Panorama. Vol. X, No.6 June 1958

Media

Part of Panorama

Title: Panorama. Vol. X, No.6 June 1958
Issue Date: Vol. X (No. 6) June 1958
Year: 1958
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: CONTENTS Articles 1France in Trouble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. C. Sta. Maria 3 Dance Ambassadors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Macapagal: Political Wonder Boy .. Rony V. Diaz 11 So You Want to be a Skin Diver! ............... . ]. P. Sta. Domingo 16 Millions Under Our Seas . . . . . . Amanda Doronila 21 Where Is Our Fcre·ign Policy Taking Us? ......... . Antonio Escada 24 Hail the Lowly Paperback! . . . . . . . Bantam. Memo 29 A Family of Dolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The Barrios Are Moving Forward ............... . Pakistan's Artistic Workers .......... Free World 35 First Christians en Cebu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, Badly Wanted: Scientists ........ Mitron Paniqui 40 Intelligence and Delinquency .. Harry M. Shulman 51 Sergeant York of the Philippines ...... ]. P. Ramos 54 More Money, Less Education . . . . . . Pedro T. Orata 63 How to Prevent Fires , ~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Sociology Eyes the Economy ... Thomas R. McHale 80 The Story of La Solidaridad . . . . . . . . F. M. Jason 83 Space Travel - How Soon? . . . . . . . . Sixta D' Asis 86 Beware of these Garden Plants Mona Lisa Steiner 90 Fiction The Wounded Peacock ........... Virginia Perez 44 Regular Features Are You Word Wise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Panorama Peek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Book Review: Escape Frnm Corregidor ......... . Leonard Casper 5 7 Literary Personality-XL!: Minou Drouet . . . . . . . . 61 Panorama Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 In the Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Philippine Panorama-XLII: The Parks . . . . . . . . . 76 Fun-Orama by Elmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishe~•. / Inc., 1986 Herran, Manila, Philippines Editor: FELIXBERTO C. STA. MARIA Foreign contributing editor: Leonard Casper Art director: Rodolfo P. Perez Business Manager: MRS. C. A. MARAMAG Subscription rates: In the Philippines, one year PS.00; two years P9.00. Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S.; two years S7.00 U.S. Single copy SC> centavos. MANILA PAPER MILL, INC. Manufacturers of •KRAFT PAPER. Factory: 0 WRAPPING PAPER •BOND PAPER •ONION SKIN • MIMEOGRAPH • GOLDEN KRAFT N ovaliches, Rizal Manila Office: 180 Echague, Quiapo Tel. No. 3-26-45 3-43-11 about the Panorama, the Philippines' most versatile, most significant magazine today. a year's subscription-NOW! they will appreciate it. SUBSCRIPTION FORM -------------------- 1 year for P5.00 -------------------- 2 years for P9.00 ·------------------- Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S. Name ---------------·------------·······-------------------------------------·-----·---------------------------·. Street ----·--------------------------------------------------···-----------------------------------------········· City or Toum -------------······----------------- Province .................................. . Enclosed is a check/money order for the amount specified above. Please address all checks or money orders in favor of: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila ~~-Entered as second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dec. 7, 1955 JUNE 1958 VOL. X MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 6 FRANCE IN TROUBLE Woulcl constitutional .amendments saYe her? T 0 UNDERSTAND the crisis currently gripping France, one must know the inherent weaknesses of that country's political structure. It is, to begin with, a system that suffers from the lack of a common political heritage. This means in simple terms that unlike the United States, for example, where the present govBy F. C. Sta. Maria ernment has evolved from a distinct political concept, France cannot point to a single historical ideology that would unify its people. Not even the revolution of 1789 could in this sense be identified as a rallying point for all Frenchmen. It is said that even today a small minority of extreme Rightists still consider the Revolution a national disaster. They would prefer a strongly authoritarian government not entirely alien to the concept of a monarchy. The extreme Leftist group on the other hand would establish a communistic regime in France. In between are a number of political parties, of more or less equal strength, each of which would set up a government to suit its own particular taste. In seventy years (between 1870 and 1940) France had more than 100 different governments, the average life span of a premiership being less than a year. Thus, it is also plain that France does not have any constitutional continuity. Political historians generally stress the fact that since the Revolution of 1789 France has been three times a monarchy, twice an empire, once a semi-dictatorship and four times a republic. It is the Fourth Republic established in 1949, that is at present in turmoil. B UT PERHAPS the biggest defect of the France system of government is the ut ter weakness of the executive. Neither the president, who is not elected by popular suffrage, nor the premier who can be unseated by the Assembly 4 almost at will, wields enough power to control the government. The former is elected by the Senate and Chamber of Deputies ( equivalent to the Congress of the Philippines) and usually has neither popularity nor prestige to command national attention; the latter is powerless because he cannot dissolve Parliament. Experience shows that the best premier is one who can make various parties compromise or agree on controversial issues. He must be one who is a master of appeasement. Such a situation is easily conducive to an unstable, if democratic, government. To add to the instability, there has been a splintering of political parties in France since the establishment of the Third Republic in 1875. The result is that today there are four or five major political parties of more or less equal strength, and several minor ones. Under this situation coalition governments are unavoidable because of the need for a sizable support, in terms of votes, for the winning candidate. And the elected representative does not necessarily owe political loyalty to a single party. The members of the Cabinet have various allegiances, too, and do not have to be loyal to whoever is designated premier. In other words, there exists PANORAMA virtually a chaotic political situation where each elected re presentative is the rival of the other for political power, and where unity is almost impossible. It was under such circumstances that Charles de Gaulle, hero of the underground and saviour of France in World War II, was invited by President Rene' Coty to take up the premiership vacated by Monsieur Pierre Pflimlin early this month. Now 67, the colorful general assumed the post following a tumultous two-week period which has been described as France's worst political crisis since Napoleon Bonaparte. The statement is probably exaggerated, although France has in fact come as close to a ci:vil war in the present upheaval as it has at any other time in_ recent history. It is now the hope of the rest of the world that de Gaulle could save the tottering government. GENERAL DE Gaulle may succeed where the other premiers (19 in all since 1947) have failed, if only because he remains the last national figure who can be acceptable to the majority of the French people by virtue of his brilliant war record. This is not to say of course that there is no valid opposition against him. The powerful Communist Party, JUNE 1958 which succeeded immediately after World War II in gettinJ one-fourth of the electorate (they won more votes than any other political party), has started to fight him. It has inspired strikes and other demonstrations to embarras him during the first day of his term. A more reliable index of de Gaulle's popularity however is the 329-to-224 vote of the Assem. bly which inevsted him with the premiership. Then again a similar majority (322 - to - 232 vote) on June 3 in giving him sweeping powers whereby he would rule by decree without the interference of the Assembly for a period of six months. Contemplated by the new "strong man" is a series of constitutional amendments which would strengthen considerably the executive and thereby correct the greatest fault of the French parliamentary form of government. In announcing the proposed ch.arter changes, de Gaulle made it clear that he stands on three prinples, namely: (I) universal suffrage, (2) cle:ir separation of the legislative from the executive and (3) government responsibility to parliament. In granting him unprecedented pvwers, the Assembly did not act in simple desperation, but obviously in the trusting belief that de Gaulle would not abuse such powers. They recall 5 that in. 1944 when the triumphant general became head of the Provisional Government he could have stayed on as a virtual dictator but didn't. In the words of the new premier himself, "Is it credible that at the age of 67 I am going to begin a career as a dictator?" In point of fact, the French people have no choice but to answer the question in the negative. De 6 Gaulle is France's last chance for survival today. W HAT COMPLICATES the terrible state of affairs in contemporary France is the issue of colonialism. It is on~ factor, in fact, which has been mainly responsible for the downfall of several of postwar France's govern men ts. By actual coµnt, three out of the last five cabinets toppled on the Algerian issue alone. PANORAMA After the second World War the empire of France crumbled steadily, hastened by the economic prostration of the mother country. The loss of lndoChina was followed by Tunisia and Morocco and also by the former protectorates in the Middle East. Only Algeria in northern Africa, with an area bigger than that of France, remains at present as a substantial colony. Technically a part of contintental France (known as a "department"), Algeria enjoys representation in the Assembly. More than one-tenth of its ten million population are of French descent and would rather stay as a part of France. The rest, who are Muslims, however have waged a bitter guerrilla warfare in an effort to be liberated from French rule. This fight for liberation has been going on for the past two or three years and has taken a huge toll from both sides in terms of men and money. Newspaper estimates place the casualties of France at 5,000 killed and a daily expenditure of $5 million. The casualty on the Alegrian side has been estimated at 50,000 killed. Furthermore, the Algerian campaign has forced France to station more than 400,000 troops in North Africa, at the expense of her commitJUNE 1958 ments with the NATO powers. Algeria is a festering sore on France's political body and will remain to be so until it achieves its freedom. This is a disturbing fact which no amount of constitutional reform within France can alter. One of Premier de Gaulle's urgent tasks is to restore peace in the strife-torn colony. This is one of the reasons the Assembly has consented to withdraw for six months, since de Gaulle would not venture to undertake the Herculean endeavor under any other condition. The prospects of a settlement strongly smack of appeasement, but would the Algerian nationalists accept anything short of independence? It is unlikely that they would. What is more likely to happen is that de Gaulle would succeed in restoring discipline among the restive French soldiers on the African continent and stop the loud threats of a full-scale mutiny or revolt. For a brief but anxious while, Lt. Gen. Raoul Satan, commaned-in-chief of French forces in Algeria, backed by two or three other field grade officer~. threatened to use his forces unless the politicians back home settled the Algerian problem. Openly pro-de Gaulle, these officers would listen to the premier. 7 W HETHER OR not the Algerian problem would be resolved in favor of the rebels seems unimportant for the moment. France has to be saved first. And it can be said that this is the average Frenchmen's 8 chief concern. It cannot be denied that constitutional amendments would improve the chaotic situatio11 in France. There seems to be a sentiment, gaining some ground, that a semi-presidential type of government similar to that of the United States could solve much of France's political difficulties. Even one which is parliamentary in form, like Great Britain's but with a stronger premier, would certainly be more acceptable. Yet it is equally true that changes in political structure alone will not br-ing an end to France's present troubles. Nationalism is on the upsurge among the world's subject peoples, and colonial powers such as France and Britain will continue to be harassed un ti! they liquidate all their holdings. It is a difficult decision to make, but it will have to be made. The eyes of the world now fixed on de Gaulle are intent on finding out whether he can untangle the knotty political problem of France. But a great many from the former subject peoples of Asia and Africa are also anxious to know what he would do with Algeria.-Philippine Journal of Education. Paradox The Due de Nivernois, a French diplomat, who was a widower, had struck up a firm friendship with the widowed Countess de Rochetfort, whom he visited every evening without fail. This constancy became a joke among his intimate friends, one of whom suAgested to the Due that he'd save a lot of footsteps if he married the lady. "Oh yes, certainly, his grace agreed, "but where should I then spend my eveninJlS?" * ]UNB 1958 Ambassadors of Culture THE BAYANIHAN dance troupe, whose performances in Rome and Bangkok have been wiJely acclaimed, i5 expected to appear at a command performance at the Philippine embassy in Washington during a dinner reception of President Garcia when he makes his state visit to the United States in June. Drawing crowds in all its performances, the troupe is eppearing at the Philippine pavilion in the Brussels World Fair l\{ay 25-June 3. The Bayanihan troupe recently arrived in Lourdes, France for a two-day pilgrimage to the shrine of Our Lady 0uring its sojourn there its repertoire of Filipino folk dances and ~ongs will be filmed and recorded by the famous Ed Sullivan TV show for the Americsm television public. of Lourdes. This will be the only breathing spell for the 42-man troupe which has been booked solid uutil July 4 as goodwill envoy of the Philippines in the various cultural centers of the world. On May 18 it performed in Barcelona under the auspices of the Compania General de Tab .. cos de Filipinas before appearing in Madrid under the sponsorship of the Philippine embassy and cultural societies. It will dance in Paris and proceed to Brussels for a series of performances which will be climaxed by a gala performance at the Philippine pavilion on "Philippine Day.'' Invitations have been received by the troupe to appear in the United States. Ambassador Carlos P. Romulo, who has been arranging the itinerary of the Bayanihan in the United States, has ~nt to Manila its tentative schedule. It includes the command performance, appearance at the Boston Arts Festival, Chicago-Iowa area, Cleveland, Ohio, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Bay area. A performance in Stockholm is being arranged by the Swedish government. Malacanang's next occupant? MACAPAGAL: Politi.ca.I JJ7 onder Boy VICE-PRESIDENT MACAPAGAL THE OUTSTANDING figure in the last election was Diosdado Macapagal. He got the most number of votes among all the candidates. The joint report of the congressional committee revealed that Macapagal got a total of 2,189,197 votes. President Garcia himself got no more than 2,072,257 votes. Macapagal's closest rival, JUNE 1958 By Rony V. Diaz Jose B. Laurel, Jr., was outdistanced by 406, 185 votes. Clearly, Macapagal was the people's favorite. Political observers note that Macapagal did not ride on the popularity of Yulo or on the wealthy Liberal Party machine. Instead, it was Yulo who rode on Macapagal and it was Macapagal who pulled the LP machine. An examination of the election results revealed that Macapagal led all his opponents even in the hinterlands. · The newspapers have reported that the electorate have crossed party lines in order to vote for Macapagal. Thus it was not uncommon that a rabid Nacionalista included Macapagal in his otherwise all Nacion_ alista ballot. The same case obtained among the supporters of Recto and Manahan. 11 So unique was the victory of Macapagal that President Garcia was moved to say: "Your victory, under the circumstances, has no precedent in our political history and I have found none in American politics." The 47-year old Pampanguei'io has been in politics for only eight years. He comes from very humble antecedents. He did not hesitate to reveal to the electorate that as a boy he had to tend swine and carabaos for a living. His parents were so poor that they could not even buy him a pair of canvas shoes or a shirt. He spent most of his leisure hours roaming the ricefields in search of edible frogs. Somehow he got through elementary school and eventually through high school. His parents had high hopes for him and they scraped enough money to send him to the University of the Philippines. He was in the University for a year before he was advised to quit. The reason: he was sickly and extremely undernourished. up TO THIS point the pattern of Macapagal's and Magsaysay's life is identical. Both came from peasant stock. Both had to sacrifice fiercely in order "to quench the thirst for knowledge." Both take pride in not having finished at the University of the Philippines because 12 of physical, not intellectual, inability. Then the pattern is somehow altered. Macapagal enrolled in a private college to study law. Again he was forced to qui.t because he could not meet the expenses. Then a wealthy philanthropic landowner in Pampanga took pity on the boy. The fellow was so convinced that greatness awaits Diosdado that he agreed to finance him. After his professional training, Diosdado vowed that he would serve his parents. In fact, he spent the early years of his professional life earning money for his parents. His sense of filial duty was very acute. When Yulo selected Macapagal, he took into account not only the remarkable story-like life of the fellow but also his public record. This contained nothing that could properly be called a blemish. Besides an outstanding record in Congress, Macapagal has also distinguished himself in diplomacy. "At one time, he was a delegate of the Philippines to the United Nations. There he was supposed to have displayed his virtues as a statesman. Mauro Mendez, the secretary of the delegation, recorded the jousts between Macapagal and Vishinsky. Reviewing these records, one is amazed at the courage of Macapagal. Once he spoke against a Soviet resolution dePANORAMA claring that the United States has intervened in the domestic affairs of the Eastern countries under the Mutual Security Act of 1951. He said: "The allegations of the Soviet delegate (Vishinsky) have not borne out the charge that the Mutual Security Act is an act of aggression and nn interference in the in tern al affairs of other States ... The real interference in the domestic affairs of other countries is being done by the Soviet Union, as witness the armed Communist attempts at terro'rism in the Philippines which are directly traceable to the Soviet Union and Communist China." To this, Vishinsky pointedly remarked: "I have listened patiently to the incredibly stupid speech which the representative of the Philippines has p r o • duced ... " And before the Russian could finish his sentence, Macapagal was back on his feet: "I take the floor again to raise a point of order," he said. "I l,lad the indisputable right to state the views of my delegation in this debate. I stated those views frankly and honestly. The members of this Committee can judge f o r themselves which speech was stupid - mine or Mr. Vishinsky's." At one time Jacob Malik, another Russian delegate, called JUNE 1958 Macapagal a "slave of the United States" for speaking in support of the Chinese resolution to declare Soviet Rsusia a threat to Nationalist China. On this occasion, Macapagal said: "I rise to take exception to the offensive allusions of the Soviet delegate. It appears that the privileges and courtesies regularly accorded the Soviet delegation are taken by it as a ?>ign of weakness on our part and abused. It is everybody's right to criticize the views of a delegate personally for expressing those views. Mr. Malik had announced that he was going to reply to my arguments. That was welcome. But instead of making a reply, he resorted to offensive personal remarks. "The time has come to call a halt to the Soviet delegation's h a b i t of insulting delegates here. Mr. Malik should be reminded that personalities are the gift of those who become bankrupt in their arguments, and that offensive personal allusions are disruptive of the orderly course of our proceedings. The Soviet delegate must be made to understand that if his government is habituated to taking lightly the dignit.y of individuals and even of nations, we in the Free World hold high the dignity of the human person and of the countries we represent. 13 'I therefore re q u e s t the Chairman to ask the Soviet and other delegates to be goo d enough to refrain from using offensive personal allusions. Let goodwill, the fairest flower of the human character, prevail among us." This long tirade against the manners of •he Russians illustrates admirably one of Macapagal's diplomatic successes. He was the champion of restrained language in the United Nations. s 0 IMPRESSED was the Philippine Mission to the United Nations, that Macapagal was cited in high terms in the report. The chairman of the for14 eign affairs committee of the House of Representatives was praised for " the clarity and compelling logic of his interventions that easily won the respect of his colleagues." Another diplomatic coup of Macapagal's is his represen tation of the Philippines in the ceremony transferrirtg the Turtle islands to the Republic. During the ceremony, Macapagal remarked : "We take this as a symbol of new growth, strength and vitality ·of our new Republic. This is an extension of moral imperialism only, the only imperialism to which we aspire, for we are true disciples of our mother counPANORAMA tries who have taught us their democracy." Since Macapagal belongs to a rival party he is currently the embarassment of the administration. Recently he was appointed by the President to the Council of State, a position of some influence but one that could hardly satisfy the ambition of one who had been overwhelmingly supported by the electorate. Mac a pa g a 1 thinks that his proper job, under the circumtances, is as fiscalizer, the gadfly of the State. In this connection, he said: "The NPs are very much mistaken if they think that I will close my eyes to acts of misgovernment and maladministration. As titular head of the party, it is my duty and my responsibility to spearhead the campaign for a clean and honest government." These are familiar words but somehow they still catch the people. The political rise of Macapagal has whetted his ambition. There are rumors that he will try for the presidency next election. If he does run for that position and given his immense popularity, he has a good chance of winning. Because of this possibility, Macapagal's personality, allegiances and ideas should be examined more closely. The Tables Turned Douglas once thought to scor~ off Lincolr by relating ·how, when he first knew him, Lincoln was a "grocery-keeper," selling among other things whisky and cigars. "Mr. L.,'' said Douglas," was a very good bartender!" But the laugh was on the other side when Lincoln made the following reply: "What Mr. Douglas has said, gentlemen, is true enough; I did keep a grocery, and I did sell cotton, candles and cigars, and sometimes whisky; but I remember in those days that Mr. Douglas was one of my best customers. Many a time have I stood on one side of the counter and sold whisky to Mr. Douglas on the other side, but the difference between us is this: I have left my side of the counter, but Mr. Douglas still sticb to his tenaciously as ever." * JUNE 1958 15 SO YOU WANT TO BE A SKIN DIVER! S KIN-DIVING h as become one of the most popular sports in the Philippines. Skin-diving equipment, such as aqualungs, snorkels and similar gadgets, have become common. The reason for its popularity is obvious: the world below the sea is a fascinating one and it is probably the last frontier on earth. Those with the pioneering spirit find it difficult to resist the urge to explore the underworld of the sea. However, since man is not designed to stay underwater he develops physical disorders that the average physician does not know how to handle. In the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Edward H. Lanphier, describes the more common disorders that a skin-diver may develop. As a man dives deeper there is an increase in pressure. This is equivalent to a whole atmosphere which is 15 pounds per square inch for every 33 feet 16 This exciting new sport has its hazards, but is worth eyery minute ol it By Jesus P. Sto. Domingo of salt water. Dr. Lanphier says that "the body as a whole, being made up of solids and fluids is no more likely to be crushed than a bucket of water lowered into the depths." Damage can occur only when there is unequalized difference in pressure. This usually happens when there is air in the lungs and air passages, paranasal sinuses and tn~ middle ear. So long as the diver is breathing normally and he has enough air, his lungs and air passages will easily adjust to the pressure equal to that of the water PANOitAMA at his depth. But if he holds his breath w h i I e descending, he creates a low-pressure pocket in his lungs; his blood is at a higher pressure and the blood vessels may burst. The symptom of this is the spitting of frothy blood. This condition is uncomfortable but seldom fatal. A di.ver who holds his breath while ascending is in a far more dangerous situation. Instead of a low-pressure pocket, a highpressure pocket forms in his lungs which may burst as a result. The diver then becomes "immediately a candidate for one of the most serious of all diving accidents: air embolism." Apart from the danger of bursting lungs, the pressure can force air bubbles through the pulmonary veins and into the heart. When these bubbles JUN& 1958 reach the brain, the diver suffers convulsions an d unconsciousness and unless he is subjected to recompression, he may die. A IR EMBOLISM occurs during emergency ascents, when the breathing apparatus of the diver is not functioning. "Only a well-instructed and coolheaded diver," Dr. Lanphier says, "can be expected to repress the powerful instinct to hold his breath on making his way to the surface. Air embolism is believed to be second o n I y to drowning as a cause of death in sport diving, but it is often unrecognized." There are two types of breathing apparatus. One is the opencircuit type which supplies air throu~h a re~ulator and dis17 charges the exhaled in to the water. This type of breathing apparatus has no problem with carbon dioxide. The other type is the closed-circuit or rebreathing apparatus which has a carbon dioxide absorbent. Dr. Lanphier cautions against the use of the second type. "The average sport diver derives only added limitations and hazards from using them." At unusual depths even the oxygen that the diver needs becomes dangerous. It has been found out that oxygen becomes poisonous under the pressure encountered at 280 feet. The super-saturation of oxygen then damages the central nervous s y s t em causing convulsions. Such an attack may drown the diver. However, if the diver is lucky, he may receive warning symptoms such as localized muscular twitching, nausea or giddiness. If he is coolheaded he could still make a controlled ascent. Oxygen poisoning may knockout a diver but it has no serious aftereffects. More dangerous than oxygen is nitrogen. Even only at 100feet depth, most divers are affected by nitrogen narcosis. This is a state of partial anesthesia which Jacques-Yves Costeau, th e French skin-diver, calls the "rapture of the deep." A diver suffering from nitrogen narcosis is capable of the strangest actions. The most 18 common reaction is wild, uncontrollable laughter. Others may become tearful or indifferent. Still others may rip off their masks an d contentedly suck the salt water. Dr. Lanphier observes that "at about 250 feet, the average diver has lost most of his usefulness and has become a menace to himself." A DIVER who makes an ascent too rapidly m a y suffer from the "bends" or "decompression sickness." At ordinary atmospheric pressure, s m a 11 amounts of the gases in the air are dissolved in the blood. At greater pressures, m ore gas goes into the solution. During an ascent, it must come out of solution. Oxygen does so readily and harmlessly but nitrogen forms bubbles which collect in the joints and press against the nerves, causing great pain and endangering life by blocking blood vessels in the brain. The only remedy for a diver suffering from bends is to put him back under pressure, so as to force the nitrogen into solution again, and then decompress him very slowly to let the gas escape gradually. Dr. Lanphier advises the sports diver to adhere to the depth standards of the Navy which is: two hours under water at 40 feet; not more than 30 minutes at 90 feet and not PANORAMA more than 15 minutes at 130 feet. The rate of ascent :>hould not exceed 60 feet a minute. People who are obese, who have heart trouble, breathing difficulties, should not attempt skin-diving. The best precaution is to see a physician first before engaging in this sport. By following these sim pie pointers, the dangerous sport of skindiving can be made relatively safe and may become a source of great pleasure for many. Philippines and Asia R ECENT discoveries of fossils here have proved that this archipelago of 7,000 islands once was linked by land bridges to the Asian mainland, according to archeologists here. Dr. Otley Beyer, an archeologist who has been working in cooperation with the Philippine Museum of Archeology for more than thirty years, says the fact that elephants and rhinoceroses, and other big mammals now extinct once roamed the Philippines is proof that the islands, together with Taiwan and Celebes, formed part of the mainland of Asia a million years ago. The discovery in May, 1957 of the fossil remains of many ancient animals in Cagayan Valley, in the northeastern part of Luzon Island, has beeu described as the most important fossil find here to date. It included fossilizer teeth, tusks and bones. The discoveries, according to Dr. Beyer, prove that the Philippines must have been linked to Asia some time in the glacial ,period, a million to half a million years before Christ. Similar fossils have been found in the Celebes, Taiwan and on the Chinese mainland. The first significant fossil discovery in the islands was m.ade in 1911, the tooth of a pygmy elephant. The jaw bone of a rhinoceros was found in 1936 in the Cagayan Valley. The latest finds in the valley were elephant fossils. JUNE 1958 19 2g Only one of the four meanings given a~er each word below is correct. Without guessing, choose the right answer and then turn fo page 7 4. If you have gone through high school, yoti should score at least· eight correct answers. I. hilarious - A. boisterously gay; B. Comical; C. full of life; D. in good spirits: 2. forebode -A. to warn; B. to put ahead of something; C. to foretell or predict; p..-to live before. 3. incur-A. to put into use; B. to accumulate; C. to bring upon oneself; D. to reduce. 4. remorse-A. disappointment; B. feeling of defeat; C. desire to give up or withdraw; p. deep regret for wrongdoing. 'Y 5. notorious-A. of a changeable nature; B. widely but unfavorably known; C. full of hope; D. without conseque:L 6. dismal - 11. gloomy; B. defective; C. evil; D. hopeless. 7. apprise_:_ A. to raise in value; B. to determine the tworth; C. to accept officially; 9<._ to inform. 8. te et -A. a poetical piece; B. do~a or doctrine; • goal or objective; D. method. 9. tedious-A. long and tiresime; B. ceremonious; C. unimportant or trivial; ~ deliberate. 10. fracas-¥.' a noisy party; B. a big failure; C. disturbance or fight; D. formal discussion. PANORAMA Let's li~h out those MILLIONS under our SEAS ONE of the striking ironies of the Philippine economy today is the state of its fishing industry. The irony is summed up by the fact that the Philippines is immensely rich in marine resources yet it has to import several millions of pesos worth of fish products a year to feed adequately its growing population. The Philippine coastline strung end to end is said to be longer than that of the United States but this country with a much smaller population from America. This situation is true with agriculture and many of the extractive industries of the country. It is a frustrating picture of underdevelopment characterized by deficits in production-deficits whose gaps from consumption needs are tremendously wide. JUNE 1958 By Amando Doronila But what makes the situation more tragic is the fact that because of destructive fishing practices and intensive fishing near the coasts, inland and shallow water fish resources had been depleted beyond a margin for comfort of fast population growth. In a technical paper, the bureau of fisheries, custodian of the nation's marine resources, warned that "it is feared that the point of diminishing returns have already set in (in coastline fishing) so that no amount of improvements in the efficiency of the gear would enable the fishermen to accelerate their rate of producttion to meet the increasing demand of the population." The bureau has therefore fo21 cused its vision in the development of the fishing industry on deep-sea or off-shore fishing. Deep-sea fishing is a virtually untapped field in Philippine fisheries exploitation. A majority of existing fishing practices and equipment are fitted for coastal fishing. Although J apanese fishermen were able to tap the deep-sea fishing grounds of the country before the war, no appreciable effort has been made by local fishermen to reenter this field after the war. p HILIPPINE deep-sea fishing grounds are said to abound with tuna and fish belonging to its species. The bureau of fisheries believes that exploitation of tuna fishing resources would not only supply the country enough fish but also enable it to export canned products once parallel development of tuna canning takes place. But what has been done on official initiative to exploit the tuna fishing grounds? In the latest annual report ( 1956-1957) of the bureau of fisheries, one of its recommendations for the development of deep-sea fishing was the requisitioning of fishing equipment from Japan under the reparations program. The role assigned by the bureau of fisheries on reparations 22 as indicated by its requests for reparations items has been a minor one. It was understood that the bureau had limited itself to pilot projects which, if successful, would induce private enterprise to take over the pioneered field on a commercial scale. Hence, requisitions filled by the bureau with the interim reparations office under the office of the President for fishing equipment and apparatus have been small compared to public works items. In the second-year reparations schedule, in which the Philippines requisitioned P57 million worth of items from Japan, items earmarked for the fishing industry amounted to only about $3 million. These items consist of eight fishing boats, each with a gross tonnage of 100 tons and with fishing accessories, all worth $1,022334; two floating canneries, each with a gross tonnage of 2,000 tons and with accessories, all worth $2,159,622; and fish net weaving machines for the department of education's home industries development program, worth $261,900.67. The Philippine reparations mission in Tokyo was reported to have closed a contract with Japanese suppliers of these items. They are expected to be PANORAMA ready for delivery within a year's time. Three government agencies have requested one fishing boat each-the bureau of fisheries, the University of the Philippines school of fisheries and the fisheries school in Alaminos, Pangasinan. The rest of the boats, as well as the floating canneries, will probably be allocated to private parties on the basis of government priority system. The bureau of fisheries was originally interested in the floating canneries but when it found that cost of maintenance was expensive, it lost interest. Besides, according to bureau officials, the bureau is not interested in competing with private enterprise in the commercial exploitation of the fisheries. Its main interest is to show private industry the fields where there are possibilities for commercial development. T Hrs philosophy, according t:> officials, explains why the bureau has contented itself with canning operation and dee-sea fishing activities on a pilot-plant scale. The deep-sea fishing boat that the bureau requisitioned under reparations will replace an old 30-ton boat now being used for deep-sea fishing demonstrations by the bureau. JUNE 1958 The boat, the m.v. David Starr Jordan, is a rickety affair turned over to the bureau after the war by the U.S. wildlife and fisheries office. It is even unable to go to the high seas; as a deep-sea fishing demonstration laboratory, it is therefore, ineffective. The David Starr Jordan is a symbol of the state of fisheries development in this country. It is a symbol of neglect and government indifference to an industry that is a basic supplier of food. The negligible allocation of reparations items to the fishing industry is another testimony of the low priority given by the government to fisheries development. There has been much extravagant pronouncements from government administrations to make the country self-sufficient in food and solve its persistent dilemma of underproduction but action has always been wanting. In a world where tremendous population growths are causing acute food shortages, little attention has been given to Philippine fishing development. The disturbing fact staring the country is that fish consumption has always .outstripped fish production. 23 Foreign Affairs Chief Serrano speaks on Fil-American relations, the SEATO, and Southeast Asian leadership Where Is Our Foreign Policy <Tal~ing Us? 1 HE PRIMARY goal of Philippine foreign policy today is an ambitious ont ~ to push this country into a position of leadership in Southeast Asia. The man with the mission is 51-year-old Felixberto Serrano, who was appointed acting secretary of foreign affairs last August and received his designation as permanent secretary last month. The silver-haired Batangas politician, with a pe:-tchant for legal phrases ( denoting his earlier background as a lawyer and law professor), i<s generally acknowledged to he as well-equipped for the job as most, probably better than some. (He cut his diplomatic teeth in the United Nations general assembly where he served as the 24 By Antonio Escoda Philippines' chief delegate for the three years preceding his present appointment.) An avowed anti-communist who firmly believes the western camp is the place to be in the cold war, Serrano is also known as a high-calibre nationalist. ln one of his first official statements to the press after taking over the premier cabinet post, he stressed that "the national interest" would be paramount in his shaping of foreign policy. He also confided to newsmen once that he was of the opinion the Philippines, with its varied cultural heritage, could play a much more vital role than it PANORAMA had been doing, primarily as a link between east and west in this part of the world. Serrano's record (and the tactics he has used) to date indicate that he has already made a start in the direction of the current administration's foreign policy aims. He has rebuffed a resurgent Japan on several occasions by ( 1) abruptly cutting off Filipino tourist travel to the former enemy country as a result of a dispute over visa and other tra· vel procedures (the ban is still on) ; (2) demanding sharJ'l limitations on the entry and stay here of Japanese businessmen; and (3) openly doubting the wisdom of buying the $500-million Kishi economic development plan. At the same time a campaign has been mapped out to woo "friendly neighboring countries" (i.e., by expanding cultural and trade relations). Meanwhile, at the department of foreign affairs on Padre Faura street, there is recognition of the fact that other nations in this area tend (rightly or wrongly) to identify the Philippines too readily and too closely with the United States. Policy planners realize that this can be something of a liability, in view of the nationalistic fever still gripping most of Asia (and which has broken out here intermittently over the past two years). JUNE 1958 Some major issues involving Philippine - American relations are due to come up later this year. These includes the resumption of the stalemated negotiations for revision of the 1948 military bases agreement (which bogged down in 1956, chiefly over the question of increased Filipino jurisdiction over U.S. military personnel) and this country's longstanding "omnibus" claims against Washington for an estimated $800 million (in more war damage payments, veterans' benefits, etc.). m OST QUALIFIED observers seem to agree that the stage is set for attempts to gradually "equalize" the Philippines' relations with the U.S. There admittedly are no predefined plans on how to accomplish this. Each move is to be made according to the demands of a particular situation. A few pointers, however, have already been thought up, such as tackling the problems as they come up, one by one, instead of allowing two to be linked together in any sort of package deal which might lead to a possible unsatisfactory compromise. All negotiations and discussions are to be carriea on in an atmosphere of tact and diplomacy. An open rift is to be avoided, of course, and the threat of one to be used (with regret) only in case of a showdown. 25 Serrano appears to be qualified to carry out the operation. He is reported to have made the remark that "it is good t::> tickle the Americans once in a while." And he has practiced this philosophy by poking an occasional irreverent finger at state department policy. In an off-the-cuff talk last January, when he accepted a strictly private American donation of powdered milk for needy Filipino school children, Serrano took the opportunity to point out that the milk came "straigl1 t from the heart" while government-to-government aid programs "often cannot escape the contributions of national inkrest." This was in line with an informal statement he had made earlier, calling for a "reorienration" of American foreign aiJ policy on the grounds that the assistance was· not reaching the "hearts" as well as the "stomachs" of the recipients, especially those in Asia. His formal pronouncements, on the other hand, have tended to place Philippine-American relations on a businesslike basis more than anything else. In a major policy speech before the Manila Lions club last January, the secretary noted that the bond between the two countries was "a product not of deliberate choice ... but was forged largely as an accident of the Spanish-American war." 26 He went on to say: "Our relationships with the United States have been developed to the present status of virtual partnership by the stark verdict of history. We could not undo these relations even if we wished to, and certainly we would not wish to ... even if we could. A compelling sense of mutual advantage and mutual necessity leaves both countries no other alternative than to preserve and enhance continually such relations. It therefore devolves upon both ... to minimize, and whenever possible, rem o v e transient strains." Despite his propensity for tickling Americans, however, Serrano has proven he is no fence-sitter when it comes ·to vital issues affecting w o r 1 d peace. He has stoutly maintained (as have other foreign secretaries before him) that the Philippines' best bet lies in "forging with other free nations of the world concerted measures of vigilance and dfense against communism." Ji LTHOUGH he has gone on record as saying he regards the Southeast Asia Treaty organization (SEATO) as the "weakest" of the free world's regional defense alliances, he has used this not as an argument for pulling out of SEATO but rather as a warning to the PANORAMA western pact members (the U.S, Britain and France) that they should do more to bolster their Asian allies (the Philippine<>, Pakistan and Thailand). Serrano has even gone as far as to propose a virtual linkup of SEATO, NATO and the Baghdad pact (another way of beefing up the Asian alliance) to assure simultaneous military action by all members in case of a global attack. (He won at least part of his point durin?; the SEA TO ministers meeting here last month, with the approval of a U.S. resolution calling for closer liaison among the three pacts.) More help from the "have" countries of the west for the "have nots" of the east is, in fact, a favorite theme of the secretary and one which he undoubtedly will continue to plug_, even outside the framework of SEA TO, in his efforts to make the Philippines' voice better heard in this region. The campaign will naturally extend to the United Nations. Old U.S. hand Serrano pins much faith on the world organization as a "safety valve" through which disputing nations can let off steam in times of stress (i.e., during the Suez and Hungarian crises in late 1956). He has publicly described the U.N. as a "forum of world opinion and ... a moral force JUNE 1958 for evolving a new world order based on justice and international cooperation and understanding." In the United Nations, Serrano would also have the Philippines become a leader among the small member nations. Having already won half a seat (a one-year term) in the security council, this country is now pointing for membership in the economic and social commission. In keeping with this, it is urging expansion of various U.N. organs (such as the security council, the trusteeship council and the international court of justice) on a basis of more equitable geographical distribution (more seats for Asia). At home ,Serrano has planned a sweeping reorganization of the foreign affairs department in order to handle better the multi-pronged drive to boost the Philippines' international stock. His chief complaint: too many capable career men prefer to serve abroad (for prestige purposes and better pay). His solution: create new higherpaid, higher-ranking positions (a second undersecretaryship, four assistant secretaryships), pull in top men to fill them and send the younger officers abroad (after intensive briefing) to gain background and experience. There will also be a crackdown on inefficiencies and 27 misbehavior by staffers in foreign posts. rano figures the Philippines' latest diplomatic venture will have better chance of success. -Manila Daily BuIIetin, 58th Annual Edition. With a reinvigorated foreign office as a nerve center, Ser28 Cure for Austerity Maude: "Oh, mother, the ring of sincerity was in his voice when he told me he loved me." Mother: "It should have been in his hand. A ring in the hand is worth two in the voice." At the age of 20 we don't care what the world thinks of us; at 30 we worry about what it is thinking about us; at 40 we discover that it wasn't thinking of us. Professor: "Thafs five times this week you've come to class unprepared. Have you anything to say for yourself?" Student: "Yes sir, I sure am glad that ifs Friday." "I've sacrificed everything to have you study to be a doctor," said the indignant father to his son, "and what thanks do I get? Now you tell me to give up smoking!" Everybody reads 'em '1T HAS been suggested that -, the typical classic is an eighteenth century European novel, translated into nineteenth century English prose and rammed down the throats of twentieth century America!l schoolchildren as "living literature." Obvious exceptions aside, this is often pretty close to the mark. But oddly enough, classics are booming in paper back editions. Whether it's a fad or not, it's a fact. Along with the first discoveries of sex by melancholy teenagers, last discoveries of same by frost-bitten New England towns, sputnik tales and war books, people are reading more classics. At least they're buying them. Of course, classics have sold before. Many a living room is still ornamented by sets of imitation-leather, gilt-embossed works of the greats, but like other ornaments, they are taken off the shelves to be dusted. Paperbacks are different. Handsome or horrible, th e y are not bought for ornaments. :}U.l!I& 1958 Paperbacks are read. Moreover, they are being read not only by the people who regularly read books, but more impor· tant, by vast numbers for whom Gutenberg toiled in vain. The ordinary ratio of sale between the moderately successful hardcover book and the ordinary successful paperback reprint is perhaps one to twelve. But in the area of the classics, the disparity r i s es sharply. War and Peace is often described as the best known half-read novel in the world. But not long ago, spurred by the success of a motion picture, War and Peace was for some weeks or months the fastest selling novel in America. It is now presumably half-read by millions who had never heard of Tolstoy before. I think the key word is "modesty." This may seem an odd word in connection with paperbacks, and many a hot-eyed county prosecutor and civil vigilante would disagree-yet it is true. Much of the paperback's success stems from the unpretentiousness of its nature and display. The paperback is casual, unsnobbish, totally unintimidating. It is bought like fresh fruit from a pushcartthe buyer browses, sniffs and frequently squeezes the merchandise. When he buys, it's because this inspection has convinced him that he would enjoy reading the story-not that it good fur him or his status in the community. ?us simple readability remains the test. And of course, this is where the classic ought to shine. Why does a book survive the years if it is not readable? Moreover, any number of classics were written, not to be enshrined, but simply to be enjoyed. Many of the books now subjected to the stuffiest exegesis in the classroom were gobbled up on publication by readers as avid as last year's Spillanatic:.;. Time, which sobers all things, works especially hard on these books, with the result that the twentieth century reader who finds dull the nineteenth century English version of an eighteenth century French novel deserves a little more sympathy. He may have a point. Perhaps the publisher's iob is to blow away the dust and restore some of the immediacy to these great works. I am not suggesting that Jean Val30 jean be turned into an FBI agent but surely somethin6 useful can be done, short of sacrilege. The present evidence of widespread interest in classics is more than a limited opportunity to be exploited; it is a challenge. This is the job to which we are addressing ourselves, not simply to publish the classics, but to publish them in a translation or transliteration which will, without violence to tile original style, make the content more meaningful to the present day readers. How far should a publisher go? What liberties are allowable? How about the sticky problem posed by abridgment? Are all classics perfect or are some burdened with excessive poundage which can be deleted without harm? Are Victor Hugo's lengthy side excursions into the architecture of Notre Dame, Tolstoy's into the mysteries of the Masonic order organic or can they be dispensed with? Is it allowable to modernize the language of Fielding, Defoe or Trollope? If at all, how much? No one is suggesting that Shakespeare be recast into comic strip form, but can liberties be usefully taken? And where do they become license? This is the oppoftunity as we see it, and the problem.-Adapted from Bantam Memo. PANORAMA ~Out of the war -----------------B EHIND a curving iron gate on a quiet street in the city of Hong Kong there lives a family of dolls. Push open the gate, step into the sunny courtyard, lift the brass knocker. Behind this bright red door awaits the beloved Chinese rags doll family. The dolls smile up at you from the depths of chairs - they smile down at you from high shelves - they tumble out of drawers and from behind the swinging doors of deeply carved chests. The dolls are everywhere. And children and grownups from everywhere in the world come to thi3 house - pick them up, love them, carry them away. The perfect Chinese family is there to choose from: Mother and Father; little sister "Mei Mei;" little brother "Di Di;" the "Amah" and the Cook. The creator of this famous family of rag dolls is Miss Ada Lum, and the story begins in Shanghai in 1939. As war refugees poured into that cit~ many of them collapsed in Miss Lum's garden. She pieced soft, cuddly dolls out of bits of cloth of comfort the weary, bewildered children. Later Miss Lum fas-hioned the dolls in the image of the families resting in the garden - working long hours to obtain exact duplicates of the hair styles, clothing and shoes worn by the travelers. When Miss Lum fled from the communists to the safe• ty of Hong Kong in 1948, she brought her family of dolls with her. Gradually, as their fame grew, she discovered she had turned a hobby into a thriving cottage industry. The 300 dolls produced each month by Miss Lum - and her fellow-workers are sold c.nly in her Hong Kong home and in the shops of her friends in the United States, England and Singapore. Miss Lum maintains her famed authenticity by producing the dolls in small quantities. This attention to detail has earned the rag doll family award after award in exhibitions held in England and America. Chinese refugee shoemakers, tailors, 81".d craftsmen - working in homes and shops scattered throughout the colony - fashion the tiny slippers of woven seagrass, the two-piece suits af "coolie blue" the long white Amah gowns and the miniature straw hats. And eight young refugee dollmakers in Lum's home stuff, stich and dress the dolls. This is the story of the Chinese rag doll family - the family that began in a green garden in Shanghai and is held today in the arms of children throughout the world. JUNE 1958 31 Rural amelioration THE BARRIOS ARE MOVING FORWARD F OREMOST in the list of major projects of the adm;nistration is the program of rural development based on the improvement of homes and of the community as a whole, including the establishment of rural organizations. Determined to establish in this country a strong middle class, we shall not veer from our avowed policy of affording top priority to the uplift of the social and economic conditions of our people, especially those in the rural areas, because the progress of the Philippines depends in a large measure on the degree of cooperation this s e gm en t of our population could extend to the government in the common task of nation-building. The unified working program for better family living in the barrio may be gauged from the Administration's attempt to answer the oft-repeated question of what is really our program 32 By Juan de G. Rodriguez: Secretary of Agricultue and Natural Resoure• in this direction. Through this barrio development program, we seek to improve the living conditions of the people in the barrios not only by means of an effective agricultural extension work but rather through the medium of nationwide enterprise where all government agencies concerned and the barrio people themselves are supposed to actively participate. And although our resources are very limited, we are, however, trying our level best to implement this program as long as our meager means would permit. The main target of this program is the u pl i ft of the barrio family. Every project under this unified program is essential to the attainment of our goal which would ultimatePANORAMA ly enable the rural folks to enjoy life more fully. The scheme aims to provide more decent housing, adequate food and clothing, substantial health :>afeguards, and more adequate educational facilities to the barrio people. It also aims to develop comm:mity consciousness and pride, and inspire a better _appreciation of correct values. Out of these unified efforts we could justifiably expect stable communities inhabited by a populace who are doubtless peaceful, contented, happy, alert and enjoying a relatively higher standard of living. To attain this end, it is to be desired that all the agencies of the government serving the rural areas would intensify and redouble their efforts in this direction within the next five years. T HE PRINCIPLE of self-help, should, however, be made the moving spirit behind this program. The unified working program should merely serve as a guide, with the government workers assigned to this project striving to develop local leadership and initiative in order to foster a desire for :1 change instead of forcing such change. Whenever subs tan ti al government participation i-3 necessary to provide much-needed facilities and public service, assurance is given that no effects would be spared to carry out JUNE 1958 this program to a successful end. The overall picture on natural resources presents an even brighter perspective. At no time in our history had we ever issued an average of 45,000 patents a year, which feat has been successfully attained by the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, through the mechanized equipment of the Bureau of Lands, during the last three years. As a result of this remarkable achievement, more security and contentment have been afforded the small landowner~ while at the same time giving more encouragement to the landless tenants to acquire lands which they may call their own. Under the present Administration, 162,219 land patents and deeds have been issued compared to 25,440 issued under the previous administration. The said number of patents which have been issued during the last four years since 1954 is actually greater by over 30,000 than the 130,578 patents issued by the Bureau of Lands during the first half of the century from 1901 through 1953. For the subdivision and survey of public lands, a total outlay of 'Pl5.5 million was provided from the General and Special Funds and also from bond issues during the fiscal year 1957. For this project, the 33 amount of 'P17.2 million has been earmarked for the fiscal years 1958, and 'P52.9 million has been provided for the fiscal years from 1959 to 1961. With these appropriations, the work of the Bureau of Lands in surveying and subdividing public agricultural lands and the eventual conversion of the same from its original virgin state into productive farms would be greatly accelerated, not to mention the speedy processing of new applications prior to the issuance of the corresponding patents. It will also enable the said Bureau to shift its method of surveying from that of the tape and transit method to the novel way of aerial photogrammetry. Should this proposal materialize, it would enable the government to complete the survey of the entire Philippines in about 15 years at approximately only half of the cost if the same would be underta~en through the old method which would take about 100 years to complete. COROLLARY to the work of the Bureau of Lands in implementing the policy of the present Administration of giving "Land to the landless" is the matter of settling deserving and needy landless farmers in settlement projects, wherein a six hectare farmlot is allocated to each settler-applicant together with a homelot of about 600 to 800 square meters. Since 1954 when the full implementation of the "land for the landless" program was initiated by the late President Magsaysay, 18 settlement projects spread all over the country, mostly in the undeveloped areas of Mindanao, have been opened.up and d& veloped and a total of 21,587 settlers with their families have been resettled and moved away from the highly-tenanted and congested sectors of the country. Through this program, we h ave virtually realized the dreams of our landless but deserving farmers and have amply demonstrated that, given a fair chance and opportunity to survive, the common man, as a capital in this particular venture, is a sound investment to make. Definition 34 A bachelor is a man who has a leaning toward the fair sex, but not enough to make him fall. PANORAMA ~AK!JTAN1J ART!JT!~ W~RKtRJ They produce line laces and metal crafts T WINKLING mirrors surrounded by colorful embroidery, material an d shoes luxuriously embroidered in gold and silver, paper-thin pottery and precision rifles - these are but a few of the myriad objects produced by the skilled fingers of Pakistanis. A nation's handicrafts are a reflection of the innate skills of the people and the readily available materials. The handicrafts of Pakistan are as widely varJUNE 1958 ied as this nation's peoples and the country's terrain. Hand-spinning and weaving have long been a popular cottage industry in Pakistan. The famous Dacca muslin, which until the 19th century dominated the high class cloth markets of the world, was produced on hand looms from yarn spun over hand wheels by the women of what is now East Pakistan. The skill has been retained and even today muslin is being produced in East Pakistan which is so fine that several yards of the material can be folded and put inside a match box. Also, for centuries, Dacca has been noted for its fine embroidery work in gold, silver and silk. West Pakistan has also won fame for its handweaving and embroidery. Although not as fine as the muslin woven in Dacca, the hand loomed cloth of West Pakistan is more durable and is very popular as inexpensive wearing apparel. The m o st distinctive embroidery specialty of West Pakistan is the mirror w o r k, sometimes called "phulkari." In this work an exquisite design is formed by embroidering tiny, shapely pieces of mirror into the allover pattern. From the northwest frontier come beautiful bedspreads, called "khes," and finely woven silk for turbans and lungis. This 35 silk is usually in gray or dark hlue with richly worked end pieces in bands of gold thread or colored silk. Also, the Pathans of this region have long been noted for their special o:hoes, or chappals, which are made from gold or silver embroidered leather. Another handicraft of the mountainous northwest frontier is gun making. Some of the rifles, made by hand without the use of modern machinery, have been favorably compared with the products of the best armament manufacturers. In addition to gun making, expert metal craftsmen working with gold, silver, brass, copper and iron are found in all areas of Pakistan. East Pakistan is particularly famous for its filigree work in silver. Copper utensils are produced in many sections of the country but it is the trays and bowls made in Peshawar on which famous Persian designs are reproduced which are considered the country's most outstanding copper work. Very little foreign porcelain is now imported because excellent pottery for every day use is made in various parts of the country. The towns of Bahawalrur and Multan are particularly noted for their fine glazed pottery, sometimes called paper 36 pottery because of its extreme fineness and light weight. Also from W e s t Pakistan come carpets and rugs. Carpets made in Baluchistand and Multan districts and blankets made in the northwest, where wooi from local sheep is available in &bundance, are well known. Among the Waziri tribe on the Bannu border a special kind of woolen blanket is made with de~ igns in bold colors. The Government of Pakistan encourages the development of these crafts. Generous Joans nave been granted by the Industrial Finance Corporation and the Refugee Rehabilitation Corporation for this purpose. Many showrooms and sale and display centers have been opened throughout the country as well as abroad. A number of training and production centers have been opened and more are contemplated. Pakistan's long and rich tradition of handicrafts is today proving economically important. As this country makes its tran5ition from an agrarian to a modern, semi-industrial economy, the handicraft or cottage industries which require a minimum of equipment continue to provide wide employment as well as much-needed foreign exchange. - Free World. PANORAMA Historical Notes JUNE 1958 First C9hristians In C9ebu THE SPANISH expedition under the command of Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi which reached Cebu on April 27, 1565 found the place under the rule of the powerful chieftain Tupas, whom the ill-fated Magellan had befriended shortly before he was killed on Mactan island by Chief Lapulapu. Chief Tupas and the members of his household were still pagans, but Legaspi, assisted by Father Urdaneta, not only eventually won the friendship of the chief but succeeded in converting him and the members of his family and over four hundred indios to Christianity. "Chief Tupas," relates the priest-historian Fr. Gespar de San Agustin, "was baptized on Sunday morning, March 21, 1567, at the advanced age of sixty years, and the padrino (god-father) was Legaspi himself. The Christian name given to the new convert was Felipe which was adopted from Philip II who was the king of Spain at that time. "On the same day, together with several hundreds of Tupas' subjects or sakops, was also baptized the_ Christian's 25-year-old son who received the Christian name of Carlos. The godfather was Don Juan de Salcedo." Another historian, Fr. Juan Medina, narrates: "The first Christian baptism in the Philippines was the christening of one of the young nieces of Chief Tupas who was given the name Isabel. Father Urdaneta himself officiated. The ceremony was well attended and the distinguished godfather was Legaspi who was then newly authorized governor of Sugbu or Cebu. Isabel who was the first Filipino convert to Christianity, was later married to one of Legaspi's officers, Maestre Andres Calafate." According to Fray Medina, the marriage of Isabel and Andres Calafate was the first nuptial to be solemnized in the islands. "The wedding was held in an improvised chapel built of bamboo, nipa and wood. The crowd was so big that only the Spaniards and the members of the Tupas household could be accommodated. The rest remained without under the sun, and behaved like true Christians. . Chief Tupas feasted the Spaniards and the members of his 37 38 family to their hearts' content." It is told that the bride "wore bright-colored sandals and a simple 'wedding gown" and that the groom was "in- full military uniform, befitting his rank." Through royal decree, the first converts to the Christian religion were exempted from all taxes by Governor Legaspi, and as a sign of his appreciation, King Philip II of Spain sent the following message inscribed on a bronze plate to the native or indios: "Madrid A. R. de Espana, 1574. A los hijos, de San Nicolas: Tomad, hijos de! Pueblo, este vivo recuerdo de los beneficios que habeis hecho por ayudar la expedicion de Magallanes y de Legaspi a conquistar las demas. Cuidad y guardad este tronco para que sus descendientes gozaran de! privilegio de no pagar tributo. El Rey S. M. Felipe II'. The "tronco" was long preserved in the ancient convent in San Nicolas District, Cebu City, but was stolen during the insurrection and said to have been thrown into the sea. Heat and Tail THE length of a mouse's tail can be changed by rearing it in a "tropical" atmosphere, an Egyptian veterinarian reported in the British scientific journal, Nature. High temperature cause longer tails and at the same time retard the growth of the mice, M.A. El-R. Ashoub of the University of Cairo, reported. Mice were separated into two groups at weaning time. One group was raised in a temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The second was transferred to a warmer environment of 92 degrees Fahrenheit. After four weeks in the hot room, all the mice were weighed and the length of the tail measured from its tip to the point where the hair on the body ended. The mice reared in the cold grew normally, weighing in at two-tliirds of an ounce. The tail length was about two and three-quarter inches. The mice reared in 92-degree heat weighed only half an ounce and had tails three and one-eighth inches long. The tail change apparently was caused by the need to increase or decrease the body surface area to speed either heat loss or heat conservation. PANORAMA ' 8 .. .c g 0 .c .. Badly Wanted: SCIENTISTS The Philippine<:. i~ de.<;perately in need of them RIGHT NOW the government is engaged in a nation-wide talent searc~. The result of this search can be decisive for the future of thl:' Philippines. The aim of this sear.::h is to look. tor potential scientists among the millions of Filipino school children. Once they have been identified, the government proposes to give financial help for. their education. This talent search is one of the aspects of a science program recently announced by President Garcia. It is a ~on tinuing one to be conducted every year by the Science Foun40 By Mitron Paniqui dation of the Philippines in cooperation with the Board of National Education. The entire teaching force of the country has been mobilized for this purpose. No barrio in the country will be overlooked. The science program of the government was motivated by the recognition that national progress rests on science and technology. A belated inventory of our intellectual resources revealed to the government that our country lacks scientists. Meeting the problem squarely, PANORAMA the government announced that it will build its corps of scientists from the school children of the country. Manpower is one of the most important resources of a country. But crude manpower, like untapped mines, is worth practically nothing. The transformation of c r u de manpower to skilled manpower can be done through education and training. The education for science program of the government can very well transform our country 's crude manpower. The talent search is the responsibility of the Department of Education although the scholarship funds will be supplied by the sponsoring organization - the Science Foundation of the Philippines. THE PROGRAM covers all schools in the country both private and public. It was initiated for the school year 19571958. The first group of science scholars will start their training this month. These scholars have passed a battery of examinations administered by the science teachers of the country :anging from the classroom to the division level. The scholars are awarded free tuition and books and a monthly allowance of 'Pl20 "for the entire period that they are preparing themselves for a career in science in JUNE 1958 an accredited high school and or university." The scholar agrees to specialize in any one of the physical or biological sciences or in the teaching of science. Once he falls below the minimum standard set by the foundation, all the benefits can be withdrawn. Each public school division is entitled to two candidates - one for the secondary and the other for college scholarship. On this basis, 80 science scholars could be discovered :mnually. The number of scholarships, however, will have to depend on the amount of money that the Foundation can distribute every year. The first step toward discovering scientific talent among school children is the formation of science clubs. All teachers 41 have been asked to encourage and help the organization of these clubs. It is believed that such organizations will attract the science-inclined. The outstanding students are observed by the teacher and eventually isolated for special instruction. If the student displays more than average merit, the teacher may nominate him. He is then subjected to a series of examinations administered by screening committees on the municipal, provincial and division level. The Division Superintendent of Schools, assisted by a screening committee, selects the finalists and recommends the winners to a national screening committee constituted by the Science Foundation. T HE PROMOTION of science in the country was started by President Magsaysay in 1954. Under his encouragement, the National Science Foundation was created and endowed with funds for research. Curricular reforms were also started to put the emphasis of education on science. It was Dr. Frank Co Tui, however, who really promoted science in the country on a big scale. Dr. Co Tui was a graduate of the college of medicine of the University of the Philippines. He was invited to the country by President Magsaysay. 42 During his short stay here he campaigned against the neglect of science by bo''.. the government and public. tie addressed organizations, talked to leaders, educators and laymen. His campaign renewed interest in science and the country's scientists rallied behind Co Tui. Together, they organized the Science Foundation of the Philippines which has a charter PANORAMA from Congress. Later, he set up a counterpart foundation in the United States to help raise funds for the Philippine body. The interest in science received further impetus when President Garcia expressed his determination to mobilize the scientific resources of the country for increased production. It is the President's belief that national poverty can be alleviated by science. But when the President asked for an inventory of our scientific resources, it was revealed to him that the Philippines has only 1,600 scientists in all fields. This figure is way below the necessary number to insure the continuity of technological progress in our country. To equal the United States, the Philippines needs at least 100,000 very productive scientists. Russia, for instance, is graduating from her schools an average of 1,500,000 scientists and technologists annually. The emphasis on science is one of the long-range programs of the government toward eventual industrialization and economic autarchy. The development of the country's corps of scientists is a long an d demanding process. Dr. Vannebar Bush in a report to President Franklin Roosevelt said: "The training of scientists is a long and expensive process. Studies clearly show that there are talented individuals in every part of the population, but with few exceptions, those without means of buying higher education go without it. If ability, and not circumstances of family fortune, determines who shall receive higher education in science, then we shall be assured of constantly improving quality at every level of scientific activity. The government should provide a reasonable number of undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships in order to develop scientific talent in American youth. The plans should be designed to attract into science only that proportion of youthful talent appropriate to the needs of science in relation to the other needs of the nation for higher abilities." These recommendations were immediately put into effect in an effort to catch up with the scientific development in Russia. Our science talent program is basically similar to Dr. Bush's general principles. If carried out successfully, our country may yet develop the scientific talent that we acutely need. • • • JUNE 1958 43 9EMMA BLEW the h 0 r n twice a n d when the driver failed to appear, she stumped her way out of the car and noisily entered the very quiet living room. She went directly to her room, hurled her books to a corner, and flung herself on the bed. She covered her face with both hands, and gave a shrill, prolonged sound as if she was in great pain. She kicked against the wall and pounded on the mattress with clenched fist. But this rendered her dissatisfied for her hands dug into its softness and it was, therefore, soundless. This infuriated her more for her main purpose was to make her mother hear her. She wanted to make as much noise as possible. Furiously, she got up. She pulled the only chair in the room towards her and pushed it hard against the wall, causing a gaping tear on the new, rose-pink wall paper. She looked around, and seeing the vase on top of her locker, she grabbed it and snatched the flowers from its mouth. Then one by one, she destroyed the flowers. First, she tore at the petals. Then the leaves. Then the stems. Dropping these on the flood, she crushed them to smaller pieces with her shoed feet and she spat JUNE 1958 on them disdainfully. She reached out for a piece of purple cartolina and carefully covered the crushed flowers. Seeing to it that every piece was tucked under the covering, she placed a heavy piece of glass on top, so that the wind, or anything for that matter, could not liberate th-e remains of the destroyed flowers. She hated their kind, these violet Bachelor's Button. Triumphantly, she went back to bed. Then she remembered she was angry with somebody. She threw herself once more across the bed and gave out the shrillest sound she could possibly make. Of course, Mrs. Estrella, who was busy dusting an old picture in the master's bedroom, heard her. She hurriedly left her work and proceeded to her daughter's room. She sensed something was am i s s . She tapped at the door, and when nobody answered her she gently pushed the door open. The sight before her proved her daughter was again having one of her 'tantrums.' Gemma \<'.is curled in the bed like a kitte11 and her newly-pressed uniform was a complete mess. The mother patiently picked up the thrown books, tidied the table which was slimy and odorous because of the spilled water from the vase, and gathered the sticky candy wrappers she found under the bed. She spread out the damp towels she found under the· dresser. While doing all of these she kept wondering why her daughter at such an age still acted the way she did. She was fourteen and it was humiliating for her to be acting that way. Once she attempted to talk to her daughter about the foolish "tantrums" but when Gemma bawled out and declared she wished she'd die, the mother stopped then and there, and pleaded Gemma not to talk that way. Gemma was all they have got and losing her would mean great sorrow for the father and herself. Actually, Gemma was not an only child. In fact, there were 12 of them, but one by one the rest died. Some died at birth; some died because of accidents; still others ·iied of sickness. Therefore, it was no wonder when they got used to having Gemma have her way - always: they wanted to please her. The mother sat on the edge of the bed and racked her mind as to how to "do it" this time. After a moment, she cautiously took hold of her daughter's arm and cautiously brushed the hair away from her forehead. Bending low, she kissed Gemma on the forehead. It was wet, not with tears but with perspira46 tion. s~.e patted caressingly her daughter's back but the act did not seem to take effect for the crying became shriller, and the kicking, stronger. She rolled away from her mother to the other side of the bed. "What is it you want, dear? the mother asked gently. Gemma did not answer. "Come, baby, tell your mother about it. She will understand. And if she can, then surely she'll give you what you want," The terms seemed effective for the girl turned away from the wall and faced her mother. But she did not talk. She stared at her mother with rebellious eyes and pouted her thin, pale lips. The mother once more prodded her to tell her what the matter was, all the while solicitously wiping away perspiration and imaginary tears. "Take your time, dear. When you are ready tell Mommy about it," encouraged the mo· ther. Gemma heaved a deep sigh and started talking. (It was strange how she could master to speak out straight when just a while ago she was crying hard, or so she tried to make the mother believe.) "I was all set to go," she said. "I was in the car. I stayed there for about five minutes. I blew the horn twice but Fabian did not appear.'' "But lt is still early, dear. Do PANORAMA you know that you are two hours earlier today?" "Yes, but !hose people should get it clear that they are here to wait on us, not we to wait on them. They should be ready anytime we need them," she declared haughtily. "Don't you think so, Mommy?" "Why . . . I . . . er, I guess so," her mother answered her tamely. "By the way, dear, why are you early today?" "Well," she said, "my friends and I agreed to go somewhere before the first period and I told them that they are to meet me at the rotonda." "What time are you supposed to meet?" "A good thirty minutes ago," she answered looking at ber wrist watch. "Won't you keep the appointment?" the mother asked anxJUNE. 1958 iou:.ly. "You could stiJl catch up with them if you hury." . "Oh sure," she answered indifferently. "They will be there all right waiting for me," she continued confidently. "Why don't you hurry then?'' "How shall I go there, by bus?" she asked sarcastically. "Of course, use the car, dear.'' "Goodness, Mom .. . you know how I hate that old lazybones. He is too stow and old fashioned, and .. . and how he exasperates me when he keeps reminding me of how to do this and that. You could imagine how I feel when he starts doing this in front of my friends. The nerve of him!'' "What's wrong about that, Gemma? After all, he is old and m o re experienced than you." "O yeah," she threw back sar~7 castically. "Imagine a mere driver of ours giving me reminders of doing things. Mommy," she said with finality, "I have had enough of this old man. I'll never ride that car again unless a more responsible and less assuming driver takes over." Silence. "All right, Gemma," consented the mother. "It shall be as you please. But please, ride with him this morning and act as if nothing happened. Tonight your father and I will talk it over." The mother spoke sadly. "Thanks, Mom," she answered gleefully. "I knew you would give me what I want." She got up from bed and dressed up. She pulled out a new uniform from her pile of dresses and donned it. She combed her hair meticulously, and as she powdered her face, dust of powder flew about the place and after a few minutes spots of white could be seen once again on the furniture which the mother, just a while ago, patiently dusted. When she was ready, her mother kissed her fondly on the cheek and reminded her to take care of herself. Just before she really: left, she turned to her mother and said, "Please put some new flowers in the vase. I think our orchids are in bloom. How about putting a blossom here? Y nu know how I love orchids." With these words, she left. 48 Long after the impatient steps of Gemma died away, the mother was still in the room. She sat on the bed and stared into space. She knew that of all their daughter's whims, this latest one was the worst, for it involved somebody who was dearly loved by both her husband and herself. They owed so much to the old man. He was with the family even long before the birth of Gemma. And as far as loyalty was concerned, his was unquestionable as proven by an incident which happened during the Japanese occupation. Before the landing of the Japanese, he was already a driver to Atty. Estrella. So that when the Japanese invaded the place and maltreated the people, especially the professionals. it was but natural for him to ask his master and· his family to go with him to his home barrio. The Estrellas accepted the offer. One night, when they were barely a month in the barrio. a group of Japanese soldiers forced themselves into the house of Fabian. Fabian met them in the !-'Rla and when thP-y questioned him about the Estrellas, he denied knowing their whereabouts. This firm denial angered the Jaoanese for they were informed that the Estrellas were in the •ery house, hiding. They, the Estrellas, who were then in the rice granary covPANORAMA ered with old, jute sacks and nearly worn-out bamboo baskets, heard everything that transpired. When the Japanese has left, they found Fabian bleedinir and unconscious· ... During those times, too, when Atty. Estrella could not get any clients. they had to depend solely •Jn the driver and his resour·: ~s for subsistence. When the situation was better, the Estrellas moved back to town, and Fabian went and stayed with them since then. Now because of their daughter's caprice he had to be dismissed. It would be unjust to turn him away when he is old and weak, but as he displeased their only living child so it shall be - he should be sent away. They would send him someJUNE 1958 where, perhaps to some relatives and they will give him monthly pension the rest of his days. But Mrs. Estrella knew the old man would not like to receive money which he did not earn ... She was all con fused ... Nevertheless, she decided to resign herself to whatever the husband will decide that evening. Thus, she went on with her work. Gemma, upon seeing Fabian dozing at the wheel, went round the car and shouted right into the ear of the old man. He jumped, and Gemma, suppressing a giggle, got into the car and directed him curtly. When they got into the rotonda, there were other cars parked and as Gemma's car pulled up, highpitched voices hailed her. They told her they have ':>een waiting there for almost an hour and a half, and Gemma asked them if there was anything wrong if they waited for her. They quickly answered, of course there w as nothing wrong. She smiled triumphantlv and she bade them drive after her in their respective cars for it was useless to go downtown, they'd better attend classes. The rest followed her o;,ediently, and as their cars pulled up in front of the building, their schoolmates were lined up on their way to the chapel and not tong afterwards their joint voices singing a clos49 lng hymn reached the mother principal who was busy making the morning rounds. This informed her they were almost finished so she hurried to her usual place at the head of the stairs. Very soon, the girls emerged from the chapel. The mother principal surveyed them one by one. Most of the girls were modestly looking down, as if closely examining the ground they rrod; some nevertheless, held their heads high looking ahead of them, unmindful of the girls behind them who kept on touching them, perhaps to make them turn behind. The group moved slowly, and as they neared her, the mother principal became furious to notice that some of them still persisted to report to school with incomplete uniform when just the other day she made it clear before the whole body that heavy punishment would be impm:ed on anybodv who hroke the rules on uniforms. She stood by her place and ~ach student that passed was closely e.xamined. Some failed to wear their neckties others failed to wear ~ocks. She made these girls fall out of line and they meeklv did as thev were told, and thev huddled in one corner waiting their punishment. When 50 it came to Gemma's turn, the mother principal was surprised to see her wear high-heeled shoes. Of course, this infuriated her. She thought it a disgrace. She asked Gemma to fall out of line. She did fall out but instead of joining the rest, she stood beside the mother principal readying herself to ta!k her way out as soon as everybody was checked. When the last girl had marched into the room, Gemma began the "operation." She tried to convince the mother principal that she really could not wear anything, but what she was wearing for according to her, her uniform-shoes were destroyed, and their driver was behaving r a th e r "queerly" hence, she could not go downtown to get herself a new pair. She almost whined in her begging. Nevertheless, the mother principal simply looked at her and asked her whether she was present in the assembly the day before yesterday. When she said yes, the mother principal replied that she, therefore, did not have to repeat what she said before. The mother principal turned towards the two other girls. Gemma was ignored. She bowed her head and wiped her first real tears. PANORAMA INTELLIGENCE AND DELINQUENCY THE STUDY of the relationship of intelligence and delinquency began with the early 19th century neo-classical criminal justice doctrine that since crime was a rational choice of conduct, mental defectives in common with infants and the insane were not legally responsible for their actions. The application of the early crude intelligence tests to samplings of institutionalized offenders in prisons, reformatories and j u v e n i 1 e training schools and the finding that a very large proportion of those tested could be diagnosed as mental deficients, led to the single-factor theory of mental deficiency as the greatest cause of delinquent conduct. The biological concept of the mental defective as a moral idiot or a Mendelian criminal type preceded in historical sequence the bio-social view of the mentally JUNE 1958 f5 there a connection? By Harry M. Shulman deficient offender as being unable to forsee the consequences of his action and therefore cannot be deterred by the threat of punishment or as being :mggestible and thus respond to criminal leadership or example. Today, the concept that mental deficiency is necessarily a product of a tainted heredity is no longer accepted as wholly true. Nor is the concept ~my 51 longer accepted that mental deficients must necessarily be behavior risks. Together with the awareness that mental deficiency occurs in all levels of the population, it has been discovered that under proper conditions of child rearing and supervision, the mental defective may become p. docile and obedient personality, with useful occupational po ten tiali ties. A PERHAPS contrary trend of thought is seen, however, in the growth in many Ameriean jurisdictions, of the practice of voluntary sterilization of defective delinquents, and in the spread of legislation authorizing this practice. Recent examinations have tended to a reduction in the proportion of alleged mental defect am on g juvenile delinquents, in part as a result of newer tests having a higher mental age "ceiling," that permitted the testing of more superior individuals, in part the greater skill of examiners and 52 the use of more effective techniques for achieving motiv!ltion •and to the extension cf tesis to a broader sampling of invenile delinquents, the non-committed as well as the committed cases. Since the publication of Goring's study on the English convict, there has been an interest in the relation of intelligence and type of offense. Forgery and fraud have been associated with higher levels of intelligence and crimes of violence with lower levels. Findings of this type, based 0'.1 adult samplings, have little significance for juvenile delinquency However certain relationships betwee'.1 type of juvenile offense and intelligence level have been traced by Merrill, who found intelligence positively correlated with forgery, lack of parental control and malicious mischief; and negatively correlated with sex offenses, truancy and vaJ!:rancy. Stealing was found to have no significant relation to intelligence, PANORAMA JORN LEVY made the observation that bright children tend toward personality problems and ciull children toward conduct disorders. Among more than 700 children with IQ's above 80 referred to a child guidance c 1 in i cs, personality problems increased w i th IQ from 25 to 53 percent, and conduct problems decreased from 32 to 12 percent. Difference in childhood rearing may be the answer to the fact that offense of lower classes tend to assault and theft while those of middle classes, to fraud. Davis and Havighurst found that middle class families tend to rear their children more rigidly than do lower-class families. The lower-class child may behave as though the social order has many loopholes and a few restrictions, and the middle-class child as though society has few loopholes and many restrictions. Do You Know? Can birds count? Why do walruses have such big tusks? Walruses use their tusks (they can be two feet long) to dig up clams from the ocean bottom. The animals crack the clam shells with their teeth and swallow the contents whole. ~ What fish has four eyes? None. But there's a fish named anableps dowei that has two large, protruding eyes - each separated by a strip of skin which divides the vision into two planes. So. as the fish swims along close to the surface, it is able to see both above and below the water at the same time. ~ ls the bald eagle really bal? .... No. The white-headed sea-eagle, which is also called the bald eagle, has a completely feather head. It probably got its name from the fact that these feathers are white. The bird is found in the national emblem of the United States. JUNE 1958 53 Pint-shed fury ;e AMON S. Subejano, the little boy from Lucena, Iloilo, who went to America in search of adventure and fame in the late 20's and who became a World War II hero in early 40's, is the soldier's soldier. The "one man army from the Philippines" who was credited with having picked off no less than 400 Germans in the war against Nazis while he fought as a sniper with General George Patton's illustrious 3rd Army, is believed to have been the only Filipino to fight on European soil during World War II. Ramon's claims to fame are so numerous that they almost defy description. He was wounded four times, and received among other medals, the Silver Star, the Purple Heart with three clusters, the Bronze Star with two clusters, five Battle Stars, as well as decorations and medals from the governments of Belgium, France and Holland. When he returned to New York C:'.:y Mayor Vincent R. lmpellitteri as chairman of the 54 By J. P. Ramos Philippine War Veterans. The only survivor of Company A, 358th Infantry, 90th Division, Subejano received every citation except the Congressional Medal of Honor. Only fiv·) feet, two inches tall and weighing a mere 120 pounds, Subejano was a "bundle of dynamite of World V/?;· I I." PANOAAMA He Would Visit Manila WHEN President Garcia comes to the Unit€d States . . in June for his state visit, among the Filipinos who will welcome him is a slight man whose apperance belies his war exploits in the European theatre of war which included 400 Germans whom he killed as a sniper. Sgt. Raymundo Subejano of Iloilo has expr€ssed a wish to see the President during the latter's state visit in Washington. Subejano said he would go to the Philippines in time for this year's July 4 celebration, symbolic of the democracy "I fought for during the last war." Subejano received a telegram from the late President Magsaysay inviting him for a short visit to the Philippines and to award him the Legion of Honor medal and a Bronze Star for his heroism which has been recognized by the US government. He said he would go to the Philippines if President Garcia would renew Magsaysay's invitation to receive his award. He also expressed his desire to see President Garcia during the latter's visit to Washington this month. Subejano plans to spend a few days in Manila af~er which he will visit his relatives in Iloilo. From there, he will call on his brothers and sisters in Mindanao. He was the only Filipino who served with the US Army in Europe during the Second World War. He saw action in five major battles. - J.V. Saez Enlisting in the service December 29, 1942, in New York City, he was sent overseas with the 358th Infantry of the 90th Division which became part of Gen. Patton's Third Army in European battles. pean soil in World War II, Subejano rose from private to sergeant as he distinguished himself in the battle of Metz on the MoseJle River. Believed to be the only Philippine native to fight on EuroJUNE 19S8 Serving with Company A of the 358th regiment, his 94 buddies were killed in the battle. But Subejano as a scout and SS sniper survived the battle. Besides killing mimy Germans, he also captured scores more. Subejano has many war decorations - his medals nearly outweigh him. Now drawing 100 per cent disability pay as a result of his wounds and arthritis which has gnarled his hands and causes him to walk with a cane. He was discharged on Oct. 20, 1945, but re-enlisted five days later. He was separated finally at Valley Forge General Hospital, Phoenixville, Pa., on March 8, 1948. Subejano related how he had captured Germ!:lll pillboxes. "I slung my rifle over my shoulder, took two hand grenades, pulled the pins but held the levers down," he said, "and walked i n t o the pillboxes." (Once the safety pin is removed, an American grenade will explode several seconds after the lever is released). "Pie Germans thought I was E!iving myself up. Once inside the pillbox I demanded they surrender. In one pillbox there were thirty German rifles trained on me. But if they shot me my hands would relax, the grenades would explode and they would be killed. So they surrendered." Subejano is unmarried and has no relatives in the United States. Subejano was lorn in Lucena, Iloilo, in 1903, to Eleno Subejano and Vicenta Simpao. His father died before World War II, while his mother died in 1953 in Basilan City where she lived with her two children, Lucia and Honorio. Ramon went to school in Santa Barbara elementary school and Iloilo provincial high school which he quit after finishing the second year high. He left for Manila where he worked in the house of Miss Mary Polley, then superintendent of Philippine Normal School and author of Philippine geography. In 1927, Subejano sailed for the United States where he worked in factories and automobile shops until he volunteered to fight in World War II. Anti-Bores 56 T wo German engineers, Pietsch and Manfred, have perfected a transistor radio no larger than a shirt bufton. It has no wires, and is worn in the ear, where it is invisible. Wonderful inventio~ against windbags: you can pretend to listen to thezr nonsense while enjoying a c.•:mcert in complete peace! PANORAMA ·~Book Review~-~ iscape ~'tom Co1t1te9ido't * I ~~ ('}o DIFFICULT is the ingathering of truth that even those ~ who claim to have "been there," if they are only amateurs at envisioning or non-cultivators of memory, often lack proper credentials of proof. If Lieutenant Colonel Whitcomb's wartime experiences are already in their second printing, this is less a tribute to his writing than to the imaginative collaboration of his readers who have busily filled in the blanks left by the book. No one will deny the natural limitations of biography, so seldom can one man know any other, in life or in literature, with the intimacy of understanding. But autobiography, such as Escape from Corregidor, released from these constrictions has an obligation to attempt reenactment of the inner man, the full event. That Whitcomb hardly scratches his own surface must be due either to a kind of manly modesty (but this is unlikely, since he has chosen to write of himself and has supported the heroic image of that self with an introduction by Marine general, and more subtle devices such ·as excerpts from Eleanor Roosevelt's column and occasional name-dropping) or to amateurishness on his part as observer-recorder of events. Rather than place the burden of collaboration on every reader, Whitcomb would have done well, at the start, to have consulted a professional. His military career offers usable, and even at times spectacular, material. As a navigator he participated, in 1941, in the first mass flight of B-17's, from Califor•Edgar D. Whitcomb, Escap-, f~om Corregidor (Henry Regnery Co.: Chicago, 1958). JUNE 1958 57 nia to Clark Field, just in time to watch them be destroyed on the ground by the Japanese. Receiving neither orders to disperse their planes nor to mount an attack on Formosa, they waited, unwilling victims, for the rain of terror from inferior pilots and craft. Having withdrawn to Cabcaben Field in Bataan, the air crew survivors began rifle practice for the first time. After "Dugout Doug" MacArthur slipped south to Australia and the Japanese continued to bomb those who raised white flags on Bataan, Whitcomb escaped the Death March on a power-launch to Corregidor. Jt s AT Singapore, the island's disappearing guns and mine fields guarded only the China Sea entrance. Whitcomb and a handful of Philippine Scouts held the southeast sector against invasion with an antique British 75. News of Doolittle's bombing of Tokyo only made them wonder why the siege of Manila couldn't be lifted. When Wainwright surrendered, life in a concentration camp made clear that "Japanese Law is International Law." Finally, in May of 1942, Whitcomb and Marine Bill Harris swam for eight hours, to cross the North Channel. All along the route to Subic Bay, across the hills of Bataan, they lived on cashew and bananas, and the gifts of friendly Filipinos. At last they took a ban ca down to Balayan Bay where they rested under the protection of Don Sixto Lopez until a better boat could be provided. Harris and two American latecomers left Whitcomb behind when the latter refused to sail by dangerous day; but luckily he joined two mining engineers from Baguio who defended his assumed identity as Robert Johnson, son of Lepanto's superintendent, when Filipinos on the far side of Tayabas Bay surrendered them to the Japanese. No longer in uniform, Whitcomb could have been shot as a spy. In August 1942, he was imprisoned in Ft. Santiago with McCullough Dick and Roy C. Bennett of the Daily Bulletin and endured savage questioning because he could not reproduce the map of Lusud, until by luck he was temporarily placed in the same cell as the mining engineers. Then all three were sent to Sto. Tomas where he could not help resenting the relative ease of some inmates' confinement. They were cleanshaven and well fed, and received daily packages from former servants. However, Whitcomb did not question his own continuing good luck: in September, on application he was ship58 PANORAMA ped, with Life reporter Carl Mydans, to Shanghai, "Paris of the Orient," where for a long time he was free to wander the streets, fed and dressed by the American Association, his alleged malaria prevented from recurring by the use of salvarsan. Even when finally placed in a camp, he managed to stay with Mydans and his doctor, and had a pleasant job as lab assistant. The only thing that could move him to tears was reference to his being a deserter. He longed for return to action (in the remote skies). In Sept. 1943, repatriated as a civilian on the Gripsholm, he was at first prevented from re-entering the Asian Theater of Operations (lest the Japanese make the further escape of soldiers impossible by discontinuing all exchanges) and ferried planes, instead, across the Atlantic; until Mydans finally helped him reach Leyte, in May of 1945. When the atom bomb fell on Hiroshima, Whitcomb was enjoying the full circle his life had taken, in Okinawa. SUCH A career, stated in a thousand-word citation, has a kind of suggestive power useful to writers of fiction who know how to recreate a full body of fact by the addition of blood and brains. (They Came to Cordura, a recent novel about the Mexican punitive expeditions, provides proper example.) But Whitcomb's career stretches thin over 200 pages, strangely unreal because unrealized. Where is. the person to whom every career must occur? The book has all the literary distance of a bad biography. Consequently it is sometimes comic, in effect. That character, Whitcomb, is presented as a gullible, glamorous "fly-boy," gradually dropped by stages down to earth; one who, protesting his commonplace qualities, slyly believes in his own heroism - thou11:h his one truly exceptional act, the stormy swimming of the North Channel, cannot stand comparison with the incredible bravery of known guerrillas, for example, or even of anonymous civilians who never became colonels or congressmen (despite his bitter envy of "lucky" civilians, Whitcomb was far luckier than most); a man whose memoirs snatch at every famous name that ever breathed on him in passing; one who has been so careless of the texture of event that over and over, he mispells words necessary to the authenticity of his report: "baloot" (supposedly eggs buried several months); Mindanao with a JUNE 1958 59 tilde over the "a"; "baliso" ("balisong"); "banco" ("banca"); "Walla" ("wala"); Emanuel Quezon, "Le Panto," "tao poo," and so on. Presumably, this semi-comic figure, stumbling into muck and coming up with rubies, was not the one that Whitcomb intended to make emerge. But in that need for presumption lies the book's failure. Hindu Marriage A NCIENT and time-honored traciitions mark the Hindu marriage ceremonies in the vast land of India. Even though modem ways are now interwoven with the centuries-old ritual, the basic ceremony remains the same. In a quiet residential section of the great city of Calcutta the bright music of a brass band is heard. People gather to watch the slow-moving procession that is taking the bridegroom to the home of his bethrothed where the festivities will be held The young man is wearing the towering Hindu ceremonial headgear, the "Toper," and, is arrayed in handsome robes. Several markings have been applied to his forehead, checks and wrists. Similar markings dot the forehead of the waiting bride-to-be. Her silken sari, lavishly ornamented by fine needlework, coven her hair and frames her face i.n shimm't!ring folds. The sound of music heralds the groom's arrival; he joins his bethrothed, and the ceremony begins. The climax of this Hindu marriage ritual is reached when the bride makes seven rounds around the groom, thus symbolizing the merging of the two souls for a lifetime. Garlands are exchanged twice during the ceremony, followed by the "Subhadristi" ritual in which the head of the couple are covered with a symbolic cloth. A circle is formed by the young couple, the bride's father and the priest. As the holy prayers of the mantras are chanted, the priest joins the hands of this man and woman in marriage. Farewell ceremonies are conducted the following day, observing the departure of the new bride from her father's house--and the beginning of a new life at the side of her husband. PANORAMA Literary Personality - XLI* So bitter so young ?n INOU DROUET, 10-year-old French poet, lives in a world of words which, she says, follow each other like raindrops beating on her bedroom-window. But the question all over France is: Does this rainstorm of words devolve directly from Minou or from her foster mother, Mlle. Claude Drouet, a former schoolteacher: Two years ago Minou created a literary sensation with the publication of her first poems. They had neither rhyme nor rhythm, like most modern French poetry, but stunned critics by their maturity and a certain underlying bitterness. just when the argument had divided France into two literary camps, Minou announced that she had stopped writing poetry. Instead, she is working on a novel to be called The Reptiles of Light. "It will be about a girl who is blind and knows more secrets than anyone else in the village"-strange words from a blonde little girl in a blue ribbon, and a blue dress with white stars designed by herself? The title of the book, Minou explained, pertains to the little blind girl. "You see, her fingers are like reptiles, her reptiles of light. She was the world through them." If the novel is even remotely autobiographical it goes bac\c a long way, even for a 10-year-old. Minou had failing sight at the age of 8 months when she was adopted by Mlle. Drouet a spinster, after her parents had been lost at sea. Physicians at first thought blindness inevitable. But surgery restored her sight to normalcy. Minou. does not go to school; teachers come to the house. She reads science books and takes correspondence courses. Her friends are the rain, the wind and the clouds: "I play foot* An exclusive Panorama feature. JUNE 1958 61 ball with them." But she has no playmates. "I do not need children. I do not need dolls. Dolls are dead." Two years ago Minou went to the French Society of Authors, Composers and Music Publishers to win recognition as a poet. They asked her to write a poem, then and there, on either of two subjects. She stunned them with her picture of "the Paris sky": I feel you so near, ~o heavy; So open like a field_ of war Tufted with blood-colored glass That I feel I don't know why My whole body resting on you ... HER publisher Rene Julliard was swamped with material from precocious poets and novelists all over Europe. She remains his greatest discovery, for besides poems and novels, she also composes her own pieces for piano and guitar, and says she has written 18 songs and an operetta about herself. She also designs her own clothes and made the final decision on the pastel decor of her own bedroom, which faces a grim courtyard. There are several portraits of Minou about the walls, a number of figurines scattered about, but a big teddy bear and a stuffed dog are the only real indications that a child lives there. Her only pet is a parakeet named Billou. "I like solitude," she says; "I like rain that beats against the windows. I like gray skies. Happiness for me is work." Double Program at the Boulevard Theater: I ACCUSE THE FEMALE ANIMAL 62 PANORAMA M~RE M~NEt lE~~ EDU~ATWN An expert analyses the ills ol our sc:hool system ancl observes that poor teaching, not politics, is the c:ause ol postwar deterioration ol stanclards By Pedro T. Orata W HEN abroad and speaking to or writing for an international audience, I take great pride in pointing out that "the percentage of the national income devoted to education was 38 in 1951 ... " as compared to only a fraction in the majority of countries the world over. There should be no washing of dirty linen in public. But among ourselves and speaking honestly, I find it difficult to defend this very high percentage, considering that the schools, to be effective, must depend upon the other services of the government, such as health, welfare, security, agriculture, and others. I believe that it would not do for the schools to have the lion's share of the national budget if its JUNE 1958 having it would result in the neglect of these services. For, the teachers, in their teaching and demonstration of the principles of hygiene and sanitation, may be highly successful in the classroom and school grounds, but their effort will result in naught if the community and the homes are lacking in facilities and nrovision for the practice of h~alth habits. What are the facts about school expenditures? First, let us consider the world situation. What percentage of the total national budget is earmarked for education in the different countries? The 1956 International Yearbook of Education gives the figures which are summarized below. THIS IS one set of facts. Let us consider another. In 1913, the budget for education, P6,758,891, was 13.31 per cent of the total national budget of P50,790,293. In 1955 the school budget rose to P188,579,040, which was more than 31 times that of 1913, whereas the total national outlay of P668,269,859, was only a little more -than 13 times that of 1913. Then again, the per-pupil <:ost of public education rose from f>22.73 in 1920 to 'P41.18 in 1953, and the corresponding per capita cost, from Pl.84 to P7.31. Meanwhile the total school enrollment (in public schools only) increased from 621,030 in 1913-14 to 4, 153,364 in 1949-50, thus multiplying about 7 times. Against all these facts is the decline in the buying value of the Philippine peso, on one hand, and the per capita income of the Filipino people which is less than Pl50 at the present time compared with less than PIOO before the war. Then, also, it must be added that in spite of the poverty of the -country the ratio of school enrollment to the total population is l to 5 which is below that of only one country, namely, the United States. All these and other factseconomic, social, and otherwise -show that the truth of the matter posed by the title of this article is not simple and unambiguous. All that. can be said is that the Congress and President of the Philippines have been most liberal and considerate in their allotment of funds for public education, and that it would not seem right to demand still more until the economic and financial conditions of the country improve to such an extent that the other services of the government will not suffer as a result of further increase in the funds for public education. THE CHALLENGE, in fact, is for the educational authorities and the teachers to spend the huge sum for education more wisely, and to show better results. As a Bulletin editorial writer not long ago pointed out, "when public education is regarded critically and hopelessly the standard defense is lack of funds. Unquestionably we do Jack funds, but we have :not made the best use of the funds available." As to results, the same writer is equally critical and. it must be admitted. equally justified in his indictment of the schools. He said: "We have never 'thought big enough' about our school problems. Our aims have been wrong. Our administration has been faulty and wasteful. We have produced square pegs for round holes. We have neglected PANORAMA the thorough teaching of fundamentals and concentrated on treating every child as a potential college graduate ... Education that is supposed to provide social competence and prepare for life in a community does nothing of the sort. It stimulates if anything, hunger for something called a college diploma, suposed to be the key to success in life. Too often it leads to parental sacrifice, a shoddy higher education, disappointment, discontent and failure." Mass Promotion. Mass Evil EVERY time that the school year is nearing its end, the teachers in the field are obsessed by the problem of whether they will have 100% promotion in their classes or they will have to flunk the dull and undeserving pupils. She is reminded by her district supervisor and principal of the policy of "mass promotion" formulated by the school system. There should be 100% promotion. And so, she will promote her undeserving pupils with reluctance. There are dissenting opinions about the Philippine Public Schools' policy of "mass promotion" in the elementary grades. Those against the policy contend that the undeserving and unfit in many classes must be flunked because they are "slowing down the educational process to a point approaching a stand-still," and "the appalling decline in potential leaders in our country today has been made possible by our educational system's policy of mass promotion." The system must be blamed for this tragic situation, they say. What valid reasons can justify the public school system in advocating the policy of mass promotion if mass promotion is unwarranted, illogical and absurd, as most teachers in the field say? To some extent, the policy, is obnoxious, but it is not illogical. For some obvious reasons, the school system feels justified in insisting on mass promotion. Some SO pesos or more is appropriated by our government every year for every elementary school pupil. Thus, for every school child who is flunked and retained in the grade, the government will have to appropriate another 50 pesos when that child reenrolls and repeats the cour~e the n'!xt year. If, in every class throughout the country (there are an estimated 140 thousand e)e. ruentary classes) , there is one pupil retained in the grade, by the ensuing school year the government will have to appropriate some 7 million pesos (140,000 pupils at SO pesos each). - Albino V. Arriero JUNE 19S8 I said, the challenge is not to those that provide money for the schools but for those who spend it. The decline in educational quality in recent years seems to be in inverse proportion to the increase in educational expenditures, considered nationally-in gross or on percentage or per capita basis-or globally. We used to blame it all on the infamous Educational Act of 1940, but now that ,most primary classes are on· full-day basis any continued or further decline in school achievement must be accounted for differently. With improvement in the quality of teacher preparation as a result of making the normal course four instead of two years in duration, there should be corresponding improvement in the quality of instruction being provided. That this is not the case, at all, makes one wonder what could be the real causes of the continued inferior quality of education in public schools. I suspect that the causes are "inside" more than "outside," meaning in classroom teaching itself. Teachers may be better prepared, but for lack of incentive, leadership, 1mpervision, or of proper orientation in educational values, they are teaching less effectively than their counterparts many years ago who had less than high 66 school education and without professional training at all. I went to school in my home town under such teachers. We studied our lessons at night and before and after classes. We kept notebooks which we prized very highly. Our work in all subjects was corrected by the teachers, and we rectified our mistakes. In high school later, we woke up at dawn to study, took our cots to the beach in Lingayen, under the coconuts, in the afternoon to study our lessons, and we reviewed past work constantly. There was ~ notebook for every subject and I recall one occasion when I felt I had lost all my knowledge of history because someone borrowed my notebook and lost it. It was a calamity then to be without a record of assignments, readings, and corrected written work. WHAT 1s it like now? It is true that in high school there are more subjects, but what is the value of carrying more but studying and learning less? With the introduction of objective tests before the war plus the habit of indifference to academic standards as a result of the .Japanese occupation (when it was virtuous to disregard standards that were imposed), we seem to have today the worst combination of inappropriate examination and PANORAMA evaluation of results of education and ineffective teaching methods which produce veritable semi-literate graduates in school and college. I recall the work that supervisors and superintendents and principals, as well, did d~ring the thirties. In Sorsogon and Isabela we had demonstration classes under master teachers, who were observed for periods of three to four weeks by teachers from all over the division -they came in bunches of twenty or thirty at a time. Very careful preparation was made before their coming. District supervisors observed the i r classes for a week in order to diagnose carefully their (teachers') difficulties and to record the same in Form 178 (later sent to the· principal and teachers of the demonstration centre for study so that they could prepare the demonstration lessons accordingly). During the period of demonstration, observing teachers studied and prepared type lessons in the evening, criticized the methods used in class, and prepared better plans. Later on, they were again observed by their supervisors who noted any improvement made (and commended it) and any persistent difficulties (which were later the subject of further observation in the demonstration centre). There were standards JUNE 1958 then for supervisors and superintendents to follow, and they were careful to observe them. Tests were given regularly, in class under the teacher, in the district by the supervisor, in the whole division by the superintendent, and in the whole country by the General Office supervisors. The tests were corrected and formed the basis of remedial measures. Promotion was on the basis of actual accomplishment. The situation now is different, not just different but very bad indeed. There are too many so-called workshops, which are veritable talk-shops, in which principals and supervisors talk a great deal but do little to plan for better supervision. Supervisors do not visit classes as their predecessors used to, who stayed whole periods and during the whole day-starting at the opening and leaving after an hour of teachers' meeting after school. There is too much time spent for so-called public relations, and too much talk about integration and personal dynamics, whatever these mean, and too little time given to actual supervision and none at all to demonstration. No WONDER teachers do not teach anymore-no one seems interested in the results of their teaching, so why should 67 they care? Generally, here is how teachers "teach" nowadays. They start with two songs, before they divide the class into two sections. To one section the teacher assigns "seat work," and she or he recites the other. This is the way it goes in the reciting class. The teacher distributes a set of supplementary readers to the class. She says: "Open to page 63. Read the story." After five minutes (or whatever the set standard is for the story), the teacher 0rders the pupils to close their books, draws the curtain over the blackboard where ten truefalse statements app~ar. The pupils indicate "yes" or "no" after the numbers on their paper corresponding to the numbering on the board, and in a few moments it is all over. "How many got 10 right?" 9, 8, 7, etc." The teacher says: "Open your book to page 85. Answer the odd-numbered problems." She then goes to the other class to repeat the same operation. After two hours of this kind of routine exercise, the bell rings. When the pupils reach home, they throw their books wherever they can find a place for them and do not pick them up again until the following morning. Meanwhile the paper!) used in class are utilized for kindling or toilet paper. Many teachers nowadays re68 ceive from 'PlSO to 'P200 a month for going through the motions perfunctorily morning and afternoon five days a week, bored stiff and boring, whereas their counterparts years ago were paid only 'P40 or less to do a solid job of teaching which they thoroughly enjoyed. Yes, indeed, we now pay a lot more for much less education! There is nothing I would like better than for someone to show me that I am mistaken or have exaggerated my remarks. But, it is not enough to claim better work by mere statement. I should like to see actual results in terms of what the pupils are learning and not in terms of what the teachers are supposed to be teaching them. It would be foolish for me to suggest that academic standards alone should be emphasized. Nowadays we have a better philosophy of education than years ago. We are supposed to be educating for life, not just for preparation for life. We regard as important both the learning of the skills and their application to life. Learning for learning's sake is taboo, and rightly so, but learning is important for the simple reason that one cannot apply that which he does not know. Teachers are supposed to be community leaders as well , but they still must teach. Whatever the philosophy of PANORAMA education is, whatever the standards of teaching and learning, whatever the criteria are for good teaching, which may be excellent on paper, achievement must still be measured in terms of actual performance, and each child must be judged on his own merit and not on the basis of his position in the normal curve-which would be normal even if the achievement of the pupils (in terms of right or wrong knowledge-12 plus 3 equals 15 not 14, taking not tekking, etc.) behaviour, attitude, etc. were very much below standard or near zero or even minus. N ow, I would expect some people to be happy over all this, particularly the owners of some of our private schools who, in fact, have the habit of justifying their much lower standards by calling attention to the fact that public schools are no better. If many public schools are as I have pictured, some private schools are a lot worse. For the owners of such schools to justify their continued existence on the ground that diploma mills are not confined to their kind is to right one wrong by another wrong. The only consolation over this rather dark picture is that it cannot be much darker. Parents are beginning to awaken JUNE 1958 and to realize the mistake of thinking that so long as their children are accommodated it does not matter what or how little they are learning. When talking to my colleagues in the office I call attention to the fact that as a people we go into all kinds and levels of sacrifices-selling our last piece of land or carabao and subsisting on rice and salt-in order that our children can go to school. In talking among ourselves, I am not so sure that this is not one reason for th~ very low state of our education. I w-ish we were more discriminating and more intolerant of bad teaching, but we are not, we are served with the standard that we tolerate. The fact is that everybody I have talked with asked me what I think about the deteriorating educational :>tandards. Just the other night at a party at the Philippine Embassy a graduate of the University of the Philippines was complaining that he could not be admitted as accredited student in the Sorbonne; he admitted that even in the state university standards have declined a ,great deal since the last war. Everybody is talking about low standards of education but, like the weather, nobody seems to want to lift a finger to do something about it. I make one exception, as far as I know. When Direc69 tor Aldana was in Paris a few months ago, he described his plan to improve educational standards which seemed to be well taken indeed. I was greatly disappointed when, later on, I was informed that there was considerable opposition among his men to his point of view. This was what one of them wrote to me: "You know, in his address to the Superintendents' Convention in Baguio this year, Director Aldana said many things which were good, if they could be carried out. We told him that if he went ahead with his plan he would find himself without a job in no time. I tell you, the politicians would not let him do what he wants done." (Because superin tendents let politicians do what they like with the schools). MR· ALDANA knew of the opposition among his own g-roup, but he told me he was determined to go ahead with his plan, "come what may." I know of no other way to improve standards than for all teachers, supervisors, superintendents, directors and parents to get together and say, "No more of this." Congressmen and senators are very sensitive to public opinion, but there is no public opinion aP.'ainst low educational standards. And this is because there are no leaders 70 to guide the public against low standards. Talk about politicians interfering in educational matters-but who lets them do so::· How many would not lick the boots of a politician to get a better job if they think that the politician can intervene successfully for them? But :mppose we all refuse to lick anybody's boots no matter how powerful he may be, what then? The whole Congress even with the backing of the President cannot fire all of the teachers. Look at the way the French teachers are unifying. We have always thought that the French school system was so centralized that everything emanates from the Ministry of Education in Paris. This is not so anymore. If we .are to believe the New York Herald Tribune -and no denial has been made of the story which appeared in this paper recently-this is what happened: "French teachers are in revolt against a Government order to give their pupils a special lesson on the benefits brought by France to Algeria. A ministerial circular, which was reaching schoolmasters all over the country this week, ordered them to tell their classes of the social, economic, and human achievements of France in 'our North African departments.' ... The main union of ·~lementary school teachers has already sent PANORAMA a delegation to tell the Minister of Education they have no intention of complying with the circular. "More serious, perhaps, is the reaction of the Union of Secondary School teachers, grouping 75 per cent of the staffs, which has not only rejected the prescribed lesson but has also told members that in the coming week they will give a lesson on the rights of man (instead)." It is this sort of awakening that our teachers and the parents of the school children need in order to take politics out of the schools and eventually to raise educational standards to the level where they should be, considering the very large amount that the country is paying in order to send all children of school age to :>chool. B UT, 1 repeat, it is not politics which is responsible for low standards in the classroom; it is poor teaching which can be improved only by the teachers themselves and by supervisors doing their job of helping and guiding them. Politicians interfere because we go to them for recommendation. We find it ·~asier to get a raise in salary and position by having them get it for us than our deserving it through our own effort and hard work. Are we spending more money for less education? I would want nothing better than a "No" answer to this question, but as things are now and have been in the last ten years or so, the opposite seems to be the only answer until and unless it can be shown otherwise. -Philippine Journal of Education. Not Their Fault! Aunt ]erusha - "Bildad, do you know that tomorrow will be the twenty-fifth anniversary of our wedding?" Uncle Bildad - "Ye don't say so. What about it?" ]erush~ "I thought may be we ought to kill them two Rhode Island Red chickens." Bildad- "How in tunket can you blame them two chickens for what happened twe,nty-five years ago?" * JUNE 1958 71 72 How to 'Prevent Fires 5 IMPLE measures proven to eliminate ordinary fires at home are: 1. Crush your cigarette and cigar stubs thoroughly before discarding them. Provide yourselves with ashtrays. Do not smoke in bed. 2. Oil or gas and other native lamps should be placed away from curtains and other objects that easily catch fire. Do not put them where the wind, children, cats, or other moving thing may topple them. Put out the flame before going to bed. 3. Do not store any inflammable substance or any volatile liquid in the kitchen. Cover the flammable containers tightly. 4. Extinguish all live charcoals and embers or concentrate them in the middle of the stove after being tr.rough with kitchen chores. Make it a habit to inspect the kitchen before retiring. Most fires in the homes occur at night. 5. Do not use gasoline or other inflammable liquid in kindling fuel. 6. Do not heat wax, paint, or other polishing substarrces over open flames. 7. Keep matches and lighters away from the reach of children. 8. Clear the comers and nooks of the house from. rubbish, rags, and other waste materials. 9. Remove the accumulation of leaves in gutters and other parts of the roof and wood shavings and litters in the attic. 10. Rubbish burning should be done in the stove or in the yard away from the house wall. Every smouldering coal left from bonfire should be extinguished. Be careful that no flying embers from the bonfire would alight on the roofs of houses. PANORAMA One mark of an educated man is the possession of a reasonable fund of general information. The highly •pecialized individual, often dubbed an "expert," frequently knows little or nothing outside his own line. Try yourself on the following questiona, then turn to the next page for the correct answers. I. In the recently concluded Asian Games the Philippines won, in the overall total: A. fifth place; B. first place; C. eighth place; D. second place. 2. The extreme instability of France's government is due to: A. the lack of coordination between the executive and the legislative; B. a basically weak executive; C. a weak legislative; D. a president not elected by popular vote. 3. Who edited the Philippine Revolutionary propaganda paper, La Solidaridad? It was: A. Apolinario Mabini; B. Jose Rizal; C. Graciano Lopez-Jaena; D. Marcelo del Pilar. 4. You don't have to be a zoologist to know that one of the following is alien to the group: A. whale; B. shark; C. porpoise; D. dolphin. 5. If you order from your tailor a beige suit, you should get one which is: A. very light brown; B. light blue; C. finely striped; D. greenish blue. 6. The First Philippine Republic was proclaimed 60 years ago in: A. Malolos, Bulacan; B. Biak-na-Bato; C. l{awit, Cavite; D. Imus, Cavite. 7. An international exposition wherein the Philippines has a booth is now going on in Brussels,: A. Germany; B. France; C. Switzerland; D. Belgium. 8. Who is Peter Townsend? Is he: A. the reckless hero of Hemingway's earlier novels? B. boyfriend of England's Princess Margaret? C. Playboy actor who is one of Hollywood's new heart throbs? D. Prime Minister of England. 9. In economics fiduciary funds are: A. funds held in trust; B. monies which are already obli~ated; C. funds receivables; D. funds which are deposited but which earn no interest. 10. Cobalt 60 is now generally used for treating: A. leprosy; B. some types of heart disease; C. some types of cancer; D. si.in disorders. JUNE 1958 73 ARE YOU WORD WISE ANSWERS PANORAMA QUIZ ANSWERS 1. A. boisterously gay 1. D. second place 2. C. to foretell or predict 2. B. a basically weak executive 3. C. to bring upon oneself 3. C. Graciano Lopez-Jaena 4. D. deep regret for wrongdoing 4. B. shark (a fish) 5. B. widely but unfavorably 5. A. very light brown known 6. C. Kawit, Cavite 6. A. gloomy 7. D. Belgium 7. D. to inform 8. B. boyfriend of England's Princess Margaret 8. B. dogma or doctrine 9. A. long and tiresome 9. A. funds held in trust 10. C. disturbance or fight 10. C. some types of cancer 74 What Then? To oscar Hammerstein, famous impressario, came a dissheveled-looking person and unfolded this plan: I wiII do an act on your stage that wiII be the talk of the world. You can advertise it in advance and you can charge a hundred dollars a ticket. Now here is my proposition: If you'II put fifty thousand doilars in escrow for my wife, 1'11 go on your stage, and in fuII view of your audience, commit suicide." "Marvelous," answered Hammerstien, "but what will you do for an encore?" · PANORAMA In the Beginning . .. CYNIC (a sneering faultfinder) A fitting" origin for the present-day cynic is the Greek word kynikos, meaning "doglike"! MOLAR (a tooth adapted for grinding) In Latin rnolaris means "a mill" - an apt description, indeed, of a man's food grinder. JUNE 1958 VICAR (a deputy of minister or parish priest) From the Latin vicarius meaning "substitute" comes this modern word referring to a religious official. 75 Philippine Panorama - XLll 7HOSE WHO crave to see the Philippines should start with the parks. These places are near the centers of population and one finds there some of our more remarkably scenic wonders. Our parks, however, have been neglected by the government and if one finds them in a rather shabby condition one should be a little forgiving. Some of these parks have been deforested by squatters and hunters have killed the fauna that our government seeks to 76 preserve. But again, in this regard one should keep an open mind and just remember the general economic situation of the country. There are 39 national parks in our country. The oldest and one of the nearest is Makiling. This park includes Mt. Makilil'lg, a frequent subject of folk tales and folk songs. This mountain is 3,750 feet high and it covers part of Batangas and Laguna. This mountain is famous for its 3,000 species of flora. PANORAMA Makiling was made a national park on February 23, I 933 by Governor-Gen er al Theodore:: Roosevelt Jr. Some of its attractions are hot springs and mud springs. These springs are said to contain radium. Makiling is frequently visited not only by excursionists but also by botanists and entomologists. Another national park is Roosevelt in Hermosa, Bataan. This place is famous for its colorful rock formations and hot spring. It is also a game refuge. Lovers of wildlife visit this park to watch the animals in their natural habitat. Mount Arayat in Pampanga is a bird and game reserve. There is a swimming pool within the reservation. The popularity of this park has been considerably reduced by rumors that the place is still overrun by the Huks. A I 9-hectare tract in Libmanan, Camarines Sur, has a series of crystal caves and cataracts. The possibility of making this place a tourist attraction has been considerably impeded by the lack of decent hotel accomodations near the place. The national park in Negros lsland is Mount Kanlaon, the home of the king of thunder in Philippine mythology. This place boasts of hot springs, unusual geological formations and waterfalls. JUNE 1958 Quezon Park in Quezon province is a forest park. The forest covers a hill that overlooks the Atimonan trail. This is another bird and game reserve. 'THE ATTRACTION of Sorsogon are the Bulusan Volcano and the beautiful forest that other parks, Bulusan has not covers the area around it. Like springs, mineral water and rock formations. Cagayan province has the Callao Caves, a series of caverns traversed by deep canyons and waterfalls. In Basey, Samar there is a natural stonebridge formation and around it are waterfalls and rock formations. This is one of the more striking of Philippine parks. The highest mountain in the Philippines, Mt. Apo, is the national park located on the Cotabato-Davao border. This place has medicinal hot springs, game, mountain flowers and a large variety of flowering orchids. In the Mountain Province, the national park is Mount Data. This park can be reached by a zigzag road. The attractions of this park are its deep ravines and huge masses or rocks. The hill of Biak-na-Bato was made a park because of its historical importance. While there are some scenic spots. the place looks like any other second-growth forest. 77 The most famous of our national parks is Mayon Volcano in Albay. This volcano attracts tourists especially during summer. The advantage of the place is its good hotel accommodations. Tirad Pass in the mountains of the Ilocos region js ~mothe.r historical site. Here Gregorio de! Pilar fought the rear-guard action for th~ retreating troops of General Aguinaldo. The falls of Pagsanjan in Laguna is another scenic spot. This place is famous for its rapids and of course the beautiful waterfalls. However, most tourists go to this park to shoot the rapids in a banca. Dapitan, Zamboanga became a national park because it is historically associated with Jose Rizal. The government has made the haunts of Rizal national shrines ancl. has tried to preserve all that he had built in the place. In Alaminos, Pangasinan, there is an unusual park-the so-called Hundred 1 s I ands . Aside from the beautiful scenery this place attracts tourists because of its marine life. Fishermen, especially, patronize this park. THE BATAAN National Park is 31,000 hectares. It includes parts of Hermosa, Orani, Samat, Abucay, Balanga, Pilar, Bagac, and Moron. The claim of this park of fame is the bloody battle fought here by the Americans and Filipinos against the Japanese. This park is filled with relics, monuments and historical markers. Another new historical park is Bessang Pass in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. This is a high trail which the Filipinos used to destroy the forces of Yamashita. One of the smallest parks in the country is the Quezon Memorial Park in Diliman Quezon City. At present it is still bare and the only marker are three unfinished pylons. However, there are plans to make this park a botanical garden and a repository of the Quezon relics. All in all, the thirty-nine national parks have an area of 229,000 hectares in the most beautiful and scenic places in the country. It only remains for the government to attend to them and make them real places of recreation, enjoyment and study. PANOlilAMA ?eue-t'Juima,, , ,, , , , , by Elmer • / ~ : : .. . : .:··-~ -·· -:···-··· ~ --. ·-:---·. y·-· • . ; I : ····· J.-.-\. ·- \. -· ~- .. (-······l·~···.1~·tt1.I-·· t · rL . . L.1 ... J t··\ ··!· L-f. ,, ...... •( .•... ., . ; . ····-.. :-· ...... - fi· __ t .. -t-7---~---'r i ____ ., . .. 1:. ·-.... _ ; . f·· • ~ . ··-.......... -·. . . ..... .. ·' 80 Sociology Eyes the Economy Planning isn't enough By Thomas R. McHale T HE MORE economists work on the problem of economic development in "underdeveloped" countries, the more they realize their analytical tools have great limitations. Development economics, which we can roughly describe as the economics of significant structural change, (as differentiated from welfare economics which is distributive oriented, or from growth economics which is mainly concerned with increasing magnitudes along essentially similar structural lines), provides fur great op· portunity for the cultural anthropologists and the sociologists to make meaningful contributions in both understandPANORAMA ing and influencing the p~ocess than it does to the orthodox economic analyzer. One of the major problems involved in economic develop· ment in a country like the Philippines is the problem of reorienting or in some cases completely replacing existing value systems. The economist uses the market mechanism to give relative prices to goods and ser.vices which have already attained a place in the social fabric of a particular area. The economist, however, feels ill at ease when he is asked to work with relative values for social objectives which are not susceptible to market pricing. The economist can provide the necessary analysis of market demand for a factory's product; he can work out relevant factor imputs and product outputs. And he can provide a means of pricing products at various levels of production. BUT WH..\T about the factory itself? Are factories desirable objectives per se? Is the rigidity of factory discipline a good thing or a bad thing and what is the criteria involved? Is hard work desirable as an end in itself? What about the obvious need of an industrial society to operate with a whole new set of authority and status patterns? It is all very easy to say that indusJUNE 1958 trialization is a necessary and desirable thing for the Philippines, that hard work is a desirable end in itself, and that Filipinos should pay a lower premium for leisure than they do. It is all very well to criticize conspicuous consumption, the great emphasis on fiesta celebrations and the lack of selfinitiative in the Philippines. It is all evry well to condemn nepotism and family clannishness. But such criticisms and condemnations are reflective of the acceptance of a heirarchy of social values which has not been accepted by the majority of the Filipinos. By and large, however, this is what the economists have been asked to do! The main point that needs emphasis is that Philippine economic development at either the macro or micro level cannot be brought about merely by the planning of "bright" economists. "Bright" economists can set up economically feasible development programs. The economic logic of the programs may be impeccable and the economic wisdom might be extremely deep; yet wide gaps invariably develop between the plan of the "bright" econllmists and reality. In recent vears Pakistan has hacl the advantaP"e of extremely intelligent and highly ima81 ginative economic planners. The Philippines also has not lacked intelligent economists who have applled themsdves to :>etting up "neat" and economically logical economic development pro - grams. In both cases it is now obvious that "good"' eeonomic planning by itself is not enough. The "social will," the acceptance of the objectives sought as superior values and the institutional changes that are invariably associated with a development program are critical non-economic factors that must ·be considered basic to any "economic development" program. JN THE Philipipnes, far greater attention to the problems of economic development is needed from the sociologists than has been heretofore given. The sociologist must provide a better understanding of the social institutional framework within which the economist must work. The sociologist must outline the points of probably conflict between the traditionalized authority patterns of Philipoine society and the "demands" of ':ln industrial society. The sociologist must provide the economist with an appreciation of such characteristics of Philippine Ii fe as the nature and extent of family loyalties, and "areas of trust." The sociologist must c:xplore for the economist the social and occupational status structure and the existing mobility channels. In short, the :>ociologist must provide the i:!COnomist with a better understanding of the "pre-conditions" of economic development, for. without such an understanding, the economist lacks an i:!lementary frame of reference upon which he can build. Grit Problem 82 SMOKE-SPINNERS are being installed experimentally on the tops of several large London chimneys in an effort to keep grit out of the teeth of East Side residents. The grit rises with industrial smoke. It is hits the low cloud layer usually present over the valley of the lower Thames and is blown "toward and dropped on the heavily-populated area behind St. PauI's Cathedral by the prevailing southwesterly winds. PANORAMA . . · '~ ~H 1 1 11 • , • ' 2 ! : U I 0 d • , : i ._ 1 • , • ; • ... Qr(J:e ~tnry of ifin ~nlihnrihnh This lighting fortnightly was the Filipinos' greatest propaganda weapon against Spain JHE PROPAGANDA m 0 v ement of the Philippine Revolution was sustained by a publication edited and written by Filipinos in Europe. It was called La Solidaridad. The 10-by-12 inch fortnightly first appeared on February 19~ 1889. Its editor was Graciano Lopez-jaena and it was printed in Barcelona, Spain. In the first issue, Lopez-Jaena 'Stated the policy of the paper: to work peacefully for social JUNE 1958 By F. M. Joson and economic reforms, to expose the real plight of the Philippines, and to champion liberalism and democracy. It also vowed to fight the Spanish periodical La Politica de Espana en Filipinas which w a s the champion of Spain and the friars against the Filipinos. The writers of the paper included some of the most eru83 dite Filipinos at the time. They used pen names. Jose Rizal was "Laon Laan" and "Dimasalang"; Marcelo H. del Pilar, "Plaridel"; Marciano Ponce, "Naning," "Tikbalang·• and "Kalipulako"; Jose Ma. Panganiban, "Joma pa"; J. Zulueta, "Juan Totoo"; Antonio Luna, "Tagailog." The cause of the Philippines attracted also some Europeans who also wrote for the publication. Among the most famous are Ferdinand Blumentritt, the Austrian ethnologist and Miguel Morayta, the former Minister of the Spanish government. La Solidaridad was smuggled into the country because of the stringent censorship laws. The distribution was attended to by nationalists headed by Apolinario Mabini. This group also solicited money for the publication. A Comite de Propaganda was Zormed by M. H. del Pilar be" fore he left for Spain. The purJJuse of this commit(~ was to keep the Filipinos in Europe informed on developments in the Philippines and to help in the distribution of the paper; The Comite was headed by Deodato Arellano, del Pilar's brother-inlaw. This Comite also collected money for the paper. From February 15 to October 31, 1889, La Solidaridad was 'lrinted in Barcelona. In November, it moved to Madrid. The 84 first issue that came out from Madrid was dated November 15, 1889. In Madrid, del Pilar assumed the editorship. In the Philippines he had edited the Diariong Tagalog and hence he was acquainted with the mechanics of propaganda. JHE FILIPINO intellectuals gravitated to Madrid to help del Pilar with the paper. During these months, they had to suffer frightful privations because most of their money was used for the publication. They lived in cheap rooms, ate cheap food and frequently went without a bath for days. It is said that at one time del Pilar had to smoke cigarette butts to stave off his hunger. Plaridel became tubercular but he Qever complained and the publication came out regularly. Plaridel stayed on for five years. In that time he produced 165 essays and 166 editorials for La Solidaridad. These pieces have been called by a scholar as "more mature, practical and active than Rizal's in m1my instances, for the criticisms were severe but unbiased, truthfuL and eloquent." The publication continued until 1895. Contributions started to peter out because the :3Upporters felt that propaganda did not accomplish anything. Finally Arellano wrote del Pilar that he could not collect another cent. La Solidaridad was dead. On November 19, 1895, its last issue came out. "We are persuaded," the editorial said, "that all sacrifices are too little to win the rights of liberties of a nation oppressed by slavery." c-ould not bring about the reforms they sought. Del Pilar now advocated for an armed uprising. The nationalists in the Philippines took it up from there. It was also at this time when the intellectuals became convinced th a t peaceful means In February, 1896, de! Pilar wrote his family that he was coming home to help in the revolution. But he was too :.ick to travel. On the morning of July 4, 1896 - just before the start of the Philippine revolution - del Pilar died. Better Citizens 4-H, by which the club is known in the United States, was adopted in the Philippines in 1952. To date, 40 other nations, like the Philippines, find in the organization a happy springboard in the development of rural communities. The four H's represent the equal training of the Head, Heart, Hands and Health. The ultimate objective of the work is to make better citizens and future leaders of its members. To realize this, it has harnessed their natural talents and inclinations in the pursuit of projects that have to do with the. improvement of farms and homes. These projects are all embracing: one 4-H'er may try a hand at poultry raising this year, then shift to piggery the next year, or choose from a wide range of other projects: home industry, home management, field crops, vegetable gardens, foods and nutrition, and clothing. JUNE 1958 8S Would man survive it? SPACE TRAVEL -How Soon? 0 NE OF THE major problems of space research is survival beyond the earth. Scientists are capable of launching a space vehicle that could carry a man but whether he could survive or not still remains unanswered. The problem of survival in outer space is being tackled by space medics at four U.S.• Aii: Force and four U.S. Navy installations. Space medicine is an outgrowth of aviation medicine. Its problems were first examined by Major General Harry G. Armstrong, Dr. Hubertus Strughold and later by Colonel John Paul Stapp. Dr. Strughold, a German physiologist, was recently appointed professor of space medicine in the School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. Colonel Stapp was mainly res86 ponsible for experiments on the am o u n t of accelerations or forces (for gravity) that the body can withstand. The frontiers of space medicine were further extended by the experiments of Lt. Col. Da~ vid Goodman Simons who ::>pent five hours at 102,000 feet during the Manhigh II balloon ascent from Crosby, Minn. last year. Simons, who has succeeded Stapp as Director of the Aeromedical Field Laboratory :tt Holloman in New Mexico, is diPANOlll.MA rectly concerned with the problem of survival at the fringe of outer space. In 1947, Simons studied how monkeys were affected by high altitudes by sending up two to the fringes of space in V-2 rockets. ln I 952 he conducted experiments on the effects of cosmic radiation on animals at high altitudes. Since then he h!J.S sent to outer space living organisms ranging in size and complexity from bread mold and fruit flies to mice and monkeys. Last August, Simons added himself to the list by going up in a space balloon. Simons noted that outer space is a "completely hostile enviJUNE 1958 ronment that would be most unforgiving of errors of commission or omission." He experienced one such accident. His air-filtering equipment faltered and the carbon dioxide count rose to 4%. His breathing rate was 44 a minute but he saw nothing wrong and he continued reporting to earth. Fortunately he could still respond to orders and he turned on his oxygen. Experiments have been conducted on the garments of the space traveller. The space pilot will be encased from head to toe by a suit of many layers. One layer will prevent the blood from gathering in the head or in the feet during blast-off or re-entry. Another layer will keep the air in constant motion to cool the pilot and still another layer will protect the person from the deadly temperatures generated by atmospheric friction. The plastic helmet will maintain a comfortable ~ltmo spheric pressure all around his body. The space vehicle will be pressurized at about 7112 lbs. per sq. in. - the pressure normally found at 18,000 ft. The artificial atmosphere will contain at least 40% oxygen to give the space man the same quantity of oxygen that he would get at sea level. The experiments of Stapp have disclosed that the body 87 can stand travel at any rate of speed provided it is :onstant. What damages the body is a sudden change in speed or direction. The standard of measurement for such changes is the g which is equal to the acceleration produced by th ·~ earth's pull at sea level. Unprotected and in normal sitting position, the human body can not stand more than 3112 g for more than about 15 seconds. In a semi-reclining position, the body can stand 6 g for about 41/2minutes or as much as 12 g for 6 seconds. But during blast-off or re-en try, speeds change abruptly. This poses a grave problem. The ~xperiments of Stapp have shown that a man quickly recovers his ability to withstand additional g forces. This means that between the acceleration of each stage of a three-stage rocket, a man is given sufficient time to adjust himself. The real problem is re-en try when deceleration after the vehicle hits the atmosphere is abrupt. Another problem of space travel is weightlessness. When the vehicle is free from the earth's gravitational pull the pilot experiences weightlessness. The slightest arm movement in this state may spin him around or hurl him against the wall of the ship. The cardiolol!ists foresee grave effects on the heart and respiratory sys88 tern under long exposure to gravity-free situations. The problem of nutrition in outer space has not yet been solved satisfactorily. So far, the space researchers are agreed that the space traveller will have to content himself with highly concentrated pastes. Eating in a gravity-free condition is a rather exhausting process and researchers think that a pilot needs 3,000 to 3,400 calories a day. Drinking is still m o re difficult because in a weightless condtion, liquids become extremely unmanageable. The solution is an elastic container with a tube for the pilot to suck the liquid out. A related problem to nutrition is the elimination of bodily wastes. The space pilot will have to urinate into a pipe that will keep the liquid down. Fecal matter, similarly, will have to be stored in plastic bags, deodorized, and put away. For longer trips, some 5cientists think that the waste matter can be recycled for water and oxygen. The pilot's wastes will be used as food for algae which will convert them into -;omething edible and at the 5ame time consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. The most important problem confronting space medics is cosmic radiation. No one yet knows the exact effect of cosmic rays on the human body. PANORAMA The satellites that the United States have put up recorded intense radiation storms some 600 miles above the earth. Whether the space traveller can survive this radiation remains to be seen. The psychological effects of space travel are also very interesting. It has been noted that isolation and immobility tend to depress even a trained pilot. Also, during conditions of extreme isolation the pilot begins to imagine all sorts of things. One airman reported that his indicators "showed a hippopotamus smiling at me." Another had trouble with "the little man who k e p t swinging on, and thereby obscuring, the airspeed indicator." The psychological problems have to be solved. Until these medical problems are solved, space travel will remain a dream . .Just recently, Russian scientists launched g satellite weighing ! l/2 tons. Such a vehicle is big enough to carry a man but the Russians confessed that nobody is sure that a space pilot can reenter the earth's atmosphere and survive. Fountain of Youth? After years of study, two French bioloAists, Mr. Albert Chauveau and Mr. Regine Rapharin, think they have found a way to biing youth back to old cells. They have named this process "Eniget" and make it with the help of sea water drawn ~ from a depth of 20 meters. It is a heavy concentration of rich oli&o-elements which, in penetrating the skin, bring new life to connecting sclerotic tissue alter several weeks of treatment. These aentlem.en conclude that their discovery gives new viaor to convalescents, strength and joy to oldsters, and freshness to women past forty. JUNB 1958 89 Garden hints BEWARE OF THESF GARDEN PLANTS! By Monr. 1.45 Steiner C HILDREN and grownups as well often have the habit of sticking twigs or leaves into their mouth inadvertently. Stomachaches and various types of poisoning are ascribed to food, but are in reality due to plant toxins. A small child recently started to develop acute signs of poisoning, vomiting, cramps, stomachaches, and later it was discovered that the child was playing with kalachuchi fruits. The amah innocently let the child chew the seeds, and only later tried to remove the pod. Some of our beautiful and harmless looking ornamentals are quite dangerous, and we should at least know which are to be avoided. As a general rule many plants which exude a white milk juice are better left alone. Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asclepidiaceae-all families of plants which frequently are characterized by a white milk juice have numerous poisonous representatives. The. degree of the toxic agent varies with species, a n d sometimes even forms. 90 Probably the most dangerous fruit in our gardens is the green apple-like drupe of the yellow campanilla, Thevetia nereifolia. It is not the large yellow bell with broad leaves, but a small tree or shrub with very narrow leaves, that resemble adelfa or oleander. A yellow and an orange variety is cultivated here; both are known to contain a digitalislike substance known as thevetin, which is medicinal and used as a remedy for heart diseases. The symptoms are slow irregular pulse, then vomiting and PANORAMA severe pains. Not only the fruits are poisonous, all parts, ieaves, stems and even the roots are poisonous. A de 1 fa or oleander with white, cream and red flowering varieties is widely grown also in this country as an ornamental. Doctors know that the oleander contains a dangerous amount of poisonous substance, which attacks chiefly the heart. In India adelfa has been used to commit suicide, and animals have been poisoned eating the leaves. In Hawaii a human death was attributed to eating meat which was cooked over an open fire on a stick of adelfa wood. VERY FEW people know that our v e r y common castor bean plant or tangan-tangan can be extremely harmful :-ind deathly. The seeds, a source of castor-oil, contain also a toxalbumin, called ricin, which is completely harmless if eaten a n d digested. I f , however, through an o pen wound or abrasion the poison is able to enter the blood stream, serious consequences will be the result. This poison is said to resemble snake poison in its action. First you lose your appetite, afterwards strong purgation follows, later on delirium sets in and death is usually the aftermath. Therefore do not eat castor beans as a laxative; you might have a small sore in your mouth through which the poison might enter. Remind your children always to refrain from sticking leaves, or branches or fruits in to their mouth. Sometimes they might come upon a ooisonous plant and become violently sick. Helpful Tot one of the times children should be seen and not heard is when daddy is going through customs. Arthur Edwin Evans brought his family back from a trip to Switzerland. He had about finished the customs ir-spection when his little girl piped up "What about your watch, daddy?" Evans had to pay a $560 fine. JUNE 1958 91 Attentiom All organization heads and members! Help gonr club raise funds painlesslg . . . Join the Panorama "Fund-Raising by Subscriptions" plan today! The PANORAMA FuNn-Rus1NG BY SuBSCRIPTIONS PLAN will get you, your friends, and your relatives a year's subscription to Panorama. The Panorama is easy to sell. It practically sells itself, which means more money for your organization. The terms of the PANORAMA FuND-RusING BY SuBSCRIPTIONS PLAN are as follows: (I) Any accredited organization in the Philippines can take advantage of the PLAN. (2) The organization will use its facilities to sell subscriptions to Panorama. (3) For every subscription sold the organization will get Pl.00. The more subscriptions the organization sells, the more money it gets. Read· THE MORNING JOURNAL The only Chinese Daily Newspaper with Editorials in English .Advertise· THE FOOKIEN TIMES The Leading Independent Chinese Newspaper with the Largest Circulation in the Phihppines Tell your friends about Give them a gift subscription - they'll appreciate it I ( Krwum in tire U.S. as Miehle 11 litht:rprint) • The mo.+ modern Offset preH e its siH 114 x 20 inches) • The easle.+ to operate with H centralized control panel and puel bvtton operation. • No dampening rollers to bothe w~ its patented Rotafount, gi-v ing mechanically controlled damp ing. * Hairline r99ister-ideal for mufti color jobs Oii any type of pape at low cod ... d great speed. . • Model R. 30/90 Actual Demonstration now going 01 You are invited to see COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Pl.INTERS * UTHOGoRAPHIRS * PUIUSHllS 1986 Benu, ... ha Tel. Ml-18