Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.10 April 1947

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Title: Current Events Review. Vol. II, No.10 April 1947
Issue Date: Vol. II (No. 10) April 1947
Year: 1947
Language: English
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extracted text: l l . l EXCELLENT IS OUR RATING WHEN you read the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW you will understand world develop· menls because it presents and m1alyzes news and their significance. The magazine bridges the ~ap between our historical 1>ast and the lh·ing present. Yon will fincl satisfaction in reading the magazine because ifs contents are excellent. The Director of the United States Information Service~ rates the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW as an EXCELLENT publication. i:'}-.;. DEPARTMENT CIF STATE-: (;•FFIC£ OiF !NTE~NATIONAL tNFO~MATtON /:A.!JO . .C::tJt ... Tr...1 RAJ.. A'FrA1"S s..":l t-·.xi:-f'L".:"nt 1:-~·-~1:_\_;""'" .. ~~-:-·r.;. '>"•:,,;.: .i·H··.;..i.Op"" ·- ·-··.., - I.._.,. . -! ~ ') ·~ ;• e!}-,-,P-:::.: ·1 tI:;!_t, wei r(,;·r,~'-,1; - r. •~~. ~y·,- ·:_ ~ ---~· . !':.. . , .. ·: .. .. l '.n r ·:. . ... 11 upon us a~- ;a117 :ti."1e .• * Why must a global war not happen- again? \Yhat are the Lessons of the Second \Yorld War? Time for Reflection? On May 8, the world will again recall the end of the biggest, ugliest, and costliest war in history.· Two years ago the world was thrilled with the news of the unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945. As we recall the lessons of World War II, we cannot help appreciating the efforts being exerted by world leaders in layiilg the foundation of universal peace. Preston Slossol). in his book, After the .WarWhat? saYs that "the choice is not between peace with victory and some other kfod of peace, but between -peace with victory and no peace at all. Unhappily, while d..Ceat means slavery, poverty, and future wars, victory does not guarantee liberty, prosperity, peace or anything else. Victory, is merely an opportunity. It puts power in the hands of the victor; it does not guarantee that this power will be used wisely.'' "We the Peoples of ·the United Nations." The victors of World War II Mive the s;ngular opportunity to establish international peace. The fifty-five members of the UN are determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in a generation has brought untold sorrow to mankind, by (1) reaffirming their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations, large or small; (2) establishing conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained; and (3) promoting social progress and better standards of life in accordance with the broader concepts of freedom. The members of the UN are conscious of the lessons of World War I and· World- War II. They have bitterly learned that the "unfinished business" of World War I was partly responsible for the outbreak of World War II. They are now earnestly working to heal the "sore spots" whic_h may be the brewing point of World War III. What lessons have we learned from World War II? Appeasement Cannot Preserve Peace. Adolf Hitler acquired manY territories by threats of invasion. Hitler knew that, to many leaders of Europe then, life was dearer than liberty. This fact was the basis of Hitler's political and military diplomacy and conquest. And history will never forget how Sir Neville Chambel'lain tried to secure Hpeace in our time" through appeasement. This policy aimed to reach a peaceful understalftting with the dictator governments (Germany and Italy) by giving concessions to tqeir demallds. -The· world will never Jorget {low Hitler was appeased at the sacrifice of the Sudeten lands. In n_o less degree, so was Japan appease~, in a sense, because no con;rete and final· action had beeh taken to solve the Manchurian Incident. In fact, she continued· receiving scrap ir.pn from other great powers while China was fighting for a cause that the world believes is the cause of all freedom-~oving peoples. In like .manner Italy was allowed to gobble up Albania. The world has now learned that the belief of having 14 peace-at-any-price," does not ·and cannot avert war, but rather invites war; and that ultra-pacifism can be just as much a dangfr to world ·peace as unbridled militarism. Isolation is No Longer Possible. The progress o:f. science has made the world smaller. Travel and communication have contributed much to the development of the social consciousness of mankind. Because of this social consciousness, the peoples of the world have now realized that the peace of this world depend& on collective effort. It is for this reason that now the United States openly takes _the view that she could no longer shut herself out from the affairs of the world. In fact, the United "Stites now takes the leading role in promoting and maintaining worl<l peace. Hatred and Intolerance are Retributi'l!e. Race hatred and intolerance was one of the causes of World War II. The anti-Semitism campaign of. Hitler brought about the death of 600,000 German Jews. But his campaign worked like a boomel'8.ng to the German people, for today the Germans are as much hated by millions of peace-loving people as the Jews were after the death of Christ. Indeed, the idea of 11superman," 1'master race," 11 racial superiority," inevitably leads to intolerance of various fon:ns.. It is, therefore, an undeniable fact that hatred and;._intolerance must be rooted out if tasting peace fs to be secured. War is Costly and Destructive. World War II is the coStlies~ war:in history. It has been estimated thai the United States alone spent more than $300 billion to wjn the war. Had Current Events Review-Copyright, 19'17 by D.R. Manlapaz and D. C. Capino • 1 this amount, been distributed equally to every man, woman, and child in the world, each would have received $150. And yet such material cost is not so staggering as the del>truction of property and the loss of human lives, all of \vhich cannot be measured in· terms of money. No nation can afford to go to another war knowing fully well that it would go bankrupt and depopulated after the end of the war. The human resources of a nation are more valuable than its natural resources. The · cost in blood can never be repaid. Fascism is an Enemy of the Peace of the World. The term Fascism was coined in 1919. It is a political and economic movement, magnifying ihe rights of the states as opposed to those of the irr.:. dividual. This theory of government places all administreltive political units and industry-though remaining largely under priva"te ownership - under the control of a strong central government. The world knows now that "Fascism is a hungry disease. It loves to eat, and it feeds best on hate, intolerance, fear, and greed." And as such it works against human l~berties 3.nd ultimately against the peace of the .world." Freedom Must be Guarded. The world has learned that freedom is not something to be won and then forgotten; for freedom has enemies, and its spirit, like. everything else, has a period of decline. Freedom, therefore, must be guarded against its enemies; and, like the clock, must be rewound for continuity. lmperi.alism Must be Relinquished. The world has learned that imperialism, both po1.itical and commercial, .must be relinquished if we desire pe'rm.anent peace. World ·wars I and II revealed bluntly that tli.e main cause of war is the greedy exploitation of others by those who have the power to do so. This is so, because such practice breeds injustice and hatred. It brings about unnecessary inequality in the distribution of wealth., anQ therefore pro~otes misery and discontentment. Stop imperialism and you will have prevented war. Elimination of Economic Causes of War. The members of the United Nations ha\le realized that the economic causes of war must be eliminated. The world has come to believe that the elimination of special trading arrangements among nations and the adoption of multilateral trade and financial agreements would greatly help towar.ds the elimination of the economic causes of war. Recognition of Human Rights. The world has learned that the denial of human rights was a fundamental cause of World War II. The world now knows that human rights must be recognized and that these rights should. be guaranteed by an international covenant. In this connection, it is important to remember what Thomas Jefferson once wrote on human rights: "The peo*2 pie of· every country are the only safeguardians. of their own rights, and are the only instruments which can be used for their destruction/' The Commission on Human Rights of the UN is now formulating an international Bill of Rights. Conflicts Must be Settled Peacefully. World War II has taught us a lesson that all conflicts must be settled peacefully, for war does not pay. We must get rid of the notion that an international organization wrn be useless_unless it can find 1•solution" for all problems that may arise between nations. All nations should have faith in all peace-promoting international organizations." The World Needs a Moral· Rebirth. A distinguished leader has aptly observed that the world needs a moral rebirth for its surviva1. He said: "We have learned that man's mechanical and scientific ingenuity is const~ntly ahead of his moral advancement... We know that the world needs, desperately, a moi:al rebirth if we are to control the forces of science for our self-preserv3.tion." Study Helps Hold an open discussion on the following topics: 1. Peace not based on justice, loyalty, and respect for· fundamental rights is empty. 2. Appeasement promotes greed and invites war. 3. The peace of the world depends on collective effort. 4. Colonialism is no longer practicable. 5. Moral rebirth is needed by all the peoples of the world. Special Discount for HIGH SCHOOL · STUDENTS We repair them while you wait. RATES: Full sole and heel Half sole ......... .. Goodyear rubber heel . n.so 3.00 1.50 c:~~ SHOES I ____ 318 Bustos~ Plaza Sta. Cruz Current Events Review * Will the Security Council Succeed in Its Missio'n? What has the Security Council Accomplished in 1946? What is the Security Council? The Security Council is one of the six organs of the United Nations. It was set up in the belief that it is essential to world peace. The security Council is supposl!d to unite all the members of the UN against an aggressor. Louis Dovilet calls the Security Council "the highest political. organization of humanity." The decision of the Security Council may "determine peace or war; the reign of inte:cnational law or force." What are the functions of the Security Council? The Security Council functions continuously. It can investigate every international dispute. It can propose peaceful settlements. It can take nonmilitary measures or adopt military sanctions. It can create subsidiary organs whem:~ver it finds them convenient and necessary. The security Council could do all these because it is b3.cked up by the powerful military machinery of the member nations in the enforce.tnent of its decisions and it has the support of the members of the United Nations which ha\·e subscribed themselves to the carrying out of its decisions. Composition of the Security Council. The Security Council is composed of five permanent members - the Big Five-and six non-permanent members. The Big Five are the United States, Britain, Russia, France, and China. The non-permanent members are Australia, Brazil, Poland, Mexico, Holland, and Egypt. The first three members were elected for two-year term membership. The rest were elected for one-year term. The last session of the General Assembly elected Colombia, Syria, and Belgium to replace the Netherlands, Mexico, and Egypt whose terms of membership had expired. What Questions were Discussed by the Security Council? The Security Council has taken up ihe following important questions: 1. The Iranian question.-On' January 19, 1946, Iran complained of Russia's interference in Iran's internal affairs through the medium of its officials and armed forces. The Iranian-Russian dispute was discussed by the Security Council in spite of the refusal of Gromyko, the Russian representative to the Security Council, to attend the discussion. The Security Council requested both Russia and Iran to submit under time limit a report on the account of the progress of the settlement between World Problem them in accordance with the terms demanded by the Council. Both countries submitted their replies. Russia promised to withdraw her troops on• May 6, 1946. Russian troops were finally withdrawn. The Security Council triumphed over Russian opposition with heightened prestige. 2. The Greek question.-On January 21, 1946, the acting chief of the U.S.S.R, delegation requested the Security Council to discuss the Greek question. RuSsia pointed out accusingly that the presence of British troops in Greece now that the war is over means interference in the internal affairs of Greece. The charge was followed by bitter debates between Andrei Gromyko and Ernest Bevin. "Why are British trQops still maintained in Greece when the war is already over?" asked Gromyko. Ernest Bevin replied that British troops are in Greece solely to help maintain peace and order. After several days of discussioh, Russia withdrew her cha~ge. The Greek question was considered closed. 3. Indonesian question.-On- January 21, 1946, Dimitri Maniulsky, the chief of the Ukranian delegation rnade the ch~rge that the presence of British troops in Indonesia. i$ a threat to world peace and that British and Japanese troops are being used to defeat the Indonesians in their fight for freedom. ManiulskY pointed out that the p-rinciples of the Atlantic Charter are not being carried . out in the settlement of the Indonesian questh:m. Ernest ~evin replied that the Brlti"!h, troqps are in Indonesia on the order of lhe Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff to preserve order while Japanese troops are ·being disarmed and prisoners of \Va·r arf' being rescued. The charge was debated. It· was put to a vote on February 13, 1946. Only Russia and Poland voted in favor of Ukraine's demand for a probe. 4. The Syrian and Lebanese question.-On February 4, 1946, the heads of the Lebanese and Syrian delegations sent a letter to the Security Coun.: cil calling the attention of the Council to the presence of French and British troops in Syria and Lebanon. The governments of Syria and Lebanon expected the withdrawal of French and British troops immediately after the cessation of hostilitieS: with Germany and Japan, because of the Franco-_ British agreement of December 13, 1945, which provides for the withdrawal of French and British troops subject to conditions consistent with the spirit and letter of the Charter of the UN. The question was discu&aed. Various proposals were made. The United States made a proposal *3 to solve the question. Russia vetoed this proposal and, therefore, no action could be taken by the Security Council. Private negotiations .were made by the British, French, Syrian, and Lebanese governments. French and British troops, however, withdrew peacefully. 5. The Si>anish question.-On April 8 and 9, 1946, the chief of the Polish delegation brought to the attention of' the Security Council the Spanish question. Poland made the charge that the Franco regime is threatening the peace of the world. . The charge was discussed. Poland demanded immediate action. The Security Council appointed a five-mem~ ber committee to study whether or not the Franco regime is a threat to world peace. The committee declared that the Franco regime is not an actual threat to world peace; but Dr. Herbert Evatt, chairman of the five-men sub-committee, declared in the committee's report that. the Franco regime is a "potential" threat to worl4 peace. The Franco case was transferred to the General Assembly. The majority of the members of the General Assembly refused to "break off diplomatic relations with Spain" because they think that the Spanish question is purely the internal affair of the Spanish people. 6. Admission of new members.-In the fall of 1946, ·the Security Council discussed the appliCation for memberships of eight nations. It approved the admission of Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden, and Siam, but it rejected the applications of _Albania, Outer Mongolia, Ireland, Transjordan, and Portugal. The General Assembly in its last session pass.ed a resolution urging the Security Council to reconsider the rejection of the applicaitions of these countries. Because of this rejection, the General Assembly passed another resolution designed to strip the Security Counc.il 0$ some of its restrictive powers over applications for membership in the interest of world unity. 7. The Greek-Albanian border incidents.-In September, 1946, Ukraine made the charge before the Security Council that Greece had been fomenting border troubles along the Greek-Albanian border. There were bitter debates on this question in the Security Council. The United States proposed that a committee be created to make an on-the-spot inquiry. Because Russia exercised her· veto, no action could then be taken. In December, 1946, Greece filed a complaint with the Security Council requesting that body to look into her border disputes with Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Rumania. This time the Security Council approved a resolution of the United States for an on-the-spot inquiry on the Greek complaint. To the surprise of everybody, Russia also approved the resolution. Russia's action indicated that she now sees the sincere aim of the Security Council and she realizes the necessity of cooperating with the other members of ·the Council for the sake of peace. The Greek question will be the first dispute to be *4 dii'ectiy investigated by the Security Council and it will prove to the world for the second time that the true mission of the UN is to preserve peace. 8. Request for mediation.-The Charter of the UN states that a non-member of the UN may submit a dispute for study and may ask recommendations for peaceful settlement. A condition, however, is imposed on a 'non-member submitting a dispute, -that is, such nation should abide by the proposal of the Security Council. Siam, before becoming the 55th member of the UN, had submitted to the Security Council a request for mediation on the historic boundary1 dispute .between her and French-Indo-China. The dispute was about the 21,750 square miles· of territory which was ceded to Siam by French Indo-China in accordance with the treaty mediated by Japan during the Japanese occupation of the Southern Regions from 1941 to 1945. Through the good offices of the Security Council, the question was amicably settled between Siam and French IndoChina. Siam promised to return the French territories. 9. The veto question.-The veto is a special right of the Big Five permanent members Gf the Security Council of the UN. Any one of the five member powers has the right to v~to any resolution of the Security Council. This right to veto is a part of the vo!ing procedure prescribed by the Charter of the UN which provides that in all matters of substance the concurrent vote of the five perma· nent members-the United States, Britain, Russia, France, and China-is necessary to carry a resolution. The veto right has been made use of in the Security Council discussion ten times-ni11e times by Russia and once by France and Russia together. Russia has often found herself in the minority, and has, therefore, to resort tG the exercise of her Ycto right to hold her ground .. Because of the frequent use of the veto power by Russia, the "Little Nations" strongly argued against the "abuse" and "misuse" of the 40 veto". As a result, the General Assembly ,assed •a resolution requesting the Security Council to use restraint in the exercise of the veto. This objection of the "Little Nations" would have caused a rift in UN had not Russia shown the willingness to cooperate more positively with the rest of the members of the Council. Russia indirectly admitted the necessity of cooperating with the rest of the world when she explained that abstaining from voting in the Security Council does not mean the exercise of a veto. 10. Census of foreign troops.-Russia strongly demanded the investigation of the presence of foreign troops in non-enemy countries even after the war. The Western Powers replied· that the presence of foreign troops in foreign countries is with the consent of the government of these countries. Russia, insisted, however, that her proposal for an (Continued on page 8) Current Events Review • Is Bnrma's freedom another triumph of the Atlantic Charter? Burma Asks for Her Independence The Land and People. Burma is bounded on the north by Tibet and China, on the east by China and Siam, and on the south by the Bay of Bengal and the provinces of Bengal and Assam in British India. Its total area, including the Shan States, is 261,610 square miles. The estimated population in 1931. was 14,667 ,146. The present Burma was inhabited by three groups of people during the early centuries of the Christian Era. These groups were the Mons who occupied the mouths of the rivers, the Tibeto-Burmans who lived in the Arakan coast and part of the Irrawady valley, and the Tais or Shans who lived in ·the mountainous regions of the north and northeast. The Burmese constitute five-sixths of the population. The Chinese, Hindus, and Shans make up the rest of the population. Basically the Burmese are Mongolians. The people are exceptionally courteous and refined. They seldom accept defeat. or submit to injustice. They have high regard and respect for women. The people, however, have ~ dislike for trade and modem industry. The people are Buddhists. Recent figures show that Burma has a higher rate of literacy than that of India. f:arly History of Bu,.,na. India was the source of the civilization and -culture of the people of Burma. Merchant adventureri:; from India established commercial colonies in the latter country. These commercial colonies developed into commercial kingd6ms. Some of the famous commercial kingdoms ~vere Prome, Thaton, and Pegu .. Before 1044, the states of Burma were divided into two main di~isi~ns. These divisions were northern Burma and southern Burma. There were frequent civil wars among the states. In 1044 Anawrata became the ruler of Pagan, northern Burma. Later he invaded southern Burma and unite~ Bllnna into one· strong .empire. Burma was invaded by the Mongols in 1277. Pagan was destroyed. Burma ,.,.·as again divided into several states. These states fought among themselves. The history of Burma in the 14th and 16th centuries was a story of the struggle between Ava· and Pegu, two of the strong states. Ava reached the height of its power in the early part of the 15th century, but jt declined by the .middle of the same century. Because· of the .decline of Ava, Pegu had a period of peace and prosperity during the last part of the 15th century until the beginning of the 16th century. Forefp Affairs In 1541 Pegu was captured by ToungoO, the most powerful of the three states that prospered after the decline of Pagan. Tabin Shwehti assumed the title of. King of All Burma. In 1660 Tabin Shwehti was assasinated and Buyin Naung was made king. Buyin Naung, the Napoleon of Burma, embarked on many conquests. He succeeded in extending the boundaries of Burma, but his foreign wars drained the resources of his country. Britain Extended Her Control on Burma. Burma came in contact With the West through the trading merchants of Portugal, Holland, and England. Through the able leadership of Boda\\1· paya, the son of Alaungpaya, Burma became a g·reat empire during his reign (1782-1819). How did the British gain control of Burma? The British East India Company was conducting trade through the port of· Rangoon. The English East India Company was engaged not only in trade but also in territorial expansion. And the domains of the Burmese Empire and the English East Company were so close that the clash between the Burmese and English were unavoidable. These two nations fought in 1824. Burma was defeated. Britain got a firm foothold in Burma. Under the terms of the agl'eement concluded between Eng· land and Burma, Burma agreed to. enter into a treaty of commerce with Britain, to accept a Brit· ish Resident at Ava and to give up her claims to certain sections in India. The coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim were· ceded to Britain. In 1862 another war broke. out between Burma and Britain. Burma was again defeated. As a result of the war, J;Jurma ceded to Britain the province: of Pegu, in lower Bunna. In 1886 Britain decided to take over · the remaining part of Burma. The British decision to take Burma was due to the French expansion· in Indo·China which threatened upper Burma. The British precipitated a war against Burma, captured the Bunnese monarch ·and exiled him to India. Britain annexed the rest of Burma. Rise of Burmese Nationalism. What is nationalism? It means a move of a people to establish an independent country. All free· dom-loving people want to become independent because only as an independent nation ·could they achieve_ their national aspira~ions. Burmese nati_onallsm was awakened after ihe Russo-Japanese War (1904,1905). The. victory· of Japan .over Russia inspired tlie people of the East to fight for their national interests and. for their right to determine thefr future. The rise of Japan "'II strengthened the hopes of the subjugated countries in the Far East for the attainment of their freedom. It made their demand for progressive policies from their conquerors_. Burmese nationalism, beCame marked during World War I. The uncompromising nationalistic movement in certain hill regions in Burma even necessitated the use of British forces with the aid of native :PeCl"Uits. Unrest was very frequent. After World War I, however, tribal disturbances were overcome. Burma acquired a new status after the World War I. The Government of India Act of 1919 made Burma a full province of India instead of a sub~ prc:ivince. The new Burma government moved to raise the cultural level of the people by opening modern schoOls and by, establishing the University of Rangoon. Nationalist groups increased. They were inspired by the work and leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi in India's struggle for freedom. The British administration granted certain liberal measures to the Burmese. The participation of the Burmese in the government was increased. Eighty per cent of the members of the legisaltive council were elected." Women with minimum property qualification were permitted to vote. Recognition of Burmese Demand for Separate Nationality. The Burmese nationalists waged, a campaign for a separate nationality. Under t'he provisions of the Government of India Act of 1919 Burma was a part of India. When the Simons Com:piission (1927-1928) was making a study of the solution to the Indian question, the Burmese nationalists advocated the separation of Burma from India. A round-table conference .was held in London In 1931 to consider the -Burmese demand for separation. In 1935 the British government heeded the mountinjr Burmese demand. It passed the Government of India Act of 1935 which placed Burma directly under the British Crown. The new government of Burma was inaugurated in 1937. It consisted of a Council of Ministers and a Legislature with two chambers. .One-half of the S•nate was. chosen by the Governor and the other half was elected by the Lower House. The members of the Lower House were elected. Burmese Nationalism in World War II. Burmese nationalism before the outbreak of World War II was unlike the nationalism of the Chinese Kuomintang or the Indian National Con.gress Party. Burmese was characterized by factionalism. There was no unity among the Burmese Nationalists. The Pan-Asiatic Nationalists were anti-European. The anti-Westerners were against the British and they opposed collaboration with the Pan-Asiatics. The rabid Nationalists demanded the expulsion of the Indian, Chinese, and Moslem immigrants. · PoJitical and religious riots took place in Burma duri·ng World War II. Before the Pacific War the Japanese fomented civil disturbances in Burma. Premier U Ba Maw demanded a dominion status as a step for the defense of Burma. Political intrigues forced Premier U Ba Maw to resign from the ·government. He formed a "Freedom Bloc" and toured the country on a campai!!;n for independence. He was arrested by the British Governor and was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment. Premier U Saw was chosen Premier in 1940 to form a new Ministry. In August, 1941, Saw went to England to demand self-government for Burma. His demand was denied by Prime Minister Churchill. He then left for Burma. When he reached Honolulu, Pearl Harbor was attacked. He changed his itinerary. He flew to Lisbon, Portugal. 'When he reached Palestine, the British arrested him for making contact with the Japanese Consulate in Lisbon. The Jauanese forces entered Burma in 1942. The ultra.Nationalists cooperated with the Japanese forces. U Ba Maw was released from prison and was asked to form a government under Jaoanese control. Burma was J?iven her "punpet" independence on August 1, 1943. Two Shan states were ceded at the request of the Japanese to Siam. The Progressive "'Nationalf~ts neverthe1eEis, under the leadership of Sir Paw Tun, supported the cause of the United Nations. Tun set up a temporary government at Simla, India .. Burma Demand.~ Her Independence. During World War II, the Burmese expected that they would be given their freedom after the termination of hostilities. In 1944, a Blue Print for Burma was presented in Parliament. It provided that direct rule will first be introduced into Burma, and then after this period, Dominion Status will be granted. The plan was discussed and debated. N othlng came out of It. In May, 1945, the British government, .Issued the White Paper with the following provisions: (1) Direct rule by the Governor of Burma would be continued until December, 1948, because Burma's progress was interrupted by the Japanese occupa· tion of Burma. (2) Partial self-government enjoyed by the Burmese before the outbreak of World War II would be restored because elections would be held. (8) After 1948 the Burmese would try to agree among themselves to draft a constitution for submission to the British Parliament. The Burmese leaders demanded immediate freedom. Thls demand led to the formation of the AntiFacist People's Freedom League. Majority of the Burmese parties were represented in the League, but (Continued on page 8) Current Events Review The Philippines and the World Romulo Urged World Bill of Rights. Brig. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo urged the United Nations Commission on human rights to formulate a world bill of rights. This world bill of rights shall be based on four major systems of relationship: .(1) the rights of the individual in relation to the state, (2) the rights of minority groups within the state, (3) the rights of sovereign states and of their respective citizens, and (4) the rights of non-self-governing peoples in their relation to metropolitan states. President Urged Youth to Keep Pace with Prosress. In an impassioned speech delivered before the student body of the Far Eastern University, the President urged the youth to keep pace with progress and to strengtheh our national defenses. He said: "We must strengthen them. Until the world acts radically and constructively against the enormity of the danger confronting mankind, we must take all possible measures to insure the strength and power of the progressive and righteous forces in world affairs. We cannot stand alone. Nor can we place our trust in international chivalry, i:ior in the vague hope that iil a war between great powers, we would be spared." He also urged th• youth to be science-minded. He called upon the universities and colleges to furnish the necessary training and leadership. The President said: 11 This nation must take its place among the technologically advanced countries of the earth, or we will be condemned to perpetual backwardness." President Signed Two Pacts. President Roxas has signed two important pactsthe Treaty of Geneva (Red Cross Convention) and the Prisoner of War Convention. The first provides for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and the sick armies in the field. The second sete up rules for the treatment of prisoners of war. With the signing of these two pacts, the Pre"ident secured the recognition of the Philippine Red Cross by the International Red Cross Society as an independent national Red Cross organization. Preparation for Philippirw Participation in World Parley. William Holland, secretary general of the Institute of Pacific Relations, has already made arrangement for the participation of our local IPR in the 10th international conference of the Institute of Pacifi' Relations scheduled to be held in England next September. The conference will discuss the world's social and economic reconstruction problems and the measures to solve them. National Affairs International Labor Organization Representatives Visited the Philippirws. Several representatives of the !LO recently visited the Philippines. These representatives are touring the Far East to gather information on la.Dor conditions and problems that will be brought up for discussion in the regional Asiatic conference to be held at New Delhi, India, sometime in October. The scheduled conference at Delhi is. one of the conferences planned by the ILO for the purpose of improving labor conditions in the far East. The Philippirws is on the Spotlight. The neighboring countries are watching the growth of the Philippines as an independent nation. Dutch and Indonesian presses in the Netherlands are following with interest the development of the youngest republic in the Far East. The leaders of both sides (Dutch and Indonesians) are eagerly trying to find parallels in the life of the Independent Philippines which might be applied to the East Indies which have been formed into a United States of Indonesia. Philippines to Take Part in lnter·.4sian Conference. The Philippines will take part in the first InterAsian Conference to be held in Delhi, India. The conference is the first of its kind in the Orient. It will be solely for the people of the East and Near East. The conference will be held under the auspices of the Indian Council of World Affairs. The honorary president of the council and chairman of the committee in ch3.rge of organizing the conference is Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, present head of the Indian government. The conference will take up the following topics for discussion: (1) National movements for freedom in Asia, (2) 'racial problems, with special references to root causes of racial conflicts, (3) transition from colonial to national economy,--one that would best promote national interests and at the same time contribute toward international cooperation, ( 4) inter-Asian emigration and the status and. treatment of immigrants, (6) welfare problems, (6) industrial labor and industrial development, (7) cultural problems, with speclal emphasis on education, art, scientific research, and 1iterature, and (8) the status of women in Asia. Philippines Invited to International Metet;1rogical Organization Conference. The Departments of State and Commerce announced that invitations have been extended to 63 nations to designate an official representative or •7 The Philippines ... . (Continued from page 7) observer to the conference of directors of the International Meteorogical Organization(IMO)which will be held at Washington, D.C., from September 22 to October 7, 1947. The Philippines is one of the 60 nations invited to the conference. The members of this ol'ganization are composed of meteorogical directors of officials weather services or meteorogical institutions. Meetings al'j! held at intervals of about six years. The last regular meeting was held in Warsaw in 1935. The primary aim of these conferences is to reach an international agreement on methods· of observing, reporting, recording, and forecasting the weather for all purpbses. Philippines' Role in Food Program. It was announced in a special release of the USIS (United States Information Service) that the International Emergency Food Council has named the Philippines one of the main suppliers of allocated protein feeds covering the first six months of this year. The main suppliers will be Argentir1a, 450,000 metric tons; Uruguay, 30,000; Philippines 40,000; Egypt, 50,000; and the United States, 100,000. What has the Security ... (Continued from page 4) investigation of· foreign troops in countries othet' than ex-enemy nations be placed on the agenda of the Security Council. The Security Council voted down the Russian proposal. In the last session of the General Assembly; Molotov repeated his accusation against the Western Powers for keeping troops in foreign countries. The General Assembly dropped Russia's proposal, and it passed a reso~u tion providing for an 14immediate census of foreig·n troops in non-enemy territories." 11. Approval of the interim report on atomic energ7.-For more than six months the Atomic Energy Commission of the UN had been discussing the American and Russian plans for the control of atomic energy. After many heated debates, the Atomic Energy Commission approved by a vote of 10 against 0 (Poland and Russia abstained from voting) to submit an interim report to the Security Council on the control of atomic energy. The interim report embodies in general the American plan for the control of atomic energy as discussed in the September-October issue of the Current Events Review. Study Help.s Discuss and evaluate the following statements of outstanding writers and authors: *8 Burma Asks for .... (Continued from page 6) it was in reality. controlled by U Aung San and Thakin Thaw Tun. The main objective of the League is independence. The .slogans used by the leaders in their demand for f!"!edom were: "We want complete independence," "We don't want a governor," and "Withdraw the occupation force!" Burma is Prepared /or Freedom. The British Labor government is desirous of solving the problem of Burmese independence. It called a conference in London in January, 1947, to diScuss the Burmese freedom. The Burmese delegation was headed by the great nationalist leader, U Aung San. After several weeks Of negotiations, Prime Minister Clement Attlee told the House of Commons that Burma is given the choice of remaining in or leaving the British Commoriweath. He also, outlined the steps toward Burmese freedom. What are the provisions of the new White Paptr on Burma's Freedom? 1. The British government and the delegation of the Burma executive council have agreed on certain conclusions as to the methods by which the people of Burma niay achieve their independeitce either within or without the Commonwealth as soon as possible. 2. A Constituent Assembly shall be elected in April, 194 7, in order that the people of Burma may decide on the future constitution of their country. From the representatives elected to the Constituent Assembly, the governor will nominate a legislative council of 100, with the inclusion, however, ~f a small number of persons r~presenting tbe non~in digenous minorities. Study Helps Write ihe answers to these. questions: l. What was . the main reaaon for the lack of unity in Burma in the past? 2. How did Britain extend her control on Burma? 3. Explain how Burmese nationalism rose. 4. What was th~ dl!ference between Burmese and Indian nationalism? 5. Can Britain afford to give up Burma? Why? 1. The Security Council has become the force for international cooperation. 2. The Security Council has proved to be a means of bringing pressure to bear against threatened violations of peace. 3. The Security Council has .made progress in its most. important objective-to advance the con. cept that national self·interest requires the advancement of the welfare of the United Nations. Current Eventa Review * Are the Yalta Seer et Deals Fair? What is the Historical Significance Yalta Secret Deals? of the The Yalta Conference. The Yalta Conference was held at Crimea from February 4, 1945, to February 11, 1945. The Conference was attended by President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Marshall Stalin. The three great leaders discussed many vital questions in hardly eight days. The Conference mapped out the final offensive against Germany; drafted the common policies and plans for the occupation of Germany; planned the establishment of a commission on reparation by Germany; reached an agreemerit on the holding of a conference of the United Nations; determined common policies on the liberated countries of Europe; agreed on the settlement of conflicting. interests in the government of Poland and Yugoslavia; and drew the plan to bring about unity anCJ. cooperation for peace. Secret Deals at Yalta. The details of the Yalta .agreement were revealed a year after the Big Three had signed the document. This was on February 11, 1946. Since then historians, writers, radio commentators and political leaders have discussed the merits and demirits of the secret deals of the Yalta agreement. What were the secret deals? What are their historical significance? The Yalta Secret Deals; Were they J'leceSsary to the Big Three unity? World Affairs 1. Three Votes for Russia in the General Assembly.- The Russians were given three votes in the Gene.ral Assembly. This secret deal became known during the San· Frapcisco Conference. The "small nations" rebelled against this special right given to Russia. The "Small Nations" argued that each nation should have one vote in the General Assembly. The resentment of the. "small nations" nearly wrecked the San Francisco Conference. The pressure exerted from Washington, London, and Moscow to prevent discord among the members of the UN is discussed in Hallet Abend's recent book entitled, Reconquest: Its Results and Responsibilities. 2. Russo-Polish Government. Before the total liberation of· Poland by Russia, there were two rival Polish governments. One was the Polish Government-in-exile in London and the other was the government set up by the Russians in Lublin, Poland. The rivalry between these two governments brought about a serious conflict between the United States, Great Britain, and the Poles in London on the one hand and Russia on the other. The first three countries di4 not like to approve the Lublin government because it was under the Russian domination. The Russians on the other hand did not approve of the Polish government in exile because it was set up under the Fascist Constitution of 1935. The Yalta secret deals provided for the recognition of the provisional government iii Poland on condition that it should be reorganized on broader democratic basis. This arrangement is a victory for the Russians, for the Lublin government is a Communist-dominated government. 3. Polish boundary.-At Yalta, Stalin insisted on Polish boundaries agreeable to Russia and got what he wanted. Becau~e of this agreements the eastern boundary of Poland was deceded without any representation from the Polish government. This secret deal enabled Russia to secure Polish territories. The Poles in general resent this arbitrarily decided Russo-Polish boundary. 4. Deportation of German war prisoners and la~ borers for the reconstruction of Russian cities.According to the United States News Russia was secretly given another concession to use German laQor in the reconstruction of her cities destroyed during the war. The number of workers and the terms of employment have not been revealed. This concession aids RUssia in the reconstruction of her ruineq cities. Speculation is ripe as to whether (Continued on page 12) *9 Will Palestine be Another Acid Test for the United Nations? Failure of the Latest Proposals on Palestine. During the month of February, 1947, the British government tried once more to soive the "explosive" Palestine question. (This question is thoroughly discussed in the September-October, 1946, issue of the Current Events Review.) British officials conferred separately with the Arab and Jewish delegations. The British official presented to the Jewish delegation, headed by David Ben Gurion, another British plan on Palestine. Under the plan; Palestine would be divided into an Arab and Jewish provinc~s. Each country would be autonomous. There will be, however, a central government in whlch both Arabs and Jews would have equal representation. The plan ca.Iles for a tentative partition of Palestine for five years. During this interim period it is expected that both Arabs and Jews would be able to arrive at a final settlement of the Palestine question. The Jews and Arabs have rejected the latest proposal. The Arabs still insist on an All-Arab Palestine. British Decision to Refer the Palestine to the United Nations. On February 16, announcement was made that the British government had decided to refer the Palestine question to the United Nations. Various papers of the world applauded the decision of the British government. United States papers have generally welcomed the British decision to· submit the problem of Palestine to the United Nations. But they emphasize that the admitted complexity of the situation, including the basic and lon'g drawn diffrcnces between the Jewish ~nd Arab positions as well as. the conflicting interests of several major powers, provides a challenge for the UN. The papers also pointed out that any solution of Palestine still leaves unsolved the urgetlt problem of the thousands of displaced persons throughout Europe, on1Y a minority of which are Jews. Several editorials urg-ed that various nations, including- the United States, permit increased immigration. Editorials on the Palestine Question. Is there a hope for solution ?-The St. Louis Star Times said in part: "With the announced intention of the British government to submit the whole question of Palestine to the United Nations, there comes, for the first time in months of bloodshed, the hope of a real solution for the problems of that unhappy country. It is not a bright hope. Enmities have clotted so in Palestine that they have * 10 smothered all real questions. If there is a solution for Palestine, it will have to come from the UN." Why must the UN find a solution ?-"It may as well be' admitted/' wrote the Chicago Daily News, "that the Palestine problem seems to defy peaceful solution ... but until this country opens its doors to the homeless Jews in Europe, any criticism of the British of Arabs for restricting immigration cannot escape the appearance of hyprocrisy. . The British now confess that they have exhausted all avenues of conciliation. The UN must find a just solution and it must persuade the two factions to accept it. It is a hard t€St, but one which ought to be welcomed." How may we dispel the bitterness between Arabs and Jews?-The Richmond Times-Dispatch commented: "The Unit0d Natio.ns would do well to (Continued on page 18) PALESTINE: Why is it a great problem? Black areas show Jewish settlements. Current Events Review ~ Why is the Solution Imperative? What Progress has been Made on the Control of Atomic Energy? Historic Decision. The United Nations Atomic Energy Commission has in principle arrived at a historic decision on the control of atomic energy. It approved on December 30, 1946, the American plan for the control of atomic energy. The 89-page American proposal, sponsored by Bernard M. Baruch, the American dE}legate to the Atomic Energy Commission, was bitterly discussed and debated in more than 80 meetings and for more than 28 weeks. The interim report sent to the Security Council was approved by a vote of 10 to 0, with Russia and Poland abstaining. What are the Fundamental.Purposes of the American Plan? The American plan has three fundamental objectives. These objectives are to detect and prevent (1) the diversion of atomic materials from peaceful purposes to destructive purposes, (2) the seizure of peaceful factories by would-be aggressors, and (3) the operation of secret nuclear factories. The achievement of these objectives is very essential to world Security and peace. Why is there a Need for International Control? · Only a single Wlified international agency could bring about and execute the control of atomic energy. This agency should be 0 under the UN. It should ensure the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, eliminate atomic weapons, and pr:ovide safeguards to" protect complying states. This international agency shall (1) completely control all atomic ma-· terials - uranium and thorium, (2) shall own and manage all atomic plants, (3) shall have sole power to issue license for the use of atomic energy, (4) shall have the right to conduct researches in atomic weapons, and maintain an up-to-date laboratory to check all the activities. of all nuclear scientists and engineers. Why is there a Need for an International lnspection? The heart of the international control of atomic energy will be the international inspection. The international agency must have the right to know the sources of uranium and thorium. It must have flying inspection or aerial surveys to check areas devoted to new mines, future sources o'f atomic materials, suspicious installations, and industrial plants that might be converted to the warlike purposes of World Problem atomic energy. The air surveys should be supplemented by ground surveys so as to fully evaluate heavily wooded areas, caves, underground structures and plants that might be used as places for the diversion of atomic energy to destructive purposes. Why is there (l Need for Periodic Reports? It is also essential that the international agency should know the location of all mines producing uranium and thorium. Every natio~ should (1) submit the required information of the location of atomic materials, (2) supply full information on equipment and materials which could be used in producing nuclear energy, (3) furnish information <in large plants that may include atomic operations, and (4) keep a full record of uranium salvaged from the tailings of other mines. Why is there a Need for Periodic Inspection? To achieve tight control of the atomic energy, the system of international inspection must be done periodically and regularlyl.. The inspection must be so thorough as to prevent s.teaking of even small amounts of uranium or thorium ore. This system of inspection will be supplemented by a good system of accounting. The inspection should cover every form of activity or enterprise that either directly or indirectly helps produce atomic energy; as, the mines, refineries where uranium and thorium are extracted, the "separation" plants, and the factories that finally produce atomic power. The process of separating Uranium-235 from natural uranium permits important concentrations of nuclear energy; · The process must be carefully watched. In fact, there ought to be a rigid international management of the final stages in the manufacturing process, from the separation pr_ocess to the assembly of atomic bombs. What should an International Treaty Include? · The international treaty on the control of atomic energy should be concluded by all nations. The important pro.visions of the proposed treaty are: (1) the international agency must have sweeping powers to inspect and control all mines, plants, research, and Hdange·rous" activities that have something to do with the production of atomic ~nergy. (2) Rese3.rch on ·atomic weapons shall belong only to the international agency. (3) Nations shall be pro* 11 hibited from manufacturing, possessing, and using atomic weapons. (4) All existing stocks of atomic bombs shall be disposed of. (5) World inspection by the international authority shall fully have "unimpeded rights of ingress, egress, and access." This means all nations inust give up their special rights by permitting aerial surveys and ground surveys. (6) Major violation of the treaty shall be considered as an international crime. (7) No nation shall· have the right to protect itself by the use of the "Veto" power. The Debates Start. The interim report of the Atomic Energy Commission has been submitted for consideration and discussion by the Security Council. Preliminary discussions show that the Russians are still opposed to interriational inspection, internationl control, and the abolition of the "veto". There is, however, an indication that Russia might approve international inspection and control in principle. If the Russians submit to the international inspection and control, and approve the abolition of the veto, then- the gravest problem of the world might be solved. Will the Russians yield? Security Council Backs the United States. After several weeks of ·debates, the United Nations Security Council ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to prepare the details of an atomic control program as soon as possible. It was also ordered to make a public report by September 16, 194 7. The decision was adopted by a unanimous vote of the Security Council. It was arrived at after bitter debates between Warren Austin, the United States delegate to the Security Council and Andrei Gromyko, the Russiaii. delegate to the Security Council. Andrei Gromyko charged that the United States is seeking an atomic monopoly. He also utged the United States to destroy its existing sto&k of atomic bombs. Warren Austin denied Gro-. myko's charge and urgued that Russia's proposal to destroy atomic weapons before an internatiOnal inspection machine could be set up would fail to l')revent an atomic weapon's race. Study Helps Discuss the following: 1. Does the control of atomic energy really necessitate international management of 'all mines producing atomic materials? 2. Should sovereign states give up their special rights by allowing international inspection? 3. Do you think there is no possible loophole in the provi~ions of the American plan? 4. Why should the veto be' abolished in the punishment of the willful violator? 5. Are the Russians justified in their insistence that the veto be retained? Why? * 12 What is the Historical ... (Continued from page 9) a similar agreement J:i.;Mi been made for use of Japanese war prisoners in eastern Siberia; for at the close o( the Pacific War at least 600,000 Japanese soldiers were deported by the Russians to Siberia. 5. Russia acquired the Kuriles and Southern Sakhalin.-The Yalta secret deals gave back to Russia the Kuriles (32 islands in all). It should be remembered that the Kuriles were yielded by Russia to Japan in 1875. Russia also regained the southern part of Sakhalin island which was acquired by Japan from Russia after the end of the Russo.,,. Japanese War in 1904-1905. The Kuriles have great military value. It was from these islands that Japan launched her surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The southern half of Sakhalin is important because of its coal, oil, and timber resources. It is a strategic point for the d~fense of Russia. 6. Manchurian concessions given to Russia.Russia won several concessions as a result of the Yalta secret deals. Russia was given the right to use Port Arthur jointly with the Chinese, the full control of the defense of the Port Arthur naval base, and the joint control with the Chinese of the Manchurian port of Dairen. Russia also acquired joint ownership with China of the principal Manchurian railways. The concessions acquired by Russia in Manchuria were however, those that she had lost to Japan. 7. Recognition of Outer Mongolia -as an independent Soviet Republic.-The Yalta secret deals also provided for the recognition of Outer Mongolia as an independent Soviet Republic should the people in a plebiscite decide to become independent. The plebiscite was held arid the result showed that outer Mongolia voted to become an "Independent" Soviet Republic by 40 popula:i:;. expression of the will of the people." Five hundred sixty thousand voted in favor of the "Republic". What is· the Historical Significance of the Yalta Seer.et Deals? The Yalta Conference hastened the end of the war in both Europe and Asia. Rtt:ssia increased her participation in the war against the Nazis. Russia entered the war against Japan on August 8, 1945, three months after Germany had surrendered. Russia was at war with Japan exactly six days when Japan unconditionally surrendered on August 14, 1945. Russian participation in the United Nations had been assured because of the three votes given to her in the General Assembly and the right to use the "veto" power by· the Big Five. The secret deal on the Polish government and the Polish borders strengthened Russia's policy of establishing "security" frontiers. Russian acquisitions in the Far East have made her an oceanic power. The :kuriles together with Kamchatka provide Rus( Continued on page 24) Current Events Review What do you think of Britain's stand? Britain's Stand on World Disarmament Great Britain's position. World disarmament is one of the important postwar problems of the \vorld. In our previous issues we gave you the stand of the United States and Russia on world disarmament. In this issue we give you the stand of Great Britain on this problem. The British stand was given by Foreig·n Secretary Ernest Bevin before the Political and Security Committee of the UN General Assembly. What is Britain's primary concern? "My Government has been concerned for months, in fact ever since the war closed, and prior to that \Vhen the Charter was· being devised, with the question of disarmament. "Between the two wars, it will not be denied, I think, by any nation represented here, that we took the lead in disarmament. My late Labor colleague, Mr. Arthur Henderson, spent the remaining days of his life in trying at Geneva to bring about disarmament and to establish peace, but he was thwarted and defeated, and in the· end, ~·ar came. "When the war came, my country was nearly defeated, too. We were within inches of being entirely wiped out by Hitler, and I ask this conference to consider what would have been the fate of the wo~ld if Britain had failed in 1940 and 1941. What is the significance of the lessons of the past? "I am afraid that the resources that would have been made available to Hitler in consequence of that defeat would have meant his triumph, and I mention this because we cannot approach this problem again and afresh without taking all the lessons of Wodd War I from 1918 to W39 into account, and we cannot plunge without Careful study into an action which would le-ave us open to attack and en-. danger the lives of our citizens and others of the Commonwealth, without being quite sure that the instrument we are creating is effective and wilJ, in fact, work. What does Britain demand for her acceptance of disarmament? "Article 43 (of the Charter of the UN) deals with the task which the United Natons is charged to perform for the maintenance of international peace and security. (Under Article 43 the members of the UN will make available to the Security Council armed forces, assistance, and facilities for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.) And when it seeks to perform that task, then the nations must give the information re .. quired and my country will, when the Military Staff Committee sets to work on the task visualWorld Problem ized in Article 43 give the information without hesitation and will withhold nothing from the United Nations. "We make _this declaration because \Ve are very, very anxious that article 43 will be used to develop/ the structure which, as someone said, ,,.ill get rid of balances of power, will get rid of the tactic of nerve wars on small nations which is as bad as actual war, which is going on today, keeping them in a state of unrest, and will give to the people of the world absolute security. What must be built by the Security Council and the Military Staff Com· mitee? "In the name of my Government, and those who have gone through hell in this war, who for the last 30 years have had to be mobilized longer than any body else - one day in three - who today are paying a frightful price in the standard of life of our people - I ask in all solemnity that there -he consideration of the whole problem of disarmament, with a view to giving the Security Council and the_ Military Staff Committee the greatest task that any body of people ever had - to build a structure of disarmament that will enable governments to come to a conclusion as to whether it is of such a character that they -can to a large extent surrender their sovereignty to the United Nations. No, sir, that really is what is involved in this question of disarmament. Can statesmen solemnly say to their pai:liaments, 'I 3.ccept this new system which will give to the people security, which has behind it confidence and honor; in all our action we can, instead of keeping great national armies surrender our security to the United Nations.'" CALLlNG ALL SUMMER STUDENTS: Big Demand For Radio Operators. BIG PAY-TAKE ABRIDGED COURSE IN RADIO IN 4 MONTHS SEND FOR FREE PROSPECTUS * 13 • Is ·Russia's Stand Just? Russia's Stand on World Disarmament In his speech delivered at the Paris Peace Confel'ence.,. Molotov outlined Russia's stand on the hlspection of world arms. Among the important principles announced by Foreign Minister Molotov are: On the lessons of two world wars. "If the lessons of the first \Vorld \Var were insufficient to prevent the sanguinary events of the last few years, the second World War should finall_y convince us that it is essential to take serious measures to prevent another similar war. On international cooperation. "There hi:ls been created an international orgahization whose task is to defe"nd the peace aru1 security of the peoples and to prevent the rise of fresh aggression. We must all work in the direction of fortifying trust and friendly relations between peoples, developing international cooperation in the interest of the consolidation of general peace, the national liberation of dependent countries and a real advance in the well-being of the peoples, the working masses. On the necessity of reducing armaments. "A general reduction of armaments should embrace all countries and cover all forms of armaments. Only in this case does it achieve its ain:. "The opinion was expressed at the General Assembly that the initiative of the Soviet Union, in the matter of the reduction of armaments, was ap:propriate since she had a powerful army. The army was necessary in order to defend her national honor and liberty and ihe interests of all the freedom-loving peoples subjected to Fascist aggressions required it. But the conditions have changed sirice the forces of aggression were defeated and peace reestablished. That is why the Soviet Government, true to the interests of peace and friendship between nations, took the initiative in raising the question of_ a general reduction of armaments. On the problems of reduction of arma· ments. "It is a matter of reducing the armies, the nun:bers of which should be diminished in the period of peace which has begun. It is also a matter of reducing naval and air armaments, the size of which is now, in certain cases, quite inappropriate to peace conditions. It would be well if powers possessing the largest naval and air -forces were to take the same steps as the Soviet Union and develop a corresponding activity in the matter of the reductioh of armaments. * 14 On atomic weapons. "The Soviet Government has submitted the draft of the international convention for the prohibition of the production and use of atomic weapons and has proposed that, by this .convention, atomic weapons should not be 3.llowed. This draft provides that governments should- bind themselves not to use atomic weapons under any circun:stances, to forbid their production and to destroy supplies of atomic bombs. "Refusal to conclude an international convention on the prohibition of the use of atomic energy for purposes of war would be in complete contradiction with the highest aspirations and the conscience of the peoples of the world. That is why we have the right to hope that a unanimous opinion will eventually be reached among governments on the international convention prohibiting the use of atomic energy for purposes of war. On the control of decisions. "To insure the adoption of measures for the reduction of armaments and prohibition of the use of aiomic energy for military purposes, tltere shall be established within the framework of the Security Council, who bear the main ·reSponsibility for international peace and security, international control operating on the basis of a special provision which should be for the establishment of special organs of inspection for which purpose there shall be formed: (a) A co>r.mission for the control of the execution of the decision regarding the reduction of armaments. · (b) A commission for the control of the execution of the decision i·egarding the prohibition and use of atomic energy for military purposes. The Soviet delegation thinks that this proposal provides a basis for tha solution o~ the problem of control and inspection. The adoption of such a decision will further assist such a solution. · On the lesson of the League of Nations. "You know that the League of Nations was also concerned with problems of the reduction of armaments. More than one special conference was con·· vened for the examination of this problem. The failure of these conferences is remembered by everyone a.nd should serve as a lesson to us all. "The problem of the general reduction of arma·· ments is again before us. The peoples of the whole world will follow with great attention the actfons of the U.N. in this connection. The ultin:ate solution of this problem depends on all of us. . . 11.,or its own part, the Soviet Government will take an active part in any measures to promote a rapid find practical solution to the problem of a general reduction of armaments." , Current Events Review Significant World News Roundup JAPAN Policy Decisions on Japanese Reparation Goods. The Far Eastern Commission has formed its policy decision relating to the delivery of reparation goods in Japan. The Japanese government should bear all costs connected with the dismantling, packing, and transporting of reparation machines and materials to a port in Japan. The Supreme Commander for Allied Powers will consult the claimant countries prior to and allow them to be represented at, the dismantling and packing of such goods; and he will furnish them such constructional plans and drawings as may be necessary. for the re-erection of such machines. The claimant countries shall furnish the SCAP a written understanding to accept such goods. Each recipient country will be responsible for arranging for water-borne or air-borne craft necessary to transport its reparation goods from the designated port in Japan. What is the significance of the news?-The policy decision, which has been forwarded to the SCAP for implementation, will make safe the delivery of the reparation goods to claimant countries. It definitely outlines the responsibilities of the Japanese government as well as those of the claimant countries. Such definite assigning of responsibilities will surely prevent misunderstandings and unnecessary delay. INDIA British Decision to Withdraw. Prime Minister Clement Attlee annou.nced that the British would have withdrawn from India _by June, 1948. Britain is determined to withdraw whether or not the new constitution being drafted by the Constituent Assembly would be adopted by the Indians. \Yhat is the significance of the news ?-The decision to quit India is a momentous event in contemporary history. The New York Times wrote: "This declaration, which matches the American grant of independence to the Philippines and which has few parallels in history, marks a decisive step in Britain's self-imposed task of leading India to selfgovernment. It is an ultimatum to the Indian leaders to end their quarrels and deadlocks over the present constitution and get together to form a responsible government." International News CHINA Bold Decision to Solve Financial Crisis., In order to ease the financial crisis of China, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek took certain bold decisions: ( 1) He fixed the Chinese dollar at 12,000 to one United States dollar. (2) He ordered the bringing home of private Chinese fortunes abroad. (3) He ordered the prohibition of dealings in, and circulation of, gold and foreign currency. (4) He set a ban on strikes. (5) He ordered stern government economy. (6) He ordered the government to get out of industry and to leave the running of all industries to private concerns. What is the significance of the news. - China's survival is at stake according to the Generalissimo. The New York Herald Tribune commented that the steps taken by the Generalissimo are dastric, but it must be admitted that nothing less than radical action would do. If the• people would heed the Generalissimo's plea for the bringing home of private fortunes from abroad, the wealth of some of China's leading men will return to China. If the decision of the government to get out of industry is not ignored, the economic development of China will surely take turn for the better. Government monopolies and private monopolies by big families will be ended. The breakdown of these monopolies will give the people a chance to go to business in a big way. SOUTII PACIFIC Creation of South Pacific Commission. As a result of the 6-nation conference recently held at Canbera, Australia, a South Pacific Commission ha·s been set up to serve as a regional advisory body for non-self-governing territories in the south seas. The conference was attended by representatives ·of Australia, New Zealand, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. What is the significance of the news?-The creation of the Commission is the first of its kind in the south Pacific. Its establishment is fully in accord with the spirit of the United Nations charter which, in part, calls upon the members of the UN which have responsibilities for the administration of non-self-governing territories '1to cooperate with one another and, when and where appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a view. to the practical achievement of the economic, social, and scientific purposes of the charter." * 15 The Commission will create a program for dayto-day cooperation . between the interested governments. The people will be brought into the program and made to feel a part of it. They will be made to ·feel that the Commission is an agency for the expression of their wishes and their aspirations. RUSSIA Voice of America. On February 17, 1947, the United States began its Russian language broadcast to the Soviet Union. The '1Voice of the United States of · America," aims to give listeners in the Soviet Union a picture of life in America and to explain American problems and how they are being solved. It will bring to the Russians the latest world news, feature stories about 'life in the United States, and selections of serious and light music. What is the significance of the news?-The 0 Voice of the United Sthtes of America" is a part of the information service designed to tell the woi-ld about America and the American people. It will afford the Russians to understand the customs, traditions, problems, and aspirations of the American people. Such broadcast pierces the 40 Russia's News Iron Curtain," and it may work out for the benefit of the people. It may lessen the misunderstanding between the two cou11tries, and may bring about mutual cooperation between the two peoples. AUSTRIA Austria Must be Independent. The American Jewish committee submitted proposals for peace terms for Austria to the Assistant Secretary of State for occupied areas with the recommendation that the Secretary of State submit them to the Council of Foreign Ministers for adoption. The proposals urged that draft clauses for the Austrian peace treaty should contain provisions that will guarantee human rights, forestall future aggression, and restore Nazi-looted property. I~ spite of these demands, however, the proposals do not object to the independence of Austria. What is the significance of the news ?-Democracy must triumph in all countries liberated by1the Allies. The Big Three are committed to the task of restoring the independence of Austria. They know that unless the independence of Austria is guJranteed, it would be difficult to realize the return of the price paid by the Allies in Austria's liberation. The United States is insisting on th~ independence of Austria because she believes that ".international commitments 11JUSt be respected. GERMANY Policy on the Education of German Youth. The United States recently made open her policy on the education· of German youth. She made plain * 16 that one of the long-range objectives of the military government for Germany in the United States zone is to help German youth overcome the 41 isolation which was imposed upon them by the National Socialist regime." Among the important points of the policy ate: (1) formation of voluntary youth groups, free of National Socialist and militarist tendencies, (2) organization of activities for all youth in order to provide experiences in democratic practices, (3) encouragement of participation of youth in community affairs, and (4) resumption of contracts between German youth and youth outside Germany by conferences, seminars, camps, work projects, and tours which are designed to promote international understanding and cooperation; What is the significance of the news?-The reorientation of the German youth is essential to the democratization of a defeated Germany. The measures recently issued are designed to further the political and moral reorientation of German youth towards democracy and peace. Incidentally, the new extensive program is intended to curb the spread of juvenile delinquency and criminality. BRITAIN Will the Nation be Able to Solve the Crisis? Britain is faced by one of the worst crisis in its history-the fuel crisis. This crisis was brought about by coal shortage. The coal shortage was brought _about by miscalculation somewhne in the coal mining industry. During the worst week of the fuel crisis many factories were closed, and many roads were blocked, wartime reiulations were invoked, and the people experienced once again war time hardships. - What is the significance of the news?-The fuel crisis ecame without warning because Emmanuel Shinwell, Fuel Minister had been making reassuring reports on the coal situatioh for severa1 months. The Conservatives attacked the Labor Party for its neglect. The war-weary English in the meantime, however, niust take the economic situation in which they have found themselves. They must show the same fortitude and grim resolution they showed when the buzz bombs were dropping at London. England must learn a lesson, if the Labor Party's program of Socialism is to. triumph. FRANCE New Anglo-French Alliance. A new Anglo-French treaty of alliance has been concluded. The new treaty was drafted in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations charter. The new treaty contains general provisions on military, economic, and political collaboration , between the two countries. It also provides that either country should come to the assistance (Continued on page 17) Current Events Review • The concept of One World must be developed. One World News We M~t Not Lose Hope. In his recent report to the Common Council for American Unity and Willkie Memorial of Freedom House, Norman Corvin stated that the "One Wo1·ld" concept advocated by the late Wendie Wlllkie ls at a low ebb .. He pointed out how differences in ideologies and misunderstanding may prevent the real· ization of "One World." He showed that under· standing and cultural exchanges would help develop the concept of "One World," and that suspicions and mutual distt·usts must be abolished to attain such an ideal. 11 1 have 'lost no hope," writes Norman- Corvin after his four and a half months· tour of the world. ' 1 1 believe that ultimately we will find unity and brotherhood in this world, but the quest will go on through terrible trials and agonies, until a true democracy, not merely a lip-service democracy~ is achieved for the entire world. I believe each of us can assist in this mammoth task." Atomic ln/ormatwn Group Meets. The National Committee on Atomic Information which was set up in December, 1946, held an important'' session recenfly to discuss the problems of the international control of atomic energy. The committee acts as a clearing house for 60 national organizations for the discussion of information on the social and scientific implications of atomic energy. In its recent session, Dr. Luther Evans, librarian of the U.S. Library of Congress, discussed the problem of control from two points. One phase, he said, is the immediate and urgent problem of agreement to prevent the use of atomic energy for destructive purposes. Such an agreement, Dr. Evans continued, must be among the diplomats of the world. The other problem is that of making longWorld News ... (Continued) of the other in the event that Germany attacks one of them. It is also provided that both countries should not conclude any treaty hostile to each of them. The new alliance was concluded for a range plans for world control through education. The UNESCO, Dr. Evans said, is the "best possible institutional expression at the international level of the urge to create understanding among the peoples of the world." Youth Builders. The "Youth Builders" is an organization which aims to make practical application of children's idealism. This organization, which has 73 units operating in New York schools, helps school children follow up the discussion of world peace and unity. Working with youngsters from 9 to 16 years old, the "Youth Builders" start them off with talks on local, national, and international affairs. Children are taught to see how world unity depends on community unity and how community unity could be aided by recreational facilities. The aim of "Youth Builders" is to make children feel the need for world unity. let Us Build One World. Several distinguished contributors have written special articles for the "One World" edition of the Animated Magazine of Rallins College. The dif. ferent contributors advocate the building of "One World." Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo, Chinese Ambassador to Washington,' places much of the responsibility for the making of permanent peace an4, education, "which must now teach something more than traditional loyalty to country. There Is need now of new and larger unity." W~ T. Holliday_, president of the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, describes as unrealistic the thought that nations can be per· suaded to disarm "unless a substitute security is offered." 14 1f we want abiding peace, then we must accept an.d act upon the only thing which has ever brought peace on earth, justice under law 8.nd government." Justice William Douglas of the United iltates Supreme Court advocates the birth of freedom for all. "We must have a positive program of justice at home and abroad, if wars are to be averted. This age can \vitness the birth of a great commonwealth of justice. It can be the birth of a new freedom for all men." period of 60 years. World Culture. What is the significance of the news?-The con- A new course has been added to the curriculuni clusion of the alliance was not in opposition to the of Pennsylvania College for Women. The course provisions of the UN's charter. Moreover, the new is called World Culture. The main purpose of the treaty was concluded to prevent any future German new course is to increase the undergraduate's Jmowl .. aggression. It specificall~' .states that the treaty is edge of certain areas. The areas to be covered by not designed against any other country except the course will consist of the Far East IWd Latin Germany. The conclusion of the alliance follows America. The aim of tbe course is to make the in general the historical interests and ideals of both students get acquainted with the customs, tri.ditlona, countries, since both stand for deR1ocracy. ideals, and problems of the people In theae reglona: World Affairs ------------------------'---,.-17 CURRENT EVEm REVIEW Published monthly during the school year. Dlosdada G. Capino Editor D. R. Manlapaz Publisher Subscription rates : One year (10 issues) One semester ( 5 issues) ..... Payable in advance. P3.00 1.50 Please make all remittances payable to the CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila Will Palestine , •• (Continued from page 10) consider the Palestine problem as part of '.he larger problem of finding refuge for the displaced persons of Europe. If the various member nations of the UN will agree to absorb t11eir proportionate quotas of those unfortunates, the pressure of Palestine will ease and the maintenance of a status quo would eventually dispel the bitterness between Jews and Arabs and prevail upon them to share a common homeland of peace." What is the significance of the interest of large powers in Palestine?-"J.t is impossible," writes the Cincinnati Times Star, 0 to talk of Palestine, which Britain has held in mandate since 1923, without keeping oil in mind. .For oil lies under the earth of the member-nations of that same Arab League which has been adamantly opposing the wholesale immigration of Jews into the Holy Land. . . Palestine will be a severe test for the United -Nations, for seri~usly involved in any set-' tlement are the primary interests of several large powers, notably the United States and the Soviet Union. Certainly Britain, by transferring the problem of the UN-where we have always felt it belongs has shown her good faith in seeking a solution." What is the merit of the British decision?-The British decision was highly commended by the Baltimore Sun; "The Decision to refer the Palestine problem to the United Nations is a decision of obvious merit. If the British sought now to impose a solution of their own, there is not the slightest assurance that it would stick - or that the British could make it stick. The situation in the questiol} of Palestine emphasized that no single nation should have the responsibility for a solutionwhere the only real hope of a workable answer is one backed by the authority of the whole community of nations." * 18 SCIENCE MARCHES ON Review of Medical ProgreBB for 1946. Waldemar Waempffert, science editor for the New York Times recently reviewed the advances in medical science in 1946. The number of medical discoveries for. 1946 is greater than that of any other year. Nearly all of the discoveries were the result of war research, the most well-known of which are the anti-materials pentaquine or SN 13276 and aralen or SN 7618. Several anti-allergy drugs have been discovered. The two most prominent of these are benadryl and pyribenzamine. These two are complex chemicals. They counteract the effects of histamine which causes the typical swelling and blisters of hives and other skin rashes, and the inflamation of the eyes and of mucous membrane in hay fever. Next to these two comes the pyribenzamine hydrochloride, the effectiveness of which has recently been shown before the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Two new drugs for the treatment of African sickness were reported in the meeting of the American Chemical Society last September. One is a compound of antimony; the other is melarsen oxide. Equally effective for Africa sleeping sickness is P-arsenophenylbultyric acid. .;r The United States Public Health Service has developed two vaccines which prevent bubonic plague. Clinical tests for these vaccines on human patients have not been completed, but their effects on experimental animals show that plague can be checked. The United States Public Health Service has also produced a vaccine against mumps. The vaccine has been successfully applied on monkeys but has not yet been extensively used or tested on man. Vaccines against parrot fever and rabbit fever have also been developed. Cancer specialists have announced some success in the treatment of cancer with mustard gas. The treatment works most effectively against Hodgkin's disease, a cancer of the lymph nodes. Nitr4' gen mustard is not a cure; it could, however, pro· long life. Doctor A. C. Ivy of Northwestern University and his associate have shovm that stomach ulcers may be greatly relieved· by enterogastrone, an anti-acid. This acid appears to have the characteristics of a hormone. Doctors Samuel Proger and A. Dekaneas have discovered that angina pectoris could be cured by the injection of a non-poisonous chemical called cytohormone C, a protein normally present in all lhing tissu~s of animals and plants. Some charir-ridden sufferers have been put back on their feet with this treatment. -USIS Current Events Review -tc Report on the Activities ol the United Nations Security Council Will Consider U. S. Trusteeship Plan. The Security Council has approved to consider the plan of the United States to be the sole administra· tor of the 623 islands mandated to Japan by the League of Nations. These islands were taken by the American forces in the last war. The U. S. plan for a '1strategic area" trusteeship provides both for the defense of the islands as well as the economic, social and political well-being of their inhabitants. One of specific provisions of the truteeship plan is an insular 0 Bill of Rights." The 623 islands would be administered ••as an integral part of the United States." Under the plan, the U. S. will have the power to erect fortifications on the islands but she must "Insure that the trust territory shall play its part in accordance with the charter of the· United Nations in the maintenance of international peace and security." The plan stressed the obligation of the United States in promoting the development of the inhabitants toward self-government. Another section of the plan calls for the promotion of the .,economic advancement and self-sufficiency of the inhabitants" and for the development of·industries, fisheries, and agriculture. About 53,000 people who inhabit the islands would be greatly benefited. The insular "Bill of Rights" charges the United States to guarantee to the inhabitants freedom of speech, of press, of assembly, of conscience, of worship and rQligious teaching, and of migration and movement. All United Nations members would have equal economic opportunities in the trusteeship area. The United States, however', for security reason would reserve certain economic rights. Report on the Devastations in the Far East. The first detailed report on the war devastation suffered by the Far East was submitted to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the members of the Secretariat. According to the report, China lost 90 percent of her machine and light metal plants and 70 percent of the capacity of her coal, electric power, iron, and steel plants. Eighty percent of Chinese shipping and bridges were "'iped out during the last war. About 9,000,000 were killed in the war. China must have 40,000,000 more room for dwellers. In Indo-Chlna damage caused by internal strife was ••immeasurably" greater than that caused by the Japanese. In Malaya, 5 to 10 percent of existing plantation rubber facilities was destroyed, representing an estimated loss of $93,00C.OOO. The greatest obstacle to the recovery of Malaya is the rice shortage. World Affairs Slam represents the brightj!st note in the picture. The report found that despite the loss of plants caused by Allied bombings, Siam faces a far better future than most of the other countries of Asia. In Papua.and New Guinea the picture presented is one of complete devastation. Every town and settlement was destroyed and every public necessity including vital small ships for commerce and communications wiped out. In the Netherlands Indies the loss of manpower is tragically great. In Java alone, 3,000,000 na-tives were killed by ·the Japanese; 1,000,000 were slaughtered in the outer islands. In Burma industry is at a standstill. Burma's essential need is economic recovery. A section of the report on the Philippines states that the government of Manila suffered an es· timated damage of $1,600,000. Debate on the Atom Starts. The interim report of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, approved on December 30, 1946, Is now being debated by the members of the Security Council. In the debate, Russia has been consistently opposing international inspection, international control and the abolition of· the veto. Russia has submitted certain amendments to the American proposal on the contrOl of. atomic energy. The Russian proposed amendments are now under study by the Commission. The United States through Warren Austin, the United States delegate to the Security Council, made it clear that America would not yield its atomic secrets until ap. air· tight control system is approved; and such system should include provisions for unrestricted international inspection and punishment of viola· tors. Setting of the Disarmament Commission. In accordance with the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly directing the Security Council to prepare the disarmament plan, the Security Council set up tentatively an 1,1-member dis· ·armament commission along the lines proposed by the United States. Russia abstained from voting but was agreeable. The 11-natfon committee for conventional armaments will discuss the disarmament of all kinds of war weapons and machinery, except atomic bombs and other weapons of mass destruction. All mem· here of the Security Council will have seats on th.e arms commission. * 19 A Review Test on Current Events --PART 11Prepared by POL/CARPIO G. DANGALIO San Beda College I. DIRECTIONS: Select the best answers. Write only the corresponding letters of the best answers in the blanks before the statements. -- 1. The abolition of state Shintoism gave the Japanese freedom of - a. speech, b. worship, c. assembly. -- 2. The most important disagreement between Russia and the Western Democracies is the a. evacuation of the Russian army, b. reparation, c. Internationalization of the Danube. -- 3. The election in the United States held on November 6, 1946, gave the Republicans a strong majority in - a. the Senate, b. th0 House, c. both houses. -- 4. Tlie greatest problem of the . republic of Indonesia is - a. educational rehabilita· tion, b. economic emancipation, c. the unity of the people. -- 6. The decision of Britain to withdraw her troops from - a. Egypt, b. Italy, c. Greece,is significant in that such withdrawal removes the usore spot" in the Mediterra~ qean. -- 6. The fourth election held in France on, No~ember 10,.1946, resulted in the triumph of - a. democracy, b. communism, c. socialism. -- 7. a. Trieste, b. Danzig, c. Palestine - was the "sore spot'.' that finally brought about World War II. -- 8. Russia agreed to have no "veto" on..-- a. the contrQl of atomic energy, b. peace proposals of Europe, c. world disarmament. -- 9. The election of - a. Maurice Thorez, b. Vincent Auri61, c. Leon Blum - as Premier of France ended the two-week pilotle!B government. --10. a. Churchill, b. F. D. Roosevelt, c. "Truman -has consistently advocated the establishment of a United- States of Europe. --11. The Big Four agreed with the Paris Conference on the - a. Italian,_!>. biternational, °' Yugoslavian.- control of Trieste and of the territorial line between Italy and Yugoslavia. --12. The first republican constitution adopted by China was ignored by the - a. Kuomin*20 tang Party, b· Chinese Communist Party, c. Social Democrats. --13. The "sore spot" in the Far East is - a. Dairen, b. Port Arthur, c. Vladivostok. --14. Great Britain decided to withdraw from India and Egypt to. promote her- a. commercial, b. political, c. cultural - ·relations with these two countries. --16. The- instrumentality of the UN which unites the world powers into a concerted action to prevent war is the - a. General Assembly, b. Economic and Social Council, c. Security Council. --16. One of the greatest decisive naval battles since the battle of Jutland in World War I was fought in - a. Java Sea, b. Coral Sea, c. Guadalcanal. --17. It is believed that the control of - a. Mongolia1 b. Manchuria, c. Korea - by the National Government of China is the solution to China's national unity. --18. The battle of North Africa ended· with the capture of - a.· Gen' Von Rundstedt, b. Von Armin, c. Erwin Rommel. --19. The first international problem settled by the UN ten months after its establishment was the - a. Franco Government, b. Manchurian question, c. Iranian question. --20. The British failure to solve the Indian independence problem is due to the demand for autonomy by - ;i.. All India Congress, b. Moslem League, c. Gandhi's followers. --21. The rejection of the French constitution on May 5, 1946, means the victory of - a. socialism, ·b. communism, c. democracy - in France. --22. The effectiveness of the UN as an instru" ment in the preservation of peace and international security lies in the fact that it is based on the principle of'- a. universal brotherhood, b. equality of states, c. four freedoms. --23 . The first major offensive of the Allies in the Pacific was undertaken to establish .a. foothold in·- a. Spain, b. Guadalcanal, c. Gilbert Islands. --24 . Jn - a. Quebec, b. Casablanca, c. Potsdan1 Conference - the Big Three decideQ that they would not accept any terms from the Axis powers short of unconditional surrender. Current E'll'ents Review -· -25. The result of the first free elections in Japan showed that more parliamentary seats were won by tlte -a 'Progressives, b. Independents, c. Liberals. --26. The- a. Potsdam, b. Moscow, c. Teheran Conference - brought about Allied unity, and thus shortened World War II. --27. On August 23, 1939, Germany concluded a Non-Agg1essi0n Pact with - a. Italy, b. Spain, c. Russia. --28. The removal of the industrial equipment in Manchuria is claimed to be a violation of the- a. open door policy, b. balance of power, c. disarmament program. --29. Th~ Conferences at - a Teheriin, b. Yalta, .c. Potsdam - were significant because these conferences unified the Big Three in their desire to restore peace in the liberated countries of the world. -30. The UN, like the League of Nations, is just another agency for peace, and is strongly backed up by - a. Russia, b. Great Britain, c. the United States. -31. One of the significant aspects of the f~rst free election in Japan on April 10, 1946, is the participation of the - a. soldiers, b. women, e. nobilities. --32. France quickly collapsed because she was betrayed by -a. Marshal Petain b. General Weygrand, c. Pierre ·Laval. -3~. As revealed in her recent campaigns, Russia believes that her security can be achieved only thru - a. unification of Europe, b. territorial expansion, c. expansion of he:t army and navy. -34. Britain was able to survive the German attack after the surrender of France because of the splendid work of her - a. navy, b. army, c. R. A. F. --35. The House of Peers of Japan was l'eplaced by the - a. Diet, b· Cabinet, c. House of Councilors. --36. a. Russia, b. Gl_'eat Britain, c. The United States - refused to withdraw her army from Iran because of her interest in the autonomous government of Azerbaijan and in the oil conces~ions in Iran. --37. According to Churchill a strong - a. Germany, b. Italy, c. Spain - is necessary for the cause of democracy in Europe. --38. The acquisition of bases by Russia in the Dodecanese Islands is a menace to the "life line" of - a. France, b. Great Britain, c. the United States. --39. The - a. Balkan, b. Mediterranean, c. Baltic - countries are the "powder keg" of Review Tests Europe, (that is, where another World War might start). --40. The occupation of northern Korea by Russia and of the southern part by the U.S. prevents Korea from having a united - a. political b. military, c. economic life. --41. The cause of conflict between the democracies and Russia centers on - a. race prejudice, b. political and ideological ideas, c. economic rivalries. --42. The result of the plebiscite held in Italy on June 3, 1946, favored the - a. establishment of a republic, b. retention of monarchy, c. return of Facism. --43. Russia desires to control the - a. Dodecanese Islands, b. Straits of Dardanelles, c. city of Trieste - in order to make her position secure in the entire eastern Mediterranean. --44. To safeguard herself from an invasion of capitalistic powers, Russia has ·built - a. greater army and navy, b. an iron curtain, c. stronger airforce. --46. The oil resources of - a. Turkey, b. Iran, c. Afghanistan - have become the under~ lying causes of econo~ic rivalries among the Big Powers. --46. a. Great Britain, b. the· U. S., c. France-wants an immediate solution of the· Ruhr and Rhineland question. --4 7. The U. S. is exerting effort and spending money in the East to make - a. India, b. Japan, c. China - strong for the promotion of democracy in the Far East. --48. The first step taken by Russia to establish the iron cu.rtain iS the incorporation of the -a. Balkan countries, b. Baltic States, c. Medi.terranean countries. --49. The plan to make Palestine a national home of the Jews has become an international problerri becaUse of the opposition of the - a. Turks, b. Arabs, c. Russians. --· 50. The "veto power" preserves the principle of unanimity among the Big Four becau~i:i it checks - a. the formation of block, b. boycott, c. coalition - of powers~ II: DIRECTIONS: The, events are grouped by 3's. Arrange these events in the order of their occurrence. In the blanks put no. 1 to that which occurred first, no. 2 to that which occurred next, and no. 3 to that which occurred last. A.-· -Britain and France declared war on Germany. --Russia occupied certain territories which Poland had seized from her. --Germany invaded Poland without a~ declaration of war. • 21 B.--Germany invaded Norway and Denmark. --German forces invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. --Russia invaded Finland. C.--Russia and Japan signed a five-year treaty of non ... aggression. --Japan became a full-pledged member of the axis powers. -Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor. D .--Cordel Hull issued to the Japanese envoy a 10-point memorandum which the Japanese considered as an ultimatum. --The U. S. and Great Britain declared war on Japan. . --President Roosevelt issued an executive order freezing Japan's assets in the U. S. and halting all trade with Japan. E .--The fall of Corregidor. The fall of Singapore. --The fall of Bataan. F .--The Casablanca Conference. --The Teheran Conference. -Signing of the "United Nations Declaration". G .--The Battle of Midivay. --The Battle of Guadalcanal. - ·The Battle of Coral Sea. H .--flnconditional surrender of Italy to the Allies. --The German Sixth Army surrendered at Stalingrad. --Defeat of the German Army in the Battle of North Africa. I. --Liberation of· Paris by the French Forces, --Liberation of Warsaw by the Russians. --Liberation of Rome by the Allies. J. --The battle of the Philippine Sea off the coast of Leyte. --The landing of the U. S. Forces in Lingayen. ~-The battle of the Philippine Sea west of the Marianas. K.--The U. S. troops landed in Saipan. --The U. S. marines_ invaded Iwo Jima. --The American forces invaded Okinawa. L.--The first atomic bomb was dropped at Hiroshima. --Russia declared war on Japan. --The Potsdam Ultimatum was issued. M.--The landing of the Allied troops in Normandy, France. --The Allies invaded Italy. --The Russians broke the siege of Leningrad. N.--The V-E Day. --The death of F. D. R. --The V-J Day. 0. --Russia invaded the eastern frontier of Poland. --Italy invaded Greece. --Germany invaded Russia. * 22 III. DIRECTIONS: Write in the opposite blank the name of, or the person referred to in each of the following: - - - - - - - - 1. "France has lost a battle, she has not lost a war." - - - - - - - - 2. The 11Four Freedoms". - - - - - - - - 3. The "Evil Genius". - - - - - - - - 4. Mein Kampf. - - - - - - - - 5. "Father of Chinese Nationalism". - - - - - - - - 6. The "Architect of Victory." - - - - - - - - 7. The advocate of the Greater East Asia :coprosperity Sphere.'' - - - - - - - - 8. The "Tiger of- Malaya." - - - - - - - - 9. Permanent Philippine De-' legate to the UN. --------10. "RuSsia does not want· war." IV. DIRECTIONS: Match the following. Write only the corresponding letter (a, or b, or c) of the provision, fact or significance opposite the number with which it is related. Group I - - 1. Moni:reaux Con a. Decided "unconditionvention al surrender" as the objective of the United Nations. -- 2 . The Baruch Plan b. Planned the military operations against J apan, demanded from Japan , unconditfonal surrender, and decided to strip Japan of her illegally acquired territories. -- 3. Moscow Confer- c. Discussed monetary ence changes and set up an International Bank of Reconstructi~n a n d Development. -- 4. Teheran Confer d. Reached important deence -- 5. Casablanca Confe:rence cisions on the early completion of the war in Europe and mapped the campaign agaiiist Japan. Discussed the important problems in the treatment of Germany and determined the common policies in assisting countries liberated from Nazi-Germany. Current Events Review ' -- 6. Potsdam Con- f. Discussed the occupa-7. - - 8. ference tion and disarmament of Germany, the punishment of war criminals, and the sending of an ultimatum to Japan. Cairo ence Yalta ence Confer- g. Confer- h. Granted Turkey permission to fortify the Strait of Dardanelles. Dispelled doubts on the part of the democracies with regard to Russia's commitment on the surrender of Germany and assured Russia of the opening of the 1'second front". -- 9. Bretton Woods i. Shaped and. confirmed Monetary Confer- the common policy of ence the Big Three to work together in war and in peace that would follow. --10. Second Quebec Conference j. Announced to destroy all atomic bombs, to stop making new ones, and to give to the world secrets about it under certain conditions. Group II - - 1. Zionism a. Russian plan of territoria't expansion in Eastern Europe. for national security. -2. ••veto Power" b. Japanese monopolistic business en'terprises. -3. Genocide c. A Jewish movement to establish their national home in Palestine. --4. Zaibatsu d. "Corner stone" of the UN. -5. Viet Nam e. Independent Moslem State. --6. Kamikaze f, The voice of Russia. --6. Iron curtain g. Anamist Nationalist Organization. -8. Pakistan h. Suicide planes. -9. Viet Minh i. The free state of Annam. --10. Pravda j. Racial destruction. Group III --1. Causes The Japanese gained mastery of Jndo-China. Review Tests Effects a. Great Britain and the U. S. declared war against Japan. - 2 .. The exercise of b. Want of unity in Inthe "veto po- dia. wer." -3. Evacuation of c. Rise of Indian nationRussian army alism. from Iran. -.4. British policy d. Elevation of the posiof divide and tion of women. rule in India. -5. British exploit- e. Elevation of the ecoation and racial nomic condition of discriminatipn in the common people of India. England. -- 6. Differences in f. Rise of Annamese nathe po1itical and tionalism. ideological views of the ili g Three. -- 7. The. Battle of g. Fall of the autonoMidway. mous government of Azerbaijan. -- 8 ."The attack of h. Preservation of the Pearl Harbor. p·rinciple of unanimity. -- 9. Introduction of i. Restoration of the bal-· democratic principles in Japan. --10. Election of j. ance of power- in the Pacific. Prime Minister Attlee. Failure to 19lve many international problems. V. Wrjte the full name or names of each of the following: 1. USJS 6. UNESCO 2. UNRRA 7. WHO 3. SCAP 8. NISEI 4. !RO 9, !LO 5. BIG THREE - - - 10. D-Day - - - - - VI. Directions. Identify the following: A. Places - countries or cities. 1. - - - - The city in France where, the French signed a humiliating treaty with the Germans. 2, - - - - The "Gibraltar of the East.n 3. The place where a decisive naval battle was fought in the Pacific. 4. ---- The Russian city besieged by the Germans for 17 long months. 5. ----The place in France where the greatest amphibious invasion landed. 6. - - - - The first city to suffer from the atomic bomb. 7. - - - - The city whose internationalization is considered one of the solutfons to European peace. * 23 I. 8. ----The Land of Israel - the homeland of the Jews and the sanctuary of their God. 9. The H}and of rocks and stones of sanguinary feuds." 10. The ''powder keg" of three continents. B. Nationalist and revolutionary leaders. 1. The President of the Indonesian Republic. 2. ----The Head of the Moslem League. 3. ----The leader of the Chinese Communist Party. - - - - The general who established the dictatorship in Greece from 1936 to 1941. 4. 5. - - - - The founder of Viet Minh. 6. The recognized head of the National Government of China. 7. - - - - The leader of the All-India 8. 9. Congress Party. - - - - The Prime Minister appointed to succeed Mussolini. - - - - The famous wartime soldier, statesman, resistance leader of France, and later interim president of liberated France. 10. - - - - The young democratic monarch of Siam who was mysteriously killed. Answer Key 1. b 11. b 21. c 31. b 41. b 2. c 12. b 22. b 32. a 42. a 3. c 13. a 23. b 33. b 43. b 4. c 14. a 24. b 34. c 44. b 5. a 15. c 25. c 35. c 45. b 6. b 16. c 26. b 36. a 46. c 7. b 17. b 27. c 37. b 47. c 8. c 18. b 28. a 38. b 48. b 9. c 19. c 29. b 39. a 49. b 10. a 20. b 30. c 40. c 50. c II. A. B. c. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 III. M. N. 1. de Gaulle 6. Churchill 3 2 2. F. D.R. 7. Tanaka 2 3. Pierre Laval 8. Gen. Homma 1 4. Hitler 9. Gen. Romuh 5. Sun Yat Sen 10. Stalin * 24 IV. Group I 1. g 3. h 5, a 7. b 9. c 2. j 4. 6. f 8. e 10.d Group II 1. c 3. j 5. i 7. a 9. g 2. d 4. b 6. h 8. e 10. f Group III v. VI. 1. f 3. g 5. c 7. 9. d 8. a 10. e 2. h 4. b 6. j 1. United States Information Service 2. United Nations Relief Rehabilitation Measure 3. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 4. International Relief Organization 5. Great Britain, the U. S. and Russia 6. Uitited Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization 7. World Health Organization 8. An American-born Japanese 9. International Labor Organization 10. Day of landing; Day of Days A. B. 1. Compiegne 1. Soekarno 2. Singapore 2. Ali Jinnah 3. Guadalcanal 3. Mao Tse-tung 4. Leningrad 4. John Metaxas 5. Normandy 5. Ho Chi Minh 6. Hiroshima 6. Chang Kai-shek 7. Trieste 7. Mohanoas K. Gandhi 8. Palestine 8. ·Pietro Badoglio 9. Afghanistan 9. Charles de Oaulle 10. The Balkans 10. Ananda Mahidol What is the Historical ... (Continued from page 12) sia with an unbroken strategic screen for her Northern Pacific flank. The "independence" of Outer Mongolia assures Russia's "security" in Asia. China had no choice in the conclusion of the Soviet-Sino Treaty of August 14, 1945. China's course was set rip by the Yalta secret deals. Study Helps: Discuss the folloWing: 1. Many political thinkers believe that the Yalta secret deals on China are unfair to China. Do you agree with their opinion? Why? 2. 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