous of making her borders secure. Third, Russif! is bent on rebuilding her economic life. The first policy is not only political but also religious. The second is mainly political because Russia fears invasion from the "capitalistic demonacies." The third is imperative because the nation must live and take its proper place .in the' family of nations. During the last three months of 1946, Russia ga\'e some indications that she has altered her poJicies. Russia made many good concessions in the Foreign Ministers' CoUncil, in the United Nations Assembly, and in the Security Council, she also modified some of her policies in Europe and elsewhere. At the end of 1946, for example, Russia gave up her support of the Azerbaijan regime in Iran, agreed on "the perplexing question of Trieste, and with4rew a large number of her occupying forces in many regions of Europe. What is the significance of the news?-There are. many reasons for certain changes in Russian policies. Russia is faced by several problems. Her des· perate economic situation places the government in a difficult position. The new five-year plan ot Russia could not easily be. carried out. Her reparation policy on Ge1many has f3.iled to ·a great exteni. This is the reason that she is demanding a revision of .the rep.a ration agreements reached at Potsdam. Russia expects a loan from the United States. But her actions in 1945 and in the first seven rhonths of 1946 caused the stiffening of the American attitude towards her. Russia knows the securing of a loan from the United States depends on her actuations in the conferences of the Foreign Ministers and in the sessions of the United NB.tions and on her activities among her satellites in Europe. Russia has learned that the United States remains firm and positive on her bi-partisan policies. Russia has also realized that the force of public opinion could not be set aside. She 'saw this firmness during the 21-nation peace conference, at Paris and iu. the recent session of the United Nations General Assembly. UNITED STATES Bi-partisan foreign policy will remain. The United States under the new Republican-controlled congress will likely maintain its hi-partisan foreign policies. Rep. Charles A. Eaton, new chairman of the foreign affairs committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, has express-ed 100 per cent support of the- bi-pal'tisan foreign· policy of the United States. He believes that the foreign affairs committee must have no politics in it. He also believes that the United States tnust continue taking active interest in the affairs of Europe, Latiri-America, and the Far East. What is the significance of the news?-The 3.dministration of President Truman has clearly shown the practicability of two parties working together in the determination and execution of the foreign policies of the government. The speech of former. Secretary .J3.mes F. Byrnes at Stuttgart strongly stressed the fact that the United States would continue to take active interest in the affairs of Europe. Current Events Review Why is Greece a sore spot in the stritggle for power in the Mediterranean? Greece Fights for Peace Our interest in Greece is reechoed in this famous line: "The glory that was Greece, the grandeur that was Rome." Greece's struggle for freedom enlists t,he sympath}'." of the world because she was the fountainhead of our civilization. Greece has an area of 50,270 square miles and a population of 7,201)',000. It forms the tip of the Balkan peninsula, jutting into the Mediterranean with her iSlands about her. To the north and northwest stand mountain frontiers with Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria. On the east, she faces Turkey across a narrow arm of the Mediterranean Sea. Greece after World War I Greece was a monarchy in 1917. The Allies wanted to occupy Salonika, but King Constantine opposed the move of the· Allied powers. The Allies dethroned him and enthroned his son,_ King Alexander. In 1919, King Alexander died and a plebiscite was held to determine the form of government for Greece. Eleutherios Venizelos was defeated and King Constantine was recalled to rule the country. Because of G.eorge II received 97 per cent of the votes, restoring him to the throne. Greece Under Dictatorship The first election held under King George II showed that the parliament was equally divided between the supporters of Venizelos and his opponents. The Communists held the balance of power. And when Ven!zelos died, Gen. John Metaxas, thinking that the Communists would seize the power of the government, proclaimed. a dictatorship on August 4, 1936, with the reason that the Communists were aQout to seize the factories, army, and police. The people accepted his dictatorial rule because they were tired of occasional changes and disorders in the country. The dictatorship lasted from 1936 to 19411. hii; failure to solve the grave problems of Greece, in 1922, he was dethroned for the second time. His YUGOSLAVIA RUMAN IA eldest son, George II, having been suspected of staging a coup d'etat was not allowed to succeed him. The people proclaimed a republic in Ma1·ch, 1924. Geo1'.ge JI went into exile. Admil'al Conduoriotes became provisional president. Greece became involved in several troubles with her neighbors The·se troubles aggravated the problems of Greece. The new republican government failed and it \\'&s overthrown by Gen. Pangalos, who made himself dictator. The people did not enjoy peace under him. They rose in revolt in 1927 and. put Pa1iga1os in prison. A General election was held, and Venizelos becam~ President. He guided the fate of Greece from 1927 to 1932. But from 1932 the monarchist elements gr~dually gained control of the country. Gen. Kondylis led a monarchist revolt. In· 1935 a plebiscite was held to determine again the form of government for Greece and King Foreign Affairs Why Greece Fights for Peace * 11 Greece Under Quisling Rules: 1941-1944 On October 28, 1940, Greece was attacked by Mussolini's troops from Albania. For a time the Greeks fought heroically. They were about to achieve total victory over Mussolini's troops when Hitler came to the rescue of his Axis partner. Hitler attacked Yugoslavia and then proceeded to Greece. The Nazis defeated the combined British and New Zealand forces. A Quisling government was established under Gen. Tsolakoglu. The Greek government was. moved to London. Guerilla Warfare During the German occupation Greek guet:rilla fighting units sprang up. Among them were the EAM or National Liberation Movement with army called the ELAS, the EDES or Greek National ·Democratic League, and the Mountain Brigade which was organized by the British in Egypt in the spring of 1944 and deliberately packed with Greek royalists. It is the judgment of many intelligence Allied officers that the EAM-ELAS had conducted the most organized and most effective resistance movement. It should, however, be remembered that the EAM-ELAS was dominated by the Communist elements. Civil War in Greece What is the tragedy of Greece? The tragedy of Greece is the civil war that broke out after Greece was libera~d in October, 1944, by the Allies. Several weeks after liberation civil war broke out between the EAM-ELAS and the Greek nationalists. The cause of the civil war was the quarrel between the leaders of the EAM-ELAS and the leaders of the Greek government and the British commander. The members of the EAM demanded that the Greek government replace the right-wing Premier with a man from the Center. The British comqtander, Lieut. Gen. R. M. Scobie, insisted that the British-organized Brigade, composed mostly of royalists, 'must be given special treatment above that of the resistance forces. The British commander ordered' that all resistance groups be disbanded. The Leftists, headed by the EAM, protested. Six members of the Greek government who belonged to the EAM resigned. The followers of EAM held a demonstration. During the demonstration an exchange of fire took place between the gov.ernment police and the followers of the EAM. Civil war broke out. It lasted for more than a month. The British troops intervened. More than 10,000 Greeks died from the unnecessary civil war. It is sad that the Greeks had to fight one another just after they had driven their Nazi conquerors. This is the tragedy of Greece, and, from this, we can partly understand the present fight of Greece for peace. Why Does Greece Fight for Peace? Greece is still fighting for peace. The war in 12 ,, Greece is mainly due to the various conflicts between the supporters of the king and those oppo.sed to his return. Obviously, however, the leftists and the monarchists have been fighting one another for political sup~·en:acy. Several clashes took place in 194t because the Communists were trying to prevent the holding of the national elections on March 31, 1946. The left wing elements boycotted the election. The elections showed a victory for the Royalists (Populists.) Violence increased after the ele~tion because the left wing elements knew. that a plebiscite would be held for the return of King George II. This plebiscite was held in September, 1946, ·on the establishment of a republic. The people voted for the restoration of the monarchy. Greece is also fighting for peace today because of border conflicts which have inc1~eased since the plebiscite on the monarchy. In September Greece was accused by Ukraine before the Security Coun-cil of fomenting border troubles. But Greece has turned that same accusation against her northern neighbors of fomenting border incidents. -The Security Council decided unanimously to conduct an onthe-spot inquiry to investigate the border troubles. What is the Significance of Greece's f'ight for Peace? Let us note that Greece is the only country in the Balkans outsidf' of Russia's "iron curtain." Stalin 'has admitted that Greece lies within the British sphere of influence. Greece's northern neighbors-Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia-are Communistic states under the powerful hold of Russia. Russia knows that Greece is the bastion of democracy in southern Europe. The position of Greece in the Mediterranean cannot be overlooked by both Russia and Britain. If1 Russia dominates Greece, the British life line in the eastern Mediterranean will be endangered. If British influence increases in Greece, British power in the eas(ern Mediterranean will be increased. The northern neighbors of Greece are trying to incite border troubles for the purpose of overthrowing the Greek monarchy and the establishment of a Soviet government. Russia wants to get control of the Dardanelles in order that she may be able to get a foothol_d on the eastern Mediterranean. The present border troubles are intended, moreover, in consolidating Russia's position in the Balkans. Greece has long recognized her obligation to Britain. In fact Greece, looks up to her for guidance and protection. But Russia also wants Greece:s friendship. Because of this, comes the struggle for power between Russia and Britain. Both countries are ~nhappily brought face to face with each other in the Mediterrane.f).h on account of Greece. They face each other in one of the Hhottest spots" or "sore spots" in Europe. For how long will Greece fight for internal peace? Current Events Review World Leaders and Their Views on World Affairs We need a large amount of give and take in peace settlements. "Without asking people to blind their eyes to the very obvious fact that there are strong differences between the powers, it is legitimate to ask them to remember that such differences were inevitable in the first place and that, with the best will in the world, it would have required a great deal of time and a large amount of give and take to settle them. 'Vhat the }leople havC a right to demand, of course, is that the process of give and take shall be practised by all countries which are parties to international discussions, right up to the point at which the basic principles of international decency and order are at stake." -From a ~pecial artiele uf Trygve Lie, Secretary General of the lh1ited Nations Let us maintain ow· united front in peace as in war. "Let this Conference end with a message of hope --of hope and not of despair. This is what the world is waiting for. Let a clarion call go forth from this Conference to our Allied peoples which will rally them and maintain their united front in peace as they have kept it in war. "Apart from mischievous propaganda, there is no reason for our Allied world dividing into two camps, which in the end must lead to two worlds. "The false propaganda leads to fear, fear leads to war of nerves; and so the road is laid for much serious mischief. Let the real friendship which pervaded this Conference find public expression and pass on to our homes and people and the world." -F;om the address delivered before the Paris Peace Conference by Prime Minister Jan Christian Smuts of South Africa We shall support a policy based on frank and absolute friendship. "The war haJ; ended and we are witnessing a series of regrettable temptations. Whatever these temptations may be, no matter where they come from, they are directed toward the use of the work of the United Nations or the results of this Peace Conference. to serve the exclusive interests of a group o~ countries. And against this temptations the Soviet Union will always protest everywhere. "On the other hand, wherever is shown a sincere desire of collaboration between small and large countries on the basis of a frank and absolute friendship, of respect for the interests of al1 and of e<}uality in the democratic sense of the world, Men and Events there will be found full suppol't from the Soviet Union. "That is the policY, we follow. That is the only policy we judge to be good." -From . the final addre~s delivered by FoJ·eign MiniRte·r MolotoV at the plenary ses1'.lion of the Paris Conference What is needed iu solving the Palestirw question~ "I would urge the importance, throughout our proceedings, of recognizing that no settlement is possible in Palestine unless each community is prepared to take account of the other's interests and to make the concessions necessary for -peace. You, as statesmen, know that no conference can achieve anything if those attending it have made up their minds ,in advance and are determined to adhere to pre-conceived opinions. In a matter of this kind, where a great clash of interests is involved, there must be give and take. It is only along the path of negotiation, where all views are reapected, weighed and taken into consideration, that we can hope_ to emerge into the daylight. "We must remember that the Palestine problem cannot be treated in isolation but must be regarded against the wider background of world policy. Palestine is a tiny country, but everything that happens in it has reaction9 in a far wider sphere. To plan for Palestine while ignoring these reactions would be to shut one's eyes to realities of the case; the structure might seem worthy but the foundations would be on sand." -From the address delivered by Prime Minister Clement Attlee at. the opening of the Palestine Conference Results of the Conference (Continued from page 2) Czechoslovakia, Ittdia, New Zealand, South Africa, Yugoslavia, and Ukraine. Rumanian Treaty: The United States, Great Brit~ ain, U .S.S.R., Australia, White Russia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, India, New Zealand, South Africa, and Ukraine. Bulgarian Treaty: The United States, Great Britain, U.S.S.R., Australia, White Russia, Czechoslovakia, Greece, India, New Zealand, South Africa, Yugoslavia, and Ukraine. Finish Treaty: The United States, U .S.S.R., Australia, White Russia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, India, New Zealand, South Africa, and Ukraine. ,, 13 ~' Is the Viet Nam R~public·s cause just? The Viet Nam Republic Fights for a Cause France Acquired lndo-China French Indo-China is now divided into CochinChina, Annam, Cambodia, Tonkin, Laos, and Kwanchow. The country has about 24,000,000 people. Most numerous of them are the Tonkins and then follows the Annamese, the Cochin-Chinese, and the Cambodians. France gained control of lndo-China wh~n she declared a protectorate over Cambodia in 1873. Between this period and 1907, Cochin-China was made a French colony and the native kingdoms of Annam, Tonkin and Laos were made protectorates. The establishment of protectorates made complete the French conquest of Indo-China. Rise of Anriamese Nationalism The Annamese are the most intelligent group of peoi'.ile in lndo-China. They· have given more tro.u})les to France than any other group. From the inception of. the French rule, revolutionary societies have always existed. The victory of Japan over Russia in the Russo-Japanese \Var of 1904-1905 inspired the Annamese nationalists to organize their nationalistic movement effectively. Annamite students were trained for revolutionary activities by Phan-boicahu, the first revolutionary leader of Annam·. These students instigated revolts in Annam. The first significant revolutionary activity of this movement was the unsuc·cessful attempt of Phan-boicahu, in 1908, to poison the entire French garrison at Hue. The Chinese Revolution of Hll2 gave an additional impetus to the development of Annamese nationalism. The teachings of Dr. Sun Yat Sen, who sought refuge in Annam in 1910, made profound impression on the young Indo-Chinese nationalists. Many of these nationalists joined the radical Young China Clubs." In H126, the local Communists in Indo-China helped the Annamese in their uprising _against French rule. The growth of Annamese nationalism was aided by the Annamese nationalist organization called Viet Minh of Viet Nam. This organization was organized in 1936 by Ho Chi-minh. This organization has many followers. Annamese Protested Against the Return of Their French Masters. The rule of Southeast Asia. by the Western Powers was made possible by making t}\e people believe the Western Powers were invincible because of their militarY might. But, the conquests made 14. by Japan dm.-ing the early stages of the Pacific War convinced the people in Southeast Asia that their western masters were not invincible. The Japanese conquerol's humbled the white masters. Japan acquired sevetal concessions in Indo-China during the Pacific war. It was true that during tfi~ war France remained in control of Jnd.o-China. But by 1~43, the Japanese were practically masters of the country. The Japanese slogan of "Asia for the Asiatics," which was mainly intended to consolidate her position in Great East Asia, did much to arouse Annamese nationalism. In addi~ion to \his, the J3.panese. spre~d anti-French propaganda and inspired the Viet No,m nationalists to fight for their freedom. After the end of World ~· ar II, the Annamese objected to the · return of their French masters. They rose in revolt and established a republic. (Continued on page 16) INDO-CHINA: For what does VIET NAM fight? Current Events Review "''What is the 1·ole of fhe United· Stntes in world peace? The United Stales and World Peace Position of Amerifltl. The views of the United States on peace haa been restated by Secretary James F. Byrnes in his radio address in which he reviewed the results of the Paris Peace Conference. These V-iews indicate the policies that the United States will follow and the position it wou]d take in solving international peace problems. The People Must Know the Conflict in .fdeas. In recent weeks much has been said about acri· monious debates and the divisions in the Paris Con· ference. Back of thos·e debates and divisions are real and deep differences in interest, in ideas; in experience, and even in prejudices. Those differ· ences cannot be dispelled or reconciled by a mere gloss of polite words. And in a democratic world those differences cannot and should not be kept from the peoples concerned. In a democratic world, statesmen must ·share with the people thei1· trials as well as their triumphs. It is .better that. the· world should witness and learn to appi·aise clashes of ideas rather than clashes of arms. If this peace is to be lasting, it must be a people's neace. The peoples of this world who 'long for peace will not be able to make their influence felt if they do not know the conflicts in ideas and in interest that give rise to war and if they do not know how the statesmen and the peoples of other countries view those conflicts. Peacemakers M11st Act in Good Faith. Two states can quickly reach an undei·standing if one is willing to yield to all the demands of the other. The United States is unwi11ing to do that. It is equally unwilling to ask it of another state. Every understanding ·requires the reconciliation of differences and not a yielding by one state to the atbitrary will of the other. For, if st.ates are to reach such agreements they must act in good faith and in the spirit of conciliation. Th~y must not launch false and misleading propaganda against one another. They must not arbitrarily exercise their power of veto. Such an act would prevent the return to conditions of peace and would delay ~co· nomic reconstruction. No state should ignore or veto the aggregate sentiments of mankind under the pre· sumption that it has the monopoly of virtue or wisdom. World Affairs We Must Preserve Peace and Freedom Based on Justice. States must not imilaterally, by threats, by pres·_ sure, or by force, disturb the established rights of other nations. Nor must they arbitrarily refuse to consider changes in the relationships between states and peoples which _justice, fair play, and the enlightened sentiments of mankind demand. All nations must cooperate to build a wol'ld order, not to sanctify the :)tatus quo, but to preserve peace and freedom based fapon justice. And they must be willing to cooperate with one another - veto or no veto - to defend, with force if necessary, the principles and purposes of the Charter Of the United Natons. America Desires Peace with the Soviet Union. \:\~e will continue to seek friendship with the Soviet Union and a11 other states on the basis of justice and the right of others, as well as ourselves, to opinions and ways of life which we do not and cannot share. But we must retain our perspective. We must guard against the belief that deep·l'ooted suspicions can be dispelled and far-reaching differences can be reconciled by any single act of faith. The temple of peace must be built solidly, stone upon stone. If the stones are loosely laid, they mar topple down upon us. We Must Recognize the Inevitability of Conflicts. War is inevitable only if states fail to tolerate and respect the rights of other states 00 ways of life they cannot and do not share. That is the ·truth we must recognize. In spite of the fact that, in the immediate after· math of war, our efforts to induce nations to think in terms of peace and tolerance we met with rebuff, we must not lose faith. What may be unrealizable now may be realizable after the wounds of war will haVe healed. But if the temple of peace is to be built, the idea of the inevitability of conflict must not be allowed to dominate the minds of man and tear asunder a world which God made as one. It is that idea of tfie inevitability of conflict that is throttling the economic rec'overy of Europe. It is that idea that is causing artificial tensions .be-. tween states and within states. * 15 The United States Stands for Freedom and F·riendship. The United States stands fol' freW.orn for all nations and friendships among all nations. We shall continue to reject the id~a of exclusive alliances. We shall refuse to gang up against ally state. But we stand with all peace-loving, law-abiding states in defense of the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Any nation that abides by those principles can count upon the friendship 8.nd cooperation of the United States, irrespective of national differences or possible conflict of interests. No country desires unity _among the principal powers more than we or has done more to ac}Jieve it. But it inust be unity founded on the Charter and not unity purchased at its expense. The United States does not Dictate. The United States has never claimed the right to dictate to other countries how they should manage their own trade and commerce. We hlive simply urged in the interest of all people that no country should make trade discriminations in its relations with other countries. On that principle the United States stands. It does not question the right of any country lo debate the e·conomic advantages or disadvantages of that principle. It does object to any g6vernment charging that tr.e United States enriched itself during the war and desires to make 40 handouts" to '.European governments in order to enslave their peoples. 'Ve want to assist in European reconstruction because we believe that European prosperity will contribute to world prosperity and world peace. 'That is not dollar democracy. That is not imperi8.lism. That is justice and fair play. We in America have learned that. prosperity, like freedom, must be shared, not on the basis of hand·outs, but on the basis of the fair and honest exchange of the products of the labor of free men and free women. Arnerfca stands for social and economic democracy at home and abroad. The principles embodied in the social and economic reforms of rece.nt years are a part of the American heritage. The Viet Nam . . . (Continued from page 14) Recognition •of the Viet Nam Republic. On March 9, 1946, the French Cabinet recognized the Annam State in northern Indo-China as a fref' state within the Indo-Chinese Feder.ation.. The recognition made clear the grant of self-government to Annam. Later, howevet, in the conferences held between President Ho Chi-minh and Maruis Mou~ tet, Minister of Colonies on the relationship between France and tl}e Viet Nam, agreed to stay within the French Union. Und~r this· modified French colonial scheme, constituent states will be given greater voice in the Paris government. What.Caused the Latest. Large Scale Fight between Viet Nam and the French Forces? One significant point in the agreement approved by the French cabinet on March 9, 1946, was that the political future of three lndo-Chinese states-Annam, Cochin-China, and Tonkin-would be determined by ·popular referendum. In the conference held between Ho Chi-minh and the French Minister ()f Colo~ies, it was agree_d that Viet Nam would be allowed to propagandiZe in Cochin-China for the people to unite with Viet Nam. The provisional republic of Cochin-China \lnder the leadership of the late Dr. Ng_uyan ·van Thinh was urged on by the Annamese naiionalists' to join the Viet Nam Republic. The French wanted the newly created CochinChinese Republic to remain within the French Union. Viet Nam contended that this was a violation of the agreement reached in March, 1946. They argued that historically and technically Cochin-China should belong to Viet Nam; The French proposed a referendum to determine whether the people would join th_e Viet Nam or stay within the French Empire. Reading the Current Events Review lends 1 thoroughness in one's preparation for the Civil Service ! examinations. Subscribe to the 16. Current Events Only P3.00 a year 1.5(). a semester Review 123 • 125 Reten Satb.paloc, .Manila Current Events Review Philippine News in Review Conclusion of the Purchase of Friar Lands. One of the most important economic and social achievements of the· government this year, which would certainly help much in solving the tenancy problem of our tenants, is the government purchase of friar lands. Early in January, 1947, the government committee under the chairmanship of Chief Justice Roman Ozaeta succeeded in purchasing several thousands of hectares of land owned by the Roman Catholic Church. This is the second time that the government has bought friar lands. The first purchase was negotiated by Gov. Taft in 19'03. Some 130,000 hectares ..yas bought by the government. The Roman Catholic Chu1'<!h, through Archbishop Michael O'Doherty, agreed to sell seven p,arcels of property, with an aggregate area of 43,401,068.41 square meters. The -purchase price was P5,800,000 or less than 14 centavos per square meter. The government committee visited the land to be purchased and conferred with the tenants op their wishes and their desires in connection with the purchase. The tenants endorsed the plan of the government. The lots will be sold to the tenants at cost plus ten per cent. The ten per cent' surcharge will be spent for the improvement of the property; as, the bll:ilding of roads or irrigation systems~ Manila to be an International Air Center The Pan-American Ail'\\·ays will reSume its San Francisco-Manila service. Before the Pacific War, the clipper service of the Pan-American Airways did excellent. work in linking the Philippines with the United States. Recently, Don King, the manager for Northwest Airlines in the Orient, announced that commercial service between Minneapolis and Manila will be inaugurated by the Northwest Airlines. The two airlines company will place Manila as the center of air travel in the Orient. Housing Project The National Housing Commis.sion has announced the construction of 56 houses for the higher income group on the Quezon Boulevard and Quezon City. The 56 ·houses are to be built for the personnel of the Philippine 'Var Damage Co,mrr:ission. They will be financed by the NHC and administered as its legitimate preperty, The PhHippine '\\'ar Damage Commission will rent the hguses, for three y-ears. National Affairs P11rpose of the Joint Philippine·. 4me1·ican Financial Commission A joint Philippine-American financial commission has been created for purpose of surveying the entire {ield of Philippine economy. The An)erican section of the joint commission is headed by Edgar Crossman, and the · Philippin'e section is headed by Secretary of Finance Miguel Cuaderno. AccOrd~ ing to Edgar Crossman, the main job of the commission is to explore the financial position, prospects, and capabilities of the Philippine government. The findings of the commission are expected to recommend needed _reforms in the financial and monetary system of the Philippines. The findings of -the joint commission will serve as basis fqr the American gov~rnment in taking action On the re<!Uest of the President of the Philippines for a loan of P400,000,000. Program of Standardization The President of the Philippines has taken another step to solve one of the problems of Philippine agriculture. He issued a directive cre~ting a division of standards. The main function of the division of standards is to classify all commodities for export. The reason for .this classification is to enable Philippin~ exports to ·survive competition in foreign markets. The standardizing of all export commodities, according to the Director of the Bureau of Commerce, wouid help keep the goodwill of foreign markets. The RFC Begins Its Primary Task" The newly created Rehabilitation Finance Corporation has begun its primary task of rehabilitating the country. According to Primitivo Lovina, president and genetal manager of RFC, the board of governors of the RFC will give priority to loans for the rehabilitation of farms and ·factories, the establishment of essential industries, the rebuilding of homes and the repair and construction of gov-. ernment self-liquidating projec!ts, and the increase of production. A total of P50,000,000 has been allocated to carry out the rehabilitation program. The allocations made thus far follows: P15,000,000 for industrial loans; Pl0,000,000 for agricultural loansj Pl0,000,000 for financing_ homebuilding; P7,000,000 for financing the acquisition- of large estates for subdivision and sale to tenants; P5,000,000 .for loans to provinces, cities, and municipalities j and ra,000,000 for loans. to public utilities. * 17 * Unari-ity ·vs. Soverei.qn Equality Should the Veto be Abolished? What is the Veto? The tie.to is a special rig·ht of the Big Five p~nn,aneat members of the Security Council of the United., Nations, giving anyone member power to veto any resolution passed by the Council. It is a part of the voting procedure prescribed by the Charter of the United Nations that provides that in all ma.tters of substance the concurrent vote of the five permanent members - the United States, Britain, Russia, France, and China - is necessary to carry a resolution. "The veto should not be abolished because of the Principle of V nanimity." Oscm· Lange, Polish delegate to t-he UN The effectiveness of the UN organization depends mainly upon the cooperation of the big powers. This is true because these states alone have the means of guaranteeing the execution of the decisions of the United Nations. But in order to assure the success of the United Nations the five permanent members of the Security Council must agree among themselves. No big power can be expected to act upon a decision which it does not itself approve. The unity of these powers, therefore, becomes the foundation on which a successful international organization must rest. This unity would be endangered if the machinery of the United Nations could be used by some of the great powers to form a coalition against another great power. But with the veto, the formation of such coalition is discouraged or can be undone by the great power against which the coalition may be directed. This right of veto is an assurance that the United Nations will not deviate from its original Subscribe to I NANG objective. To amend the right of veto now would open possibility for such coalition which would certainly undermine the very purposes and existence of the UN. This same principle of unanimity ~lso serves as a means of educating the great powers to the urgent need for cooperation among themselves. Since each of the permanent members of the Security Council knows that no decision of substance can be made without the agreement of the other four, every member would be forced to secure the cooperation of the others. Such procedure would compel all the great powers to reach mutual underst~nding, and thereby preserve the unanimity of the Security Council. "The veto should be abolished beca1tse it is inconsistent with the Pl"inciple of Sovereign Equality." Carlo:-> P. Romulu, Philippine delegate to the UN The main argument aga'inst the veto privilege of the big powers is that it is inconsistent with the principle of sovereign equality. It is "undemocratic" to the extent that it permits one of these powers to outvote the 10 other members of the Security Council on substantive matters, except in tr.atters where it is itself party to a dispute. It is obvious that this privilege may be abused. It can be employed in the stubborn defense of one-sided policies, thus preventing constructive action on urgent matters falling exclusively Within the jurisdiction of the Security Council.· Moreover, such practice enables one of the big powers to block the ratification of an amendment to the Charter duly adopted by the Assembly. WIKA A magazine devoted exclusively to the study and teaching of the National Language 18 * (Approved for use as supplementary material by the Bureau of Private Education) Only P3.00 a Y•'ar l.50 a semester 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila Current Events Review Science in 1946 Reviewed Waldemar Kaempffert, science editor of The New York Times recently reviewed the notable achieYements during 1946 in the fields of astronomy, geology, and chemistry. Kaempffert's dispatch ~aid in part: 011 rndar signal to tlie moon. The sending of a radar signal to the moon and back was a spectacular event thcit thrilled both astronomers and radio engineers. Astronomers believe radar may yet be used in exploring interplanetary space. Radar also pla~red its part in the stud:i,.' of the striking power of meteors which occurred on October 9, 1946, when the earth plowed through the debris of the Giacobini-Zinncr comet. ... Six rl.10re stars have been added to the eighteen already known to be so de11se that one cubic of their matter weighs one ton by ea!'thly standards. On tht' new method of expl01·i11g tht• sea. A scientist in Columbia University reported that he had transmitted sound in the ocean depth to a distance of about one mile. This discov.:;ry v;,iYes scientists a new method of exploring the depths of the sea. Because of this, it i$ no\V possible to discover hidden shoals, underwater prominences and the geological natUTe of the bott0m of the sea. A number of scientists, working for the navy, discovered, in the ocean, a layer of suspended material denser than the water immediately aboYe it. The layer is three hundred miles wide, at <_1. depth of 1,000 to 15,000 feet. It rises several hundred feet above water in the evening and sinks in the n1or11ing. 011 <1 new and grandiose period of Antarctic exploration. The departure of ships of. ihc United ~~t;ct ... 'fi N:i·:~· wiih 4,000 men under Rear Adm'iral Hichard E. Byrd ushered in a new and grandio~e period of Antarctic exploration. Other nations arc also interested in consolidating- what claims they ha\"e oil souih polar rcgionf;. Ostensibly, the Byrd expeditio11 is scientific in character, and there is 110 doubl that it will make geographical, meieorological, oceanographic, geologic, and rnineralogic studies of the highest importance. On the cause of the "tidal Wllves." Two so-called 'tidal waycs' caused considerable damage during the year. One originated on April 1 in the Aleutians and the other on Dcccmber .. 22, in Japan. Both were caused by submarine earthquake. Both quakes set up trains of waves which did much damage and caused heavy loss of life, and both were detected by sei:-:;mograr>hs thousands of mill's away from epicenters. Science On synthetic penicillin. By far the most important announcement in chetnistry came from Cornell. There a teiaf researchers s~cceeded in synthesizing penic.~;. Ji, t .. b~ most effective of half a dozen of penic ..,f': cost five years in time and $3,000,000 ' ey to score this triumph. It now looks as if it uld · be possible to produce synthetic variations of peni_cillin for treatment of specific infections. On three vitamins thllt ,,:,,ade history. Three new vitamins made- history. One in Jolie ncid; the second is provisionally identified- as the 'nnti-stiffness factor'; the third is a still unnamed member of the B complex. The anti-stiffness vitamin and unnamed 1B' a1·e known only so far as their effects on chickens and guinea pigs are concerned. Guinea pigs that received no antistiffness factor in their food showed abnormal cal<'ification of boneg and tissues; chickens that did not gPt unnamed 'B' did not grow .and were lflid low with anemia. 011 u:lwt conti·ols 01u growth. In the University of California, a group of biochemists purified a growth hormone of the· p)t.Uitary gland, tested on animals and sh9wed b~.c-n-1 doubt that pituitary and only pituitary contrc J gi'owth. o,, l'ita111i11 A. Vitamin A, hitherto obtained 'from fish-liver oils, was synthesized during the war, J:)ut kept· secret until early in H>·Hi. (USIS) ~~-·:<<·:<<.·,~<-:«-~«-<-E«-IB·!«-«<-K<-(«-E«-E<<-EE(.C<~«~ ~ EMMANUEL EDUCATIONAL *·. DISTRIBUTOR if Importer - Indentor Dealers in Office, School Supplies Equipment Educational Materials * * ·~ :j! * * * ~ :;;~"' Authorized distributors of books, ouflines ~,' released by :fl ~ MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. * ~ ~ :!J AMADO C. DIZON :j! ;!; Manag<or 1878 Azcarraga :j! t>>-»>->>~-·)>)-)))·)))-))=·-»)-)))-)>)->»->J:->>)·»>>>)·)))•))=->~ ··--~------------* 19 • Historic. decision~ Report on the Activities of the United Nations Hutoric.Decision. 'fh.e U.Dj,ted Nations Security Council set up in Decemflll\ 1.946, a commission to make an on-thespot investigation of the border disputes between Greece and her northern neighbors. Greece fo1ma1ly filed charges against Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Rumania for fomenting troubles. This decision of the Security Council is important for two reasons: (1) The decision to make an on-the-spot-inquiry on the border dispute in the Balkans carries out the provisions of the UN's Charter on the peaceful settlement of disputes. Article 34 of the Charter states that the Security Council mar· investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to df'tcrmine tvhether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security. (2) The decision made Russia realize the need for finding the truth. The history of this decision runs thus: In September, 1946, Greece was accused by Uk1·aine of fomenting trouldes. on the Albanian border. The United States proy;tUled the , es:tablishment of a subcommittee to investigate trouble on the Greek-Albanian border This American proposal w2s 1•etoed by Russia. In November, 1946, Greece filed a counter complaint f01· the same border troubles. The Security Council, with Russia voting, agreed to conduct an inquiry. This was anothel' victory for the Security Council. Its influence as a peacf'-maker wRs felt Pven by such power as Russia. Atomic Energy Commission Appl"Oves Interim Report. After more than six months of conscientious work. the Atomic Energy Commission of the United Nations approved by a vote of JO against O (Poland and Russia abstained from voting) to submit an interim report .to the Security Council on the conti·ol of atomic energy. It may be noted· that abstention has become a common practice of some disSPnting countries in the United Nations voting procedure. The interim report calls for fo_ur important principles. First, i~ calls for an inter~ational authority to control the development of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Second, the international agency to he created will have the power to make "inspectiOn to detect and prevent the illicit use of atomic energy. Third, after tight controls are set up, the preae~t stockpile of atomic bombs will be destroyed. Fourth, no nation has thP ri.qht to UM the veto to nullify punishments for a violation of the agreement once the international treaty on the control of atomic energy had becon:.e effective. 20 ., Why is There a Need for a Food and Agriculture Organization? Members of the UN believe that provision of adequate food would have a more profound beneficial effect on world health than any other single reform. World-wide adoption of carefully studied nutritional standards would have a highly favorable effect on world agriculture and on the relations between nations. The F AO was organized by the delegates of 30 nations and its constitution was signed at the opening Rcssion of the conference at Quebec. \\'hat are the primary functions of the F AO? The F AO will collect, analyze, interpret, and disseminate information on nutl"ition, food, and agriculture the world over; it will promote research and spread education on the conservation of natural resources, on the improvement in agricultural production, in proce,:;sing, in marketing, and in the distribution of food and agricultural products; it will evolve necessary national and international credit policies for effectuating its plans; and it will furnish such technical assistance to member governments as they may need and re(Jur.st. In its latest meeting, the Conference agreed to establish the World Food Board. The World Food Board is designed to stabilize the prices of agricultural commodities on world markets, to create world food reserves adequate to meet emergencies, to provide funds for disposal of surplus agricultural products on special terms to countries in dire need, and to cooperate with other app1·opriate organizations to achieve these ends. Specialized Agencies of the United Nations. There are now nine specialized agencies that are affiliated with the United Nations by special arrangement. These agencies deal with specific international problems. In doing so, they advance the cause of the UN in promoting international understanding and coope:ratfon. These agencies include: (1) The Food and Agl"icultUral Organization (FAO); (2) the International Labor Organization (!LO); (3) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); (4) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; (5) International Monetary Fund; (6) International Civil Aviation Organization; (ICAO); (7) 'Vo~·ld Health Organization (\VHO) i (8) International Refugee Organization (IRO); and (9) United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation· Administration (UNRRA). The UNRRA will soon have served its purpose. Current Events Review MANILA EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISES, INC. 538 P. Paterno, Qulapo, Manila January 25, 1947 Dear Fellow Instructors: We are happy to inform you that the Inang Wika, a magazine-pamphlet which is devoted exclusively to the teaching of the National Language and which has become a supplementary textbook in thousands of classes throughout the country, on account of the great increase in subscription and the decrease in printing cost - could now be given to you at a much reduced rate: from 1"5 to 1"9 a year. Certainly, thousands of you who are now using this magazine-pamphlet are happy with us, and certainly, too, those of you who ?nect problems in teaching the National Language would be glad to know that there is such a helpful material available at a very low cost and with a much improved quality and very much enriched materials. What has pleased thousands of teachers and students cannot fail to help you! Lately, commensurate with the progress we have made,-thanks to your cooperation,.,-we have added to our staff two more outstanding Tagalog p1·ofesso·rs who are now devoted to making the magazine, not onlii as a supplementary material, but as a possible substitute for a textbook in installment plan and in accordance with the courses of study prepared by the Bureau of Education. Using this magazine for classroom material would save you the writing of the lesson plan, would assure you of .complete and unified teaching help and material, would make you feel safe, confident, and happy in your teaching. For, our editorial staff sees to it that non-Tagalog students and teachers are given the clearest and fuliest explanation and every necessary niaterial for the learning and teaching of every lesson. Subscribe now! Remember, we cannot as:rure you that we could accommodate late subscriptions on account of the limited capacities of printing presses in Manila. Our quota per issue is only 20,000 copies. Although we have your interest at heart, we feei that, at the rate th~ demand increases, we may not be in a position at present to accorriniodate everybody. Fill the form inclosed herewith and mail it at once. Only 1"9 a year fo1· better and pleasanter teaching and learning of the National Language for you! Yours always fo1' better and easie" teaching methods, FEDERICO B. SEBASTIAN Edito" • Special discount for teachers and schools. Pampaaralang Kapisanan sa Wikang Pilipino 53:! P. Paterno, Kiyapo, Maynila ····>·->•-<-·-<··· (APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP) ...........................• 1947 Sirs: I hereby apply for membership in the "Pampaaralang Kapisanan sa Wikanll' Pilipino." lnclosed please find post-office money order or check No ................. , for:three pesos (P3.00) as membership fee. It is understood that with this amount, I am ent'itled to one year's subscription to "lnang Wika" a school magazine in the National Language. Name .............................. . Address ............................ . • ,~~==!52!i25i!5<.!i25i!52!i25;!52!5C£i!5252Si!5252Si!52S?.li25l!52!~ I You want to be thorough in your school work. But you have no time to read many good magazines, newspapers,Read what is best for you. Subscribe to the Curren.t Events Review, a news magazine approved fo1· gene1·al reading for Second· ary Schools by the Department of Instruction. Subscription rates: One year One Semester . p 3.00 l.50 Current Events Review 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila