Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.9 March 1947

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.9 March 1947
Issue Date: Vol. II (No. 9) March 1947
Year: 1947
Language: English
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extracted text: A Newa Magazine Publillhed for Hieb School Studenta Devoted to the Selectlon, Organization, PnHntation, and Bmew of Current N.,... for Leaaona in Current Even& (Approved for general reading by the Department of Instruction) Published as a contribution to a common effort.,-ducational rehabilitation. In this issue-Pa.o• Major Accomplishments of the First Conference of UNESCO . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Was Poland Bertayed by the Allies? . .. . • . .. .. . . . .. .. . .... . .. . .. . .. . .. 4 Report on the Activities of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Postal Union Plans Merger With the UN Social Commission to Give Its Report Human Rights Yearbook Being Compiled Achievements of UNRRA Creation of a United Nations Laboratories Proposal for an International Trade Organization General MacArthur's Special Report on Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 When will Korea Get Her Independence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Special Report on Korea by Lt. Gen. Hodge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Comments of Writers on Oriental Affairs • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Peals of freedom ring for Southeast minorities. Democratic forces in the Orient could not be denied. Will China's new constitution succeed? What is needed in India today? What is the Significance of the Nuernberg Trial? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The Philippines and the World .... _.. .. . .. .. . • . .. . .. .. • . . .. . .. .. .. .. lS Our International Affairs Our Economy Our Foreign Policy Our National Problems Significant World News Roundup • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 15 Ms,~or Reforms in Japanese Education India Declared as a Sovereign State Will China be Able to Set Its Economic House in Order? Another Political Crisis In Italy? Solution to Another Political Crisis in Greece The Fourth French Republic is Born Is Britain Facing an Economic Dilemma? United States Relief Abroad will Remain High World Leaders and Their Views on World Affairs Churchill, "What is the high road of the future?" Truman, "We shall support the UN with all our resources." Austin, "The United Sta.tea must remain strong." McMahon1 "Let us now agree on an effective system ·of control for atormc energy." Wallace, "Let us remove the defeatist tensions in international relations." 18 Science Marches On .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . • . .. . .. . • . .. . .. • .. .. .. .. . . • 19 Electronic S11per-Eye Powerf11I Commercial Uses of Helicopters Bacteria Aid in Oil Production Flying J ee2_ Aerial Device Used to Detect ore· New Long-Kang& Saa?ch Radar A Review Test in C11rrent Events-P. G. Dangalio . . . . • . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • 20 Pau flus coming Civil Service examinatlons;-Milster current erent.. • How will tducatlon promote peacet Major Accomplishments of the First Conference of UNESCO What is the UNESCO? The UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is called the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The idea of UNESCO took shape in the London meetings of the Allied Council of Ministers of Education during World War II. From 1942 to 1945 the Conference of Allied Ministers of. Education. discussed ·many problems relating to the education.al needs of their countries. During th• various meetings of the ministers, proDlems relat~ ing to the provisions of books, restocking of libraries and laboratories, restoration of looted works of art, and general questions of future international cooperation in educational and cultural matters were taken up. In October, 1943, invitations were extended tn the six governments who until that date had only been associated with the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education to become members of the Conference~ On March 31, 1944, the United StatP.• decided to participate in the Conference. Following the San Francisco Conference, the British Government extended on behalf of th<: Council of Alliea Ministers of Education an invitation to all governments of the United Nations to be represented at a conference in London beginning November, 1945. ,The mafn purpose of the conference was· to organize the UNESCO. Forty-four countries sent reprl"sentatives. Six observers from international organizations were present. The conference studied and discussed the constitution prepared by the Council of Allied Ministers of Education. Suggestions from other governments and from national and international bodies concerned with the promotion of education, science, and culture were also taken up. The 44 governments which participated in the London UNESCO Conference from November 1 to 16, 1945 were: Argentina., Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Columbia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Iran, Iraq, Leltanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Peru. PhUippines, Poland, Salvador; Saudi Arabia., South Africa, Syria, Turkey, United Xingdom; ·United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yqg0slavia. Countriea which a., not. mem\iers of the UN ean become members of UNESCO. It la provided. howeYer, that at least twenty of the forty-911e 2 .. countries which originally signed the Constitution of UNESCO must a.uthorize the participation of a country which is not a member of the UN. What are the purposes of UNESCO? The United Nations· seek peace not ~nly through the cooperation of all governlr.ents but also through understanding and good will of peoples themselves. This fundamental idea supports the belief that since wars are fought by men, only men can prevent them. Men can prevent wars through the exercise of their intelligence and their attitudes. It was Britain's Prime Minister Clement Attlee who said: "Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is i'! the minds of men that the defense of peace must be constructed.'' The UNESCO is "contributing to peac& and security by. promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to furthe~ universal respect for jusfice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations." What are the Junctions of UNESCO? The duties of UNESCO .are (1) to collaborate in advancing 1r.utual knowledge and understanding of peoples through all means of mass communlcation, (2) to give fresh impulse to popular education and the spread of culture, and (3) to maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge. How will the duties of UNESCO be. discharged? The duties of UNESCO may be discharged~ ( 1) by bringing a.bout· international agreements 1vhich would promote free flow of ideas by word and image; (2) by helping members, at their re· quest, in the development of educational activities; (3) by instituting 1:Dllaboration among nations to advance equality· of educational opporlunlty; ( 0 by suggesting edu:catlonal lr.ethods to prepare children for the responsibilities of freedom; ( 5) by assuring conservati~n and production of the world's inheritance of l!Ool!d, works 6f art, and monuments of hisiory arui science, and by recommending to the nations concarned the necessary international conventions for this · pu!Jloae; (.6) by encouraging cooperation In all branehes of· In• tellectual activity, Including International exehailge of persons active in the fields of education, science, and culture, as well as the exchange of publications, objects of artistic and scientific interest, and other materials of info1'11lation; ·and (7) by initiating methods . of international cooperation to give the people of all countries access to the printed materials. What was the spirit of the Paris 'plenary session of UNESCO? The first plenary session of UNESCO was held in Paris in November and early part of December, 1946. Delegates from 43 nations numbering about 3,500 attended the conference. The delegates ivorked seriously in their various tasks. In general there ,.;,re no fundamental disagreements between countries. The spirit of cooperation and of practical approach to ·.the world educational problems pervaded all discuSBions. The delegates decided that their projects for 1947 should contribute to the promotion of Peace. Moreover, it was agreed that these projects should not overtax the financial ability. of smaller countries during these critical years. The delegates were greatly encouraged by the great respect that leaders of tr.any countries nave for the UNESCO and by the gl'eat importance these statesmen and leaders attach to its work. The delegate• realized ·that UNESCO could nrt achieve its ends wiless the political. economic, &hd military problems of the world are firat resolved, and that in the exchanges of scientific, educational and cultural heritage and achievements, the UNESCO could contribute mightily to ·the creation of a world will towards peace. What were some of the major accom• plishments of UNESCO? Durin& its plenary session, held at Paris, the UNESCO maae many accomplishments, and it aims to accmr.plish the following projects for 1947: 1. World-wide attack on illiteracy.-UNESCO's program to reduce world illiteracy as much as possible and to establish minimum standards of education everywhere is a revolutionary undertaking. According to William Benton,, Assistant Secretary of State for Public Mfairs and cliairman ot the U.S. delegation to the Paris meeting, the world cannot achieve peace if the simplest tool of learninc is absent. "Illiterate men are pawns in a power struggle. They are also vlctims of an inequality so grave a& to constitute a threat · fo peace." What will UNESCO do? It will create a staff of it• own. This will be supplemented by experts from many nations to recommend program• for cmr.bating illiteraey, to develop educational mat· World A.flam ters, and to determine how ~t to use books, pictures, films, and radio, as well as the schOol room. 2. Stud11 of tho causes of tua1".-UNESCO will undertake a study of the psychological and social tensions that lead to war, especially those that produce unrest, suspicion, and hatred among classea, races, and people. UNESCO will stimulate and coordinate researches of Bocial scientists on these tensions. 3. Red'UCtion of barrie1"B that obstntct the free flow of eommunicationa.-The delegates all agree that the free flow of oommiinication among peoples is necessary to world understanding. "We know from bitter experience,'' says Benton, ."that even highllt' literate peoples, when they are cut off from a full, honest and continuous acc:ciunt of development• among other peoples, can be propagandized and bullied into aggressive belligerency." What will UNESCO do? "It will cooperate with the United Nations in a report that will survey available facil-· ities throughout the world for the printing of news, booka and periodicals, the production and. distributi'»l of films and the broadcasting and re· ception of radio programs." 4. World underati.nding of othe•· peoples.-ln cooperation with the UN, UNESCO will explore the possibility of creating a world-wide broadcasting network under international auspicies. Such a network would bring to ordinary people everywhere, and in many languages, an aeeount of the history, the achievements, the problems, the hopes and aapirations, the mU.sic · an<1 literature or other peoples. · 5. Study of the pt"Oblems of food, diseases, and natural rosources.-The uNESCO proposes to establ_ish an international institute of the amazon, a new scientific enterprise which will bring together scientists from many nations and from many fields of science to study the problems of food, disease, and natural resources of the tropics. For it is an undeniable fact that. the tropical areas of the world suffer from malnutrition and back· wardness. It is believed that an international attack upon this problem will surely bring about, wholesome cooperative action. It may open new possibilities for the development of the tropics to such a degree as to reduce future international tensions. Limitations on the work of UNESCO. The 1947 program of UNESCO faces two great problems. The first is the budget for 1947, amounting to $6,950,000. ·Thta includes the amount of $950,000 that has tieen spent since tile preparatory commission was set up ·in 1945. The budget for 1947 is pitifully small when compared to the $680 billiOn spent by the Allies in winning World War II. The second is the general outline of the work approved for 1947. • w ... there a ·violation of solemn internatio....Z agreement? Was Poland Betrayed by the Allies? Poland ·Uthe most tortured country. Poland is In eutern Europe. It haa a f11D!01$ and . tragic history. In the middle of the tenth century, Poland was a duchy, It became a strong military state. In 1386 the ruler of Lithuania by marriage and election became king of Poland. Thia personal union of Lithuania and Poland ended in the merging of the two kingdoms in 1560. Because of this union, at the end of the Middle Ages, Poland expanded and became famous and powerful. This history of Poland in the 18th century was a tragedy. Because of her strategic position ana her internal weakness, she became the object of the greed of her neighbors: Russia, Prussia, and Austria. In 1772 Poland was partitioned by these three countries, each country oceupying the Polisli territory nearest to herself. The regions oceupied by each served as protection for her territory, But this was not all. In 1793 Poland was ag&in partitiolled further. Russia and Prussia were the only qpuntries, however, that took part in wliat the Pfilish con~dered as a piece of robbery, And worst of all, in 1795, the three neighbors decided to partition the entire Poland. The Poles, led by Kosciuszko, rose in revolt, but the revolt was sup;:>ressed. Poland disappeared from the map. ---- CurzOl'I /Jne, 1943 - .. ·-Polbh bor.ler, /939 llllllPo/ish landacquired/,y/lusss /\AAPolisA lanc:ltdl .. en. 1""11 ~">' - Ge,-mJn kMd «'!uil'ed 6y/2u.s~Ja Poland after World War I. The Poles regained their freedom after the collapse of .f\,ustria in October, 1918, Under the leadership of Pilsudski Poland was reborn. Poland endeavored to solve her domestic and foreign problems. From 1921 to 1926, Poland had a parliamentary government. The parliamentary government negotiated for the adjustment of her boundaries and introduced land reforms to help solve Po· land's post-war problems. But inflation made worse Poland's economic problems. In Noven:ber, 1925, the country was in economic chaos. The critieal economic condition of the country led to the overthrow of the government. A strict authoritarian government was created by Premier Pilsudski. Pilsudski was in sympathy with N azisln. In 1934, Pilsudski decided to adopt a quasi-Fascist system. In 1935° the government was reorganised along totalitarian lines. The Liberals lost their hope of making Poland a democratic country. Adolf Bitler, meanwhile, planned to bring Poland Withinl the Nazi orbit. He demanded the Polish corridor. Only then did the Poles realize that Germany was not their friend. Poland sulfered another torture. Hitler's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, started World War II. On September 17, 1939; the Russian forces also entered eaat-j em Poland, on the excuse of . insuring protection for the 10,000,000 White Russians and Ukrainians in Poland. The two totalitarian partners decided to partition Poland. Russia obtained over half of the Polish territory, but Germany obtained three fourths of the Polish national wealth. Rival claims of two 1fovemments. The Tragedy of Poland: Russia Is int....,ted in a Communiat Poland because It serve& as a bulwark of defense from a "future'' atDuring the Second World War, two governmanta claimed to be the real government of Poland. One was the Polish Government-in~le in London, headed at lirst by Gen. Sikorski, who died in an air &eeident in 1943, and then by Stanislaw Mikolaezyk from 194' to 1944. The other govemmant was the one set up by the tack fro1q the "West." · 4* Current Events Revlsw Russians in Lublin, Poland. The existence of these two governments brought about the conflict between the United States, Great Britain, and tlic Poles bi London on the one hand and Russia on the other. The Russians denied that the governmentin-exile in London was legitimate because the powers of the government had been delegated by the "Fascists" constitution of 1935. The United States, Great Britain, and the London Poles did not approve of the Lublin government because it was under the domination of Russia and that the government did not include Polish leaders who stand for democratic principles. The Yalta Agreement. The Big Three-Presiaent Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Marshal Stalin met at Yalta in February, 1945, to discuss· important worrd questions.. One of the questions taken up in the, conference was the settlement of 'the rival elain-.a of the London Polish government and the Lublin government. It was agreed that the Lublin government should become the temporary government of Poland, .but the government should be reorganized to include ·democratic leaders from Poland itself and from London. It was also agreed that free and unfettered elections should be held as soon as possible and that all democratic and anti-Nazi parties should be allowed to take part. Pre-election campaigns and their si1mificance. The Polish Provisional Government of -National Unity began functioning after the Yalta Conference. Two democratic leaders from Poland, onr democratic leader from London and Mikolaic?.yk, joined the goverrwr.ent. These democratic leaders, however, were not given positions of decisive authority. The government was headed by President Boleslav Bierut, the veteran agent of the !Jommun;st International and the Polish Red Quisling. Th-. . key positions in the Cabinet were all held by th• Polish Workers Party. This Party is dominated ·b,· the Communists. The Socialist Party is headed by Edward Osubka· Morawski. It stands for the breaking up of large estates into small units. . This Party, however, follows the action of the Polish Workers Party along certain lines. The Peasant Party, headed by Mikola.iczyk, is the only party independent of the Communist. The Polish election was held on Jalluary 19, 1946. Miliola]ezyk had opposed the single-ticket system of general election, far this system allowed th• people no choice except to approve or disapprove the candidate for each position. During the election the Polish secret police terroriZed the candidates and voters of the democratic party. The Peasant Party filed a protest. And FOretgn Affairs then, former Secretary James F. Byrnes and Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin took up the isslle of the Peasant Party and pointea1ir their protest that election was not conducted in accordance with the Yalta Agreement. Was Poland betrayed? The Yalta Agreement specifically provides that the Polish. provisional government of national unity is pledged to hold frs• and unfettered elections as soon as possible on the basis of un.iversal suffrage end secret ballot and to observe the right of all democratic and anti-Nazi parties to take part in the election and to put forward candidates. · The United States hd asked the Soviet Unioh and Great Britain to call the attention of the Polish government to its obligation, under the; Yalta and Potsdam agreements, that is, to provide for full opportunity for all democratic and aiMiNazi parties to take part in the J'!lnu.ary 19 general elections. The United States had also sent three notes to Poland on the necessity of assuring- free and un~ fettered elections. Russia 1·e.iected the American l'equest en.iQininl!" her to take proper action 4lgainst the reported Polish government rest.;ction 011 tlie pre-election activities of some Polish polit.lcal parties. Russia argued that any action wnu!d constitute an interference wi.U1 the intel'nal affail"s· of Poland. The PoHsh government also reJectea the United States request. .4merica protested the Polish elections. The protest of the U. S.' Depirrtment of State frankly stated that the Polish elections were not held freely. It presented evidence proving various forms of anomalies. True, there were many case111 where people voted openly, but govem.ment organizers in groups of three had gone from house to house at dawn. Voters were rounded and Or.arched to the polls under the watchful eyes of armed soldiers and "security police". Opnosition candidates were barred from the ell!ction lists· in certain districts, others were thrown in jail. Senator Vanderberg, Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee i!nplemented the State Department's protest on Polish elections. ECONOMICS for Philippine High Sehooh by Celeste - Capino Ella is a living book In two volumes - P5.00 per vol. *5 Report on the Activities of the United Nations-Postal union plans me1·ger with the UN. A committee of world postal experts has cornpleted a draft of an agreement making the Univ~rsal Postal Union a special agency of the Unite.I Nations. The proposed agreement, which will be submitted to the Economic and Social Council, states that the UPU will agree to cooperaf:t:~ in every possible way with the United Natiom:. Sweden strongly opposes the agreement and Aus· tralia, Ru-Bsia, and Yugoslavia are non-comu:ittn'. Social Commission gives its report. The Social Co:Qimissiou of the Economic and Social Commission of the UN, a body representing eighteen nations, deliberate on such world problems as housing, town-planning, c1ime prevention and child welfare. Its present deliberatio.1 .is based on the report of the social division. Their report states that, as a result ot tht! war, there is now a world shortage of mo1·e than 100.rroo,ooo houses. The report considers the housing shortage the "core of the social proble:rr." and it says that there is no problem more urgent than that of obtaining healthy and comfortable houses for homeless persons. The report points out that minimum housing' standards should be fixed and that worldwide low-eost housing programs should be devr~l oped to aid in· 1·aising the standards of livirnt. The report suggests a survey of living standards in 56 United Nations in order to determine wheth er such standard could be raised by technological improvements or by increase in national income. Human rights yearbook being compiled. In his report to the General Assembly on the work of the Secretarjat, Secretary-General Trygve Lie said that there are too Il".any cases even in some of our most highly developed countries in which elementary human rights ·are denied to certain sections of the population. For this reason, the Economic and Social Council of the UN has approved. the compilation of a yearbook on human rights. A group of scholars, diplomats, lawyers, and journalists is now working on the yearbook. The book will contain all declarations and bills of rights throughout the world, all constitutional provisions concerning individual and social freedom, and all the recent principal laws on individual and social freedom. The yearbook will be a step toward the implementation of the international Bill of Rights. Achievements of UNRR.4. Director-General, Fiorello H. La Guardia, has recently submitted his report to the Secretary. General of the UN. The report states that by the end of· its operations, UNRRA will have deiiv·~rcd about 3,500,000,000 worth of supplies. This is mor0 than three times of the value of relief after Wodrl War I and includes, besides relief commoclitie:-;, over $1,000,000,000 for equipment and supplies to rehabilitate the countries economies an aspeCt woe· fully neglected after the last war. It is interestin;.! to note in this connection that, by the middle of 1946 all countries in Europe receiving the UNRRA sup;lies had fairly succeeded in bringin~ infJatim1 under control although· the stability i·eached wns precarious in some cases. Creation of a United Nations Laborato· ries. The Economic. and Social Council of the UN has adopted a resolution, presented by the French delegation, calling for the creation, of research laboratories. The Council believes that scientific research particularly on public health, would be c.011.siderably improved if undertaken on an international scale. At presen! the Council is survey-~ ing the possibility of creating the~United Nation• laboratories. Proposal for an International Trade Organization. The United States has drawn up a charter for the establishment of an International Trade Or~ ganiztition to stabilize the existing international agencies dealing with currency investment, agrt · culture, and civil aviation. It is believed that if these agencies could be broadened and controlled by a world-wide cliarter, they may greatly help raise the standard of living. The charter may stabilize world trade and remove inequalities that discourage the commerce between nations. And the sta~iilization of world trade would mean free flow of commodities, wider distribution of wealth, greater income for all countries, and more .en:ployment. 6* Current Events Review-Copyright, 1947 by D.R. Manlapaz and D. G. Capino ~ What is the obligation of the Japanese? Genera/ MacArthur's Special Report on Japan The recent report of Gen. MacArthur on Japan is significant for several reasons. It gives us the fundamental changes in Japanese national life, the significance of a new social revolution in Japan,: and the possible direction of Allied activity in mak: ing Japan share the benefits of a democratic. way of living. The New Year's .message of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers pointed to the Japanese people how these revolutionary changes might bring about their salvation. What did the Japanese believe for cen· turies? "For centuries the Japanese people, unlike their neighbol'I! in the Pacific Basin-the Chinese, the Malayans, the Indians and the whites-have been students and idolaters of the art of war and the warrior caste. They were the natural warriors of the Pacific. Unbroken victory for the Japanese arms convinced them of their invincibility, and the keystone of the entire arch of their civilization became an ab:r.ost mythological belief in the strength and wisdom of the warrior caste. It permeated and controlled not only all branches of government but all branches of life-physical, mental and spiritual. It was interwoven not only into all government processes but into all phases of daily routine. What was the immediate effect of th.e occupation? "Then they suddenly felt the concentrated shock of total defeat. Their whole world crumbled. It was not merely an overthrow of their military might;-not merely a great defeat for their nation· -it was the collapse of a faith; it was the disintegration of everything they had believed in and lived by and fought for. It left a complete vacuum morally, !lr.entally and physically. And into this vacuum flowed the democratic way of life. The American combat soldier came with his fine sense of self-respect, self-confidence and self-control. "They saw and felt his spiritual qu(l.lity-a spiritual quality which truly reflected tlie highest training of the American homes. The. falseness of their former teachings, the failure of theh- former leadership and the tragedy of their past faith were infallibly demonstrated in actuality and realism. A spiritual revolution ensued which ahn.ost overnight tore asunder a theory and practice of life built upon two thouSand years of history and tradition and legend. What is the significance of the spiritual revolution? 11 This revolution of the spirit among· the J apanese people represents no thin veneer to serve the purposes of the present. It represents an unparalled convulsion in the social history of thet world. The measure of its strength and durability lies in the fact that it represents a sound idea. Given encouragement and the opportunity to develop, it can become more deep seated and lasting than the foundations upon which their false faith was built. "It represents above all else, the most significant gain during the past year of occupation- gain for the forces of democracy in furtherance of a durable peace, which must be consolidated' and extended if we would dischai•ge our responsibility as victory has given us that responsibility. Its underlying concept, new to Japan but fashioned from the enlightened knowledge and experie11ce of the free world, will remain the cornerstone to Japanese freedom unless uprooted and suppressed by the inroads of some conflicting ideology. What is the great mission of the Allies? "If we would in the furtherance of this task guide the Japanese people the more firmly to reshape their lives and . institutions in conformity with those social precepts · l"'d political standards best calculated to raise the well-being of the individual and to foster and preserve a peaceful society, we must adhere unerringly to the course now chartered-destroying here what yet should be destroyed, preserving here what should be preserved, and erecting here what should be erected. This would require all of the patience, all of the determination, and all of the statesmanship of democratic peoples. The goal is great;-for the strategic position of these Japanese islands render them either a powerful bulwark for peace or a dangerous springboard for war." Important points in the October report. 1. The most important accomplishment of the 90th Diet was the passage of the new Japanese constitution. 2. The adoption of the land reform bill may be rightly called the fariners' Bill of Rights if its letter and spirit is faithfully carried out. 3. The session of the 90th Diet which were originally limited to 40 days were extended to 114 days because the me!lr.bers of the Diet refused -------- --------------------------------~ ---------Foreign Affairs •7 • Do you think the KoTeam.• aTe fustified in. protesting against the trosteeship? to be 11 hurried,. in their deliberations on various measures. The Diet has become an agency or popular government. The people are beginning to feel that the members o.f the Diet are their representatives. During the session of the Diet a total of 878 petitions were received from j.ndividual citizens. 4. There were no serious disturbances infringing on the dignity of the Diet during its extended sessions. The non-partisan nature of the office of both the speaker of the House and vicespeaker has been dem<>nstrated when both officials resigned. 6. The month of October was marked by the "most widespread strike activity since the surrender. Unsettled economic conditions combined with the "October offensive" sponsored by the National Congress of Industrial Unions, resulted in strikes in coal mining, newspapers and radio, electrical power, n:unicipal tramways, electrical equipment and the steel pipe industry. Bow strategically important is Korea's p<>sition? For her prestige as an Asiatic power, Russia wo.uld like to gain control over Korea. Important points message. in the New Year's upon the weU-being of the people of Japan during According to Gen. MacArthur "none will fail to coneede major ad"ances in 1946 toward the development of a social system in Japan designed along the most progressive and liberal iines ancl resting upon that basic concept which seel<s equality of opportunity and the maximum of humat1 freedom, while elevating the dignity and well-being and happiness of the individual." The framework of pOpular government has been established in 1946. This popular government "has provided the Japanese people with the right and opportunity to live in full dignity or self-respect as free men." A great majority of Japan's leaders have displayed an exemplary approach tO the realism of Japan's problems. Gen. MacArthur believes that an "even great tr..ajority of Japan's people resolutely have sought to remove the causes of Japan's ill-fated past and faithfully to build for Japan's happier future." Gen. MacArthur pointed out that the "results in the year to come will have a profound bearing 8* Ure generations which are to follow,'' ll-nd that, dul"ing the coming year, under the new constitu. tion and \\0 ith the implementation of agrarian re· forms the people throughout Japan will have the opportunity to select a new leadership throughout the exerCise of their own free .will. "It is the task of the Japanese people.'' the Su· preme Commander said, "to take full advantage of these reforms and· freedoma 01• there will be only a "superficial and temporary change from that which brought only tragedy in Japan's past." Gen. MacArthur continued that "on the people alone rests the solution to many of the pressing problems wliich harass Japan and will shape Japan's future. "It is my prayer,,. he concluded, 11 and indeed my firm anticipation, that the Japanese people will understand and grasp this opportunity and rise resolutely to n:eet the challenge. Therein lies Japan's lalvation, therein lies the opportunity for the future peace and happiness for Japan's people, as therein lies the hope of all the peoples of the East for a better -c~vilization." Current Events Review When Will Korea Get Her /nc/epenc/ence? Korea /ought foreign penetration. Korea is a peninsula jutting out from tlie Asiatic mainland into the Yellow Sea and Sea of J apan. It has an area of 85,246 square rniJes and a population of 22,633,867. Korea was long known as the "Hermit Kingdom" because she shut herself from the rest of the world for 'Ir.ore than 300 years. Japan had invaded Korea several times. The Japanese invasion of 1592 left · Korea in ruins and brought an end to her once flourishing civilization. After 1860 many foreign powers got interested in Korea. In 1876 the Japanese succeeded in forcing the Korean government to conclude a treaty of commerce. This treaty was followed by other treaties concluded with other foreign powers. Subjugation of Korea. Japan is interested in Korea beeaust;, of the strategic position of the country. If you look at the map, you will notice that Kor~a looks like a dagger pointed at Japan. After other foreign countries had concluded treaties with Ko1·ea, the "Hermit Kingdom" became a field for international inhigue. Japan lost no time in bringing' Korea under her sphere of influence. On November 15, 1905, Maa-quis Ito presented to the Korean Emperor demands which would make Korea subservient to Japan. The Korean Emperor and 'n:inisters were forced to sign the treaty, and Korea, "Land of the -Morni. ing Calm", became a protectorate of Japan. The country was renamed "Chosen". The Japanese protectorate over Korea lasted until 1910. Taking advantage of her influence, Japan, through Viscount Terauchi, War Minister since 1902, easily negotiated a treaty with the Korean government transferring the Korean sovereignty to the Japanese emperor. The formal treaty of annexation took place on August 22, 1910. Korean nationalists regard this date as their National Humiliation Day. K01·eans fought /or freedom. The Japanese flagrant disregard of the rights of Korea as an independent nation fired the patriotism of the Koreans to a point of revolt. The first insurrectiOI\ took place in May, 1906. Ming 'thong. silk, commander of the Righteous Armv._ declared that the purpose of the insurrection was~ ihe emancip8.tion of his country frd?r.. the Japanese. Even after the annexation of their country by Japan, the Koreans kept up their struggle for independ· ence. ·They never lost faith in the final triumph of their cause. In 1918 a. new spirit of nationalism suTged in Korea because news of President Wilson's· "Fourteen Points" reached them. And after the death of the old Korean Emperor on January 20, 1919, a group of u33 distinguished Koreans" drafted and signed a "Proclamation of Korean Independence.'' The proclamation was read on March 1, 1919. More than half a million Koreans particForeign Affairs ipated in a demonstration demanding independence. The proclamation was presented to tlie Japanese government. The Japanese a.dministratidn acted swiftly. It ruthlessly suppressed the movements and executed the "33 distinguished Koreans." In April, 1919, a Provisional Government was formed by Korean leaders. The first elected president was Seungman Rhoe. The Provisional Government establishe!f its headquarters in Shanghai and reaintained a Korean Commission in Washington. It promulgated a democratic constitution and kept up the fight for Korean liberty. During World War II the Korean :Provisional Government, headed by Ku Kim, sat in Chunking. It organized the first Korean independence army. It declared war on Japan after the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Korea won freedom. The Korean fight for freedom from J apanest control came after the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945. Korea is now on the way to independence, President Roosevelt, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, and Prime Minister Churchill, in a. statement i·eleased on Decen:ber 1, 1943, announcing· the results of the Cairo Conference, declared that the countries represented by these three leaders are mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea and that these countries are dete1ttined that in due course Korea should become free and independent. At the Yalta Conference, held by the Big Three in February, 1945, Russia seconded this agreement. It was agreed that JapaneSe troops s,hould surrender in the north to Russia and in 'the south to the Americans. The 38th parallel was decided as the dividing line of occupation between the Russian and American forces. The promise of independence. After Japan had surrendered, Korea was occupied by the Russians and Americans. The Rus .. sians occupied the northern part and the Americans the southern part. The split was on the 38th parallel. In December, 1945, a conference was held in Moscow by the Big Three-Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, Foreign Minister Ernest Bevh1 and Foreign Minister Viacheslav F. Molotov. The Three agreed that Korea would be allowed to have a provisional government under a five-year trusteeship of America and- Russia. K'orean leaders object to the trusteeship because it delays theit independence for five years. And worse of all, they sue the fact that up to now the promised provisional· government has not been established. The Koreans are · now asking: Wlt~n will Russia and America reach an agreement to establish the· provisional government? When will independence be granted? *9 • What is the U.S. policy on Korea? Special Report on Korea by Lt. Gen. Hoclge iftip01·tance o /the report. The State Department has n:ade public the reuort of Lieutenant General John· R. Hod'ge, commanding general of the U.S. forces in Korea, issued at Seoul on January 4, 1947. The report is important because it openly reveals the policies of the United States on Korea and what she has actually done' in Korea under treaty commitiri.ents. What assrirance had been made by the Allies? ' 1In Cairo, in December, 1943, and ag-ajn at Potsdan:. in ,July, 1945, the President of the United States approved for his country a formal declaration of the Allied powers that Korea should iri due course become free and independent. Realizi11g the insecurity of Korea, a small defenseless nation in a troubled postwar world, the United States at the Moscow conferenc.e in December, 1945, bound Itself ih agreeme.nt with other major powers as. to the general Procedm·e by which Korean freedom and independence would be achieved. This agreement, known as the Moscow decision, provides for the development ef a democratic, unified g·ovcrnmE:nt for all Korea with initial assistan<'e by tlir United States, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, England, and China. Through this agreement, the Allied powers assmed the world that the blood, lives and resources expanded by them in making possible the liberation of Korea, would bear fruit and not be wasted: and t.hat Korea would be independent. ".The Undersecretary of State of the Uititf>cr States, speaking for his government, has recently publicly reaffinned the unchanging intention of the United States in the following words: 0 The (State) department and the govermnenL: policy is the saree as it always has been and a~ I have stated several times our policy is to brin~· about the unification of a free and democratie Korea. We intend to stay there until we shaII have been successful in doing it. What is the purpose of the American forces in Korea? "In order to fulfill its commitments to Korea. and to the Allied powers, the United States government placed forces in Korea and has designated a commanding general of these forces t<'> act as its agent with broad powers. lncludeQ. in his directives, in addition t.o his responsibility for commandinS? the United States Armed Forces In Korea, Is the requirement that he exercise executive po·wers for governing the American occupied zone, until a provisional government of all Korea is established. As executive head of the government within this 10* area, the commanding general of the United State~ Arn:ed Forces in Korea has ·designated a principal assistant as military governor to act as his deputy in handling details of civil government. Eithur through lack of knowledge of the facts or througi1 malicious intent to deceive the Korean people, cErtain elements are creating the impression that the United States now favors and is actively working toward a separate government. in southern Korer. i and that the Korean interim legislative assembly i::; a completely independent body desig11ed as forerunner of that government. ls the U.S. preparing Koreans for democracy? "Both of the above assumptions are incorrect and dang·erous conclusions, entirely without justifi.cb.tion, and contrary to the announced basic policies of the United States and other great Allied powers who liberated Korea from the Japanese. · In th'-! fu1therance of the United States policy and in order to prepare south Korea for democratic selfgovcrnment, the commanding general, through his deputy for military govern'rr..ent, has been progressively drawing Koreans into governmental act.h·ities in 01·der that they may, to the maximum extent possible, gain experience and take over goVe,.'n· mental responsibility as executive, or complete'r transfer his executive power to any other agenc)until the provisional government of a unifiet1 Korea is formed. At the same time it is repeatertl:announced that the continuing intention of thl' American commander is to give to the Koreans the maximum possible freeddre. in the operation of agencies of the government assisted, as requiried. by American advisers and to further all legitimate and pro'per aspirations of the people of Southern Korea for independence. How does the legislative assembly train for democratic processes? · "The legislative assembly is a body established with extensive powers under Order No. 118 designed to give Koreans greater influence and voice in the affairs of southern Korea. It is a great step for· ward and offers a great opportunity for the Korean people to develop their nation. It may draft legislation leading to important political, economic, and social reforms pending establishment of the provisional government. However, it must remain clear to all that the legislature is not a government within Itself, nor is it the governing body of· south Korea~ It· is exactly ~hat its' name implies; an interim le'gislative assembly with legislative powers to make raws and enforcement by the executive (Continued on page 24) Current E:oents. }!evlew Comments ol Writers on Oriental A/lairs Peals of freedom ring for Southeast minorities. "Over the vast land and sea expanses of Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific liberty bells are ringing·. Nation after nation is winning independence. Men and women are moving into free· dom or rapidly forward it. "As one reads -the long roll call of foreign masters who have dominated the area-Indians, Arabs, Chinese, Portuguese, Spaniards, British, Dutch, French, Americans,--one finds the list at last exhausted, and a new master emerging-the peoph• therr.selves. ••These people inhabit a land .area half as largP as the United States, consisting largely of islands scattered over a water area much larger than the United States. Filipinos, Burmese and AnnamP.se1 Cambodians, Javanese and Sumatrans are now independent or moving toward independence. 11 And these are not- just names of distant, incoherent masses. They are peasants tilling the land and raising rice stalk by stalk, artisans making· clothes from hark and boats from logs. They are nations trying to move with dignity into the great world family.'' -R. H. Markham in 11 Peals of Freedom Ring for Long·Shackled Southeast Asia Minorities" Study helps: 1. ls imperialism ended in Asia? 2. Is the recent upsurge of nationalism the result of the principles of the Atlantic Charter? Democratic forces in the Orient could ~ot be denied. "Representatives of Fl'ance's old guard are trying to create by vio~ence a situation, they hope it will be impossible to- change. "It is probable that the appeal to bloodshed will fail. Two factors are working toward this outcome. One is the process of maturing and integration in the nationalism of Indo-Ch!na. The other is the process of decay and disintegration in the form of colonial politics peculi,ar to the French in IndoChina. "The thing to mark is the steadiness of the Viet Nam or Annarnese nationalist movement. This is no question of coolie violence against law and order. George Sheldon in "Far Eastern Survey" states that the first Viet Nam rebellion began as early as 1940 and the Viet· Min, or league for independence of Viet Nam. was in existence as early as 1942. 0 Leader of this movement, Ho Chi Minh, is rapidly enlisting and organizing not only coolies and peasants but the best educated and tr:irined men, the best minds of Indo·China. The warning is clear, not only to statesmen of France but to states· Foreign Affairs men of all western democracies. We n:.ust, and pretty quickly, begin to offer the peoples of Asia more than formulas of democratic requi:rementfi'.. \Ve must begin to offer them p1'ogram of demo· cratic action, or they will go ahead and build their 0\\"11 democracies, independent of us and defiant of us." -Owen Lattimore in an article written for the Overseas Ne1~i.it Agency Study helps: 1. Should America offei· to the peoples of. Asia guidance in democrati.c living? Why? 2. If America offers a program of democratic action, what should it consist of? Will China's new constitution succeed? "China's new constitution is a far better docu· ment than was expected to come from deliberations of the National ·Assembly at Nanking. If the Chinese officials can make it function in the spirit intended by its authors, which is doubtful, it should •et China on the path to democracy and hones' govermcent. "It is paradoxical that this democratic .constitu· tion was accepted by an assembly in which there · were many reactionaries and few liberals and that it was accepted at the insistence of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. 1•The most perfect constitution would not woFk well in China or in Japan, which also has satisfactory constitu·tion written under American influence, unless reasonable officials had democratic ideals in their hearts as well as in their fundamental law. Democracy cannot be achieved in China or Japan or elsewhere in Asia , or anywhei·e in the world without something beyond written words. In Chin.q,, as in many other places, some of them uncomfortably close to New York, there are n:en who wholly dis· believe in democracy." -From an editorilll of the New York H erakl Tribune Study helps: 1. What condition is collsidered necessary by the editor for the success of the new Chinese constitution? 2. Do you think the constitution will be useful to China? Why? What is needed in India today? In January, 1947, the Constituent Assembly of India passed a resolution declaring India a sovereign republic. The approval of the resolution was the subject of vari.ous editorials in the United States. Some of these editorials give thoughtprovoking ideas for class discussion in current events: "The Hindus obviously have a strong point. There is need to induce the Moslems to give up the idea (Continued on page 24) • 11 • In what W"!I is tM Nuemberg trial a warning? What is the Significance of the Nuernberg Trial? What are war crimes? In order to show the world the hideousness of war criar..es and to give lesson to warlike nations, the Allies indicted and tried the twenty-four ~P Nazi war criminals on October 18, 1'946, a.t Nuernberg, Germany, then the seat of Nazi power and pomp. The International War Crime · Commission established the definition of a war crime and classified war crimes into the following: 1. Crime against peace, i.e., planning, preparing, initi&ting, and waging wars of aggression. 2. Common plan of eonsPiracy, i.e., the planning of general crirlrJnal war pattern. 3. War crimes, i.e., the planning and carrying out of total war, including methods and practices directly conflicting with the laws and customs of War. 4. Crime against humanity, i.e., muraer, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other acts eommit.ted against civilian population befo1·e and during the wal' on po1itical, racial, or religious grounds. Y erdict on the defendants. The trial began on November 21, 1945. On October 1, 1946, the International Milita1·y Tribunal handed down the verdict. Twelve top Nazi war criminals were sentenced , to death by hanging: (1) Marshal Herman Goerfog, Supreme commander of the Storm Troops and comrr.ander of the Luftwaffe (Goering committed suicide in his cell); (2) Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler'.s For.., Minister who planned the systematic viola.tion of international treaties and who was directly responsible for the foreign policies of the Nazis t (3) Marshal Wilhelm von Keitel, chief of the military high command; ( 4) Alfred Rosenberg, member of the Reich organization for ideology and foreign· policy and editor of Voelkische Beobackter, the paper which desiminated the technique of Nazi conspirators; (5) Dr. Ernest Kaltenbrunner, a general in the Stonr. Troops and police general and head of the security police in Germany and Austria; (6) Hans Frank, director of occupied Poland; (7) Juluis Streicher, the editor of the anti-Semitic Der Stuermer, the paper ·which helped much in inciting the persecution and murder of Jews; (8) Wilhelm Frick, the.director of the central office for Bohemia, Moravia, Lower Styria, Upper Carinthia, Norway, Alsace·Lorraine; (9) ·Fritz Sauckel, Robert Ley's co-organizer of foreign workers; (10) Colonel Gen. Alfred Joa!, the army chief of operation; (11) Arthur Seyss-lnquart, Reicli commisar of the occupied Nethe1·lands and 12* Quisling of Austria; (12) Martin Bormann, the organizer of the Volkstttrm (Bormann was tried in absentia), 1 Three were sentenced to life imprisonment: (1) Rudolph Hess, the man who served as political and foreign-policy planner for Nazi plotters; (2) Walter Funk,' the President of the Reichsbank, who shared in the planning of military and economic exploitation of occupied countries; (3) Erich Raeder, the commander-in-chief of the German navy. Two Nazi war qiminals were sentenced to 20 years: (1) Baldur von Schirach, the Reich youth leader; (2) Albert Speer, the Chairman of the Armaments Council. One Nazi war criminal was sentenced to 10 years. He is Constantin von Neurath, the Reich protector for Bohemia and Moravia. One was sentenced to 10 years. He is Karl Doenitz, the Commander-in-Chief of the U-boat arm. Three were acquitted: Hjalmar Schacht, President of the Reichbank; Franz von Papen, German Ambassador to Vienna and Ankara; and Hans Fritzche, editor-in·r.hief of the German newe agency. What ill the significance of the Nuernberg trial? Nations have at last i·ealized that one essential condmon of wo1·ld peace is the building of the customs and habits of a peaceful world. The reign of law and order must be the. prin:e objective ofl every government. This objective is the keynote of the decisions of the international military tribunal. It says in part: "Crimes against international law are committed by men-not by abstract entities-and only by punishing individuals who commit suCh crimes can provisions of international laws be enforced. Individuals have international duties which transcend national obligations of obedience." The Nuernberg trial was a necessity for the preservation of civilization. "If the top Nazi war· criminals were nc>t punished," writes Justice Jackson, "the host of the living victims, the relatives and· friends of the slaughtered, would be left with a sense of futility, a lack of faith in the meaning of civilization." The indictment of the top N ~i war criminals was intended to establish a precedenf that would serve as warning that .conspiracy to make war is a crime against h11'1:anity. And it is hoped that (Continued on page 17) Current Events Review The Philippines and fhe WorldOur International A.flairs "'When we became independent on July 4, 1946, we were in some measure already involved in world affairs. The United States Government, in its wisdom, had already introduced us to the world scene. We had long been a men:ber of the United Nations, of the Pacific War Council, and many other bodies, long before we were ·an independent republic. But in spite of the recognition thus accorded us, we were still' uncertain as to how we would be received when we became an independent republic. The United States invited all the- countries which maintain friendly i-elations with he1· to recogniz~ our independence. Our first intemational treaty, a Treaty of Amity and Friendsl>;p, was· of course signed with the United States. 0"'1' second international instrument, the Executi,-1 Trade Agreement, was also signed with the United States. Our independence was simultaneously n cognized by more than a score of the great ann small nations of the world. To date we have bee.t formally recognized by 49 different countries. Only one of the Great Powers has not yet officially acknowledged our independent existence. "The last Congress authorized the creation of a Department of Foreign Affairs. To the high post of Secretary of Foreign Affairs, I appointed, with the assent of the Commission on Appointments, the Honorable Elpidio Quirino, Vice-Pi-esident of the Philippines. Vice-President Quirino has skillfully· and creditably organized his Department, and submitted to Congress a plan for the creation of a Foreign Service. The Congress approved that plan and we have attracted many of our n:.ost brilliant young miJ!.ds into· that service."* Our Foreign Policy "We have established an Embassy in Washington which will be, fo"r the time being, our only embassy. We have opened Consulates-General in New York, San Francisco and Honolulu, and a consulate in Amoy.. We propose during this year to establish legations in ·London and N anking, and to increase the number of consulates. "In the conduct of our foreign policy I have laid down the greatest emphasis on our representation in. the United Nations and in other international bodies. I shall continue to do so. I named members of Congress to be delegates to some of the reeent international meetings and I shall continue that practice. These members represented us n-..ost creditably and with honor to themselves and to our nation. I should like to see the foreign policy of the Philippines brought as closely home to the people as possible. I should like t,he world to know and· to n:.eet the members of our Congress and share the respect that I have for the high caliber National Affairs of our democratic representatives. Through the work of our international representatives and delegations, and of Dr. Carlos P. Romulo, Our Permanent Delegate to the United Nations, we have gained prestige in the eyes of the World. "Through the work of Ambassador Joaquin M:. Elizalde, our ties with the United States are firmer and· more friendly than ever. "Our foreign policy has been well defined. It is non-partisan and non-political, as befits us as a nation. I have selected, as representatives . to numerous international bodies, members o~ both political parties. I shall continue this practice. Politics must halt at the water's edge. There mu•t be no partisan considerations in our conduct of affairs with other nations. To the world we must present a united, indivisible and determined front."* HOW WE STAND TODAY There are t\to important reports recently published describing the state of our nation. One of them is the factual report of Dr. Leon Ma. Gonzales, Director of the Bureau of Census and Statistics; the other is the message delivered by President Manuel Roxas. What are the significant facts on the state of our nation according to Dr. Gonzales? What is the result of the war against inflation? The war against inflation means a war against the increase in the cost of living. According to recent index figures the cost of living has reduced by 200 points. At the beginning of 1946, the cost of living index was 637.3. At the end of the year the cost of living index was 446.2 points. The figures show that further increase in food production and greater import of essential commodities would greatly help normalize the cost of living. What ~ctivity has been sh.,_n by our commerce? Commerce has shown the greatest activity. The total value of our foreign trade in 1946 was about 900 million. This is P300 million more than the total volume of our 1941 foreign trade. / Our import has greatly increased. Figures show that our import has risen to P600 million. OU<" import last year consisted mostly of cotton, grains, tobacco,. rayon and other synthetic textiles, dai1·y products, paper, beverages, chemicals, and toilet articles. Our export shows a decrease o{ almost P22 million from the highest level reaehed by our export trade in 1941. Our principal export arranged in the order of their importance, consisted of copra, • From the speech delivered by President Roxas before the joint session of the seeond session of the first national eongress. * 13 abaca, coconut, toilet articles, shells, fruits, buntal fiber, and rattan furniture. In 1946 there were 808 corporations with a· paidup capital of more than P21 million and 447 partnerships with a paid-up capital of P24 million. The average monthly investment was almost 332% of 'that of the prewar. Three-fourths of the stock corporations are Filipino-controlled. The partnerships are however, dominated by the Chinese. There were also 371 cooperatives with a total paid-up capital of almost Pl million. What progresa have we 1nade in agriculture? The progress made in agriculture in 1946 was not so great as that made in commerce. There is, however, an indication that we are forging ahead." The area planted to lice during the first six months of 1946 was over a million and half hectares. This represents only about four-fifths of our prewar average tillage. The total yield for the same length of time was 37 million ~avans. This yield was short of 14 million cavans of· our ordinary prewar production. The yield for corn was 40 % short of our normal prewar production. "6'How are our industries? Our industries direly need rehabilitation. A good start has already been made. In building construction we have made great stride. It estiniated that in 1946 about P50 million worth of buildings was constructed. This amount is P35 million more than that spent in 1945. The rehabilitation of the cigar and cigarette industry has been very. slow. The output for 1946 is not even equal to the average monthly production before the war. The output of the textile industry for the first 8 months of 1946 is only about one-fourth of that of prewar for the same period. The production of cem.ent for the same year is only about 30% of our prewar production. Our shoe indUstry has suffered the most discouraging setback. What is the condition of our communication and transportation? We have added several hundred kilometers of roads. Railway operations, however, are still below normal. Railroad tracks need repair and locomotives await replacement. Great strides have been made in the aviation industry. During the first 9 months of· 1946 local airlines carried over 182,000 passengers and almost 12 million pounds of freight as compared with the 11,000 passenge1·s and 72,000 pounds of freight before the war. How much is our monetary circulation? In the early part of 1946, we had a total circu·1ation of almost a billion pesos. After 11 months the circulation dropped to less than PSOO million. This is three times our prewar circulation. The 14 * presence of the U.S. Army accounts for this great increase. Our total reserve in November, 1946, was P664 million. The presence of the U.S. Army has offset our lack of export commoditie_s. How much is our public debt? Our public debt at the end of June, 1946, was over P133 million. Our sinking fund was P63 mil' lion. The per c~pita debt of every woman, man, and child based on an estimated population of 18 million was P3.85. Our public debt as of December 31, 1940, was over P148 million. How are our banking transactions? At the end of 1946 there were 11 commercial banks operating in Manila. The total combined resources was '846 million. The combined· resources of the banks before the war was P353 million. Bank deposits last year amounted to more than half a billion pesos. The bank deposits in 1941 was less than 200 :ir.illion pesos. What is the employment situation? The U.S. Army is still the greatest employer of labor in our country. The unemployment is acute. Over 50,000 persons were seeking jobs as registered in the Department of Labqr from August to October, 1946. In 1946 there was a rise in wages for both skilled and unskilled labor. Skilled laborers received wages nearly three times as high as the prewar rates, and unskilled laborers, four times. The purchasing power of the peso in 1946 was hardly over that of 20 centavos before the war. A laborer, therefore, who was receiving P4.21 today was actually receiving only 78 centavos. Much of the laborer's earning, however,~ went to food. This fact was mainly due to the disturbance or even cessation of our production and partly due to want of transportation facilities to distribute commodities from centers of production. What has been done /or the peasants? The government has enacted a new Tenancy Act which "provides for a 70-30 percent division of the crops in favor of the tenant if the tenant defray all the expenses. The government has also created the Agrarian Commission to make a study of the conditions in the agrarian areas and to lJIBke ~ ommendations for the proper solution of the Agrarian problems, WHAT ARE OUR NATIONAL PROBLEMS? In his speech delivered before the opening of the second session of our first national congress, President Roxas enumerated our National problems. What are these problems ? 1. The vast majority of our peop(e are inadequately housed. The congestion and squalor in our cities is inte'hse, threatening us with disease (Continued on page 17) Current Events Review Significant World JAPAN ."1.ajor reforms in Japanese education. Two major reforms will he introduced into the Japanese school sy.tem when the new term starts in April: (1) the adoption of three years' additional compulsory education for every Japanese child and (2) the use of ·the "Roman alphabets in the reading and writing of the Japanese language. The three years' additional cotr..pulsory education will increase compulsory education to nine vears for every child, and about 19,000,000 childre~ will be affected. The new curriculum will inelude voca-· tional courses as well regular scholastic subjects. Under ·the new educational system, boys and girls ..-e treated equally and both 11cxes take part. in student-government 01·ganizations within thC" schools. The second major reform is the teaching of the Japanese language in the Roman alphabot, the lessons will be given in accordance with the principles laid down by the Education .Ministry. What is the significance of the news? The first major reform is intended to make the school system more free and flexible and to increase ·the period of compulsory education. ·In recommending the substitution of Roman alphabet for the traditional Japanese ideographs, the U.S. education mission which visited Japan stated that the Japanese ideographs are a 0 formidable obstacle to learning" and that if "people are to be infonr.ed and fully articulate in foreign affairs, they mus.\. be giv~n a more simple medium of reading and writing." This sYstern ·aims 0 to give the Japanese children training in the reading and writing of Romanized Japanese language, which will be sufficient f01· effectire use after they leave school. INDIA India declared as a sovereign state. India's constituent assembly reconvened on Jan· uary 20, 1947. This assembly adjourned on December 20, 1946, after it had approved a resolution which was considered by Viceroy I,ord WaveU as an acceptance of the British Interpretation of the independence plan for India. On January 20, 1947, the constituent assembly passed another. resolution declaring Indii.'s sovereignty and independence. The resolution was prepared· by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, head of India's intel"lm government. WltBt is the significBnce of the news? The declaration of India as a sovereign and independent republic is in accordance with the BritInternational News News Roundupish offer of full independence ·to India. But India is still ununited. The Moslem delegates to the constituent assembly numbering 75 have not yet taken their seats. A way should be paved fu make the Moslen-. League take part in the drafting of the constitution of an independent India if uni.tv is to be achieved. And will the Moslems cooperai.;? This is the significant question that holds the attention of the world at present. CHINA Will ChinCI be able to set its economic house in order? China is now facing a great economfo problem. She may lose the loan earmarked for lier 5y tne United States govemment. The Export-rmport Bank has set aside the amount of $500.000.000 a• loan to China. This sum was urged by Gen. Geor~ C. Marshall in 1946 in order to induce the N'ationalists and Communists to compose their difference•. But China has not yet fully complied with the re<1uisites for the securing of the Joan. 1Vhat is the sir1nificance of the news? The Chinese n&tional govemD'.ent knows th&t the sum of $500,000,000 will expire on June 80, 194'7. unless it submits the plan on how the money wi11 be utilized. China must now act to set her economic house in orde1• to get the loan, for China greatly needs for economic reconstruction. As 1t now appears, the possibility of politieal unity seem far more remote than when Gel\. George C. Marhall acted as mediator between the Chinese N"atlonal government and Yenan government. Will China allow to slip the opportunit)• offere~ to h~r for economic reconstruction? ITALY Another political crisis? Italy is facing another political ens1s. Premier Alcide De Gasperi i-esigned as Premier a week after he had secured United States aid for Italy. Italy was promised a loan of $100,000,000 from the Export-Import Bank, iqcreased allotrr.ent of grain. priviJege to buy liberty ships, waiving of Amer· iean claim to payment of relief supplies given t~ Italy before UNRR,A was set up, and preparatio11 of negotiations for a new commercial trea.ty with the United States. Because of rertain political reasons, De Gasperi resigned. President Enrico De Nicola however, reappointed De Gasperi. Socialist Pietro Nenni, Italy's Foreign Minister also resigned l>ecause he believed that he coulll not sign the peace treaty tor Italy. * 15 What is the significance of the news? After his return from the United States Premier De Gasperi clarified the position of Italy in her relations with the world, particularly with tlie United States. He resigned because he wanted to secure better. cooperation from his old cabinet which was composed mostly of Communists and Socialists. He wanted to secure real cooperation from the Communists members of the old cabinet before they ~re readir.itted to the new cabinet. The Socialists, under the leadership of Giuseppe Saragat; were emboldened by the refusal of the Communists to cooperate with the reappointed Premier. Instead of complying with the demand of De Gasperi for cooperation, the Socialists also presented a sei:ies of demands on De Gasperi. The problem now facing Italy is, Will the Communist-Socialists combination cooperate with . De Gasperi of the Christian· Democratic Party? GREECE Solution to ruwther political crisis. Another European country that faces a poiitical crisis is Greece. After ruling the country for eight months, Prime Minister Constantin Tsaldaris ieshrned because be had lost the support o? Deputy Stylianos Gonotas, head of the National Liberal Party. This · crisis was immediately followed by guerrilla uprising in the northern borders. To solve the crisis and to stop further blooashed ·the various political narties forrr.ed a. coailtion goverh• ment. Bentrios Maximos was appointed Prime Min· ister, and Constantin Tsaldaris was appointed Foreign Minister. What is the significa't&Ce of the news? The formation of the coalition government was very badly needed by Greece because she face• grave economic and political problems. Cireece up to now has not maintained complete peace and order. Now and then armed clashes occur on her northern borders. An 11-man commission of the Security Council is now msking an on-tne-spot investigation of the alleg!!d Greek complaint that her northern neighbors are fomenting these troubles. FRANCE The Fourth French Republic is born. The Fourth .French Republic was born on January 16, 1947, with Vincent Auriol; Socialist leader and previously, Speaker of the National Assembly, as President. President Auriol was elected by the French Parliament with a 'lr.ajority vote---41i2 out of 883. His opponents in the election were Auguste Champetler de Rebes of the MRP who got 2'12 votes and Jules Gasser of the Left Republican Union who obtained 122 votes. i!:douard Herriot, Radical Socialist leader," was elected Presiitent of the French National Assembly. Paul Ramadier, another Socialist leader, was named P1·emier. What is the significance of the news? The birth of the Fourth French Republic has given France a new hope to secure stability. This stability, however, will depend on how well the n~w broad coalition would serve France. The formation of the broad coal\tion cabinet lias been called a .. masterpiece of negotiations" because the five large parties in France and the Independent republicans have been given fair representation. The five large parties represented in the coalition cabinet are the Communist, Socialist, MRP (PouUlar Republican Movement), Radical-Sncialisl, and Democratic and Socialist Union of Resistance. The world is eagerly watching the workings of the coalition cabinet. BRITAIN Is Britain facing an economic dilemma? The British Labor government is facing a great problem. This problem is the conflict Between the dew.and of workers for greater pay ana shorter working-hours and the demand of the govi!rnment for more productian at the least expenses. A brief review of the economic position of the government was revealed in the White Paper issued by the Labor government. The government asserts that its economic position is extremely serious because British exports are far below her imports. This unfavorable balance of British trade is m.;inly due to the shortage of manpower. England musf have manpower to produce more. The government believes that production could be increased without unduly increasing wages. What is the significance of the news? The British Labor government was put into power by the votes of the laborers. It won the election on a promise that it would give the people better· econO'!r.ic conditions than what lts predecessor did. To b1·ing about such conditions, the government enunciated the theory that mazim.um em· ployment is the keystone to mazimum pt"oduction. True to its promise, the government has. succeeded in giving employment to all able-bodied Englishman, but it has failed to secure full production. Whal is, then, the cause of the failure of the Labor government to bring about full production. The leaders of the Labor government say that It is the · insufficiency of manpower; but the people hal'dly believe it. Because of this failure, the British Labor government now realizes that It ha• more troubles at home than abroad. Will the Labor government be able to fulfil its promises? (Continued on p<1.ge 17) Curl't!nt Events Review The Philippines and ... (Continued from page 14) and epidemic. (2) Our ruined sanitation and sewerage system in the cities and centers of population are a menace to public health. We have inadequate hospital and medical facilities. (3) The majority of our public buildings are in ruins, not only in Manila but in the majority of our provinces and municipalities. (4) Our public utilities, telephone lines, radio facilities, railroad, electrical power and light companies and waterworks are in urgent need of additional rehabilitation, expansion, repair and replacement. (5) Ma~y of our roads are in a pitiful state of disrepair. Some of our bridges are still down. (6) Our school facilities as a whole are still sadly inadequate because of destroyed school buildings, overcrowding, and the shortage of trained teachers. We are conducting most of our classes in shift, one g1·oup in the morning, another in the afternoon. (7) Our government revenues are one-third of our authorized expenditures. (8) Speedy rehabilitation is WorJd·News Roundup ... (Continued) UNITED STATES U.S. relief abroad will remain high. Charles P. Taft, chairman of the· State Department's advisory committee ~n voluntary foreign aia, declares that private relief agencies in the United States will be probably called upon . to continue their present high rate of aid to- European's needs for at l~ast five years. He reveals that government~! and inter-gQvernmental plans for overseas relief involve more than $450,000,000 under which the United States will provide 65% of the food and fuel exnorts to needy countries throughout the world. "When you realize," Taft says, "that we used to ship about 50,000 tons a. month as now, you can see what we are doing." He says that "despite the U.S. government's plan to ship 400,000,000 bushels of cereal grains io nations suffering from food deficits within the 12 months ending July 1, 1947, the demands that starving people in those . countries will make upon priVate agencies engaged in oVerseas relief and rehabilitation activities this year will be greater than ever in history." What is the significance of the news? The work being done by private relief agencies in the United States. is to arr.eli6rate the plight of the needy peoples in Europe. The work of these agencies is a clear example of how 'rich nations might do their share in partly accomplishing one of the human freedoms enunciated by tbe late President Roosevelt--freedom frorp. want. It is important · to remember that the elemental . human right-the right to live-;;hould be placed above differences in political ideologies. necessary fo1· our sugar, lumber, coconut oil, tobacco, cigar, and mining industries. (9) Our economy is too much dependent on expenditures here of the United States, chiefly by the U. S. Army and Navy. (10) Our agricultural methods, still largely dependent on the hand-plow and the carabao, must be modernized. Many of our farmers are without work animals. (11) Our livestock industry requires rehabilitation·. (12) Too many of our ·farmers till small plots of land in congested areas while too few are settled in vast areas. Too many farmers are tenants rather than owners of the land they till. Too many of o1Jr citizens do not own the houses and homes in which they live. ( 13) The cost of living is still too high. ( 14) The present degree of inflation is still e¥cessive and abnormal. ( 15) Too much of the energy of our business men are g~ing into the buy-and-sell, and not enough into production. (16) Too large .a proportjon of business and retail trade is in alien hands. Filiifinos have not yet succeeded in obtaining their proper participation in these pursuits. ( 17) We have vast resources, but they are undeveloped. We lack the capital and technical skills to keep pace with the 20th century. (18) Our water powe_r potentialities are practiCally untouched. Most of the cheap power and conveniences made available by modern science are still denied to a great majority of our people. (19) Our veterans need speedy assistance to take their proper places in society. (20) Thievery, looting, and banditry persist in some areas. (21) Small bands of lawless elements still roam restricted areas of our land, engaging in acts of ·terror, intimidation and gangsterism. (22) A great number of firearms are still illegally held by unauthorized persons. (23) Our courts are clogged with cases due to the great accumulation of cases during the war, a shortage of judges, and the destruction Or records and of facilities. (24) Our national economy is still, tOo !in'.iited in scope w support the needs of an independent Rel!llblic and the legitimate requirements of our population. What is the Significance ••• (Continued from page 12) "no ionger can a government launch an aggressive war or ~utrage common decency under the protection of the immunity previously claimed for a foreign state. What Nuernberg achieved was to put all governments on notice that they are responS11ile to the· common conscience of humanity as well as to the narrow national interest of a given state or the directives of their own legislature or the orders of some temporary dictator. As a re~ult of the rights of minorities, the dignity of human personality and the inviolability of religion have been vindicated by judicial action, and crimes against these bulwarks of freedom have been punished by concrete penalties in the name and by the authority of twenty-one nations." ·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·~~~~~~~* 17 Foreign Affairs World Leaders and Their Views on World AffairsWhat is the high road of the future? "There is no reason why all questions between state socialism and individual enterprise should not be settled gradually and peacefully by the normal workings of democratic and parliamentary machinery. The pyramid of society may become 111ore solid and stable when its top is melted down to broaden its base. If during the next five years we can build a world structure of irres,istible force and inviolable authority for the purpose of ensuring peace,. there are no limits to the blessings which all men may enjoy and share. For this purpose few things are more important and potentially decisive than that Europe should cease to be a volcan6 of hatred and strife, and should instead become one of those broad upland regions upon which the joy, the peace and glory of millions n:.ay repose." -From Winston Churchill's article on "The High Road of the Future" We shall support the UN with all our resources. "The use of force or the threat of force anywhere in the world to break the peace is of direct concern to the American peciple. The course of history has made us one of the stronger nations in the world. It has thel'efore placed upon us special responsibilities to conserve our strength and to use it i·ightly in a world so interdependent as is our 'vorld today. "The American people recognize these responsibilities. We -shall do our best to meet them, both in the making- of the peace settlements and in the fulfillment of the long-range tasks of the Unite~ Nations. "The American people look upon the United Nations not as a temporary expedient but as a permanent partnership; .a partnership among the peoples of the world for their common peace and common well-being. "The United States will support the United Nations with all the resources that we possess." -Froor. President Truman's speech befo1·e the UN General Assembly The United States must remain strong. "In the meantime, the United States must 1·emain strong. It is our obligation to do so. Once, befo1·e, we thought we could gain peace for ourselves by disarming unilaterally. We must never do that again. \Ve need to remain strong in order that. the United Nations may be strong enough to fulfill 18 * its pl'Omise. \Ve need to remain strong to fulfilJ om· own obligations under the charter." -From a recent address delivered by Warren R. Austin, U.S. representativ~ to the Atomic Energy Commission Let us now agree on an e//ective system of control /or atomic energy. "It is in the interest of our own security, to let inspectors go behind the high walls now so that we may know what is going on now, before it becomes possible for us to be shocked into awareness by the sudden explosion of an atomic bomb in our midst. "Today we have no knowledge of what other countries are doing about atomic weapons or how they have advanced. But this much we do know. Other nations are working night and day on the problem. So long as we do not have knowledge, we become susceptible to fear and suspicion. "Until we have international control coupled with an effective inspection system, we will never know who is producing atomic bombs or at what moment, or at what target, they may choose to launch them. Until we have such control, we will never rlare release atomic energy for the peaceful uses which might -raise the standards of living an:ong the peoples of the world." -From a speech delivered by Senator Brian McMahon, member \>f the Joint Congressional Atomic Energy Committee Let us remove the defeatist tensions in international relations. "Just as lasting peace at home cannot thrive in a climate of social tensions, so can there be no lasting peace in the world if our r.elations with foreign countries are founded on prejudice, ignorance, and suspicion. There can be no question as to the necessity of full participation with the United Nations in helping other countries help themselves toward better living standards, for ! believe that this good neighborliness spreads benefits both ways. And I want here to emphasize the necessity of avoiding and removing the defeatist tensions in international relations that are caused by constantly expecting the other fellow to take a poke at us." --From former Secretary Henry Wallace's pamphlet, "The Fight for Peace'' Current Events Review Science Marches OnElectronic "Super-Eye" Powerful The electronic 11super-eye" being used in Hoboken, New Jersey, in food research is said to be nearly 100 times more powerful than the most efficient microscope that has ever been used in such work. This electron microscope enables food J!Cientists to study cellular structure step by step in food processing, since most food cells become visible under it. What happens to food as it is processed and packaged is "the most important thing for food technologists to know." The use of the electronic eye is expected to result in the improved taste, texture, and appearance of package foods. Bacteria Aid in Oil Production A report issued by the University of California stated that nncroseopic ocean bacteria may be a means of expanding the world's oil supply. The experiments of Dr. Claude Zobell of this University indicate that . bacteria, injected into the underground strata, can make new pools of oil available in several ways: (1) By hastening the natural transformation of prehistoric organic materials into oil; (2) By :rr.odifying the chemical composition of imprisoned oil deposits; (3) By physieally crowding diffused oil into pools from which it may be pumped. One of the important actions of bacteria iS in producing carbon dioxide, which can have chemical and physical effec;ts, such as dissolving limestone materials that imprison oil chemically and increasing porosity of the soil. Through bacteria, it is believed that exhausted wells may be made to produce 40% again of their original yields and marginal oil lands may be made economically workable. Aerial Device Used to Detect Ore The Herald-Tribune reports that the United States Navy'~ Antartic e.icpedition uses an aerial divining rod for the detection of oi( and mineral deposits locked below the earth's surface. This device is ~he improved "aerial doodlebug" which was used during the war in anti ... submarine warfare. This device enables the observer to make preliminary reconnaissance in geophysical exploration 200 times faster than the old ground search methods. The aerial mGgnetomotBr of this device identifies readily mineral or petroleum deposita and providea a quick method for blocking off specific areas for more elaborate in".'estigations on fact. Commercial Uses of Helicopters The Business Week features the different uses of the helicopter. The helicopter is good for local air-mail delivery, commercial delivery, geophysical prospecting, and for agricultural pnrpOses,-such a& in crop dusting, spl'aying, seeding, cattle round~ up, cattle dusting, and pest control. Airmail delivery by means of the helicopter is now done in New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Helicopters meet ocean ships five hours before they dock, pick up mail sacks and deliver them to air-· ports for sorting. After· the sorting, the mail is again flown to its destination. All over the U.S., many companies have sprung up with helicopter servic~ as their business. A Los Angeles company, fol". example does advertising jobs for the movie industry with two machines. k company -in Arizona transports personnel and n:aterials for small mines and all!lo t21kes care of the United States forest service. There arc still a thousand other jobs a helicopter could do. It could be . used for geological surveys, emergency rescue work, and checking· weeds in the canals of irrigation projects. "Flying Jeep" The New York Herald .Tribune features the army's new liaison plane known as the "flying jeep." The plane can take off and clear a 52-foathigh obstacle in a space of 600 feet. It is powered by a 125 horse power engine, haa a wingspan of 40 feet, and can stay in the air two and !line half hours at the normal cruising speed· of 100 milea an hour. '):'he eraft .. waa designed for liaiaon work but it may be used for observation, communication, and photographic duty. New Long·R~nge Search Radar A new, long-range search radar apparatus capable of detecting aircraft 75 miles away will be set up near La Guardia Field, New York's principal airport. "Search" radar, one of ijie Allied military secrete, will be commercially used for the first time on April 1, 1947, at La G.uardia Field. The new equipment enables traffic control personnel to "see" any flying ai~raft within a radius of about 70 miles and to determine the exact. altitude of aircraft within that range. Using usearch" radar, ground operators can help pilots flying blind to manuever with maximum safety, especially in· crowded air sectors. (Releasu of USlS) * 19 • Let us t1'1/ our mastef'1/ of current affairs. A Review Tesf on Current Evenfs PARTI - Prepared by POLICARPIO G. DANGALIO San Heda College This Review Test is published for two-fold purposes. The History instructors who have been regularly using the Current Events Review as materials for lessons in current . events may feel like testing knowledge of their students. Teachers and government employees as well as others wlw desire fol> take civil service examinations will like to have a means of checking how well they are prepared on "General Information." It is for them that this test has been prepared. I. PHILIPi>INE NEWS A. DIRECTION: Tell whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. If the statement is true, encircle T and if it is false encircle F. T - F 1. The President of the U. S. has the right to terminate the executive agreement entered into with the Pres.ident of the Philippines if the citizens of the U. S. are being discriminated. T - F 2. Through the Pravda, a communist newspaper, Russia has officially signified her recognition of the Republic of the Philippines. T - F 3. The conquest of the Philippines by Spain has greatly hastened the rise or growth of Filipino nationalism. T - F 4. The easy flow of money and the prevailing high cost of commodities are indiees of a· state of national prosperity. T - F 5. The Commonwealth Gove1·nment was officially recognized as a member of the UNO by the U. S. and by its members. T - F 6 . The independence given by Japan. to the Philippines was granted· in good faith. T - F 7 . The Bell Act provides that the Philippines can have absolute control over her currency. T - F 8. The granting of Philippine independence is a. major test on the colont,il policy of the U. S. and on her international sense of responsibility. T- F 9. The Bell Act governs the trade relations between the U. S. and the Phifippines from Jan. 1, 1946 to July 8, 1974. T- F 10. The President of . the U. S. and the President of the Philippines are given the authority to fix the quota for any article found later to be competing with the same article of both countries. 20* T - F 11. The occupation of the Philippines . by J ap&n gave the Filipinos a clear contrast between the democratic ways of living and the totalitarian concept of government. T-'- F 12. The Philippine . Revolution ·was a sectional protest against the Spanish and American sovereignties. T - F 13. The Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946 provides that .a specific number of Filipinos will be given training in the U. S. at the expen .. of Uncle Sam. T- F 14. The U. S., tlJrough the International Emergency Food Council, has a monopoly of Philippine copra and coconut oil. T - F 15. Unless the law on Philippfne citizenship is amended, the Filipinos who are enlisted in the Phiiippine Scouts and in the U.S. Navy may become citizens of no country. T - F 16. The act passed by the Congress of th• Philippines which gives preferenee to the Filipinos in the lease of city market stalls is descriminatory and specifically directed against the Chinese. T - ~' 17 . The Government of the Philippines ·by its exerci11e of the power of eminent domain will secqre the church's big estates for the emancipation of Filipino peasantry. T - F 18. According to the survey made by the Philippine-Ameriean Agricultural Mission, the most proniising . sout'Ce of Philippine 1·evenue are four majQr in· dustries-sugar, aba:ca, tobacco and copra. T - F 19. The· abundance of various sourees of fuel in the Philippines and the topogranhy of the country are both favor-" able to the 1·apid mechanization of our farms. T - F 20. The immediate cause of the revolt in . Bohol under the leadership of Francisco Dai:ohoy was religious in nature. B. DIRECTION: In each of the following sen• tences, select the best answer. Write only the letter of the best answer in the blank provided for before the number. -- 1. "The Philippines are ours not to subju~ gate, but to emancipate, not to rule In the power of might but to take to those distant peoples the principles of liberty, of freedom ••• " This was the policy proclaimed by (a. Woodrow Wilson, b. President .. Mc· Current Events Revl:Kinley, c. Gov.-Gen. Frank Murphy). -- 2. The longest revolt in the history of the struggles of the Filipinos for freedom was led by (a. Andres Malong, b. Diego Silan, c. Francisco Dagohoy). -- 8. Governor General (a. William H. Taft, b. Francis B. Harrison, c. James F. Smith) inaugurated an era of rapid Filipinization in our government. -- '· The (a. Bereera Law, b."Maura Law, c. Moret Decrees of 1870) extended autonomy not only to Philippine towns but also to the provinces during the Spanish regime. -- 5. On July 4, 1901, the (a. Military Govern· ment, · b. Biaknabato I!epublic, c. Civil Government) was inaugnrated. - - 6. After the capture of Diego Silao, the llo· co8 revolt was continued ·by (a. Melchor& Aquino, b. Maria Josefa Gabriela, c. Teodora Alonzo). -- 7. The stand taken by (a. Lapulapu, b. La· kandula, c. Soliman) was the first organized arm resistance against the Spanish sovereignty. -- 8. The (a. Tydings-McDuflle Act, b. Jones Law, c. Bell Act) reorganized the legislative branch of our government and created the elective Senate and House of Repre· sentatives. -- 9. The constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth was signed by President Roosevelt on (a. Feb. 8, ·1935, b. Marc.Ii 23" 1945, c. Feb. 19, 1935). --10. The consciousness on the part of a people to possess a common heritage, culture and tradition is known as (a. imperialism, b. communism, c. nationalism). --11. The revolts iri the Philippines during the British invasion were due to the (a. democratic policy of the British, b. loss of Spanish prestige, c. Spanish Revolution). -12. The passage of Act No. 5 in 1900 led to· the adoption of (a. an autonomous gov· ernment, b. benevolent policy, c. the llrst civil service law). -13 . The (a. Malolos Congress, b. Dictatorial Government, c. Katipunan Government) met m tlie Church of Baraaoain, on Sep· tember 15, 1898. --14. (a. August 29, 1916, b. November 15, 1935, c. July 4, 1946) marks the culmina· tion of the Filipino patient and hei;oie struggle for freedom. --15. The Filipino member of the War Damage Commisaion is (a. Vicente Villamin, b. Joaquin F. Elizalde, c. Francisco Delgado). --46. The Treaty of Paris ceding the Phiiippines to the U. S. was signed on (a. Dec. 21, 1898, b. Dec. 10, 1898, c. April 19, 1901) . Review Teat --U. To make a study of the form of government suitable to the needs of the Filipinos, President McKinley created the (a. Taft Commission, b. Schurman Commission,· c. Philippine Commission). --18. 'The last Governor General and the first American High Commissioner to the Philippines is (a. Frank Murphy, b. Paul v. McNutt, c. Francis B. Sayre), ---'19. The first attack of the Philippines by J apan was on (a. Dec. 8, 1941, b. Dec. 7, 1941, c. April 9, 1942). --20. The proclamation of Philippine in depend· ence at Ka wit, Cavite was held on (a. Nov. 1, 1897, b. June 12, 1898, c. September 29, 1898). C. DIRECTION: Identify the following. Write the names of the persons in the blanks opposite the numbers. - - - 1. The first Tagalog religious martyr. - - - 2. A Filipino general and an· engineer who rendered valuable services in the construction of fortifications during the Philippine Revolution. - - - 3. The ruling chief of Limaaawa. He was a leader of a religious revolt. - - - 4. He was the directing head of the Kati· punan, hence he is known as the .,Brain of the Katipunan." · - - - 5. He waa the political adviser of Gen. Aguinaldo, and is therefore referred to as the "Brain of the Revolution". - - - 6. He waa a member of the Propaganda Movement and the founder of the La Solidaridad. - - - 7. He is considered as the "great plebian" and the "Father of Philippine Democracy". ---- 8. The youngest and bravest of the general of the revolution. .Be la remembered aa the "hero of Tirad Pass". - - 9. The first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the American Regime. ---10. The last President of the Common· wealth and the first Presidl!Dt of the Republic of the Philippines. D. DIRECTION: Supply the correct answers to the following: 1. Some of the important provisions of the Tydings War Damaged Act for the rehabilitation of the Philippines are: ·a . ........................................ . b ......................................... . c . ....................................... · .. . ll. According to Dr. Jose P. Laurel, some of the factors that are responsible for the growth of Filipi~o nationalism are: ........................................... b ......................................... . • •• c ......................................... . $. The Propaganda Movement which covered the period from 1872 to 1892 was brought about by the following conditions: a. ······•··········· ........... , .......... . b. c ......................................... . d .......................................... . e ...•.....•...••.....•••••.•••.••....•..... 4. Among the proposals submitted by Pl'ellident Roxas for the abolition of the old and feudalistic tenancy in the Philippines .are: a ......................................... . b .......................................... . c ......................................... . 5. Some of the advantages of the Trade Act of 1946 otherwise known as the Bell Act are: a. ···········•·· ···•· ..•... ················ b ......................................... . c ............•...........•................. 6. Among the chief limitations of the Bell Act are: a. ••••......•................•....•........ b. c ................•.............•..•........ 7. The most outstandin.g achievements of the Malolos Congress were: a ......................................... . b ................. : . ............. ' ........ . c ......•..•...•.......•.................•.. 8. From the inaugural address of President Roxas, the following are what he pledgad his adminis· tration will endeavor to accomplish: a ..•...................•................... b. e ...........•........•...•..•.............. d •. e .......................................... . 9. The various steps taken by the United States to· srant t}le 'Filipinos greater participation in the government are: a •.••...•........................•......... b. c ...............•..•....................... d. 10. The United States has demonstrated its desire ti! help the Philippines atart a new life as an independent nation through. the following acts. of Congress:. a •..............................••......... b. e. ...........•. ~ •.....•.....•...... ! ••••••• d. e •••......•.•••.•.....•.....••••........... II. ON SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND RESEARCHES A. DIRECTION: Select the best answers. Write the letters of the best answers in the blanks opposite the nwnbera. ... -- 1. A new cloth fiber known as casein has been produced from (a. crude oil, b. milk, c. bituminous coal). -- 2. The success of the scientists in capturing the virus led to the preparation of a vac· cine effective in the control of (a. mala· ria, b. leprosy, c. influenza). -- 8. ·(a. Enrico Fermi, b. Irene and Frederic Joliet, c. Pierre and Marie Curle) are two French scientists who succeeded in ·iRolating radium. -- 4. (a. Dr. Oscar Fl'ey, b. Othman Zeidler, c. Paul Muller), a Swiss-born chemist, solved the problem of producing DDT, an insec· tieide in a large scale. -- 5. The new cure for tuberculosis as announced by Dr. Anthony J. Salle of the University of California is (a. bacitracin, b. subtulin; c. gramicidin). -- 6. A new metal has been found to be useful in plastic surgery and in replacing Jost ear and shattered bones. It is called (a. tantalum, b. dicumarol, c. _puchin). -- 7 . The (a. electronic microscope, b. candid X-ray .camel'a, c.radar) will penr.it faster and mol'C accurate foneasting of the weather. -- 8. Professor Harold Faiatrlck diaeovered a new and effective medicine for a eommOD cold. He called it (a. patulin, b. toma· tin, c. puehin). -- 9. A new effective medicine for the protection of children against measles is (a. bacitracin, b. gamma - globulin, c.. amino acids). --10. The Timber Engineering Co. and the U. S. Product Laboratory has adapted a process of changing sawdust into (a. paper, b. fertilizer, c. alcohol). B •. DIRECTION: Fill the blanks. 1. DDT ia an efficient agent against - - - epidemic. 2. Communities without water systema can have safe drinking water by using - - - tablets. 8. - - - a form of amino acids can ·eaaily heal ulcers in the stomach. · 4. ---, a new antibiotic found in tomatoes, has been ahown to be effective in killinr the fungi that cauae diseases In plants and animals. 6. - - - is a metallic element which releases atomic energy. 6. - - - claim that it can help reduce pre· mature deaths and births and thus lower infant mortality. 7. ---, a sulfa drug, has been used successfully as a cure for leprosy at leprosarium at Carville, Louisiana. 8. - - - is a protein iu red cells. This is Current EVllllt• Relriew the substance injected for eases of severe anemia. 9. - - - is a more sensitive detector which can detect the presence of radioactive· rays produced by the explosion of the atomic bomb. 10. A new instrument which may enable n1eteorologist1 to predict the weather more accurately and to forecast it in seven or eight days ahead is the----III. ON ECONOMICS AND EDUCATION IN THE NEWS A. DIRECTION: Select the best answers. Write the letters of these answers In the blanks provided for. -- 1. The (a. Trade Service Department, b. Wood Moneta1·y Conference, c. United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization) th1·ough its activities of survey and recommendations will 1•esult in improved living conditions and higher nutritional standards. -- 2. According to President T1·uman, (a. armament, b. disarmament, c. education) will in the long run help .to· diminish the catastrophe from war. -- 3. Japan's relations with he1· Asiatic neighbors will be enhanced by he1· adoption of the (a. English language,· b. Roman alphabet, c. constitution). -- 4. Freedom (a. from fear, b. from want, c. of speech) means economic understanding · whlcli will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-evervwhel'<! in the world. · -- 5. A law which guarantees the right of the Japanese labore1·s to join labor unions, to bargain <lolleciively and to declare strikes has been passed to protect them from economic exploitation of the (a. government, b. ·warlords, c. communists) . ANSWER KEY !. ON PHILIPPINE NEWS REVIEW A.-TRUE or FALSE 1. T 6. F 2. F 7. F 11. T 8. T C. F 9. T 5, T 10. F 11: T 12. F 13.·T lC. F 15. T 16_ F 17. F 18. T 19. F 20. T B.-SELEC'i'ING THE BEST ANSWERS 1. b 6. a 11. b 16. b 2.c 1;c 1i.c 17.b a. < 8. a 'ls. a 18; a C. a 9. b 14. c 19. a 5. it .10. c 15. c to. b C.-IDENTIFYING PERSONS 1. 4polinarlo .de la 6. Graciano Lopei Cruz Juna 2. Edilberto E"ange- 7 • Andres Bonifacio It. Gregorio del Pilar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. lilta 3. Bancao 9. Cayetano Arellano 4. Emilio Jacinto 10. Manuel A. Roxas 5. Apollnario Mallini D.-COMPLETION a. compensation for war damages to private property b. the restoration and improvement of public property and · eosential public services c. the transfer of the surplus property of the u. s. a. geographical unity b. racial homogenity c. linguistic unity d. religious unity e. community of economic interest ·a. the British occupation of Mani1'1 b. the opening of the ports c. the commerCial and economic progress of the Philippines · d. the rise of a middle class e. Philippine representation in the Cortes f. the opening of the Suez Canal liberalism versus conservatism in Spain and in the Philippines g. the improvement ·of communic~~ion h . martyrdom of Burgos. Gomez and Zamora a . establishment of .the fairest possible contreetual basis between the tenant and landowner b. replacing the system of tenancy with a sysc. d. a. b. c. ·a .. b. c. tem of fixed land rental acquisition of large estates for the purpose of subdividing them for sale at cost to·' the tenant. to open up large areas of public land !Or development and distribution to the farmers It provides for tr.ade reciprocity It provides for the rehabilitation and development of the productive capacify of the Philippines It provides. stability to .the . future eo111.m<11u bi!tween tlie Philippines · and tne UniW States The· PhillJ!l'llles ·hllS no absoiu\e corilr0l on her· currency sylitem The value of Philippine currency In reh1tlon to the United States dollar cannot be suS'pendOd . . The right to fix undetermined quota of American articles which will compete with Philippine articles in 11ot given to the President of the PhWppilltS. . .. 7. 8. 9_. a. It l'ILtlfled the Declaration of Independence on June ll!, 1898. b. It-a1>pl'OVad public loans. c. It cjratted the budget for the Philippine Republic. d. It au'th&rized the Republic to issue paper nione)\' to the value of $3,000,000 to be redaellled in three years. e. It passed an act to regulate universities, high schools and elementary schools. f. It drl!fted and app1'0ved the Constitution of the P-'tlippine Republic. a. n will foster the enterprises which will raise the national income and bring in financial returns from abroad b. It· Will invite foreign capital, American capital, investment capital c. It wili revise the tenaney law as to give a graater s!iare to those who till the soil. d. It Will establish more agricultural settlements f. It will restore law and order, ete. a. appointment of three Filipinos to the Philippine Commission b.. adoption of the first civil service law c. introduction of changes in the municipal and Conunenfll of Writers ('Continu•d from pag• 11) of a separate Moslem nation, They will never abandon the idea unless major concessions are made to their point of view. Surely, those concessions are worth making to avoid a religious war and make ·possible tbe 11reation of a self-governing India. "Even an agreement between the Congress party and the Moslem League, clearly enough, would not be more than a small beginning of what is needed in India~ But it is a minimum need of the moment and ii" the _least ·that can be expected of India'SI leaders if Ebey have any affection for the people'. of their distressed country.'' -From the Ntw York Herald Tribltt&B u Apparently before India can function as an In· dependent and llll"9ralgn republic the Congrau party will have to make sr.ora concessiona to self~ ~ by the ll!lnorlties than it Is thus far Inclined to do. It may be too that before India divorces herself completely from the British Commonwealth she will find it to her advantage to retain some of the links which other members have found so beneficial. At the moment the trend is .'all the other way. But ·as separation nears, the cllffleultlea ·which confront" a new nation rising from Its cradle to walk alone may be more dearly seen.'' -From the New York Times ., * provincial governments resulting in gi .. at.er autonomy d. the creation of the Philippine Assembly, etc. 10.a. th1'0ugh the naturalization act the Filipinos ean naturalize as American citizens b. the release of the sugar and coconut oil excise taxes c. extension of the operation in the Philippines of the Export and Import Bank d. The War Damaged Act e. The Philippine Trade Act, etc. II. ON SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND RESEARCHES A.-SELECTING THE BEST ANSWERS 1. b 4. a 7. c 10. c I!. c 6. b 8. a 3. c 6. a 9. b B.-COMPLETION TYPE. 1. typhus 6. amino acids 2. ~alazone 7. promln 3. amigen 8. haemoglobin 4. tomatin 9. Geiger Counter 5. uranium 10. weather -rockets III. ON ECONOMICS AND EDUCATION 1. c 4. b 2. c 6. b 3. b Special Report ... (Continu•d from page 10) branch of the government and to assist the execu· tive branch in carrying out the government Of south Korea according to the will of the Korean people · pending the esfalili'sliment of a Korean proviSional government under the Moscow decisions. What is the obligation o/ the Koreans? "As previously stated, I and my assistants, in accordance with the policy of the United States government, will continue to work fbr a united Korea, governed by a· democratic provisional government created in accordance with recognized international agreements and with the expressed will of the Korean people which will lead to the independence of Korea as a nation united-north and south into one. The desire of the Korean people to achieve unity, independence and democracy can best -be realized by full knowledge of and adherence to the foreign policies. Efforts to understand or oppose tliese policies for selfish political or per1onal gains can only bring harmfui results, and delay the progress of your nation. The ·Korean people must know and recognize the facts as they exist and' should not follow the will-of-the-wisp of purely wishful thinking. These who support and aid in the development of the Korean government within the fra:n:.ework of these policies will make the greafest possible contribution to the cause of early Korean Independence." · Current Events Revfew WORLD • anti ils livin~ hillim"' know thcrc • a:turrrut 1£urut11 ltrutew Puhli~hed as a contribution to a common effort, educational rehabilitation. * What ;,. pnhlishc•I in tlw intcrPsl of world affait·s affN·b yon. Pass this coming Civil Service examinations; master current events. Subscr.ibe lo I he Current Events Review - - Fm· Edw·ational HPlrnliililalinn - 123-12'1 Hct<·u '133 P. Patc1·110 Sam11aloc Quiapo Act Now· whil .. back is"'"'" ar<' "'ill availahlr. 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Philippfne Govel'nment Physics, Text, Manua1 Biology, Text, Manual Social Life Oriental History General Science, Manual World History National Language Curre·'tt E·vents Rei,iew InnnQ TYika (Mngazine) ALSO BOOKS FOR COLLEGES Teachers who have seen and tested the above books in their classes are loud in their praise, because these books are complete, elucidating and up-to-date. l , Let us know o_f y~m· requirements at once in ~rder to ,_hie us to supply your needs m time, as we are presently servmg over one hundred secondary schools. FIRST COME, FIRST SERVED! Sencl ~oupon lielow-NOW. MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. MANILA EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISES, INC. 123-125 Helen Sampaloc *ACT NOW* 533 P. Patemo Quiapo Copy 1his form and mail it to us fo1· your orde1·s-fm· inquirie~ fm· samples-so we may he able to supply your needs. Name ..................................... Subscription ......... . Address .................................. to start ............ . 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