Current Events Review

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Part of Current Events Review

Title: Current Events Review
Issue Date: Vol. IV (No. 4) October 1948
Year: 1948
Language: English
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extracted text: /') ;:.-, ( 11tlenttve11ts ~RE\/ LEW r. newsmagazlne published for high school students-devoted to the selection, organisation, presentation, and review of current news for lessons in current events. (Approved for general reading by the Department of Education) (Recommended for use in all Catholic schools by the CEAP) Tito Defies Stalin Counter-measures against Com n;:\,1 - ·Freedof!> of _lnfori1'1a~ion T ouchtone of Al~ Freedoms , ... Finl n~ Ref~es .to S render to Russia p l~s of Japan • ht for )he ementation of the • I of Rights erica Press on the Communift ·n the Far East Significant World News Roundup The Philippines and the World Science Marches On Special Report on the United Nations Vol. IV, No. 4 October, 1948 30 centavos CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW A newsmagazine .that eompletes and makes up-to,date the study of .history and other social science subjects. DIOSDADO G. CAPINO Bditor D. 'lt. MANLA!i' AZ ·Publisher NICOLAS ONGKINGKO Circulation Manager POLICARPIO G. DANGALIO DOMINGO C. SE.RION Researchers VENANCIO NEBRIDA Circulation Representative In this issue Page \<Vhy did Marshal Tito Defy Marshal Stalin? What are the Counter-measures against Communism? \,Yh'Y' is Freedom of Information a Touchstone of All Freedoms? Why Finland Refused to Surrender to Russia What are the Problems of Japan? . Why is there a Fight for the Implementation of the American Bill of Rights? Russia and the Assembly ..... What does the American Press Think of the Communist Moves in the Far East? ... Significant World News Roundup The Philippines and the World Science Marches On Published monthly except May and June by MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila Subscription: P3.00 a year, Pl.50 a semester, 30 centavos per copy. 97 100 102 105 108 110 115 114 117 121 125 When changing address give old as well as new .address. Address all communications to the Current Events Review. Copyright, 1948 by D. R. Manlapaz and D. G. Capino. All rights reserved. Entered as second-class maiJ matter January 9, 1947 at the Manila post-office. IS there a "crack" in Russia''s Iron Cur-tain? Why did Marshal Tito Defy Marshal Stalin? Specific objectives: 1. To understand the background of the Stalin-Tito conflict 2. To know why Tito was conde"l'Jlned by the Cominform 3. To understand why Tito defied the Cominform 4. To understand the significance of tfie Tito-Stalin feud Sufficient time has passed for a clear artalysis of the feud between two powerful Communist marshals-Marshal Josef Stalin and Marshal J osep Broz Tito. What is the background of the feud? Why was Tito condemned by the Cominform? Why did Tito defy the Cominform? What is the significanc1a of the conflict? What is the Role of the Cominform? The Cominform (Communist Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers Parties) was formed on September 7, 1947 in a little town in Poland: The town was the former hunting lodge of Hermann Goering, Propaganda Minister of Adolf Hitler. The formation of the Cominform was done by Col. Gen. Andrei AlexanQ.rovitch Zhadanov, who died on September 1, 1948. Zhadanov was the closest associate of Premier Stalin and a top official of the powerful Russian Politburo. The other 8 countries represented by powerful Communist leaders were Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hiingary, Rumania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, and France. The Cominform is really the old Comintern or Communjst Internationale. The main purpose of the Cominform is to organize the Communist forces of the world in order to counteract United States imperialism and to wreck the Foreign Affairs Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe, The Cominform was revived because of the desire of the Communists to spread world Communism. What is Czechoslovakia's Role in the Cominform? The powerful Russian Politburo knows the strategic position of Czechoslovakia in spreading the ideologies of Communi·sm in southern and western Europe. The Cominform decided to establish an Information Bureau at Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, to facilitate the spread of Communism. It was expected that Yugoslavia would do its best to spread Communism in Italy, France, and other countries of Western Europe. The Cominform Denounced Tito On May 20, 1948, the head of the Russian Communist party wrote a letter to the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist party listing a series of charges against Marshal Tito. The charges were denied by the Yugoslav Central· Committee. The charges against Marshal Tito were reiterated in a letter sent on May 4 and May 22, 1948 to the Yugoslav Communist party. Three days after the receipt of the letter on May 22, 1948, the· Yugoslav Commtinist party announced that it would hold a post-war convention of the party on July 21, 1948. The purpose of the convention was to elect a new central committee. On or about June 21, 1948, the Cominform held secret sessiOns which the Yugoslav Communists refused to attend. Then on June 28, 1948 the Cominform announced the denunciation of Marshal Tito. What were the Charges of the Cominform? The 3,000-word statement bitterly attacked Marshal Tito. First, the Comin• 97 form asserted that the leadership of the Yugoslav Communist party has lately been undertaking an entirely wrong pol~ icy on the principal questions of foreign and internal policies. This means a retreat from the doctrines taught by Marx and Lenin. Second, the Cominform found out that the leadership of the Yugoslav Communist party is creating a hateful policy in relation to the Soviet Union and to all All-Communist Union of the Bolsheviks. Third, the party was charged of conducting slanderous propaganda borrowed from Leon Trotsky, the Russian who defied Stalin. Follrth, the party was found to be retreating from positions of the working class and parting from the Marxist theory of class and class struggle. According to the teaching of the Marxist-Lennist doctrines, the "proletariat," or working class is the only class which should run society. The "proletariat" must be the leader in the struggle against the capitalists. The Yugoslav Communist party was charged of giving little attention to the struggle of the "proletariat." It was proved that the party is supporting capitalism. Fifth, the leaders in Yugoslavia are giving )ittle attention to the Communist party which should be the number one political party. The government was charged of giving support to the People's Front, another . political party. Sixth, Marshal Tito was charged of giving little attention to the serious criticisms against the Yugoslav Communist party by the Cominform. Marshal Tito Defied Russia Marshal Tito openly denied all the charges hurled by the Cominform. The denial was virtually a defiance against the authority of Marshal Stalin. He said that the newspapers in Yugoslavia are full of accounts of the economic projects being undertaken according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrines. These accounts have never received publication in Russian newspapers. Marshal Tito said that activities in Yugoslavia must be carried on to suit the conditions in the country. He assured Russia that he is still a Communist and wants close relations with Russia. He has, however, rejected all Soviet criticisms of his regime. Russia, on the other hand, has approved all the Cominform's cha.rges against the Yugoslav Communist party and Marshal Tito. What is the Significance of the Stalin-Tito Feµd? The editorials in the American press on Marshal Tito's defiance of the Soviet leaders, including Marshal Stalin, emphasized that something is wrong "in the "Iron Curtain." The affair, according to most radio commentators and newspaper columnists, is a surprising public admission of the tota'.litarian control which Soviet leaders would i1npose upom all peoples coming under the rule of the Communists. The editorials pointed out that the world has been given a glaring demonstration that Soviet leaders refuse to allow Communists anywhere any policies not previously formutated in the Kremlin. We can now formulate several conclusions on the historical feud between two most powerful Marshal CommunistsTito, Communist Number One outside the "Iron Curtain," and Marshal Stalin, Communist number One inside the "Iron Curtain.'' 1. Nationalism is strong in Yugoslavia.-Mar-shal Tito wants his people to kiiow that he is their leader and not the Russians. He wants them to know that it was he who liberated them from the Nazis; therefore, he is the saviour of their country. Marshal. Tito refused the suggestion of Russia to collectivize all farms in Yugoslavia because he believes that the Yugoslav pea,sants must cultivate their farms for their benefits and not for Russia. 2. Tito is supporting the People's Front.-The People's Front is a politi98 • Current Events Review Vol. IV. No: 4 cal party in Yugoslavia. This party is the one that binds the relations of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavrn. which is made up of six states ond peopled by Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins, and Moslems. Marshal Tito is convinceJ that the People's Front is doing credit· able work in the economic rehabilita· tion of the country. 3. Yugoslavia adopted passive attit1lde towards the Ualian elections. - The Italian elections of April 18, 1948 was a world-wide, shaking election both for. the Communist and the Democratic world. Russia expected Yugoslavia to influence the results of the Italian election toward the Communist side either by showing threats of force or by verbal barrage or propaganda. Yugoslavia did not do either of the expected methods. Instead of doing any provocative act, she remained passive and lessened her attacks on the Christian Democrats who had WOIJ. the elections. 4. Yugo8lavia failed to recognize the puppet Greek government. - In 1947, the Greek guerrilla, General Markos Vafiades, established. a puppet government in the mountains of northern Greece. Its main purpose is to overthrow the legitimate government of Greece. Russia expected Yugoslavia to· recogmze this rebel government. Recognition of the Greek rebel government was necessary in order to give legal SU:QPOrt .to the Greek Communistt.. Marsilal Tito, however, refused to recognize the rebel government; so Moscow was greatly disappointed. 5. Tito's people want the Marshall plan.-Yugoslavia is being reconstructed. She has begun. her Five-Year Plan for· economic rehabilitation. The plan is now behind the expected schedule of the program. Yugoslavia wants economic aid. Russia could not give this aid. A newspaper cor~espondent in Yugoslavia relates an interesting news it('.m about the reaction of the people on American aid. He asked a Serbian peasant: "How Foreign Affairs many of your people a·re for Marshal Tito?" The peasant replied: "For Marshal Tito 5% ar.d 5% for Mr. Marshall." 6. Tito wants Yugoslav leadership. - Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito does not believe in blind submission to Russia1 although the country is a Communi:.t state. Miloven Djilas, member of the Yugoslav Politburo defined clearly the relations that should exist between the Cominform and Yugoslavia. He said Yugoslavia believes in cooperation V:ith Russia but not in blind collahoration. He rejects the idea of cooperation based on compulsion. According to the Yugoslavian definition, cooperation means agreements based on the physical contribution Yugoslavia can make or gH·e. It must be voluntary. Comments on the Stalin-Tito Feud 1. For the first time in the history of the- "Iron Curtain," we see a member of the Russian Communist system brave enough to· challenge the condemnation of the Cominform. Tito's stand has been a "her.esy" against the Communist doctrine. According to the U.S. News & World Report this refusal of Tito to submit to Stalin shows that there is a flaw in the Soviet armor. "If Marshal Tito will not take detailed orders," wrote the veteran correspondent Edwin L. James, "for admini,stration from Moscow it might mean a weakening of the systems the Soviets have built up in Europe." 2. If Marshal Tito insists on Yugoslavian leadership in running the country, Moscow might be forced to have strict coritlrol of 1 7ugoslavia through her army. Marshal Tito, however, dves not take chances. He has called for doubling the army to 800,000. The Yugosfavs, in the last Congress held in July, 1948, supported Yugoslavian leadership in the person of Marshal Tito. (Please turn to page 125) * 99 How should the twoblem of Communism be met? What are the Counter-measures against Communism? Specific ob(ectives: 1. To understand the theory and practice of Communism 2o To become acquainted with the tactics of Communism 3. To understand the proposed measures against Communism ·A sub-committee of the U.S. House of Representatives has issued a comprehensive report on "The Strategy and Tactics of World Communism," saying it is "intended as a contribution to public understanding on an issue that has been for too long a subject of confusion and controveisy to an unnecessary and dangerous degree." The 60-page report dii:,cussed the "Theory and Practice of Communism," "The Tactics of Communism." and "The Approach to Counteraction." What are the findings of the report'? What are the tactics of Communism? What are the propos~d measures against Communism ? Why the study was prepared The report was prepared by the House fereign affairs committee sub-group whfoh was ·established in May, 1947, to study all national and international political movements, including Communism, Fascism, and ationalism. The committee's first project, "was naturally concerned with the international impacts of Communist activities," the preface to the report said, inasmuch as "the foreign policy of the United States has increasingly found that Communism is a factor in every problem or situation.0 Significant conclusions of the report The report listed 10 significant conch.I,Sions which have been reached by the Committee on the basis of its studies and observations. The conclusions are: (1) The Communists have one goalworld revolution. (2) They assume that the revolution will be violent. (3) They are incapable of accepting the idea that peace can endure from now on, for they expect one more catastrophic war. (4) The Soviet Union is regarded as tJ:ie main force of the revolution, (5) They fear a coalition against the Soviet Union. (6) They, therefore, fear reconstruction or federation in the non-Communist world. (7) They utilize the most modern and effective means of cold warfare to strengthen their own forces and to weaken all others. (8) Tjie Communist parties outside the Soviet Union are' junior partners or auxiliaries. (9) The tactics are based upon a definite theory, and the control propositions of that the@ry do not change. (10) The division of Europe and Asia between the victors of World War U is to be settled by power politics and not by negotiation. Tactics of World Communism According to the report, Soviet foreign policy, like the Soviet defense policy, begins with the assumption of inevitable war. First of all, since the Communists assume that 'time is on their side,' the problem is to delay a war. Second, since the results' of the second World War have greatly reduced the number of strong capitalist states, leaving only the United States and Britain where there were formerly five, the 100 • Current Events Re•iew Vol, IV. No. 4 probability of a great war among the capitalist powers is relatively greater. This calls for planning, for some time to come, designed to maintain the independence of as many capitalist states as possible, · and as much anti-American feeling as pOssible, in order to restore the likelihood. of a war between capitalist states. Russian foreign policy is also based on the assumption that depression, stagnation, or collapse in any area not yet under Soviet contTol can be no disadvant?-ge to the cause of the rev9}ution. The Communist leaders assume the world revolution is the foundation of a. new morality, both different from and superior to the old, in which the end justi- · fies all the means. What is the approach- of counteraction? The Committee discussed the approach to counter-action. In order to take protective measures, Americans must know clearly what part of the world must be protected. A Positive goal of economic stabilization, international collaboration, and peace cannot be worked out by each nation for itself. All are dependent in a large degree upon the iron necessities of material requirements. .Modern industry and modern civilization cannot exist without materials that are found in ones country.. The abolition of the caust!s of war cannot go on in one country alone. Certain areas must be included in the non-Communist world if that world is to try the experiment of proving that it is past the stages of world revolution. Some of these, such as the Near East, must be included because they have necessary materials. The oil of the Near East is indispensable to the energy and power bases of civilization in the nonCommunist world. Others must be included because their human resour.ces, in numbers and skills, are 'such that if they go over to the Russian side, there would World Problems be a grea~ inc11ease in the Commu,nist power to hamper the stability of the democracies. It would also mean a great decrease in the power of resistance of the non-Communist side. Because of these considerations, France, Italy, Germany, and China must be included in the anti-Soviet world. This means that the democracies are engaged in an experiment to prove that war and revolution are obsolete, that a world governm~nt can be conducted with approximately the same hope of success - as that enjoyed today by the present non-Communist world. Within this nonCommunist area, the all-important measures will be the positive ones, but these positive measures cannot be carried on unless Communist sabotage and interference are fended off. What are the negative countermeasures? The Committee listed several negative counter-measures to be taken in combating world Communism. First, there must be a thorough analysis of Communism and a clear statement of this study expressed in terms that can reach the democratic peoples of the world. Second, the democratic peoples must deny the Communists any favor or special opportunity to practice their infiltration tactics. Th'rd, certain measures of political defense must be taken in many nonCommunist countries. The United States can at least lend a more sympathetic and understanding support to measures designed to make for a stronger democratic government, and a less sympathetic support for ultrademocratic tactics of Communism than in the past. Fourth, measures of economic defense are needed, by the United States and by all other nonCommunist countries, Trade with the Soviets should be placed and kept on a basis of keen advantages to both sides, and an equal respect for obligations.' (Please turn to page 116) • 101 * United Nation's Seri.es No. 30 Why is Freedom of Information a Touchstone of All the Freedoms? Specific objectives: 1. To understand the background of the World Conference on Freedom of Information. 2. To get acquainted with the difficulties met in the preparation of the articles on freedom of information. 3. To get acquainted with the accomplishments of the world conference. 4. To appreciate the significance of the accomplishments of the World Conference on Freedom of Information. "We live in times of great confusion. People are uncertain as to the course of events and eagerly hope to learn what is really happening in the world," declared Assistant Secretary-General Benjamin Cohen. "The only way in which the clamor can be answered is through the truthful, comprehensive, and timely information." Why was a commission on freedom o·f information created? What difficulties were met by ~he commission? What were the accomplishments of the World Conference on Freedom of Information? Why is freedom of information significant? Background of the work The action of the United Nations to promote freedom of information was first proposed by Ambasador Carlos P. Romulo in January, 1946. He suggested the calling of an international conference of the press in order to ensure the establishment and operation of a free press throughout the world. At the second part of its first session, the General Assembly of the United Nations stated that "freedom of information is a fundamental human right and is the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated." A resolution was proposed and adopted giving the ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) the responsibility of calling a Conference on Freedom of Information. The resolution states that the Conference shall "formulate its views concerning the rights, obligations, and practices which should be included in the concept of freedom of information." Steps were taken to prepare the ground for such a Conference. The ECOSOC set up, under its Human Rights Comnlission, a Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information and ·of the Press. The Sub-Commission held two sessions and prepared the articles for discussion by the Conference. "fhen on March 23, 1948, the World Conference on Freedom of Information was c;alled at Geneva. Difficulties met by the subcommission The sessions of the Sub-Commission were. held in an atmosphere of friendly discussions characterized at times by bitter debates on the meaning of fi-eedom of information. Many times, the members had to postpone discussion, because they could not agree with one another on the concepts which should be included under freedom of information. Among the topics that received serious attention were: the ownership of mass media of information, the right of a journalist to professional secrecy with regard to the sources of his news, the question of governmental information services, which many times prevent journalists from getting their informa102 • Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 tion directly from the people concerned, the various forms of censorship and other types of control, and the avail· ability of equipment for receiving and for disseminating information. Outlines of rights, obligations and practices The Sub-Commission prepared drafts for two articles on Freedom of Information, one for the Declaration on Human Rights and one for the Covenant. Ac· cording to the text of the draft of the Article for the Declaration of Human Rights, every person shall have the right to freedom of thought and expres· sion: this shall include freedom to hold opinions without interferences; and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas by any means and regardless of frontiers. The text for the draft of the Article for the Covenant on Human Rights, likewise, states that every person shall have the right to freedom of thought and expression without interference by government action: this right shall include freedom to hold opinions, to seek, receive, and impart in.formation and ideas, regardless of frontiers, either orally, by written or printed matter, in the form of art, or by legally operated visual or auditory devices. The right to freedom of expression carries· with it duties and responsibilities. Penalties, or restrictions limiting this right may therefore be imposed for causes which have been clearly defined by law. Among these causes are (1) matters which .must remain secret in the vital interests of the State, (2) expressions which incite persons to alter by violence the system of government, (3) expressions which directly incite per· sons to commit "Criminal acts, (4) exa pressions which are obscene, ( 6) expresa sions which are injurious to the fair conduct of legal proceedings, (6) expressions which infringe on the rights of literary and artistic property; and World Problems (7) expression which defame their reputations, or otherwise are injurious to them without benefiting the public. World conference convened at Geneva The world's largest international conference was held at Geneva from March 23, 1948 to April 21, 1948. The Con· ference was attended by 55 states and representatives of specialized agencies inter-governmental and nonagovernment-· al organizations. The Conference created four principal committees to work out the various problems connected with freedom of information. One committee was assigned to examine the task of the press and other media of information. A second committee was assigned to study the gathering and international transmisa sion of information. A third committee was asked to study the free publication and reception of information. The fourth committee was asked to study the ·problems that might arise when these committees deliberate on their respective assignments. Accomplishments of the World Conference What did the Conference accomplish? The Conference did not solve the basic question of what is freedom of informaa tion. All sides, however, were agreed on the general principle that if there is right,. there is also a duty. According to the delegates, the right of freedom of expression, therefore, carries with it the duty to inform correctly. They all admitted that today there is distortion as well as circulation of false news, omission, suppression, and deletion, and pure slander. Two opposing concepts arose in connection with freedom of information. * 103 The first concept which gained majolity acceptance declares that freedom of information i~ the birthright of every human being and should be clearly defined and proclaimed. Those in favor of the first concept believe that the very limited fields within which restrictions are permissible should be clearly stated to prevent the abuse arising oui of deliberate misinterpretation, which would be possible if no reference, or too loose a reference, were made to restrictions. The United States opposed any restrictions at all on the freedom of the press. The second concept, expressed in particular by Russia, was that freedom with ... out attendant responsibility was no more than anarchy and license; for as experience has proven that responsibility is seldom practiced unless it is enforced. The group standing for this concept urged first the laying down of the activities of the press which should be encouraged - that it' should fight fascism, racial discrimination, and war-monger-· ing, and should be prevented by iaw frQm spreading false and distorted reports. These two fundamental differences, however, did not prevent the Conference from achieving understanding of com'mon problems on freedom of information. "In the midst of a political crisis so grave as to cause the fear of a third world war,'' wrote Ambassador Carlos P. Romulo, the President of the Conference, "the representatives of sixty nations met in peaceful conclave in Geneva. They spent nea~ly one month in earnest deliberation, marked, on the one hand, by a frank interchange of views, and, on the other, by remarkable goodwill and a general desire to come to agreement through compromise." The formulation of a practical prograin of freedom of information has been achieved. "This has been done for the first time in history, with the participation and sanction of governments, in response to . a universal desire.'' The majority of the delegates agreed on three draft Conventions, which will Qecome binding international laws among the nations which ratify them. These drafts will be studied by the ECOSOC and the General Assembly. The three draft Conventions are:1. The convention ·on the gathering and international transmission of news. Freedom of movement for jot1rnalists between and within states and free transmission · of news between them should be guaranteed. Censorship is allowed _for national security hut must be carried out in certain prescribed ways designed to hamper journalists as little as possible. 2. The convention concerning the institution of an international right of correction. If a government believes thS:t a statement made about it in a for~ign country is factually incorrect, it may submit a correction. The government of the country where the false statement was made must publicize the correction. If it fails to do so, the Secretary-General of the U.N. must give the correction the widest possible circulation. 3. The convention on freedom of information.-This outlines the freedoms associated with freedom of information, such as freedom to 0 hold opinions" and •'to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas." It also lists certain restrictions on freedom of expression. 'What is the significance of the World Conference? The Sub-Commission Freedom of Information and of the Press reaffirmed the statement of the General Assembly on the significance of the freedom of information. This freedom is ·called the 11 touchstone of all freedoms" under which the U.N. is consecrated because it is essential for the maintenance, in(P!ease turn to page 126) 104 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 What lesson does Finland offer? Why Finland Refused to Surrender to Russia Specific objectives: 1. To understand the background of the relations between Finland and Russia 2. To know. the present problems of Finland 3. To understand why Finland refused to surrender to Russia Most readers -have been asking this question: "Has Finland surrendered to Russia?" The"re are some, however, who believe ·that Finland is now under the influence of the powerful Politburo (the political controlling body of the Soviet Union). To understand the real situation, we should ask ourselves these questions: What is the background of the relations between Finland and Russia? What are the present problems of Finland? Why has Finland refused to surrender to Russia? The Land and the People Finland is another name for the "Land of Lakes." The country is called "Land of Lakes" because of its many bodies of water. Finland, which the Finns call Suomi, is also known for its beauty spots. Although during winter the nights are very long and the temperature is 'cold and bitter, the c:;ummer is almost permanent day. Finland, one of the countries in the far north, has a land area of 134,557 square miles and a population of 3,700,· 000. More than three-fourths of the country is covered with forests. The Finns are fair, 'blond, fairly short and blue-eyed. The people are "igorous and bra Ve. They are tough and hardy. They enjoy athletics and living outdoors. Foreign Affairs The Finns are Protestants, but they tolerate other faiths. The most important religious minority is the Greek Orthodox Church. As most of the 1 people are liteMte; they enjoy reading the newspapers, magazines, :;i.nd books. The Economy of the Country Agriculture is limited by the nature of the climate. Only about one tenth of the land could be devoted to farming and pasture. About 65% of the people are engaged irr agriculture. The chief crops are rYe, potatoes, oats, barley, and hay. About 7% of the population is engaged in various industries. The most important industry is· the wood-pulp industry. Finland is the world·'s largest producer of wood-pulp. The other industries are timber, paper, chemical pulp, dairy produ~ts, and minerals. Early History For 652 years, Finland and Sweden were ruled jointly. From 1157 to 1809, the Finns and the Swedes enjoyed equal rights, In 1915, however, the Congress of Vienna gave Fiiiland to Russia. The Finns did not like their union with Russia because they believe in their right to be free. Finland became the battleground of the wars between Sweden and Russia. It w:as her unfortunate fatP. to become the booty of the war between these two countries. When Sweden became victorious, she took Finland. When Russia emerged triumphant, she took Finland from Sweden. From 1809 to 1917, Finland was a part of Russia. In the beginning of • 105 Russfan rule over Finland, the people were allowed to enjoy a certain amount of self-government. This right, however, did not last long.. Gradually, the Russian rulers took. away the right to self-government. The Finns revolted against the Russians sevei-al times. Their revolts, however, failed to succeed, In 1917, the Communists overthrew the government of the Tzars. Finland saw an opportunity to get her freedom. She rose up. against Russia and declared herself independent. She became a democratic republic in June, 1919. A month later, the Finns adopted a constitution. Finland's History before Worrd War II Finland enjoyed parliamentary government. from 1921 to 1923. The Finns passed laws making farmholding democratic. Land reforms were introduced because the people believe that economic democracy. is a stable basis of political democracy. An authoritarian government existed from 1923 to 1928. The Communist members of Parliament were arrested and suspended. A government of bureaucrats ruled the country. A Socialist ministry took over the reins of the government. The country suffered a severe shock during the· economic depression of 19281931, Her exports were reduced, Her income became low. There was widespread unemployment. The Finns, however, are not afraid to work for the welfare of their country. They worke~ hard to bring back economic recovery. The demand for timber from England stimulated her timber industry. After the depression, the battle between the Socialist and Fascists became bitter. The leader of the Fascist was Svinhufvud, the pro-German Finn who won the presidential election in 1931. In 1934, the Progressive won back the presidency and the powers of the government. In 1938, the Fascist party was banned by the government. The court, however, invalidated the decree. Why Finland was Involved in the War with Russia Russia and Germany had a treaty during Wotld War II, but this treaty did not bring about happy relations between the two countries. There· was mutual s'1spicion between them. Russia wanted to establish bases outside of her borders for purposes of security ... She asked Finlapd for certain islands; she demanded bases near Leningrad and the port of Hango, ' Finland rejected' all the demands of Russia; so Russia invaded Finland. For . three months Finland offered a stiff and heroic resistance, but in the end she suffered defeat. A peace treaty as well as a non-aggression pact between Finland and Russia was signed in 1940. The treaty of peace provided that Finland give up the larger eastern city: of Viipuri, much territory in Karelia and about Lake Ladoga, as well as the port of Hango. All in all, Finland lost nearly one tenth of her territory, Why Finland- was Involved in a Second War with Russia Germany declared war on Russia on June 21; 1941. Finland joined the war 011 the side of Germany. This was a violation of the non-aggression pact she signed with Russia. Because of this alliance with Germany, Finland recovered most of the lands she gave to Russia in the treaty of 1940; then she tried to withdraw from the war, but Germany prevented her and used her as a German base against Russia. 106 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 Effects of World War II on Finland In September, 1944, Finland at last succeeded in withdrawing from the war. Under the peace terms offered by Russia and Great Britain, Finland returned to her 1940 borders. She gave up the Arctic port of Petsamo to Russia, but she retained the port of Hango. In addition, Finland, granted a 50-year lease on the peninsula of Porkkala, near Helsinki, and promised to pay a war indemnity of $300,000,000 at the 1938 prices, This means she would have to pay nearly 600 million dollars for six years. Finland became weaker as a result of World War II. She lost 100,000 men and a great part of her territory. Many of her forests were burned and many of her people became homeless. Her industries were destroyed; consequently her national income was reduced. Finland Struggles for Recovery Finland has to pay her war indemnity in kind, in terms of American dollars. This means that Finland has to import steel from abroad and make into it machinery. The Finns have good credit abroad be· cause they have always fulfilled their financial obligations. They know the value of work and sacrifice in meeting the national debt. They know that love for one's couritry miist be translated in producing goods for exports in order to earn more dollars for the purchase of goods. It is interesting to note that "'geography" has given them only three important resources-water, . food, and sisu. In order t'o live, the Finns have made the most of these resources. "Finnish economists," wrote Demaree Bess, 11have been confounded by the production achieved since the armistice. The Finns have countered not only to Foreign "Affairs keep their people fed and clothed and housed but also to pay most of Finland's debts to Russia on time." Finland has no thought of nationalizing her industries because all industries must be organized for the main purpose of producing goods to pay Finland's reparations. Every step being taken is directed toward this goal for the welfare of the nation at home and abroad. Finland Refused to Surrender to Russia One day after the Commllll.ists had completed the coup in Czechoslovakia on February 25, 1948, announcement was made that Premier Josef Stalin had proposed a treaty of friendship, cooperation, and alliance to Finland, The proposal was bitterly debated by the Finnish Diet and Cabinet for 14 days. All agreed that a treaty of friendship was acceptable. Many were opposed to unfavorable military pact. In his letter to Premier Stalin, President Julio K. Paasikivi of Finland said that the Finns are opposed to a military pact because the people hope that they should "remain outside international conflicts." A Finnish delegation was sent to Moscow to discuss the pact. After two weeks a pact was negotiated. Among the provisions of the pact are: (1) The Finns will fight in their own borders in case Finland is attacked or if Russia is attacked by any foreign power through Finland. (2) Finland would allow Russia to send troops to her territory by "mutual agreement" in the "event of necessity." (3) -There would be ronsultations between the two countries in the "event of a threat of military attack." The conclusion of the pact does not mean the surrender of Finland to Russia. The Communists who composed part of the delegation sent to Russia were defeated in the last national elections. (Please turn to page 128) • 107 Why is Japan facing difficult problems? What are the Problems of Japan? Under-secretary of the Army, William H. Draper, recently visited ·different places in Japan and ·made many thoughtprovoking observations. His observations are very important in understanding Japan today, Some of his important observations_are the following: On the Responsibility of America The United States has found that the occupatiori of an enemy country is an expensive business. Under the Geneva convention, the United States, as an occupying power, is responsible to prevent disease and starvation, Only by doing so could the United States prevent dis' order and protect the occupying forces. On the End of Aggression The United States has completely demobilized the Japanese army, navy, and air forces. Japan has been completely demilitarized. Her capacity to make war is gone. If America insists on continuing proper CQ.ntrol, Japan will not revive. On the Road to Democracy A good beginning had been made in laying the groundwork of democratic in· stitution in Japan-teaching the philosophy of representative ..-government and individual freedom. A democratic constitution has been adopted and an elected government with a Diet or Parliament and a responsible cabinet is operating. On Keeping Japan Alive No peace treaty has yet been signed between the United States and Japan. For the past two and one-half years, however, the United States has not only been paying the military cost of the occupation but has been furnishing food and other relief supplies to keep the Japanese alive. In fact, America needs to spend almost 400,000,000 follars a year for Japanese relief until the Japanese people have become self-supporting, On Japanese Survival Less than 20% of Japanese land is fit for agriculture. In spite of '!"his; the Japanese, by intensive cultivatfon, gTow about 80% of their minimum food requirements. Having no control of outside resources of food and raw materials and faced with a constantly increased population, Japan must produce and export industrial products in large volume if it is to survive. To accomplish this difficult feat, all the Japanese should cooperate whole-heartedly and enlist the aid of the United States. On the Level of Japanese Industry Products which Japan can produce, given the raw materials, are needecl throughout the Far East. FU.rthermore, the Far East needs Japan as a market for its tin, wool, iron ore, copper, copra, and rice. Although the production of food and coal has been increased in Japan since the end of the war, Japanese industry today has reached only 40% of the production level fifteen years ago. There is plenty of labor in Japan. In spite of American bombings, there is industrial capacity in Japan to produce many products badly wanted throughout the world. What Japan really needs i~ raw materials. On the Reparations Issue The reparations issue must be settled quickly. Industrial plants and eciuip108 • Current Events Review Vol. JV. No. 4 inent not needed for peace-time production. are to be dismantled and shipped out as reparations. However, no final agreement has been reached as to which plants and which equipment will remain for peaceful economic recovery. This retards the ·rehabilitation of Japanese industries and hold back all production. In order to speed up the t!Conomic recovery of Japan, the United. States needs to .point out at once the industrial plants which are needed for economic recovery of the Japanese, _If this is done promntly, then the Japanese wm know where they stand and what they can do under the circumstances, .On Japanese Contribution to the Far East Japa~ese exports last year reached nearly two hundred million dollars, but these exports must be increased seven or eight times before they can pay for food and raw materials necessary to provide a tolerable standard of living for the Japanese nation. Gradual restoration of transportation throughout the! Far East would aid greatly in reaching this goal, just as a productive Japan would help to bring prosperity to its neighbors. Hates and natural prejudices resulting from Japan's ruthless attack must gradually give way to love and cooperation if the Far_ East is to prosper. Gradually, the Far East shpuld realize the importance of the peaceful industrial recovery of Japan not only to Japan but also to the Far East herself and her huge population. On the Necessity of Suffering One of the critical internal problems which Japan must solve is the results from the inflation of ®rrency. At present, there is a rise in the price of commodities because raw materials and consumers goods are scarce; besides, there is an upward pressure of wages and other costs. There is, indeed, a felt :rieed Foreign Affairs for greater production, rapid control of governmental expenditures, and increased tax revenue establishment. Without these, a stable foreign exchange rate and a stable internal economy Will be difficult indeed." It must be recognized and fully understood by the Japanese people that the destruction of war and the loss of all outlying areas of the Japanese empire cannot be made up quickly or without suffering. The Japanese people will have to work hard and long with a. comparatively low standard of livinf for many years if they are to survive and support a growing population. On the Shipping Problem J3.panese exports will have to -increase seven· or eight times to provide payment for imported food and raw materials needed to sustain any reasonable standard of living in Japan. An important factor in both imports and exports relate to shipping and transportation costs. The Japanese merchant marine is only ....20% of its pre-war size, and what is left is ~largely fishing and coastal vessels. A gradual increase in Japan's J111erchant shipping would help greatly in facilitating her trade and in reducing the annual defici~. This deficit is caused largely by the freight charges on Japan's foreign trade. On Reestablishing Commercial Relations Less than a hundred years ago, Japan was opened to the world through the efforts of Commodore Perry. For nearly 90 years, the Japanese copied Western ways, developed great industrial plants, and expanded the Japanese empire until it dominated the Far East. In 1941, with the Western World at war-Tojo gambled all to expand and perpetuate the empire. Today, in the face of crushifl.g defeat, Japan has lost its empire. Nothing is left except four home islands (Please turn to page 126) * 109 Do all Americans enjoy their civil rights? Why is there a Fight for the Implementation of the American Bill of Rights? Specific objectives: 1. To understand the reason for the creation of the Committee on Civil Rights 2. To become acquainted with the find.il}gs of the Committee 3. To understand the recommendations of the Committee 4. To know the cause of the fight for the implementation of the civil liberties If you have studied the history ·Of the United States, you have read this passage which is sacred to every libertyloving American. "We hold these rights to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ... " Twice before World War II, the government of the United States has found it necessary to review its "civil rightS." During the years between the American Revolution and 1791, the American government . drafted its Bill of Rights. During the Civil War of 1861-1865, the government granted equal rights to the Negroes and to the white Americans. Why was there a third examination? What has been found in this third examination? What are the recommendations to enable all the Americans to enjoy their civil liberties? Why is there a fight on the implementation of the American Bill of Rights ? Why a Third Examination was Necessary One day in July, 1946, thousands of Americans read in their newspapers the story of a band of armed white men in Monroe, Geo:fgia, who dragged four Negroes from their car and killed them in cold blood. Two of them were women. President Truman was horrified by the massacre. He appointed a committee of 15 leading citizens to make a re,port on the status of civil rights in the United States. The committee was composed of representatives of different races, religions, and interests. The chairman was Charles E. WJlson, president of General Electric Company. The Committee on Civil Rights made an inquiry for 10 months. It submitted its 178-page report on October 29, 1947, entitled "To Secure These Rights," a phrase taken from the historic Declaration of Independence. Are Civil Liberties Guaranteed? The Committee on Civil Rights was asked to focus its attention on the shortcomings and mistakes of the American people in guaranteeing civil rights. The Committee did just what it was asked to do. What did the Committee find? There are unequal opportunities. lq the District of Columbia, the nation's capital, there are unequal opportunities. Negro schdols are inferior to schools for the white pupils and students. The large universities do not admit colored students .. Some hospitals do not admit Negroes, Most downtown hotels and res· taurants bar Negroes. Negroes may only see movies near their neighborhood, There is racial discrimination.-In some 20 states, there are laws segregat~ inJ people according to race in public places. In Arkansas, for instance, Negroes are assigned to unskilled la'.bor. In Georgia, Negroes are offered lower sa.l110 • Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 arles than white laborers. In 17 states, members of different races must go to different schools. Other colleges set a limit on the number of colored students to be admitted. Fewer than 50 Negro students have graduated from New York's medical schools during the last 25 years. The right to safety and security is denied.-The Committee reported that there are many cases where the right of a person to safety and security is denied. There has been a decrease in lynchings. During the last seven years, about 200 Negroes and 26 white citizens have been iynched · by mobs. In 1946, six persons were killed by mobs. It has been reported that state and local official do not only permit the lynchers to go unfinished very often, but sometimes they also assist the lynchers. "The threat of lynchings always hangs over the head of the southern Negro." The worst violation of civil rights is the unwarrant~d attack on minority ~groups, such as the Negroes, "Mexicans, and the religious sect known as the witnesses of Jehovah. Negroes have been killed sometimes for no reason other than 41 willingness to kill." There is no guarantee for equal administration of justice.-Police officers are not only brutal with prisoners but they are also unfair in the administration of justice. There are sections in the United States where Americans of Mexican 'descent, Indians,.and Negroes cannot get full justice because of the absence of their kind from the jury list. In Texas, for example, fifty countries have never been known to have called persons of Mexican descent for jury service .. Heavy sentences are .imposed on many colored peoples, There is no guaranty to citizenship and its privileges.-The right to vote and enjoy the privileges of citizenship are not guaranteed in many states. In 17 states, members of different races must Foreign Affairs go to different schools. In 2 states, only people who can pay a poll tax are allowed to vote. In some states there are other rules which prohibit the Negroes from voting. In Alabama, the right to vote is given to those who can "understand and explain" the state constitution. This test, howe~r, is ignored for the whites. It is primarily intended for the Negroes. There are efforts to continue the "pure white electoral system" in some states, although the supi-eme Court has declared the Texas white primary illegal. There is the old fashioned method of terrorism and intimidation to frighten the Negros froin voting, There is discrimination in the armed services. Although the defense of the nation is a prime duty of every citizen, the Committee reported that certain members of races who respond to the call for military service receiv~ bad treatment. Almost 80% of the Negroes in the armed service are cooks, stewards, and stewardmates although less than 2% of the whites are assigned to such duties. One Negro in 70 is commissioned in the Army, During the last 75 years, West Point Military Academy admitted only 37 Negroes and the Naval Academy only 6. The right to freedom of conscience and expression is denied.-The Committee also pointed out that although Americans wotship as they choose and the United is frE!er from government restraint than any other nation the world has seen, and although American citizens are normally free to exercise their right to speak, without fear of retribution, still, "there are communities in which sporadic interferences wjth the rights of unpopular religions, political, and economic groups take place." Signilicant Development in Civil Rights The Civil Committee on Civil Rights did not only report on the violations of * .111 civil rights but also discussed the significant progress made in the development of civil rights in the United States. The Committee reported that there is (1) steady progress toward universal suffrage, (2) disappearance of brutality from American society to a poini "where the occurrence -0f a single act of violence is a shocking event because it is out of keeping with our system of equal justice under the law," (3) accelerated assimilation during the past 10 years of Negros into the realm of American labor, (4) the establishment of interracial churches and the employment of Negro teachers by white colleges, (6) the hiring of Negros as police officers in some southern cities, and (6) a "growing tendency of southern courts to see that the law is enforced with impartiality and equal justice to all." Recommendations to Guarantee Civil Liberties The Committee submitted a number of recommendations to guarantee civil rights. (1) The civil rights division of the Department of Justice should be reorganized to make the machinery for the protection of rights efficient. (2) Law enforcement agencies comparable to the civil rights division of the DePartment of Justice should be established by the state government. (3) Enactmept of a. federal anti-lynching law which should cover participation of state and local public officers and which should punish them for failure to _use proper "me_as~1res to protect ·a suspect against mob violence or failure to arrest those responsible for mob violence. ( 4) Action by state or Congress to end poll taxes as a :fequirement for the exercise of the right of suffrage. (5) Legislations to assure qualified voters the right to pa,rticipate in federal primaries and elections. (6) Modifications of naturalization laws to permit granting of citizenship without regard to color, race, or national origin. (7) Repeal of state laws discriminating against aliens who are ineligible for citizenship because of c_olor, race, or national origin. (8) Legislations to end all discriminations and segregation based upon color, race, creed, or national origin in the armed services. (9) Barring Federal assistance to public or private agencies which practice discrimination and segregation. (10) . Enactment of Federal 'and state fair employment ac'bs prohibiting discrimination in private employment. (11) Enactment of state laws for fair educational practices for public and private educational institutions. (12) Outlawing by states of restrictive covenants in sale of property. (13) Enactment of federal laws banning discriminations in all public services and prohibiting segregation in interstate transportation. (14) Enactment of laws guaranteeing equal access to public places or public accommodations for persons of all races, colors, and creeds. Truman Recommends Congress to Act On February 3, 1948, President Truman sent a message to Congress outlining several suggestions on what may be done to guarantee civil libertie&. The President recommended the following: (1) Creation of a Permanent Commission on Civil Rights to guarantee the rights of all citizens.· (2) Setting up of Joint Congressional Committee on Civil Rights and a Civil Rights Division in the Departinent_ of Justice to work with the Commission on Civil Rights. (3) Laws on guaranteeing civil rights should be strengthened. ( 4) Lynchings should be made a Federal offense. Laws must be passed to punish lynchings. (5) Poll taxes and other prohibitions which prevent· the exercise of the right to vote should be abolished. (6) A Fair Employment Commission should be set up to see to it that no worker is deprived of employment on account of race, color, religion, or national origin. (7) The (Please turn to page 127) 112 • Current Events Review Vol. JV. No. 4 Russia and the Assembly The New Yo1•k Times editorial entitled "Russia and the Assembly" said: Aghast at .the continued reign of violence and bewildered by the multiplicity of issues confronting it, the world turns its eyes with hope and prayer to Paris where the general assembly of the United Nations began its third regular session as a: focal point of all world problems. It meets in what Secretary of State Marshall rightly characterized "unusually critical world situation".- But the fact that it does meet and that in spite of all its inadequacies, all nations, large and small, still feel constrained to submit their causes and their actions to the judgment of this only existing world authority, is in itself a tribute to both the United Nations and the power of world moral forces which it represents. As long as that is the case there remains the hope, not only that threatened conflicts will be averted but also, as Mr. Marshall said, that continued discussion may still bring us to a more peaceful world. But that hope must rest primarily on the mobilization of the world's moral forces and restraint they can exert on recalcitrant rather than on any chances for direct agreements,. For the indkations are that this meeting will be primarily a duel between Russia and the West in continuation of the "eoM war" which is also at -the botto:rri of most problems troubling the nations. "The cold war" still better than "hnt" war but in this "cold war"· Russia can also hope to hold an advantage berause of the very unscrupulousness of its propaganda, which bears no, relation to the fa'cts of any situation. And the only way the Western powers can meet it is to adopt a strategy which won't confine _itself to the defensive against the World Affairs expected Russian onsla'ught but will also advance a positive program that will win the general support. by both its legality and its unchallengeable moral content in the same way the Atlantic Cha~ter was able to unify the world's moral forces during the last war. An indication of Russian .strategy is provided on the eve of the assembly's meeting by the Russian announcement regarding Korea, which is one of the items of the assembly's agenda. Russia declares that it has decided to evacuate the Northern half of Korea beginning almost immediat~ly and calls on the United States to do likewise .in the Southern half. This is an action designed to appeal to both Koreans and to the general assembly, but the facts show that it is up for wh;it it really is. Russia has created in Nasthern Korea a Communist puppet government backed up by a Russian-trained army of some 150,000 men, while the Korean government created in the South under the auspices of the U. N. is still in formative stages and is backed up by nothing more than a native constabulary force which hopes in time to reach the strength of fifty thousand men. Should the U. S. withdraw as well, there's little doubt that the Northern Korean regime, i"eirrforced if need be by Manchurian and Chinese Communist, could easily overrun the Southern half and make all Korea another Russian satellite. It is the obvious purpose of the Russian move to prepare the way for this. What's even more important, the Russian move in Korea is· an obvious precedent fo'r a similar proposal regarding Germany, which is the key to the whole East-West conflict and which is also likely to come before the assembly. (Please turn to page 128) * 113 What does the American Press Think of Communist Moves in the Far East? Specific objectives: 1. To understand the latest moves of Communist forces in Asia 2. To know the dangers of these moves Increasing Communist activity The increasing Communist activity in the Far ·East has called forth editorial comment in several leading U. S. papers in the past few days. Such events as the Communist coup in Indonesia and the murder of U Tin Tut, well-known Burmese anti-Communist, are seen as part of the Communist plot W control Southeast Asia, as -publicly charged last week by British Foreign Minister 'Bevin. The U. S. attention has been focused on such an activity by a statement made last week by the State Department press officer, McDermott who said that the Department has been closely watching uthe rapid increase of Cornmllnist activity which has taken place in Southeast: Asia since early this year." · McDermott also pointed out that a major Communist strategy has been to champion the cause of local Nationalist thus trying to identify communism with Nationalism in the minds of the people of the area. His further observation that there is evidence that sincere Nationalists are awakening to this ruse coincided with the public denunciation of the Indonesian Communist Party 'by Indonesian Premier Hatta, now faced with putting down the actual insurrection of that party in Madioen in East Java. McDermott's statement also coincided with the visit to Washington of Netherland's Foreign Minister Stikker, who discussed Communist activities in the Far East with top State Department officials, including Secretary of State Marshall and Under-Secretary Lovett. Stikker, who left here Monday, pointed out at a press conference on the eve of his departure that the recent Comtiiunist revolt in Java might l!:rovide an opportunity for the Dutch to reach an agreement with the present Indonesian government, saying: "We want to play ball with th.e constructive elements. We are ready to meet an~ support Premier Mohammed Hatta if he is ready to make arrangements with the Dutch." The new Dutch cabinet, Stikker averred, "recognizes the legitimate interests of the real Nationalists for freedom and independence. It wants to find a sound, lasting solution' of the Indcnesian problem. But it refuses to enter into any agreement which would strengthen the Communist movement there." !xploitation of nationalism The Washington Stwr, taking note not only of the Communist activity in Java but as well as in Burma, Malaya, IndoChina, and the Philippines, said, in part: "When Bevin to1d the House of Commons that Southeast Asia is one of the prime targets of a concerted plan by international Communism to stir up civil war and precipitate chaos, he gave official utterance to something which has been long known to infurm observers of the situation. Evidence of this Com114 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 munist strategy, instigated from Moscow, is so specific and abundant that it is irrefutable. And the reasons behind the Red drive in that section of the world are equally clear. Southeast Asia is, collectively, the greatest and bestdeveloped single source of those primary raw materials vitally needed for the economic recovery of the western .nations. Desuite the ravages of the late war and the Japanese occupation, Southeast Asia is staging an economic comeback which, if uninterrupted, would within a few years restore its productivity to sometning like pre-war levels. The Communist campaign is, therefore, a gigantic sabotage plot which involves the well-being, n0t only of the West but also of the native peoples themselves. It has nothing intrinsically to do with native aspirations for self-government or independence, but nierely exaJ.oits nationalistic aspirations for strictly Communist ends." How to fight Communism The St. Louis Post Dispatch, on the other hand, while clearly acknowledging the Communist drive for power in the Far East, strikes a warning note. Criticizing the Dutch policy in lndoneSia to date which it claims "is playing into Communist hands" by its failure to carry out wartime pledges, it calls for a clear differentiation between Communist-inspired movements and legitimate claims of colonial peoples, saying: uThere is only one safe way to fight the Communist bid for power in Southeast Asia. That is by giving the Indonesians the political and economic concessions which justice demands they have. Except on this basis, there is not much chance for a long-range peace and security." Why the red drive cannot be ignored The Philadelphia lnquirer, taking an over-all view of Communism in the Far East as world issue, said: World Affairs "As the United Nations general assembly prepares to take up the grave problems of Europe, new and comparable problems of Communist trouble-making are spreading in Southeast Asia. "Behind both the European anp Asiatic questions is the unconcealed design of Soviet Russia to create turmoil and confusion and to prevent quiet, peaceful settlements in any country where it has a foothold or can get one. "Most flagrant of Red activities within the last few days was the assassination of U Tin Tut, anti-Communist leader in Burma, which is in the throes of a Red rebellion. "British forces are fighting Malayan Communists. In China, the endless war between the Communists and Natibnalists is highlighted by the seige of Sinkiang. And now in Java, President Soekarno has announced that a Communist coup, led by Moscow-trained Javanese, has seized control of Madioen and proclaimed a 'Soviet regime'." The Inquirer then points to the Russian attempts to bolster Communism· in Japan, together with "latest Soviet propaganda mov,e in Korea", with the announced •withdrawal of Soviet troops by January of next year. - Terming this a "trick" in that North Korea has a large Korean Communist army ready to overrun the South, it lauds the State Department position that the withdrawal of U. S. troops in that area is contingent on the U. N. action in the Korean prob- lem of which it has already taken cognizance, saying: 11That is a proper stand. Russia is fostering revolts in the Far East that increase the danger ta world peace. The Red drive in Asia cannot be ignored by our country or the United Nations." What is the aim of the Korean mov~? The New York Herald-Tribune also links the Korean move with the whole * 115 What are the Counter· •.. (Continued from page 101) The conduct of all economic relations with the Communist-controlled countries should be designed for equal benefits in all cases, and a balance of benefit to them in none. Fifth, we should tell the Communist-controlled countries that we are more advanced than they, that we are already post-revolutionary, that we promise peace, not war, while they can only promise war, not peace. Seventh, if we succeed in the only kind of project C?mmunist strategy in the Far East, saying: i'The primary reason behind the Russian promise ... · is highly important for all nations with an interest in the Orient. The reason for the Russian promise, most obviously, is that the underlying policies of Russia in Asia are based on a recognition of the tremendous strength of the nationalist sentiment in every Oriental country. . . The Russians apparently believe that by the time Orientals learn that Moscow aCtually is trying to destroy nationalism, the Orient will be under Russian control. There is considerable doubt however, about the effectiveness of the Russian policy for the long term. The Oriental. . . rarely has been deceived for long about the motives behind the older types of imperialism, He is not likely to be fooled for any great length of· time about the motives behind the new Communist imperiaHsm."-Special release of the United States InformatiQll· Service. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. What are the goals of the latest moves of Communism in Asia? 2. Why is Asia ripe for Communism? 3. What should be done to meet the Communist Challenge? that can make for peace in a positive sense, one of the accompaniments will be a new turn of Communist policy from a radical offensive drive to a moderate defensive policy, It must be one of our incidental aims to keep the Communists from ever taking the offensive. What are the positive counter· measures? The first and the most indispensable thing to do is to keep American economy on an even keel, and go forward without a depression. Second, America must clarify her argument. One factor that weakens the morale of the non-Communist world, and strengthens the morale of the Communist world is the clarity of the Communist ideas and the vagueness of ours. This does not mean that A.merica must have as neat a cutglass theory as that of the Russians. In a nutshell, the Americap objective is to prove that Lenin, who believed that there would be no solution to the faults of capitalism without violent world rev~ olution, was wrong. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is there a need for ::m understanding of the theory, practice, and tactics of Communism? What is the value of this knowledge in our national life? 2. Illustrate from the materials which you have read in the previous issues of the Current Events Review how the tactics of Communism have been applied in some European countries. 3. Examine the conclusions given by the Committee. Do you believe in theln? Why? 4. Study the various counter-measures. Do you think they are important? Why? 116 • Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 Significant World News Roundup UNITED ST ATES U.S. to Stand on Rights in Berlin The United States has recently restated her intention to remain in Berlin while trying to negotiate solutions to problems which beset Germany. Certain events which recently took place demanded the re-statement of the United States policy. First, there was the activity of the Communist-dominated Social Unity .Party in disrupting democratic processes, in Berlin. Second, there was the demonstration of German Communists in Berlin. Third, 20 Soviet bombers and 10 fighter planes flew over Berlin in an attempt to blockade the airlift service in Berlin. This mass formation was a violation of the four. power air safety rules which prohibit formation flying over the city. What is the significance of the news? In his press conference, President Truman said that the United States would not be pushed out of Berlin. Secretary Marshall said that the tactics of the Communist-controlled government will be firmly resisted. According to U.S. officers in charge of the air lift, the flights of American airplanes over Berlin proved that the U.S. air strength can be mobilized anywhere, at any time. The officers added that mass flights over Berlin cannot be stopped by winter. This time there would be no "appeasement.7' EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM Removing Communist Threat The latest report of Paul G. Hoffman, head of the U.S. Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), said that the International News Marshall Plan for Europe under the European Recovery Program has renioved the peril of Communism in Western Europe. He said that the free nations of western Europe have recovered the hope that they will be free. What is the significance of the news? The ·remote goal of the ERP is being realized by the execution of th~ Marshall Plan. "If it had not been for the hope of the Marshall Plan," wrote Paul G. Hoffman, "I am quite certain that Italy and France Would have been in the hands of the Communists six months ago. If that had happened, all of western Europe would have been imperiled." U.N. GUARD PROPOSAL Endorsement of Proposal Secretary General Trygvie Lie has proposed in his latest annual report the formation of .,_a small guard force of 1,000 and 5,000 members to protect U.N. missions, provide transport and communications, observe plebiscites, and perform other services as d,_irected by the· U.N. Security Council and General Assembly in the interest of world peace. The United States has endorsed the proposal. What is the significance of the news? The proposal of Secretary General Trygvie Lie was· the outcome of the experiences of the on-the-spot activities of the U.N. during the last three years. Had the small guard force been available last year, many lives could have been saved, particularly in Indonesia and Palestine. The work of the Security Council would have been also effective. The death of Count Folke Bernadotte, mediator on the Palestine ques• 117 tion, could have been prevented had there been the necessary security force. DAI REN Restrictions Dairen is a port in Manchuria. Ac .. cording to the Russo-Chinese Treaty o,f August, 1945, the port would be a Chinese-administered port. According to the recent report of Isaac Patch, Jr., U.S. vice-consul at that city, the Soviets have declined to relinquish the port. What were the different forms of control imposed by the Soviets? The report on Patch's observations stated the following: Chinese families are obliged to register and to record any. movement of a member from one town to another; only Chinese who go to neighboring areas for the expressed purpose of obtaining food are allowed to leave the city temporarily; travel by foreigners is strictly limited. What is the significance of the news? Dairen is a very important port. Because of its location, it is very important to the security plans of Russia in the Far East. The agreement of August, 1945 between Russia and China has not yet been carried out because Russia wants to maintain her security frontiers in the Far East. We c'an wider.stand Russia's attitude if we remember that American troops are in the southern sector of Korea; however, it is to be admitted that the violation of the SinoRusso treaty is unwarranted. JAPAN Looted Property must be Returned ration of property found in other territories have been issued. What is the significance of the news? The decision is very important for al1 the countries in the Far East that waged war against Japan. Among the important looted properties taken by the J apanese government were industrial and transportation machinery and ships. It is provided that ships looted by the J apanese should be refitted or repaired in Japanese ship yards. The cost for such repair should be borne by the Japanese government. Agreements for restoration of property found in territories other than Japan should be made by means of bilateral agreements drawn up in accordance with the policies laid down by the FEC. The liquidation of unclaimed property should be done for the benefit of· the 1_1 nations who took part in the war against Japan. CHINA Is there Hope for China? _ Leaders of important minority groups in the Kuomintang party in_ China are bringing stronger pressui-e for reform on Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek. The new leaders demand that drastic action must be taken to produce more honesty and efficiency in the army and in the civilian branches of the government. Steps also should be made to give high positions to men who are deeply inter~sted in the welfare of the Chinese people. The new leaders have learned from experience that reforms have only real power in the hands of those who controi the party machinery and the army. In the past, the reforms did not produce much good because the power was not given to those who would put the welfare of the nation above the interest of the party. The Far Eastern Commission has directed that immediate steps must be taken to restore to Allied countries property lost by looting from the areas formerly occupied by the Japanese. The What is the significance of the news? stepe that should be taken for the resto- The time is now ripe for real reform ration of looted property and the resto- in the Kuomintang party and in the 118 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 Chinese administration. Many Americans, according to an editorial of the New York Herald-Tribune, will be heartened by the present activities of the reform group in the Kuomintang. The Americans have always believed that China's problems must be solved by the Chinese. In addition, the present is an appropriate time to urge reform because the United States and China have just agreed to set up a Sino-American rural reconstruction commission to increase farm production, aid in carrying out land reform, and, in general, relieve the misery of the Chinese peasant. If Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek accepts the advice of Chinese patriots who urge radical reform, he has a chanC:e to regain the great prestige he once possessed, both in China and ~lsewhere. In addition, he will have the opportunity to help put his country on the road to unity and true independence. KOREA Wants U.S. Forces to Remain The Republic of Korea was the outgrowth of the elections held on May 10, 1948, in accordance with a resolution passed by the General Assembly in its second annual regular session in 1947. The new republic was inaugurated on August 15, 1948, the anniversary of Korea's liberation from the Japanese, The Soviet occupation forces in tht. northern sector of Korea did not allov: the U.N.· Korea commission to enter the Soviet zone of occu,pation. Russia also refused to recognize the regim~of the new republic. The new Korean President, Syngrnan Rhee, has signified to the U.S. force authorities the need for the indefinite sta v of the American occupation forces i;1 Korea. What is the significance of the news? The U.N. General Assembly resolutiou on Korea called for the simultaneous International News withdrawal of the U.S. and the Russian troops from both occunation sectors o_f Korea within 90 days after the establishment of the national government for Korea. The refusal of Russia to recognize the government of Rhee has forced Dr. Rhee to create a joint committee of three Koreans and three Americans to arrange military "withdrawal in the framework of the United Nations' resolution on Ko· rea." In addressing .the Korean national assembly, Dr. Rhee said: "We feel that the liberation of Korea is not yet accom· plished. Therefore, we desire the U.S. army as a liberation force to remain." Dr. Rhee said his government would regard the Northern Korean Communist election as a '1subversive activity" for which the Korean Communists will be punished." INDIA Definition of Foreign Policy India's foreign policy has been restated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of the Dominion of India. In his speech before the Constituent Assembly (Legislative body), he said that India's foreign policy will be "straightforward, honest, and indepen· dent." What is the significance of the news? The Dominion of India is beginning to reassert the right of an Oriental country to take its proper place am~mg the family of independent nations. In stating that India would be independent in her foreign policies, the Prime Min· ister made it clear that India would ex· ercise her sovereignty. India believes in the United Nations. She sympathizes. with the small countries struggling for their freedom. She does not believe that India sho1>ld align herself with any power for materialistic purposes. * 119 RUSSIA Is Russia Delaying the Settlement of the Berlin Question 7 The democratic powers have tried to make an early settlement of the Berlin c-risis-the lifting of the air blockade. Several conferences were held with Russia's top political leaders including ·Premier Joseph Stalin. The discussions of many vital problems affecting the relations of the democratic powers with Russia are important in assuring world peace. The Russian government has refused to make an early settlement of the German problems. What is the significance of the news? For the sake of world peace, it is essential -that Russia make an early settlement of all basic differences between her and the Western powers. Russia is meeting troubles ·within the Iron Curtain. The Cominform has suffered in its attempt to dictate the policies which the Yugoslav government should take. Poland tried to show that she was not sat.,. isfied with Communist-dictated p6licies. Russia knows that although she is lagging behind the schedule of the FiveYear Plan for reconstl'uction and rehabilitation, the Marshall Plan has resto!ed the hope of freedom in all countries of Western Europe. Russia also knows that the European Recovery Program is succeeding. As a matter of fact, Communism has failed to upset the countries of Western Europe. Russia must either collaborate with the Western Powers or dedare war against them. The first is the safer way. The second is more costly and more uncertain, What will be Russia's next move? GERMANY What is the Lesson? The "air lift" in Berlin has several interesting lessons to offer t.o both the United States and Russia. In order to carry 4,000 tons of cargo to Berlin daily, 600 flights are required. The cost of this "air lift" is $200,000 a day. To carry the same amount of cargo by freight cars, 336 freight cars are needed. The total cost by freight cars is $20,000 daily. Russia and America have learned valuable lessons. What is the significance of the news? Russia is greatly impressed by the U.S.-Br:tish ability to deliver by air more than 4,000 tons of goods per day. Russia had no idea that such amount could be delivered. The "air lift", therefore, has taught the Russians that the 14 air power" .of the Western countries cannot be matched. The "air lift" has also increased Russia's estimate on the strength of the West. On the othei hand, the American and the British military commands have learned the effec'tiveness of "air lift" in feeding a blockaded city. For the first time in the history of the world, "air diplomacy" is playing a great role in shaping the relations of the. big powers of the world. IS RAEL Confidence Israel, the newest nation of the world, has gained confidence on account of the Arab invasion Of Israel. This invasion has produced great effects. First, the country was united politically. Second, the various rr:.ilitary groups have been consolidated under one army. Israe1 recently showed her power when the Foreign Minister told the Arabs that continued truce violations would mean resumption of war. What is the significance of the news? The unity and confidence gained by Israel have increased the prestige of the new nation. The political situation in the country has improved. The new army is cOnfiderit that it could win a (Please turn to page 127) 120 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 The Philippines and.the World Filipino Doctors Get High Praise The first group of Filipino doctors who studied in the United States under the provision of the Philippine Rehabilitation Act has recently received high praise from Dr. Henry R. O'brien, chief of the educational programs section, office of the international health relations, U. S. Public Health Service. Dr. O'Brien, who directed the program of study for the Filipino traineees, said that all the 22 physicians and a woman nutritionist, "did so well that every school they attended is eager to accept other Filipino trainees this fall." He said that in addition to doing well in their studies they. formed lasting American friendship and made valuable professional contacts. "I am sure they are taking back to the Philippines a fund of experience and training which, if properly used, will be valuable to their country," 'Dr. O'Brien said. "They have had a good year. They have made a favorable impression on the United States for the Philippines and, in return, the United States has made a favorable impression on them." Opportunities for Sponge Industry An opportunity for Philippine business capital in the sponge industry was recently revealed by Dr: Deogracias V. Villadolid, Director of the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries, and Hugh W. Terhune, Administrator of the Philippine Fishery Program. Recent inquiries by the -American Sponge Institute, the central trade body of the sponge producers, processors, and sellers, indicate that the world's supply of natural sponges is very short and that National Affairs the price is high. American interests are anxiously seeking new sources of supply, according to the officials. According to a report by Herbert E. Warfel, in-charge of the Biological and Oceanographic Investigations of the Philippine Fishery Program, sponge~ were among the first items for export to come to the attention of the Americans upon their arrival in the Philippines. These Am·ericans who first realized the importance of sponges as an article of export did much to try to promote such trade. Recent communications from the Uriited States, according to Warfel, have asked for specimeiis of ~he Philippine product both in the. raw state and in the finished conditions. The American Sponge Institute is particularly anxious to obtain as complete a collection of sponges as possible to determine the suitability of the product .for the various purposes for which there - exists a demand and to classify Philippine sponges in terms of the world's trade terminology. P.1.-Argentine Relations The foreign office of Argentina has confirmed the news that diplonlatic relations between the Philippines and Argentina have been established. Exchange of notes took place in London between the Philippine minister and the Argentine ambassador in London. New Reparation Items for the Philippines The Philippines is entitled to receive 5 % of the advanced tra?J.sfer or interim reparations from Japan. According to * 121 a Philippine representative in the reparations committee in Japan, several fuel research pilot plants have been earmarked by the SCAP for removals. The research pilot plants to be received by the Philippines will be useful studies on converting coconut oil into gasoline. The acquisition of the research pilot plants would complete the fourth segment of "pooled items" allocation to the Philippines. The first segment of reparation came in the fohn of 3,000 units of machine tools. The second came in the form of laboratory equipments. The third came in the form of electrical facilities. P. I. Ramie and the World Philippine ramie is due for a largescale production according to reports made by Willis G. Waldo, ramie consultant to the National Development Company. According to the reports, there are vast possibilities for ramie production in the Philippines. The development of ramie industry will give the American manufacturers a reliable source of supply. The reports men.:. tioned that about two or three years are needed for the large-scale production of ramie. Large-scale production of ramie means greater income for the Philippines because of the great demand for ramie. Campaign against un-Filipino Activities One of the national ideals of the Philippine Republic is the establishment of an enduring national existence. The newly created house committee against unFilipino activities will help discover various activities that threaten. the existence of the Republic. It will study the problem of Communism, the Huk problem, and other allied isms that undermine our democratic institutions. Iron Export for Japan The Philippine government has approved the export license sought by the Philippine Iron Mine~, Inc., to export 200,000 tons of iron ore to SCAP in Japan. One concession given by the Philippine Iron Mines Inc. was the giving of the entire allocation of finished steel products totalling 8,500 tons. This concession is needed by the Philippine government for purposes of reconstruction. The arrangement made with the Philippine Iron Mines, Inc. is a typical example of the limited trade done with Japan under the supervision of the SCAP. The government has recently set the policy on trade with Japan. P. I. Industrial Needs under Study The ECAFE (Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East) is now making a study of the industrial needs of the Philippines. The ECAFE was created by the United Nations to solve the economic problems of the countries in Asia and the Far East. In order that the problems of the industrial needs of the Philippines may be related to the whole economic problems of Asia and the Far East, it is necessary that special committees be assigned to make a report on the local industrial needs; so several committees were recently created. The 11 committees will submit their report to the next ECAFE session in Australia on November 22, 1948. Efforts to be Exerted to Save Capital The U. S. Congress has authorized several million dollars for reconstruction on public works. It has been reported that it may not be possible for various agencies engaged in reconstruction to complete the various public works by the fiscal year 1950. If the public works projects are not completed in 1960, the unexpended cash would be forfeited by the Philippine government to the United States. (Please turn to page 125) 122 * Current Events Review Vol. JV. No. 4 Science Marches On Tidal Wave Warning The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey has devised a warning system, using earthquake observation instruments, a lookout service, and fast radio communications. Plans to develop the seriice began on April 1, 1946, when a seaquake south of the Aleutian Islands near Alaska sent rapidly traveling waves over a large area of the Pacific Ocean. After 5-1/2 hours, the waves had struck a Hawaiian island causing the death of 173 persons and the loss of property amounting to $25,000,000. The Coast and Geodetic SurvEty under its director, Admiral Leo Otis Colbert, immediately set out to meet the challenge of devising a warning system incoporating the Ia'test in scientific instruments. Today, two earthquake recorders equipped with sound alarms are operating in Tucson, Arizona, and near Honolulu, Hawaii. How does the new device work ? After the alarm has been sounded by the seismological instrument, the radio begins to operate through rapid military channels. Within a few minutes, the seaquake will be located by contact with seismological stations. A report will then be sent immediately to the seismological station with its center at Honolulu, and simultaneous messages will go to a network of ocean watchers, including Coast Guardsmen, lighthouse attendants, harbor masters, tide observers, and others. Should the watchers observe any unusual rise or fall of water or a disturbance in 'the normal sequence of high tide and tow tide, which are characteristic of impending seismic sea wave, these watchers in turn will report on their observations to Honolulu through rapid channels. Modern Science Home Appliance Electrical home appliance manufacturers have concentrated on applying new -techniques and materials developed during World War II to electrical items already established in many American homes. Among these are the refrigerator, the electric stove, the ele_ctric iron, the vacuum cleaner, and the washing machinb. Other new appliances, many of them automatically controlled, such as the home freezing unit and the home laundry, are being manufactured. Vying for the favor of the American housewife, the appliance manufacturers are bringing out a variety of tnodels at the lowest possible prices. They are producing a large number of smaller items suCh as .electric toasters and grills, fruit squeezers, and food mixers. There are now several types of home freezers. The newest type of electri~ drier for home laundry is by means of electronic control, shuts off automatically when the clothes are dry (for storing) or slightly damp (for ironing). The latest ironing and pressing machine is a machine with automatic heat controls, non-knotting cords and steam dispensers. The controls regulate the amount of lieat in the iron, depending upon the type of cloth to be press,ed. The latest vacuum cleane-r includes new attachments for cleaning floors, walls and furniture. There are also at~ tachments for de-mothing closets and clothes. There are· now electrically heated blankets with coils woven into the wool texture, Newest in this field is an "electric" sheet, which can be fastented to any blanket or comforter. Need for Atomic Standards In order to safeguar<! the public from the use of materials that go in the pro• 123 duction of atomic energy, the United States Atomic Energy Commission has decided to establish an atomic standards bureau. The new laboratory. to be built at New Brunswick, New Jersey, will not produce atomic energy. It will test atomic materials such as uranium, radioactive isotopes, chemical cornpoJinds, and other substances and equipments used in atomic production for purity and quality. Rsh Food Test Six American women students of the University of Maryland recently cooperated "in a test of the comparative food values of fish and meat. The test, conducted by Dr. Hugo W. Nilson, pharmacologist at the Fish and Wildlife Services laboratory in College Park, Maryland, and Miss Shirley J. Wilson, a graduate assistant in fisheries, showed that the effect of a fish diet on the red cell count and the hemoglobin value of human blood equalled that of a meat diet. (Hemoglobin is the chemical substance that forms the blood's red color and carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.) During the first three weeks of the experiment, all students consumed a standard diet in which meat was a chief item. Four girls then stopped eating meat for the next seven weeks and consumed fishery foods - both fresh and salt water varieties - prepared in different ways. The others continued the regular diet. During the experiment, blood tests were taken regularly to obtain red cell counts and hemoglobin values. From these, it was determined that fishery foods maintain as good a red cell count and hemoglobin va1ue in human blood as meat. In fact, there was an increase in both for the four girls on the fish diets. This test is one of many experiments being conducted by the Fish and Wildlife Service to find out the food value of fish. Dr. Nilson reported that the protein and mineral content of fishery foods also is equal to that of meat. One of his recent experiments showed that from 89 to 96 per cent of fishery foods is degistible while only 87 to 90 per cent of beef and chicken is digestible. Sound Waves to Kill Cancer Cells One of the diseases that are attracting intensive research is cancer. Seven out of 10 Ameridan citizens have had friends or relatives who died of cancer. About 60,000 lives a year are lost through cancer. A new experiment will be conducted in the University of Washington. Dr. Loren D. Carlson will ·head the groqp of scientists who will undertake the experiment. The experiment will try for the first time the use of sound- wates in killing cancer cells. The sound waves are called ·ultrasounds.· These are soi.inds of such high pitch that cannot be heard. Previous experiments show that ultrasounds can kill bacteria and cancer cells. The result of the experiment will help a great deal in the present fight against Cancer. Plastic Film for Your Vegetables A new plastic film has been developed by the Standard Oil New Jersey laboratories. The new plastic film is produced from petroleum. It is as thin as paper and as transparent as the cellophane. The new plastic films can now be used for wrapping purposes. They have been found useful for wrapping vegetables and fruits. A recent proof of the usefulness of the new plastic films was shown by the weight of oranges wrapped in them for six months. It was shown that the oranges were stilI edible after six months. The weight lost during this periO<I was only 10% of their initial weight. 124 * Current Events Review Vol. IV. No. 4 Why did Marshal Tito . . . (Continued from page 99) 3. The New York Times called the epen break in the seemingly monolith1c Russo-Communist block in Eastern Europe a demonstration of Russia's democratic pretentions. It revealed the hollow mockery of the Russian stand as champion of national sovereignty and independence. '1 What remains to i>e seen," wrote the paper, "is how they will enforce their dictatorship in a country that defies them, ~specially if their call for a virtual revolt against disobedient Communist rivals fails to produce results." 4. According to the N4 w York Herald-Tribune, the rift between Marshal Stalin and Marshal Tito was dae to a "different view in Belgrade and Mo~cow as to the degree of interference in Yugoslav policy which can be exercised by the Kremlin." 5. The editor of the New Republic said that the explosion in the Cominform on the denunciation of Marshal Tito is the result of the success of the U. S. foreign policy. Yugo~lavia is beginning to realize the meaning of the ERP (European Recovery Program). 6. Russia must revi'se her policy in treating the members under the "Iron Curtain." The arguments given by Marshal Tito on the meaning of cooperation with the Soviet system has an important bearing in defining the future policies of Russia toward her satellites. Del Vayo wrote in The Nation: "The conflict with Tito and the decisiOn of the last meeting of the Comim.orm may be considered the prelude to a revision of 'the Communist position in relation to other left groups and working-class part~es." Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why do you think Yugoslavia has an important position in southern Europe? Foreign Affairs The Philippines and ••. (Continued. from page 122) The President held a conference in Mafacai\an a.nd urged all U.S. and P.I. agencies concerned to push the program for the building of roads, public buildings, bridges and other public works. Measures and other suggestions for the completion of the public works were given during the conference. Two problems that came during the confe"ence were the Jack of equipment and the inability of some contractors to get capital. The cooperation of all entities engaged in the public works program is sought by the President so that no single centavo of the allocated funds my be forfeited by the Philippine government. 2. Can you explain why Yugoslavia remained passive during the · ltahan elections? 3. What is the relation of Yugoslav nationalism to cooperation with Russia? 4. Why is Russia interested in controlling Yugoslavia? 5. Why do you think Tito defied Rus-· sia? 6. Explain the basic cause of the conflict between Tito and Stalin. 7. Why was Marshal Tito's defiance of Russia significant? References 1. Official Text of the Cominform's denunciation of Marshal Tito. 2. Handler, M. uThe Basic Causes of the Kremlin-Tito Split." The New York Times, July 11, 1948, p. E3. 3. "The Soviet Sphere Quakes," New Republic, Vol. 119, No. 2 (July 12, 1948) pp. 5-6. 4. u 'Iron Curtain' Split," Pathfinder, Vo. 55, No. 14 July 14, 1948) p. 19. * 125 Why is Fre1idom ••• (Continued /•·om page 104) crease, and diffusion of science and knowledge. The strengthening of this freedom would give fresh impetus to popular education and the spread of culture. In signing the Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Freedom of Information, Ambassador Carlos P. Romulo, the President of the Conference, said that it might just as well be called the "Magna Carta" of freedom in the fi.eld of thought and expression. Professor Fernand Dehousse, delegate from Belgium, remarked that :L 11 might well be marked a turning point-for the United Nations." The World Conference has approved three draft Conventions and more than 40 resolutions. The decisions taken are significant in the promotion of world understanding through correct and true information. The achievements, when transiated into action, will help in the promotion of human rights. .Mr. Benjamin Cohen has remarked that the World Conference is an evidence that international cooperation moves on and works with considerable success in fields of permanent concern to the wellbeing of mankind, "In any event," wrote G. J, van Reuven Goedhart, Chairman of the Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information and of the Press, "it is certain that freedom of information depends more on the spirit of those who serve it professionally than on the laws which govern it." Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is freedom of information essential in the life of any nation? 2 . Why is freedom of information a fundamental human right? 3. What are included under the concept of freedom of information? Why do you think there are certain restricWhat are the Problems ••• (Continued from page 109) and a huge population to feed and support. If the United States, for her own sake and for the sake of a peaceful world economy, can assist Japan to reestablish commercial relations throughout the world-as did Commodore Perry nearly 100 ~·ears ago-Japan will have the hope for survival, and, if properly directed and controlled, ·contribute to the prosperity and well-being of the world. tions on the freedom of information? 4. Explain why there should be certain restrictions on the freedom of information? 5. \YhY do you think the United States is opposed to any form of restriction on the freedom of the press ? 6. A law was passed by the Congress of the Philippines exempting a man from being forced to give the source of his news. Is this law justified ? Why? 7. Explain why the spread of news is controlled by the government in certain countries. . 8. Exi)lain why freedom of information depends more upon the sincerity of the signatory nations and their determination to make the agreement work than on the laws themselves. References 1. Romulo, Carlos P. 11What the Conference Achieved," United Nations Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 9 (May 1, 19.48), p. 373. 2. "Conclusions of Freedom of In· formation Conference," United Nti.tions Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 9 (May 1, 1948) p. 372. 3. A Free and Responsible Press, University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 1947. (See also Fortune, April, 1947). 4. Villard, Oswald Garriwon. How Stands Our Press, Human Events Asso· ciates, No. 19, pp. 14-17. 126 * Current Events Review Vol- JV- No. 4 Why is there a Fight •.. (Continued frorn page 112) residents of the District of Columbia should be given the· right of suffrage, Causes of the Controversy over the Implementation Program OpiHions are now divided on the implementation of the recommendations given by President Truman. The question is: Should the civil rights program of President Truman be adopted'! Arguments of those in favor of the program. - In a recent Town Meeting of the United States and Radio Forum of the Air, the following arguments in favor of the program were giv:en. (1) The program should be accepted for the sake of fair play for those who do not enjoy civil rights 'guaranteed by the Constitution. The issues involved are not against the South. They are for the entire nation. (2) The program deals only with Federal actions. Abolition of poll tax would only apply on Federal elections. Fair employment practices would cover only Federal agencies and industries. Only Federal funds would be cut off from states which practice racial discrimination. Arguments against the program.The program of the President is unconstitutional, unwise, and unworkable according to the opponents of the program. It is unconstitutional because it is against the rights granted by the Constitution to the states to fix voting qualification, to maintain law and order, and nm one's business. Reforms on the civil rights cannot be done overnight, for time is essential in ·the development of proper legislations. The Federal government has •TIO right to pass laws on civil rights. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Is there a need for a new American Bill of Rights ? Foreign Affairs Significant World News ..• (Continued from page 120) war against the Arabs if the truce were ended. The dissident Irgunists, however, are not cooperating with the government of Israel. The new nation has told the Arabs that recognition of Israel as a new nation is the c.ondition for the return of Arab refugees. Gene Currivan of the New York Times, recently wrote that the Arabs would not likely resume war ·because they have already suffered heavily in manpower and finances. Large-scale operations are now impossible. 2. Do you think not all the Americans enjoy the exercise of civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution? Why? 3. Do you think all the Filipinos enjoy the civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Philippines? Cite specific instances to support your answer. 4. Do you think the Congress of the United States should pass the laws to reform the civil rights? 5. Why do you think the South objecta to the program? 6. Make a list of suggestions on how American students can jnfluence their Congressmen to initiate measures to improve their civil rights. References 1. Text of the Committee on Civil Rights report entitled: "To Secure These Rights." 2. Ellison, Jerome. These Rights are Ours to Keep, Vol. 140 Public Affairs Pamphlet. 3. "Should the President's Civ.il Rights Program be Adopted?" Town Meeting of the Air, Vol. ·13, No. 48 (March 23, 1948). 4. "Should the Civil Rights Proposals be Adopted," The American Forum of the Air, Vol. X, No. 7 (Feb. 17, 1948). 5. Texts of the Republican 'nd Democrat Platform for W48 Presidential Campaign. * 1Z7 Why Finland Refused • • • (Continued from page 107) There are other reasons why Finland would nOt turn Communist. First, the majority of the Finns hate Communism. The Finns are not slaves like the Czechs who are afraid of the Germans. Finland has nothing to fear from a revived Germany. Second, the Finns have succeeded in preventing the infiltration_ of Communist in the police foi:ce although infiltration is common in the countries of central and Eastern Europe. The Communists have been prevented from infiltrating into the regular army. Third, the va-rious non-Coinmunist parties have united in a common front to - fight against the- Communist union wrongly called Democratic Union. In the local elections i'h 1947., the Communists lost 205 of their party strength in 1945. Finland signed a treaty with Russia after the provisions had been debated and criticized. The treaty was not imposed on Finland. The proposal was approved only after the Finnish Diet and Cabinet had discussed the merit of concluding a military pact with Russia. One may now ask the question: Does not the conclusion of the pact with RusSia show that Finland has surrendered to Russia? . Demaree Bess who had recent1y visited Finland wrote: "So the Finnish people have ratified an alliance with Russia, while' they have prepared to repudiate at the polls the Communist system which Rm;sia supports." Last Election was a Setback to Communism In the last election held in June, 1948, the biggest issue before the people was Communism versus anti-Communism. The Popular Democrats, who are Communists and extreme Socialists, promised the people to nationalize all industries, raise to wages, to cut down prices and to foster Russian friendship. Russia and the ••• (Continued from page 113) Indeed such a proposal has already been made by Russia in the Warsaw program, which calls both for the central government and for the withdrawal of all occupation forces and which is likely to be submitted to the assembly if the western. powers submit to it the issue of Berlin. But Russia can advance such a plan because, while the Western powers are trying to establish the constitutional government in Western Germany, Russia has already established its own Communist regime in its own zone and has backed it, as in Korea, with forces for which there is no West German counterpart except the Western occupation armies. Should these be withdrawn, Germany would be exposed to the same fate that the Russians' are preparing for Korea. The Western powers must be prepared to counter both the Russian plans or expose both Europe and Asia to Russian conquest through its Communist fifth columns. Special release of the United States Information Service Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is the peace of the world in danger? 2. Why should the. Western powers be firm? The democratic elements represented by the Social Democrats and the Agrarian party, on the other hand promised economy in the government. Both parties denounced "foreign ideologies," and carried on bitte1· campaigns. Propaganda, posters, and newspaper advertisements were effectively used by the opposing forces in order to win the election. In this electio_n, the Agrarian party won 56 seats, ·the Social Democrats, 52, and the Popular Democrats, 43 seats in the unicameral pairliament, Edukunsta. In· othet words, in this election, Communism suffered a bitter defeat. 11!8 • Current Events Review Vol. JV, No. 4 The Publisher .lliD& Wika 533 P. Paterno, M a n i la Dear Sir1 NoV9111ber 14, 1947 Quiapo I w111b to inform you that the magazine AUD& .!Wm has been approved tor general reading in the elementa17.grade1 c;f the public school.a. Attention ia invited to a lat indoreement, herein incloaed, of the Institute of National La!lguage dated November 1, 1947. Very respectf1lll7, Inol,i I.a stated DlSOll HEADQUARTERS NATIONAL DEFENSE FORCES Public and Legislative Relations Division PHILIPPINE ARMED FORCES JOURNAL Camp Murphy, Quezon City PRESS RELEASE No. 267, s-'48 30 September '48 Headquarters National Defense Forces announced today that it is ready to receive applications for appointment into the Regular Force in consonance with Republic Act No. 207. This act authorizes the President, within the period of two years from its approval, to appoint reserve officers into the regular force of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in grades above second lieutenant. Reserve officers in the active and inactive status who i:lesire to be integrated into the regular force may now submit their applications. Blank forms for application may be obtained from any unit headquarters of the Armed Forces, or Philippine Constabulary camps or stations, or direct from The Adjutant General, HNDF, Camp Murphy, Quezon City. Applications should reach HNDF not later than 30 November 1948. Now AvailableFor Teachers of the National Language ATING WIKA Volume I A source book of supplementary material9 essential to the prope1· propagation of the Filipino National Language. Cloth-bound, Indexed I-A-For grades I & II, Cloth-bound . . . . . . . . . 1'5.00 I-B-For grades III to VI, Cloth-bound . . . . . . . 5.00 Complete-For grades I-VI, Cloth-bound . . . . . 9.00 Manila Educational Enterprises, Inc. 933 Raon St., Quiapo, Manila