Current Events Review

Media

Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review
Description: A News Magazine Published for High School Students Devoted to the Selection, Organization, Presentation, and Review of Current News for Lessons in Current Events.
Issue Date: Volume III (No. 3) September 1947
Publisher: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Year: 1947
Language: English
Subject: Philippines--History--Periodicals.; Philippines--Social conditions--Periodicals.
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Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: CUJRRENl EVENTS REVIEW A newsmagazine that completes and makes up-to-date the study 0 of history and other social science s11bjects. DIOSDADO G. CAPINO Editor D.R. MANLAPAZ Publishsr POLICARPIO G. DANGALIO DOMINGO C. SERION ResearcMrs NICOLAS ONGKINGKO Circulation Manager In this issue- Pi41e Why the United States and Britain are Suspicious of Russia . . . 65 Why Russia is Suspicious of the United States and Britain . . . . . 68 What should be Done to Solve the Palestine Problem? . . . . . . . . . 71 A Brief Historical Account of the Palestine Problem . . . . . . . . . . 76 What is the .Background of the Indonesian War? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 What is Happening in the Balkans Today? • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Special Report on the Activities of the United Nations •....• ·. . . 82 The Philippines and the World 85 Significant World News Roundup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Science Marches On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Should there be a Separate Treaty with Japan? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Published monthly ezcept May and June by MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 &eten, Sampaloc, Manila Subscription: P3.00 a year, Pl.50 a semester, 30· centavos per copy. When changing address give old as well as new address. Address all communications to the Current Events ReV'.iew. Copyright, 1947 by D. R. Manlapaz and D. G. Capino. All rights reserved. Entered as second-cl&.3S maiL matter January · 9, 1947 at the Manila post-office. Are there grounds for the Anglo-American ,suspiCfons? Why the United States and Britain are Suspicious of Russia Specific objectives: 1. To know the reason why the woi'ld is split into two 2. To know and evaluate the reasons for the Anglo-American distrust of Russia The world is at present temporarily split into tw:~the Soviet World and the Western World. The reason fdr this split is that the United States, Britain, and other democratic nations on the one hand, are suspicious of the foreign policies, activities, and ideologies of Russia; and Russia on the other, fears the Western powers. What are the reasons for the AngloAmerican distrust of Russia? Are there grounds for such suspicion? Communism is dangerous The Atlantic Charter subscribed to by Russia provides that the members of the United Nations should respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live and that they should see to it that sovereign right and self-government are restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of this right and of their government. The Western World knows too well that Russia has several times violated this principle. It' has Seen how Russia has systematically built her "Iron Curtain" in Eastern Europe and how she has imposed indirectly her system of government on other countries in Eastern Europe. The cleverly calcuiated communist coup in Hungary is the latest demonstration of the Communist technique of undermining the government of another country. World Problem Annexations made by Rmsia are unjust In one of . his speeches, Prernle.'r· Stalin said that Russia does not desire a "foot of foreign soil.", The Western World, however, has lost faith in· the promise of Premier Stalin, becaijse not long after Stalin had said his promise Russia absorbed many territories and incorporated them into the Soviet Union. She incorporated against the will of their respective peopleo Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, part of Finland, Eastern Poland, the CarpathoUkraine area of CzechoSlovakia, Bessa-rabia, and Bukovina froln RuftH\.ni'a., and part of Germany's Ea.st Pvussia. Organization of a bloc againsi the Western World "What is Russia Up Tq_?" asks Frank Gervasi in one of his articles i~ the national weekly Collier8J- What is Russia's aim in forcing neighboring countries to set up governments friend~ ly to the Soviet Union? Ruseieil control of the governments of Yugelllavia.. Bulgaria, Albania, Outer Mongolia., Po-land, Czechoslovakia, Korea,- and Hungary is regarded by the democracies . as an at~pt to orgaitize a pro•Soviet bloc; but Russia considers this c.O:ptrol her right to have 44security frontiers." Democracies distrust Russia's moves in Asia What are the motives. behind the moves of Ruseia in Asia? The recent border incidents between· Outer Mongolia and !llfationalist China have con· • 65 firmed the suspicions of the Western World on the intentions of Russia in Asia. The incidents are similar to the Russian actions· in Manchuria in 1946, actions which gave the Chinese. Communists excuse to start a civil war. Likewise, Russian policies in her zone of occupation in Korea appears to the democracies to have been designed to prevent the immediate establishment of a provisional KOrean government fOr some ulterior selfish motives. Recent Communist strikes in Burma have also been interpreted to be the effect of the infiltration of Communism. Harry F. Kern, a well-known foreign editor, recently reported that the Soviet Union is employing a local Communist Party in Japan to wage war against the United States policies of occupation. Democracies suspect that Rus· sw i.s behind the unrest and di.sorders in the Balkans The Western World expects Russia to cooperate in hastening the establishment of lasting world peace, .so that the peoples of the world may proceed towards the rehabilitation and reconstruction of their war-torn countries. But contrary to the expectation of the world, Communist organizations in Iran, _ Kurdistan, Turkey, and Greece are said to be aided and backed by Russian CdJ1111lunists and leaders. The report of the new Balkan Commission on the border incidents in northern Greece accuses three Russian satellites of fomenting civil war in northern Greece by supporting the guerrilla movements against the duly constituted Greek government. These guerrilla activities are linked with the demands of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria for certain territories in northern Gi-eece. Yugoslavia demands Macedonia from Greece, and Bulgaria demands an outlet to the sea a.t the expense of Greece. 66 * Russw pays lip-service to inter· national cooperation Russian moves in the United Nations, more often than not, contradict what Russian leaders have procl8imed in faM vor of international cooperation. When Andrei Gromyko, for example, walked out of the session of the Security Council, it was obvious that Russia for some selfish motives refused to solve the problem of Iran. In fact, .since the beginning, Russia has blocked many peace efforts to bring about world cooperation. The Russian delegate to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission has consistently refused the American proposals on the control of atomic energy. The General A.ssembly in its last meeting in September, 1946, accepted the Russian proposal for world disarmament. But Gromyko's moves in the Security Council and in the Atomic Energy Commission showed signs of i_l)consistency which the democracies could not reconcile. The meeting however, made apparent the fact that any plan to disarm will be useless unless atomic energy is internationally controlled. But, above all, the various conferences have proved that Russia is not sincere. Russia has failed to join. many international agencies for co· operation World cooperation is fostered by various organizations or agencies affiliated with the United Nations. Russia has failed to join a number of these international agencies. Russia haS refused to join the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the InM ternational Labor Organization, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop~ent, the International . AviaCurrent Events Review tion Organization, and the International Trade Organization. Likewise, Russia has failed to join the European coal coin.mission which is intended to collect and allocate world ~oal supply, and also the international agency food . council which is intended to allocate world food supply. Russia Jails to cooperate whole· heartedly Russia has failed to cooperate sincerely wi\h the United Nations in solving pressing world problems. Russia failed to join immediately the Europea~ transport commission which is at present arranging the return of lost railroad rolling stock in order to facilitate travel between the East and the West. As a result, there is little travel today between Western Europe and the Rus-t:ian zone. For the last three years Russia has continually balked at the creation of a European economic commission to speed rehabilitation. She has failed to furnish important reports essential to the .solution of peace. In her German zone of occupation, she has not given detailed report on the amount of foodstuffs and. reparations she has taken. In the conferences of the Council of Foreign Ministers, Russia has blocked many peace proposals. Again, in the latest Moscow conference, Russia, for some reason or other, presented many proposals which were unacceptable to the United States, Britain, and France. And the conference failed. Lately, Russia used her "veto" for the eleventh time. Andrei Gromyko vetoed the American proposal for a United Nations commi.gsion on the Balkans. Russia also delayed for many months the resumption of the Soviet-American Commission for the establishment· of a provisional government of Korea. Foreign Minister Molotov agreed to the resumption of the talks only after Marshall had announced that the UnitWorld Problem ed States was ready to act alone in the solution of the Korean .problem. Russia intends to change the balance of power Britain is suspiciou·s of the demands of Russia for bases on the Dodecanese J.slands, for the return of Ardahan and Kars, and for the joint control of the Dardanelles. Britain also watches Russian infiltration in ll'an. Britain believes that these demands are steps towards the acquisition of strategic area. Control of these areas would also mean the change of the balance of power in the Middle Eaat. Militalry strategists and diplomats consider these areas the crossroad of three continents. Russia is also strengthening her influence on the Arabs, so as to get the upper hand in the solution of the problem of Palestine. Russia keeps her people ignorant of world progress Unbiased information is necessary to world understanding, and world understanding is essential to progress. If the people of a country are kept ignorant of the progress of the world, they may be misled· by selfish propaganda. Russia has not joined the UNESCO, an organization which aims to promote world understanding. Most writers who have recentlY visited Russia and her satellites say that the countries within the "Iron Curtain" are prevented from knowing what is happening outside the ''Iron Curtain", and that the Ruasian press is not free. The reason behind these restrictions is obvious. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is Communism dangerous? Why is the ptovision of the Atlantic Charter on the freedom of the people to choose their own government impOr~ tant? Why has Russia violated this principle? (Please tum to page 75) * 67 Are there grounds for Russia's suspicions? Why Russia is Suspicious of the United States and Britain Specific objectives: 1. To understand Russia's foreig:r\ policies 2. To know and evaluate the :oeasons for Russia11 distrust of the democracies Writers are trying to discover Ways of promoting closer relations betw~en Russia on the one hand and the United States and Britain on the other. They have been examining and analyzing the , causes of Russian distrust of the democracies. The study made by these Writers clearly explains why the efforts of the United Nations to establish lasting peace are meeting obstacles. The writers have studied these two questions: Why are the Russians suspicious of the United States and Britain? Are there grounds for the mutual distrust? What is the Soviet foreign policy:? ' The main aim of Russian foreign policy is to establish a world in which the state is supreme over the individual. This is the goal of Communist totalitarianism, and the Russians' hope to attain this end by all means. Their plan Of action is to sr-read Russian influence by spreading world communism, by making Ru1sia safe from "capitalistic powers," and by restoring Russia's prestige lost during the last global war. The spreading of communism is a well-defined program, and Russia's aggressive desire for security is inseparable from expansion at any cost. Russia knows too well how much territory is needed to make herself safe against modern weapons of war. And. Russia, is, likewise, aware that her present economy presents a weak picture, and for this reason she 68 * feverishly works to recover her lost prestige. As a result, she is forced to expand. Opposition against Comm1mism as a way of life The writers of the Democratic World have always exp1·essed antagonism to the Soviet way of life. To the democratic countries, the Soviet way is a denial of human liberties and freedom. Many writers see in Russia's way of living not only communism but also totalitarianism. Lately, writers have p9sed the question: Have we exchanged Nazism for Russian totalitarianism? James Burnham in his controversial book entitled The Struggle for the World, writes: "Communism may be defined as a world-wide, conspiratorial movement for the conquest of a monopoly of power in the era of capitalistic decline. Politically it is based on terror and mass deception; economica1ly it is, or at least tends to be, collectivism, and socially it is totalitarian." Capitalism breeds imperialism Russia is opposed to democracy and capitalism. Being a totalitarian and communistic country, she cannot reconcile the ideology of a capitalistic world which is char8.cterized by freedom of enterp:rise to her own which is characterized by the subordination of the individual to the will of the state. Premier Stalin in an interview with Huge Baille, President of the Associated Press, openly decla~ that capitalism breeds imperialism. This statement confirms the view of Russian commentators that the United States foreign policy is imperialistic. The historic '•Truman Doctrine," for example, according to most Current Event" Review Russian leaders, is the reversal of the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine proclaims that the United States will not intervene in the internal affairs of any European country; whereas the 0 Truman Doctrine" proclaims that the United States would help the free peoples maintain their self-respect and dignity. Russia fears the Atomic Bomb The United States, Britain, and Canada have made .it an open policy to keep the secret of the atomic bomb. Russia believes that the secret of the atomic bomb is being ·withheld by these three countries as a "club over Russian heads and that it might be used against her." The atomic bomb has made complex. the already ominous uneertainty of world diplomacy. But one asks: Will not Russia discover sooner or later the same bomb, or a better o.ne? Russia distrusts the AngloAmerican dominance of the United Nations Russia is suspiCious of the diplomacy displayed by the United States and Britain in the sessions of the United Nations. Both in the Security Council and in the General Assembly the United States and Britain have opposed many of Russia's demands and proposals - namely, the demand of Russia for the postponement of the session of the Security Council in dealing with the Iranian question, the proposal of Russia to break off diplomatic relations with Spain, and the demand of Russia fot the use of the "veto" power in conp.ection with the punishment of the violators of the proposed atomic control treaty. Russia suspects that the two countries are using their influence to dominate the United Nations to the detriment of the Soviet Union. Andrei Gromyko, the Russian representative to the Security Council, once said: "Certain countries are playing .a dominating part in the World Problem United Nations to the detriment of the cause of peace." Russia suspects that an Anglo· American bloc is directed against her Russia has observed that, in the sessions of the Council · of Foreign Ministers held in London, Moscow, Paris, and New York, the United States and Britain have held the same position on many perplexing questions. The Russian demand for the joint control of the strategic Dardanelles, the establishment of Russian bases in the Dodecanese Islands, the return of the city of Trieste to Yugoslavia, the inclusion of German current production in the Russian zone in the payment of reparations, the Russian interpretation of external assets in Austria, and the ~ussian trusteeship of Italian colonies in North A~rica,-were all rejected by both the United States and Britain. Russia believes that these demands are consistent with her legitimate aspirations. To the Russians, the action of the United States and Britain are indicative of an Anglo-American bloc designed to frustrate Russian legitimate aspirations. Russia suspects that the United States and Britain are blocking her from building her security frontiers Russia is suspicious that the United States and Britain are blocking her from building her security frontiers. To have these frontiers, Russia demands joint control of the Dardanelles, concessions in northern Iran, and bases in the Dodecanese Islands. Both the United States and Britain oppose these demands for strategic reasons. To the ·Russians, the British poliCies in Greece, North Africa, Yugoslavia, and the Middle East and the American policies in Greece and Turkey are intended to prevent Russia from· building her security frontiers. * 69 Russia also suspects presence of threats to her security. She feels that the insistence of Britain and the United States in acquiring bases near her has a desi!Ul behind it. The United States, for example, has insisted in acquiring rights to bases in Iceland and Azores. Both the Russian press and radio comments declare the recent moves of both American and Britain dangerous to her securi~y. And worse still, Russia considers the American aid to Greece and Turkey a concrete proof of American plan to align Greece and Turkey with the democracies for the looked-into World War III. Russia distrusts the Anglo· American policies in Asia Russia also interprets the AngloAmerican policies in China, Manchuria, Korea, and the Middle East as detrimental to her. Russia is bitter about the attack of the American press against Russian removal of industrial plants from Manchuria. A section of the American press voiced the opinion that Russian stripping of Manchuria had done more harm to Manchuria than the Japanese occupation. Russia did not like the way Gen. George C. Marshall tried to settle the Communist-Nationalist civil war in China, and she suspects the democratization of the American zone in Korea. Likewise, Russia views the American policies in Japan as a design against her because of the influence America has built in Japan. Russia distrusts the spokesmen of the democracies Russia believes that the statements made by important leaders of the democracies are directed against her. On May 10, 1946, former Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered a· speech at Fulton, Missouri, urging the formation of an Anglo-American fraternal association which will include all English speaking people. The Russians attacked the speech as invitation to another war. 70 * Again, when Churchill delivered another speech at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, urging the formation of a United States of Europe, Russia saw in the speech a crusade for the formation of a Western Bloc. Likewise, the speech of President Truman urging aid to countries fighting for the maintenance of their self-respect and dignity is viewed by Russia as an indirect attack against her. Distrust of the Marshall plan for European recovery In his speech delivered at the Harvard University, Secretary of State George C. Marshall outlined a plan for the economic recovery of Europe. Early in July, Britain, France and Russia held a secret parley to discuss the Marshall plan. The secret parley failed because of fundamental differ~nces. Russia believes that the Marshall plan for European recovery is an implementation of ' 4dollar imperialism." Russia fears that the Marshall plan would infringe on the sovereignty of individual states. Russia knows that countries that will receive aid from America will eventually fall under the influence of the "dollar diplomacy." Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is Russia interested in spreading Communism? 2. Why is Russia interested in building security frontiers? 3. Why is Russia trying to recover her lost prestige ? 4. Why do the democracies oppose Communism? 5. Why does Russia think that capitalism breeds imperialism? Can you give concrete examples? 6. Do • you think Russia is justified in suspecting the intentions of the United States, Britain, and Canada in guarding the secret of the atomic bomb ? 7. Can you explain why the democracies dominate the United Nations? (Please turn to page 94) Current Events Review Why is Palestine an explosive spot? What should be Done to Solve The PALESTINE PROBLEM? Specific objectives: 1. To understand the Palestine problem 2. To appreciate the Arab demands 3. To appreciate the Jewish demands 4. To evaluate the various proposals for the solution of the Palestine prob'lem Palestine has become one of the uexplosive" spots of the world. Palestine is about 10,159 squares miles with a population of more than 1,800,000, of whom 1,200,000 are Arabs and 600,000 are Jews. Palestine is an uexplosive" spot because its strategic position makes it a focal point in the game of power politics among Russia, Britain, the United States, and Turkey. It is a strategic base on Britain's life-line; it is a potential lever for Russian expansion ; it is a western outlet for Mid-Eastern oil; it is a testing ground for Arab and West relations; and it is the goal of Europe's displaced persons. Background of the present investigation Palestine was placed in 1922 under Britain by the League of Nations as a mandate. For twenty-four years Britain's administration of Palestine was beset with many difficulties. VVithin this period, twenty-five international conferences were held to discuss the problem of Palestine. Twelve commissions were set to evolve the best method of solving the problem between the Arabs and the Jews. All the commissions and the international conferences failed to solve satisfactorily the perWorld Problem plexing Palestine question. The joint Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, created on January 4, 1946, made certain recommendations but its recommendations were not acceptable to both Arabs and -.Jews. In 1946 and early 1947 several conversations on the Palestine question were held in London; and then on April 9, 1947, Britain formally submitted a request to the United Nations to summon a. special session of the General Assembly to discuss the· Palestine problem. The. special seesion opened on April 28 and lasted for twenty-three days. The General Assem-· bly created a neutral -committee of eleven nations to make another investigation. The committee was instructed to submit its findings to the General Assembly in September, 1947. The members of the investigating committee are Australia, Canada, CzechoslovakiR, Guatemala, India, Iran, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, Uruguay, and YugoslaVia. Arabs demand immediate independence The position of the Arabs during the special session of the General Assembly was presented by Henry Catham, representative of the Arab Higher Committee. Catham declared that the Balfour Declaration, issued by the British government on November 2, 1917, was made without the consent of the Arabs who are mOGt directly affected by it. The Balfour Declaration promised to facilitate the establishment of a national home for the Jews. In a vigorous language, Catham re'minded the British: "Various pledges were given to the * 71 Arabs before and after the Balfour Declaration, with regard to the recognition of their sovereignty. It is high time that Palestine's right to independer.Ce be recognized. It is high time also. that a policy (the British mandate) which has been impairing the ethnological and political ..structure of the country be brought to an end." And in more emphatic accent he also demanded the stoppage of the Jewish immigration. He said: "Immigration initiated under the Mandate is threatening the very existence of the Arab nations. The Mandatory (Britain) must take immec!iate steps for the complete stoppage of all Jewish immigration into Palestine." Jews demand a national home The Jewish cause was presented by Dr. Abba Hillel Silver, chairman of the Jewish Agency. Dr. Silver insisted on the establishment of a Jewish National Home. He said that the Balfour Declaration, issued by Britain on November 2, 1917, assures the establishment of a Jewish National Home in Palestine. Dr. Silver argued that the international commitment of Britain could not now be ignored. The Jewish people rely upon the honor and pledge of the world community. In a pleading tone, Dr. Silver said further that the national home as promised has not yet been established. He reminded the world that such promise should be fulfilled. He also pleaded for the-continuance of Jewish immigration by- citing the fact that the Mandatory Govern!ment assumed as its prime obligation to facilitate Jewish immigration into Palestine. Should Palestine be partitioned? In 1937 the Royal Commission recommended the partitioning of Palestine and the limiting of Jewish immigration to 12,000 annUally for a five-year period. The plan was not carried out because of many difficulties. In Feb72 * ruary, 1947, the British government again suggested the temporary division of Palestine into an Arab province and a Jewish province, making each province autonomous for five years. It was believed that during this period both Arabs and Jews would be able to arrive at a final settlement of the Palestine problem. Both the Jews and the Arabs rejected the proposal. The partitioning of Palestine appears to be undesirable to both Jews and Arabs. Same Jews want a Jewish state created out of a part of Palestine. Others want a Jewish state which will Arabs and Jews object to tbe British partition proposal. Can you give good reasons for their objections? 5Qlfl~ PAQT1i10N PROPOSAL -J(#l~:t."'" mm:B uu.& AtO'EA. ~ GoY'T • .,. Current Events Review J~Wl>M PAln"ITIOll / P~OP05AL - J<Wl>U,o.Qt,o. .. llEll AllA& A_Rr:A ernment ultil)lately to be established shall, under , international guaranties·, fully p1·otect ~nd preserve the interests in ihe Holy .Land of; . the .··Christendom as well as .. of the ~oslem and Jewish faiths. This plan. failed .to satisfy both parti"es., ·an(!, as a result, J;>alestine at present still J;emains a mandate of Britain, pending the executfon ·of a. trusteeship agreement under the Unite~ Nations. The ·presence of the. British in Palestine appea1;_g to be the Only way to prevent a. terrible civil war between· the Jews and the Arabs. Can tonizat'ion,_:Cantonization means the division of Palestine into Jewish and Arab Cantons. Or districts under the 'control ·of' a central government. The cev.tral govei·n:ment .. would· De under the PALESTINE: Why ia it a great problem? Black areas •how Jewish settlements. Why d0 ·you think the Jews propose a big area for them? Why do you think the Arabs oppose any partition·· plan? include all Palestine. The Arabs are Lpposed to the partitioning of Palestine in any form. They insist on. an AllArab Palestine. Proposals for the solution of the Palestine problem Various proposals have been made on the solution of the Palestine probl~J:il. An examination of these· .proposals will help us understand how world leaders have tried to .solve !h~ question. Bi"'latitmal State.-The . joi;,t AngloAmerican Committee· ·of Inquiry Ql'eate<:t. in 1946 recommended a bi-national state. Under this plan the Jews and the Arabs will have equal rights, and Palestine shall be neither a Jewish state nor an Arab state. The Jews shall not dominate the Arabs and the Arabs shall not dominate the Jews. The govcontrol of Britain. This plan was suggested by the Royal Commission in 1937. It 'Was again proposed by the London Conference of the Anglo-American Cabinet Committee in July, 1946. It was :fenewed by Britain on February 10, 1947. The cantonization plan failed because of the uncompromising specific demands of both Arabs and Jews. Partition.-The partition plan has been suggested several times. In a memorandum submitted by a group of distinguished citizens to the "General Assembly, the partition plan was again advanced. The memorandum suggests the creation of two independent states -a Jewish state and an Arab state. The partition plan takes into account the 'original area assigned under the Balfour Declaration and the Mandate, now known as Palestine and Transjordan, as well as the concessions already made to satisfy Arab demands. The Jewish state to be established should he, in contiguous area and it should be large enough to constitute a viable national territory and to absorb as many ~urviving Jews of Europe as possible. Both states should guarantee equality of rights. AU communities shall be given full authority .in the administration of their religious, educational, and social institutions. Pending the creation , of the Jewish and Arab states, the Mandate should be withdrawn and Palestine shall be placed under the United Nations. A High Commissioner shall be appointed and Palestine shall be placed under the protection of an international police force. The Special Comriiittee on Palestine created by the General Assembly last May made the following recommendations on August 31, 1947: (1) termination of the British mandate in Palestine; (2) setting up of Arab and Jewish states which would become independent on September 1, 1949; (3) a joint British-United Nations ad74 ,, ministration would administer Palestine before the Arab and Jewish stat.ea are given their independence; (4) the Arab and Jewish ·States must agree on an economic union on currency, transportation and communiCation before they become independent; (5) both states must issue declarations against racial and religious discrimination; and (6) 150,000 immigrants must be admitted to the proposed Jewish state during the interim period. What is the problem of Palestine now? The Arabs demand an independent Palestine governed by Arabs. The Jews deffiand the establishment of a .national home in Palestine. .. The Arabs claim that Sir Hem·y McMahon; the British High Commissioner in Egypt, made a pledge in 1915 that the British government would recognize the independence of Palestine under the Arabs. Sir Henry McMahon denied that such pledge was ever made. The British White Paper issued in May, 1939, confirmed that no. pledge was made that Palestine should become an Arab state. The Jews insist that the Balfour Declaration of Noveinber 2, 1917, promised the estabJi.shment of a- Jewish national h!)me in Palestine. The Arabs declar~ that the Balfour Declaration was prade without the consent of the ArabJ. The Zionists maintain that the Jews have no future in any country except in Palestine. The Arabs maintain that it is impossible to admit all the Jews in Europe into Palestine. To the Jews, access to Palestine is a crucial necessity. The Zionist 1 'experiment" has become the only hope of all Jews. To-the Arabs, Palestine is a country they have inhabited for many years. ;!'hey want to hold it. What will, then, be: the future of the Jews? What will be the future of the Arabs? What will be the future of Palestine? These are questions that the General Assembly must settle in its September session. Current Events Review Exercises to Develop Thinkin; I. Why is Palestine a focal point in the game of power politics? (Power i:olitics means struggle to secure stl'ategic positions.) 2. Why do the Ar11bs demand immediate independence for Palestine? Is their demand justified? 3. Why do the Arabs bitterly oppose the immigration of Jews into Palestine? 4. Why do the Jews demand the establishment of a national home in Palestine? Why do the Jews demand the continuation of immigration into Paiestine? 5. The British White Paper of 1939 limited the inunigration of Jews into Palestine to 75,000 for •five years. The Anglo-American Committee, created in 1946, · recommended the revocation of the British 'White Paper's restriction on immigration. It also recommended the immediate immigration· of 100,000 Jews. \Vhy is Britain opposed to this recommendation? Why are the Arabs also opposed to this recommendation? 6. What is your opinion on the various proposals for the solution of the Palestine question? Do you favor a United Nations trusteeship over Palestine? Why? 7. Do you think the Jews and the Arabs can live together peacefuHy? Why? References I. ''The Palestine Pi·oblem and Proposals for Its Solution," The Nation, Supplement, Vol. 164, No. 20, Part 2, pp. 586-613. 2. "Jewish Agency Presents Its Case," Weekly Bulletin: United Nations, Vol. II, Nos. 19-20 (May 20, 1947), pp. 548-551; 3. "Arab Higl)er Committee's Statement," Weekly Bulletin: United Nations, Vol. II, Nos. 19-20 (May 20, 1947)' pp. 567-569. World Problem Why U.S. and Britain ••• (Continued from page 67) 2. 'Vhy are the annexations made by Russia unjust ? A Russian commentator, however, has also accused the United States of unjustly annexing the islands she conquered in the Pacific during the last war. Do you betieve what Russia say.s? Why? 3. Why is fomenting of unrest and disorders harmful to world peace? The report of the United Nations Balkans Commission accuses three Russian satellites. Do you think the accusation is connected with the Russian- policy of expansion? Why? 4. Is there truth in the statement that Russia is merely paying lip-service to world cooperation? Why? (Please turn to page 96) 4. "Opposing Views on. Palestine," United Nations World, Vol. I, No. 4, (May, 1947), pp. 16-17. 5. Crum, Bartley.-Behind the Silken C1'rtain (1947), pp. 287-297. 6. Gervasi, Frank.-To Whom Palestine? (1946), pp. 183-20lt. 7. Horin-Ben, Eliahu.-The Middle East: Crossroad of History ( 1943), pp. 109-169. 8. Speiser, E. A.-The United States and the Ne0;r East (1947), pp. 193-219. 9. "Great Powers Show Caution in UN Debate on Palestine," Foreign Policy Bulletin, Vol. XXVI, No. 30, (May 9, 1947), pp. 1-2. 10. "The Second Exodus of the Jews," by Samuel Lubell. The Saturday W.vening Post, Vol. 219, No. 14 (October 5, 1946) pp. 16-17; 76-80. II. ''Palestine: The Promised Land," by Carol L. Thompson, Cu1·rent History, Vol. 12, No. 68 (April, 1947)' pp. 345-363. I2. Crossman, Richard. - Palestine Mission: A Personal Record (I947), pp. 188-200. * 75 A Brief Historical Account of The PALESTINE PROBLEM The Palestine problem ia: ·one· -of· the pressiT!g problerii.s of the 'world. to~a-y. A special n~utral .committee "of'..eleVen nations was created· to m3ke a _study <>f the problem. The committee ·is expecte<I to submit its finding8 to the l'eg-. ular session -of ·the General Assembly which will be .held in Septembe"r, .1947. Iti order to make the present PalestiJ>e pro~lem more easily underiitaridable, we have proVided. a b,rief liistOrical back.ground of· the _question, beginning with 70 A. D~ 70 ,--Palestine lost· her independence when the Roman legions destroyed Jenisalem and the Temple. The R·oiuan-s dispersed the .:fews. 636 --Palestine was taken back from the -Eastern -Roman Empire by the Moslem Army. The Moharrunedan rule Ov~r ·Palestine lasted for foUr centuries. 1099-The famous Crusade~, Godfrey of Bolog_ne, C8.ptured Jerusale~. Less than 100 yt!.arS later~ howeve;r, the Latin kingdom estabjjshed by God· trey was abolished by Sal.ah ea-Iiin. The Moslem rule was restored. . 12U--Emt aided the Mongolian invad· ers in capturing Pale"stine. The Sultans of Egypt ruled Palestine until the 16th century. Tfie Holy Land was invade4 by Tamerlane. 151&--The Sultans of Egypt we~e ·defeated by the Sultan of Turkey, and the Sultan of Turkey ruled over Palestine. Pate!J1;ine remained under Tu~key until .the end. of World War I. 1897-Dr. Theodore Hertz called. a convention· of promirient JeWs 8.t -Easle, Switzerland, for the pu_rpose of uniting- an the" Jews in a .~ovement, 76 * now known as Zionism. The aim of the movement is to acquire Palestine as- the homeland of the Jews. 1917-on· November 2, 1917, Foreign Secretary ·Arthur Balfour issued a historic de'claration: ""His Majesty's Government view with favor th~ establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish People, and will use their best endeavors to· facilitate the achievement of this objeCt, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done to which m·ay.-·prejudice the chdl and religioµs rights of existing non-.Jewish cOmmUnities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." 1919-The Balfour Declaration was approved by the Supreme Allied Council as the basis of the Palestine Mandate. 1921_.:_An Arab Delegation to the Peace Coiiference presented a counterclaim on Palestine. The basis of the claim was a pledge made by Sir Henry MacMahon, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, to the Sharif of Mecca in 1914. The British officials denie<I that such a pledge -was ever made~ 1922-The Pales.tine Mandate was approved by the League of Nations. Britain was m3.de the Mandatory pdwer, a:nd ~s -sue~ was held responsible by the League of Nations for promoting such. political, administrative, and econdmic reforms as would finally secure the establishment of the Jewish national home. 192(-The Mandate was formally endorsed by . the U nite<I States. Current Events Review 1929-Serious riots broke out over the acc~ss of the Jews to the Wailing Wall. An investigation was ordered. The Shaw Commission recommended severe restrictions on immigration and land purchase by the ;Jews. Prime Minister MacDonald later modified these restrictions. 1936-Serious riots took place in Palestine. Many were killed. An Arab strike was declared. A Palestine Royal Commission was sent to make an investigation of the incident. 1937--The Royal Commission headed by Earl Peel recommended the partition of Palestine. The immigration of the Jews was also recommended to be limited to 12,00Q annually for a five-year period. 1939-;-The British government issued a White Paper, under which Jewish immigration to Palestine was to be ended at the close of a five-year period. It prohibited the transfer of lands. to Jews in specified areas. It also provided for the establishment within ten years of a Palestine government based on actual population of the country. The Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Natiqns ruled against the provisions of the White. Paper of 1939. 1944--The late President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the United States does not approve of the White Paper of 1939. 1945--President Harry S. Truman requested Prime Minister Clement Attlee to admit 100,000 Jews in Palestine. 1946--T he Anglo-American Inquiry Committee submitted its findings. It recommended the abolition of restrictions imposed by the White Paper of 1939, the admission of 100,0.00 Jews, and the bringing about of a higher standatd of living. World Problem An Anglo..AmericimCabinet Com. inittee was created to ·implement the recommendations of, the. Inquir~ Committee. The Anglo,American Cabinet· Committee i;uggested the establishment of the Arab state and the< Jewish state each having prov~· incial ;iutonomf. ThiS was . the ~6-· called Mo~rison-Grady Plan. Its recomme~dations, however,, were re. jected by President Truman.. The British giivernment accepted the plan only. a~ basi<I of further nego-. tiations. Bi"ikin, -then, Called an Arab-Jewish Confe'rence. . The cone ference, was boycotted ' by both Arabs and ,Jews. : Only. the representlrtiv~s of the 'nQn·Palestine Arabs · ;.i:tended the conference. In: .tlul.' .. Co;nfe~ce · ·an "Arab J;>l$n'~ W_as p-res~~.~ed. It. ~ro .. vided fo'r' the establisliment. of a unitary state by the end of 194~ Jewish imm"igration. ~nd restrictiorlS'. on land purchases wouid· ·be m{l:intained. ·A .:ProviSior.•al government would be appointed. Britain would' ·appoint the members of the provisional government-seven Arab and' three JewiSh ministers. Ari election for a constituent ~.ssembly would be conducted by -the provisional government. The conference failed. Another plan was suggested by· the British government to both! Arabs and Jews. The 'plan· recommended the partitio11 of Palestine into thx:ee states-an Arab state,. a Jewish state, and a British state. This was rejected by both Arabs and J-e'ws. 1947~Anotqer plan was presented ·by Britain. It ag~iri. recomt;iended establish¢f;mt Of autonomou·s. Ar:ib state- 'and Jewish .state .. There would Pe,· 4.owever, ,a central _gov'er~me?.J.t in ·Which bot·h Arabs· _and JeWs would )~aive· ~qua.I representation. The tentatiVe · partition of Palestine is . I.fmited five years. (Please ·tUrn to page 93) * 77 * H' hat are the real causes of the war? What is the Background of thne Idonesian War? Specific objectives: 1. To get acquainted with the Linggadjati Agreement 2. To study and compare the Dutch proposals and Indonesian counterproposals 3. To understand the real causes of the Indonesian War On November 15, 1946, the world was trladdened by the news that the Dutch and the Indonesian Republic had arrived at a peaceful settlement of the Indonesian problem. This problem was whether or not the Indonesians would allow the Dutch to return to the Netherlands East Indies, known in world geography as the "Treasure House of Asia." The Linggadjati agreement The historic agreement between the Dutch government and the Indonesian Republic was successfully negotiated on November 15, 1946, and was formally signed at Cheribon, Batavia on March 25, 1947. The agreement provided for the division of the Netherlands Eaot Indies into three states: (1) the Indonesian R~public, (2) Borneo, and (3) the Great East or East Indonesia. The Indonesian Republic- comprises the islands of Java, Sumatra, and Madura; Dutch Borneo, the whole territory under the Dutch; the Great East or East Indonesia; Bali, the Celebes, Lombok, the Moluccas, Dutch New Guinea, and the lesser Sunda Islands. According to the agreement the three autonomous states would be equal partners in the United States of Indonesia. The Netherlands and the Indonesian Republic shall endeavor to establish the United States of Indonesia on or before January 1, 1949. 78 * Dutch proposals for the imple· mentation of the Linggad,iati agreement The Linggadjati agreement of last March recognizes the Indonesian Republic's de facto Cf>ntrol of Indonesia and the formation of the independent United States of Indo~esia by January 1, 1949. When the Dutch· and the Indonesian Republic put into force the points agreed upon last November, there arose a divergence of interpretation. After many months of deadlock, the Dutch government presented its final proposals on May 27, 1947. The proposals were given to the Indonesian govern~ent for consideration. The Dutch· government proposed (1) the immediate establishment of an interim government made up of representatives of the republic of Java, Sumatra, the state of East Indonesia, and West Borneo; (2) that the interim government would be headed by a Netherlands crown representative, who will have the final say on governmental matters until the United States of Indonesia is granted full sov~reignty on January 1, 1949; (3) tqe joint establishment of a Republican-Dutch po .. lice force to guarantee the safety of foreign proprietors; (4) the creation of a joint customs and foreign exChange control; and (5) Dutch assistance to the Republican government forces until after the Indonesians have . built a m~ dern army. Indonesian counter-proposals The Indonesian government under the presidency of Dr. Achmed Soekarno and Premier Sultan Sjahrir studied the Dutch proposals. Dutch authorities expected the Indonesian government to co0i,perate in the immediate establishCurrent Events Review ment of the interim government. Extremists in the Indonesian governritent opposed the ·Dutch proposal to create semi-independent states in outlying islands. The Indonesians wanted to control the entire East Indies·. They also wanted to include the Dutch New Guinea in the United States of Indonesia. The Dutch, on the other hand, opposed the inclusion of the Dute}\ New Guinea in the United States of Indonesia. They demanded a separate agreement on the Dutch New Guinea. The Indonesian government insisted On the immediate. transfer of th~ executive powers over New Guinea to the interim government. According to the Linggadjati agreement, such a step should not be taken until after the end of ihe transition period on January 1, 1949. The Indonesian government accused the Dutch government of delaying the independence of the United States of Indonesia. The Dutch government proposed the establishment of a federal council. The Indonesian government would accept the Dtltch proposal if the Republican government would be given the majority in the federal council. The Indonesian demand is against the Lingg~djati agreement. The Dutch government pro.posed the joint establishment of a Republican-Dutch police force. The Indonesian government counter-proposed that an Indonesian Army should be substituted for a joint Netherlandsindonesian Army. The cause of the deadlock The proposals and counter-proposals led to disagreement. The Dutch government considered the Indonesian reply of June 8, 194 7, to the memorandum submitted by the Dutch government on May 27, 1947, as unsatisfactory. Several weeks of negotiations failed to bring an immediate satisfactory solution. Indonesian extremists in the coalition cabinet opposed the Dutch proposals. Premier Sultan Sjahrir urged the members of the coalition cabinet to concede Dutch World Problem sovereignty in the federal council. He was forced to resign from the coalition cabinet because he gave too much concessions to the DutCh. As a result of the disagreement, a :golitical crisis developed. The Dutch gave an ultimatum to the Indonesian Republic to give its final reply to the Dutch pro,posals of May 27, 194 7. The United States urged the two countries to settle their disputes peacefully in the interest of peace. Meanwhile a new Premier was selected to head the coalition cabinet. He is Sjarrifuddin. Steps were immediately taken to solve 'the Political crisis. On July 6, 1947, Dr. Amir Sjarrifuddin accepted the Dutch proposal for the immediate establishment of an Indonesian interim government. The acceptance of this proposal was uot satisfactory to the -Dutch government because the .other four proposals of May 27, 1947, were refused consideration by the extreme Indonesian cabinet. The Dutch press urged the government to force a showdown with the Indonesian government. In order to forestall military action, Dr. Amir' Sjanifuddin announced on July 8, 1947, ·the accept· ance of the four Dutch proposals, but not the. fifth proposal - the establishment of a joint NetherlandsIndonesian police force to keep ·peace and order. The new Premier argued that the policing of Indonesia is a state right and therefore could not be surrendered to the Dutch. The Dutch insisted on the creation of the Joint Netherlands-Indonesian police force to insure the protection of the rights of foreigners in non-Indonesian and Indonesian territories who had helped the Dutch. Significance of the Indonesian War The Indonesiaus accused the Dutch of pouring troops into the islands ' while the negotiations were going on and of being interested merely in foreign-owned (Please turn to nage 94) * 79 Why will the Balka"8 continue .to be the powder-keg of Europe? What is Happening in the Balkans Today.? (Part II) Specific objectives: 1. To understand why the Balkans face insecu.rity 2. To know the · impoi:tance of territorial claims in the Balkans 3. To understand the significance of internal 'division in each Balkan state 4. To understand why the Balkans is the powder-keg of Europe The Balkans today is faced by two great pioblems: insecurity and general disOl'der. Since the end of World War II, little has been done towards reconstruction. . There is no sufficient food because of the failure of crops and mismanagement of the grain resources. Food supplies in Greece, Bulgaria, and Albania are short. There is little trade among the States comprising the Balkans. ·This is true even among the· states . within Russia's ·0 1ron Curtain." Many transport facilities are awaiting reconstruction. Because of'· these difficulties the .people in the Balkans have l!;'loomy forebodings of their future. P oliticlll insecurity The Balkans are politically insecure. Most of the Balkan peoples are not satisfied with ·their governments established after the end of World War II. Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Albania have leftist governments, The people protest 'because these Leftist governments Were not freely ~hoseil. by .them. Greece has a. Rightist governmelit, · but the Communist guerrillas are. trying to overthrow it.. The Greeks fear invasion from their northern neighbors. The Balkan Commission which investigated the border incidents in ·northern Greece accuses , Yugoslavia, Albania; and :aul80 * ga_ria· of fo.inenting troul;>les · in northern Greece. At least 15,000 Greek guertillas are creating troubles in northe.m Greece. 'The main purpose of. these guerrilla activities is .to overthfow the p,esent Greek gOvernment. Territorial claims Territorial claims continue ,to be ~ne of the causes of troubles in the Balkans. During the last war, for instance,. RU;. nlania, Hungary, and Bulgaria had bit.,. ter territorial jealousies Which Hitler had to settle by force. . Hitle.r ordered Rumatiia to give northern Thrace to Hungary. And, again, the treaty ;recently concluded with the Axis satellites provides for the return of Transylvania to Hunga~y. The sa.riie treaty req~ires Bulgaria to return Bukovina an~t and Bessarabia to Russia. Bulgaria has not been reconciled to this provision; Bulgaria is denlanding Western Thrace from Greece so that she. may have an outlet to the sea. Yugoslavia, too, is demanding Greek Macedonia frOm · Greece.· ·These .demands are ,bittei-ly opposed by Greece; .But Greece herself is also demanding- northern Epirus from Albania. Russia backs up the· demands of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, but the United State's and .Britain oppose these demands. The support given by the three big powers. complica~s the pro~ blem of 'the Balkans. Russia is backing the demands of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria becaus~ such territories, if acquired, would· enlarge the Soviet sphere of influence in the Mediterranean. The United States 'and Britain oppOse the demands because they do not like to see Russia strongly established in eastern Mediterranean. · Current Events Review Internal divisiom Internal division within each Country adds to the political troubles in·. the Balkans. In Yugoslavia there. is bitter conflict between· the Cfo~~nikS and the Partisans as well aS · .between . .the ~-, thodox and the Roman Cathelics; In Greece there is bitter conflict betwee;; the _government . forces and '-the Coinmtiriisti:;. In Bulgaria the ,°i>~O-demoCr~: tic elements warit tO overthrOw· t.he pro-.Comrnunis_t government -of Premier Geo'rgi Dimitrov. , The pro-Communist government of Premier Enver HOxha in Albania is meeting_ resistance frOm the Greek·minority in southern Albania. The Greeks- want to annex SOuthem A~anitl~ The people of Rumania are dissatisfied with their government. Rumania is headed by a king but i~ rill\ by a Communist -government. What is the future of the Balkam? What is the future of the . Balkans ? Will the Balkang, finally become a Soviet sphere of influence ? Greece is . the o~IY coUl).try iii soutb~rn Europe not within the Sovi0t "IrOn Curtain". The" Balkans are peopled l>y many different peoples having different cultures. Uncritical nati9nalism i~. very strong in the· Balkans. Unbridled nationalism arising ftoM ·. differences· in. culture is dangerous. ·"The conflicts between Serbs and Croats, Albanians and Greeks, Yugoslavs and Bulgarians, ·Rumaniaris and Hungarians, Czechs arid· Slovaks, Slovaks arid Hungarians, Rumanians and Y~goslavs, Bulgarians and GreekS," writes Samuel Van Valkenburg. in. his Peace Atlas of. Europe, "have bewildered and often annoyed people, who could not. understand .the .low emotional and boiling point of the nationalities, races, and religious groups involved in these disputes." The Balkans will continue to be the powderkeg of Europe because of the unbridled World Problem national.iE!m of .tJie._different·pe<:>p.Ies··a,nd b~ause -.of- tJ:ie rivalries of the big p0wers over . the Balkan counfrie~'- either .. for irlflu.e"nCe ·Or _for strategic! ·areas. · STlJDY HELPS \. Why· is there political insecurity hi tl)e · :E!alkan$ ? Can you tb.'inlc : ~f a .solution.to this p~liticaHnse~ty? 2. Why a•e there tr.jlubles in north• e:rn Greece-? . Are ·you hi fav~· .. o:f_-.. the. recent Ameri.can proposal in tlie Se·curi .. · ty Council tha.t: a permanent comrrii'SSio,ri be ,se·t up in ,northern Greece. to watch actually these troubles and to study them ·on tlie · sp0t ? Wliy ? · . 3.· rs :there any possibility,., of adjusting the' . territorial claims of the ' Balkan countries? '.Ci~ an . example .. : of this . possibility. 4. .Ve you in favor .rif · soh•ing the Balkan . problems by forming··· Balkan federation of all the Balkan countries ? Why·? .5. , How.· can we solve the problem of political inse~urity? REFERENCES 1. The Baikans• Many Peoples, Mari;i< PrQblem11, .EM '3 GI Ro)indtable, pp. 51-'Sli; 2. Stoyan, P. B.-Spotlight on the Balkans. (No. 2S) -of Headline B,ooks, pp. 1-27. 3. Todorov, , Kosta-'Balkan Fir'lbrartd, pp. 25-80. 4. M3.rkha.m, ·Reuben H.-"Bullies· in the Balk3.ns" Collier's, .Vol. 1ls, :No. 10 (September 7, 1946), pp. 19; 3.6"38. 5. Raymond, Allen-'1Tito's Balkan RevolQtion," Th:e Saturday ~vening Post, .Vol. 218, No. 3.7 (March 16, 1946), pp., 16-19; 141-14t. * 81 * United Nations Series (3) Special Report on the Activities of the United Nations Appeal for children relief The United Nations will conduct a cam.paign for the relief of children throughout the world. The campaign will solicit voluntary contributions of one day's pay to meet the emergency needs of millions of children, adolescents, and expectant and nursing· mothers all over the world. The one day's pay proposal was originally suggested at the second p~rt of the General A.ssembly's first session. The collection is to be a voluntary, non-governmental effort. An inter:iational committee will be set up. With the cooperation of the Secretary-General, the international committee will appeal to the public and sponsor the Collection. The welfare and lives of some sixty million children depend on the success of this campaign. What is the significance of the news? The United Nations Appeal for Children Relief campaign will enable women and men everywhere in the world t~ express their faith, in the words of the UN Charter, that men can °live together iit 1 peace with one another as good neighbors." •7 1 am deeply convinced," said ')II..r. Trygve Lief Secretary-General of the UN, 0 that the plan, if successful, will help create better understanding among nations." STUDY HELPS 1. Do you think that the spirit behind the campaign should not be of charity but of mutual help in meeting a universal need? Why? 2. Why should the collection be a voluntary nan-governmental effort? 82 * 3. Will the campaign help create better understanding among nations? How? Agenda for World Conf~rence on freedom of information The Sub-Commission of the Economic and Social Council of the UN on 'Freedom of Information and of the Press has adopted several fundamental principles for the c;oming world conference on freedom of information. Tjl.e principles adopted for consideration are: ( 1) to tell the truth without prejudice and to spread knowledge without malicious intent; (2) to facilitate the solution of the economic, social, and humanitarian problems of the world as a whole through the free in.terchange of information bearing on such problems; (3) to hel1P promote respect for human ri-ghts and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and (4) to help maintain international peace and security through understanding and Cooperation between peoples. What is the significance of the news? During the discussion of the proposals of various countries there were sharp differences on the formulation of fundamental principles. Mr. Loamakin, Russian representative in the commission, objeqted to certain wordings of the principles bed.use he said they infringed on the sovereign rights of the states to control the flow of information. Mr. Lopez of the Philippine Republic insisted that the primary objective of information media should be "to tell the truth without prejudice and to Current Events Review ~pread knowledge without malicious intent." STUDY HELPS 1. How can social, economic, and humanitarian problems be solved through the free interchange of information? 2. How can international cooperation be fostered by the free flow of information? 3. · Do you think that the free flow of information will infringe on the sovereign rights of states? Why? World police needs studied The Military Staff Committee, composed of the Chiefs of Staff of the permanent members of the Security Council, is now studying the police needs of the world. This committee was created to· advise the Security Council on all matters connected with the proposed armed forces which the member nations are to contribute theoretically to the UN for the maintenance of peace. The committee recently submitted an estimate of the strength of the armed forces which should be made available to the Security Council. The United States delegation suggested that, to make such force effective, the Security Council should have at its disposal 20 divisions of ground troops, 3,800 aircraft and a naval force of 3 battleships, 6 aircraft carriers, 15 cruisers, 84 destfoyers, and 90 submarines. The British estimate calls for 12 divisions of troops, 1,200 airplanes and 120 warships. The French delegation suggested 16 divisions of troops, 1,275 planes and a maximum of 115 naval vessels. Russia consid~red it impossible to submit a :Preliminary estimate. What is the significance of· the news? It took the Military Staff Committee 15 months to com.plete its first report on policies to be fo11owed in the formation. of a world police force. Russia refused to offer a preliminary estimate of the United Nations Series - 3 desired strength of the world police. Russia reasoned out that it is impossible to make any preliminary estimate until the Security Council has approved the general principles. The three governments - the United States, Britain, and France - argued that their estimates are tentative and do not commit their governments. Russian refusal to give a preliminary estimate may delay further the drafting of the fundamental principles. The, Security Council needs a police force to carry out its decisions or tasks as envisaged by the Charter of the UN. The United Nations needs world support. Without world support, it will tan. STUDY HELPS 1. Why is there an i:nmediate need for a world police force? 2. Russia refuse.s to give a 1 preliminary estimate of the armed forces for the UN. Is her refusal justified? Why? 3. Do you feel that the disturbances in northern Greece, in Java, and in Annam necessitate the· immediate crea-. tion of a world police force? Why? Inter.national Refugee Organization will start operations The IRO . will take over the refugee activities of both UNRRA and the InterGovernmental Committee on Refugees (JGC). It will also take over the resettlement activities begun by the IGC. The total number of displaced persons eligible for care and maintenance by the IRO is estimated to be between 800,000 and 1,345,000. What is the significance of the news? The ,IRO was created by the United Nations to take care of the refugee problems of the world. The organization will surely hasten the solution of the problems of the refugees and displaced persons , throughout the world. In signing the legislation providing for full U.S. membership and participation in the IRO, President Truman said:· "I am confident that, througl1. the IRO, we * 83 shall give the wor.ld. ne·w reason to believe that no problem .is 'too· diffiC.ult if the nations .firmiy reSolve. to cobper.ate in solving it."· STUDY HELPS 1. ·Why is~ there. an -~i:gent-. need· for the IRO?· 2. ·can you· name some problems that may be ·m~t by the IRO ? 3 . If the IRO is to function effecUVe'lY, how c~n ,ii-··avo~d giv_ing -O"r_:e:X:.: tending help .. to those who .helped the ~ azi ea-use ? .4: .Why does the IRO need the support of· the world.? Tr~teeship Council dec'itle$ .to ac~Uive : ~!Jjectives The· UN Trustee'ship. Council ·is deterntlned. to. acoomplish its ob)ectiyes. "rhe. Council. is-. charged · primatily with the task 9f promoting ti\e . welfare of the peoples · of. trust areas &l)d no11Sel~-govern'.ing regions. .D.uring .its last session.. ii _discussed the l;>est methods 'Of .keeping 'in touch with the. develop·ment_s within . the- areas ~ question. Three irI).portant ·ways of-.securing infor.:. ma,tion were 'considered: (1) by enter• taining . petitions from individlia1$ or groups ·regaiding conditions in trust territories; ( 2) by requiring extensive use of question.riaires as basis for· the reports of the administering auth,oritiee, and .( 3) by actual survey of the trust territories. What is the si.gnificance of the news? 'l'he decision of the Trusteeship Council '·to accomplish its ·objeCtives is heart~ e~ng .to the millions of. _peac~-loving people. The ::methods considered are sui'ely·'the· most: effective means of secur~ng essential· informatiQn .. necessary for _the pro~ctiOn and PromQtion of the Welfare of the .people Of trust areas. Recently, ·s·ev~ral. petitions have already· been. s.e"nt to th_e Trusteeship Council. These petitions voice t~e problem's of. the pe.ople--0f trust areas. Fore84 * most amont· the -.p~titions was cone ·.~~m 46 Samoan chiefs protesting agairsJ j;!ie·· unnatural division· of the islaiids of the_ Samoan .. group and. asking fot self-gQ\'ernment and uni!ic!ltion of Western SaJti.~3: ·:and: .. E"astern.· Samoa~ The Trusteeship Council imniec\iately set up a .commi$siOn· of .inQui.ry-io visit· Sarp."oa'. STUDY HELPS L. Are · t!,ie me~hods of seeuring in-· f9:rmation adopte.d by the TrusteeshipCouncil . effeetive 1 : · Why ? 2' The Trusteeship. Council was ·es· tablished 'to promote the weitare ·of the people .of . trust · are!'•' Why is the knowledge of the·-pr0blems ofthe·i11eople in trust' B.reas nf!cessary .to .. th~' p.rOmo~ tfori ·of. peace? 3. Why is it· 11ecessary for the a.drhinist~ng :POwerS to take .. actiVe ·-intere~t in promoting the~ welfare of the trust .. p~ople? Proposal for a World Conference on passportS_ A group of techri!cal- experts recently me"t ln Gene Va to· consider_ . way.s and means or' simplifying the red. tape. 'that impedes ·foternational travel today •. The meeting drafted the . preliminary setup fQr ~ ·World Conference on .PasSporis 3.nd Frontier Formalities. Wh•t is the significance of the ll~ws.r The .decision of the -Economic ... and Sacial Council to hold a world confer· en~e on: passports and frontier_ formalities is ve:ry timely. Before World War I . travel forinallties were yery Sillld>le. After Wprld War I nations adopted many pTecautionary measures which genei-ally delayed travel, such as the use of passports, entrance ,.vi~as, exit visas, ·exchange restrictions, vaccination 'certificates, and lengthy customs inspect:l.on. '!'Pe', world confe;rence Will iive the experts ·an opportuility to make a ·.study of possible revisions. on many f~rmalities which have become mote and m·ore rigid since the· terminatiO;n of · (Please .turn. to page·· 98) Current Events Rev.i~w The Philippines and the World'-.. Philippines 'among initial iraders to enter Japan The Inter,Allieil .'.l'rade .Board: for Japan_., ha:S . a~_OU.liee.d .. its. unaniniously agteed allo~ation ·~for the·. 400 "initial p"ri.V~~ ~:r:a9.e"is: Who were ·gr.anted pei'inission by tlie . _SUpreme Columaitder f<it the Allied Powers on June 9, 1947, to enter Japan for. trade afte'r .August. 15, 1947.. The numbl!r of entrant.s for each .. ~o~ntry is as f~l~ows: the ~nited States/ '102; . C_hin_~; 64; Ullit.ed Ki~g doJ1).· and ·coloilies'., (\4;_ Ind,ia,,- ~9·; Netherlands and NEI, 27; Australia, 23; Fr:ii:i.~ .a:na FienCh)ndo--China, 16; Can8da,_ ·s;. _:;NeW Zeaiand~ 6; PhiUppines, ~; ·others,· ~45. 'IhePhilippines an exampl,e for Asia ·In one :of ·the. recefnt weeklY. broadcasts. fr6rli the tr~itoo st.ites,-0n "Our F.o~i~n~· ."Poli.Cy/' th:fee sPe~keis exPte)lseci \be view .that .the : Philippines j15"-~;m 'eXample_: __ fqi- -Asia> A"rti~ass~dor E'lizalde stated. tliat tlie firrnn·e~s·.·of de'mocrac;Y. :in:·. the·· '.f.h~lippines.. ~.-is, no~ equalled by· an:1'; &th~r- country .in the world ·eJOcept .. the' trniied Stat•s. Former Ambassador·,Paul N. '!ll:cNutt sald that the new Philippine Republic is a "living· Jtroof" that American _de~oCrac·y ·' is goQd.·:·,.not - only·. for: 4_~eri~a,_-'}>µt. ·aj!3o for _others, and, that freecio~:js "toved "1'<it Ol)!y; l>y' us b11f .\>j peopie . (jlijte d~re'1t_.~_from us- .in' .-ra.i::ial -o:r_igi_{t." Emliiet O'Neal, the new U.Sc.A'iiibassa:dor to: the Philippiiies; · indicated tit>.t" the Philippines will be able to. show, thr.ough democratic gOve~ii~ept _-"a better way of life that .wili h~ abie. t0 ippeaI· .to the people of the Far· ,E~st :ind. will Prov~1 that demqci:3.cx ~s·:·t~ best·-. gl,larantee of. -peace· for- all Ration$·.,, National Affairs Ph,iJippines to get. interim _allocations. The Compirt~d _Tilt Commi_tte~· :tec_Onimerids interim- allocationS·-of ·fin metal' for .the second half of 1947. · The pie. Sent tirt ,allocatil?n~. ate ilitende_d _ ~o :en~ sure die -constant flow _of SuPiPlies: from P.roduclng. areas·· to consuriier aount.ries. These allocations 1 are still withheld,, however, ,pendfog. receipt by t~e. Com.: mittee · ~f the <cOn'ii;ilet~ ··.re_ports .from. conSutning countries.·on. past· consumption ;md· future requtrements .. '{'he Philippines has . been allotted fpur '10,,g tons of·: tin. Joirit com,,iissiim i;:eports ori Philippine ewnomy. Th transmitting to< Gol\gress the re" P.ort of the joint Phli!ppin~'imeriean finance· 9omm.~Mon; .. PreSident Harry~ .. s: Trumall expXesSed: Confid.ei:ic6 in the ability of the fhilippinf gove~ent t.o solve itS own."· ·interrtar ~- firiB.ricial .arid budgetary ;problems. The· most signific'ant' finding, of tbe c~mµ}is~On was. "that $e ·Ph:il~PPines iS: among, the five countr.ies . '6f t!ie world. hiiving ·the highest dollar, bah!nces ;,,: the United States, .and that iri 'the next four y~ts more than $2,000,0001000 Jr· foreign exchange will accrue ·to the Phil' ipPJtJ.e 'recOnomy, More · .. tha·~ one_.:iialf of this 'Sum w(>tlld -c_Ome _fi-om, war dam.,. ~ge·· P.aYmeitts;·. -~ete-~iln's. benefits, back ·pay to· guerrilla troops who. fought th~ -18.pan."ese ·during, · ihe _war, aiid .. _Qthel' u: S: government outfays. · The· r.esf of thetestimate<l' ainoµnt'woulcl,ariBe from fhilippine expo*· · Accol'~i~_¥ly, the .. com'iriissiOJ_l ,~recoip. mended that . the prin~ipal PhillpJ>ine ecOnritny .objective: fot the· ne~f ,five years ~h~uld IJ.e to accelerate .the coulitry's. ·i-~ie of ecortOmic.' · growth ~nd' to * 85 bring about a rapid increase of production and a corresponding rise in the standard of living which these foreign exchange receiptS' will make ;possible. "The commission reported that if the substance of a fiscal program which it recommends is put into effect, the Philippine government will not require additional foreign Joans to meet internal budgetary deficits, and that the Philippine economy should be able to finance itself through a Period of construction and expansion which promise to be greater than the country ever before experienced." Philippines to try Japanese war criminals The newly created bo'dy, National War· Crimes Office, purely under the auspices of the Philippine Army, has begun trying J~panese war criminals. The office \s taking charge of the trial of Japanese war criminals turned over recently to the Philippine government jurisdiction by the United States army. The trial affects Japanese accused of war crimes committed only in the Philippines but not in other areas. The tri:il may be too expensive, nevertheless it is in keeping with the statement made by President Roxas on July 29, 1947: "We who have been the victims of atrocities known to all of us stand before the world ready to mete out justice in the full meaning of that word. We are prepared to try these war criminals, according to them every right decreed by international law, the right to a fair, reasonable and speedy trial, the right to call witnesses in their behalf, the right of review. All these things will be given thOse ~ho have wronged us, so that when we have accomplished this most important work it will never be said that the innocent were punished." U.S. gift to three Philippine libraries A gift of P29,000 has. been given by the people of the United States to three 86 * leading libraries of the Philip,pines: the National Library, the University of the Philippines, and the Bureau of Science. This gift is a part of the "Books for the Philippines Project" undertaken by the American Library Association with the financial sponsorship of the United States Department of State. This grant is an expression of the soli"citous gratitude of the American peopl~. It is calculated to enable these main libraries to purchase American publications necessary for Philippine post-war rehabilitation. The donee institutions are free to order any American books or periodicals they consider most useful to their libraries, the only stipulation being that they buy American publications. The "Books for the Philippines Project" is being carried out in conjunction with an even larger American program for the rehabilitation of libraries in the war devastated areas of the wbrld. An American Book Center has been set up in the United States Library of Congress, and to it many hundreds of American organizations and individuals have contributed almost a million books for distribution among the libraries all over the world which suffered from the war. The Philippines has received an extraordinarily large share of these books, at least 100,000 volumes having 'already been shipped to Manila for distribution among government libraries. Philippines has earned the esteem of the world The visit of Vice President Elpidio Quirino of the various countries of the world has earned for the Philippines the esteem of the world. During his visit the Vice President played the role of ambassador extraordinary. He advanced one reason for the esteem given by foreign countries for 'the Philippines -the heroic stand made by the Filipinos at Bataan and Corregidor. The Vice President urges every Filipino to uphold the - dignified position of the Philippines in the world. Current Events Review Significant World News Roundup JAPAN Fundamental principles for post-surrender policies The Far Eastern Commission, composed of 11 nations which were engaged in the war against Japan, has finally given its approval on the fundamental principles governing Japan. The commission members are Australia, New Zealand, Canada, China, France, India, Netherlands, Russia, Britain, and the United States. , The policies that have been approved are principally those that have already been in operation in Japan. The commission's statement of policy says that international security and stability depend "upon complete destruction of the military machine which had been the chief means whereby Japan had carried out the aggressions of past decades; upon the establishment of such political and economic conditions as would make impossible any revival of militarism in Japan; and upon bringing the Japanese to the realization that their will to war, their plan of conquest, and methods used to accomplish such plans, have brought them to a state of ruin." What is the significance of the news? The means to achieve the post-surrender policies accordii'fg- to the commission include complete demilitarization and disarmament and the re-educ~tion of the Jai:>anese pe0iple towards the appreciation of individual liberties and respect for fundamental human rights. The commission pointed out that the "Supreme Commander is not committed to support the emperor or any other government on Japan and not to support it." Regarding the Japanese International News industry, the commission stated that Japan should be permitted to maintain such industries as would sustain her economy and permit exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to rearm for war. The a1wroval of the post-surrender policies is important because the policies will be the official guide in gove-rning Japah until the peace treaty with Japan is. signed. KOREA Will accelerate rehabilitation in education An institute staffed by outstanding American ~ducational and vocational traiuing specialists is scheduled to be set up in the near future in Seoul, Korea, to provide intensive, short-term course of training for Korean specialists in general educatio1jl., administration, and vocational-technical fields. The idea of the institute has been advocated by Korean educational authorities themselves, and the formulation of plans to facilitate its establishment follows the recommendation made by the American educational and information survey mission to Korea. What is the significance of the news? The educational plan will hasten the educatjonal rehabilitation of Korea. The plan will moreover c~rry out the announced American policy of aiding Korea in establishing itself as an independent, democratic nation. It is important to note in this connection the report of_ Fathet Edward J. Flanagan, noted Catholic social welfare leader on youth. problems in Japan and Korea, which states that the problem of the educafion of children in Korea is much worse than that in Japan-that perhaps * 87 only 50% ·of K<>rean children go to sehoOl _ because1 under,- .the Japan_ese rule for 40 years,_ . no educatiorial f:_Milities were provided. for .It-O~n children .un". less they _and their faioiiies agreed to learn the Japanese Janguage · and. this was refused by the majority: U; S. TERRiTOiUES Pr-0gre8s? The United Nations recently recei'l'ed colnprehensive repori;s from the United States. on econoIDic, social, and .educa_tional conditions in six· u.s; non-selfgoverning territories - Alaska, ·.American Samoa, ·-Guam, Hawaii, Puerto ltico, and Virgin Islands. The ~p9it on Hawaii shows' that out of the total po·pulation of just over hS.lf a· ~Ilion, 102,000 are enrolled i'1 schools. Sta" tisti~s show generally a high standard of ' living . and. ~urrent prosperity of the territory. · More than 93% of Samoa's population of about 18,000 can read- and write. More than 4,000 are enrolled ~n the public high schools. . Sam'qa's health and sanitary· ·conditioris -·.have been greatly improved. Gusm's .population has also growll' under U. S. ·administration ' to more th!ln 24,000. G\lam's schools have be~n reconstructed attd 80 % of the pop)llati0n are literate. The report" frankly Stl\teil _that the standard of living in Puerto Rico ls !ow aitd Saniiary f~ci1iti0s .. fo.r neatly half the population · are inadec!uiite. · 'The standard of Jivfog in Alaska is hlgh, ·~th socfal conditiop.s. 'appro~mating those of the Uiiited States. · Wilg'es in AIQ\!ka are. generally h'iglier, than 'those in the. United St.ates~ In ·the Vi'i:in ISlan~~, :·s.ome conditi9ils Still remain un.~ favorable. What is t_he significance of t.he ··news? The report has been filed in coinpliance with the aim of the pnited Nations to. promote the · welfafe· .Qf_ ;rtQn ... self'governing. territl)ries. Th~ l')>Poft is signific_ant because it ··Jieeps. the world iiiformed of the progress. niade by gov88 * erning. ·~·~w:e.rs- in ~elping JJ.on-self-gov·~ erning · p.eople· achieve: their march to.· waras . freedom. UNITED STATES Truman urges U.S. to alleviate ·the· "world tragedy" President. Harry s: Truman recently urged· the Congress of the United States· to enact special legir~lation which· would· permit .the ill'lmigration Into the United Sta~es of a 0 substantial ·number" of dis·· placed persons. He, urged that the' United . States should join other . coun" tries. in ·the common effcirt of allev.iating· this "world tragedy" ... ~ In his .mesSage, P:i-esid~nt Truma;n em.phasized tba·t the United States is _firm in resisting· any proposal to send th~·dil!placed pet"· sons back· to · the4' foi:rner homes· by force, where it is· evi.dent:.'ihat their ·Un· \villingness to retUr:ri is oas~d updrt po~ litical consideration$: :Or:.fe8r ·of perse: .. c'U:tion. Whai is the Significance.· of the news? , The problem of displaced persons rrieaiis" _.the disposltiOn -. of a specif~~ group. of" 'individuals, . Victims· of the: war, who have Come under the juri.sdic· tion o(the United States ·and the other Western.~llied armtes of .occupation)n Ew:op.e .. · These ·victiTns ~f war and· -op· 1>ression look up hopefully to the demoCl'atic fOUntries for he\p and for tli,e fu· tul'.e of.thei'r children. Certain countries. ~.(· · EurOpe f;Lnd tLatiri America. hav~ oPened theil'", 4ooTs to . a substantial number of these displaced persons .. The President struck ·a Christian principle when he said: "Let us join· in giving them . a chance . at, decent and self ... stip ... porting lives." BRITAlN .4.dvice to the.labor government ·Keep· Left is a ·vigorous British pan1.p_hlet u~~ng 'for more socialism. I~ examln·es the Labour Government .. and. calls for· a speeding-tip and intensificaCurrent Events Review tion of the government's present program. The pamphlet suggests the (1) setting up of a full-scale Ministry of Economic Affairs, (2) the encouragement of a European e~ort-import area strong enough to bargain with American capitalism, (3) extension of raw material controls in favour of essential industries, ( 4) reduction of the Armed Forces by 640,000 instead of only 340,000 by March, 1948, (5) reduction of England's economic dependence on the United States, (6) renunciation of Military Staff talks with non-European Powers and' of the manufacture of atomic bombs, and (9) seizure of the opportunity for leadership in the United Nations which is left open to Socialist Britain. What is the significance of the news? Britain's Labor Government is facing its test this year on its socialization projects. The Conservatives arE!: bitterly opposed to many of the io~ern ment's projects. The government is now consideri~g a bil1 io nationalize the iron and steel firms. It has. postponed action on the nationalization of gas. It is now shown that the Labor government is expecting further opposition from the Conservatives. Its socialization program has received complaints even from the working classes which are now complaining of the s°Iowness of the government in satisfying their demalllls for comfortable living. DomestiC difficulties have increased the foreign difficulties of the Bri~ish government. In solving these problems a group of Leftist leaders are urging the governnient to have less dependence on the United States. They believe that Britain should have a sound independent economy. CHIN A Unrest continues Setbacks in the military struggle with the Communists and mounting ecoInternational News nomic difficulties continue to sow discontentment and unrest in Nationalist China. Economic difficulties have been brought about by shortage in food. Although the widespread. movement of students for "bread and rice" has subsided, educational leaders continue to ask for internal peace. The economic difficul4 ties have been brought about partly. by the diversion of large quantities of grain to the army. What is the significance of the news? Several hundred faculty members of Tsinghua and Yenching universities in Peiping signed a petition urging the Na\jonalist government to bring about internal peace. The faculty members argued the peOple in general would suffer in a protracted civil war. But the leader ... of the government, Chiang Kai-Shek, is . against- any new ·peace move. He answered that the civil .war would continue until some marked shift in the military balance of power takes place. Such a shift according to Lawrence K. Rosinger in his dispatch on "Unrest in China" could be accelerate~ by further inflation and 1 popular unrest in government areas. FRANCE "Rightist Plot" in France? The Fre11ch government recently announced the discovery of a "Rightist Plot" to overthrow the Fourth French ~public. The announcement did not receive serious attention from the presses of the world. It is, however, true that· there are s~veral large anth Communist organizations in France which planned to combat a Communist coup. Likewise, the Communists have their own plans to combat anti-Conimunist movements. The French government is confident that no armed uprising either from the Right or Left would succeed. The Communists are at present out of the coalition cabinet. The so-Called "Rightist Plot" is a part of * 89 propaganda to keep the government secure. What is the significance of the news? The Ramadier .gove_rnment is facing many difficulties. Among them are strikes, high cost of living, 1ack of funds for finance, problems of production. Any of these problems could be used by the oppositionists as an excuse for staging a coup. The Communists have a commanding influence in the various labor unions. The Communists' tactics of "infiltration" through memberships in labor unions is a familiar pattern of Communist method of strengthening its ,power in the government. Certainly, the position of the Ramadier government is se_cure. "In such a case," wrote Frank C. Hanighen in Human Events, "a sensational story (as the discovery of a Rightist Plot) would prove a diversion, however temporary." ARGENTINA Drive for an anschluss An economic anschluss is being forged by President General Juan Domingo Peron of Argentina. Peron has made use of the Banco Central and the Argentine Institute for the Promotion of Trade to control the economy of the people. The Institute has virtual monopoly on the export of cereals, meat, fats, and oils, and controls imports, such as tin, iron, and machinery. The Institute has also tightened its control of economic relations with other South American republics, such as Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. What is the significance of the news? The present drive of Argentina for an economic anschluss with other Latin American countries is a struggle for economic supremacy. The Banco Central has many branches in various Latin American countries. It is lending its poor neighbors some of its cash surpluses. Most countries of Latin America 90 * are dependent on Argentina for certain economic products. They have to toe their line to Peron's line. The only country that could challenge Argentina's bid for an economic anschluss is Brazil. Brazil has rich mineral resources and untapped manpower. Will Argentina succeed in her drive? Will Brazil fight for economic Sl.Jipremacy? GERMANY The issue of denazification Although western Germany is now economically united as a result of the merging of the American and British zones, one important problem still remains unsolved in the bi-zonal operation of Western Germany - the denazification of Germany or the removal of Nazi ideologies. What is the significattce of the news? Both the Americans and the British agree that the denazification of Germany is a very important part of their program of occupation, but they disagree on the method of eradicating Nazi ideologies. What is the conflict between the American and British officers? The British would like to ease up the strict regulations on denazification. The main reason for this attitude of the British administrators is their desire to · secure the services of skilled Nazis. The Americans are opposed to the British plan. They want complete house-•aning - the eradication of Nazi ideologies. Checkup Exercises 1. What is meant by post-surrender policies? 2. Upon what do peace and security in Japan depend? 3. What is the policy on Japanese jndustries? 4. Why should Gen. MacArthur refuse to support the Japanese Emperor? 5. Why is educational rehabilitation important in Korea? (Please turn to page 93) Current Events Review Science Marches On-Waste products have new uses Working on the theory that even ''waste" .pl.fOducts have use, the scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture have started working on other possible uses of the by-products of citrus canning. Sometime ago, a process was developed for making cattle feed out of the peel. During the war, molasses was made out of the liquid remaining after the processing of the skin and pulp of oranges, but it was of a low grade. Now researchers are attempting to make out of this liquid high grade molasses of good quality which could compete with regular sugar molasses. The newest by-product of citrus canning is oil, extracted from the seeds. The oil is reported to be of excellent quality and similar to other vegetable oils in its potential uses. Push-button telegraphy speeds delivery The Western Union telegraph office recently has started using a $2,000,000 push-button switchboard which, it is said, will eventually double the speed and caipacity of telegraphic communications throughout the United States. The switchboard will replace manual operation in relaying telegrams through. the Philadelphia office. The old method required from five to 15 minutes to relay a message - more than half of the total transmission time. The new method will do the job in seconds. New apparatus for infants One important exhibit shown during the fifth International Congress of Pediatrics in Washington is an apparatus for maintaining infants in a vertical position. It is said that this apparatus Modem Science serves as an aid to digestion and is also an effective means of cOmbating infections of the respiratory tract. Its inventor, Dr. Obes Polleri of Montevideo, Uruguay, says that the apparatus is so designed as to allow infants to be strapped in harness and suspended from a wire by hook for various purposes at any time of the day. Air purifier in the hQme A device for removing f:fom fresh air dust, soot, and ,pollen circulated by hotair heaters or air-conditioning systems has now been adopted for use in private homes. The device, called the electronic precipitator, was formerly used only in theaters and public buildings because of the cost. The home unit operates by electricity and is attached to the furnace or the air-conditioner. The current creates a strong electric-static field within the cabinet of the unit. The dust particles in the air are given a positive electric charge as they pass through the "field". The air then passes through vertical, negatively charged plates which attract the dust. New dish towel is absorbent Textile engineers at a laboratory in New York have developed a new dish towel containing 20 per cent asbestos and 80 per cent cotton. The towel is similar to linen in appearance and is manufactured in six colors. The towel has a mottled look because asbestos remains white and does not absoxb dye. The engineers discovered the ability of asbestos to absorb fabric water and to poJish glass and china while they were testing asbestos fabric for fireproof ironing board covers. * 91 New clothes dryer boon to housewives A heatless dryjng machine, demon· strated in New York recently, removes excess dampness from freshly laundered clothes. This 1 process would make tlie newly washed clothes ready for· immediate ironing. The machine has a drum-shaped cylinder and whips out water with cehtrifugal force. It dries wet wash in five mimttes. The machine is called "Extractor". The common dryer, which uses heat, gets clothes thoroughly dry in fortyfive minutes. Clothes, however, passed first through the "extractor," could be completely dried by ordinary dryer in only twenty minutes. The extractor shortens the drying by twenty-five minutes. Sound-detecting system locates survivors at sea The first of four receiving stations equipped with the Navy's new longrange, underwater sound system for locating air and ship survivors at sea is now in operation in California. This sound-detecting system, developed during the war, is called the "sofar" system. During· the test made last year, this device picked a sound 3,100 miles away. Additional improvement on this device is expected to double the range. Recently, the Monterey station heard and recorded the sound of a bomb exploding under water 2,300 miles away. This device will surely aid in locating air and ship survivors a~ sea with the aid of a bomb to be dropped overboard by survivors. The bomb to be used is exploded by water pressure as soon as it has descended about half a mile. The layer of water over the exploded bomb acts as a ~peaking tube, confining the sound waves within itself and transmitting them over long distances. The sound waves are picked up by hydrophones set deep in water and connected 92 • to a receiving station by submarine cables. New blanching method prevents loss of vitamins The use of high frequency radio waves instead of hot water for blanching vegetables prevents the loss of vitamins in frozen foods. This new method of blanching was shown in the experiment made by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Under the old method, vegetables have to be heated in hot water or flowing steam before they are frozen in order to retain the color and prevent the deterioration of the flavor. The station reported that in using high frt!quency radio waves for blanching, th~ loss of Vitamin C in treated raw cabbage was redUced from the usual 30 to 40 pe.r cent to only three per cent. Chemical formula flame-proofs materials A chemical formula, developed by two Atlanta veterans, effectively flameproofs combustible materials. This process is expected to prove effeclive in preventing hotel and home fires. This flame-proofing treatment is effective even for drapes, curtains, matresses, and ~pholstered furniture. The flameproofing chemical remains effective for one year unless th.e material is laundered. Army surgeons successfully transplant human skin United States Army medical .officers ha,ve successfully completed a grafting operation involving the successful transplanting of 556 square inches of the patient's own skin. The patient is a soldier, critically burned on Tinian by the accidental explosion of white phosphorus grenade. He was rushed to California by plane. Preparatory to the operatiori, the patient was given pints (Please turn to the nezt page) Current Events Review Significant ... (Continued from page 90) 6. Do you consider the policies -of the United States in her trust territories successful ? Why ? 7. Why is President Truman insistent on the admission into the United States of a number of displaced persons? What is meant by displaced persons? 8. Why is the position of the dia• placed persons termed a "world tragedy"? 9. Why are the members of the British Labor government intensifying its nationalization program? 10. How will the protracted civil war affect the economic conditions in China? 11. Why is France facing numerous difficulties ? Is there a 1-eal basis for the "Rightist Plot"? Why? Do you agree with Frank C. Hanighen in bi's view on this question as expressed in Human Events? 12. Why is Argentina working for an economic anschluss? What is meant by anschluss? 13. What is the difficulty in bringing out the denazification of Germany? ls the position of the United States sound? Why? Science ... (Continued from page 92) of blood transfusions. A.-my surgeons removed 266 square inches of skin from the patient's back and applied it to his burnt arms and thighs. The burned area which had been left uncovered because of lack of sufficient unburned tissues was later covered in another operation. Mter the healing of the first grafts, which was done with the Padgett-Hood dermatone, the second graft was made from the same area. A transfusion of 10 ,pints of blood was necessary for the latter operation. (Special releases by the United States Information Sernee) Modem Science Historical Account . . . (Continued from. page 77) During this period, it w3.s believed that the Arabs and the Jews would be able to arrive at a final solution of the Palestine question. The Jews and the Arabs rejected this proposal. On April 2, 1947, the Palestine problem was formally submitted to the United Nations. A special session of the General Assembly was held from April 28 to May 28 to solve the Palestine qUestion. It established a Special Committee to examine the Palestine problem with the instruction to submit a report in time for consideration in the next regular session of the General Assembly on September 16, 1947. United Nations • . . (Continued from page 84) World War II. The ICAO (International Civil AviatiOn Organization) has recommended for instance a standard form for health certificates worked out in a world sanitary agreement. STUDY HELPS 1. Wha.t are the reasons for holding a world conference on passports and frontier formalities? Why have various measures been taken to restrict the entrance of foreigners in foreign countries? 2. How could custom inspection be expedited? 3. Are you in favor of world standanl health certificates? Why? ATING'WIKA a sister publication to· this magazine contains abun· dant, illustrated materials of instruction in the Filipino National Language for grade-school children. * 93 What is the Background ••• (Continued from page 79) assets in Indonesia and in Indoneaian trade rather than in the independence of the people. The Dutch accused the Indonesians of delaying the establishment of the interim government. World Report comments that during the negotiations between the Dutch and the Indonesian government, the Indonesian Army has upset the agreement between the moderates and the Dutch Government. An editorial of The New York Times argued that there have been violations of the Linggadjati agreement on the part of both Indonesians and Dutch. 11 The Dutch," according to the editorial, "failed in their negotiations to exhaust the methods agreed on at Linggadjati that prevailed when the Dutch ultimatum began to be issued a few weeks ago." The Baltimore Evening Sun said that the failure of the Dutch and Indonesians to implement the Linggadjati agreement "is doubly tragic because so long as fighting continues the economic salvation of the area must be post,poned. Prompt settlement of differences would open the way not only for United States credits but would release the Indonesian exports which the world needs badly." Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is the Linggadjati agreement important in the history of the Netherlands East Indies ? 2. Do you think the Dutch propossl to establish an interim government headed by a Netherlands crown representative justified? Why ? 3. Why do the Dutch insist on the establishment of a joint NetherlandsIndonesian police force? Is the objection of the Indonesian government on the establishment of such a police force justified? Why? 4. Do you think the counter-proposals of the Indonesians justified? Why? Do you think the original demand of 94 * Why is Russia ••• (Continued fr1>m page 70) 8. Why have the democracies opposed the Russian demands ? 9. Are there grounds for Russian suspicion that the democracies are blocking Russian attempts to build her security frontiers ? Why? 10. Does the United States intend to atop Russian expansion ? Why? References 1. Burnham, James.-The Struggle for the World, pp. 66-74. 2. Moore, Harriet.-Soviet Far Eastern Policy, pp. 226-227. 3. Bullitt, William C. -The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs, pp. 60-67; 92-109. 4. Hauser, Ernest 0.-"The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain,'' The Saturday Evening Post, Val. 219, No. 50 (June, 1947) pp. 23, 156-158. 5. Lubell, Samuel.-"Moscow: PayOff On Peace," Collier's, Vol. 199, No. 10 (March 8, 1947), pp. 17-19; 46-48. the Indonesians for the immediate transfer of executive powers to the interim government j1 ustified? Why ? · 6. Do you agree with the writer on the significance of the war? Why ? References 1. "Indonesia Edits," Special Release No. 142 of the USIS, July 24, 1947. 2o.. "Indonesian Republic Expected to Encourage Outside Capital," World Report, Vol. I, No. 29 (December 3, 1946), ;pp. 20-21. 3. "Report from Indonesia," by Virginia Thompson Adloff, Far Eastern Survey, Vol. XVI, No. 8 (April 23, 1947), pp. 86-88. 4. Helsdingen van, W. H. "The Netherlands-Indonesian Draft Agreement," Pacific Affairs, Vol. XX, No. 2 (June, 1947), pp. 184-187. Current Events Review Opinions on World Problems Should there be a Separate Treaty with Japan? (This section on press opinions on current international problems will be presented every month in order to provide materials for class discussion in current events. ·The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the Current Events R6View.) Background of the question During the various peace conferences and meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers in 1946 and the last Moscow conference, the world witnessed the impossibility of arriving at immediate solution to pressing peace prob-lems. Lately, former President Herbert Hoover proposed the conclusion of separate peace treaties for the United States with Germany and Japan, as a means of restoring those countries to self-sufficiency and of reducing the drain on United States resources. While recognizing the practical obstacles to such a course, many consider the propos .. al as a necessary last resort in the event that Russia refuses to cooperate. After Hoover had made a clear distinction between Germany and Japan, some influential papers became more favorable to the idea of a separate peace with Japan. Several papers even demanded the calling of a peace conference on the Japanese treaty. The New York Times: "There can be no doubt about the feasibility and urgent need of a treaty which will release .Japan's energies to help herself. There is certainly no reason why a Japanese peace treaty must wait on the German treaty still stymied in the Council of Foreign Ministers; Opinions Foreign Secretary Bevin proposes, in fact, to by-pass the Council in this particular undertaking. And while it may be true that the State Department is busy with many things, it would seem that it ought to find both time and men to sUmmon a conference to write a treaty with Japan this summer. We belie:ve that the call for such a conference should go out at once, and that invitation to attend be extended to all of the powers which took part in the war against Japan and which share a common interest in a Pacific peace." The Washington Post: " A peace treaty would enable Japan 'to know where the people stand, aiding them to improve their economy and depend less upon American aid. The value of a peace conference is that it would determine definitely the reparations issue - the heart of any settlement - and would give the Japanese both an idea of what they can expect and something to work for." The New York·Herald-Tribune: "The present state of the world system is intolerable on many grounds, of which the money costs to Americans i.s only one. The joint settlement envisaged at the end of the war lies shattered, and unless Russia can give concrete indication that it can be revivedt a wholly new basis of settlement must be increasingly inevitable .. Mr. Hoover's statement is hardly Jess significant than the 'Truman Doctrine'; both reflect the sa• deep trends in contemporary thinking." * 95 Radio commentator 'II. V. Kaltenborn: "Herbert Hoover's proposal for a prom:Pt peace with Japan and Germany has received widespread support. Many congressmen agree with the Hoover plan. Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia suggests that Russia's dilatory tactics to which Mr. Hoover referred be carried to the United Nations. The United States would find general support there to speed the return .of peace." Radio commentator Martin Agronsky: "For this country to conclude a separate peace with Germany and Japan would automatically kick Russia out of the family and force the Russians into a lone-world role which would prove exceedingly dangerous. A divided Germany, with eastern and western zones, would be an invitation to disaster in the opinion of the responsible directors of American foreign policy." Walter Lippman: "Mr. Hoover see:vis to have forgotten that a separate peace with us would still leave Japan and Germany at war not only with the Soviet Union but with many other countries including, in the case of Germany, all, or at least almost all, her immediate neighbors. Thus the Hoover .proposal would leave us with the job of keeping all the J apanese and all of our Germans disarmed. "Yet perhaps a certain good may come of Hoover's having raised the qff,estion of a separate peace. For it should strengthen the'" conviction in the State Department and elsewhere that the formation of constructive policy of European ·union cannot be delayed much long~r, if ideas which would_ be fatal to peace and subversive of the whole effort of the United Nations are not to gain ground among Americans-, who ought by this time to know better." 96 * Why U.S. and Britain • . . (Continued from page 75) 5. Do you think Russia is justified in rejgsing to join various international organizations designed to promote world peace? Why? 6. Is Russia justified in trying to change the balance of power in the Middle East? Why? References 1. Burnham, James.-The Struggle for the W01·ld, pp. 92-113. 2. Shotwell, James T.-The G1·eat Decision, pp. 67-82. 3. Ziff William B.-Two Wo,.l<fo, pp. 150-169. 4. Morrell, Sydney.-Sphe,.es of Influence, pp. 90-99. G. Hauser, Ernest 0.-"The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain," The Saturday Evening, Post, Vol. 219, No. 50 (June, 194'7) pp. 23, 155-158. 6. "Balka'll Commission Adopts Report," United Nations: Weekly Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 22 (June 10, 1947), pp. 630-631. Study Helps Let the class exchange ideas and opinions on the problem. Considei;, the following in your discussioh: 1. When should a separate treaty be made? Why? 2 . What are the dangers in making a separate treaty with either J apan or Germany? Do you agree with the writers who believe that a separate treaty with Japan is more feasible than a separate treat;,: with Germany? Why? 3. Is there a real and urgent need for a separate 'hreaty with either Germany or Japan? Why? 4. Do you approve of the •United States making a separate treaty with Germany should the Council of Foreign Ministers fail in the next meeting to solve the German problem! Current Events Review NATIONAL LIBRARY ANNOUNCEMENT The National Library announces new changes in the regulations to make easier for a province, city or municipality to have a Branch or Munipal Library with insular aids in the form of books and other publications, printed forms, technical assistance and service beneficial to the local government. Under the new requirements a province or city needs to appropriate at least P5,000.00 (formerly P9,840.00) to cover expenses for necessary personnel, equipments, periodicals, books, etc. to be entitled to the insular aids mentioned. A municipality appropriating at least P200.00 for newspapers and magazines for a Muncipal Libra.-y and having at least 100 books is entitled from 100 to 300 books from the National Library, aside from its governnienf publications and other reading matters acquired free for distribution. In the old requirements, the muncipality should have at least 300 books to be entitled to the same number from this Office. For other matters about public libraries, please read our revised requirements which are furnished free· upon request. In view of the amendments effected in our regulation~ or requirements, the Library Deposit Stations and Muncipal Reading Rooms shall hereafter be known as Municipal Libraries. The Municipal Mayors having libraries in their municipalities are requested to advise the National Library at Manila of the present status of their librari~s. by giving the names of the newspapers and magazines subscribed, the number of books on hand, the name of Library Custodian and other matters of importance to enable this Office to determine what insular aids should be given to them under the requirements as mended. Order now E. B. RODRIGUEZ Director, National Library BABASAHING PAMPAARALAN (Unang Aklat) -P. Aguilar A First Reader in the Filipino National Language suitable for use in Grade II or III or in advanced classes in Grade I. One peso per copy MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO.. 123-125 Reten Sampaloc, Manila · 533 P.. 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