Current Events Review

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review
Issue Date: Vol. IV (No. 3) September 1948
Year: 1948
Language: English
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extracted text: Jt. ewsmagazine published for high schoo] students-devoted to the selection, organization, presentation, and review of current news for lessons in current events. (Approved for general reading by the Department of Education) (Recommended for use in all Catholic schools by the CEAP) r-:=------~oved for use as Reference Material by the Bureau of Private Education) ~Will there be a United States of Europe? ~ What is Russia's Strategy in Eastern l?n - Germany? i;:::::;:J Why was Western Germany Created? World War Ill up to Russia The Draft of the Inter: ational Declaration of Human · ght How does the nite,4 Sta the U · Cl ~.-14'tins? o\ 'I 'b't1>\f1_f- ~,.,... ... ___ 'AROFl:1< .. Id .~q,b < ;;,~ U.S. N(.QRMAl1dr-! LIBRAR\ _, \ pecli:H" Articles f<R · ~ . ,'(•, · October ~4, 19~Unite Nations Day September, 1948-Tliird Annual Regular Session of the United Nations * What has the United Nations Done? * What 1ias the United Nations Failf'd to Do? Vol. IV, No. 3 September, 1948 30 centavos CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW A ne,vsmagazine that completes and makes up-to-date the study of history and other social science subjects. DIOSDADO G. CAPINO Editor D. R. MANLAP.U Publisher NICOLAS ONGKINGKO Circulation Manager In this issue POLICARPIO G. DANGALIO DOMINGO C. SEIUON Researchers VENANCIO NEBltlDA Circulation Representuti·ue Page \Viii 1lwn• b(' a Uni!ed Stafrs of Europe? 65 What is Russia's Stra1t·1n' in Easlern Germany? 68 \Vhy \Vas \~lrslern Crrmany Created ? , 70 \Vorld War Ill up lo Russia ';') Thr Drafl of thr International Declaration of Human Rights 73 I-low does tlH• United Sta!Ps Strengthen thf' United Nat'.ons ! i<J Significant World NC'ws Roundup . . . 81 Scit'nCf' Marchrs On H·1 Th" Philippines and the World .SO What has lhe United Nations Failed to Do? 8A What has the United Nations, Done? QI Published monthly except May and June by MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila Subscription: P3.00 a year, Pl.50 a semester, 30 centa\"OS per copy. \Vhen changing address give old as well as new address. Address all communications to the Current Events Review. Copyright, 1948 by D. R. Manlapaz and ti. r.. ~apino. All rights reserved. Entered as second-clasi mail matter Janua..ry 9, 1947 at the Manila post-office. * Is there a need for a United States of Europe? Will there be a United States of Europe? Specific objectives: 1. To understand the origin of the idea for a United States of Europe. 2. To get acquainted with past efforts on the project of building a United States of Europe. 3. To understand the events which !·11ay bring about a United States of Europe. 4. To appreciate the difficulties in building ;J. United States of Europe. "Will there be a United States of Europe?" -This is the question being asked by many st3.tesmen today. How did the idea of a Uftited States of Europe originate ? What were the past efforts on the· project? What events may bring about the formation of a United States\ of Europe? What difficulties are encountered in the realization of the project? Origin of the idea The .plan for a United States of Europe is not new. The idea was first conceived in the 14th century. During this period Christendom was threatened by the Moslems. After the Holy Land had fallen into the hands of the Moslems, a citizen of France saw the need of uniting all Christian couniries to defend Christianity from the attacks of the Moslems. Pierre Dubois, a subject of King Philip the Fair of France, presented a plan to the French king. He outlined what should be done to unite the· Christian countries of Europe. He urged the French king. to take the initiative. The plan for a United States of the Christian countries of Europe, hOwever, was rejected by King Philip the Fair. World Affairs 9eorge Podehrad, King of Bohemia, also thought of uniting all the Christian countries of Europe, but his idea did not receive popular support because the European :countries were jealous of one another. During his time the people of Europe were willing to fight the Turks. They were,' however, not interested in the ,preservation of peace through an international organization of, European countries. Idea of international law The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were characterized b.y many wars. The cruelties in the treatment of civilians and prisoners were inhuman. People saw the need of formulating rules and regulations on the treatment of civilians, the sick, and the woundea. They also realiZed the need of treating the prisoners of war. A Dutchman by the name of Hugo Grotius ·wrote a book entitled On the Law of lVar and Peace. It is a book discussing -some rules which nations must follow in de~ling with one another. He gave several reasons why nations should agree among themselves in solving their common problems. He pointed out the reasons for adopting common rules and laws which should regulate their relatfons. Other plans for an international organization There were many other plans offered for an international organization. Many of the authors of these plans did not only believe in uniting all the countries of Eur-0pe but also in uniting atl the countries of the world. Thtly believed that al! the nations of the world should work together in . order to solve their common problems. ,,, 65 One plan was suggested by Emeric Cruce in his book called The New Cyneas. Cruce wanted all human beingsTurks, Asiatics, Europeans, Americans, and other peoples-to unite for the sake of worla peace. He ilso pro.posed an organization that_ would not only promote peace but would also settle disputes among nations. Another plan was suggested by King Henry IV of France. A. book supposed to be written by his minister, Sully, advocated an international organization. The Grea~ Design proposed the establishments of a universal Christian republic composed of those kings who -believe in Christ. A third plan was proposed by Abbe de Saint-Pierre. He wrote a book called A Project for; JI.laking Peace- Perpetucil in Europe. He firmly believed that the rulers of Europe would gain more by helping one another than by fighting against each other. He proposed a EwropeQ/n union based on love· and peace. There were others who proposed the idea of an international organization. Among them were. Jean Jacques Rousseau of France, Emanuel Kant of Germany, and William Ladd of America. Their proposals, however, did not receive popular support because the peoples of the world were not ready for an international organization. New proposals for a United States of Europe Before World War I, new pro,posals for a United States of Europe were made by several statesmen. ·The late French statesman, Aristide Briand, suggested many good reasons why the peoples of Europe should unit~ in solving --their common problems. Count Koudenhov"-Kalergi also worked hard to convince the leading statesmen of the world to unite. He proposed a federation of all European nations. During World War II, the idea of a United 'States of - Europe received greater attention. T.he discussion of a plan for a United States of Europe was advocated. William C. Bulitt, former American ambassador to Russia and, France, advocated the formati.?n uf a European Federatior? of Democratic State's. Sumner WelleS\ in his latest book entitled Where are We H ea.ding For? says that any regional federation of Europe .could bring· about the abolition of standing armies which hav..e been the chief course of the smaller nations of EurOpe. Churchill consistently advQcated a United Europe 'Vinston S. Churchill is a consistent advocate of a United States of Eui·ope. On February 15, 1930, he wrote an article in The Saturday Evening .Post in which he gave strong reasons why the· nations of Europe should unite .. On March 21, 1934, he broadcast a proposal for the formation of a Council o.{ Europe. On September 19, 1946, he de· livered a speech in Switzerland in which he advocated the formation of a United States of Europe. He gave an outline of what might be done to effect the or· ganization of a United States of Europe. Through his efforts, a group of promi· nent British citizens decided fo promote the idea of a United States of Europe early in 1947. The Congress of Europe In May, 1948, a conference o.f organization and leading personages who are advocates of a union of the countries of Europe was held at The H_ague, in the Netherlands. M<ire than 600 delegates met and discUssed the various probleriis of .a United States of Europe. Among those who attended were ex-premier Winston S. Churchill of England, expremiers Paul Ramadier and Paul Reynaud of France, and democratic leaders from Finland, Yugoslayia, and Romania. 66 * Current Events -Review Vol. IV. No. 3 Count Richard Koudenhove-Kalergi and former. British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden attended the conference. Churchill addressed the Congress . of Europe 8f!d outlined the objectives and problems of a Unite'd States of Euro.pe. He said: "The movement for European unity, as our draft report declares, must be a pos~tive force, deriving its strength from our common sense of spiritual values. It is a dynamic expression of democratic faith based upon moral conception and inspired by a sense of mission. In the center of our movement stand.s a charter of human .. rights, guarded by freedom and sustained by law .... The task before us at this congress is not only to raise the voice of Europe ·as a united whole during these few days we are together. We must now resolve that, in one fm:._m or another, a European assembly should be· constituted which will enable that voice to make itself continuously heard, and, we trust, with evergrowing acceptance by all the free countries of this Continent." The Congress of Europe decided to carry on the campaign for the establishment of a United States of Europe. Churchill was made honorary president of the campaign· for European unity. Socialists urged the formation of a United States of Europe Another group of influential people ·prepared a plan for building a United States of Europe. Late in Aµril, 1948, the. Socialist parties of 14 countries, out of the 16 European countries participating in the Mar.Shall Plan, passed a resolution urging their. home govern.plents to initiate. activities in the formation of the United States of Europe. They believe that the time is now ripe for the organization of a united Europe. Role of Western European Union On March 12, 1948, an important ste 1 p was taken by the nations of Europe in World Affairs bringing clOser codperation among themselves in solving their common problems. Britain, France,. the Netherlands, Belgium, and. Luxemburg de~ided to form a 50-year military,. social, and economic alliance. With the formatioo of this alliance, the organization of W ~st~rn Europe has been partly accomplished. Other European countries may join the Western European Union. Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Portugal are expected to join the union. Example of Benelux On Janua1·y 1, 1948, Belgium, the N~therlands, and Luxemburg-the Benelux countries-decided to unite in order to solve th~ir common economic problems. The three countries agreed to have the same tariffs on all goods pro~ duced and sent by countries not belonging to the Benelux organization. The three countries also agreed that goods produced in any of the member countrieS of Benelux may be sold to any member without the payment of' tariff. This is a very important experiment on customs union. The exam1ple set by the Benelux countries has inspired ·Italy and France: TJ'iese two countries have also decided to adopt a plan for a customs union. The Organization for European ·Economic Cooperation .(OEC) is now studying the possibility of getting rid of tariffs and other obstacles to trade throughout Eui-ope. Role of the Continuing Organiza.iion The 16 European countries which have a'Ccepted the Marshall Plan are now cooperating in the execution of the European Economic Recovery Program (ERP). The Continuing Organization of these 16 countries is doing creditable ,work in solving the conunon problems of the 16 countries in matters of the Amer(Please turn to page 96) • 67 * What is the •significance of Russia's strategy? What is Russia's Strategy in Eastern Germany? Specific objectives: 1. To understand the Russian plan for Eastern Germany. 2. To know how Russia has laid the foundations for Eastern Germany. 3. To understand the significance of Eastern Germany. The future of Germany is uncertain. The United States, Britajn, and France have created the Trizonia. Russia has also announced her plan for Eastern Germany and has taken several ste'ps in laying its foundations. What is the Russian plan? What is the motive of Russia in drawing up this plan? What is the significance of the Russian plan? Russia's -Germany • Three years and four months after the defeat of the forces of Adolf Hitler, two German states have arisen. The first is Western Germany under the combined control of the United States, Britain, and France. The· second is Eastern Germany under Russia. Western Germany has an area of 95,800 square miles and a population of 45,000,000. Eastern Germany has an area of 46,000 square miles and a population of i 7 ,000,000. Western Germany is rich in hydro-electric plants, dairy products, textile, processed foods, machinery, hard coal, and steel. It is poor in agricul~ural products, mineral fuels, and forests. Eastern Germany, on the other hand, is rich in food, glass, pottery, paper, and metal ware. She is poor in hard coal, forests, steel, and machine. German reaction to the Two Ger· man States The announcement of the creation of Western Germany on June 6, 1948 created unfavorable reaction among the Germans who have always dreamt of a united Germany. They resented the announcement because it would mean the unavoidable partition of Germany. This partition is contrary to the creation of a ' united Germany which was implied in the Potsdam Agreement. Russia took advantage of the announcement of the creation of Western Germany. She conducted a ,plebiscite on the question of a united Germany. Her purpose in holding the plebiscite iS to appear as the champion of German unity. Russia believes that by championing German unity she would ~ able to get the support 00' the majOrity of the Germans on her political plan for the. future of Germany. First step in building Eastern Germany: Creation of a strong political party The first step taken· b_y Russia in laying the foundations for Eastern Germany was the creation of a strong political party. Thi? creation of one ,-;trong political party is part' of the Russian technique of seizing the powers of any government. She has applied this method in Hungary, Rwnania, and Czechoslovakia. Since she occupied Germany, she has given support to the Communist-controlled Socialist Unity party ( SED). The SED is being used as the chief instrument in converting many Germans to Communism. The groundwork for Communism in Eastern Germany was· laid by the Socialist Unity party. Today, the party include5 thousands of Germans, young and grown-up alike. Second step: Organization of the Volksrat The second step taken by Russia in the creation of Eastern Germany was 68 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 the organization of the German People;s Council called Volksrat. The Volksrat, which is controlled by the German Communists, printed thousands of petitions signed by Germans who opposed the creation of Western Germany. The 1 petitions condemned the creation of Western Germany. According to Russian sources, the petition drawn up by the People's Council was signed by more than 13,000,000 Germans. Those who signed the petition wanted a united Germany. Third step: Soviet propaganda for German unity The third clever step taken by the Russians was to make capital of the result of the signing of the petition drafted by the People's Council. The Russians announced in their radio broadcast that the majority of the Germans desire a united Germany. The Socialist Unity party and the Left Wing Social Democrats have united their efforts and joined the Soviet propaganda machine in demanding German unity. Post."" ers, radio broadcasts, public meetings, and 'magazine articles have been used to convince the three Western powers that the majority of the Germans desire unity. Fourth step: Testing the possible transformation of the People's Council into a provisional government T~ Russians are working hard on the possible transformation of tlfe People's Council into a provisional government for Eastern Germany. The People's Council is controlled- by the German Communists. The Russians, how:' ever, cannot immediately transform th,e People's Council into a provisional government because they are not certain· about the attitude of thousands of Germans in their zone of occupation. The Russians are not certain whether or not World Affairs the transformation would be accepted. The Russians cannot also stage a coup d'etat as they did in Hungary, Rumania, and Czechoslovakia. If the Russians call for an election of represencatives to form a Gonstituent Assembly, she is not certain if those who would be ele~ted would favor a Communist-controlled constitution. Russia is bidding for her time. When the time is ripe for her advantage, she might pull a surprise in transforming the People's Council into a provisional government. If this happens, the ,preparation of a Communist-controlled constitution is certain. The transformation of the People's Council into a provisional government would become the basis of a national government for Russian-controlled Germany. What is , the significance of Russia's plan? I. Russia cannot just transform her zone of occupation into a permanent Eastern Russian Germany because she has to consider the German population. Russia knows that the Germans desire a united Germany. She also knows that she has to face the German nationalists who w.ould fight for their freedom rather than accept permanent annexation of Germany to Russia. 2. Russia's plan is based on the aSsumption that the majority of the Germans would accept Communism. Recent findings, however, show that Russia is not certain of German support for Communism. The Germans have a strong dislike for Communism. 3. Russia's plan would fail if Western Germany succeeds in promoting the welfare of the German ,people. Russia wants the Allies to get out of Berlin so that she can. make use of Berlin as a rallying point for her propaganda on German unity. Retreat of the Allies from Berlin would mean a "loss of face for the Allies." ·It would be a blow to (Please turn to page 95) * 69 • What is the significance of the creation of Wes~ern Germany? Why was Western Germany Created? Specific objectiv!ls: 1. To understand the reasons for the cre~tion of Western-Germany, 2. To know why the Western powers dedded · to merge their zones of occupation in d'e.rmany. 3. To understand the plan for Western Gel-many. 4. To understand the significance of the formation of Western Germany. Germany is becoming the scene of a struggle for power between Russia and the three Western democracies-the United States, Britain, and France. Why has Germany become the victim of the struggle for power? • Why did the Western powers decide to merge their zones of occupation! What is the plan foi- Western Germany? What is the significance of the new plan? Potsdam Agreement a failure The Potsdam Agreement was· concluded on August ·a, 1945 by Britain, the United States, and Russia. It laid down the principles on how Germany should be treated after World War II. In accordance with this agre~ment, Germany wa~ divided \nto four zones of occupation: the American, the British, the French, and the Russian zones. The Pot.tdam Agreement also laid down the principles for the payment of reparations by Germany, the disposal of the C(~rman navy and merchant marine, title trial of the Nazi war criminals, and the drafting of the ,peace treaties with Italy, lhmgary, Ilulgaria, Rumania, and Finland. The Potsdam Agreement decided that Germany should be treated as .. an economic unit." The Potsdam Agreement, however, ~u1.s failed to bring a final settlement on the economic and political future of Germany. The Council of Foreign Ministers have not reached an agreement regarding the method of governing Ge1·many politically and economically. The main reason for this failure is the difference iii the ideologies b~tween Russia and the three Western powers. Russia wants a GermanY that would follow the Russian ways Of living. She wants ·a Germany that is ·stTong politicaUy. She wants a strong German government ccintrolled by one political party. The three Western powers want a Germany that is democratic. They want a Ge11many that is loosely centralized. They want a Germany where political parties ar.e given the chance to take part in the political life of the ~ermans. The differences betwee.n Russia and the three Western powers have created numerous problems affectiTig not only the Germans but also the relations between the two greatest powers in the world today: Russia and the United St.ates. Creation of Bizonia The 1·efusal of Rus_sia to make n peaceful and final settlement of the Germa11 problem has forced the United States and Great Britain to combine their zones of occupation in matters of economic administration. Both powers were interested in merging their :ilmes ol' occ\l,patioli in order, to make Germany self-supporting. Accordingly, the two powers took definite steps in merging their zOnes of occupation in 1947. "JLhe project ~as very successful. Russia, however condemned the creation of the Bizonia ~s ·unjust for the Germans. ·France was invited to join The failure of the Lc:indon C_onference of th«: Council of. Foreign Ministers Wt 70 * (;:urrent Events Review Vol. IV. No •. 3 1947 was an important factor in the creation of the Tri;onia. The United States and Britain invited France to join the Bizonia. France consented to join the Bizonia on condition that steps would be taken to prevent . Germany from becoming an aggressor natfon again. On February 23, 1948, representatives of tl:ie United States, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg met in London. Their main task was to· prepare a plan for merging the British, American, and French zones of occupation. The plan was to consider how Western Germany coutd play. its role in carrying out the European Recovery · Program (ERP) for the• 16 Euro1 pean countries participating in the Marshall Plan. After several weeks of discussion, the conference of the six powets- ended in an important decisionto merge the American, British, and French zones of occupation. What is the plan for a New Germany? The six powers agreed to create a new Germany to be called Western Germany. In order to do this, they decided to merge the American, British, and French zones, of occupation. The ·resources of the new Western Germany are as follows: Area . . . 95,000 sq. miles Population . . 43,398,000 Farm land . . 21,760,000 acres Coal production . 310,700,000 tons Steel production . 17,880,000 tons Electric power . 36,120,000 K\\\. Hours Plan for a German government There is a plan to organize the Ger, man states of the West under a confederation. There are in all 8 pm-liaments and 2 free cities in the West which will be under a central government. "First, the ,parliaments arid governments of the <J-erman states in the West and the free World Affairs cities of H&mbuUrg and Bremen would send representatives to a Constituent Assembly Which will be called in September, 1948. Second, the ConstitueTit Assembly will draft a cotlstitution. Third, the constitution will be submitted to the Military Governors of the three zones of Occupation. Fourth, the constitution will then be submitted to the German people. Fifth, after the approval of the constitution by the Germans, an election will be held and an all-German government wiJI then be. organized. Economic plan The aim of merging the three zones of occupation is_ to help Germany recover to giv~ hh· a chance to become self-supporting. During the last three years, Germany was wholly dependent upon the United States, Britain, and France for economic support. Under the economic Plan for the Trizonia, the various German states and free cities would adopt . their ,plan for industri~l recovery under the supervision of the three powers. Ger"man b'Osinessmen will b.e given a chance to enjoy moFe freedom in business. The German industrial associations will be iiven a chance of allocating the raw materials to the varioUs German states, and these German states would be given the power to determine their own individual taxes. Currency reform The first concrete step taken by the three occupying powers in carrying out the plan for the Trizonia was the cur~ rency reform. The old reichsmark u~ed during the time ·of Adolf Hitler had become inflated. (There was more money in circulation than· good.s to buy.) It was deemed necessary to replace ·the reichsmark by a new currency printed in the United States. The first effect of the new currency was to make the hoarders. of goods sell their products in the ·market. They * 7i were forced to sell their hoarded goods because they needed the 11ew money. T~e wage earners were paid with the new currency. The currency i-eform in Western Germany became the signal for the "battle of currencies." The Russians issued also their own currency in their zone of occupation. The people of Berlin could not understand what monetary rules they would follow. The Russians in Berlin_ do not like the Germans in Berlin to accept the Western currency. The Westerners, on the other hand, refuse to accept the Russian currency. Adjustment in taxation and prices The second step taken to carry out the objectives of the Trizonia was the adjustment in· taxes and control of prices. Income taxes were cut by one third and property taxes were cut by 40 p'er cent. Taxes on corporations were set at 50 per cent flat. Prices in general were at 27 per cent of the prewar ra:te. Steps are now ·being taken to increase production in Western Gennany. The main purpose of increased production is to produce goods for export so that· the people in Western Germany · may be able to earn dollars. Increased production will bring more dollars to Germany which the people could u'se in purchasing goods abroad. Control of the Ruhr The Ruhr is one of the centers of controversies between Russia and the Western powers. The Ruhr produces the greatest part of the coal production of Germany. The coal of the Ruhr is essential for the economic recovery not only of Germany but also of the whole Europe. To prevent further controversies regarding the control of the Ruhr, an International Authority for the Ruhr would be created. The IRA would controt Ruhr's coal, coke, and steel. Indir11ctly, the controi of the coal, coke, and steel would help the ERP project for Western Germany. What is. the significance of the creation of Weste~n Germany? The creation of Western Gerffiany is highly significant. 1. The creation of Western Germany means the temporary setting aside of the Potsdam Agreement. The Potsdam Agreement laid down the !>rinciple that Germany should be treated as a single ueconomic Unit." The Agreement would be ~et aside until Russia a~d the three Western powers~ could effect a peaceful solution of the GeQTian question. 2. There will be continuous military occupation by the tIJ.ree Western zones until "the peaee of Euro,pe" is secured. The six powers have agreed· that before any general withdrawal is carried out, there must be an agreement on whether or not to "occupy key areas." In addition, there should be a system of inspection to keep Germany, permanently disarmed so that Germany can never become an aggressive power." 3. The creation of Western Germany will· help the effective execution of the ERP. The industrial' resources of the Ruhr will be utilized to promote the welfare of all countries participating in the Marshall Plan. 4. The Germans will be given a chance to govern themselves. The plan to make them run theil· country will be realized· sooner than expected. An allGerman ·governmerlt may be set up next year. 5. The creation of Western Germany has finally "partitioned" Germany. The Russians have taken steps to create an Eastern Germany. She has reorganized the political ahd economic life of the Germans in her zone of occupation. She is now taking steps in creating a "con(Pleas• turn to page 95) 72 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 * Do .you think Russia will start another global war? World War Ill up to Russia American act of provocation is out of the question "World War III will not start in Berlin unless Soviet Russia starts it. "The. United States is determined to carry out its obligations to feed and supply the Western sectors of Berlin 3.nd it will not be dissuaded from the fulfillment of its duties and the exercise of its rights by threats .of any kind. At the same time, it will continue to seek a peaceful solution of the BerJin crisis and will not engage in any acts of provocation or retaliation. "At the State Department on Sunday, Secretary of State George C. Marshall and his aides continued at work, studying and exploring every avenuE! and alternative by which the nations might arrive at an orderly and peaceful settlement of the Berlin impasse and of the whole Gennan situation, of which it is a part. Diplomatic phase 11 The State Department is proceeding in the fullest confidence that its determination to stay in Berlin has the overwltelming-support of the American public opinion. It is going forward in a 8earch for some alternative to a military solution. 11 The activity now under way in the austere, high-ceilinged, modernistic offices of the severe, utilitarian building on Virginia Avenue resembles the concentration of effort and study that preceded the July 9 note protesting the Berlin blockade. ,Then the Secretary and his staff labored throughout the preceding weekend, exchanging views with other Western Powers, considering every angle and aspect of the strange crisis World Affairs induced by the arbitrary obstruction of access to Berlin. "Another note to Soviet Russia, in response to the abrupt Soviet reply of July 15th, is dearly to be expected. The inevitability of armed conflict hasn't been acknowledged at the State Department. Hopes of an agreem~nt acceptable to Soviet Russia still are entertained. (The note) of July 14th, it is believed, left open several things that might be explored profitably. "Such diplomatic exchanges as have taken place highlight the difficultjes of this k4nd of negotiation with a group of Western democratic Powers on one side and a single centralized government on the other side. The Russians can move swiftly with their declarations. ·Response ,from the Western Powers has to be painfully and patiently developed among all the foreign offices. "The diplomatic phases of the struggle are by no means at an end. It might be said more accurately that they are at a beginning. Before the resources of diplomacy have been exhausted, there'll be a record of purpose, wish, and intent so clear that the Western will for peace wiU be unmistakable. It is going to be made plain to the world that the United States and the Powers associated with it aren't to blame for any resort to force that might arise out of this crisis. There is tension! "The immediate situation is acknowledged to be most serious and grim. The . impression picked up at the State Department, however, is that the tension is not necessarily growing. Dispatches from Berlin Saturday conveyed the idea that there was a worsening of affairs and a mounting crisis. What is 'happening now, after all, is what has been hap• 73 pening for days and weeks. The air is filled with threats of military action, but so far the threats have not materialized. Actual interference with the airlift has not been stepped up. The atmosphere is the same as it .has been -ominous, forbidding and threatening -but there is art absence of any definite act of provocation or offense. This is hopefully construed to mean that the way still is open for other than military action. "The whole attitude of the Washington offices where officials are being kept close to their desks by the foreign crisis is that there will be no outbreak of hostilities resulting from any ill-considered, irresponsible, provocative act by the Western Powers. There is a grim determination to supply Berlin. Tliat ·will be accomplished as long as it is within the limits of our power. It will not be supplemented by aggressive military steps on the scene or countering diplomatic thrusts against Russia elsewhere. The sort of reprisals urged by Maj. Gen. William Donovan do not -seem to conform to the plan of action on which the government now is embarked. Berlin is a testing spot "It is now more than ever realized that the Berlin issue is only part of the larger issue of Germany and .. of all Europe. It is just a testing spot. It is felt that one sure thing about our policy is that we cannot leave Berlin. That step, it is thought, would have to be repeated in Austria, Italy, Greece, and in all Europe eventually. The urgent and unavoidable necessity of staying in Berlin has been accepted. "Any· withdrawal at this time is completely out of the question. It would involve not only the abandonment of the whole European Recovery Program but a surrender of all American influence and interest on the whole continent of Europe. "Soviet Russia has picked Berlin to strike at the recove.ry of Europe. It is known that the European Recovery Program has had profound effect on Russian leaders. It is blamed for the adverse election in Italy, the election rebuff in Finland, the Communist reverses in France, and the difficulties in Yugoslavia and in Czechoslovakia. It has become a vital Russian objection to cripple this program, and Berlin has presented the best opportunity to strike decisively at the ECA in Germany and, through the blow there, at the whole concept of European recovery through American aid. American policy: no retreat "The present attitude here would seem to preclude the kind of 'Allied show of force' talked of in Frankfurt last night by 'authoritative sources' and described in the newspaper, StOh's and Stripes. It was reported there .that the American State Department was holding et:ploratory talks with London and Paris on plans to send an armed convoy up to Autobahn or by rail to Berlin. Such an effort would seem unlikely unless the waY was prepared for it by the most exhaustive diplomatic effort, the most complete consultation with all Powers, _reference to the United Nations, and resort to every other resource of statecraft. "The United States intends to supply Western Berlin and to stay there in the exercise of its rights and fulfillment of its duties. It will exhaust every resource of diplomacy to achieve this purpose peacefully. It will take no provocative or offensive step to precipitate armed conflict. It will leave the choice of war or peace to Soviet Russia. There will be no war over Berlin unless the Russians want war. That seems to be the gist of the policy on which the State Department now is embarked." (Please turn to page 96) 74 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 * Why does the world need an International Bill of Human Rights? The Draft of the International Declaration of Human Rights Specific objectives: 1. To understand why the draft was prepared. 2. To understand how the draft was prepared. 3. To get acquainted with the provisions of the draft. 4. To appreciate the significance of the draft. The General Assembly of the United Nations will soon have a chance to discuss the draft of the declaration of human rights for the world. Why was the draft prepared? How was it prepared? What are the provisions of the draft? What is the significance of the draft? Why the draft was prepared One of the aims of the United Nations is "to achieve international cooperation ... in· promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms." Economic and Social Council of the United Nations created the Commission on Human Rights to study how human rights may be promoted. The Commission is composed of 18 -members. The members were assigned to prepare a draft of human rights for consideration by the General Assembly. The draft is needed in Order to carry out one of the noble aims of the United Nations-the promotion of human rights. How the draft was prepared The Commission on Human Rights worked for more than two years in examining various proposals for the declaration of human rights. The memWorld Affairs hers studied each proposal. These proposals were discussed and stated in clear terms. Opinions were exchanged. Oftentimes, there were heated debates on the meaning of the various human rights. Through the leadership of Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights, differences were ironed out and the Commission approve<! the draft on the Declaration of Human Rights. International Declaration of Human Rights PREAMBLE Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world,- and Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights resulted, before and during the Second World War, in barbarous acts which outraged the conscience of mankind and made it apparent that the fundamental freedoms were one of the sup:reme issues of the conflict, and Whereas it is essential, if mankind is not to be compelled as a last resort to rebel against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by a regime of law, and Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, determined to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and to promote social progress and better standards of life, larger freedom; and. Whereas Member states have pledged themselves to achieve, in cocperation * 75 with the organization, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms; and Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is the greatest importance for the full realization ~r this pledge. Now, therefore, the General Assembly Proclaims this Declaration of Human Riirhts as a common standard 'of achievement for a.ll peoples and all nations; to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to ser:ve themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Provisions There are 28 articles in the draft. These are: ARTICLE All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endOwed by nature with reason and conscience, and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. .ARTICLE 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this DecJaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, property, or other status, or national or social origin. ARTICLE 3 Every ooe has the right to life, li~ berty, and security of person. ARTICLE 4 1. No one shall be held in slavery or involuntary servitude. 2. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. ARTICLE 5 Everyone has the right to recognition, everYwhere, as a person before the law. ARTICLE 6 All are equal before the law and are entitled, without any discrimination, to equal protection of the law against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. ARTICLf: 7 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. ARTICLE 8 In the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled, in full equality, to a fair hearing by an inde-, pendent and impartial tribunal. ARTICLE 9 1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 2. No one shall be held guilty of any offence on account of any act or commission which did· not constitute an offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. ARTICLE 10 No one shall be subjected to unreasonable interferel'tce with his privacy, family, home, correspoitdence, or reputation. ARTICLE 11 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own. ARTICLE 12 1. Everyone has the right to seek and be granted, hi other countries, asylum from persecution. 76 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 2. Prosecutions genuinely ansmg from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations do not constitute persecution. ARTICLE 13 No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality or denied the right to change his nationality. ARTICLE 14 1. Men and women of full age have the right to marry and to found a family and are entitled to equal rights as to marriage. 2. Marriage shall be entered into only with full consent of both intending spou~es. 3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection. ARTICLE 15 1 . Everyone has the right to ovro property alone as well as in association with others. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. ARTICLE 16 EverYone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom,. either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. ARTICLE 17 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any ni.edia and regardless of frontiers. ARTICLE 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of assembly and association. World Affairs ARTICLE 19 1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through his freely chosen representatives. · 2. Everyone has the right of access to public employment in his country. 3. Everyone has the right to a government which conforms to the will of the people. ARTICLE 20 Everyone, as a men1ber of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to the realization, through national effort am~. interriational cooperation, and in accordance with the o:rgani .. zation and resources of each state, of the economic, social, and cultural tights set below. ARTICLE 21 1 . Every'one has the right to work, to just and favorable conditions of work and pay and to protection against unemployment. 2. Everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work. 3. Everyone is free to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. - ARTICLE 22 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care, and to social services, adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family and to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, old age, or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Mother and children have the right to special · care and assistance. ARTICLE 23 1. Everyone has the right to education. Elementary and fundamental education shall be free and compulsory and there shall be equal access on the basis of merit to higher education. • 77 2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality to stren'gthening respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to combating the spirit of intolerance and hatred against other nations and against racial and religious groups everywhere, ARTIC!JE 24 Ev~ryone has the right to rest and leisure. ARTICLE 25 Everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts, and to share in scientific advancement. ARTICLE 26 Everyone is entitled to a good social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set out in this Declaration can be realized. · ARTICLE 27 1. Everyone has duties to the. community which enables him freely to develop his personality. 2. In the exercise of his rights, everyonce shall be subjected only to such limitations as are necessary to secure due recognition and respect for the rigghts of others and the requirements of morality, public order and genera] welfare in a democratic society, ARTICLE 28 Nothing in this Declaration shall imply the recognition of the right of any state or person to engage in any activity aimed at the destruction of the rights and freedoms prescribed herein. What is the significance of the International Bill of Human Rights? The Declaration of Human Rights has been prepared after two years of work. It is the outcome of many days of hardwork and serious study. This Declaration will be subject to debate in the General Assembly. Then after its approval it would be subject to the approval of the governments of the members of the United Nations. The work of the Commission on Human Rights on the draft shows the earnestness of the members in trying to set for in simple terms the fundamental rights of man which will have a great influence on the minds and ways of men. The Declaration of the Bill of Hum an Rights will 11 serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples." Those who approved th'.? Declaration of the Bill of Human Rights show that they are willing to. covenant themselves into the strict observance of its terms. What is needea to guarantee these rights? Charles Malik, President of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations said: 11 It is obvious we need adequate machinery for nlaking sure that human rights are observed and for dealing with cases of their infraction." Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is there a need for an International Bill of Human Rights? 2. What is the relation of the Bill of Human Rights to the Charter of the United Natfons? 3. Charles Malik, President of the Economic and Social Council said: uThe crisis in human rights does not lie along their violations. It consists rather in the fact that people today do not believe they have natural, inherent, in· alienable rights." Do you agree with his statement? Why? 4. Name the social and economic rights in the Declaration. 5. Give the political rights. 6. Explain the significance of our social rights. 7. Give some measures taken by our government to guarantee our econdmic rights; our social rights; our POiitical rights. 8. What political, social, and economic rights in the Declaration are found in our Constitution? 78 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 What is the U. S. responsibility? How does the United States Strengthen the United Nations? The following statements on the steps taken by the United States to strengthen the United Nations were given by Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the· House of Representatives. "The United States government has followed an active policy of strengthening the existing machinery of the United Nations. "(1) We have endeavored to assure that the United Nations would carry out its responsibilities in dealing with the dangerous political issues which have arisen in various quarters of the world. We have sought to provide its basic work on economic problems, human rights, freedom of information, health, and related needs. "(2) We have made proposals toward restraining the use of the veto ·in the Security Council and reducing the scope of the vote through its elimination from matters of pacific settlement and tlte admission of new members. "(3) We proposed the .es~blishment of an interim committee of the General Assembly, popularly known as the Little Assembly, to consider various possibilities for improving international coop~ra tion and to .put to work the undeveloped powers of the General Assembly in the field of international security. By means of this committee the far-reaching influence of the General Assembly is being brought more effectively to bear in fulfilling the purposes and principles of the charter. Why is the UN a forum of negotiation?"The United Nations is the forum of daily world negotiation. It is the world's vehicle for dealing with basic economic World Affairs and social maladjustments, for developing safeguards of essential freedoms, and for advancing the development of dependent peoples and areas. "On several occasions, negotiation in the United Nations, even during its short history, has postponed fighting long enough to remove the cause for fighting. It is a forum of negotiation where charges or distortions are held answerable, where violations of treaty· obligations must meet the verdict of world opm1on, and where those responsible must answer for their conduct. It is a forum where the nations of the world are called upon· to uphold the purposes and principles of the charter. United Nations negotiation affords continuing working contacts in international relations and an open door to communication between the East and the West. What measures were proposed to improve international conditions? "A number of projects designed to improve international conditions by new forms of international organization has been proposed. These projects envisage radical changes in the existing United Nations charter: Some propose the elimination of a veto on enforcement measures, the establishment of inequality of voting among the major powers, and the virtual elimination of the influence of small nations in Security Council decisions. Others go beyond the revision of the United Nations charter and call for the establishment of new forms of international structure along the lines of world government. In general, the proponents of these projects recognize the probability that the proposals would not be accepted by at least one of the major * 79 powers and by a number of other governments now members of the United Nations. .They advocate that in this case the respective projects be put into effect among such nations as . would accept them. Why were measures for improvement proposed? "All of these projects appear to rest on th~ assumption that the present unsatisfactory state of world affairs is a result of inability on the part of the United Nations to prevent aggression; that this inability arises from the exercise of the veto power in the Security Council and the lack of a United Nations police force; that if the veto power on enforcement decisions could be removed and the United Nations provided with armed forces, aggression could be• prevented; and that. the principal barrier to world peace would thereby cease to exist. 11 The general assumption rests, think, on an incomplete analysis of our main· problems of foreign policy at this juncture and of the part which international organizatiOn can play in solving them. Why is economic:: democ::rac::y important? "The underlying problem in the immediate future is to bring about the restoration of economic, social and political health in the world and to give to the peoples of the world a sense of security which is essential for them to carry on the task of recovery. What is needed for the achievement of a world order based on law and dedicated to peace and progress is a wide-spread improvement in the material and social well-being of the peoples of the world. The responsibility for such imi>rovement will always rest primarily upon the peoples and governments themselves. In this field the United Nations, however, can play an increasingly active role. Why is faithfulness to pledges important? "The factor of military strength is of immediate and major importance in the present World situation; but is not the element ·which will be paramount in the long run. The emphasis often placed solely, on the military aspects of world affairs does a disservice to the cause of peace. The more that present differences are talked about and treated elcclusively as a milita:ry problem, the more they tend to become so. '~The problems today preseri.ted to those who desire peace are not questions of structure. Nor are they problems solvable ·merely by new forms of organization. They require performance of_ obligation~ alre~dy undertaken, :fidelity to pledges already given. Basic human frailties cannot be overcome by charter provisions aloi:te, for they exist in the behavior of men and governments. Why is the exc::lusion of certain nations dangerous? "The suggestion that a revised United Natians, or some form of world government, should be achieyed, if necessary, without those nations which would be unwilling to join, deserves special_ attention; such a procedure would probably destroy the present United Nations organization. The result would be a disperSal of the community of nations, followed by the formation of rival military alliances and i$olated groups of states. This result would weaken us and expose us to even greater dangers from those who seek domination of other states. Should the UN be abolished? "It is not changes in the form of international intercourse which we now require. It is to changes of substance that we must look for an improvement of the world situation. And it is to those (Please turn to page 83) 80 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 Significant World News Roundup BRITAIN Is the Labor Government doing well? Britain's first labor government has just completed its third term. How does the Labor goverpment stand with the people and with the middle-class? The latest survey made by England's Research Services, Ltd. gave the Conservatives 49% of the votes and Labor 33% of the votes. The Labor government has stepped up coal production. It has a good re- - cord on the housing program; it has constructed some 750,000. houses. The ration in the nation has been made more varied. In some instances, however, the rations are lower than three years ago. Work on the reduction of taxation and on the nationalization of several key industries is progressing. What is the significance of the news? In 1945. the Labor government promised the people that it would set out to create a bloodless revolution. This will be accomplished by nationalizing coal, steel, electricity, and gas industries, by launching a comprehensive health and insurance service and rehousing program. The a~hievements of the Labor government so far have not convinced the Conservatives that the nation is moving toward full time prosperity. The cabinet is trying hard to convince trade union chiefs that the people can makes the success of the Labor government certain by putting more effort into the job. · FRANCE Continues to make reconstruction progress France has a new government. Henrje Queville., the new Premier, 'has one imInternational News portant task to do: to restore the prestige and authority of the Fourth French Republic. Under· the new government, France is greatly working. on the successful operation of the ERP (European Recovery Program). Concrete steps have been taken to mechanize her farm industry. Now there are 75,000 tractors for her farming industry. Before World War II, she had only 30,ooq tractors. She has also made Very good progress in coal production. She is ahead of her 50 million tons set for 1948. Her manpower has been considerably increased by the admission of 80,000 Italian workmen, 40,000 Poles, and 120,000 German prisoners of . war. What is the significance of the news? The new government is doing its best to achieve economic recovery. The fate of the French Fourth R~public hin&"es on the success of her economic program. The French know that without economic democracy their political democracy is an empty ideal. · CEYLON Another abuse of the "veto"? Ceylon, one of the new nations of A.Sia, lost its chance to become a mem .. ber of the United Nations. Ceylon gained her independence an February 4, 1948. What is the 'iignificance of the news? The application of Ceylon for membership in the United Nations was vetoed by Russia. The United States, Britain, Syria, France, Canada, and China supported Ceylon's application. The United States, through American Delegate Warren Austin, said that the government of the United States is firmly convinced that Ceylon is e. peace-loving * 81 state which is ready to accept the obligations imposed by the U. N. charter. Russia, on the other hand, through Jacob Malik, the new Russian Delegate who replaced Andrei Gromyko, said that Russia is opposed to the applicatiori of Ceylon because her inde.pendence is a ''false independence". Russia's veto is her 27th in the Security Cou~cil. Her veto is also the 12th veto to- block a membership application. RUSSIA Is it the 'truth? The papers of the world recently learned that the . Russians blockaded Berlin because of America's mistakes or faults. Marshal Vassily D. Sokoslovsky, the Soviet commander-in-chief in Germany, ::;;aid that the Americans are the ones to be blamed for the Russian blockade of Berlin. He said that the Americans required the Russians to secur,e permits in visiting the Ameriean zone of occupation. What is the significance of the news? American sources deny the accusation of Marshal Sokoslovsky. The restric· tions imposed on the Russians visiting the American zone of occupation were imposed on May 5, 1948, when Russia imposed restrictions on Americans tr.a· veling· to and from the. Soviet zone. The real truth of the Russian blockade is that Russia wants to drive the Allies from Berlin, the German capital, which is in the Russian zone of occupation. The Allies however, are determined to stay in Berlin because of an existing agreement between them and Russia. Russia, on the other hand, wants the Allies to leave Berlin because she wants to Communize her zone o'1 occupation in answer to the merging of the English, French, and American zones of occupa· tion. MALAYA Rebuff to the Communists The Acting High Commisioner of the Federation of Malaya and the Governor of Singapore have taken action in ban· ning several unlawful societies. The following societies were declared unlaw· ful: The Malayan Communist Party (MCP), the Malayan People Anti-Japanese Army Ex·eomrades Association, the New Democratic Youth League, and the Ikatan Pembela Tanah Ayea Malaya. What is the significance of the news? The four societies were declared un· lawful because the government has ga· thered sufficient evidences that they are responsible for the various waves of violence in Malaya. It is significant to note that the violences committed in various parts of Malaya have some· thing to do with various Communist up· risings in Asia. HUNGARY New president: new victory for Communism Hungary's 59-year old President, Zol· tan Tildy, has "resigned" from the gov· ernment of Hungary. The main reason given for the sudden resignation was a charge of treason. The new President of Hungary is Arpad sZakasists, president Of the· United Workers Party. What is the significance of the news? The resignation of Tildy was "forced" in the same way as the resignations of former Hungarian Premier Ferenc Nagy and President Eduard Benes of Czechoslovakia. ·Tildy was President of Hunga· ry because he wanted to coqperate with the Ccfmmunists in the rehabilitation of Hungary. In spite Of his cooperation he did not lose hope that the Hungarians would be able to enjoy a limited amount of individual freedom under a Communist-controlle·d government. 82. Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 The majn re.ason behind the resignation is the plan of the Communists in Hungary to establish a ''National Front" out of the four parties in the country. The Communists, the Socialists, the Smallholders, and the National Peasants would be united into one party for the purpose of controlling the 1ife of the people. This is another method used by Russia in strengthening her hold on Communist-control1ed countries. RUMAN IA Catholic schools taken over The new Communtst-controlled government of Rumania has denounced the Concordat with the Vatican. By Concordat is meant an agreement between the Church and the State in defining the power of both as far as religious education is concerned. What is thoe significance of the news? Rumania adopted a "new constitution" after the legitimate ruler had been forced to give up his throne under pressure. King Mihai or Michael was in fact a mere figurehead in the Rumanian government since the country was liberated by the Allies. The new constitution provides that all Church schools should be taken over by the civil authorities. The "New constitution" is patterned after the Russian constitution, the model for all Russian satellites. The ab~li tion of the Church schoolEi was not a surprise since the Rumanian government fell under the control of the Communists immediately after liberation in 1944. Abolition of all kinds of church schools is a part of the Communist program of controlling a Russian Satellite. UNITED ST ATES. America remains firm America is determined to remain in Berlin. This was made clear in the American note blinded to the Russian Ambassador to the United States. The International News How does the United ••• (Continued fro'"! page 80) changes of substance that our policy has been directed. When the substance of the world situation improves, the United Nations will be able to function with full 1effectiveness. , Meanwhile, we will continue our efforts in cooperation with other governments to improve the working of the United Nations under the charter. 1 'The United Nations was created after years of study and after many months of difficult negotiations. It now has 58 members. It is the symbol of the aspirations of mankind. Its success is the hope of mankind. All new efforts to attain ordi!r and organization in the affairs of men require time to grow roots in· the loyalties of men. The history of our own 'people testifies to this necessity. Let us not in our impatience and our fears sacrifice the hard-won gains that we now possess in the United Nations organization." points mentioned in the American notes were: (1) The United States is determined to remain in Berlin, and~ it is "hoped that the Soviet Government entertains no doubts whatsoever on this point." (2) that the right of access to Berlin was the result of the joint victory over Germany, was confirmed in the exchange of letters between President Truman and Fi'emier Stalin in June, 1945. (3) The Russian blockade is a violation of existing ag~eements. (4) Lifting the blockade is an absolute prerequisite to negotiation on Berlin. What is the significance of the news? The American no'te is a warning to Russia that the United States cannot be subjected to any. "appeasement". The United States will stick to international agreements. The next move is up to the Russians. Will she lift the blockade?. Its the blockade another m~thod of securing concessions favorable to Russian interests ? * 83 Science Marches On Cancer crusade The United States is conducting the broadest experiment and research on the effective control of Cancer. The experiment and research includes extensive scientific research, widespread public education, increasing the number of cancer-detection clinics thrQughout the country, and bringing the means of treament to a greater number of cancer sufferers. The project includes the employment of 1,000 scientists. During the last three years about $6,000,000 were granted to finance 74 promising young doctors and investigators in 33_institutions, to support 250 research projects in 68 universities and hospitals, and to make 32 educational grants. The American Cancer Society is the leading organization in charge of the drive against cancer. It is cal'l'ying on a national cam.paign for the project on cancer. In 1947, it was able to secure $13,000,000 from its national, campaign for funds. The goal set for this year is $16,000,000. The Society has now 2,613 local units in the United States which are helping in the distribution of educational literature on cancer. New medical instruments Two new medical instruments have been maOO known to the public. The first is the improved X-ray machine developed by Dr. John W. Coltman of the Westinghouse Corporation. The invention brings onto a fluorescent screen inside-the-body images 500 times brighter than normal X-rays. "Objects" separat.: ed by only a few thousands of an inch (centimeter) Can be distinguished. The second machine is the electrically sensitive apparatus developed by Dr. W. H. Horsley Gantt of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The machine makes it possible to view internal organs clearly and to detect brain disorders quickly. Increasing production of honey bees According to the United Stat~s Department, honey bees are important in the production of some 50 · different crops. Among these crops are different kinds of legumes required for forage and for soil conservation, deSiduous an<l citrus fruits, and all vegetables of the cabbage family. It is believed that unleSs honey bees are increased, the production of these crops will Suffer enormously. There is no substitute for pollination except the tiresome feeding. Efforts are being exerted to produCe superior bees through line-bre~ding. This involves three steps_: Ji~irSt, the fatherless production of eggs by the qu~n; second, the mating of the queen to her own fatherless sons through artificial insemination; and third, the crossing of line-bred. families to produce a hybrid strain. As a result of World War II, honey establishments in Europe have been· de-· stroyed. Today there iS a great demand for the importation of bees, hives, honey extractors, and smokers. Perpetual battery Dr. P. H. Craig CJf the University of Miami, Florida, has brought to the attention of scientists a new inverition. This is a new lype of battery which may be called perpetual battery. When recharged, it does not require water; neither does it leak nor' release gas. It is said that it has great possibilities for 84 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 everything: from airplanes and submarines to portable and car radios. Fireproof fluid The United States Naval Research has developed a fireproof fluid for hydraulic systems in planes - such as brakes, flap controls, and landing gear retraction. The new fluid is finding many uses in industrial plants utilizing hydraulically operated machinery. Crash radio A state patrolman of Vam::ouver, Washington, has designed a crash radio. The new radio is a small radio transmitter in a crash-proof and fire-n.roof container. The radio transmitter begins to send automatic, ,continuous signals as soon as the mechanism is set off by the impact of a forced landing or a crash. Searchers who are equipped with radio direction finders, tuning on these signals, can plot the exact location of the wreck. New careers The development of atomic energy has led to the creation of new careers connected with the study of the atoms. The Atomic Energy Commission of the United States has announced that funds worth $1.5 mil1ions win be set aside this year tg train various fellows in physics, chemistry, metalurgy, geology, and other science$.. There is a great need for nuclear engineers, health physidsts, doctors and biological scientists in the field of atomic energy. New uses of sea anemone J)r. E. Gudger of the American Museum of Natural History recently reported some Jf his findings on the study of sea anemones. According to his studies, sea anemones are traps for smal I fishes and refugees for others. Effects of atomic bomb rays on corn The Bikini atomic bomb tests in 1946 Modern Science show the abnormal growth of the plant that germinates from the seeds of corn exposed to the radiation of the atomic bombs. Seeds that were irradiated by the ex,ploding atomic bombs grew leaves that were twisted, crinkled, dwarfed, and spotted. The seeds that were exposed at Bikini were planted at the experimental farm in California. It has been found that these corn seeds produce abnormal and .defective plants. New blood drug Dr. James F. Couch has just. announced the discovery of a new blood drug derived from buckwheat. This new blood drug, called rutin has been found useful for persons who bleed. Rutin strengthens the blood vessels and thus· prevents hemorrhage. In connection with the research conducted toQ.ay to find. out if results of experiments on animals "Subjected to radiatio~ from the atomic bomb tests at Bikini would hold true with human beings, it has been found that rutin is effective in delaying atomic radiation on animals. Blind typists take shorthand notes A British scientist has invented a machine that takes dictation notes on stenographic machines. Henry Stainsby developed a machine that would write Braille shorthand. With this new mathine hundreds of British blind typists are making good as secretaries in various offices. Medical television Operations· are now being shown by means of medical television. Medical students may. stay at home and see the whole processes of an operation. They may also listen to the description of the different methods of 0iperation. Several thousand physicians who attended the American Medical Association in Chicago were given the benefit of seeing televised operation by means of Caesarian method, early skin grafting, hand and chest surgery, and t1'e "blue baby" operation. * 85 The Philippines and the World Philippines Recognize Korea The Korean Republic was established as a result of the elections held on May 10, 1948. The Korean National Assembly was formed under the supervision of the Unit.ed Nations Temporary Commission on Korea and the Korean leader and nationalist, Dr. Syngman Rhee. Dr. Rhee was elected first President of Korea. The elections in Korea were held in accordance with a resolution passed by the General Assembly in session in 1947. Russia, however, has boycotted the elections and , has forbidden the United Nations Comrni;;sion to enter the Russian zone of occupation. The Korean Republic was recently recognized by tbe United States, China, and the Phil~ppines. According to a state department spokesman, the Southern Korean government created by the elections of May 10, 1948 is "entitled to be recognized as the government for the whole Korea." China has also recognized the Korean Republic and has established diplomatic relations Witdl her. The Philippines has also extended recognition to ·the latest Asiatic republic. It is to be rememberd that the Philippines has done a great deal towards helping Korea establish her republic. 'Our delegate to the Korean Commission, Senator Melecio Arranz, has helped in the drafting of the regulations concerning the holding of the Korean elections. P. I. Copra to Bizonia The ECA (Economic Cooperation Administration) announced that Philippine copra will be purchased for the use of the· combined American and British zones of occu,pation in Germany. The sum of $2,848, 200 worth of Philippine copra has been authorized. "New Look" for the Philippines The consul general of the Philippines at San Francisco, Judge Roberto Regala, told the members of the Los Angeles Breakfast Club that the Philippines should be given a new look as far as trade is concerned. He told hiis au-· dience that the Philippines which is now an independent nation should rio longer be viewed merely as a producing country, supplying the needs of other countries. The Philippines, according to Judge Regala, desires to take or share the business of processing finished ,products. "It is high time," said the Judge, 11that American businessmen should stop thinking of Philippine trade in terms of import and export levels." More could be achieved if Philippine trade is done on a partnership basis. Japan and the Philippines As a result of various discussions on the revival of Philippine trade with Japan, the Philippine Republic is gradually developing its own policy in Connection with the Philippine-Japanese trade. Recently a Malacafian release gave us the Philippine .policy on trade with Japan. Sometime in April, the SCAP gave notice that its former total quota of 400 private merchants wishing to go to Japan would be admitted provided he is cleared by the American Embassy or Legation situated in his country. When this ruling was promulgated, the Philippines had already sent three groups of businessmen with six members in each group, according to the SCAP quota regulations. Private trading was getting 86 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 brisk and orders for the deliveries for the Philippines began to pile up: In June, however, previous orders already made by Philippine merchants were either cancelled or held in abeyance. Reliable reports indicate that orders thus affected were valued at from P12 million to 1'15 million. This develo,pment followed the policy of the Philippine government to control imports, especially Japanese imports, as a result of the permission given to private traders to trade with J apafi. in addition to the previous arrangement under the modus vivendi providing for gover.nment-to-government transactions only. The situation became aggravated when General N oce arrived in Manila and began to appeal to the Filipino people to help the U.S. in reviving Japanese economic life. His a.ppeal was misunderstood by a large portion of the Filipino people and some public opinion against trading ·with Japan develOped. Faced by these facts, importers in the Philippines were reported to have reduced their purchases, holding up the bulk of their orders for future consideration. At present, only construction materials,_ like galvanized iron, are reported arriving in the Philippines. With the setting u.p of the Import Control :Soard, Philippine reaction to trade with Japan is observed to be fast changing. The Board will scrutinize every item of import, including thoee from Japan, and will probably exclude non-essential and luxury goods. At the same time, it will most likely look into reports of mislabelling, reexportation of Japanese goods from some friendly ports and other anomalies incident to Philippine-Japanese commerce. The high level of Philippine opposition to Philippine-Japanese trade was reached recently when the Communist Party in the Philippines, through its General Secretary, Mariano P. Balgos, issued a statement asserting that only those who want to close their eyes to National Affairs the facts can fail to realize that the revival of the trade under conditions imposed by the SCAP is prejudicial to our national interest. Well considered Philippine public opinion has crystallized in favor of a strictly controlled Philippine.;.Japanese trade for the following reasons: (1) Unless the Philippines shut her doors to foreigners as the Japanese did 300 years ago, thus isolating itself from the outside world, the P~ilippines wilf have to trade with Japan sooner or later. (2) Some articles available for import from Japan, such as construction materials, are essential to Philippine rehabilitation at present. (3) Certain bulky Philippine exports like copra and abaca.can be exported to Japan more advantageously since payment is made in dollars and the freight is much less. ( 4) In trading with Japan, the Philippines is cooperating with the SCAP which represents all the allied nations. Although the Philippines is an independent nation and may refuse to coo.perate with the SCAP it cannot afford to isolate itself from its former allies, especially at this time when another world crisis seem;; at hand; and (5) Trade with Japan strictly controlled from the Philippine end can be made profitable to the Philippines. China and the Philippines The Chinese government recently announced that it would cooperate with the government of the Philippine Republic in curbing the illegal activities of Chinese nationals in the Phpippines. Among these illegal activities arc gambling, prostitution, and iltegal immigration. It is feared that these illegal activities, if they are not curbed, might disturb the existing friendly relations between China and the Philippines. * 87 * United Nations Series No. 28 What has the United Nations Failed to Do? Specific objectives: 1. To know in what fields the United Nations has failed. 2. To understand the weaknesses of the United Nations. The United Nations has its own weaknesses. What are these · weaknes~ es? The United Nations has failed to solve certain fundainental world problems. What are these problems? Js there any future for the United Nations? Weaknesses of the United Nations The United Nations has its own weaknesses. These are: (1) It is functioning in an "unintended atmospher\!"; (2) it suffers from want of immediate means to solve explosive politiCal disputes; (3) it has become powerless because of the misuse of fhe "veto"; ( 4) it suffers from mutual distrust or suspicion between two major blocks; ( 5) it suffers from indecision for, want of proper definition of "sovereignty" that would apply t-q contemporary international problems; .and (6) it has been weakened because of the rivalry of idecr logies within itself. The United Nations has been required W maintain the peace of the world. M has been functioning under "unintended atmosphere" because the peace treaties with Germany, Japan, and Austria have not yet been concluded. The United Nations is like a referee called upon to umpire a basketball game without rules. The "ve'OO" is a voting privelege given to the five big powers in the SecUil"ity Council. The misuse and abuse of the "veto" has prevented the Security Council from functioning smoothly. Russia has used the veto 27 times even on questions that are not important, 5uch as admission of members to the United Nations. The United Nations has been faced by "explosive q11estions" which have divided the democracies and Russia. The guerrilla warfare in Greece and the Korean. elections have brought about sharp conflicts in the policies of the United States and Russia. - The explosive .questions facing the United Nations cannot be easily selved because of the basic differences between the. two countries. Mutual distrust between the democracies and the Communi-st countTies has lowered the prestige of the United Nations. The Charter of the United Nations states that f~iendly relations among the members should be promoted, but no friendlY. relation has yet been promoted. The · Communist countries suspect imperialism in the Marshall Plan. The democracies suspect world revolution in the cre3.tion of the Comintern of Third International. The desire of each nation to. safeguard its "sovereignty" has been one of the stumbling blocks to the promotion of harmonious relationship among the members of the United Nations. By "sovereignty" we mean freedom from external control. It is necessary for the members of the United Nations to surrender part of their sovereign ri.ghts in the solution of international questions. The inspection of all countries and all factories engaged in the production of atomic energy is needed for ·the successful control of atomic energy. This international inspection wouJd re- - quire surrender of some sovereign rights. Russia could not accept the international inspection of all factories 88. Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 because she does iiot like to surrender part of her sovereign rights. Differences in ideologies have also prevented the members of the United Nations from actin·g as one body in the solution of world problems. The Russians have opposed many of the provisions of the draft on the International Bill of Human Rights. She has also opposed many provisions of the draft on the freedom of information. Russia h·as also opposed the principles of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Failure in the control of atomic energy The blackest day in the history of the Security Council was May 17, 1948. The Atomic- Energy Commission, appointed to solve the problem of the international control of atomic energy, has decided to suspend operations. It had wasted two years of fruitless work. It started working on June 14, 1946 and ended working on May 17, 1948. The majority plan calls for the creation of an Atomic Development Authority (ADA) }Vhich would operate, manage and inspect all installations engaged in the manufacture" or production of atomic energy. The ADA would not be subject to the use of the "veto" so that the nation violating the provisions of the international agreement on the control of atomic energy would be punished. The Soviet Union consistently opposed the majority plan primarily because Russia's sovereign rights would be reduced. Russia proposed a loose system of periodic inspection .with special investigations only when clandestine operations were suspected. The plan was opposed by the majority of the members of the Atomic Energy Commission because it does not guarantee a strict inteTnational control of atomic energy. World Affairs Failure to proide an international The ··"veto" is a voting privilege granted to the five big powers in the Security Council. The Charter provides that in deciding substantive or major issues, a majority vote of seven out of the eleven members of the Securit'Y Council is required. But of the seven, five must be the votes of all the Big Five-the United States, Britain, France, Russia and China, the perma~ nent members·. If one of the Big Five votes 0 No" on a substanti-11e or major question, aside from routine or procedural, no action can be taken. This is called "enforced unanimity" or the bigpower 14 Veto". The "veto" has not been used as it is intended to be used according to the Charter of the United Nations. Russia has abused and misused the "veto", She has exercised the "veto" 27 times since ttt.e creation of the United Nations in June, 1945. Her exercise of the "veto" 1 has prevented the Security Council from taking effective action in the settlement of the peace problems of the world. She has, for instance, prevented the Security Council from taking positive action on the Greek guerrilla warfare. She has vetoed the attempt of the United Nations to create a Balkan Watch Commission intended to prevent the occurr~nce of conflicts in· Northern Greece. The General Assembly passed a resolution last year recommending the study of the "veto" question by the Little- Assembly. The creation of the Little Assembly has been opposed by Russia and her satellites. Russia has refused to cooperate in, the solution of the veto question. According to Felix Morley, editor of Human Events, the 11 veto" is Russia's greatest weapon for self-defense in ·the United Nations. Failure to provide an international force The Security Council is the peace maker and policeman of the world. It * 89 has the power to prevent aggression, to maintain the world peace, and to .enfo1·ce its decisions in the interest of humanity. The Security Council, however, cannot take effective action in carrying out its decisions because the international military force, promised by the Charter so that the Security Council can carry out its decisions, has not . yet been created. Until now the committee assigned to create this military force cannot decide on the co.nstitution and Composition of this interna~ional military force. Because of this failure of the committee to provide an international military ·force, the Security Council -has not succeeded in carrying out its decisions on Korea, Greece, and Palestine. Failure to achieve ,Big Five Unity The Big Powers of the world worked harmoniously during World War II in the presecution of the war against the Axis powers. Hopes were high, at the conclusion of the _war, that the wartime Allied unity will lle continued. "The United Nations," wrote James B. Reston, Foreign Affairs Expert of the New York Times, was based on the assumption that these five nations (the United States, Britain, France, Russia, and China) would achieve that unity. On the basis of their promise that they Would achieve it, the rest of the nations took them at their word. The Big Five promised that they would fulfill,· in good faith, their obligations under the charter; that they would refrain, in their international relations, from the threat of use of force; that they would get together alld use their special powers for the general interest. Thus, the other states established an organization that assumed the good faith of the great powers and had power ·to punish only the small powers. These assumptions have proved to be in vain. The good faith has ·yet been forthcoming·; the veto power has not been used sparingly; and above all, the UNITY of the five major powers has not been achieved. In thi-s sense, therefore, the young organization has failed. Failure to help the U. N. fulfill the Charter The Charter of the United Nations states that the members would '"practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbprs." The members promised to '1 u.nite their strength to ihaintain internatiorial peace and secur-ity." They said that they were "determined to insure, by the acceptance of principles. . . that armed force shall not be used,· save in the common interest." The United Nations has failed t~ fulfill completely the purposes for which the organization was organized. The main reasons for this situation are: ( 1) some members have refused to help the United Nations willingly to act to fulfill the Charter; (2) some member nations have used threats of force, thus violating the United Nations Charter; and (3) some member nations ·have given assistance to aggressor nations. What does the U. N. need in order to succeed? The United Nations must· succeed. It is the last chance Qj man to show that the peoples of the world can cooperate in the solution of their common problems affecting world peace. Experts on international affairs have not given up the idea that the United Nations would' succeed. They are studying different proposals to make the United Nations a going concern. Some have suggested the revision of the United Nations. Others have suggested the modification of the provisions on the veto. The best analysis on the United Nations was recently given by James B. Reston. According to this international expert, the United Nations, in order to succeed, needs six things: (Pleas• turn to pnge 94) 90 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 • United Nations Series No. 29 What has the United Nations Done? Specific objectives: 1. To undetstand the most important· accomplishments of the United Nations. 2. To get acquainted with the least known work of the United Nations. 3. To appreciate the efforts being exerted to make the United Nations a going concern. The General Assembly is meeting this month to discuss the vital problems affecting the peace of the world. The General Assembly will meet and deliberate ori the many unsolved peace problems. Is the United Nations a total failure? What has it done for the world? What is it doing? Jhe United Nations is young The United Nations is an organization of sov'ereign states which have agreed to join their efforts to maintain international peace, to cooperate on the solution of economic, social, and cultu:i-al problems of international importance, and to promote human rights for all_, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. The United Nations is now composed of 58 member nations. The United Nations Organization was formed on June 26, 1945 when 51 nations approved i'ts Charter at San Francisco, California. Although it was established three years ago, th'is organization has done pra.ctically .nothing, according to many people who have been discouraged by its accomplishments. "Today, ~hree years afterward," wrote Trygve Lie, Secretary-General • of the United Nations, "people are discouraged and fearful about the future. There is a tendency to b1ame the United Nations. We are told that the United Nations is . powerless, that it is hamstrung by the veto, that it is nothh.1g World Affairs mofe than a debating society. This is dangerous tafk and it is not true. The blame for our troubles today and for the widespread fear of another war should be placed where it belongs." What is the truth 1 It is to be admitted that ali is not well with the United Nations. The main cau.se for this situation is not the machinery but the main conflicts between the two greatest nations of the world-the ·United States and Russia. The differences in the ideologies between these two nations have resulted into many major conflicts. These conflicts are reflected in the discussions of the many problems presented in the United Nation~. Many people, then, conclude that the United Nations is a useless organization. The United Nations is a supreme test Twice in a generation the peoples of the world have been urged to solve their common problems in order to live in peace. The League of Nations, however, , fail~d to bring complete wOrld peace. Yet, today, the peoples of the world have been invited to join t&eir efforts in the solution of their common problems affecting global peace. If the United ,Nations fail in so1vjng the common problems of the various peoples, then the world ought to lose its faith in the capacity of mankind to work for the welfare of the world. "Today, the United Nations is the on1y hope we have of holding the world together during this difficult and dangerous period of postwar settlement. Tomorrow and for the forseeable future, the United- Nations i.s the world's only • 91 instrument for preventing another war in which there could be no victor, no vanquished, but ·only universal destruction for both sides - and for all humanity." World opinion is being recognized. The nations of the world are beginning to recognize the importance of the United Nations in deciding their foreign policies. James B. Reston, Foreign Affairs FArpert of the New York Times, recently wrote: "More nations aye constantly putting each major action of foreign policy to this test": Does this action in any way violate the charte't· of the U. N., q.nd if so, are we prepared to defend this action before the U. N.?" What proofs do we have to show that nations are beginning to adhere to this test? This test of foreign policy has been shown in various ways. ( 1) It influenced Russia to · withdr~w her troops from Iran in 1946 when the government of Iran filed a protest with the · Security Council for Russia's refU$al to remove her troops by March 2, 1946, according to a treaty signed during World War II. (2) It influenced Britain to withdraw from India, Egypt, Burma, and Palestine: (3) It restrained the United States government when the Army'. and Navy gave the suggestion t'hat the Japanese-mandated islands in the Pacific be seized: ( 4) It influenced the government of the Netherlands to settle peacefully the Indonesian questions after a brief war. (5) It was an important factor in' making the United States quit Panama. (6) It was an important· factor in making both Arabs and Jews submit to the order for "truce" after a brief war. Achievements of specialized agencies The specialized agencies of the United Nations are carrying on their work silently in giving the peoples of the world a better chance to "live out their lives in freedom from fear and want." The FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) is composed of 57 ·members. It is wor1':ing hard in increasing the food ·Supply of the world. It is engaged in the fair distribution of the food supply of the world. The WHO (Wol'ld Health Organization) is composed of all the members who have approved its constitution. It has succeeded in stamping out cholera in Egypt. It is now engaged in the eradication of malaria and tuberculosis. The ILO (International Labor Organization) is working hard to give the peoples of the world security and higher labor standards. It i.s working for the improvement of the lot of the workers in all non-self-governing areas. The !CAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) is engaged in a worldwide program of making air travel safe. It was instrumental in the' saving of sixty-nine plane passengers in the North Atlantic in 1947; The !RO (International Refugee Organization) is engaged in carrying out its program of resettling thousands of refugees. According to recent statistics, about 200,000 displaced persons have been repatriated and ·resettled. The United States has recently approved a measure providing for the admission of 200,000 displaced persons. The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is now engaged in the restoration of the educational institutions destroyed in World War II. It will conduct work in reducing illiteracy. It is also engaged in promoting world understanding. The ITO (International Trade Organization). The charter of ·this international organization was recently signed. ITO aims to produce world cooperation in the flow of trade so that .the nations of the world may benefit from world 92. Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 trade. The reduction of trade barriers will help bring about world peace because economic warfare will be eliminated. The ICEF (International Children's Emergency Fund) is engaged in helping millions of r.hildren live, through the International Children's Emergency Fund and the cooperation of the UN AC. The UPU and ITU (Universal Postal Union and Internafional Telecommunications Union) are engaged in promoting world cooperation through postal and telecommunication projects. The /NBA (International Bank) is helpinlJ economic reconstruction through the extension of loans to devastated areas of the world. It has already granted loan£ worth $500,000,000. The INMOTAFU (International Monetary Fllnd) is an agency desigrred, to help in the stabilization of international currency. It has already helped iii the easing of exchange problems. Constructive planning for economic advancement The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations is doing creditable work in constructive planning for the economic advancement of certain regions. The EGA (Economic Commission for Europe), the EGA FE (Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East) and the Economic Commisison for South America have already been faUJtched. They are now engaged in laying the groundwork for the economic advancement of regional areas. An economic commission for the Middle East is now under study. Helping the people of non-selfgoverning territories The Trusteeship Council is now working to improve the economic, educational, and political lives of the peoples who are living in non-self-gov:erning territories. The promotion of the human rights of the non-self-governing peoples World Affairs is receiving greater attention than ever before. It is very interesting to read the yearly reports on what is being done in tr,ust territories in the advancement of the living standards of these peoples. Freedom of information Ignorance is one of the causes of misunderstanding. The United Nations, therefore, belie•es in the promotion of freedom of information. One step toward this goal was the first world conference on freedom of information which was held in Geneva. It drafted many important conclusions on how freedom of information .may be carried out. Promotion of human rights The promotion· of human rights is an important objective of the United Nations. The Commission on Human Rights has recently finished its draft of the declaration of human rights for the world. The draft, an attempt to define the rights of man, wi11 soon be discussed by the General Assembly. Development of international law The United Nations is busy in the codification and development of international law. Outstanding individu,als are working in the study of making genocide (extermination of human beings) as a crime punishable on individuals as well as on nations. The codification an·d development of international law will be one of the greatest social contributions of the United Nations to world peace and world conduct (of nations). What is the future of the U.N.? The United Nations is receiving its greatest test in the settlement of the basic differences between the United States and Russia. A basic understanding between these two nations is essential to the success of the United Nations. The future of the United Nations depends upon the members of the (Please turn to the next page) * 93 What has the UN Failed to Do? (Continued from page 90) 1. A basic understanding between Russia -and the West on obligations is very impei-ative today. 2. An agreement to abolish the veto in all peaceful settlements shOuld now be ·made. 3. There must be real governmental powers. so that the United Nations can enforce its rulings. 4. There is need for a court of objective judies to measure a nation's act against the laws. 5. The United Nations principles must be observed, even when nations cannot ,.,;ork through the United Na-dons. 6. A careful study of the United Nations Charter must be conducted by those who criticize it blindly. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Examine the 6 reasons given for the w~aknesses of the United Nations. Give several reasons why these weaknesses hamper the smooth functioning of the United Nations. 2. Do you favor the abolition of the "veto"? Why? 3. Why is the majority plan for the control of atomic energy objectionable to Russia? 4. Do you think Russia is using the United Nations to advance her own interest? Why? 5. What is- the main reason for the failure of the Security Council? How can this failure be remedied? 6. Why i~ the unity of the Big Five essential to the successful functioning of the United Nations? 7. Cite instances to show that certain members of the United Nations have failed to help the United Nations fulfill its Charter.· 8. Do you agree to the six recommendations of Reston for strengthening the U. N.? Why? What has the UN Done? United Nations. If they continue upholding the pledges they have made in making the United Nations a workiilg organization, then the danger of World War III would be eliminated. "We cannot expect to avoid the strains and stresses of readjustments that mu.st follow so great and terrible a war," wrote Trygve Lie, '1 as the on"e through which we have just passed. We cannot expect in two and a half years to settle · all the conflicts that have exioted for centuries. "But the peoples of the world can expect, and demand, that the Gov&nment finds a way 'to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors,' as they solemnly resolved to do when they signed the Charter in San Francisco in !945." Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why do people think that the U. N. has failed? 2. What factor is hinde:ring the progress of the U. N.? 3. Why is the success of the U. N. important for the world'! 4. Do you think you should' be interested in the U. N.? Why? 5. Explain why n~tions are beginning to t·ecognize the force of world opinion'! 6. Evaluate the work of the U. N. 7. What is the duty of every member of the U. N.? References 1. Reston, B. James. -"What's Right with the U. N. '!" Look, Vol. 12, No. 11 (May 25, 1948) pp. 25-27. 2. Gervasi, Frank. "What Is Wrong with the U. N.? Collie,.'s, Vol. 120, No. l7 (October 25, 1947), pp. 16, 69, 73. 3. '1How Can We Make the United Nat;ions Work?" Town MeeJ,ing,· Vol. 13, No. 20 (September 9, 1947) pp. 3-23. 4. Morley, Felix. "The Fiasco -of the United Nations," Human Events, Vol. IV, No. 33 (August 13, 1947) pp. 1-4. 94 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 Why was Western • . • (Continued from page 72) stitutional'' government for Eastern Germany under the Ru.ssian· pattern. 6. The creation of Western Germany has brought about the 0 Berlin Crisis." Russia is now bent on driving the Allies from Berlin. They have refused to cooperate in the Allied Control Council in Berlin. They have resigned from the Kommandatura. The relations between Russia and the three Western powers continue to disturb world peace. 7. The partition of Germany into Western Germany and Eastern Germany has delayed the creation of an independent German nation. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is the treatment of Germany as a single "economic unit" important? 2. Why do you think the four occupying powers of Germany. could not arrive ~t a definite settlement of the German question? 3. What is your opinion on the Russian aims for a future Germany"? 4. Why do you think the democracies want a democratic Germany? 5. How would the Germans be given a share to run their own government? Is the plan of the three democracies for the political future of Germany reasonable? Why? 6. Why is the control of the Ruhr important? How is its control ·related to the welfare of Europe? 7. Why do you think the three Western powers introduced a new currency? What problem !!as been created by the currency refo.rm? 8. Explain the significance of the creation of Western Germany. 9. How are the Germans affected by the creation of Western Germany? World Affairs What is Russia'~ .•• (-Continued from page 67) the prestige of the United States, Britain, and France. The retreat would mean that thousands of Germans, who are cooperating with the Allies in building a democratic Germany, would be tossed to the mercy of the Russian secret police, the ·NVKD. 4. The plan of Russia in Eastern Germany is to consolidate her hold on her zone of occupation so that she may eventually annex her zone to the "Greater Russia.'' Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Explain why Russia cannot just annex her zone of occupation? 2. Why is Russia interested in conducting propaganda on Germarr unity? 3. Why is the. organization of one strong politrcal party. important in "Communizing" the Russian zone of occupation? 4. Why is it difficult to transform the People's Council it~to 3. provisional government? 5. Explain the ·significance of Russia's strategy in Eastern Gefmany. References 1. "Why the Potsdam Agreement has Become a Source of Conflict between Russia and the United States," Current Events Review, Vol. III, No. 2 (August 1947) ,pp. 40-42; 58. 2. "Why the Latest London Conference Failed," Current Events Review, Vol. III, No. 8 (February, 1948) pp. 226-227; 231. 3. "West Germany: Birth of A Nation.'' U.S. ,News ,& World Re1>0rt, Vol. xxv, No. 1 (July 2, 1948) pp. 26'27 .. 4. Bach, Julian Jr. America's Germany, .PP· 234-243. • 95 Will there be •.. (Continued from page 67) ican aid under the Marshall Plan. Recent news show that the ERP is functioning successfully; largely through the coordinated work of the Continuing Organization. What is the hope? We can never tell whether or not a United States of Europe is possible in the near future. There are hopefull signs, however, that the idea of European unity may be realized in a few years. The 16 . Euro,pean countries taking part in the Marshall Plan arc working closely toward the rehabilitation of their destroyed economj'cs. The signers of the Brussels Pact are also working closely toward economic, military, and social union. The 18 members of the European Economic Commission of the United Nations are working hard to solve their economic prO'blems. The only stumbling block to the formation of a United States of Europe is the division of EurOpe into the East and West , blocks. The United States, Ji,rance, an<l Britain are at loggerheads with Russia. The solution of the differences wMch divide the Russians and the democracies will hasten the formation of a United States of Europe. Minor obstacles, such as sovereignty and jealousies, may be overcome easily in the interest of economic recovery and world peace. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Can you give several reasons for the proposals in the past for an international organization? 2. What was the purpose of The G1 teat Design? 3. How did Grotius contribute to the development of internati•mal lav.r? 4. Churchill once said that the survival of Europe lies in European unity? World War Ill ... (Continued from page 74) Written by James Russell Wiggins and released by the United States Information Service Study Helps 1. Why is a peaceful solution to the peace problems necessary? 2. Do .You think America ll{'d the Western Powers will be held responsible for the outcome of tl]e crisis? Why? 3. Why is the Berlin question only a part of the larger issue in Germany and Europe? 4. Why is an American withdrawal dangerous? 5. What is the present policy of the . United States? Do you agree with him ? Why ? 5. There are two worlds today the East and the West. Do you think it is possible to have one world? Why? 6. Churchill stated in Switzerland that Germany is needed in the revival of European economy. Do you agree with him ? Why? 7 .. Why do you think there is a greaf need for a United States of Euro,pe? References 1. Capen, Louise. Across the Ages_. pp. 701-727. 2. Brown, Francis James, Hodges, Charles, and Roucek, Joseph Slabey. Contemporary Politics: An Introduction to the Problem of International R~la tions, pp. 377-400. 3. Schuman, Frederick L. "Freem.an'.s Last Chance," in Treas~ry for the Free World edited by Ernest Hemingway, pp. 26-34. 4. Bullitt, William C. The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs, pp. 192-195. 96 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 3 Jow 'J(eadrFon TEACHERS IN THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE ATING WIKA -Volume 1Approved by the Government for General Reading in the Elementary Grades of the public and private schools. * An Oulstaudiug Sow·ce Boot. of Supplementary Ueadiug Materials in the National Language. * Prepa1·ed and edited by expe1·ienced supe1·viso1·s, seasoned fJJ"itt· cip"ls, excellent c1·itie leaehen, model elass1·oom teaehers, liistol"ieal resem·diers, and leading illustrators in the National Language. * Acclaimed hy leading Filipino wl"ite1·s in the National Langua!!e as the most unique, most distinctive, and unequalled child1·eu's magazine in lhe Philippines because of its sound coneept of serviee aud educational usefulness. ATING WIKA (Volume I) is a sow·ee booh eve1·y teacher cannot afford lo miss-a sure guide and loving companion to enlighlen the hurdeu of the husy teacher. Copies Av11ilable: Price Volume - Grades I to VI-( Cloth bound) ................. P9.00 Volume I - Grades I to Vl-(unbound) Single number~ ........... . Volume I-A - Grades I & II .. . Volume 1-B-Grades Ill-VI ..... . Vol. I-A or I-B, Single numbers P/1•11se send your orders to MANILA EDUCATIONAL ENTEflPnISES, INC. 933 Raon, Quiapo, Manila 7.50 .80 4.00 4.00 .40 ATING WIKA -Volume ICONTENTS * J 0 issues of 64.0 pages of permanent reading mate1·ials * .296 articles: 60 poems, riddles, and rhymes 25 dialogs, dramatizations, and playlets 20 historical articles on the Patriotic Calendar issued by the Department of Education 12 lessons on common expressions l 0 lessons in Arithmetic in the National Language 4 songs l 01 stories * 902 pielures and illusll·ations for language concept und vocahnlary building and understanding of context: 40 organized pictures or i11ustn.ttions for enlarging vocab11lary ;17 historical pictures selected for children and puhlishecl for the first time in a children's magazine 80 illustrations on the popular awit, )bong Adarna 10 educational posters in colors * J 0 Teuching Guides £01· teachers to achieve effective teuehing 1·esuhs * A ••cry valuable Index of mate1·ials to focililale making of lesson 11lans * Seasonal materials for every occasion: (1) Food Production, (2) Bird and Arbor Day, (3) Child Ilealth Day, (4) World Animal Day, (5) Thanksgiving Day, (6) Book Week, (7) National Language Week, (8) Thrift Week, (9) Clean Up Week, (10) Fire Prevention Week, (11) Constitution Day, (12) Citizenship Day, (13) Christmas, (14) National Heroer Day, etc. * Pielure Dictiona1·y * First Class Printing * First Class Format * First Class Book Paper Please send your orders to MANILA EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISES, INC. 933 Raon, Quiapo, Manila