Current Events Review. Vol. IV, No.8 February 1949

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Title: Current Events Review. Vol. IV, No.8 February 1949
Issue Date: Vol. IV (No. 8) February 1949
Year: 1949
Language: English
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extracted text: will the Control f i,t.'e Promote World P ac;e'? ~ Report on Russian l,Fhp~ial m ·. What is the Future of th~ai What is the United .Na~n.s_~IJJanization Doing? .. How has the ~n Doctrine Affected Turkey? I What is Russia's Headac '? Significant World News Roundup Science Marches On The Philippines and the World / Text on International Genocide Convention IV, No. 8 February, 1949 Understand the world and its present-day problems;-·re.eld..lllle CURRENT EVENTS REVIEW. CURRIENl EVENTS JKEVIIEW A newsmagazine that completes and makes up-to-date the study of history and other social science subjects. DIOSDADO G. CAPINO Editor D.R. MANLAPAZ Publisher NICOLAS ONGKINGKO Circuln.tinn Ma:na11er •n this i58Ue POLICARPIO G. DANGALIO DOMINGO C. SERION . Reeea.rcMra VENANCIO NEBRIDA Cirouliition Representative How will the Control of the Ruhr Help Promote World Peace? .. , . . . . . 225 Report on Russian Imperialism . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. p • • • • • • • • • • • What is the Future of Chinai \\!hat is th<· United Nations Organization Doing? How has thr Truman Dor.!rinc Affected Turkey? Significant" .\V.orld News Roundup Science MHrchPs On 11ie Philippim•• •nd the World T1·xt on lntenrnlional Gt•nocidr Con,•ention Published monthly e.,cept Ma'I/ and luM 611 MANLAPAZ PUBLISHING CO. 123-125 Reten, Sampaloc, Manila Subscription: P3.00 a year, Pl.50 a semester, 30 centavos per copy. 233 238 H2 24~ ~48 253 When changing address give old as well as new address. Address all communications to the Current Events Review. Copyright, 1949 by D. R. Manlapaz and D. ·G. Capino. All rights reserved. Entered as second-class mail matter January 9, 1947 at the Manila post-office. Why is the Ruhr authority an innovation in the economic field? How will the Control of the Ruhr Help Promote World Peace? Specific objectives: 1. To understand why the control of Ruhr is important 2. To understand how the control authority would work 3. To get acquainted with the provisions of the agreement concluded by the six PQWers One of the "sore ~pots" in the world is the Ruhr. The resources of the Ruhr have been used for wars of aggression. Immediately after the w~r, the question of French security was brought a.bout by the French leaders. They fear that a revived Germany might again use th~ resources _of the Ruhr against the security of France, Why is the control of the Ruhr important? Why was the Ruhr authority set up? How will it work? How will the control of the Ruhr help promote world peace? Six powers prepared the draft Representatives of Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States met in London to draft a detailed agi'eement establishing an international authority for the Ruhr, as provided in the annex to the communique issue& on June 7, 1948 at the termination of the London .six-power talks on Germany. The delegates have completed a draft agreement which has not been submitted to their governments for approval. The text of the draft agreement has been mad~ public. What are the objectives of the draft? The meeting, which was held in a friendly atmosphere thrpughout, careWorld Affairs fully examined all aspects of the problems involved. It was •·ecognized at the outset that a number of organizat.ions are being established and arrangements being wOrked out with respect to Germany. The Ruhr authority is one of them and should be viewed in this context. To avoid duplication of effort and overlapping of jurisdiction, each of these has its particular functions. Taken together they •are designed to accomplish a threefold objective: to assure the dtsarmament and demilitarization of Germany; to further the recovery of the countries of Europe, including a demo .. cratic Germany; and to promote that in .. timate association of their economic life which in the last analysis alone can assure a peaceful and prosperous Europe. What is the function of the Military Security Board? Among the arrangements designed to prevent aggression, the Military Security Board is one of the mo·st important. The functions of this board have recently been agreed upon in principle by the three military governors. They include a provision for cooperation with the Ruhr authority. The board will have general responsihility for the maintenanc~ of security. As regards industrial disarmament, the board will act in accordance with agreements which are in the course of completion concerning the necessary prohibitions and limita·· tions on German industry. It was recognized that a ceiling of 10.7 million tons on the production of crude steel is no\t' in effect in the bizonal area. In 1946, the United States Secretary of State, Mr. Byrnes, put forward certain ideas for asS;uring the effective disarmament and demilitarization of Ger* 225 many. It is anticipated that the objectives and mechanisms envisaged by Mr. Byrnes' proposal will, to the extent appropriate, form a basis for long-term disarmament and demilitarization measures to be worked out through and, adapted to the Military Security Board or any other org3nization established as its successor to perform these functions. These measures wi!J be designed solely to prevent the revival of German aggression. Within this framework it is the purpose of the six powers to provide the means by which a peaceful democratic Germany can be brought into the European community to play its part as a fully responsible and independent member. The participation of the western zones of Germany in the European recovery program and in the organization for European economic cooperation already demonstrate• the intention of the Western powers to afford to Germany its ~lac~ in the economic life of Europe. What are the purposes of the Ruhr authority? With these various factors in mind, it has been a main objective of the six powers, in establishing the Ruhr author· ity, to insure that the resources of the Ruhr shall in the future be used not for purposes of aggression but solely in the interests of peace, and to provide for a closer coordination of the economic life of the countries of Europe, cooperating in the common good, including a democratic Germany, What is the relation of the Ruhr authority to the German gov· ernment7 occupation authorities, However, aE= they relinquish their function•, the authority will be In more and more ~Ir°"' relationship with the German goven. ment in the exercise of its functions. What is the objective of making the division of the coal, coke, and steel? A principal function of the Ruhr nu thority is to make a division of the coal, coke, and steel from the Ruhr between German consumption and export, in or· der to provide adequate access to sup· plies of these products by countries co· operating in the common economic good, at the same time taking into account the essential needs of Germany. This division must, of course1 be in conform· ity with existing international agree· ments. Thus, in the c.ase of coal and coke, the sliding scales drawn up in Mos· cow and Berlin continue in force. The functions of the Ruhr authority in above field will be coordinated with the larger and more comprehensive oper .. ations of tbe O.E.E.C. in its work of pro· moting the °"onomic rehabilitation of the countries participating in the European Recovery Program. The authority will have powers to en· sure that the German authorities 'llo not institute, carry out or permit artificial or discriminatory transport, price and trade practices, quotas, tariffs and similar governmental measures or commercial arrangements which would dis· tort the moveinent of Ruhr coal, coke, and steel in international trade, except for measures of protection approved by the authority, The authority will furthermore be charged with responsibility for the safe· guard and protection of foreign interests During the period that the occupation in the coal, coke, and steel indusiries of authorities are exercising extensive eco- the Ruhr in conformity with internation .. nomic functions in Germany, the deci- al agreements, in so far as these func· sions of the authority will necessarily tions are not entrusted to another body be carried out largely by or through the for the whole of Germany. 22·6 * Current Events Review VoL JV, No. 8 What is the objective of supervi· sion? Particular attention was paid to the question of giving the authority powers of supervision over the management and direction of the Ruh coal, coke, and steel industries. The coal and steel control groups established by the British and American occupation authorities now have extensive powers over the indus· tries, including powers over production, investment, development, and other mat· ters concerning management and direc· tion. As is known, the French authorities have been invited to join in the work of these control groups. It has been agreed that at the appropriate time such of these powers rel;>ting to the supervision of management and direction as the six powers consider necessary to achl~ve their purposes with respect to the security and well-being of Europe will be tranoferred to the Ruhr authority or to the Military Security Board or its successor or to some other interuational body. These would be powers of •uper vision over production, investment, a!·d development and would not be powers of detailed control which would unduly interfere with the normal and regular responsibilities of management. The conditions under which these powers will be transferred, and the manner in which they will be exercised, will be determined 11s soon as practicable in the light of experience acquired over a ~eriod of timl:! under the present control groups. It is further understood that any powers transferred to the authority in thi~ connection under Article 19 for economic as opposed to agreed security purposes will be transferred for purpose of contributing toward that closer association of the economies of Europe which the six powers have set out as one of their objectives in the preall)ble of the agreement. It was agreed that the powel's to be- continued should also be adequ11te to prevent the revival of excessive economic concentration in the coal, coke, or steel industries ef the Ruhr and to prevent World Affairs persons who furthered the aggressive de•igns of the Nazis from acquiring ownership interests or positions of direction and management in those industries. The agenda of the meeting did not in· elude the question of the final ownership of the industries concerned and this question is in no way affected by the discussions or the draft agreement. What are the other powers of the authority? The authority will have the right to obtain information necessary to enable it to perform its functions, including adequate rights of inspection and investigation. The authority will consist of a council composed of representatives of the member governments and will have a· permanent secretariat. As soon as a German government is established, it will have the opportunity of acceding to the agreement, the vote for Germany being exercised meanwhile by the occupation authorities. When a German government has undertaken the full obligations of its membership, it will enjoy full voting rights except in matters of security and default, ·The authority, if its decisions and directives are not properly respected by · the German government, may find the latter in default and make recommendations as to the action to be taken. The authority will submit an annual report on its work which will normally be followed by a meeting of specially appointed representatives of member governments to review the report and the work- of the authority. Any two or more members, who consider that the policies of the authority are not consistent with the purposes for which it was created, may call for a special exami· nation of its operations by the member governments. Germany may not initiate such examinations in matters relating to security. (Plewe tum to page 2561 • 227 Why should we study about Russian expansionism? Report on Russian lmperia1ism Specific objectives: 1. To get acquainted with the nature of Russian imperialism 2. To understand how Russia pushed her expansion 3. To understand the significance of the expansion Over the course of the past years, while the Soviet Union has been ·hurling accusati9ns of imperialism against the United States with increasing vehemence, the U.S. State Department has been quietly collecting the facts about Russian• expansion. If Moscow really wan~s tQ debate the issue of expansionism, Washington is now only too ready to trade facfs with the Politburo. The ammunition ·the United States can use in this battle of the record appears in an intelligence report drawn up by the research specialists of the State Department, called The Ea:tent of Russian Ea:pa,nsion in Less tham. 'lOIJ Years. The report is a scholarly, factual review of Tsarist expansion since 1853 and of S9viet expansion since 1917. Even the briefest study of its figures and dates discloses that the Communists have adopted the teehnique of hurling epithets at others which more correctly characterize them·selves. The only conclusion possible from this study is that Soviet Russia is adually the world's ranking pre•ent-day imperialist, its leading expansibnist, .and undisputed unilat.eral acquisitor of other people's lands. The opening paragraph of the repol't comments: "!Ji the light of $oviet charges of United States territoria\ expansion, it ia, futeresting to examine the extent of RussJan expansion in lesS than a century!' From that point on the study fires facts and figures into the record. in a methodical fashion that is doubl7 dev'llitating because of the absence of abusive rhetoric. Whether the Jereinlin wants to argue the charge of exjtan, sionism as it relates to the Tsarist. regime that preceded the revolution or confine it to present 801.,et rule i~ .im· material to the State Department's npertS. They have the record of both. Following is Washington's brief account of just 'how much Russia did expand, and when; over the Jast··century: Tsarist expansion "Between 1853 and 1914, the .Russian Empire acquired a total of 953,400 square miles. · "The Crimean War (1853-1856) put a sl;_op to expansion in Europe and even caused the temporary loss ·of Bessarabia between 1856 and 1878. · · "In Central Asia and the Far East, however, Russian .expansion reached its peak during this period. "In Central Asia, Turkestan ( 650,000 square miles) was conquered bet\Veen 1867 and 1891 from local ·regimes, with some ll\inor cessions from· Persia and Afghanistan. "Meanwhile exploration and settlement of the Pacific coast resulted in· the annexation of 266,600 square miles. . "North Sakhalin was incorporated in 1857. "Between 1858 and 1860 China signed treaties recognizing Russian possession of areas north of the Amur and a long the Pacific Ocean in what is known today as the Primorski (Maritime) Kral. "South Sakhalin (1875) and Port Arthur (1898) were both· acquired during Current Bventa Review Vol. IV, No. 8 ihis period but were lost again in 19Uf> when they were yielded to Japan by the Treaty of Portsmouth. u1n addition to the major annexatio110 in the above areas, the Russian Empire consolidated its hold on the Caucasus by the incorporation of Circassia in 1864, and the cession of Kars and Batum by Turkey in the Treaty of San Stefano (1878). These acquisitions (22,20ll square miles) completed the conquest of the Caucasus which had begun iu th~ early 1800's. "Finally, exploration of the Arctic resulted in the formal annexation of the island of Sevemaya Zemlya (14,600 square miles) in 1913. "The area of Russia had been roughly 7,691,600 square miles in 1853. On the e-ve of the World War, following· annexations, the Russian Empire comprised 8,645,000 square miles." The story these figures tell is of a country pushing out its borders faster and farther than any other power in the world during that period. Tsat'if;t Ru~ sia, from 1863 to 1914, acquired land almost equal to the total area of Western Europe; of Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Switzerland, the Low Countrie&, Germany, and the United Kingdom com· bin ed. That exhibition of imperia:lism is on the record and cannot be washed away by all the hysterical verbiage the K remlin is now directing against the United States. The Russian revolution Following the description of the jerrybuilt empire of the Russian Tsars, the American study describes the consequences of the revolution, It states: "The territorial domain of Russia diminished by 469,300 square miles. "Finland, Estonia. Latvia, and Lithuania declared their independence. "K.ars was ceded to Turkey. "Bessarabia returned to Rumania, World Affairs "A large area was lost to the newly created Poland. "Postwar Soviet Russia had an area of 8,176, 700 square mil13s. "The only extension of territory before 1939 was the formal annexation (announced in 1926) of all islands in the Arctic which fall within the triangle described by the lines of iongitude 32-degrees-4-minutes-31-seconds east and 168degrees-49-minutes-31-seconds west, the north pole forming the apex and the northern coast of Russia, the base of the triangle. Figur'es for the area have not been issued by the USSR. "Except for this addition, the borders of Soviet Russia remained static until 1939." The changes that occurred in Russian territory as a result of the 1917 Revolution, the record shows, were all at one time or another accepted by the Kremlin. Russia entered th~ year 1939 having publicly resigned itself to its existing boundaries. Soviet exlj>ansion However, as the American study and the record shows, "since 1939 the USSR has expanded vigorously." Against the Kremlin's charges of present-day American expansionism, never, incidentally, spelled out in terms of square miles, the United States can list the following acquisitions of the Soviet regime! "A total of 280,600 square miles has been brought under direet (italics are the author's) Soviet control: 280,200 square mileS have been added to Soviet territory, and 400 square miles are leased or jointly occupied. "Territories which were formerly part of the Russian Empire, and comprising 196,400 square miles in all, have been regained. "These include Estonia; Latvia, Lithuania, Bessal'abia, and South Sakhalin, as well as large parts of prewar Poland and Finland. * 229 u1n addition, the Konigsberg area, the Transcarpathian Ukraine, Tannu Tuva. and the Kuriles (totaling 89,900 square miles) have been brought within Russian boundaries for the first time. "Not officially part of the USSR, but temporarily under~ Soviet control are' Porkkala U dd in Finland and Port Arthur in Manchuria, roughly equaling 400 square miles." This example of expansionism since 1939 annot be equalled or even approached by any other country. Of these eight years of Soviet imperialism, American officials have this to say: "Only part of these recent additions have been internationally recognized. "The new areas have been acquired in a variety of ways and the validity of Soviet claim to them varies in degree. "Annexation of the areas from Finland and Poland and of the Transcarpathian Ukrp,ine from Czechoslovakia, a total of 95,400 square miles, has already been recognized in treaties with the countries involved. "A 50-year lease of Porkkala Udd is provided for in the Treaty of Peace with Finland. "The USSR has not acquired sovereignty over Port Arthur, but has an agreement with China providing for joint maintenance of a military base in that area for 30 years. 11 Soviet possession of the remaining 184,900 square miles still awaits international recognition and confirmation in the forthcoming treaties with Germa:riy and Japan. "Provisional occupation of the Konigsberg area was arranged in the Potsdam agreement and of South Sakhalin and the Kuriles in the Yalta agreement. "Permanent title to these areas, totaling 24,400 square miles depends directly upon the peace treaties. unilateral actions, covered in the ~t: of the first two by prior agreements with Nazi Germany alone. (ltalica are the author's.) "The annexation of Tannu Tuva was evidently accomplished by peaceful means and followed a vote in the Tuvian council for incorporation. "None of those annexations has n&yP-t been re~ognized by the United Statea, although only the legality of Soviet incorporation of the Baltic states h·1:; so far been questioned." II Acquisition of the Baltic States This factual review of Soviet Russia's ~xpansion constitutes the United States government's rebuttal to the Kremlin's charges of American twentieth-century imperialism. Incidentally, the record the State Department keeps of every Soviet territorial acquisition fully justifies former Undersecrtary of State Dean Acheson "s description of Soviet policy last spring before a congressional committee as "aggressive and expanding". The Sovlet Embassy in Washington protested at tho time, but calmed down quickly when Department officials pulled out the record. That record lists fifteen separate specific instances of territorial expansion by Soviet Russia since 1939-an average of one every six months. How the USSR acquired much of this territory makes particularly "interesting" reading, to purloin a State Department phrasr., in the light of the Kremlin's protestations of peaceful intentions and friendly affection for its neighbors. The State Department primer on Soviet expansion mentions only in passing that the Kremlin acquired the Baltic states and Bessarabia uby prior agreements with Nazi Germany alone". When "The acquisitions of the Baltic states, the full intrigue that went on between Bessarabia, and Tannu Tuva, totaling Hitler and Stalin in the fall of 1939 160,500 square miles, are the result of comes. to light, as it will when the United 230 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 l:!taies publishes the secret protocols of the Russo-German pact, these facts will appear: That Russia won a free hand in the Baltics in return for assurance it would not oppose the Nazis, who were ready to pounce on Poland. That Russia was promised Bessarabia on Stalin's personal insistence. The incorporation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia into the Soviet Union in AugUst 1940 was the direct result of a deal with the Nazis. Their disappearance as independent states has never been officially ace.opted by the United States. Former Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles' blistering denunciation at that time of the USSR's action in swallowing up its three western neighbors still stands as Washington's policy toward the So\fiet action. During these past few days the devious processes whereunder the political inde~endence and territorial integrity of the three small Baltic republir.s-Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania-were to be deliberately annihilated by one of their more powerful neighbors, have been rapidly drawing to their conclusion ... The policy of this govern,ment is universally known. The people of the United States .are opposed to predatory activities no matter whether thay are carried on by the use of force or by the threat of force. They are likewise opposed to any form of intervention on the part of one state, however powerful, in the domestic concerns of any other sovereign state, however weak. Acquisition of Tannu Tuva As for Tannu Tuva, the State Department's account of how Moscow quietly incorporated that 75,000-squaremile wilderness in central Asia into the Soviet Union stands as a model of subrosa expansion. By Moscow's OW)\ accounts Tannu Tuva in the thirties and early forties was a sovereign independent state. Then, in the fall of 1945, officials in the American embassy in Moscow were startled World Problems to discover in the Soviet election lists for that year some reference to Tannu Tuvian districts. The Kremlin would neither acknowledge nor explain how Tannu Tuva suddenly happened to be within the Soviet borders. A year later, however, in the fall of 1946, Moscow lifted the lid of secrecy with great fanfare and public celebrations, recounting how two years earlier the Tannu Tuvians had voluntarily decided to enter the Soviet Union and had been welcomed with open arms. Thus the acquisition of this mid-Asiatic country was kept secret a full two years, and only guessed at after twelve months by keen-eyed members of the American mission in Moscow. Many geographers and newspaper cartographers, still unaware Qf this particular Soviet acquisition, continue to picture Tannu Tuva as free and independent. Acquisition of East Russia, the Kuriles, Sakhalin Details of the Politburo's action towards East Prussia in the west and the Kuriles and South Sakhalin in the east are equally illuminating as regards Soviet expansionist techniques and policies. These areas were awarded the USSR at Yalta and ·Potsdam; but with the provision that Soviet possession was to await confirmation in peace treaties with Germany and Japan. To Moscow that provision has been just so much irrelevant verbiage. The Kremlin, immediately after their occupation, incorporated those territories into the USSR without waiting for peace treaty approval. Soviet election lists today show them as integral parts of Soviet Russia. Moscow's decision on what to do with the half of East Prussia it acquired at Potsdam provides a revealing example of the disregard, if not ruthlessness, which Stalin now and then exhibits towards the presumably free and independent republics of the USSR. *231 Geog'l'aphically, ii would have bee11 natural for· the northern part of. East Prussia to have been merged with the Soviet Republic of Lithuania (which it adjoins), or else made into a seventeenth Soviet Republic. Instead, the omnipotent Politburo made it an integral partl of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, with which it does not even have a 'common boundary, A comparable situation would exist if, by some legerdemain, British Columbia: were to become a part of the United States and be arbitrarily incorporated into the state of New York by the powers that be in Washington. Design on Crimea The same political caprice appears in the Kremlin's handling of the strategic Crimean peninsula. It also js an integral part of the RSFSR, despite the fact :t borders on other Soviet Republics. Logic and geography go by the boards when· the Politbure starts drawing the boundaries of the various Soviet Republics. There is also no logic in the Soviet government's contention that its sixteen republics are independent and equal, for while two of them have representation in the United Nations, the 14rgest and most powerful, the RSFSR, 13.cks direct representation. Design on Siberia American officials in the Embassy in Moscow report a constant, even if generally unimpor~ant, shifting of the Soviet Union's internal political boundaries under orders from Moscow. This is particularly true in the vast Siberian areas which are rapidly being 3ndustrialized and which for political, economic or strategic reasons may suddenly find their political status changed overnight by a Moscow ukase. The best example of this arbitrary action by Moscow was the sudden disappearance during the war of three constituent Soviet republics, the inhabitants of which were secretly and forcibly transferred to Siberia for security reasons. 'l'he fact~ in the ca~e did not Jec.1k out of Russia until after the war. Importance of the Report The State Department resume of Soviet Russia's expansion over the last eight years confines itself to what it terms areas brought under "direct" Soviet control. In other words, the United States is not publicly charging up as im• perialism the "indirect" expansion cf Soviet power ever since V-.l day. Were that indirect expansion of Soviet authority to be included in United States estimates, figures on Soviet imperialism would have to include everything east of the iron curtain-Rumania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, Hungary, and Poland.• Those are the countries with Communist-controlled governments, whose chiefs are for the most part avowed spokesmen for the Kremlin, They account for another 426,000 square miles of territory. Added to the "direct" Soviet acquisition since 1939 of 280,600 square miles, they made a grand total on Soviet expansion of over 700,000 square miles. That is unquestionably the major and most impressive fruit of victory gathered by the Soviet Union, or by any other allied power for that matter. These figures constitute the real rebuttal to Moscow's increasingly malicious and exaggerated charges against the United.States of imperialism. They turn the accusations back upon the accusers, and cite chapter and verse. And they reveal the slavish Soviet adaptation of a major Nazi propaganda technique: r~ peat a lie often enough and loud enough and people wiU eventually come to believe it. - USIS. Exercises lo Develop Thinking 1. Why did Russia expand? 2. How did she expand ? 3. Was Russian expansion justified? Why? 4. What is the significance of Russian expansion? 282 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No, 8 What is the 11oal of the Communists? What is the Future of China 7 Specific objectives: 1. To understand the problems that confront China today 2. To underst~nd the aims of the Kuomintang 3. To know the aims of the Chinese Communists Recent events in China raise many questions about the future of the C'ountry. Why has China struggled for national unity? What are the aims of the Kuomintalng? What are the aims of the Chin,ese Communists? What is the future of China? Emergence of a new China after World War II China became victorious after World War II on September 2, 1945. Chinese Nationalists and Communists had sucessfully fought eight years of war against Japan, although during this period, Japan had occupied 13 Chinese provinces and four of the largest dties~ As an outcome of this long war between the Chinese Nationalists and Japan, the government of Nationalist China won special recognition as the legithr.J.te government of China. The UnHzd States, Britain, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France recognized the so~ vereignty of the Chinese in China and concluded treaties with th<t Nationalist government of China for the ending of special privileges and extraterritorial rights. Victory without Peace The Nationalist government became victorious but without peace. No sooner had the defeated Japanese troops withdrawn when the Nationalists and Communists held a race, both seeking to oc~ cupy and take over possessions former· World Problem ly occupied for or controlled by the defeated Japanese. In this race for oupremacy, the Nationalist troops failed to take Manchuria immediately; and as a result of this delay Manchuria was stripped by the Russian occupation forces. Valuable machinery and industrial factories were taken by the Russians as war booty. Encouraged by the success of the Russians, the Chinese Communists proclaimed their independence. They exercised civil and military control in Yenan, Shanshi, -Shantung, Jehol, Chahar, knd parts of Manchuria north of Hsinking. The split that divided China between the- Nationalists and Chin~se Communists for more than 27 years threatened Chinese national unity again after the end of the war on September 2, 1945. Sporadic fighting between the Nationalists and Communists took place on many oc· casions before the final break. What does the Kuomintang stand for7 The Kuomintang which is dominated by wealthy landlords and bankers is also called the People's Party. It is the J>Olitical machine that has ruled China for many years. It stands for national unity and democratic reforms, for free enterprise, scientific farming, progrebsive land tax, and reduction of land rent. It also favors limitation of state mono· poly on postal service, telecommunica· tions, arsenals, mines, railroads, and hydraulic plants. What has the Kuomintang done after World War 117 The Kuomintang did all it could to restore Peace and order after the war with Japan. It tried its best to solve the problems of reconstruction and reha· *233 bilitation at a time when the c.ountry was faced by high prices, inflation, food shortage, and corruption. The People's Party passed measures to combat corruptions in the government, to bring about reforms and to help solve other pressing problems. These reforms are in accordance with the democratic constitution which was approved on December 25, 1947. What do the Chinese Communists want? The principal aim of the Chinese Communists is to improve the lot of the common people. They stand for land and social reforms. They Want a liberal government that would promote the welfare of the common people. They want lands free from unbearable land taxes. They want representation in the government. What the Chinese Communists did after World War II The most important thing which the Communists did after the end of World War II was the redistribution of lands to the people. The wealthy landlords became ordinary peasants. The basic agrarian program promulgated by the Chinese Communists Party on October 10, 1947, gave every rural family possession of a piece of cultivated land according to the size of the family. Attempts to unify China have failed C. Marshall, American Chief of Staff who \Vas sent by President Truman as his special envoy to China, also failed. On January 29, 1947, the United States Department announced the complete failure of the United States to help unify China."'• The attempts to unify China have failed because of the following reasons: 1. The Nationalists and the Communists are both eager to end the civil war, but they cannot agree on how to settle their differences. 2. These two factions, the Nationalists and the Communists, distrust each other. 3. The extremist elements of both the Kuomintang and the Communists have excessive demands. In his special report to President Truman on the result of his mission to China, Gen. Marshall said: "The leaders of the Kuomintang government are convinced that the Communists expressed desire to participate in a government of the types endorsed by the Political Consultative Conference had for its purpose only destructive intention .... The Communists distrust the leaders of the Kuomintang Party and appear convinced that every government proposal is designed to crush the Chinese Communist Party." Civil war resumed at the expense of the people Civil war was resumed after the breakdown of the peace negotiations. Once more the Chinese Nationalists and The many attempts to unify China the Chinese Communists started killing have failed. Despite the desire of both one another. Once more the people on the Chinese Nationalists and the Com- both sides are suffering untold privamunists to reach an agreement and the tions. There is a shortage of food with attempt of the United States to nego- all its attendant evils-inflation, intiate peace between these two forces, no crease of prices of commodities, hunger, peaceful agreement has yet been disease, crimes, and death. The efforts reached. The peace negotiations of Pat- of the Central government to solve inrick Hurley, the American Ambassador flation by the introduction of a new curto China, in August, 1946, got nowhere, rency has failed, The string of Com· and civil w8.r broke out. After the ini- munist victories has shattered the hope iial success, the negotiations of George for a stable currencY in China. 234 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 Attempts to win American public opinion The United States has extended financial assistance to the Nationalists government. Of the $400,000,000 in aid voted by the 80th Congress, $276,000,000 was in the form of non-military assistance. The military assistance was largely in the form of military purchases which were supervised by the United States Army. As a token of gratitude for the aid extended to China by the United States, the Central government tried to introduce reforms in order to win American public opinion. Two minor political groups one of which was the Democratic League were given positions in the administration. The general character of the government, however, was not completely changed because many extremists on the Kuomintang continued to dominate the government. Continued Communist victories The Nationalist government has failed so far to check the advance of the Communist drives, The Chinese Reds have taken over· Manchuria. They are gaining control of North China. They a:e pushing toward the vital /Yangtze Riv2~:. Mao Tse-tung tol!f the world that the Chinese Communists would be successful in controlling the 470,000,000 peopl• of China. What is in store for China? The paramount question among radio comentators, editorial writers, political leaders, and military men is: 'What is the future of China? 1. Communist China is a fact. - A new Communist state has been created by the victory of the Chinese Reds. It covers nearly· one-half of China with more than 200,000,000 inhabitants. This vast territory is ruled by the Chinese Reds under the leadership of Mao Tsetung, the Chairman of the Chinese ComWorld Proble111 munist Central Executive Committee and President of the Chinese Communist Party, The second recognized leader is Chu Teh, commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army. 2. Chinese Reds control China's in;.. dustrial resources. - The fall of Manchuria into the hands of the Chinese Reds has given the government of Mao Tse-tung control of China's industrial resOurces. The Chinese Reds now control 88% of the coal production, 75% of iron-ore reserves, 85% of the pig-iron capacity, and 95% of the steel capacity of the nation. 3. A Chinese-dominated coalition goverment may em.erge. -The future political structure of China may be dominated by the Chinese Communists. Tbis will likely hawen if the Chinese Reds finally win the civil war. 4. Chinese Communists may decide the ultimate relations between China and Russia. - There are some writers who insist that the Chinese R-.:!ds are dyed-in-the-wood Muscovites. They cite the statement of Mao Tse-tung on the last celebration of the November, 1917 Revolution in Russia. Others believe that the Chh1ese Reds are not really pro-Russian Communists. The supporters of this view say: "We have· no proofs that if Chinese Communists win control of the country they will take their orders from Moscow. But if the Americans openly give aid to Chiang Kai-shek, th~n Mao Tse-tung will feel compelled to ask Russia for help, and will probably get it." The most impartial opinion from a survey of all available materials show that the Chinese Reds are both pro-Russian and pro-Chinese. Only time will tell which way they will finally lean to make the country progressive. 5. The Door will not be entirely closed. - On September 6, 1899, the United States through Secretary of State John Hay announced the "Open Door ·Policy." He said: (Please turn to page 252) • 235 United Nations Seriea (No, 34) What is the United Nations Organization Do'ing? Rice and Rice Diets A survey on rice has been published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This survey is primarily a study of the nutritive value of rice diets and the ways and means of improving nutrition in rice-eating areas., the emphasis being placed on immediate measures for improvement. The report discusses rice and supplementary diets. Broadly, it suggested thi.t the program should be concerned with: the elimination of rice wastes at all stages between production and consumption; the improvement of the nutrient content of rice by better milling processes; extended use of parboiled rice; the introduction of enriched rice, and the improvement of rice diets by suitable supplements and substitutes. Beirut Accomplishments The UNESCO has closed its conference at Beirut, the capital and chief seaport of Lebanon on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean.· At the Beirut Conference, the delegates accomplished the following: 1. Drafted a budget of $7,780,000 for the year 1949. 2. Prepared a world-wide UNESCO radio program - a weekly radio program of 12 to 15 minutes. 3. Chose the successor to Dr. Julian Huxley of Britain, outgoing Director. The new Director General is Jaime •roress Bodet of Mexico. World Food Conditions and Prospects The 216-page survey of world food conditions and prospects has been released by the FA 0 for discussion of the delegations representing 57 member gov· ernments and observers of more than 30 non-member states and international organizations. This survey shows the following findings: 1. There is no widespread famine and hunger. 2. The volume of trade for 1948 almost reached prewar levels. 3. Prospects are favorable for continued production in 1948-1949. 4. The food supply available per per•un in 1947-1948 stil! was far below prewar levels. Only seven of the c.ountries analyzed by FAO had enough food in 194 7-1948 for adequate diets for all their peoples. These countries are Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Ze8land, Norway, Switzerland, and the United States. 5. The seriousness of the world food deficit has been aggravated by the unprecedented increase of the post-war population .. The world had 200 million more people to feed in 194 7 than in 1936, 6. Also on the debit side of global bookkeeping which seeks to strike a balance between hunger and available food are soil erosion and overcropping. World War on Tuberculosis A world war has been declared against tuberculosis. A world-wide campaign against the "white plague" has been 4. Decided to award the best prizes started by the United Nations to stamp next year for the best work in music, out this dreadful disease which tak~s a art, the theatre, and the humanities. yearly toll of 4,000,000 to 6,000,900 lives. 236 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 The world has taken up arms against tuberculosis because since the Second World War more people have been suffering from the ravages of this dfaease than before the war. In this world-wide campaign, BGC vaccines are being used by the national and international agencies now actively engaged in this campaign. Two of these international organizations waging war against the white plague are the UNICEF (The United Nations International 'l::hiidren's Emergency Fund) and the WHO (the World Health Organization). YOU AND THE UNITED NATIO'SS Under the auspicies of the United Nations, an international esSay competition was held recently. The subject chosen for this essay contest was: 11 The Role of the Individual in the United Nations." Here are brief excerpts from the prize · •winning essays: "To be a realist and have ideals, to know the facts as they are, and yet to make them what they should be - that is the task of the individual in the United Nations." -Jean Chresseson of Worthing, England "Belief in and knowledge about the United Nations must be combined with the will to do something, and the object of this endeavor must be: to foster the most favorable possible atmosphere for the work of the United Nations, and counteract any spirit of attitude detrimental to the United Nations." -Ove Pedersen of Svinnlnege, Denmark "World peace is an international problem and can only be solved on an international basis. It is essential therefore that each Individual, each country, should outgrow the spirit of naEonalism, and that everyone together - united as brothers - should achieve this gigantic project of world peace." --J. F. Hellker of Schiedam, the Netherlands International Affairs "On the political and individual plane the individual can cooperate by supporting his government in all the steps it takes to collaborate with the United Nations. . . . and, by persuading members of his own family to take part in movements for international solidarity, and awakening in their children the feeling that they too are members of a community broader than the national - namely the United Nations." Rosemonde de Castro Pinto of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil "The United Nations will be saved when every single inhabitant in the Member states realizes that he, or she is responsible for peace." -Bhorn Jensen of Oslo, Norway "A change for the better in the mental and emotional outlook on international relations is accomplished only by being carried out in the individuals, as well as en bloc." -Valentin Chu of Shanghai, China "Just as my forefathers sought a refuge from medieval chaos in nationalism, I seek a world government that would transcend nationalism." -C. A. Srinivasan of Bangalore City, India "The cause of the United Nations is the cause of peace - the two oannot be separated. Neither can the cause of peace be separated from the interest of the individuals.,, -Zofia Artymowska of Warsaw, Poland "The United Nations has become parl and parcel of our individual lives. lts decision, defeats, and triumphs alike affect all of us. Amidst threat of another war we see the United Nations as our last bulwark against self-destruction." -Ruben P. 1 Macapinla< of Manila, the Philippines (Please turn to page 241) * 237 Why must Ruasia think twice? How has the Truman Doctrine Affected Turkey? Specific objectives: 1. To understand why Turkey is important in the 14 Cold war" 2. To know the causes and the effects uf American aid to Turkey 3. To understand the effect 0f the Truman Doctrine on· Turkey One of the "sore spots" of the world is a strip of land that is both a "river" a'nd a "bridge". This is Turkey, the land that is most coveted by Russia in the explosive Middle East. Why is Turkey valuable to the Russians? Why did the United States decide to extend aid to Turkey? What are the effects of U.S. aid to Turkey? What is the effect of the Truman Doctrine on Turkey? Historic decision Before the 80th Congress of the United States, President Harry S. Truman delivered a historic address with a historic decision on March 12, 1947. The President pointed out the need of extending American aid to all peoples fighting for the existence of their free institution~. He also explained why America should help save Turkey from Communism, 11 The future of Turkey as an independent- and economically sound State is clearly no less important to the freedomloving peoples of the world than the future of Greece. The circumstances in which Turkey fin<ls itself today are considerably different from those in Greece. Turkey has been spared the disasters that have beset Greece. And during the war, the United States and Great Britain furnished Turkey with material aid. "Since the war, Turkey has sought financial assistance from Great Britain and the United States for the purpose of effecting that modernization necessary for the maintenance of its national integrity. 14That integrity is essential to the preservation of order in the Middle East." The historic message set two important decisions. First, it outlined a new foreign policy for the United States. It sets forth in clear terms the decision of the United States to give economic and financial aid to nations fighting for the existence of their free institutions .. Second, the United States decided on a "containment" policy. This means the United States is ready to check the march of Communism, The land and the people The dedsion to aid Turkey was given because of the strategic value of the country in the "cold war". Turkey has a foot on both the continents of Europe and Asia. She straddles the Bosporous, the Sea of Marmora, and the Dardanelles. The area of Turkey is 296,600 square miles, and her population is 18,961,300. Recent statistics show that 80% of the people make their living by agriculture and stock-raising. Their most important money crop are wheat and barley. They also raise cattle. There are 7,600,000 cattle, 11,700,000 goats, 17,200,000 sheep, 700,000 buffaloes, and 1,300,000 mules: In addition to farming and stock-raising, the people through the help o! the government are making much progress "Nevertheless, Turkey needs our sup- in mining, textiles production, paper port. manufactures, and glass industry. There 238 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 are new steel mills, flour mills, canning plants, tanneries, a.nd power installa· tions. The Turks do not constitute a race. The term is only a linguistic word. Most of the people of Turkey are related to the old Lydian stock that settled in the. country before the Greeks came, In the long hi.story of Turkey, various peoples have been absorbed by the empire. Some of them are the Greeks, Albanians, Persians, and Slavs. About 98% nf the people are Moslems. Beginning and end of the Ottoman Empire The history of the Ottoman Empire began in 1231 A.D. when about 400 Turkish families came from central Asia and settled in Asia Minor. The settlers and their descendants ·became known as Ottoman Turks. This was a name taken from the first ruler or sultan, Osman or Othman. The Ottoman Empire grew under different rulers. Sultan Orkan added the Dardanelles to the empire. Sultan Murad annexed the Balkans. In 1463 the forces of Mohamlrned II captured Constantinople and brought about downflill of famous Byzantine Empire. Under Sultan Suleiman known as the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire reached .. its zenith. Its territories stretched from the Caspian Sea to Morrocco in Africa and from Persia to Poland in Eastern Europe. But after the historic Battle of Lepanto in 1671 the Ottoman Empire began to decline. In this battle, the Turks were defeated by the combined forces of Spain, Venetia, and Rome. Tzar Nicholas I of Russia became convinced that Turkey has become the "sick man of Europe". He tl".ied to provoke a war with Turkey in the hope of annexing certain valuable territories. Although England opposed Russia's design to annex Turkish territories, war broke out ln 1864-1866. This was the Crimean War. In this war, England World Problem and France helped Turkey against Russia who was finally defeated. Another war took place between Russia and Turkey in 1877-1878. This time Russia posed as the champion of the Christians in the Balkans and as the "big brother" of the subject nationalities in that region. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria became free in accordapce with the peace settlement that followed. The final breakup of the Ottoman Empire came in the Balkan Wars of 19111913. Four new states arose in the Balkans after the wars. Turkey in Europe was left with a small region .around Constantinople. Turkey lost other possessions as a result of other wars: Tunis went to France, Tripoli went to Italy, and England acquired Egypt. Birth of a Republic A group of Turks educated in foreign countries saw the need of preserving Turkey from possible partition among the big powers. · An organization was formed to develop .. Turkish nationalism. This organization was called the "Young Turks". The members staged a revolt in 1908 and demanded a constitutional government. Sultan Abdul Hamid II was forced to yield to their demands to establish a constitutional government. The struggle for freedom did not end with the establishment of the constitu· tional government. Turkish losses in Balkan Wars of 1911-1913 forced· the government to lean towards Germany for protection. The main reason for this alliance was the recovery of the military prestige of Turkey. · When World War I came, the alliance of Turkey with Germany completed the breakup of the Turkish empire. The Treaty of Sevres with Turkey provided for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty was signed by Sultan Mohammed VI. This treaty was opposed by the Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal * 23!1 Pasha. Under his able leadership, the nationalists succeeded in driving the Greeks from Smyrna, in seizing Constantinople, and in forcing the sultan to initiate talks for the revision of the Treaty of Sevres. An international conference was <'alled at Lausanne in 1922-1923. As a result of this conference, a new treaty which provided, among other favorable concessions, that Turkey should become a republic. Thus Turkey became a republic, and Mustapha Kemal Pasha became !cs first president. He is known in history as Ataturk, which means "Father of the Turks". Turkey becomes progressive Kemal did many things to make Turkey a progres•ive country. He abolished the Caliphate (which in the Cathohc world is similar to the Papacy), secularized education, assailed Islam as the official religion, gave the women the right to vote and forbade them to hlde their faces by using the veil. He caused new laws to be passed and a new calendar to be adopted. Under Ataturk's presid•ncy, the Turkish government introduced a new system of weights and rneasuTes, encouraged new industries and were developed. What does Russia want in Turkey? Why is Russia interested in Turkey? One hundred years ago an unknown man wrote a prophetic comment on Turkey. He said: "If Russia gets.hold of Turkey, its power will be doiibled and it will become the master of all Europe. Such an event will constitute a misfortune of indescribable magnitude." The author of this prohetic comment was Karl Marx. Russia is interested in Turkey because of its strategic position. She needs control of. certain basis in the Dardanelles for her own security. She ls demanding a joint Russo-Turkish control of the Straits. She I• demanding the return of· the border provinces of Kars and Ardahan. Russian pressure became basis of U.S. aid Continued Russian pressure on Turkey since the end of World War II has caused the Turkish government much annoyance and apprehension. Russia has been asking for the Straits and the border provinces, but Turkey has refused those demands. The United State> and Britain have supported her stand. They maintain that the nations that sign.ed the Montreux Convention must be consulted in the revision of the treaty. Fearing the continued pressure from Moscow, Turkey has been forced to ask for American aid. American aid makes Turkey strong The initial American aid of ~100,000,000 has helped make Turkey :i military outpost in Russia's flank. Acl!ording to President Truman's report to Congress on the Greek-Turkish Aid, U.S. aid to Turkey has provided the Turkish people an opportunity to improve their national defense and to strengthen the civilian economy. Two hundred and fifty officers and men of the U.S. Army are helping the Turks in training the new Turkish Army which is expected to be 500,000. They have also placed at the disposal of this army, technical equipment from the United. States. U.S. tanks are being used in the training of the new tank division of the Turkish Army. A U.S. navy mission of 132 officers and men is helping Turkey build a new navy that will be used in the ·defense of the Bosporous and the Dardanelles in case these places are attacked. Turkey is also building an efficient submarine crew under the guidance of the U.S. submarine experts. A. U.S. air mission of 100 officers and men is helping Turkey develop a new air force. Modern day and nii:ht fighters and attack bombers and trartsport pianes are being used in the training program. Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 Modern ports and roads linked "!)tll the military proil"am are under construction. Most of the road link Kare and Ardahan on the Russian frontier. American aid promotes economic progress Turkey is trying to make economic progress faster than military progress. The main reason for the slow economic progress of Turkey is the heavy expenditures for military purposes which take up more than 50% of the budget of the country. Despite this huge military expenditure, the Turkish Republic is mak· ing some economic progress because of her industries. Turkey has achieved political stability Turkey has achieved political stability and has outlawed the Communist Party. There are no fifth columns in Turkey. The D.emocratic Party and the People's Party are united in their foreign policy. President Ismet Inonu has once ex· pressed the need for treating the two parties alike. The People's 'Party of lsmet Inonu stands for estati.sm or state control of industries for the welfare of the people. The Truman Doctrine has restored confidence 0 The Turkish people," said President Truman, 11have taken advantage of the opportunity offered by the United States. Turkey is today working hard to get maximum benefit from the U.S. supplies and training. . . the 111oral and material assistance which the United States is providing has also helped produce an atmosphere of confidence which has permitted the Turkish people to de· velop the democratic institutions which were established 25 years ago, at the formation of the Turkish Republic. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why is Turkey a "sore 9pot"? World Problem What is UNO Doing? (Continued from page 237) "The greatest task b..efore us is to make every individual aware of his or her political responsibilities - not only to the local community or state - but also to the world community." -L.ars Nyberg, Sweden "We the peoples of the United Na· tions" on the preamble of the United Nations Charter replaces the customary formula "the high contracting parties." The delegates to the San Francisco Con· ference have thus affirmed that they considered thems<llves the direct representatives of the people themselves, rather than the agents of the respective states." -Raoul Dubais of Paris, France 2. Why is Turkey strategic? 3. Why is Turkey valuable to the Rus~ians? to the Americans and British? 4. Why do you think ·Russia < 0 hampioned the cause of the Christians in the Balkans? 5. Why did the United States decide to give aid to Turkey? 6. How did Turkey achieve political stability? Was the method right? Why? Would you favor the abolition of the Communist Party in the Philippines? Why? References 1. Ben-Horin, Eliahu. The Midale East, pp.·81, 87, 94, 96, 107, 111, 115, 136. 2. Gunther, John. "Report on Turkey," Look, Vol. 12, No. 25 (December 7, 1948) pp. 34-41. 3. Morgan, Edward P. 'Ditchers at the Dardanelles," Collier's Vol. 199, No. 19 (May 10, 1947) pp, 2-78. 4. Haueer, Ernest 0. "Turkey Lives on Borrowed Time." The Saturday Evening Post Vol. 220. No. 85 (February 28, 1948), pp. 24-27, and 109 *241 What is Russia's Headache? Thete are two salient features abr.ut Moscow's announcement of its new sixpower council of mutual economic aid, binding the Soviet Union and five of its European satellites to assist each other againSt the "dictate of the Marshall Plan." One is the vagueness of the couneil's program, which ostensibly off~rs nothing more than the established relations between Moscow and its sate11ites. The other is the pointed exclusion of Tito's Yugoslavia from the new '•antiMarshall Plan." From both, pne is justified in concluding that Moscow is having more difficulty than it anticipated in organizing the great empire of various recalcitrant peoples which it has established along Russia's Western march(\s, Tito, the convinced Communist but at the same time the leader of the most dangerous heresy which has arisen within the "monolithic" Soviet system, must be more severely punished. To exclu:le him more rigorously from the Soviet economic system must obviously end to force him into the arms of the West but Moscow can think of nothing better. All it can do is to apply whip, and at the same time endeavor to minimize its effect by creating the appearance of a successful and desirable economic system operating within the borders of the paradise from which he has been ejected. It is, perhap~, a little ironic to reflect that if this appearance could be made real most of our problems would be over. If Soviet Russia could really match the Marshall Plan in the West with a simi; 1arly fruitful and going economy in the East, adequate to the needs of the millions living beyond the Danube and Adriatic boundaries, there would be little reason for the conflict between the two systems. But the council of "mutual aid" is a paper construction scarcely sufficient for that. Many things can be put down on paper; it takes basic economic and social realities to give the paper meaning. The Marshall Plan means something because it expresses the fact that the United States actually has a surplus of food, machinery, and skills which it is willing to put into European reconstruction. The poverty-stricken millions of Soviet Russia are, on the other hand, a vast suction pump, draining every territory over which they secure control in order to raise their own necessitous standards of living. These things are not matters of theory or politics, or "war-mongering" ... They are the kind of hard fact which the Soviet philosophy professes to respect. They are hard enough for the West to deal with. Perhaps they are just as hard for the Kremlin, which is not wrestling with them too successfulJy. -The New York Herald Tribune Subscribe to ATING WIKA a monthly magazine that contains abundant illustrated materials of instruction in the Filipino National Language for grade school children. Subscription rates: One year (10 issues) One Semester ( 5 issues) ATING WIKA P7.50 4.00 933 Raon St., Manila 242 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 Significant World News Roundup JAPAN Policy for Japanese farm organizations The Far Eastern Commission recently announced the approval of a policy decision encouraging the formation of unions, cooperatives, and similar organizations by Japanese farmers. A 16-point directive was sent to Gen. Douglas MacArthur for implementation. The main points of the directive provide that Japanese farmers should be encouraged to form farmers' organizations. In forming these organizations, the farmers are assured ·or the fundamen,tal freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of Japan and are being encouraged to observe these freedoms in their operation. Existing laws or parts thereof which are contrary to the provisions stated in thiS policy should be abrogated, and any organization established thereunder, abolished. 'What is ijte significance of the news? The directive is another milestone in the progress of civil liberties in Japan. The directive not only encourages the formation of cooperatives,· but specifies that, in the operation of these cooperatives, due regard be taken to safeguard the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteel'.t the Japanese people by their constitution. Measures were suggested to prevent the cooperatives from talllng under the control of banking, trade, industrial or other non-farther interests. INDJA An example in world cooperation The Dominion of India and Pakistan have agreed to settle their differences International News peacefvlly in the state of J ammu and Kashmir. Both dominions have accepted the holding of a plebiscite in the disputed state. The principles for the holding of the plebiscite were proposed by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan. Both dominions have ordered a cease-fire in the disputed state effective January 1, 1949. What is the significance. of the news? The native state of Jammu and Kashmir is in northwestern India. This decisfon is doubly significant: (1) This action taken by the Dominion of Indian and Pakistan is an example in world cooperation in the settlement of troubles affecting world peace, a cleJlr demonstration of the progress of the world toward amic3ble or peaceful settlements of international disputes. (2) The results of the plebiscite to be held in Jammu and Kashmir may hasten the solution of the .'.!conomic problems of the governments of bofh the Dominion of India and Pakistan. KOREA Rehabilitation and recovery to be stressed The administratioh of the program in Korea has been taken over by the Economic Cooperative Administration (ECA) from the U.S. Department of Army, which has been concentrating on relief assistance in its aid program in Korea. The major problem in Korea is to cut down excessive imports and simultaneously build up exporable surplus. To accomplish this objective, the ECA will place emphasis on two important *243 .industries - fishing and the domestic production of fertilizers. The development of the fishing industry will result in greater exports for Korea and the manufacture of fertilizer will cut the huge import bill. What is t)le significance of the news? The ECA program for Korea accordiDg to Dr. Edgar A. J, Johnson, director of ECA's Korea program division in Washington, "will demonstrate to the Asiatic peoples the intention of American democracy". The United States have to prove to the Koreans that Korea could be rehabilitated with the help of the Americans. In aiding the rehabilitation and recovery of Korea, Johnson said the Americans should .consider three facts in Korean life. One, he said, is the evolution of the present political situa.tion. He said that the United States has been Ulrn.ing over progressively more and more r~ponsibilities to the Koreans. The results of the last election have shown that the Koreans have hBd "the body of experience" to gOvern themselves. In this election, more than 90% of the people went to the polls. The second fecet, he explained, is the cultural problem of the Koreans whom he described as 41& most interesting, remarkable resilient people". The third facet, he said, is ''the very difficult economic situation". The problem is how to adjust the Koreans to their own economy after it has had 411 years of existence as a part of the Japanese Empire ••• INDONESIA Dutch and Russian attitude not conducive to peace action taken by the Netherlanda in Indonesia. The reasons given by the Dutch for their action are not supported by the reports of the Committee of Good Officers created to settle peacefully the differences between the Dutch government and the government of the Republic of Indonesia. The Dutch military action is in conflict with the Renville Agreement and with the Security Council resolutions of AU.gust 1, 1947 and November 1, 1947. More fundamental than· the refusal of the Dutch government to recognize the legitimate rights of the Republic of Indonesia is the fact that the Soviet Union· is fundamentally opposed to the government of the Republic of Indonesia. What is the significance of the news? The Dutch action in breaking peace in Indonesia is not justified. It is uncalled for. The reasons given by the Dutch government are not supported by reports from the Committee of Good Offices. This action of the Dutch and the Russian attitude in the Security Council are not conClucive to the peaceful settlement of the Indonesian problem. "T.he Soviet government," said U.S. Delegate Philip C. Jessup, "bas no In· terest in supporting the government of the Indonesian republic or of restoring peace to Indonesia. On the contrary, it is following its familiar tactics which it has used in Korea, in Greece, in Berlin, and now in Indonesia, and which have been described in the speeches of many delegates in the last session of the General Assembly, namely, seeking to overthrow a lawful democratic government and· to undermine its authority." GERMANY An impartial study of the ~vents in Christian Democrats for coalition Indonesia since the Dutch brok:e the peace negotiations with the Republic of government Indonesia will show that there is no Recently the Christian Democratic adequate justification for the military Party of Germany made the announce244 • Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 ment that it will participate as part of a coalition government of the Western sectors of Berlin headed by the Socialist party, The recent election in the weetem sector of Berlin ahowecl the !following results: Social Democrats ........... 64.6% Christian Democrats ........ 19 .4% Liberal Democrats •••••••••• 18.1% CommUDjsts , •••••• , •••••• - - - What is th• significance of the news? The decision of the Christian Democratic Party to participate in the coaltion government is a wise step. The Social Democrats belong to the left; the Christian Democrats are moderate, and the Liberal De11nocrats are rightists. The Christian Democrats can now make its contribution to the setting up of a governnient along democratic lines. In connection with this dicision of the Christian Democratic Party, it is important to remember that the results of the last election in the western sector of Berlin showed the rejection and indictment of Conununism. FINLAND The country becomes apprehensive The government of Finland has becolme apprehensive over the North At18.l}tic Alliance, which is in the process uf negotiation. Finnish Premier Karl Augqst Fagerholm expressed the fear that the relations of Finland with her "Nordic neighbors" would be strained ff Sweden would join the North Atlantic Alliall<'e. What is the significance of the news? Why has Finland shown signs of apprehension on account of the N ort'h Atlantic Alliance? She sees in this alliance a threat to her own safety. In ease any member nation of the alliance attacks Russia, Finland will be involved in the conflict, for she is bound International News by the Russo-Finnish agreement sifl'ned il\ 1948 to aid Russia, Besides, Finland may be attacked by her next-door neighbor, Sweden, in case Sweden, joins the alliance. NEWFOUNDLAND - CANADA Newfoundland to become a province of Canada After two ·months of close and careful negotiations, the delegation repre-: senting the government of Canada and Newfoundland signed the term of union by which the ancient British colony will become a province of Canada. Newfoundland will become a province of Canada. It will have full local selfgovernment and its own local legisla· tur<:. It will be entitled to representation in the Federal Parliament. What is fib.e significance of the news? Newfoundland became the 10th province of Canada. This union of Newfoundland with Canada insures for Newfouridland a sense of security in a troubled world. For Historical Records Why Hitler cancelled the invasion of England The private journal of Col. Fran• Halder, chief of the German Army High Command from 1938 to 1942 has just been made public. The journal translated by civilian specialists of the United States Military Administration in Germany consists of more than 1,300 pages of single spaced typewriting. Many pieces of valuable military information have thus been brought to light, but the most interesting part of the journal is the a~count of the attempted German invasion of England. The following are highlights of the report: 1. The planning for the invasion of Britain began on July 1, 1940. The *245 Navy regarded air superiority essential to the success of the inVasion. 2. A joint Navy and Army exercise on the coast was agreed upon. 3. On July 5, 1940, Field Marshal Gen. Walther von Brauchitsch, Army Supreme Commander, set August 15, 1940 as the day for the jump-off of the invasion forces. The plall!S for the invasion were approved on July 11. 4. Because of its inability to remove the mines in the English Channel, the German navy found it impossible to pass through the English Channel although this strip of water is only i:ro kilometers wide. 5. After hearing the troubles of the Navy and Army, Hitler set the date for the invasion on September 15, 1940. He also ordered air assaults and submarine warfare on Britain to start even before the invasion. 6. The Navy complained that it could not carry the invasion on September 15 because it would need 10 days to put the first assault wave across the channel. Moreover, it insisted that: the invasion would be done on designated ports and not on open beaches. The Navy report upset the plans of the Army. 7. The Navy set the date of the invasion between September 20-26. Finally the Navy and the Army agreed that the Navy could not provide protection for the invasion forces. British Air Force which wrought havoc on the German invasion forces on the coast'~. 9. On October 12, 1940, •Hitler called off the invasion of Britain. What is the significance of the report? The journal of Colonel General Fran• Halder gives evidence that Germany attempted to invade England in 1940. rt also sets forth all the reasons for the failure of the invasion. The proofs which support these -reasons show that the failure was due mainly to the inability of the navy to provide protection for the invading forces. RUSSIA Youth to be drafted for 5 years Russia is now executing plans for drafting of 160,000 teen-age youths for vocational training. The reason fer this conscription is to increase the <\~ pleted man resources and personnel in various industries. The majority of the youths to be drafted will be trained as construction workers. Others will be given training in mining. After two or four years of training in the schools of the Ministry of Labo1· Reserves. the youths must work for several years for the State. They must learn to sever past ties with their families. 8. Hitler insisted on the carrying of What is the significance of the news'! his order for the inVasion of Britain. The measbre to draft teen-age youth The Gerttnan Air Force staged four all- is a part of the Soviet program of asout battles against the British from suring the country with a supply of August 8 to August 26; however, the skilled labor for industries. It is exBritish Air Force remained intact. Ac- pected that more than 4,000,000 new cording to the journal the damage workers would be trained. There is a caused by the bombs dropped by the serious objection on the part of most of German Air Force was confined to the youths. This is their long separa"small areas". By about 100%, the tion from their familie1t. The youths "German Air Force Command under- must serve Russia for several years estimated the fighting strength of the after their training period. 246 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 ECAFE ENDS SESSION Worthy achievements The United Nations Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) which was Cl'eated to plan out solutions to the economic problems of Asia. and the Far East recently concluded its 13-day session in Australia. During its lastsessiollj, the ECAFE approved various resolutions covering such subjects as in~ dustrial development, trade and finance, food and agriculture, technical training and flood control. Although the conference e11dorsed the recommendations of a. working party on measures for industrial develop'ment, the whole question, one of the most important on the agenda was considered too complex for dispossal at the last session. Therefore, a conference of a committee of the whole will be convened within three months to give this question further study. During the course of the conference, Nepal, Indonesia, and the Republic of Indonesia were admitted to associate membership in the E.CAFE. The admission of the Republic of Indonesia ~as vigorously opposed by he Nether· lands delegation which walked out of the conference after a vote supporting the membership of the Republic was cast. The Netherlands contented ihat the matter was political; therefore, it was not up for settlement by an economic body such as the ECAFE. It also held that the Republic should have submitted its application through the Netherlands rather than on its own. The conference approved a resolution concerning trade between ECAFE countries and Japan. It urged the countries formerly trading with Japan to con· tinue explorin~ the possibilities of augmenting their trade with Japan to utiInternational News lize more fully Japan's productive ca· pacity for the economic development of the whole area. In the course of the conference, the Indian delegate also urged the adoption of a so·called "Marshall Plan" for Asia. The delegate of the United States clarified the position of his country on this point. He pointed out that the United States believes that specific projects rather than an overall plan were more feasible at the moment in view of the stage of in,dustrial development in the region. He also pointed out that the United States has already aided in the rehabilitation of ECAFE countries by some two billion dolla1·s, mostly in grants. Although reaffirming the U.S. interest in the economic progress of ECAFE countries, he also stressed the necessity of maintaining a strong economy at home and of not over .. straining U.S. resources. "The resources of the United States are not limitless," he further said. What is the significance of the news:• The accomplishments of the ECAFE are significant. During its last sessions, there were less discords and disagree .. ments than during the previous sessions. The ECAFE is beginning to realize ihat the solution of the economic problems of Asia and the Far East can be at.complished through cooperation, and not by hurling accusatiOns and counter-accusations. It is important to reali7.e that ECAFE. sessions are not intended for propaganda purposes; the sessions do not discuss pro-democracy nor procommunist ideology. * 247 Science Marches On X-Ray Movies An X-ray camera that sees inside the human body and makes permanent motion pictures of the inner functions of its organs, was demonstrated recently in the United States, The device is ex;pected to be valuable in medical training, res~arch, and treatment. Pictures taken with the camera showed the beating of the heart and the movement of wrists, shoulders, ankle, and hip bones. The action of the muscles used in swal:. lowing a specially prepared liqllid was visible to the camera as the fluid l!loved toward the stomach. The five doctors who invented the special camera and gave demonstration are members of the department of radiology· of the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. They are Drs. George H. RRmsey, James S. Watson, Jr., John J, Thompson, Franck Dreisinger, and Sedney Weinberg. Previous methods of making X-r~J ''movies," Ramsey explained, have been handicapped by slow lenses and by the high exposure to the radiation necessary to get a good picture. This restricted the use of the X-ray "movies" then. The new apparatus has been especially designed to limit the X-ray dos3ge. Ramsey explained that this is done by directing the X-ray beam so that it exposes only the part being studied and by timing the pulses from the X-ray tube so that the patient receives radiation only when the film is actually being exposed. by X-rays, which themselves are invisible and cannot be focused by a lens. Behind the screen, a standard 35 mm. motion picture camera, equipped with a special fast lens is focused on the screen. An intricate electronic apparatus times both the camera and the X-ray tube; to the X-rays are emitted only at the instant the camera shutter is open. What is the value of the X-ray "movies"? "This camera," Ramsey said, "is a tool that will greatly extend the value of X-ray in medicine, affording a permanent record of rapidly moving body activities - something which the profession has long needed." New Soap for the Surgeon A surgeon traditionally scrubs his hands .and arms for at least 10 minutes before an operation in order to rL'move germs that might endanger a patient. A new liquid soap is repo1·ted by Th.• New York Times to sterilize the doctor's hands, more effectively, in about three minutes. The new soap contains a phenol and chlorine compound called hexachlorophene, which kills virulent organisms on the hands. According to the report the new soap has been successfully used for a year at the hospital of the University of Michigan, U.S.A. A better mousetrap An automatic trap that electrocules unwary rodents and resets itself i5lo reported by the magazine Science Illustrated. When placed on a rat runway, The patient is placed in front of a the device, produced by the LEC Corflourescent screen, similar to the screen poration of Rochester, New York, offers a physician uses in making a regular an inviting tunnel to tile rats. Entering fluoroscopic examination. This screen the tunnel, the rat brealfs a photoelecgives off visible light when it is struck tric-cell circuit, causing metal girds to 248 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 grip him. An eleclric cunent kills the rodent, which is then ejected through a hinged side of the trap. Fly control When an epidemic or catastrophe strikes a city or town, upsetting normal sanitation facilities, the common fly may spread dysentery, typhoid, and other diseases. Recent experiments indicate that the spraying of DD'll or any other fly-killing insecticide from airplanes helps protect the population during such emergencies. The exeperiments are describell in Public Health Reports, official publication of the United States Public Health Service by Cornelius W. Kruse, engineering consultant to the Communicable Dise:l~e Center of the USPHS, who conducted the research. "For most effective control," .Kruse ~ays, "the insecticides should be applied when the flies are most active, which is late in the morning after winds and unstable ·air conditioits have devel:lped." Active flies, he explains, are much more likely to move into, or be struck by, droplets of insecticide during or immediately after the spraying. Fresh droplets have much higher killing power than the same droplets after the solvent has evaporated, leaving only a dry residue of the DDT' itself. Decline in sunspots A. decline in the number and frequency of sunspots may improve world radio and wire co"lnmunications for several years to crime, the United States Naval Observatory says, The spots on the sun · apparently passed the peak of an 11year cycle of activity in 1947. Captain Guy W. Clark, Superintendent of the Observatory, forecasts the decline. Sunspots are the visible manifestations of immense areas of turbulence in the sun's atmosphere. It is believed that the turbulence stems from surface disturbances on the ·sun similar to steam Modern Science arising from bursting bubbles in a boiling cauldron. Sunspots cause uneven reflection of radio waves from the earth's sending station. During sunspots Hstorms" shortwave messages broa<l.cast from one part of the world to another are unintelligible. Sunspots also_ distur)l the magnetic field of the planet itself and cause special electrical charges to be born in telephone and telegraph wires, resulting in garbled messages. Relief for asthma Whiffs of the dust of norisodine sulfate, inhaled through the mouth, have helped asthma victims to ward off impending attacks, three United States scientists r~port in an article in Science, weekly journal of the American Association for the Advancement of the Science. The experiment was conducted by Drs. L. R. Krasno and M. Grossman of the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana, Illinois, and Dr. A. C. Ivy of the Illinois Masonic Hospital of Chicago, Illinois. Treatment consisted of inhalations of norisodine sulfate, also called aleudrin, from a simple and relatively. inexpensive pccket-sized inhaling apparatus that experts say makes the dust method more easily available for home atid office use. The report says that 16 of 24 patients prevented or controlled attacks of asthma ·with the du.st inhalations. The other eight needed other medicines in addition to the norisodine. The physicians report that the treatment also aided patients with bronchial spasms not due to asthma. Norisodine was previously reported effective when given in liquid form by injection, by mouth or Qy inhalatiop. in· a mist. The idea of using it as a dust followed the discovery, during an experiment lasting nearly two years, that penicillin dust was effective in treating infection• of the breathing tract. (Please turn to page 252) * 249 The Philippines and the World Leaflets on Canning Smoked Oysters The Philippine Fishery program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation with the Phiilippine Bureau of Fisheries, has prepared· a leaflet on how to can smoked oystew; either for future consumption or for probable export. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife has conducted several experiments on the possibilities of canning Philippine oy13ters. After some time, it has learned useful information. It has found, for instance, that fat, native oysters can be made tasty and desirable and can be canned and shipped without deterioration. U.S. Trains More Filipino Cadets The United States is training rnore Filipinos than any other group of trainees from other countries, "Filipino cadets," says Cadet Midshipman Ramon P. Fernandez of Daet, Camarines N '>rte, "are received and treated with geniality by American officers and other cadets." A Promising Industry An excellent opportunity for an industry lies in the fishing and marketing of Philippines spiny lobsters, according to H. W. Terhune, Administrator of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Philippine Fishery Program, and by officials of the Bureau of Fisheries. Exploration plans on spiny lobsters Praise for Philippine Science Dr. Howard C. Naffziger, an outstanding member of the World Health Organization, recently praised the progress made by Philippine science. According to him, our postwar achievements along scientific lines excel those of any other Oriental country. Demand for Philippine Goods Several Filipino businessmen in Chicago have formed a Filipino Chamber in that city, The, main purpose ,of the organization is to secure-;- collective action in their business enterprises. One of the aims of the chamber is to ·boost Philippine products in that city, The members of the chamber have requested the Secretary of Commerce and Industry in the Philippines to send samples of Philippine-made products to Chicago to interest Ame11ican businessmen. Philippines Failed to Fill Its Quotas The Philippines has failed to fill 0 the quotas allowed by the Philippine Trade Act of 1946. Under the terms of the Act, the Philippines has been allowed a certain number of export quotas on buttons, coconut oil, sugar, cordage, and tobacco. The main reason fOr such a failure is the shortage in the production of these export products. It is hoped that the Philippines would be able to fill her export quotas for 1949. Millions for Philippine Aviation fishing is being un;!:irtaken under the The United States Civil Aeronautics supervision of the technicians of the Administration (CAA) has announced Philippine Fishery program. Methods that it would spend about $4,000,000 in of pres~rving the catch by processing, the fiscal year 1949 in Its Philippine repacking In cellophane, and freezing and habilitation program under the War chilling with ice will also be studied. Damage Act. 250 * Current Events Review VoL IV, No. S Under the provision of this act, the CAA spends for the training, of Philippine pensionad.Js in civil aviation. Fifty trainees wer< handled by the CAA 211 1947 anl! 1948. The last group of trainees will be handled In 1960. To Promote Philippine-Australian Trade H. H. Rankine, acting trade commissioner for Ausbalia, recently visited the Philippines to look for trade possibilities between the Philippines and Australia. According to him, the Philippine government would find a good export market for Philippine lumber because soft wood is in great demand in Australia. He expressed the belief that about 60% of the lumber produced in the Philippines would be consumed in Australia. Philippine Products for Germany The European Economic Administration (ECA) has recently !lnnounced the authorization for the purchase of Philippine goods. The sum of $366,000 worth of vegetable and fiber products has been authorized for shipment to the Bizonia, the union of the British and American zones of occupation in Germany. Cotton products, cordage, twine, and wearing apparels are not included in the aUocation made by the ECA. UNESCO Mission to Visit the Philippines A mission of the United Nations Educational, Social, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) will visit the Philippines. The main purpose of the visit is to make a survey of the educational needs of our country. Manila-Tokyo Flight Begun The Phnippine Air Lines has inaugurated the Manila-Japan Flight. This Satlonal Affairs is in line with the aru1ounced policy of the company expanding its services fn coun.t1•ies in the Pacific, the Near East, the Middle East, China, Europe, and the U nfted States. ~hilippine Labor Trends as Seen by Foreigner Dr. Raghunah S. Rao, assistant director general in charge of statistics in the ILO (International Labor Organization), has made certain observations on the labor trends in our country in his re ... cent visit to the country. Here are some of the import~nt observations he has made: 1. The Philippines has a unique position in Asia because of its well'balancod admixture of the East and the West. 2. The social and economic stan1ards of the Philippines are comparatively high, They are higher than the s!andartis in the Asiatic countries; they are even higher than those of some pf: the European states, 3. The Philippines . has a highly developed trade union mOvement, progressive legislations, and promising industries. (Please turn to ne:xt page) Subscribe to ATING WIKA a monthly magazine in the National Language for grade-school children. (Approved by the Government for general reading for both public and private elementary schools.) One year . . . . . . . . . . . P7.60 One semester . . . . • • • 4.00 933 Raon St., Manila *251 1''uture of Chiua . . . ( Contin1ted froni pages 236) " ... the Government of the United States will in no way commit itself to a recognition of exclusive rights of any power within or control over any portion of the Chinese Empire." As a result of a secret deal at Yalta, the Soviet Government was permitted to establish a - privileged position in Manchuria. Concessions were given by the Central government to Russia as a result of the Russo-ChiJ1ese Treaty of August 14, 1945. The victory of the Chinese Reds will modify the "Open Door Policy" to some extent, but there is no certainty that there will be an "Iron Curtain" on China because the new government would need outside help from other countries. 6. Democracy will be endangered. - Chinese Communist victory will mean the decline of democracy in China. It may also mean the lost of American prestige. Gen. Dauglas MacArthur sent a 16-page report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. The title of the report is: "Strategic Implications of the Developments in China.'' In this report MacArthur said tha~ the security of the United States will be endangered by Communists victories. He also said that the forces of Russia would be able to seize Okinawa and Japan, if the United .States forces in the Western Pacific are not strengthened. Exercises to Develop-Thinking 1. Why did a new China emerge after World War II? 2 . Why did China achieve victory without peace? 3. Do ·you think the aims of the Kuomintang and the Communists reasonable? Why? 4. What is the significance of the Communist victory in Manchuria? 5. Do you favor American military aid to China? Why ? The Philippines aud the World (Continued from page 251) The Philippines and the United Nations The Philippines is pledged t-0 aid the people-of Indonesia to win their independence according to a speech delivb~ bl; Ambassador Romulo at the South East Asia conference held at Delhi, I ridia ... He explained that the peoples of Asia are entitled to their freedom because it is a God-given right. He also urged the peoples of the Orient to fight colonialism in various ways. The Ambassador also urged the formation of a permanent council to represent· the c1Juntries of Asia. The formation of this Council is in keeping with the provision of the United Nations Charter on regional arrangements. Science Marches On • • . (Continued from page, 249) "It would appear that the drug has a definite place in the symptomatic treatment of asthmatic disease. It should be useful in many instaJhCes of brochospasms ~f an asthmatic ori'gin. It can apparently be inhaled in dust form with a wide margin of safety." 6, Do you think American military aid to China may bring ab9ut a war between America and Russia? Vlty? References 1. Payne, Robert. The Revolt of Asia, pp. 193-195. 2. "Why do the Chinese Fight Themselves?" Current Events Review,. Vol. II, No. 8 (February, 1947), p. 34. 3. "MacArthur Says Fall of China Imperils U.S." Life, Vol. 25, No. 25 (December 20, 1948) p. 26. 4. ''China's Failure: Even with Aid." U.S. News & World Report, Vol. XXV, No. 21 (November 19, 1948) pp. 28-29. 5. Rosinger, Lawrence. Jiorging a New China, pp. 39-67, 252 * Current Events Review Vol. IV, No. 8 Text of the International Genocide Convention Specific: objectives: 1. To know the provisions of the international convention on genocide 2. To understand the significance of the text The th.ird regular session of the General Assembly held in Paris unanimously approved the text of the international convention on genocide. What are its provisions? What is the significance of the text? Action by the Assembly The General Assembly by a vote of 55 to 0, with only three delegations absent - Costa Rica, El Salvador, and South Africa-approved the text on tho international convention on genocide. The Assembly also approved two resolutions relating to implementing and applying the convention. One of these urges the' extension of its provisions to dependent territol'ies. The other i·esoiution asks the United Nations international comm1ss1on to study the "possibility of establishing a criminal chamber of the International Court of Justice."· The resolution was approved despite vigorous opposition by the Soviet Union. Genocide is condemned Below is given the whole text of the resolution against genocide: "The contracting parties having· considered the declaration made by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its Resolution 96 (1) dated '11 of. December, 1946 that genocide is a Wodd Problem crime under international law, contrary to the ·spirit and ·aims of the United Nations and condemned J:iy the civilized world; "Recognizing that at all per'iods of history genocide has inflicted great losses on humanity; and "Being convinced that, in order to liberate mankind from such an odious scourge, international cooperation is required; "Hereby agree as hereinafter provided: ARTICLE I "The contracting parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish. ARTICLE II ''In, the present .convention genocide means any of' the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious g'l:oup such as: (1) Kil,1ing members cf the group; (2) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (3) Deliberately in· flicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its... physical destruction in whole or in part; ( 4) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; ( 5) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. ARTICLE III 'iThe following acts shall be punishable: (1) Genocide; (2) Conspiracy to * 253 commit genocide; (8) Direct and public Incitement to comm!~ genocide; (4) Attempt to co~it genocide: (6) Com· plicity In genocide. ARTICLE IV "Persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article III shall be punished, whether they aro contititionally responsible rul· ers, public officials, or private Individuals. ARTICLE V "The contracting parties umlertake to enact, in accordance with their re .. spective constitutions, the necess8.1Y legislation to give effect to the provi· sions of the present convention and, in particular, to provide effective penal· ties for persons guilty of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated i~ Article III. ARTICLE VI "Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article III shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the state in the t<.rri· tory of which the act was committed, or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to such contracting parties as shall have accepted the jurisdiction of such {ribunal. ARTICLE VU "Genocide and the other acts enumerated in Article III shall not be con•id· ered as political crimes for the purpose of extradition. "The contracting parties pledge themselves in such cases to grant extradition in accordance with their laws and i;reaties in force. United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article ur. ARTICLE IX "Disputes between the contracting parties" relating to the interpretation, application or fulfillment of the present convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a state for genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Aricle III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request, if any, of the parties to the dispute. ARTICLE X 11 The present convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish texts are equally authen· tic, shall bear the date of - - - - ARTICLE XI ' 1 The present convention shall be open until December 31, 1949, for signature on behalf of any member of the United Nations and of any non·member state to which an in.vitation to sign has been addressed by the General Assembly. ''The present conv~ntion shall be rati· fied, and the instruments of ratifica· tion shall be deposited with the Secretary General of the United Nations. "After January 1, 1950, the present convention may be acceded to on behalf of any member of the United Nations and of any non-member state which has received an invitation as aforesaid; ARTICLE VIII "Instruments of p,ccession shall be "Any contracting party may call deposited with the Secretary General of upon the competent organs of the the United Nations. ?54 * Current Ev'ents Re'vil!w Vol. IV, No. 8 ARTICLE XII "Any contracting party may at any time, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, extend the application of the present convention to all or any of the territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations that contracting party is responsible. ARTICLE XIII "On the day whe,n the first twenty instruments of ratification have been deposited, the Secretary-General shall draw up a process-verbal and transmit a copy of it to each member of the United Nations and to each of the nonmember states contemplated in Article XI. "The present convention shall come into force on the nineteenth day following the date of deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession. "Any i·atification or accession effected subsequent to the later date shall become effective on the ninetieth day following the deposit of the instrument of ratification or accession. ARTICLE XIV "The present convention shall remain in effect for a period of 10 years dating from its coming into force. "It shall thereafter remain i4 force for successive periods of five years for such contract'.ng parties as have not denounced it at least six months before the expiration of the current period. ''Denunciation shall be effeeted by a written · notification addressed to the Secretary-G•neral of the United Nations. ARTICLE XI "If, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties to the present con· Worl'd l'roblent vention should become less than 16, the convention shall cease to be In force as from the data on which the Jut of these denunclatloDll llhall beeome effective. ARTICLE XVI "A request for the revision '="of the present convention may be made at any time by any contracting party by means of a notification in writing a<f .. dressed to the Seeretary-General. The General Assembly shall decide upon the steps, if any, to be taken in respect to such requesj;. ARTICLE XVII "The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify all members of the United Nations and the non-member states contemplated in Article XI of the following: (1) Signatures, ratifications and accessions received with Ar· ticle XI; (2! Notifications received in accordaD/'e with Article XII; (3) The date upon which the present convention comes into force in accordance with Article XIII; (4) Denunciations received in accordan.ce with , Article XIV; ( 5) The abrogation of the convention in accordance with Article XV; (5) Notifications received in accordance with Article XVI. ARTICLE XVIII "The original of the present convention shall be deposited in the archives of the United Natibns. "A certified copy of the convention shall be tran~mitted to all members of the United Nations and to the non· member states contemplated in Article XI. "The present convention shall be registered by the Secretary-General of t11e United Nations on the date of its coming into force." *255 What is the significance of the text on genocide? The approval of the text on the inter· national convention on genocide outlawing mass exterminB.tion of religious, racial, and national groups has been hailed by outotanding m'embers of the United Nations as an "epoch--making event''. Assembly President Herbert Evatt calls it a "significant advance in the develop· ment of internatioilal criniinal law". The United States delegate, Ernest Gross, expressed the hope that all members of the United Nations should ap· prove the text. He said action is immediately needed to advance the social progress of mankind. Many American newspapers praised the action of the General Assembly in approving the text on genocide. They are unanimous in the opin,ion that the text would protect the most fundamental riglit of all, the very right of human groups to exist as groups. In this field relating to the sacred right of existence of human groups, the United Nations has proclaimed the supremacy of international law once and forever. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. Why do you think genocide has been considered -a crime? 2. Go over the Jlst of acts punishable under the text on genocide. Can you cite examples of Acts of genocide com· mitted during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines? 3. Do you think the death sentence on Gen. Yamashita or any other ·war criminal is an act punishable under the text of the genocide convention? Why? 4. Why has the approval of the genocide i'!Onvention been called an "epoehmaking" event? How will the Control ..• (Continued from page 227) How will control of the Ruhr promote peace? In the past the resources of the Ruhr have been used for the purposes of ag· gression. The six governments are de· termined that, through the security measures referred to above, any recur· rence of such a situation shall be pre· vented. They are· equally aware that the political and economic welfare. of Europe requires the full and effective use of the industrial production of the Ruhr and the participation of a demo· cratic Germany in the community of·na· tions, all enjoying a reasonable standard of prosperity. The establishment of the Ruhr authority is an innovation in the ipternational economic field. It is not being set up to limit free competition by European industries in the market8 of the world. It has a constructive function to fulfill in promoting the general economic well·being of Europe and in re-establishing international confi· dence. If operated wisely, the Ruhr authority may be regarded as a "further contributory step towards a mol'e in· timate economic association among the countries of Europe. Exercises to Develop Thinking 1. How does conlirol of the mineral resources help promote economic recov· ery in EUl'ope? 2. How does control of the resourcc3 prevent Gern1an aggression? 3. Why is proper division of the coal, coke, and steel important? 4. Why is supervision important~. 5. Explain why the Ruhr authority is an innovation in the economic field? 256 '1< ~~~~-C~u-rr_e_n_t~E-v-e·n--t-.-R~ev_i_e_w~~~--~~V~o~J.-=-rv~-~.~N 7o-.-=-s Publications fo1· Colleges of Liberal Arts, Education, Normal (Prices subject to change without previous notice) Board and Civil Examinations for Civil Engineers - Bernales and Ongkingko ........................................ · .. · Review Arithmetic - Singson - (Problems with solution) ...... . Elementary Psychology - Verzosa .................... · .. · .. · .. · Logic - Verzosa ................................ · .. · ... · .. · · · · Review Mathematics - Villanueva-)V\anlapaz - Algebra ........ . Differential Calculus .................................... . Laboratory Experiments in Physics - Manlapaz ................ . Art Appreciation I - Course of Study .......................... . 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