Panorama. Vol. X, No.7 July 1958

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Part of Panorama

Title: Panorama. Vol. X, No.7 July 1958
Issue Date: Vol. X (No. 7) July 1958
Year: 1958
Language: English
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extracted text: HEN THE !VOLUTION DIED page. 3 IR DOLLAR RESERV IE UNIVERSITY C D ITS MISSION p~e 16 ·-... JULY 1958 CONTENTS Articles Snore Symphony ............................ . The Day the Revolution Died ...... Rony V. Diaz Man's Oldest Sport? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ben Revilla Stravinsky: A Genius' Progress . . . . . . . Sixta D' Asis The University and Its Mission ............... . . Dr. Vicente G. Sinco The Purge of 1'11.re Nagy ........ F. C. Sta. Maria Bangungot in Hawa.ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Max Tenorio The Lubos Retual and the Insane ............. . Raymundo Manipcm Philippine Prehistoric Fossils ....... Larry Wilson The World's Most Guarded Crown ............. . Our Dollar Reserves: Fact and Fancy ........... . Anacleto Lacebal The Band Everybody Loves . . . . . . . . . Free World Teen-Age Menace ........................... . House of Tomorrow •.......................... Research Helps Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frontier A Thought for Spring. . . and for Anytime ...... . John Eddy A Farmer's Advice Fiction 2 3 10 13 16 32 37 40 49 53 61 70 72 80 82 SB 89 The Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gracianus Reyes 42 Regular Features Are You Word Wise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Panorama Peek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Book Review: Now and at the Hour ........... . LeOnard Casper 55 Literary Personality - XLII: Eulalia . . . . . . . . . . 58 Panorama Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 In the Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Philippine Panorama - XLIII: The Philippine Military Academy . . . . 76 Fun-Orama by Elmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 87 PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishers, Inc., 1986 Herran, Manila, Philippines Editor: FELIXBERTO C. STA. MARIA Foreign contributing editor: Leonard Casper Art director: Rodolfo P. Perez Business Manager: MRS. C. A. MARAMAG Subscription rates: In the Philippines, one year PS.00; two years P9.00. Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S.; two yean $7.00 U.S. Single copy 50 centavos. about the Panorama, the Philippines' most versatile, most significant magazine today. a year's subscription-NOW! they will appreciate it. SUBSCRIPTION FORM .................... 1 year for P5.00 ---··-----·-----·-·· 2 years for P9.00 ····:·-----·-----·-· Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S. Name --------··-·------·-··--········--------·---·-·-----·········-··--·························--·········-----. Street -------------·-----·---·--···-·----·····---··-··---··-----··-·····················---·······----·---------·City or Toum ------------------------------------ Province --·-·-----·----··--·-·---·-··--·-·· Enclosed is a check/money order for the amount specified above. Please address all checks or money orders in favor of: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 2 SNORE SYMPHONY A TOKYO nose, ear and throat specialist is credited with having started one of the most unusual hobbies ever devised this side of the Pacific-sampling various types of snoring with a tape-recorder. Dr. Takenosuke Ikematsu, the bedroom specialist, has thus far taped the "snoring symphonies'' of some 300 persons. The doctor thinks his growing collection could be divided into roughly 40 different major variations or acoustic types. Some of these with the doctor's own explanations are: -The blow-pipe type. Lip vibration is a contributing factor of this type that is often characteristic of "dedicated bibbers." -The wild beat type. Acoustically, this is somewhat similar to the roar·of a frustrated lion .. It is prevalent among "strikingly beautiful women." -The multiple thunderclap type. This is the "ultimate" in sr.oring that is guaranteed to shake and rock any home sweet home. It is also sometimes called the "earthquake type." PANORAMA VOL. X gntered as second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dec. 7, 1955 JULY 1958 MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 7 Short-/iyed republic 7he <Day the lt?_evolution <Died By Rony V. Diaz: 1 HE SUMMER of I 900 was marked by a series of defeats suffered by the army of the Philippine Republic. One by one the principal towns of Luzon were overrun by the Americans. President Aguinaldo had abandoned his capital at Bayambang, Pangasinan and retrE!ated to the mountains of northern Luzon. Guerrilla warfare had replaced direct encounters. The Filipino military groups, because of lack of supplies and reserves, had surrendered. Generals Montenegro, Hizon, Aquino and Makabulos had laid down their amis. General Paciano Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno had been captured. Even the civilian population had lost the desire to resist. Slowly, the evacuees returned to their homes from the hills. The farmers resumed their chores and a moment of uneasy p~ce settled on the country. Once ·in a while there were raids on American encampments and depots by Filipino guerrillas but these raids on the whole were undecisive. On May 5, General Arthur MacArthur who had succeeded General Elwell Otis as military governor proposed peace. As a guarantee, he released the capti.ve officials of the Aguinaldo government, among them Felipe Buencamino and Pedro Paterno. These Filipinos immediately started to work out an honorable peace with the Americans. At the invitation of Manuel Genato, former governor of Batangas, the freed leaders proposed to the American military governor "general amnesty to all prisoners on both sides, including those suffering punishment and those subject to prosecution under military jurisdiction". 4 On the same day, General MacArthur proclaimed a general amnesty to those who had surrendered and as an inducement to those who wt!re still resisting, he guaranteed "complete immunity as to the past and absolute liberty of action as to the future to all persons who are present on taking part or, at some time since Febuary 4, 1899, have taken part in the insurrection against the United States." The decree gave the Filipino resistance groups 90 days in which to surrender and sign an oath of allegiance to the United States government. The General also promised to pay a bounty of f>30 for every gun that was turned in. Ten days after the proclamation of the amnesty, the military governor further guaranteed that all Filipino citizens "shall enjoy all individual rights guaranteed in the Constitution of the United States with the exception of trial by jury and the right to bear arms." The announcement also promised that all properties appropriated by the American soldiers would be restored or paid for and the money of the Aguinaldo government that had been seized would be deposited with the Treasury of the United States and used as a trust fund for war widows and orphans. However, these guarantees PANORAMA did not change the military situation. The remnants of the Philippine army continued to resist. The lines of communication between the Aguinaldo headquarters and the guerrilla c.ontingents all over the island were broken. Furthermore, the season of rain was fast approaching and plans for intensified guerilla raids had been prepared. .fl T THIS POINT the President of the United States, William McKinley, intervened. He enjoined the Filipinos to seek the way of peace. He announced that "the first requisite of prosperity in the Philippine Islands is tranquillity, and this should be evidenced by a wellordered government. The Filipinos must be taught the advantages of such government and they should learn from the government which is giving JULY 1958 them the disadvantages that arise to everybody in the country for a political agitation for a change in the form of government in the immediate future ... " McKinley's announcement inspired Paterno to advocate for a "Free State of the Philippines under the protectorate of the United States with the President as Moderating Power." This was promptly opposed by Apolinario Mabini, the political adivser of the Republic; who remarked that what we could have was "a simple and modest government as our civilization and poverty requires." Paterno's proposal embittered Aguinaldo who was moved to say : "Peace should come only at the instrumentality of war; it is better to die in honor than to live in dishonor." Paterno prepared a banquet for the military governor and the members of the Taft Commission. who had been sent here to appraise the military and political situations. The Americans, however, learned that the Filipino nationalists would speak in favor of immediate independence at the banquet. They refused to attend. Only after Paterno had assured them that no such thing would happen did they change their minds. Aguinaldo remarked of the banquet that "if the celebration be dedicated to amnesty, 5 all Filipinos who had taken part in it, directly or indirectly, shall be adjudged guilty of high treason and the full force of the law meted out to them in due time." The Filipinos in Spain were as unkind to the compromisers as Aguinaldo. "The hateful epoch of artful understandings," they declared, "has passed never to return. We do not want-and neither do our heroic people-clowns and sychopants to entertain us and make us laugh, for these are not the times for us to shout hossanas and halleluiahs, but to intone the de profundis, dying or causing death to others." LJ OWEVER, the movement for 1 (, peace became stronger until on December 30, 1900 a group of Filipino leaders organized themselves into a political party called the Partido Federal and elected Trinidad Pardo H. de Tavera president. Its platform was to bring peace under the sovereignty of the United States, to work for the establishment of a liberal, democratic and representative government for the Philippines. It also stood for free elementary education, separation of church and state, freedom of worship, individual rights, civil liberties and eventually union with the American republic. "The Federal Party," Tavera said, " is constantly laboring to show to the Filipinos that nothing will benefit them as much as an unconditional adoption of American civilization, in order that the Islands may at the proper time cons ti tu te a state similar to other states of the Un ion. This is the final purpose of the platform, which clearly expresses the aspiration of the party ... culminating at last in the admission of the Islands as one of the States of the Union." The nationalists, on the other hand, led by Mabini opposed this platform. Its ranks included Mariano Noriel, Teodoro Sandiko, Gregorio Gonzaga and the military leaders of the Revolution. When Mabini was asked by MacArthur to use his influence to persuade the other nationalists who were still in the field to surrender, Mabini indignantly refused. He recorded his impression of the Americans in this manner: "Today, force has the upper hand in the struggle . · .. .. : . •• .II · . I ' ;. · · . .;. . ;!~ .. • r . .. . . .; ·. with reason; therefore, as a private citizen, I limited myself to asking for the promulgation of a fundamental law which would protect the rights and prerogatives of individuals... I would not deprive Aguinaldo of the right - to fix the general bases for the work of pacification, because he might be still aspiring for independence or be contented with another form of government and because without his authority, I could not commit myself to anything, except to asking that there be freedom of speech and of the press and of the right peacefully to assemble; that I could not advise him to surrender unconditionally ; for were I in his place, I should consider myself dishonored by the mere act of doing so. I said that all agreements which in effect signify a renouncement of political and civil rights are dishonorable for our duty is to sacrifice above all, even life itself . .. " The work of the Federal Party won the sanction of the Americans. Together they created the basis of the civil government of the country. The important personages of the party also occupied positions of responsibility in the new government. After the reelection of President McKinley, he initiated a new policy toward the belligerent Filipinos. He or7 dered the arrest of those leaders who refused to heed the overtures of the Americans. Then Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela. On April 19, 1901, he took his oath of allegiance to the United States. "After mature deliberation," Aguinaldo said, "I resolutely proclaim to the world that I cannot refuse to heed the voice of a people longing for peace, nor the lamentations of thousands of families ye!lrning to see their dear ones enjoying the liberty and the promised generosity of the great American nation. By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippine Archipelago, as I now do, and I, without any reservation, whatsoever, believe that I am serving thee, my beloved country. May happiness be thine ... " The Irreconcilables, led by Mabini, refused to take the oath of allegiance. They continued to propagandize against the Americans and to advocate the principles of Philippine nationalism. Mabini continued to say that only independence could bring peace to the country. THE CAPTURE of Aguinaldo brought about the surrender of the other military leaders. ·Generals Trias, Severino de las Alas, Ladislao Diwa, Pantaleon Garcia, Capistrano, Sandiko, Tinio, ~atividad, Mascar8 do, J~OJ!Ca, AleJandnno, Lacuna and Cailes all trooped to the Americans to surrender. Only the Batangas general, Miguel Malvar, continued to resist. Thus Mabini and Malvar continued the battle on two planes of struggle. But on January 7, 1901, MacArthur ordered the mass arrest of the revolutionists. They were sentenced for exile to Guam. On January 16, nationalists numbering 57 were herded aboard the transport Rosecrans. Among them were Mabini, Pablo Ocampo, Julian Gerona, Artemio Ricarte, Maximino Hizon, Pio del Pilar and Mariano Llanera. Gerona was the author of a pamphlet that bitterly castigated the Federalistas. Pablo Ocampo was the confidential agent of Aguinaldo in Manila, director of an intelligence unit and editor of a small nationalistic paper called La Patria. Ricarte, the Vibora, attempted an assault on Manila in June 1900. He was indicted for rebellion, imprisoned in Intramuros and sentenced to exile for two years. The group was taken to Agana, Guam and confined in the prison camp called Asan. They found life extremely difficult but after sometime they were able to adjust themselves. They engaged in farming and taught themselves useful crafts. MaPANORAMA bini studied the English language and eventually wrote his memoirs, "The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic" in both English and Spanish. In Manila, the other leaders did not cease to fight for their release. Paterno organized the Asociacion de Paz that worked for complete and general amnesty including the liberation of those who had been exiled to Guam . Twenty months after their deportation, on August 26, I 902, the exiles were . declared free. They were allowed to return to Manila after they had taken the oath of allegiance. Only Mabini and Ricarte refused to take the oath. All the rest did. In February I 903, Mabini and Ricarte were brought to Manila Bay on the transport Thomas. The sight of his homeland was too much for the sick and unhappy Mabini. He took the oath. Ricarte refused and he was returned to Guam on the transport Galic. Two months later Mabini died. In December I 903, Rica rte returned unnoticed to Manila. He tried to regroup the Viper Brigade, composed of his old comrade-in-arms, to fight for independence. But he fell ill and he had to hide in Mariveles to recuperate. On May 29, 1903, through a Filipino informer, Ricarte was once more captured. He was brought to Manila for trial and deported again, this time to Hongkong. Thus the last of the nationalists was crushed. Electronic Breakfast BREAKFAST for two persons cooks in five minutes in new Hotpoint electronic oven to be shown for the first time at the 1958 World's Fair in Brussels. Microwaves cook four slices of bacon in 90 seconds; scrambled eggs in 60 seconds; and two cups of coffee in 90 seconds. Coffee is heated in china cups--coffee boils but cups and saucers stay cold. To learn operation of unit that will be shown in the pavilion of electric utilities, Electric House at the fair, Carlo, de ]onghe, president and manager director for Antwerp, and ] acques Leboute, sales manager, showed how rolls can be heated electrically in sfrlflW serving basket with linen napkin. JULY 1958 9 8owling through 7 ,000 years • Man's Oldest Sport? BOWLING is one of the oldest sports known to man. The object of this game is to Knock down ten wooden pins with a wooden ball. As played today, it requires a wooden alley, pinboys, a scoresheet and a reasonable sum of money. Bowling used to be an outdoor sport. The Egyptians played it with tiny balls and small pins in the courtyard. Bowling was the exclusive pastime of noble children. Some years ago, the English archeologist, Sir Flinders Petrie, discovered in an Egyptian child's tomb a set of pins and a ball. The date of the tomb is 5200 B.C. We d~ not know, however, how bowling was introduced to 10 By Ben Revilla the Christian world but we do know that in the third century the Christians practised a rite that is curiously similar to bowling. It was practised in churches and cathedrals. The parishioners would place pins at one end of the cloisters. These pins represented the "Heide," meaning heathen. The parishioner was then given a ball and asked to throw it at the "Heide." If a hit was scored, it showed that the parishioner had been leading a blameless life and was capable of saving the heathen. If he missed, then it meant that he had not been attending to PANORAMA his religious duties very well. As time went on, larger balls and pins were substituted and the rite became secularized until the point that it became a game. Uniformly shaped pins were used and rules for the game were devised, although the number of pins varied with the locality. For instance, only three pins were used in some parts of Germany. In other sections, as many as 17 pins were used. The sport became firmly established during the . Middle Ages. It was usually played during weddings and days of festivities. Th_e game became so popular that at one time King Edward III of England, fearing that it would replace archery, remarked that it was a "dishonorable, useless and unprofitable game." The Parliament took the hint and passed a decree outlawing the game. BOWLING regained its popularity during the Re~ais sance. Martin Luther, the German theologian, believed that it was a wholesome and moral game. He did his best to encourage the youth to take it up. He even went as far as to build a "bowling place" for the children of the city. The game that Luther played used nine pins and this finally became the standard all throughout Germany. Perhaps the most dramatic JULY 1958 anecdote connected with the game concerned Sir Francis Drake, the captain of the English Fleet. He was bowling when a courier informed him that the Spanish Armada was approaching the English Channel. He refused to stop .the game and he is reported to have said: "There is time enough both to win the game and beat the Spaniards." Since that time remarkable bowling records have been set. Take for instance the famous 299 1/2 game. It was played in Seattle, Washington on February 11, 1905. The bowler was James T. Blackstone. He had rolled 11 successive strikes. On the twelfth roll, he knocked down only 9 pins, the 10th pin remaining upright. However, a part of the pin had been chipped off and the score was given at 299 1/2. Then there was the 30 I game in 1928, bowled by the famous Marion McDowell. McDowell had rolled 11 continuous strikes when one of the spectators bet that he couldn't make a 301 game. McDowell took the bet. He instructed the pinboy to set up an extra pin next to the 7-pin. McDowell hurled the 12th ball and the 301 game was made. Bowling is both a participant and spectator sport. There are many who are not proficient in the game but who would 11 stand on the sidelines for hours watching experts knock down the pins. Some psychologists have theorized that the game is v.ery attractive because it channels most of the destructive impulses of man. Others maintain that addiction to bowling is an indication of a compulsion neurosis. Whatever the term may be, bowling has become big business. In Manila alone there are close to 2,500 bowling alleys. Bowling has become a favorite sport of city folk. 12 A Swiss Navy - At Last! Q N January 1, 1957, with its enforcement of the federal law on maritime navigation under the Swiss colors and the executory ordinance and regulations connected with it, the Federal Council gave a definite juridical base to the presence of Switzerland's vessels on the seas. Alter seeing, in the course of the last two world wars, the necessity of owning the ships indispensable to its acquisition of supplies Switzerland at last became a sea-laring nation. Her high seas fleet is still very modest compared to that of the great maritime powers. It is, moreover, fated to remain so because of the relatively rigorous legal provisions of Switzerland and because the fleet does not offer its users as many advantages as those ordinarily provided by some small maritime countries. In 1956, the entire Swiss fleet consisted of 23 units with a total capacity of 148,319 tons, among them, 5 vessels totalling 4,654 tons. PANORAMA 0 NE SUMMER afternoon in 1902, the Russian composer Rimsky Korsakov who was vacationing at Heidelberg, Germany, was approached by a young fellow who identified himself as a 20-year old student of law at the University of St. Petersburg and the son of one of Russia's opera stars. The young man begged the composer to listen to a piece he had written and to tell him whether or not he had the talent to become a musiJULY 1958 The story of the lad who quit the law for musicand became one of its modern giants By Six to D' As is cian. Rimsky-Korsakov agreed and the lank fellow sat himself at a piano and began to play. At the conclusion of the piece, the young man stopped and tensely waited for the master's pronouncement. "Young man," Rimsky-Korsakov is reported to have said, "your music is quite nice, but in all fairness to you, I suggest that you go on with law. }-lowever, should you decide to con13 tinue with your music. you might perhaps enroll in some formal courses in counterpoint and harmony. Then, maybe, one day you will come back and play for me." That put off Igor Stravinsky but following the master's advice he returned to the University to resume his study of law. But Stravinsky was not cut out for the law. His principal interest had always been music. When he was six, he was already browsing with a fascinated air through his father's massive operatic library. At eight, learned to play the piano and the violin. And when he was ten, he composed his first opus, a very inept attempt, but a musical composition nonetheless. He decided to quit the law and devote all his energy to the mastery of music. A year ~ater he returned to RimskyKorsakov. The composer was impressed. So impressed was he that Stravinsky became his pupil. The master was an exacting teacher. Something short of perfection drove him to fits of violence and rage and he was very economical with words of praise. "A man's music," R i ms k y-Korsakov explained, "should always be perfect, so why should we applaud something that is so basic to successful composing?" 14 In 1907, Stravinsky finished his first major piece, the "Symphony in E-flat Major." It was perfomerd in St. Petersburg on January 22, 1908 and instantly it met with favorable critical acclaim. That was enough to reenforce Stravinsky's confidence in himself. He threw himself into music. Shortly after the completion of the symphony, Stravinsky secretly went to work on a piece that he hoped to dedicate to Rimsky-Korsakov on the occasion of the marriage of his master's daughter. He called it "Fireworks" and it was finished just a week before the wedding. When "Fireworks" was performed it was heard by Serge Diaghilev, the choreographer of the Ballet Russe. The piece so impressed the ballet artist that he invited Stravinsky to orchestrate two Chopin pieces for him. The result was so outPANORAMA standing that Diaghilev commissioned Stravinsky to undertake a major work based on the old Russian legend of the firebird. I T TOOK Stravinsky a whole year to finish the piece. On June 25, 1910, "L'Oiseau de Feu" or "The Firebird" was presented at the Paris Opera. Its success was instantaneous. The audience wen.t wild and it is reported that Debussy was so moved by the music that he threw himself into Stravinsky's arms. Immediately, Stravinsky set to work on another piece. This time it was a piece called 'Petrouchka." It was performed by Nijinsky and Karsavina in Paris in 1911. Once more the audience applauded it with unbelievable enthusiasm. After "Petrouchka" came "The Rite of Spring" which was presented on May 29, 1913. The music carried away completely the audience. No sooner had the opening bars been played did the audience shout and tap in time to the music. The people started shouting: "Wonderful! Wonderful! Stravinsky's a genius! Halfway through the performance the police had to be called to restore order in the halJ but this proved impossible Utd in the end even JULY 1958 the officers were taking part in the applause. "The Rite of Spring" was folJowed by "Song of the Nightingale" and "The Wedding." When Russia became Communist in 1918, Stravinsky renounced his citizenship and took up residence in France. He worked continuously, his style maturing and his influence spreading. When the Second World War· broke out, Stravinsky abandoned his Paris home and moved to America. He eventually settled in California. Several years after the war he became a naturalized American citizen. JN AMERICA, Stravinsky has possibly entered into the most productive period of his career. His works during this time included the ballet "Orpheus," the opera "Rake's Progress" and "Symphony in Three Movements". The "Rake's Progress" is based on the work of W.H.Auden and Chester Kallman. It is probably the most acclaimed work of Stravinsky. It has already been performed in Venice, Milan, Geneva, Zurich, Munich, Frankfurt, Brussels, Antwerp, Paris, Copenhagen, Oslo and .New York. Stravinsky's influence on modern music is undeniable. He is truly one of the architects of modern art. 15 7he University and its mission By Dr. VICENTE G. SINCO President, University of the Philippines JN ACCEPTING the election to the presic;lency of this University, I realized the magnitude of the task that the office involves. This was especially impressed upon me when the President of the Philippines, on administering my oath of office, declared that this University is expected to grow into the stature of the best institutions of its kind here and- abroad. This is indeed a high and noble aspiration. I am sure it is shared by all of us who believe in the capacity of the Filipino race to reach high levels of intellectual achievement. 16 ''The University is the resting-place of those activities, those scholarly aspirations, those intellectual endeavours which make for spiritual insight, spiritual depth, and spiritual beauty, but which cannot be transmuted into any coin less base than highest human service." S1) But if we are to train our vision upon this goal, it is quite obvious that we should know first of all what the nature of a true university is; and we should recognize the elements essential to the realization of any plan for the establishment of a great university. Without this sort of awareness to give us a sense of direction, our hopes are likely to be frustrated: our efforts are apt to become fruitless gestures; and our plans will remain but pompous blueprints of colossal pretensions. The organization and aims of a university since the dawn of its existence have undergone changes that have materially JULY 1958 affected the force and extent of its influence. This is but the natural and logical consequence of its character and purpose. For the university is a dynamic institution, a living organism. Were .it not so, it would have long become a mere museum of antique notions or a center of fossilized disciplines from which the spark of vital energy has long ceased to flicker. For it should be noted that the university first appeared in its institutional form some eight hundred years ago, way back in the distant days of the 12th century, in the Italian cities of Salerno and Bologna. The university in a way virtually antedates the institution 17 we call the modern state which therefore had little or no part whatever in the plan of its original creation. While the family, the Church, and the government, at various stages concerned themselves with the education of infants and adolescents, their interest in higner educatiof!, for the training of men and women in their more advanced stages of maturation, was aroused only after the university had made its apP.earance through the initiative of private and voluntary associations. Civilization in various forms and in different degrees rose and flourished in many countries, among different races, and in various climes. But the university is distinctively a European creation. No wonder that it has preserved and developed a body of traditions reflecting the thoughts, the ideas, a n d the conceptiOils of the scholars, the thinkers, and the scientists of Europe. Embraces Totality of Mankind But in the course of its adventure in learning, the university in due time extended the coverage of its explorations to embrace the thoughts, ideas, and conceptions of scholars of other races and nations, until today the scope of its tradition encompasses the intellectual wealth of the totality of mankind. PANORAMA l t is the aim of great umvers1t1es to attract men and women from all conditions of life. They keep their doors open to citizen and alien alike. For from their very nature, their appeal is cosmopolitan and their mission universal. The only passport they demand is the passport of intellectual competence. The only guarantee they require is the guarantee of honesty of purpose and dedication to wosk. Their faculties are recruited from the best available teachers and investigators whom they could attract. Neither race, nor color, nor nationality, nor creed, nor political belief bars the competent scholar and the able scientist from their classrooms and their laboratories. Neither are these same factors ever considered in the admission of students. Disregarding these conditions, no educational institution may rightly claim even the name of a university, much less the prestige of a great university. This occasion hardly offers sufficient time for us to trace the details of the progress and the vicissitudes of the life of this ancient and venerable institution. But it may be well to observe that in the centuries that have passed since its foundation, the university had come to develop prestige, to acquire power, and to gain influence to such an extent that :>omeJULY 1958 times it was befriended by the Church and the State alike as a useful ally, at other times it was opposed by both authorities as a dangerous foe, and still at other times it was employed by one or the other as an instrument of propaganda or as a tool to promote their particular interests. But when left alone to follow the authentic course of its life, the university has remained loyal and faithful to its essential ideals and purposes which are the search for knowledge, the diffusion of knowledge, and the advancement of knowledge in its persistent and relentless quest for truth under the inspiration of that divine dictum that the truth shall make us free. "It is a fact," Whitehead reminds us, "that today the progressive nations are those in which universities flourish." In syn thesis, therefore, we have here the reason why we strive with all the might and the means within our command to make this University reach the highest stature it is possible for it to attain. Pattern for the Universib of the Philippines 7HE PATTERN of functions - choose to follow in the University of the Philippines covers three main .'lctivities: ( 1) Instruction for liberal or gen19 eral education, (2) trammg for the professions, an d (3) research work. We must admit that for many years the first function has received m o re lip-service and platitudinous praise than serious consideration. There is urgent and pressing need for this University to develop a program of general liberal education which shall ::onstitute the basij: intellectual training for every man and woman who must be enlightened and free citizens of this Republic. Such program should include those disciplines that have relevance to a better understanding of man as a unit of civilized society and as a member of a democratic community. This course of general education should not be mistaken as a mere preparatory training'for some particular profession or for some highly specialized activity. Regardless of the profession or the course that a student will follow as his life career, this common core of basic education is essential for an understanding of the age in which we live, for an apprecia'tion of the values of life, and for the recognition of the true, the noble, and the beautiful. To realize this desirable objective, our plan involves the cultivation and development of these traits and skills: (I) The ability to communicate thought effectively and to read with 20 understanding materials of high value; (2) the ability to think critically and to make relevant judgments; (3) knowledge of the present status and past history of the culture and society of which we are a part; and (4) an understanding of the nature of science as an intellectual process. Primacy of Thinking We are in entire agreement to a well-phrased passage from a statement issued by the Alumni Foundation of the University of Chicago which runs as follows: "The purpose of general liberal education is not a job, but any job; not a profession, but any profession; not a staticin in life, but any station in life. Like the marriage vow, 'in sickness and in health, for richer or for poorer, for better or for worse', general, liberal education recognizes that no one knows what life may bring. Whatever may happen to you in later life, you will be better off if you know how to think, to think clearly, and to think for yourself." For the past many years, this idea of basic general education has b e e n neglected or submerged to the disadvantage of man and society everywhere. The college of liberal arts, which is supposed to assume full responsibility for the basic education of men and women, PANORAMA has been gradually converted into a dumping ground of all sorts of subjects. Courses have proliferated by addition of new ones and by division and fragmentation of those existing. This condition of things have resulted in the bewilderment and the superficiality of the average student. In some instances, the college of liberal arts has been drawn under the spell of specialists of all sorts. In other instances, it has been made to follow the primrose path of so-called life-adjustment courses. It has been led into an admixture of specialized and vocational studies. The total result has been that in many universities the college of liberal arts has ceased to broaden and to deepen the thinking faculties of the student, to develop his imagination, and to instill in him a discriminating sense of values. The individual who has gone through this maze of educational notions has but little concern for principles. However, he has acquired an inordinate desire for possessions, all kinds of material possessions, except what Lewis Mumford calls selfpossession. Confused Values ]T WOULD not be quite fair to place the entire blame for all this confusion on the administrators of colleges and JULY 1958 universities and on members of their faculties. Quite often they could not resist the pressure of many parents, legislators, businessmen, and other parties who believe that the immediate problems that beset them in their daily experiences could be solved by ideas or notions that strike their fancies on the spur of the moment. Very Ii ttle attempt is made to go to the bottom of many problems, to shift the flitting and the irrelevant from the permanent and the valid answers. There is indeed a great need for the training of men and women for all the productive enterprises of the land. They call for specialization. Technical workers are important. But we often forget that the men and women who can best answer the difficult problems of production, distribution, and management are those who can think for themselves and, therefore, th o s e who have been trained ttJ use their thinking processes. The Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset, writing years before the rise of Hitlerism and the s p read of Communism, viewed with grave concern and misgivings the growing influence of the dominant classes in many European countries. His reason was that these persons had in their hands tremendous powers of direction and leadership without possessing the 21 broad intellectual training which we have referred to at this moment as general liberal education. He therefore :>poke of the lawyer, the physician, the engineer, the politician, as modern barbarians, not unlike the vandals who conquered and destroyed the ancient Roman Empire and civilization and thus brought about the period which history has called the Dark Ages, a period of intellectual desolation pervading over the countries of Europe where the arts, the sciences, philosophy, and the refinements of life had once flourished. The revival of learning relighted the torches of civilization. This was generated mainly through the establishment of universities which precisely started their work by offering and discussing studies in general education, which at that time consisted in the Greek classics, and which may therefore be rightly considered as the original function of universities. Our insistence on the teaching of general education as we have described it should not be understood as expressing any measure of hostility against specialization an d vocational training. We cannot run away from this age of specialism as we cannot deny to our .::ountry and our people the material advantages which we could enjoy only through the work of the 22 specialist, whether he be a chemist, a physicist, an engineer, an economist, or some expert in business or technical work. At this particular time when our country is actively engaged in the promotion of industries, in the scientific improvement of our farms and fisheries, and in the careful exploitation of our natural resources, the University of the Philippines as well as o t h e r colleges and schools of this nation must devote a great deal of attention to the training of men and women for specialized and technical occupations. Liberal Education 13 UT IT rs precisely because our need for specialization is great that we should promote and encourage general liberal education with zeal and determination as a counterbalancing force for the maintenance and development of a wellordered society. The demands of society for the satisfaction of its physical and material needs are varied and multitudinous. They call for a great diversity of sp_ecial occupations. But every specialist may be said to speak a language of his own that the other specialists often find it difficult to understand. It is general education alone that can be depended upon to PANORAMA intervene as the integrating factor that works for harmony, oraer, and understanding am011g the different elements constituting our social system. Without this unifying factor, the danger of community and national disintegration, with all the evils it brings, is likely to be most difficult to arrest. Moreover, let us not forget that the pace of technical improvement and the rapidity of mechanical invention are so great that specialized skill acquired today may be outmoded and rendered useless the following day. Techniques often change with amazing speed. It may happen that the work in which the student has been trained in school will no longer be useful at the time he is ready to earn a living. Under these circumstances, the wise course to follow is to prepare an individual to become an expert not only in some particular field but also in the art of the free man and the thinking citizen. Ideal Citizen of a Democracy The special task of the University in this respect is to assume the responsibility of doing the best it can to develop the man who can judge for himself, think for himself, and plan for himself so that he can truly govern himself. This is the aim of general ·~ducation; JULY 1958 and the person who has truly acquired it is the ideal citizen of a democracy. It is pertinent at this point tc repeat a portion of the report of the Harvard Committee on General Education in a Free Society which reads: "The aim of general education may be defined as that of providing the critical sense by which to recognize competence in any field. William James said that an educated person knows a good man when he sees one. There are standards and a style for every type of activity - manual, athletic, intellectual, or artistic; and the educated man should be one who can tell sound from shoddy work in a field outside his own. General education is especially required in a democracy where the public elects its leaders and officials; the ordinary citizen must be discerning enough so that he will not be deceived by appearances and will elect the candidate who is wise in his field." Coming to professional training, we should remember that this is a traditional function of a university. From the earliest period of its history, the university devoted much of its attention to the education of the physician, the priest, and the lawyer. No wonder that these professions were known as the learned professions. 23 It is highly doubtful if the professions of law and medicine in our country today could, in their entirety, qualify to that appellation. But the University of the Philippines has consistently upheld and maintained high standards of professional education in all fields, and as evidence of this fact many of its professional colleges are accredited members of discriminating professional associations in the United States. It is common knowledge that the professional colleges of this University have been responsible for turning out. men and women who have distinguished themselves in their respective professions in th is country. Our courses for professional training have not followed :>tatic schedules but have been adjusted from time to time to the changing requirements resulting from the progress of scholarship and :3cience. The alumni of our professional schools have brought prestige and honor to their Alma Mater by their valuable services to the government of this Nation and to their communities and stations in widely scattered places all over the country. U.P.'s National Contribution \X) E CAN only speculate what might have been the state of the public health, the admin24 istra ti on of justice, the public works and improvements, the transportation and communication system, and all other phases of our national life had the University of the Philippines neglected the proper maintenance of its professional colleges. Our guess that country would have been the loser in these respects might not be exactly correct and conclusive; but considering that up to the outbreak of the last World War very few colleges had existed to give training for a considerable number of specific professions, it could be said that without the professional schools in this University many of the problems facing the country and calling for trained professionals would have been inadequately solved. · It has become the common complaint, of course, during the last few years that a number of professions are already overcrowded. We may well admit that quantitatively there is warrant and justification for this complaint. But qualitatively it is quite certain that the country still needs and will continue to need more recruits in certain professions which can very well stand a great deal of re-strengthening in their present state by the addition of better members and by the replacement of those who retire from the field. This University PANORAMA stands ready to produce that needed supply of professionals with technical preparation sufficient to enable them to render intelligent and satisfactory service. Teaching is not Enough But an institution of higher learning can hardly deserve the title of university should it remain a mere teaching center. It may be giving instruction of the most advanced type in literature, philosophy, the sciences, and arts; but that condition by itself does not make it a university. It may offer the most progressive professional courses; but that fact alone cannot yet qualify it as a university as long as it confines its work to teaching and nothing else. A faculty composed of the most efficient teaching instructors does not transform an educational institution into a real university, that institution which we have in our thoughts when we talk of raising the stature and dignity of our own center of learning and education into a great university. At the risk of being tediously repetitious, let me state once again: A university is distinctively an association of scholars and students engaged in the search for knowledge, in the work of advancing the frontiers of knowledge, in the disJULY 1958 covery of new learning, in the exploration of the higher spheres of thought to improve or to replace ideas that have ceased to be valid and true, and, above all, in the creation and cultivation of the spirit of discovery. Research, therefore, is the hallmark of a university. An institution that confines its work to teaching is not a university but only a school or a college regardless of the n umber of courses it gives, the variety of its offerings for professional training, the number of its buildings, and the size of its faculty and student body. It is of course true that even in the United States some centers of higher education still call themselves universities in spite of the fact that they are mere teaching schools. But labels do not make them so, and the informed academic world cannot long be misled. Research the University's Hallmark 1J OWEVER, let there be no 1 l misunderstanding: Hand in hand with research in a university teaching comes as an inseparable companion, systematic, inspiring, stimulating, and thought-provoking. That kind of teaching is the unmistakable reflection of the teacher's application to learning and the result of the discipline of research. Fortunate are the stu25 dents who are privileged to sit at the feet of such teacher. For in the words of a British scholar and College Principal: "He who learns from one occupied in learning, drinks of a running stream. He who learns from one who has learned all he is to teach, drinks the green mantle of the stagnant pool." The University of the Philippines has meant to live up to the requirements of a real university. Despite the inadequate description of its purposes in its Charter, this University has long been engaged in research; and in this task its modest efforts are expanding into subjects and fields that we consider vital to the progress of our country. Our energies are being directed to investigations not only in science, which is now the subject uppermost in the minds of many, but also in literature, history, economics, arts, and in other areas of human endeavor. For the progress of learning and the search for knowledge cannot be exclusively confined to any single department of human thought and activity. If the happiness of the community is a desirable goal, an unbalanced development of human knowledge will not enable us to reach that goal. 26 Vacuity in Productive Scholarship But in the spirit of true university-trained men and women, we have to admit that our achievements in research work, specially in pure or fundamental research, h ave not yet reached that point where they cculd be said to have advanced the frontiers of human thought or to have given our own distinctive interpretation of life and art. Living as we are in the region of Asia, we cannot fail but be impressed by the record of other Asians - Indians, Chinese, and Japanese - whose contributions to modern science, mathematics, philosophy, and letters have at present ranked with the best that the West has produced. It is high time that we look into the deeper causes of the paucity of our efforts to contribute to the sum total of man's higher intellectual possessions. It should be the concern of the University of the Philippines to look for the factors responsible for this vacuity in productive original scholarship. This is not an easy task. But we might find that incentives have not been made abundantly available to attract enough of the best minds of the country into the service of the University. Work of high scholarship and intensive investigation requires concentration on the part of the worker. This is naturally difficult to secure if he is burdened by a heavy teach:PANORA:MA ing load, if he is beset by financial worries arising from an inadequate compensation, if he has no time for leisure, if he is not provided with assistance that he considers necessary. No Incentives for Professors In addition to all these ·:auses, let us consider that it is not usual for a person to dedicate himself with a passion to a task, specially when the task is not of the spectacular kind, unless there is held out before him some assurance of recognition and appreciatio.n for good performance. Pubhc recognition an d acclaim are doubtless effective incentives to talent. T h e y have actually shown their drawing power in our country among our people in such professions as law and medicine and in such activity as politics. The honor, reputation, and prestige the general public has attached, rightly or wrongly, to these callings are certainly among the verifiable reasons why our youth have flocked into these fields of action in spite of their crowded condition today and the uncertainty of financial rewards. Wherever we see scholarship and science growing in vigor and vitality, there the professor, the scientist, and the scholar are traditionally treated with respect and accorded high honor and social deference. This JULY 1958 has been true in Germany which has given the modern world a large group of scientists, philosophers, artists, and other intellectuals. It has also been true in other progressive countries which have produced prominent intellectual leaders among their own people. Nowadays when Russian advances in science and technology have surprised many nations and have even disturbed the peace of mind of some of them, it is interesting to learn from publications of recent date that the Soviet scientist is rewarded with munificence and accorded high social prestiae and standing. His income b • f is reported as rangmg rom, $30 to $100 thousand a year. Paradoxically enough, this state of things disproves, at least in part, the Communist thesis that the profit-motive having nothing to do at all with achievement should be abolished once and for all. As we look into our own conditions, we hardly find any of these incentives for the development of intellectual leadership of a superior order. The professor of this Unive:sity, the leading institution of higher learning in this so-called show window of democracy in Asia, is given a remuneration so inadequate that it has almost degraded the profession of teaching and the work of the researcher. Under such circum27 stances, it is not easy to attract and keep many of the best minds in these occupations. Encouragement is Needed THIS RESULT is natural and unavoidable because a meager remuneration not only offers no protection against financial worries but also produces a depressing feeling of inferiority. This is aggravated by the fact that the professor and scholar in this country enjoy no social prestige much higher than that accorded to pedestrian callings. There are no :3pecial and regular pages in newspapers devoted to science, scholarship, and higher education as there are to society, shipping, business, industry, crime, or just plain gossip and :3candal. In such an atmosphere, the best minds of the Filipino race find verv little inducement to dedicate, themselves to the pursuit of higher learning. We who earnestly wish to see Filipino names in the roster of the world's leaders in science, letters, and arts should work at least for a change of climate to the end that careers in science and scholarship receive sufficient encouragement by some sort of substantial recognition and reward. Should this condition come to pass, we should be justified to expect the Filipino scholar to make his distinctive contri28 bution, no matter how humble and modest, to the store of human knowledge. As Arnold J. Toynbee has so appropriately expressed: "The transient scholar of the day would have done his intellectual duty and have won his spiritual cr_own if, in passing through This World, he had made it his business, following the example of the first two servants in the parable of the talents, to contribute one fresh thimbleful of water to the great and growing stream of collective human knowledge." The Error of Standardization But setting aside the subject of what should be done in the immediate future for the successful recruitment of men of superior talent, setting aside what might be called our social sins of omission, we would be recreant to our duty, as we see it, should we deliberately fail to point out what we would call our sins of commission in the realm of higher education. These consist largely in legislative and administrative acts and decisions that have cramped the style, to use an athletic phrase, of serious-minded and able educators of our country. I refer to the laws and regulations of the Government of the Philippines that authorize administrative officials to prescribe the details of the curriPANORAMA cula of all educational institutions, from primary schools to universities, the choice of teachers, and the subjects that should be included in the schedule of courses. Standardization is desirable in factories and machines. It is detestable in institutions of higher learning. The University of the Philippines has for a long time been exempted from these limiting and cramping interferences. But quite recently, laws have been passed requiring all institutions of learning, including the University of the Philippines, to include in their curricula certain specific subjects presumably in tended to enrich the students' knowledge of a modern language and to instill in their minds our cultural heritage. Freedom Is Essential We do not doubt the good and noble intentions of the legislator and the executive official. But the life of an institution of higher learning has never improved the achievements of a university when it interferes with matters involving academic decisions. Laws could help only when they confine themselves to enhancing the freedom of the university and the opportunities of the scholar. As Alfred North Whitehead rightly observed: "The modern university system JULY 1958 in the great democratic countries will only be successful if the ultimate authorities ·~xer cise singular restraint, so as to remember that universities can not be dealt with according to the rules and policies which apply to the familiar business corporations." Fifty years have passed since this University was conceived and created. Were we to apply the provisions of our general corporation law, this University as a corporation should now be ready for final dissolution. But as an institution concerned with the mind and the spirit of man, the university is a long-lived and hardy creature. Neither legislative nor royal edicts, nor the forces of nature, nor the vicissitudes of time can ·~asily limit the span of its life. Why the University Will Survive UNIVERSITIES have survived systems of government, dynasties, kingdoms, and empires. They have lived on .~md on from one system of society to another. The reason back of all this has been well expressed by Nicholas Murray Butler in these lines: "The university is the resting-place of those activities, those scholarly aspirations, those intellectual endeavours which make for :>piritua-l. insight, spiritual depth, and spiritual beauty, but which can 29 not be t;-ansmuted into any coin less base than highest human service." There is, therefore, but one cause which can effectively write finis to its existence. And that is when it can no longer advance the frontiers of human knowledge: when it ceases to be an instrument of intellectual freedom; when students and profes:::ors in their classrooms and laboratories grovel in abject obedience to authority; when it submits its judgment to outside directives. When that time comes, the University will cease to be an effective agency for human service and may as well count the hours of its life. May the University of the Philippines be spared that fate of dishonor and disgrace. May it continue to hold firmly the banner of intellectual freedom. Then we may expect it to rise to the full stature of a great institution of higher learning under whose wings the democratic way of life will ever find shelter and protection. Historical Note 30 Henry Clay, finding himelf in need of money, went to the Riggs Bank and asked for the loan of $250 on his pen:.-:Jnal note. He was told that while his credit was perfectly good, it was the inflexible rule of the bank to require an endorser. The great statesman hunted up Daniel Webster and asked him to endorse the note. "With pleasure," said Webster. "But I need som.e money myself. Why not make your r:.-:Jte for five hundred, and you and I will split it?" This they did. And today the note is in the Riggs Bank-unpaid. PANORAMA 1 Only one of the four meanings given after each worrl below is correct. Without guessing, choose the. right answer and then turn to page 74. If you have gone throiigh high school, yoii should score at least· eight correct answers. I. mutate - A. to silence; B/o change or alter; C. to improve, as in breed; D. to maky null and void. 2. scoff -A. to deny; B. to spank; <Vto jeer or mock; D. to scrub clean. . 3. contraption - A. a device; B. a ruse or trick; C. a doubtful plan; D. a hastily agreed plan. 4. incredulous -A. not embracing or encompassing; B. not disposed to tell the truth; C. not serious in intention; D. not disposed to believe. 5. pullet - A. a pure-breed animal; B. a young hen less than one year old; C. any female fowl; D. a young male servant. 6. copula -A. something that links or connects together; B. a dome or similar structure; C. a compulsory oath; D. a stimulant. 7. vespers - A. a religious service held in the early evening; B. the eve of a fiesta; C. a priest's assistants; D. a frock or tunic. 8. limpid - A. weak or feeble; B. lacking in humor; C. clear or transparent; D. pure. 9. askance -A. one being questioned; B. act of defending oneself in court; C. insignificance; D. with suspicion. 10. demur-A. to object; B. present contrary evidence; - C. to criticize; D. to separate or detach. JULY 1958 31 Hungary's freedom fighter pays the supreme price The violent contrast between words and deeds, between principles and their realization, is rocking the foundations of our People's Democracy, our society, and our Party. . . . An intensified estrangement . . . between the Hungarian People's Democracy and other countries in the democratic and Socialist camp as well, is now developing . ... The same applies to many aspects in culture, art, and literature, to the debates in People's Democratic countries, to the exchange of ideas. It is to be feared that, falling under the influence of our own propaganda, we may be on the brink of national disaster before we become aware of possibly catastrophic mistakes. WITH THESE words of warning, Imre Nagy, former premier of Hungary, addressed his countrymen on the eve of the short-lived revolution of 1956. The unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Soviet yoke ended in failure on November 4, 1956 when Russian troops crushed the Hungarian rebels and arrested Premier Nagy. On June 17, 1958, the Soviet official organ Izvestia announc32 By F. C. Sta. Maria ed the secret trial and execution of Nagy, along with General Pal Maleter and two other freedom fighters. This latest communist purge could be dismissed lightly as just one more liquidation in the course of the power struggle within the Kremlin. Nagy was a communist and therefore not exempt from the fate which potentially awaits everyone who plays the game. Stalin himself rose to power over the broken bodies of those he had executed. So why not Nikita Khrushchev, or any other Bolshevik for that matter? But the liquidation of Nagy takes more than routine significance when scrutinized closely. One reason for this is that the announcement of his execution comes at a time when the Soviet Union is actively working for the consummation of a summit conference with the Western powers. Presumably the Nagy execution will PANORAMA set back all efforts to bring about the conference. Viewed in this light the Russian move becomes really puzzling. For if Moscow were sincere in its desire to relax international tensions around a conference table, it would appear to be poor judgment on her part-to say the least-to time the announcement of Nagy's purge with the negotiations for a diplomatic peace. J T IS NOT unlikely of course that Moscow considers Premier Nagy's crime to be of such gravity that it is willing to jeopardize the chances of a summit meet. Hungary and all the other satellite countries must be taught a timely lesson. And that lesson cannot wait. Nagy dared to rear a rebellious head against Soviet despotism; he shouldn't go unpunished. The communists are tolerant enough to want peaceful coexistence with the anti-communists, but let no one make a mistake about it: they will not tolerate disagreement within their ranks. The other fact which lends significance to the Nagy purge is that Khrushchev has recently been suspected of reverting to the tough Stalinist policy. A few months ago he ousted Nikolai Bulganin from the Soviet premiership and installed himself into this No. 1 position in the Red hierarchy. BeJULY 1958 munist government in Hungary fore that even the most skeptical critic of communism was ready to admit Khrushchev's gentler manners. It was he in fact who three years ago denounced the barbarism of Stalin. From all appearances, the chubby Soviet leader would deviate from the sanguine and ruthless ways of Josef Stalin. It is reasonable to infer that Khrushchev has chosen to impose discipline with a mailedfist, and the execution of Premier Nagy could well be the signal of the advent of a reign of fear. Furthermore, many feel that in liquidating the Hungarian leader Khrushchev has given up hopes of living Tito back to the Soviet fold. But who was Imre Nagy, and why did the axe of communis• wrath fall on his neck? Was he a good or a bad communist? In leading the uprising of 1956, did he sincerely desire the freedom of the Hungarian people? Or was he, like any man in power, hope to gain more power and personal prestige at the expense of the people? As best as can be gathered from neutral sources, Nagy was a sincere communist, a firm believer in Marx and Lenin. His political career started after World War I when he was captured by the Czarist armies and taken to Russia where he fought in the revolution of 1917. Failing to impose a com33 after the end of World War I, he returned to Moscow and became a Soviet citizen and an expert communist propagandist. In 1944 he returned to Hungary with the powerful Red armies, subsequently occupying several important positions in the communist party as well as in the Hungarian government. He became Hungarian prime minister in 1953; was removed two years later for his liberal an ti-Stalin tendencies. Simultaneously, he was expelled from the Communist Party. It was at the height of the Hungarian rebellion on October 24, 1956 that, upon clamour of the people, he resumed his premiership. But within a month the rebellion collapsed, and Nagy sought asylum at the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest. In his place the Soviets put Janos Kadar, a former associate. On November 22 Nagy left the Yugoslav embassy with the assurances of the Kadar government that he would not be put to trial. Instead, he was seized by the Soviet security police, and his whereabouts had been unknown until the announcement of his execution last June 17. W AS NAGY a "good" or a "bad" communist? The question can obviously be answered only with either side of the Iron Curtain as a point 34 of reference. When he talked about the shortcomings of the Communist Party in Hungary, the Hungarian leader was no doubt speaking as a partyman, understandably anxious to bring about internal reforms lest, as he said, the regime be brought to "the brink of national disaster." He was in this sense self-critical and honest. But by pointing out the errors of the Party he failed to foresee the fatal consequences of his frankness. He could have looked back a few years and recalled a precious lesson from Lazslo Rajk, Hungarian foreign minister who was ·:!xecuted in 1949 for a similar display of independent thinking. Rajk was ordered hanged by Stalin for being a Titoist (but was rehabilitated in 1955 during the de-Stalinization campaign). Premier Nagy looke:.! forward-to a free and happy Hungary - when he should have looked backward, and in so doing committed a fatal error. Henceforth, no one in the captive satellite camp may dream of freedom without risking his life. Maybe the ill-fated premier had begun to see his country's desperate plight under communist rule. Against hopeless odds he led his people in a bold dash to freedom; he lost and paid with his own life. It can be said that any other regime. whether communist or not, PANORAMA might have done the same by Nagy. An armed attempt to overthrow a legally constituted government is a crime punishable by death. But is Hungary's a legally constituted government? The answer is clearly No. Whatever sovereignty the ruling Communist Party wields over the Hungarian people emanates not from popular mandate but from the Kremlin. This fact makes all the difference. Had the uprising succeeded, a truly Hungarian government would have emerged-still communistic perhaps, but Hungarian. And another Titoist regime might have been born. This is the disturbing prospect which has haunted Soviet Russia ever since Khrushchev downgraded Stalin in 1955. For in so destroying Stalinism the Reds also weakened the binding force of terror among the satellites. Within a short time Poland staged a bloody freedom riot, followed closely by Hungary. There was talk of similar upheavals shaping up in East Germany. Even in Communist China, restive millions excited by the promise of a new freedom, began talking boldly of the need to ventilate divergent views. Dangerously, the floodgates of freedom had been partly opened. But if Moscow had miscalculated, it was quick to correct its error. Within m on th s JULY 1958 Khrushchev was awkwardly rehabilitating Josef Stalin. That erstwhile Bolshevik did brutalize and murder to stay on the top, but he gave the Party a neat lesson on how to hold the satellite p e op 1 es together. Khrushchev would not overlook such a convenient fact. When the Soviet security police seized Nagy and General Pal Maleter, they plainly had in mind Stalin's grim legacy. And the question which keeps coming back is: Will Khrushchev now tread Stalin's bloody path? <J HE WIDESPREAD revulsion to the Nagy purge may be gauged from the reaction of such neutralist countries as India, which has condemned the affair as brutal and unnecessary. Polish Red Leader Wladislaw Gomulka likewise sent a letter to Moscow expressing displeasure at the execution disowning any part in it. So did Yugoslavia, its strong note stressing that "the Yugoslav government has received the sudden report on the secret trial and execution with deep bitterness." The note further denied parts of the Budapest announcement which alleged that Nagy and his associates continued political activities actively after obtaining asylum in the Yugoslav embassy. Angry demonstrations against Soviet embassies in New York, 35 Copenhagen and Bonn added to the din of widespread displeasure. In Moscow there were re ta 1 i at o r y demonstrations against Western embassies, which the New York Times however labelled as "not :-;pontaneous," - and probably were not. In Denmark and West Germany particularly, the rioters caused considerable damage on the Soviet diplomatic property. In the United Nations the committee watching Hungary was ready at the end of the month to conduct a formal hearing of the Nagy case. Bela Fabian, chairman of the association of former Hungarian political prisoners, served notice that he would give evidence of secret trials now in progress for 120 lawyers, physicians, teachers and students who took part in the October 1956 uprising. The world is awaiting the results of the United Nations investigation, even while late reports indicate that the Hungarian government has flatly refused to entertain the UN investigators. One thing that seems certain is that the Nagy purge will have a lingering and probably even decisive effect on the deteriorating relations between Soviet Russia and the West.-Philippine Journal of Education. The Difference 36 "Do you know the difference between the English, Scottish, and Irish?" 'No, what is it?" "Well, in leaving a train, an Irishman walks off without lc.-:>king to see whether he has left anything behind; and Englishman looks back to see whether he has left anything; and a Scotsman looks back to see whether anybody else has left anything." PANORAMA '1N MARCH, 1957, the latest -, in a series of deaths caused by inflammation of the pancreas at night occurred among Filipino laborers in Hawaii, on the island of Kauai. After a heavy night meal Julian Lorenzo Duran failed to awake the following morning, for picket duty at a strikebound sugar plantation. Dr. Nils Larsen, a Honolulu physician and former president of the Hawaii Medical Association, said, "I saw the evidence. There is no question but that we would have to consider this one of those Filipino death cases. It had all the earmarks. The victim goes to bed perfectly well. Then about midnight there is sudden death." In the past 26 years, Hawaii has reported at least 133 such "mystery deaths." The victims are always Filipino males, ranging in age from 20-26 years, but the majority between_ 30 and 40. Usually they are laJULY 1958 Medical puzzle By Max Tenorio borers in good health with little or no history of medical ailments. They eat a good meal with plenty of rice and go to bed. In the middle of the night they are heard groaning and gasping. The attack lasts only a short time, usually no more than five minutes, be f o re death strikes. One man died at noon, but he worked nights and slept days. Dr. Alvin V. Majoska, pathologist for the City-County Hospital of Honolulu since 1945 has printed a paper, "Sudden Death in Filipino Men: an Unexplained Syndrome," in the 1948 Hawaii Medical .Journal. The paper analyzed the deaths of 81 victims between 1937 and 1948. Dr. Majoska examined and discarded all the commonly advanced theories for the affiic37 tion. The medical paper said that the chief postmortem finding in most of the cases was acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, but "it is not known whether this finding is cause or effect." One suggestion was that the victims died because of something they had eaten. But the meal eaten by most of the victims, including the heavy ration of rice, is a common repast in Filipino males and females, yet only m a 1 e s are stricken. 7 HE PRACTICE of eating raw fish w as suggested as a cause. But Dr. Majoska explained that the Japanese .;:at raw fish with even greater frequency than do the Filipinos, yet the syndrome does not occur among them. \Vhen the theory was advanced that death was caused by fright or shock, medical proof was missing. Nor could malnutrition be the cause, because the victims are well-fed. The possibility of poison was ruled out by toxicological laboratories in Hawaii, New York and Harvard where extensive tests have been made. It is believed that only one man has survived an attack. He had been awakened by his roommate and to 1 d that he was strangling. He had been dreaming that "a little man was :>itting on his chest and choking him to death." Unfortunately, the medical world could not use the :>tory for scientific purposes. The same affliction is common in the Philippines, where the term derives from ·words for rising and gr.oaning. No Chicken 38 A famous surgeon was asked out to dinner. The hostess fdt that because of his professional training he w.~uld be the logical person to carve the chicken; so she asfced him to perform that little task. All did not fp well, however, and the bird slipped off the platter and landed squarely in the lap of the hostess. She was extremely embarrassed, but attempted to pass it off with a bit a pleasant banter. "Gracious, doctor," she burbled, "I don't know whether I would trust you to operate on me or not!" The surgeon pulled himself up to his full height. "You, madam," he said, "are no chicken!" PANORAMA KNIGHT OR BISHOP? - Greg ponders the momentous question, in this royal pastime come to a boys' dormitory. Superstition The Lubas Ritual and the Insane By Raymundo Manipon A MONG THE Pangasinenses, particularly those who live in remote barrios, there still persist primitive beliefs whose hold on the minds of these rural folks endure despite modern science. One such system of beliefs has built up the reputation of the manuma or herbolario in these areas. For instance, these people believe in the lubas - a quaint and unorthodox method of healing the insane through the ritual of washing the head with a specially prepared brew, And the secret of the lubas is handed down from one generation of manuma to the other. The complex ritual of the lubas is brought into play when the manuma is called to cure a man or woman showing symptoms of insanity. The manuma starts his diagnosis by scrutinizing the bellies of the children of the patient. He examines the I i n e that stretches down from the navel. It is the belief that the cause of mental defects is directly linked with the length of this line (sintas), which is well defined in children. If the line is absent, the patient is apt to act like a monkey. If the sinPANORAMA ta~ ~,1101\ :o-. then the patient may l't. iw 1 c like a child, short of !cmr1~r and easily irritated. If the line deflects, the patient may exhibit the behavior of a child or violent tendencies. This diagnosis also holds true if the lines overpasses the navel. Once the manuma has more or less ascertained the nature of the patient's mental state, he prepares the sumang or medicine. He asks from the patient's nearest relative a pair of chickens possibly of the same color, three bur.dies of arutang (rice straw), three empty coconut shells and a jug of wine. The manuma then prepares some very special herbs called canunong, a kind of epiphyte, founj only in the deep forests. For his purposes, he picks only those epiphytes that are found on certain trees. The manuma usually has a stock of various kinds of herbs - herbs for all kinds of ailments. Once he is ready, he designates a day, either Tuesday or Friday, ta perform the lubas. Early on the appointed day, he warms a can of water in which the h er b s have been boiled the previous night. While heating the water, he kneels before a corner of the house and invokes the spirits of the dead and calls to them to restore the mind of the ailing person. JULY 1958 Upon completmg this ritual, he pours some of the water into the laundry pond, takes the bundles of rice straws and sets them afire. He divides the ashes into three equal parts and places them in three coconut shells. Then, he picks up the chickens and obtains several drops of blood from a small wound he has inflicted in the neck. He mixes the blood with the wine and pours the mixture into the shells. If it is the man who is suffering from mental disturbances, he gets him to kneel facfog his wife. He also gets their child (with the navel-line defect) between the couple. Each of these three participants is then doused with the mixture in the shells. After the libation, the participants are asked to shed their dirty clothes which are either burned or dumped in the river. Finally, he anoints all three with coconut oil, tracing a cross on each forehead. This last gesture is supposed to clinch the ritual and end the patient's troubles. The remaining wine is served among the visitors; the chickens go to the manuma, who later proceeds t o th e famous shrine of Our Lady in Manaoag, kn own throughout the province as miraculous healer of people seeking peace of mind and comfort. -Saturday Mirror Magazine. 41 P OPOY always passed by N.ardo's place in going to school, not that he wanted to go with Nardo every time, but passing by Nardo's house was time-saving especially when Aleng Maria, Popoy's 42 mother, did not prepare breakfast early, or when Popoy himself did not wake up early. Passing the long way was tiresome too. The grass was wet with dew, and the sun had not yet fully PANORAMA risen, and Popoy was already on his way to school. His cap was tilted to the right side, and his shirt was not well tucked in, and some buttons of it were not in their right holes. His pants were wrinkled and dirty. He walked briskly. With his books packed like sardines in an old surplus army bag, he looked like a highwayman, although he was only a little of an inch above five feet. He whistled his way along until Nardo popped out from the door. With a comb in one hand and a bottle of pomade in the other, Nardo, who was still in pajamas, called for Popoy. "Wait for me, Popoy," he shouted. Popoy did not always drop in nor wait for Nardo every time Nardo begged him to wait, although, sometimes as he passed by, Nardo would already be out, ready to go to school. Nardo was just the opposite of Popoy when it came to clothes; even when it came to anything pertaining to physical appearances, Nardo was by far smarter than Popoy. However, Nardo liked Popoy because Popoy was good, companionable and studious. He never had any enemies at school. JULY 1958 "Popoy, read some," he requested, pointing at a pile of comic books. "No thanks," Popoy politely replied; he was disgusted by merely the sight of the comic books. He tried not to show his feeling by diverting the topic to school affairs. "Did you know that f11ther Joe scolded Pepe for being bad?" "Who Pepe?" "Don't you know him? Pepe, our neighbor, who else?" "What did he do?" Nardo pretended-as if he did not know. "What has he done, lately?" Nardo was sneering. "C'mon kid, tell me." Popoy was reluctant to say it, but then he said, "Pepe brought some indecent pictures to school and he was showing them to some of his friends." "Ha! ha!" Nardo sarcastically laughed. "I lent him those pictures. I know I'll never get them back but I don't care. I still have some." Popoy was silent as a stone. He looked around, and he saw that the house was dirty. It seemed to him that the floor had not been scrubbed for a week. "Why don't you like to read some of those thrilling comics? 43 Anything wrong with them?" Popoy was still silent. "Oh, just don't mind what the priests say. The priests are just telling things which aren't true." "How do you know that, Nardo?" Popoy glared at him with naked hostility. "Oh, come now, little friend; you don't understand." Nardo tried to calm Popoy. "Don't you know that there is such a thing as freedom of pursuit of happiness?" Popoy was getting confused, but before Nardo could continue with his p~rsuasive piffle, his mother warned them from the kitchen that it was almost seven thirty and they had their classes at eight. They had to hike for fifteen minutes if no jeep passed by. They walked out of the house. Nardo's right arm was over Popoy's shoulders. A jeep came along and they boarded it .. Popoy did not like to ride for he was saving his pocket money for other things. "Corne, I'll pay your fare," Nardo insisted. IN THE jeep, Popoy was very silent. He opened one of his books and pretended to be reading his lesson. Nardo looked from one side of the road to the other, and waved his hands at his friends they passed by. When he saw a lady or a high school girl, he stared 44 at her for a while and then when the jeep had passed her, he shook his head, bit his lips, and snapped his fingers, and uttered disturbing remarks like "O la la!" The other passengers looked at him and smiled at his uncouth actions. He enjoyed their attention, though. But Popoy was irked and wished he had walked instead. When the bell rang, the students hurried to their lines. Popoy was somewhere at the left end of the groups of students who lined in rows according to their years. Popoy was fl first year student and Nardo was a third year student. They were then prevented from seeing each other by the row of second year students. The school admitted boys only, from first year to fourth year high school. Popoy remembered that time when his mother was talking with l)i'rs. C)uz. Aleng Maria was intently listening to what Mrs. Cruz was saying, when Popoy happened to pass by the sala. He saw the punishing eyes of his mother and so he turned about. He hid behind the curtains and cocked his ears. He had heard something about a car whose plate number was 65000, when the conversation was interrupted by a loud knock on the door. It was Mr. Cruz. He came to fetch Mrs. Cruz. The women bade each other good-bye and promised PANORAMA to continue their not too pleasant tittle-tattle. When the guests had left, Popoy ran to his mother and asked about the car. Aleng Maria, ignoring him, resumed her task. Popoy became more curious. He had not seen the car before, and he did not know anyone among his neighbors who owned a car. He had no means of finding out about the car. Was the car stolen? he mused. He went to Mrs. Cruz' house to see if the Cruz family had bought a car. But there was no car there. He went to their neighbors; he found nothing unusual. That was three months ago. And he had forgotten ... but now, while following a different route on his way home, the plate number of a car just clicked in his mind. Was that 65000? he asked himself. Yes, I've heard of it ... yes t.hat's right, he mused. He stopped and thought for a moment whether to back-track a little and see if he was right or not. He decided to do so. He went three houses back and came closer to the garage of the fourth house. He circled to see if he was being watched. Then he went inside the garage. It was a black sedan, a flashy one with a radio antenna. It was still quite new. "How could this be a subject of a conversation? It's not extraordinary. There are many JULY 1958 others who possess better cars than this," Popoy talked to himself. "What are you doing here, kid?" a voice suddenly boomed from outside. It was a middleaged man, flabby and irascible. Popoy, pretending not to have been scared fumbled his way out. The sharp eyes of the man followed his direction. He kept on walking until he was :mre he was out of reach. Then he looked back. The man opened his car, rode and drove off. "Whew!" Popoy burst out with relief. "I'll never take this route again." A T HOME he was still curious why the car's plate number was mentioned in the conversation of his mother with Mrs. Cruz. Now that he had seen the car, he was more curious than when he had heard of it. "Inay," Popoy emitted with a persuasive tone. "I saw the car you and Mrs. Cruz were talking about." Aleng Maria was surprised, but she held herself back. "I saw it when I passed the long way from school," he continued. "Well?" Aleng Maria uttered with much expectation. "Whom did you see in it?" "I didn't see anything. It was just a plain car in a garage, and there was nobody in it. And while I was scrutinizing 4S it, a fat man came and he was angry. I went out as fast as I could. I saw him drive away. What's so important about the car, Inay?" "Nothing." Aleng Maria was relieved. She hummed and continued her ironing. Popoy shrugged his shoulders and picked up his yo-vo. He went out to plav One d a Y. :'\ardo. who was such a garrulous cass, said 46 something about his mother's going out till very late at night. "A good time for me to do whatever 1 like to do," Nardo remarked jubilantly. "I could stay out till nine thirty and come back before mother does." "Where does your mother go?" Popoy was curious. "Oh, I don't know," Nardo answered with disdain. "When will your father be back?" Another question was asked Nardo. "I don't know, but when my dad arrives, I'll have lots of beautiful things. He'll bring me a bike,. a pair of cowboy boots, and he'll probably buy a camera. He is in Hongkong right now." The two boys were silent for a while. Popoy walked faster-he almost joggedbut Nardo was keeping pace. "What's the hurry Popoy," he asked. Popoy was reticent. Then he added, "Oh, my dad'll probably be back in a few weeks, or probably a week from now." Popoy was envious. He did not say anything more. Days dragged on, and Nardo was getting worse. He was talking of things about sex. To Popoy, he revealed his plans to attract the opposite sex with a flashy bike. He would wear his new boots and would try to imitate Elvis Pr-esley or James Dean. One afternoon, Popoy deli· berately stayed late at school PANORAMA so that he would not see Nardo. He stayed in the library and pored over his books. He forgot about time. It was already dusk when he hurried out and ran home. On his way home he saw a black sedan parked in front of Nardo's house. The car must have broken down. Popoy did not bother to look a second time. He was in a hurry to get home. Upon arriving home, Popoy saw Aleng Maria with a dismal look on her face.· "Why were you late?" she asked. "I ..... " and before he could utter another word, he was pinched .blue. P OPOY DECIDED to join the dramatic club which had just started with its rehearsals of a play. He was told that the Club rehearsed every night at seven-thirty. If he joined he could avoid Nardo's companyat least in the afternoons. He asked his mother if he could. Aleng Maria allowed him to join. The rehearsals lasted for an hour and a half-quite late for high school boys to be staying out at night, but they could not help it. Their director taught in another school from six-thirty to seven thirty and in the morning he worked in his office. The first night, Popoy was filled with fear, but he braved the dark. As he passed by NarJULY 1958 do's place, his fear vanished. He saw the car with the plate number 65000 in front of Nardo's house. But its lights were out, and the lights of the house of Nardo were out too. Every night of the whole week of rehearsals, he saw the same car when he went home. Yes, the same car-plate number 65000 - always the same car. And in the morning when he walked to school, the car was not there. He did not bother to ask Nardo for now they were not on speaking terms. Sunday was the debut of the dramatic club, and Popoy stayed home and only went out for the early morning Mass. The Sunday papers were placed on the table. He picked up one. While he leafed through the pages, his eyes flashed over a column on the second page. It read, "Husband Sues Wife, Paramour." Popoy read only the title. That was insignificant to him. He was more interested in the "Mutt and Jeff" comic strip. During the presentation of the play, his mother was there, and the parents of most of the students attended. The women huddled close to each other before the program began. They were a noisy murmuring bunch. It seemed that here was a nice stirrmg news. Mrs. Cruz was the tale bearer. 47 Nardo was seated in the bleachers with some other boys. From the stage Popoy observed his mother. She was talking and participating in the conversation. The women were all chattering. But Nardo's mother was not among them. She was not there. Did Nardo's mother not come? Popoy thought. That is funny. I gave her the invi.tation yesterday morning when I went to Mass. After the program, Popoy was congratulated and kissed bv his mother. -"Doesn't she like our play, I nay?" They were in a taxi. They overtook a car. Aleng Maria was silent. "Why, that's the car, !nay!" exclaimed Popoy. "That was the car you were talking about, wasn't it?" "I don't know," was the dry answer. "But its plate number is 65000. I saw it. I'm positive." Popoy was v e r y eager. He thought he would at last know something about it. He was almost jumping with joy. He kept on asking as if he were a child begging for a lollipop. Aleng Maria was getting impatient. She frowned and looked at Popoy with her black punishing eyes. Popoy looked down. He was disappointed. He would never know. He would never be let in to a secret if it was a secret at all. His mind wandered. Then all of a sudden, he straightened up. Could it be that ..... He did not continue to think of it. He tried to escape it. It was the devil injecting bad thoughts in his mind. That was what Father Joe told him in the class when they touched on the topic of temptation. Then he turned to his mother. "Was there anything bad that ..... " "Don't ask too many questions, son," Aleng Maria cut him short. "You won't understand." Just Right 48 T o TAKE one's bath or one's shower at exactly the temperature one wishes is no problem now. A Geneva firm has perfected an entirely automatic m.ixer with a tube of fol<f.ed metal, filled with a liquid possessing a high coefficient of dilatation. All one has to do is to regulate.this apparatus by means of a button, graduated from 10 to 85 degrees Celsius, to turn on the tap, and the water flows at the required temperature. PANORAMA 10hilippine Vrehistoric Fossils Archeologists lind evidences ol life in Luzon hundreds of thousands of years ago PREHISTORIC fossil remains of many primitive animals which roamed the Philippines around 350,000 years ago have been gathered in Sulu, western Pangasinan, northeastern .Mountain Province and the adjacent western Cagayan province during the past few years by the writer and others. Among the finds were fossil teeth and bones of several species of small, early elephants (including the :>tegodon nnd Elephas), rhinoceros, primitive forms of the wild pig, antelope, JULY 1958 By Larry Wilson and other herbivorous and carnivorous animals, many now extinct. Based on the knowledge that years before a few isolated fossils had been found, the writer helped Dr. Ralph Koenigswald, famed paleontologist, to find more after the close of the Scientific Congress in 1953. Afterward, cooperating with Dr. H. Otley Beyer of the .Museum and Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, and financed partly 49 by the National Research council, we continued the search. In all we made nine trips to the fossil areas and brought back some 21 cases of fossil teeth, tusks and bones for the museum. Associated with the fossils are tektites, small dark glasslike meteorites which probably fell in showers sometime during the existence of these early animals. Of interest to folklorists is that these tektites and fossils were found long ago by the natives and used as charms or amulets In Cagayan, natives declare that the large elephant teeth are those of giants not yet extinct. Two are said to have been seen recently over Apayao way. They were about 18 feet high, mother and son. The son was the taller, but he was still sucking from the breast of his mother. It was reported that the constabulary saw her in 1938 stealing carabaos. Of interest to geographers is the fact these fossils are quite closely related to similar forms found in the Celebes and similar to those in Formosa and the China mainland while somewhat more distantly related to those found in Indonesia. This indicates connections with these other areas· in the not so distant geological past. Of general interest is the observation that, since the fauna 50 and flora in those early days were similar to that of China and Java where fossils of early men have already been discovered and since his primitive stone implements have also been found here, in all probability early man also lived here. We predict that some day fossil remains of early man will likewise be found in some fossil areas hereabouts. JN AN expedition to Cagayan last January, in company with Dr. Koenigswald and Daniel Sheans, the latter was the first to find a very primitive stone adze, one. of the first tools made by early man at the beginning. Early man probably just picked up a boulder to pound with: becoming more experienced he learned someway !lccidentally to chip off one side to make a cutting edge. This was what Sheans found near a fossil deposit. Afterward others were found by Dr. Koenigswald and also Don Kelly who went on one trip. • The fossils were found eroded out of the upper strata of the mile thick Ilagan sedimentary sandstones which we re washed down from the central Cordillera area upon the organic matter bearing (now oily) tertiary sedimentary series, of Auguegarao, Callao limestone, and Lubuagan coal measures in which several oil companies are PANORAMA now prospecting for oil in the Cagayan valley. Meanwhile the whole land mass was gradually sinking so that the surface remained at near sea level just as Manila is at present sinking at the rate of 0.13 inches a year. The land lay in a belt of disconnected basins and subsided without interruption during the Tertiary period. The climate was hot and humid while the w a t e r in the swamps was brackish, containing enough lime and other minerals to fossilize the bones and teeth of animals which died and fell into it and were covered by alluvial fine sands. The lime was also the source of the cement which bound the particles and sand into sandstone. During the early Quarternary recent time JULY 1958 this Ilagan sandstone was covered with thick tuffs and other volcanic matter washed down from recent volcanos bordering on the area. Meanwhile, because of the violent diastrophism or movements of the earth's crust, in which the Sierra Nevada and central Cordillera mountains were uplifted and shifted about, the wide flat Cagayan Valley was so caught in the pressure between the two moving mountain ranges that it started to crumple or fold. The oil geologists now exploring the Cagayan Valley for oil deposits believe that some of these folds or anticlines possibly now far below the earths' surface are so old that they trapped the oil before it migrated. 51 However, the anticlines on which we found the vertebrate fossils are observed to be quite young, formed in recent times, something like a hundred thousand years ago. In fact considerable movement is still going on. The natives report very violent recent earthquakes. 13 ESIDES violent changes in topography and showers of tektites, those ancient animals had also to endure marked changes in climate. The temperature was lowered, rainfall became much less and the vegetation changed. Where there had been a lush rain forest with succulent grasses the ye a r around, there developed a long dry season so that the big trees gradually disappeared and the grass in order to survive, developed a coarseness and withered to dryness during the months without rain. Not being ab 1 e to endure these the ancient elephants, rhinoceros and other large mammals died out and only continue to exist in such favorable environments as Africa and India. We also found signs of longtime prehistoric human occupation in the shape of stone implements and old Chinese pottery, but these people were probably in the hunting and herding stage. It has been the custom from time immemorial, to obtain feed for cattle, to burn off the dry grass in order that young succulent grass would spring up from the roots again. Proof Enough 52 "Gus,'' said Bill, as he caught up with Gus on the way back to camp, "are all the rest of the boys out of the woods yet?" "Yes,'' said Gus. "All six of them?" "Yes". "And they are all safe?" Yep," answered Gus. "They are all safe." "Then," said BiIJ, his chest swelling, "I've shot a deer". * PANORAMA A checkered history THE WORLD'S MOST GUARDED CROWN A COMMUNIST Minister of Interior and a Roman Catholic are among the six custodians of one of the world's oldest Royal crownsthe six-century-old Wenceslas crown. They are among the official custodians of the crown, which has been placed on the head. of twenty-two Kings of the former Kingdom of Bohemia. Under the decree regulating control of the historic jewels, six persons hold the keys to the seven locks on the heavy oak door that leads to the jewel chamber in St. Guy's Cathedral. jULY 1958 The seven keys are in th1 hands of four top leaders of the Communist regime - the President of the republic, the Premier, the Minister of Interior and the Speaker of Parliament; the Lord Mayor of Prague, and the Metropolitan Capitular Vicar of the city, its leading Catholic dignitary. The priest, the Rev. Antonin Stehlik, who has two of the keys, supports the Communist regime and holds one of its top decorations. Father Stehlik is acting as head of the Prague Archbishopric in the absence of Archbishop Josef Beran, now living 53 under guard in a mon.astery somewhere in Bohemia following his exile from Prague on political grounds. Regarded as a symbol of the freedom and independence of Czechoslovakia, the crown, one of the richest collections of jewels in the world, was made for the coronation in 1347 of King Charles IV of Bohemia, who founded the famous university here that bears his name. Charles named the crown after Wenceslas in tribute to the first Christian King of' Bohemia, who was martyred in the tenth .century and whose name is known to all Anglo-Saxons through the famous Christmas Carol. The Wenceslas crown has had a checkered history. A crown used for the coronation of Wenceslas had been placed uoon his head at his death of 929. But Charles IV's father, Jean de Luxembourg, in need of ready cash· to pay his mercenary army, sold this to Jewish merchants. Outraged by his father's action, and in need of a crown to put on his head, Charles IV had a search made for it in all Jewish shops. Only a solid gold cross was found, however, and this Charles IV had fitted to the top of a new crown, the one now lying in the jewel chamber of Prague Cathedral. The cross, inscribed in Latin with the words "Here lies a thorn from the crown of Christ," traditionaliy contains a thorn from the crown of thorns worn by Christ during his passion. Placed by Charles on Wenceslas' head, the new crown was removed for safety during later wars and kept awhile at Karistein Castle, near Prague, and then in Vienna during the reign of Josef II of Bohemia. After protests from Czech nobles at this exile, it was returned to Prague in 1791 in great pomp for the coronation of Leopold II. Peasantry lined the road most of the way, and the Mayor of Prague, brandishing a sword, stood guard per· sonaIIy over the crown in the coach. ~ ~ ~ 54 No Cause for Alarm "Oh, doctor, I'm so upset," said the woman. "My husband seems to be wandering in his mind." "Don't let that worry you," replied the doctor. "I know your husband - he can't go far." PANORA Ml\ g APANESE occupation was, for the Philippines, a more than special time-a late stage in the long ritual of its tempering. The shape of the present nation cannot wholly be separated from the bending and testing which left misshapen so many who, in their effort to survive, rationalized each weakness into a necessity. Consequently, when Aida Rivera chose wartime as the crucible for three of her five short stories, she was not only exploiting a natural symbol for humar. strain but also preparing a matrix (ideally a deeper receptacle than she managed) for the remaining stories whose relationship in this collection otherwise would seem tenuous or accidental. Now they share the fact of their being perspectives intent on man's moments of truth within the sharp sickle-curve of dilemma. The close geometry of a poet's kinship with wife and querida, or of kitchen maid to her ex-lover and the child of her unloved husband is congruent with the fractioning of people dividing themselves among conquerors and liberators and their own elaborate disguises; and this congruence is clearly not the artist's work but a design in nature seen and respected with something dangerously close, at times, to speechlessness; to awe. Miss Rivera gives the impression of assigning herself, against her will, a special role in the craft of fiction. What she writes is too knowledgeable to be called sketches; but if these are short stories, they are short with a vengeance: that is, their knowledge lacks one dimension. The context often is so compressed that the crisis is overpowering; its sharpness is felt like a sudden twinge. But the reader who stops to wonder, to understand, finds that the pain is a *Aida L. Rivera, Now and at the Hour and Other Short Stories (Benipayo Press, Manila: 1957). JULY 1958 55 symptom of something unexplained and, worse, unexplored. The story steps back at the threshold of sensation. ls this not what Nolan Miller really means when, after adjudging this collection worthy of the 1954 Hopwood Awards at Michigan, he still complains that "Young Liberator" should have been told from Ling's point of view, not from one noticeably alien to Miss Rivera? Em is not alien because he is American; nor are only his speech and actions contrived. Typically, the author has been satisfied with staging the gesture of crisis, a kind of charade; no by-play is allowed, no dramatic proliferation, no cross-examination of motive. "Young Liberator" barely escapes being a stereotype; Ling is nearly as alien as Em; and what Milfer is asking is, "Where is the insight? At what turn is the unspeakable somehow spoken?" Here, even the speakable is unspoken; the author's words, like her characters', have the ring of convention, not of conviction. Here was material for a short story: Philippine hospitality, left hand open-handed, right hand shriveled with the Spanish inquisition; innumerable other fictions, dependent on the interest that would individualize boy or girl. All Miss Rivera has done is to illustrate the drained and fleshless line-drawings of Teresita Sarmiento. \X) HEN structures are so compressed that one senses poetry as a model-lyric, rather than narrative-the suspicion grows that the author, laboring too long to avoid overwriting, has failed to see or say enough. Although none of the other stories, fortunately, are quite as pale as "Young Liberator," two others should have been required to serve their full hour in the sun. The situation in "Now and At the Hour"-murder of the collaborator falsely accused-is substance for minute inquest; but it is relegated to the status of "thriller" only, an entertainment in grotesque irony, because the killer-malgre no sooner i::rn.~rges from the community of characters than he vomits once and fades back into anonymity, leaving the story to superstition and St. Elmo's fire and other theatrical inconsequences. The texture of "The Madonna Face" is equally promising-the casual camaraderie of events in a girl's life during occupation; one waits, refreshed, for these to be given significance -but judgment passed on the girlfriend who gives comfort to the enemy is so stock and standard that the earlier details of day-to-day are not so much enlivened by the climax as 56 PANORAMA absorbed and deadened by their routine. The impulse to feel shocked is checked by recognition of the mere incongruity of what is allowd to become only an incident. What redeems "The Madonna Face"-the girlish ,c:xcitement and naivete associated with its young narrator-becomes, in "The Chiefest Mourner," a resource for authority. The commonplace quarrel between wife and querida is nourished by the absence of the man in question (his death makes human judgment trivial), but particularly by the everpresence of its complicated ,adolescent observer_ and commentator. Her innocence is both amusing and instructive; too young to be commandeered for acts of prejudice, she is capable of unselfconscious pity and unreasoned unders~anding at the apparent retreat of the querida. <J HE SAME paradoxical knowing-naivete, this time in a young mother, gives "Love in the Cornhusks" its quality as firsthand feeling. That her Bagobo husband is not described or discussed is as characteristic of Tinang as painfully copied language is of Amado whose first love letter, arriving too late, suggests the failure of communication between person and person, for whom these troubled lovers are epitome. But more important, her sudden shapeup when the child is threatened by a snake takes us to the other side of Tinang's dreams, one of those reserved places that literature is authorized to penetrate. Here Miss Rivera is at her best: the lyric-like tale of inexperience, fumbling towards a definition of what threatens the undefended shores of its consciousness; the young passion trying to take on weight and stature, trying to survive initiation without violation. But such tales can achieve proper form only if attached to characters appropriately sensitive and available: for then the central character is not so much a way into the narrative asthe narrative is a way into the character. The author who learns this wins more than prizes. JULY 1958 57 Literary Personality - XLll Infanta culalia: In a C9hina Shop WITH THE dying out of monarchies, pretty foibles have faded along with flagrant abuses. But the promise of a restored Court to Spain brings memories of the lnfanta Eulalia who refused to die until the present decade, at the age of 94. She had dedicated her life to making her royal relatives turn sable with rage and had occupied a place in headlines of newspapers more than at Court. In 1866, when she was two, she had been hushed away secretly to France by the Queen Mother, Isabella II. The revolution of 1870 ended only with Isabella's abdication; but when the Infanta's brother ascended the throne, the young girl was welcomed back from exile. However, she was never made to feel very important; in traditional Spanish good manners, she was flattered and ignored simultaneously. Like any adolescent she decided to be noticed. At the age of 22, the lnfanta wed a prince from the French branch of the Bourbons; but since her blood was superior to his - as such measurements are made - she disdained him, much as her mother had violently abused her own husband King Francis. She sought a substitute in the gaiety of international circles. Barely five feet tall, scarcely 100 pounds, the Infanta could attract more attention, en route to the World's Fair in Chicago, 1893, than all the expensive Spanish displays. Stopping over in New York, she wore her glittering gowns on the front seat of street cars in order to dazzle the masses whom she loved - as admirers. She ignored society's leaders who begged her presence at balls, in order to eat sausages on the Chicago midway, and she went to mass at a poor parish when she 58 PANORAMA was expected at a cathedral. Yet no one could be considered her close friend who did not have a bankroll as big as her ambitions. JN PARIS she initiated the practice of presenting American millionaires to noble families. For the gift of an automobile or the loan of a yacht, a tycoon would be introduced to Eulalia's relatives from every royal house in Europe. She found time for only two books, but they summarize the split personality of her life. Refused Papal permission for a divorce, she published her autobiographical Au Fin de la Vie, which nearly upset negotiations between France and Spain during the controversy over Morocco in 191 I. Her nephew King Alfonso XIII forbade publication of the work which she had written under the pseudonym Countess d'Avila. The notoriety helped sell the entire printing in France, but Alfonso threatened the end of negotiations, so impertinent were its insults to Pope and crown. She wired her nephew: "I am astonished that anyone should jduge a book before knowing what it is. Such a thing is possible only in Spain. Never having loved court life, I take this opportunity to bid you good-by, for after such a proceeding, which is worthy of the Inquisition, I consider myself free to live in private life as seems good to me." o;:· course, she meant a public kind of privacy. Principally a defense of divorce, the book also contained chapters on the conditions of servants, the working class and women. On one page she pleaded for equality of the sexes. However, on another she called women "enemies of progress." As for the poor, "let-them-eat-cake" was her unoriginal suggestion. In 1925 she published her second book, Courts and Countries After the War, an attack on the manners and dress of English women. Although she had sent two sons to Eton, no one had ever invited her to Windsor Castle or Buckingham Palace. ONCE SHE had owned five million dollars in gems, inherited from her mother, but carelessly she lost the jewel box in Madrid in 1935. _Her income was cut off. But so was royalty itself, as a result of such madcaps as herself. When Alfonso XIII was forced to abdicate, the Infanta retired to Paris to write her memoirs. In 1937 she was predicting that JULY 1958 59 Generalissimo Francisco Franco would create a new world out of the dust of the old. She was correct. Franco's ruthless Moroccan troops did, indeed, destroy the Republic which had replaced monarchy. There was a new but not better world. Under the pall of a dictator's vices, many longed for even the childishness of the Infanta. But she had danced her way through the china shop, breaking the very glass which made her glitter; and she had left only a tiny corner in which to die. 60 In the Philippines, Too! T HOSE fat Sunday newspapers in the United States would be the envy of a group of shrewd Indian tradesman called Kawadiwallas. The Kawadiwalla's hawking cry can be heard throughout India's towns and cities every morning. He is the man who collects old newspapers, bottles and junk. Old newspapers have a high scrap value in India. The price is expected to go higher in a few months because of the Government's decision to slash imports of used newsprint to save foreign exchange. India probably is one of the few countries that buy old papers from foreign markets. She imports about 20,000 tons annually, mostly from Europe. Old paper is utilized primarily for making conta2ners used by grocers, fruit and vegetable sellers. Such things as sugar, rice and flour are often wrapper in newspapers The housewife, especially in the middle and low middle class home, carefully saves papers and periodicals and sells them at the end of the month. She ;ealizes part of the cost of a subcription to a standard daily newspaper, which ranges from 4 to 5 rupees a month, or about $1. One pound of newspaper printed on good imported newsprint will bring as much as 5 annas, equivalent to 4 cents. One month's collection of a daily like The Hindustan Times or The Statesman will weigh four to five pounds. In some cases the weight will be larger because many papers issue several bulky supplements each month. A single issue of TheStatesman of ten pages-the average of most papers in the country-weighs about oneseventh of a pound. * PANORAMA Subject ol extensive comment in the press is the Philippines' current international reserves. Unfortunately, much ol what has been said tends to obscure rather than clarily the issues, since most ol the views expressed are plainly motivated by either individual or group interests. In this lirst ol two parts, Panorama presents an economist's objective analysis ol the situation. The concluding part will appear next month. i I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----l OUR DOLLAR RESERVES: FACT AND FANCY By Anacleto Lacebal Assistant Professor of Economics University of the Philippines PART ONE THERE IS some confusion about the nature and the purpose of international reserves. As the term itself suggests, a reserve is something kept in store for future or special use. Actually, our international reserves are composed of all our holdings of foreign money which are available for spending. Strictly construed, the international reserves should be limited to those set aside for a special purpose, JULY 1958 which is to tide over the country just in case, at any one period, the country can not sustain the level of its exports to finance its imports. Such a case may be a destructive typhoon or a widespread crop disease which might reduce the volume of our sugar, abaca or coconut exports and thereby prevent us from importing the same volume of commodities and services we have been buying abroad. 61 In these particular cases, the reserves would have to be dipped into. For all practical purposes, then, the international reserve is really the "foreign money savings" for the country to be used only in times of acute need. It is not really intended to be drawn upon unless, in the opinion of the administrator of these funds, the amount left after the withdrawal could ti de the country over from one export-earning period to another. To the extent that the reserve of international currencies is exchanged for equipment or machinery which, in the opinion of the administrator of these funds, might reduce the level of previously imported items, to that extent it may be safe to withdraw some of the excess above the minimum set. There is a rock-bottom level, and that is the amount necessary to sustain the existing level of imports for a period until exports could be built up again to be able to finance imports. The reserve is kept in dollars. Why are not other currencies used? Since the dollar is the most readily accepted foreign money today, the international reserve is kept in dollars. The suggestion that other foreign currencies such as the pound sterling or the West German mark and, for that matter, the Japanese yen, should form part of the international reserves 62 has been brought up several times. This proposal is based on the knowledge that these monies could always be used inasmuch as trade is presently carried on with the United Kingdom, West Germany and Japan. This seems to be a valid argument for an adoption of a multiple currency reserve. Yet there is the possibility and it is not altogether remote, that any one of these currencies may be unilaterally devalued, as was the case with the British pound. In the event that the devaluation occurs when British pounds or "soft" currencies (currencies not freely convertible into other foreign currencies) are part of the international reserves, the country will lose to the extent of the devaluation. Of course, the pound could still be used to buy British goods at British prices (which around the time of the devaluation will not yet have increased unduly), but its exchange value in terms of other currencies, including the peso, would have diminished. This is similar to holding some commodity whose price in relation to other commodities has suddenly dropped. The value of that commodity in relation to other commodities has decreased, although it is still the same commodity. If this commodity were exchanged for other commodities, it would require many more units than PANORAMA formerly to get the same quantity of other commodities as before. The "many more" units required is the loss incurred, and this is the extent of one of the risks to be assumed when other currencies than those not expected to be devalued are used as part of the international reserve. A s FAR as can be seen, there is the least likelihood of this event happening to the dollar, fer the dollar today is unlikely to be devalued. Most of the currencies of other nations are already overvalued in relation to the dollar and a devaluation of the dollar would only aggravate the :1tringent controls presently existing in these countries. Another disadvantage arises from the inability to convert these "soft" currencies i n t o other foreign currencies. Soft currencies are restricted in the amount and kind of foreign currencies for which they may be exchanged. If they are not allowed to be freely exchanged export earnings in a soft-currency country can be spent only there. A frequently neglected fact is the strong nationalistic flavor of domestic currencies. A peso can be used as money only in the Philippines; a pound only in the United Kingdom, and even the dollar, only in the United States. Some may JULY 1958 not be inclined to agree with this, in regard to the dollar, yet the dollar is not money in the Philippines. This seems to be a highly unrealistic position in the face of the frantic quest by the government, business firms and individuals for m o re dollars. While it may be conceded that the dollar is eagerly sought after, it still remains that the dollar is not money here and is not a "thing" which is ·::ommonly used and generally acceptable as a medium of exchange, a measure of value or for the other functions usually expected of money. Why not try passing a quarter_ or ·~ven ten cents to a bus conductor, a jeepney driver or even an itinerant vendor? The little sermon received for this attempt is not amusing: in itself, this is an indication that the dollar is not money here. Anybody who gets hold of dollar bills does not spend them in this country. An abundance of British pounds in the reserves does not help if the commodities desired are available only in the United States. In addition, if the articles desired are cheaper in some place other than the United Kingdom, forced purchases are made in the dearer market because the currency with which payment is to be effected is not exchangeable for the ·:::ur63 rency that is used in the cheaper market. Why should additional difficulties be deliberately shouldered when exports to all countries can be sold in the money that is readily convertible into any other money in the world? Sales should be in dollars, and purchases should be made in the places where the commodity is available at the time required and at the cheapest price possible. While it is possible to export to non-dollar paying countries, the fact that the currency of payment is limited to the market where it is accepter:l virtually dictates to this country the terms and the prices :it which purchases are to be made. These arguments should not be construed as advocating a still closer tie-up with the dollar. Any foreign currency can be used as part of the international reserves provided it is freely convertible in t o any other foreign currency, and is stable in value. The second requirement calls for an exchange rate whose fluctuations are limited to the narrow range set by its buying and selling prices which is just enough to pay for the administration expenses incurred in the conversion of that currency into any other money. NEED THE reserves be all in foreign money? At present the international reserves consist of some deposits in 64 banks in the United States which could be turned into cash after a specific length of time. The time deposits earn interest and add to the volume of the reserves. Gold and foreign currency comprise some :>ignificant part. Of course, gold can be readily converted into any foreign currency. A very small portion of the reserves is in foreign securities. In the recent inquiry of the Senate Committee regarding the status of the country's international reserves, th e re seems to have been a misapprehension over the fact that part of the international reserves is in foreign securities. As long as these securities can be turned into cash any time they are required, the administrator of these funds should be commended for attempting to increase the number of "talents" left to his stewardship. Even commercial banks make these investments of their idle cash in government bonds. At any time that cash is needed, they can always sell the bond back to the government at 100 per cent of the par value of the securities and collect in addition any accumulated interest. The cash is there when needed, and when it is not needed it is increased on account of the investment. This is the same principle to be applied regarding the presence of securities in the international rePANORAMA serves. These secunt1es are issued by the United States government and they could be turned into dollars when needed. At other times, instead of converting them into dollars, it may be possible to use them as the collateral for a loan in dollars provided that the interest charges on the loan are much less than the interest to be received on these securities. Did not our commercial banks have the same opportunity to invest their idle cash in Rehabilitation and Development, and in Public Works and Economic Development Bonds which yield 4 per cent tax-free interest? If additional cash is needed, these bonds are eligible collateral for a cash advance from the Central Bank, where until late last year the rate was 11/z per cent: even in this case the bank can have a gross earning of 21/z per cent. Did some commercial banks get around to using the proceeds of a loan from the Central Bank to buy more government securities which would h~.ve been used as collateral for more cash advances to buy m o re securities and so on? Since 1956, commercial banks could have done this up to 20 per cent of their deposit liabilities as the Rehabilitation and Development bonds due in 1959 would come under the evidences of indebtedness which mature three years from the date JULY 1958 of acquisition permitted by Section 21 of the General Banking Law, Republic Act No. 337. If the commercial banks can increase their earnings from the investment of their idle cash, central banks can do likewise. THE PRESENT difficulty with the international reserve is essentially a dollar shortage. On the individual level, there is always a dollar shortage •:!Ven for the Americans as most of them are short of the quantity of the dollars they like to spend. On the national level, countries trading with the United States are short of dollars as their exports receipts are less than their imports payments; the availability of international reserves sustain their import surpluses. However, these reserves are not inexhaustible and after :3everal such periods the import surplus country is faced with an ·~m barrassing dollar shortage if the level of its imports is maintained. Can this be avoided? Some local businessmen believe that "controlled ·economy, controlled enterprise and managed currency 'have only made things worse';" they have only confused the remedy fo_r the cause. Theirs is a complaint no different from that of a tubercular person who experiences a lot of discomfort on account of enforced bed rest. The resttraint makes him fret but it is for his own good that his acti65 vities are "controlled" until such time as his health improves to enable him to be gradually "decontrolled." Controls are instituted to attain certain goals, and if these objectives have n o t been achieved, failure can not be attributable to th e measures themselves if they have not been properly and fully implemented. Instead of complaining about controls, these businessmen should come forward with constructive measures which will make existing measures unnecessary. The proposal of the American Chamber of Commerce to "permit a free exchange of currencies on open market terms" will do away with the dollar shortage. The peso price of the dollar will go up to a point below the present black market price; less dollars will be demanded and more dollars will be offered for sale in the market. Both the decrease in the quantity demanded and the increase in the quantity offered for sale will lead to a higher price at which the quantity demanded will equal the quantity supplied: the quantity of dollars traded will be more than $555 million presently allocated. The solving of the dollar shortage this way, however, brings numerous disadvantages to the country. Among the principal ones are: ( 1) less dollars will be earned because of the 66 relative inelasticity of the demand for exports so that while more units may be exported, they are purchased at very low prices; (2) the terms of trade will be against the country as more units are exported for the same quantity of goods formerly imported; (3) the imbalance, and its attendant defects, caused by the predominantly agricultural structure of the economy will be perpetuated; and, (4) the increase in prices due to a devalued peso will lead to the poor becoming poorer and the rich still richer. In this connection the proposal of Salvador Araneta, former Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, to adopt a foreign exchange tax of 10, 25 and 50 per cent on the existing exchange rate, depending on the nature of the imports, is hardly meritorious. A multiple rate of exchange gradually deteriorates into a de facto devaluation, a condition which gives an opportunity for the few rich to spend their money in foreign markets but is hardly beneficial to the 211/z million others who will find that the few foreign products which are necessary for their existence will have been priced beyond the reach of their meagre incomes. THE DISADVANTAGES cited above are premised on the stabilization of the foreign ·~xPANORAMA change rate at around the present black market price. Far more disastrous are the consequences of a fluctuating exchange rate. Once the controls are lifted, there is a free play of all the forces of demand and supply on the foreign exchange rate·the indicator of the external value of the peso. As controls no longer limit the range of the fluctuations of the 0 ::xchan"ge rate speculation, capital flight, rumors of war, a Huk uprising in a region, a shift in government policy and similar changes can cause the demand for dollars to shift upward and the peso price of the dollar may go up to f'4, f'6, f'8 or PIO; correspondingly, the peso may decline in dollar value to $.25, $.17, $.12, or $.10. The increased demand will be accompanied by losing faith in the peso by the withholding of dollars for sale, and the accompanying decrease in supply will accelerate the depreciation so that the peso price may jump to f>6, 'PIO or f>l4, with a correspondingly fast decline in the dollar value of the peso from $.50 to $.17, $.10 or $.07. Nor do the fluctuations stop here; they may go up still further. These wide fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate for the peso is in itself the instability in its external value. Long-term contracts with foreign businessmen cannot be JULY 1958 made with any degree of assurance and, if to purchase prices sums are added for exchange fluctuations, the prices to domestic merchants and to foreign traders will be much higher and the volume of tradt! will be considerably smaller. If prices are stable, trade is more stable and surplus production, which is the basis of trade, is also stabilized. The goods that are obtained from surplu-s products exported or traded increa$)e the standard of living, an increase which is the primary object of an economic system. Where prices (especially foreign exchange rates) are unstable, production of surpluses for trade is unstable; the volume of goods and services available for consumption (the standard of living) is also unstable, so that instead of having a succession of days of plenty, there is instead a cycle of tightened belts and expanding waists - of austerity and prosperity. Controls and managed currencies are aimed at a continual succession of days of plenty; they are intended to wipe out or, at the least, mitigate the business cycle. A group of businessmen who call themselves producers (as if all who sell something which the public buys were not producers!) like to believe that the Central Bank taxes them a peso each time their exports bring in dollars. The Central 67 Bank gives them two pesos for each dollar earned and, since the black market rate is three pesos to one dollar, it is their assumption that if there were no controls, the dollar they earned would have given them an extra peso. It seems that the overvaluation of the peso because of the controls is depriving them of what they lawfully earn! Are they really victims of an injustice? If the controls were abolished and the foreign ·~xchange moved up to the present market price of P3 to $1, they would get less than $.67 for each unit they were formerly exporting and they would have to sell more than half a unit to get $.33 (in both cases because of the inelastic demand for our exports), so that they can have a dollar. If they can sell a unit now for $1, it is because of the overvaluation of the peso brought about by Central Bank controls. If controls are gone, the terms of trade are against their exports and they will have to export more than one and a half units to get a dollar. If the peso they have now has a high purchasing power in foreign markets, it is on account of the controls. It is true that the peso is overvalued in relation to other foreign currencies but the overvaluation is for the benefit of the country at large. 68 STRANGE as it may now seem, therefore, the dollar shortage is deliberately planned. It seems to be a lesser evil than the consequences arising from doing away with the present controls. The interference of the State in the disposition of one's income for other country's products, irksome as it may be to those few who have incomes to disp<;>se, is made for the benefit of the country, including in such benefits those who do not like it. Were it not for the worsened terms of trade that this country would have if the country retreated from its overvalued rate of exchange, and were it not for the perpetuation of the wholly agricultural composition of the gros5 national product and the consequent continued dependence on foreign countries for most of the manufactured consumer goods required, the controls would not have been instituted in the first place. Muddled thinking continues to characterize a majority of the proposed economic policies in this country. Among other things, this confusion stems from the identification of the interests of the individual or organization making the proposal with the interests of the country. If the proposal is good for them they believe it should be good for the country. An extension of this belief is the characteristic behavior of almost PANORAMA everybody who has achieved some degree of success in his particular field to consider himself in a position to diagnose and prescribe, not for his bodily ills or those of his loved ones, but of the country. Most of their remedies are merely palliatives, and it is not surprising that the body they treat is worse than before. Not only do these economic herbolarios pontificate on matters of which they have but a narrow view, but what is worse, they are in a position to carry out their remedies. Hoary with their past successful experiences of keeping the country going, albeit on a series of makeshift devices, with a m en ta 1 apparatus gleaned from the university of hard knocks (at the expense of those whom they knocked under), they keep on applying their salves and ointments over the various pustules erupting in the different places of a sick economy. As the disease becomes more acute and the economy contracts a variety of other related maladies, these economic herbolarios keep up with their ad hoc poultices in an effort to arrest internal malignant growth : it hardly strikes them that their remedies lead to results that contradict one another. The Philippine economy is a patient patient and the comatose condition it finds itself in again after the Bell Mission check-up is a consequence of the neglect or of the modification by local herbolarios of the prescription given by a team of foreign b u t properly trained doctors that composed the Special and Technical Economic Mission in I 950. Of course, "let us think for ourselves," but it is no use for the head of a state to go to a doctor or send for his team, if the medicines prescribed are not applied to the patient. On the other hand, there may be properly trained doctors around in this country, but they may conflict with the vested interests of the herbolari()s, hence they cannot attend to the patient. [Concluded next issue J Expensive Economy "Never mind the Giant Economy size, honey. Just get the smail expensive size we can afford." JULY 1958 69 Musical ambassadors The 13and Gverybody Loves 1 HE PHILIPPINE Constabulary Band, as cultural envoys, have done much to bring world recognition and prestige to their country. Since its organization in 1902 under the direction of Lt. Walter H. Loving, the b a n d has beer. thrilling audiences throughout the world and making a host of friends for its homeland. Their first appearance outside the Philippines was at the St. Louis World Exposition in 1904. The plaudits that the y(!ung band received there gave some indication of the glory which they were to achieve for. themselves and their country. In 1909, William Howard Taft, who had been instrumental in the formation of the band when he was Governor-General of the Philippines, remembered their fine performances and request: ed that they play alongsid-e the U.S. Marine Band during his inauguration as President of 70 the United States. T_heir appearance at the inaugural ceremonies was the first time that a foreign band had been so honored by the United States. Under the direction of Col. Loving and his successors, Capt. Pedro Navarro, Lt. Jose Silos, and Capt. Alfonso Fresnido, the band continued to provide the Philippines with a musical organization equal to the best in the world. Visitors to the Philippines came away with glowing accounts of the wonderful band they had heard. As the years passed, their fame grew and their reputation spread. Even as war clouds were gatherin~ over Asia, the band was performing before vast crowds at the Golden Gate Exposition in San Francisco. Then came the invasion and the occupation, with many of the musicians abandoning their instruments for rifles and grenades. Through the dark war years, PANORAMA the absence of the band's weekly Sunday afternoon concerts at the 1,,uneta served as a constant reminder to the Filipino people of their lost freedom. JN 1945, THE liberation brought the problem of reorganizing the Constabulary Band which had lost both Col. Loving and Capt. Fresnido during the fight for freedom. The task was given to Lt. Antonino Buenaventura, former direc!or of music at the Philippine -Military Academy and an outstanding musical figure in the Philippines. With energy and vision Lt. Buenaventura started rebuilding the band. Instruments were procured with the assistance of the U.S. Army and private benefactors. Dr. Goldman, recognized dean of American bandmasters, was greatly impressed with the Band during his tour of the Far East shortly :ifter the war, and made available to them the musical scores they needed. Soon the band was hard at work; the climate of regained freedom seemed to stir them to new peaks of ·~xcel lence. The reason for the band's successful rehabilitation can be found in the attitude of Col. Buenaventura. He instilled in his men a feeling of pride in their organization and each one personally strives to maintain his well-earned reputation. A feeling of team spirit is perpetuated through the band's policy of replacing retiring members with sons or brQthers of present or former members. In 1955, the Philippine Constabulary Band was desi1rnated by the late President Ramon Magsaysay to represent the Philippine government at the tenth anniversary of the independence of Indonesia. Their performances there were received with enthusiasm; congratulations and critical acclaim were forthcominl! from all the Djakarta papers. This warm reception broug-ht great satisfaction to Col. Buenaventura and his men, for in their first :ippearance before a foreign audience since the liberation, they had received the same plaudits that had been enjoyed by the pre-war band. Indeed they had fully lived up to their heritage as musical ambassadors of the Philippines. - Free World. Get wise, girls, the best way to get around a man is to hug him. * JULY 1958 71 I l ) 72 What to do with the ------~~~-----... SOCIETY, according to a psychologist, should not blame the youth for behaving the way they do today, because saciety has tolerated the development of a climate that could not but influence for the worse the character of the young. T...he only way to counteract the unfavorable trend in the training and education of the youth, the psychologist said, is to create a favorable climate under .which today's teenagers could develop into useful citizens. He recommended the following measures: 1. Ban films that show teenage and adult gangsterism and movies of crim.es and violence. 2. Increase the penalties for indecent shows and the sale and distribution of ,pornographic materials. 3. Re-amend the law so as to prohibit the operation of bars, cabarets, dancing schools and similar establishments within a radius of 800 meters from any school. 4. Educate parents in their duties relative to the moral training of their children and organize parents' clubs or seminars for this purpose. 5. Introduce character education as a separate and definite subject in the school curricula. 6. Amend the Constitution so as to allow a more effective implementation of its provisions regarding optional religious instruction and thus bring God to the schools. 7. Give the scout movement in the Philippines more impetus because of its salutary influence on the character of the youth. According to prison records, not a single boy scout or former scout has been committed to orison. 8. Organize youth athletic clubs and set up more playgrounds and gymnasia. PANORAMA One mark of an educated man is the possession of a reasonable fund of general information. The highly :.ipecialized individual, often dubbed an ••expert,'" frequently knows little or nothing outside his own line. Try yourself on the followina- questiona, then turn to the next page for the correct 11nswers. I. Of course you know that the famous Irrawaddy River flows in: A. India; B. Burma; C. Vietnam; D. Cambodia. 2. Frankenstein, that frightful monster of fiction, was a creation of: A. George Eliot; B. Jane Austin; C. Mary Shelley; D. Edgar Allan Poe. 3. All the following trademarks have one thing in common, except one: A. Eveready; B. Eversharp; C. Ticonderoga; D. Esterbrook. 4. If your hostess should offer you frappe, expect: A. delicately prepared pastries; B. a liqueur; C. a chilled fruit juice mixture; D. French condiments. 5. Executed along with Imre Nagy, as an aftermath of the Hungarian revolt of October 1956, was: A. Pal Maleter; B. Janos Kadar; C. Lazio Rajk; ~· Ladislaw Gomulka. 6. Your friend who referred to the death of a mutual acquaintance as having "passed away" was using a figure of speech known as: A. synecdoche; B. onomatopeia; C. hyperbole; D. euphemism. 7. The famous Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado river, is actually located in: A. Nevada; B. Arizona; C. Colorado; D. Utah. 8. The United States navy is developing a guided missile that can be fired from a submerged submarine, called the: A. Atlas; B. Polaris; C. Thor; D. Vanguard. 9. The lowest female voice is called: A. contralto; B. mezzo soprano; C. tenor; D. dramatic soprano. 10. In round figures, the Philippines has the following number of islands: A. 6,000; B. 2,000; C. 7,000; D. 8,000. JULY 1958 73 ARE YOU WORD WISE? ANSWERS PANORAMA QUIZ ANSWERS 1. B. to change or alter 1. B. Burma 2. C. to jeer or mock 3. A. a device 2. C. Mary Shelley 4. D. not disposed to believe 3. A. Eveready (battery; rest are 5. B. a young hen less than one year old writing implements) 4. C. a chilled fruit juice m:xture 6. A. something that links or connects together 5. A. Pal Maleter 6. D. enphemism 7. A. a religious service held in the early evening 7. B. Arizona 8. B. Polaris 8. C. clear or transparent 9. D. with suspicion 9. A. contralto 10. A. to object 10. C. 7,000 (approximately 7,100) 74 Novel Watch O NE OF THE most recent novelties found in the Swiss watch-making industry is a 'wristlet - watch with an indirect electric lighting system. This solves the problem of telling time in the dark much better even than radium figures on the dial. Mere pressure on the push-button causes the dial and the hands to be uniformly illumined by a tiny bulb, cleverly disguised to avoid any dazzle and connected with a miniature water-tight accumulator. The latter can be re-charged by means of a simple gadget, oold together with the watch, so that it is ready for use again for a period of six months to one year, according to how much use is made of it. F'ANORAMA lOWTOW (to bow in worship or apology) From the Mandarin k'o-t'ou, literally meaning "knock-head," comes this word which denotes servile or obse• quious conduct. JULY 1958 DENOVEMENT (outcome or solution of a plot) Obviously French in origin, this Anglicized term first meant to "untie a knot." NICOTINE (an active principle of tobacco) To Nicot who introduced tobacco into France in 1560, belongs the credit for the name of this substance found in cigars and cigarets. 75 Philippine Panorama - XLlll 7HE PmLIPPINE Military Academy was established on February 17, 1905. At first it was housed at the Santa Luci a Barrarks, Intramuros. The academy was established in order to train officers for the Constabulary. Three years later, on September I, 1908, the school, then under the directorship of Major James F. Quinn, was transferred to Baguio. It was not until April 14, 1914, when an act appropriating funds for its maintenance 76 and operation, did the school gain official notice. Two years later, on February 4, another piece of legislation was passed extending the course of instruction from th re e months to nine months. The official title of the school at this time was "Academy for Officers of the Philippine Constabulary." It was in 1916 when candidates for admission were required to pass a competitive examination. On December 8, 1928, the PANORAMA name of the school was changed to "The Philippine Constabulary Academy" and its course of instruction was extended to three years. It was not until the passage on December 21, 1935 of the National Defense Act did the academy become the present Philippine Military Academy with a curriculum that covers four years, the completion of which entitles the graduate to a B.S. degree. From the time of its transfer to Baguio until 1936, the Academy occupied the buildings on Constabulary Hill which was later renamed Camp Henry T. Allen, in honor of the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary. Later, the Academy moved to Teachers' Camp where it remained until after the outbreak of the Second World War. By this time, the Academy had graduated two classes un· der the four-year curriculum. The exigencies of war hastened the graduation of the 1942 and 1943 classes and before the Academy was disbanded in December 1941, two other classes had joined the defenders of Bataan and Corregidor. Within one year of the close of the war, on June 28, 1946, the Academy was reorganized. It met temporarily at a Station in Alabang, Rizal. It opened in Baguio on April 1 of the following year at its old Camp Allen site. JULY 1958 T ODAY THE Academy occupies its permanent site and quarters at Loakan, Baguio which is about ten kilometers from the city limits. The place has been named Fort del Pilar. In its 52 years of existence, the Academy has had 19 superintendents. Among these are Quinn, Major George S. Holmes, Major Harry G. Urham, Major Antonio Costosa, Major Clarence S. Bowers, Capt. Jose N. Evangelista, Colonel Ralph W. J ones, Lieutenant Colonel Charles E. Livingston, Colonel R o b e r t A. Dyckworthford, Lieutenant Colonel Orville M. Johnson, Colonel Pastor Martelino, Major Alejandro Garcia, Colonel Rafael Garcia, Colonel Fidel Segundo, Colonel Ramon Enriquez, Lt. Col. Tirso Fajardo, Patricio Borromeo and Brig. Gen. Marcos G. Soliman, its incumbent superintendent. Under Gen. Soliman, the Academy is alive to the nation's problems and the new developments in the field of weapons and military science. In the past, the courses at the PMA were essentially engineering courses. It was felt that with the growing complexity of warfare, w i th its scientific and ideological complications, a reassessment of the educational offering of the Academy was in order. At a meeting of AFP general stuff in February 1956, the idea of a tri-service academy was 77 developed. This means that the Academy wiil assume the training of officers for- the three branches of service-the' ground force, the air force and the navy. To study the proposed curriculum, a committee headed by Gen. Soliman was constituted. The committee examined thoroughly the curricular offerings of the important military and war academies abroad. It also examined the weaknesses of the curriculum of the Academy. The study conducted by the committee resulted in a plan that envisions a two-year general course for all cadets, two summers of practical training and two additional years of combined and specialized training for the various branches of military service. The committee also recommended the addition of subjects in political science and law to give the officers the necessary perspective that is invaluable in the conduct of modern warfare. The curriculum, in brief, was a balanced offering that included both general and special subjects. The plan also allocated the cadets to the major services at 45% for the ground force, 30% for the Navy and 25% for the Air Force. <y HE MISSION of the Academy as defined by the Soliman Committee is as follows: "To 78 instruct, train and develop the corps of cadets so that each graduate shall be imbued with the lofty ideals of courage, integrity and loyalty; equipped with the educational essential to his progressive professional development; and grounded on the attributes leading to readiness for responsibilities of the highest order in the armed forces of the Philippines." The specific objectives of the curriculum are: "I) To provide the cadet the motivation for lifelong service to his country as an officer of the armed forces; "2) To equip the cadet with a balanced and liberal education in the arts and sciences PANORAMA that will develop his powers and abilities to think effectively, to communicate thought, to discriminate amongst values, and to make relevant judgments; and will provide him with a background of general knowledge equivalent to that possessed by graduates of leading universities. The curriculum must provide for a broad development of the cadet to the end that he will become a valuable and effective citizen of his country; "3) To imbue the cadet by precept and example with the highest ideals of duty, discipline, integrity an Cl. loyalty; "4) To provide the cadet with a broad military education in the fundamental tactics and techniques of modern warfare and in the roles and missions of the combined arms of all the services; and to give him basic knowledge and skills peculiar to the major service he elects to join; and "5) To develop the cadet physically so that he will have the vigor to carry out the tasks of a leader in the armed froces." This phase in the history of the Academy is probably the most radical but it is a demonstration that the Academy is aware of the problems not only of national defense but also of modern armed combat. Shock-Wave Camera 0 VERSIZED shock-wave photos ot objects as large as jet planes are made by new technique, developed by Dr. Harold Edgerton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Conventional shock-wave photos are small, costly, made under limited conditions. With new method, object moves between billboardsized sheet of highly-reflective material, "Scotchlite," and camera. Camera's fast mechanical shutter, small aperture, and small high-speed flashlam.p set as close as possible to lens give effect of having cam£ra and light at focal point of spherical mirror as big as the glassbead screen. JULY 1958 79 7HE Massachusetts Institute of Technology unveiled recently a full-scale sunheated house. But the engineers acknowledged that it was not likely to become a best seller in areas in the far north, where the sun occasionally is bashful. The house is the fourth in a series of experimental solar heating projects in twenty years of research in the field at M. I. T. It is situated in a dev80 It's sun heated elopment of $16,000 to $35,000 homes in this suburban community about twelve miles from Boston. Members of the M. l. T. faculty and staff will be given the first opportunity to inspect the structure before it goes on the market. The house, two stories in height, has three bedrooms and two baths. The asking price has not been disclosed. When the buyer does move in, a separate access to the heating equipment in the basement will be maintained under a special argeement to enable M. I. T. engineers to gather data on the performance of the system. Heat from the sun is col· lected through an area of opaque glass an aluminum plating 640 feet square. Water, circulated through copper tubing, abosrbs the heat and carries it to a 1,500-gallon storage tank in the basement. The hot water from the storage tank is pumped through a heat exchanger that functions like an automobile radiator. This transfers the heat from PANORAMA the water to a stream of air. Ducts and registers carry forced warm air to the living spaces. The heat collector forms half of the roof, facing south. It is slanted at an angle of 60 degrees from the horizon. The system can take care of up to three days of clour.iness in succession if they have been porceeded by a stretch of reasonably mild and sunny weather. A small conventional oil furnace acts as an auxiliary for long stretches of cloudiness. The system is designed to use between 30 and 50 per cent of the total energy received by the collector. It also is designed to supply from 75 to 80 per cent of the total house heat through solar energy. For summer operation, the storage tank is refrigerated so that the forced air systPm may be used to air-condition the house. M. I. T. engineers estimated that the solar heating system would cost around $6,500, or about six times as much as a conventional system. But Prof. Hoyt C. Hotel said that such a system had a parallel in domestic food freezers. "You may not actually need a freezer," he said, "but you want one, perhaps, and if you can afford it you buy it and enjoy the advantages it brings." Atomic Airplane p ROPULSION System and Shield for the first atomic plarie are being perfected rapidly, say two General Electric A-plane specialists. Using "critical assemblies'' and large-scale computers, research teams are com.pleting propulsion-design probfoms in hours instead of weeks, according to Dr. D. S. Selengut. Despite many problems ol designing safe yet lightweight, anti-radiation shield for crew's protection, this program now is going "straight forward," according to Dr. F. A. Aschenbrenner, head of shield program at GE's Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion plant. JULY 1958 81 Illesearch lttlps Jurma ~ ECENT MAGAZINE a n d ]1. newspaper articles on research in underdeveloped countries would seem, by consensus, to indicate that man's grasp is usually equal to his reach and that heaven is easily attainable f o r all. Headlines look something like this: "Panamanian Fish Flour Revolutionizes World Dietetics." Typically, there follows an explanation of how research had realized so simply the incredible promise of this hitherto unrecognized product. But research toward better living is no different than the other sadly limited activities of mankind which are directed toward some good and useful end. Hard work, sweat, and even tears continue to produce most of the measurable progress. The problems of applied reser.rch in an industrially "simple" country like Burma often appear to have a relatively simple answer, but on closer in'-~'ection they are found to con82 tain a curiously hard and complex core. This core may be technical, or it may involve the human factor. Take, for example, one of the earliest of the projec[S undertaken at the Union of Burma PANORAMA A p p I i e d Research soon after Armour Foundation aided in lishment in 1954. Institute Research its es tabBurma had a major problem in the manufacture of its principal product: rice. Antiquated and careless methods of milling resulted in a proportion of broken rice as high as 40 per cent. The simple, direct answer to the problem was to replace the inadequate rice mill machinery - except that any large scale replacement was financially impossible. The Institute, therefore, over a period of several years developed a premium grade starch JULY 1958 tram broken nee and consulted with the owners of a defunct corn starch factory near Rangoon on moderate cost modifications that could be made in order to manufacture rice starch in quantity. However, during this ~ame period the economic picture in Burma changed from a market in which low grade rice went begging to a sellers' market in which all Burma's rice, broken or otherwise, is completely committed for the next several years. Interest in rice starch withered on the stem and no one knows when the economic picture may change sufficiently to revive it. Rendering problems complex that are essentially uncomplicated is the reverse facet of Burma's "problem in simplicity." One project was aimed at the extraction of caffeine from tea waste. Several exquisite and expensive methods were explored before an Armour Research Foundation specialist pointed out that the same or better results could be obtained by a simple hot water extraction process. JHE TRIVIAL project is a clearcut time waster, but it has been said with some truth that in this environment it may be necessary to repeat the work of others in order to prove once again that the results are obtainable. 83 This is a kind of technical education which is left to the univers1t1es in industrialized countries. In Burma it can serve a purpose and may be coordinated profitably with the modifications needed to adapt a wellestablished process or product to local raw materials, staff, or equipment available - that is, all those factors that constitute local environment. Burma's technical leadership upon assuming her independence in 1948 was naturally very scant. A program for the education abroad of talented young Burmese was set up at an early date. As these young scientists now begin to return to Burma, a number of problems in human relations are created. Some seem to feel that the acquisition of a desk and a peon (office boy) constitutes the most important f.:actors in proving the sizeable investment that has been made in them. They disdain hard or dirty work. This observation is a common one in other industrially underdeveloped countries. It goes along with and even helps to generate a degree of disorder and resistance to discipline unknown in highly industrialized nations, where competition for internal and external markets minimizes such inefficiency. Fortunately, there are many other returning young scientists who, with proper counselling and guidance, are providing an 84 element of productive leadership which eventually will infect so many others that Burma will begin to realize her vast potential for better living. A case in point is in the work being done at the Institute on paper and hardboard. The early leadership in this activity envisioned a pilot plant production facility costing nearly a half million dollars. It was felt that this was a prerequisite to effective research, but such funds could not be provided. Today a Burmese scholar is working with an ARF specialist in developing a whole series of paper products from shredded bamboo. Both men started the program using crude equipment, and proceeded to the development of a new process in order to attain the desired results. This process, now being improved further with better equipment, constitutes that part of the effort which is both original and most likely to result in a new industry for Burma. ~ F COURSE, the results of research never can be guaranteed and this axiom is one of the major problems in educating Burma to the long-range value of research. An attempt has been made at the Institute to balance long and short-range projects. There is nothing new or wonderful about this, but selecting projects which will best fit into one of these catePANORAMA gories rather than the other is no ~-·mall trick. \\-ith Burma's limited technical manpower and equipment, projects should have a quality about them that relates directly to fundamental local needs. Research related to rice, raw drugs, essential oils, ceramic wares, and native ores, are good examples. Projects in plastics, electronics, mechanisms, complex metal alloys, automation, synthetic fibers, and similar areas are too far from the grass roots to merit attention at this stage of Burma's development. A partial resume of the Institute's projects should be of interest. In the past 12 months the Armour specialist in unit operations has developed a laboratory scale extractor for rice bran oil which looks hopeful. The promise lies in an efficient and simple design which can be adapted to many of the rice mills now operating in Burma. It would permit the miller to extract, at the source, a relatively imperishable oil which, with little refining, could be turned in to a saleable product. With some additional refining, the oil could become a premium edible product. This unit offers several substantial advantages over classical methods of extracting: it avoids the well-recognized and major problem of bran perishability and rancidity, it permits JULY 1958 the introduction of the process on a sn;all scale from which it could grow to any scale that the demand might set, and the design can be scaled easily to a wide range of rice mill sizes and capacities. Current interest has indicated that with some additional publicity, the millers themselves could be expected to purchase the extractors and get the program underway. Also, the design appears to be patentable, in which case the government could license the uni ts both in and outside of Burma and draw royalties therefrom. A pilot plant is being set up in the lnstitute's laboratories to test further the solvent losses, yield, and quality of the oil on a commercial scale. R NOTHER pilot plant extractor will be used to investigate a wide variety of indigenous plants, herbs, bark, and other vegetation for the ·~co nomically feasible extraction of indsutrial and edible oils, tannins, spices, and naval stores. Preliminary an d bench scale projects in the extraction of lemon oil from lemon grass, cotton seed oil, palm jaggery, tannin from cutch, and caffeine from tea waste already have been initiated. This same pilot plant extractor will be used to extract, first of all, morphine and codeine from local opium stocks and, 85 later, to investigate the commercial feasibility of producing a wide variety of drugs for the modern pharmaceutical factory which the government of the Union of Burma has built recently. Appreciable quantities of acetic acid also are being produced in a crude laboratory scale apparatus by means of the destructive distillation of paddy husks. Design improvements now are being made. In the Institute's metals research department, equipment is on. hand to spark-test metal scrap for the new steel mill; for the precise pilot plant refining of lead ores in Burma to determine other recoverable .::onstituents at an economically feasible level; and for a similar economic testing of native ores via the electric furnace method. One also must anticipate the difficulty of selling a good research development once it has come out of the Institute's laboratories. A long-range program in developing methods for improving Io ca I pottery, tiles, bricks, and other ceramic products has produced a quantity of useful data over the past three years. Selling this information to the local potters and manufacturers of ceramic wares has become a major con~ideration in justifying additional laboratory effort. 86 Communications and transportation, equipment procurement, and maintenance, short supply of technical and leadership personnel, human relations, and instability are some of the fundamental but truly difficult and complex problems of Burma's present research program. A short Burmese proverb captures a small facet of this amazing country's promise. It concerns one of Burma's best known rivers, the Irrawaddy, and it says, "One may look on the Irrawaddy as a muddy stream, or a great silver river." It is either or both in its long reaches from Upper Burma to the sea. The simple problems, here, as in history, are shrouded in the mists of human defection and uncertainty, but inevitably these will lift to make this nation once again "Golden Burma . .:: -Frontier. PANORAMA ';eue-tJ1tama, , , , , , by Elmer 88 R Thought for Jpring . . . and for Rnytimt By John Eddy 1ltlf INTER comes and the world, like an old boar, is sick and ugly. Spring comes. The word is a Jamb again. It is a wonder that babies are not born with hardening arteries. This gyroscope is pockmarked by the disease of a million haggard years, and with the next slap it may go careening off its axis. How have we retained the idea of youth-of s,piritual youth even for the old? Why haven't we quit? We can't quit. All life confutes the black-eyed figure of despairing age . . . The sun rises fresh from its morning bath; the chipmunk ascends f.9 sniff the air; babies squall and mother-milk flows . . . · Dogs bark; cats yawn; boys shout; girls blush; jets plunge and cavort in the· cirrus; fishermen pound their chests and abuse the sun; thoroughbreds tap their way home; audiences surge forward and chant for an author; twilight squeezes the coldest he·art; the frigid moon sparks many a flame. W € can't quit. His energy, from the beginning impels us. As a child turns over a seashell, He builds pillars of light millions of years long, sp€ws red and blue galaxies, gilds the tiny crocus. It is His energy - His eternal virility - which keeps the weakly heart from withering. It is His absolute and incredible Youth which cen fire the blood of old Mother Earth and keep her cheerfully limping on. PANORAMA A FARMER'S ADVICE OVER IN Hermosa, Bataan, there's a farmer who is making his fellow tillers sit up and take notice. He is Rufino Castro, barrio lieutenant of barrio Culis~ who this crop season harvested 180 cavans of rice from his twoJULY 1958 By ALBINA M. DANS "Take care of your crop well" hectare farm while farm~rs around him got no more than 40 cavans. The 51-year-old farmer says that it's all because of the improved system of rice planting which he learned from the bureau of agricultural extension. With the help of municipal agriculturist Justo Carig, he planted his field to the new system and produced more than he expected, considering that this year the dry season was long and the soil was naturally parched and arid. Castro has been a farmer all his life. He has had to see four children through school largely on his meager farm income and now has a growing brood of grandchildren to look after. "Had I embarked on this new system earlier," he mused, "I would not have undergone as many difficulties as I have." On what he did exactly on his land, Castro related: "When I began planting my land to the improved extension system, I did so merely as a trial and to gratify my curiousity 89 about it. I felt there was no harm in seeing for myself bow my crop would fare if planted the extension way. I employed a number of laborers on the farm so I could follow to the Jetter the straight planting measure advocated in the method. I a1so used a certified seed variety, the Tjeremas variety. Before I sowed the seeds, however, I gave them the sa)t treatment. All the bad seeds, I threw away as animal feed and used only the good ones on my fie)d. "I also sprayed a )ot to insure against the occurrence of rice pests, using Aldrin as recommended by the agriculturist. For fertilizer, I used ammonium sulphate. Proper application made my crops healthy and vigorous. Likewise, weeding helped the plants a 1ot. 90 "Right in the middle of my experiment, the B.A.E. opened a farm institute at the provincial capital and f was chosenprobably on the recommendation of Guillermo Arcenas, our mayor with whom I share the land , I work on-to represent barrio Culis. What I learned in this institute strengthened my belief in the new, improved way of rice culture. "Only last week, the B.A.E. showed a film over here on rice production and I )earned a lot of ideas. Added to what I have )earned from experience and what I )earned from the training, I'd say I have a rich store of rice farming knowledge now." AT PRESENT, Castro has planted his field to a second crop, using the Tjeremas variePANORAMA ty again. However, he has made some modifications on the system as his land called for. he also carries a 'P2,000 insurance policy which he now finds comparatively easy to pay. Probably the most noteworthy result of his farming venture, he said, is the fact that he has been able to buy a brand new set of furniture -a thing his wife has been hankering for-for as long as he can remember. Besides this, To other farmers, Rufino Castro, the successful farmer, has this advice to give: "Take care of your crop well. Your life and that of your children depend on it. If you do, you will find that your crop will repay you well." Do It Now - If It's Good! The president of a large business concern bought a number of signs reading, "Do It Now," and had them hung around the office, hoping to inspire his employees with promptness and energy in their work. In his private office one day soon afterward a friend asked him how the scheme affected the staff. "Well, not just the way I thought it would," answered the proprietor. "The cashier skipped with thirty thousand dollars, the head bookkeeper eloped with the private secretary, three clerks asked for an increase of salary, and the office boy hit out to become a bank robber." JULY 1958 91 Attentiom All organization heads and members ! Help your club raise funds painless}~ . . . Join the Panorama "Fund-Raising by Subscriptions" plan today! The PANORAMA FuND-RAISING BY SuBSCRIPTIONS PLAN will get you, your friends, and your relatives a year's subscription to Panorama. The Panorama is easy to sell. It practically sells itself, which means more money for your organization. The terms of the PANORAMA FuNo-RAisING BY SuBSCRIPTIONS PLAN: are as follows: (I) Any accredited organization in the Philippines can take advantage of the PLAN. (2) The organization will use its facilities to sell subscriptions to Panorama. (3) For every subscription sold the organization will get Pl .00. The more subscriptions the organization sells, the more money it gets. ReadTHE MORNING JOURNAL The only Chinese Daily Newspaper with Editorials in English .Advertise - THE FOOKIEN TIMES The Leading Independent Chinese Newspaper with the Largest Circulation in the Philippines Tell your friends about Give them a gift subscription - they'll appreciate it! ( Krwwn in the U.S. as Miehle 11 Lithopr;nt) • The mol't modern Offset preu its size ( 14 x 20 inches) • The easies+ to operate with • centralized control panel and p button operation. • No dampening roHers to both wit+t its patented Rotafount, gi if19 mechanically controlled da ing. • Hairline re9ister-ideal for mu~ color jobs on any type of papei .at low cod 111>d great speed •. , Model R. 30/90 Actual Demanstration now going 011 You are invited lo see COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. PIUNTERS * U'i'HOGoiAPHERS * PUIUSHllS 1986 Benu, Sta. Alla Tel. Ml.-98; HEN THE !VOLUTION DIED page. 3 IR DOLLAR RESERV IE UNIVERSITY C D ITS MISSION p~e 16 ·-... JULY 1958 CONTENTS Articles Snore Symphony ............................ . The Day the Revolution Died ...... Rony V. Diaz Man's Oldest Sport? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ben Revilla Stravinsky: A Genius' Progress . . . . . . . Sixta D' Asis The University and Its Mission ............... . . Dr. Vicente G. Sinco The Purge of 1'11.re Nagy ........ F. C. Sta. Maria Bangungot in Hawa.ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Max Tenorio The Lubos Retual and the Insane ............. . Raymundo Manipcm Philippine Prehistoric Fossils ....... Larry Wilson The World's Most Guarded Crown ............. . Our Dollar Reserves: Fact and Fancy ........... . Anacleto Lacebal The Band Everybody Loves . . . . . . . . . Free World Teen-Age Menace ........................... . House of Tomorrow •.......................... Research Helps Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frontier A Thought for Spring. . . and for Anytime ...... . John Eddy A Farmer's Advice Fiction 2 3 10 13 16 32 37 40 49 53 61 70 72 80 82 SB 89 The Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gracianus Reyes 42 Regular Features Are You Word Wise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Panorama Peek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Book Review: Now and at the Hour ........... . LeOnard Casper 55 Literary Personality - XLII: Eulalia . . . . . . . . . . 58 Panorama Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 In the Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Philippine Panorama - XLIII: The Philippine Military Academy . . . . 76 Fun-Orama by Elmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 87 PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishers, Inc., 1986 Herran, Manila, Philippines Editor: FELIXBERTO C. STA. MARIA Foreign contributing editor: Leonard Casper Art director: Rodolfo P. Perez Business Manager: MRS. C. A. MARAMAG Subscription rates: In the Philippines, one year PS.00; two years P9.00. Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S.; two yean $7.00 U.S. Single copy 50 centavos. about the Panorama, the Philippines' most versatile, most significant magazine today. a year's subscription-NOW! they will appreciate it. SUBSCRIPTION FORM .................... 1 year for P5.00 ---··-----·-----·-·· 2 years for P9.00 ····:·-----·-----·-· Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S. Name --------··-·------·-··--········--------·---·-·-----·········-··--·························--·········-----. Street -------------·-----·---·--···-·----·····---··-··---··-----··-·····················---·······----·---------·City or Toum ------------------------------------ Province --·-·-----·----··--·-·---·-··--·-·· Enclosed is a check/money order for the amount specified above. Please address all checks or money orders in favor of: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 2 SNORE SYMPHONY A TOKYO nose, ear and throat specialist is credited with having started one of the most unusual hobbies ever devised this side of the Pacific-sampling various types of snoring with a tape-recorder. Dr. Takenosuke Ikematsu, the bedroom specialist, has thus far taped the "snoring symphonies'' of some 300 persons. The doctor thinks his growing collection could be divided into roughly 40 different major variations or acoustic types. Some of these with the doctor's own explanations are: -The blow-pipe type. Lip vibration is a contributing factor of this type that is often characteristic of "dedicated bibbers." -The wild beat type. Acoustically, this is somewhat similar to the roar·of a frustrated lion .. It is prevalent among "strikingly beautiful women." -The multiple thunderclap type. This is the "ultimate" in sr.oring that is guaranteed to shake and rock any home sweet home. It is also sometimes called the "earthquake type." PANORAMA VOL. X gntered as second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dec. 7, 1955 JULY 1958 MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 7 Short-/iyed republic 7he <Day the lt?_evolution <Died By Rony V. Diaz: 1 HE SUMMER of I 900 was marked by a series of defeats suffered by the army of the Philippine Republic. One by one the principal towns of Luzon were overrun by the Americans. President Aguinaldo had abandoned his capital at Bayambang, Pangasinan and retrE!ated to the mountains of northern Luzon. Guerrilla warfare had replaced direct encounters. The Filipino military groups, because of lack of supplies and reserves, had surrendered. Generals Montenegro, Hizon, Aquino and Makabulos had laid down their amis. General Paciano Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno had been captured. Even the civilian population had lost the desire to resist. Slowly, the evacuees returned to their homes from the hills. The farmers resumed their chores and a moment of uneasy p~ce settled on the country. Once ·in a while there were raids on American encampments and depots by Filipino guerrillas but these raids on the whole were undecisive. On May 5, General Arthur MacArthur who had succeeded General Elwell Otis as military governor proposed peace. As a guarantee, he released the capti.ve officials of the Aguinaldo government, among them Felipe Buencamino and Pedro Paterno. These Filipinos immediately started to work out an honorable peace with the Americans. At the invitation of Manuel Genato, former governor of Batangas, the freed leaders proposed to the American military governor "general amnesty to all prisoners on both sides, including those suffering punishment and those subject to prosecution under military jurisdiction". 4 On the same day, General MacArthur proclaimed a general amnesty to those who had surrendered and as an inducement to those who wt!re still resisting, he guaranteed "complete immunity as to the past and absolute liberty of action as to the future to all persons who are present on taking part or, at some time since Febuary 4, 1899, have taken part in the insurrection against the United States." The decree gave the Filipino resistance groups 90 days in which to surrender and sign an oath of allegiance to the United States government. The General also promised to pay a bounty of f>30 for every gun that was turned in. Ten days after the proclamation of the amnesty, the military governor further guaranteed that all Filipino citizens "shall enjoy all individual rights guaranteed in the Constitution of the United States with the exception of trial by jury and the right to bear arms." The announcement also promised that all properties appropriated by the American soldiers would be restored or paid for and the money of the Aguinaldo government that had been seized would be deposited with the Treasury of the United States and used as a trust fund for war widows and orphans. However, these guarantees PANORAMA did not change the military situation. The remnants of the Philippine army continued to resist. The lines of communication between the Aguinaldo headquarters and the guerrilla c.ontingents all over the island were broken. Furthermore, the season of rain was fast approaching and plans for intensified guerilla raids had been prepared. .fl T THIS POINT the President of the United States, William McKinley, intervened. He enjoined the Filipinos to seek the way of peace. He announced that "the first requisite of prosperity in the Philippine Islands is tranquillity, and this should be evidenced by a wellordered government. The Filipinos must be taught the advantages of such government and they should learn from the government which is giving JULY 1958 them the disadvantages that arise to everybody in the country for a political agitation for a change in the form of government in the immediate future ... " McKinley's announcement inspired Paterno to advocate for a "Free State of the Philippines under the protectorate of the United States with the President as Moderating Power." This was promptly opposed by Apolinario Mabini, the political adivser of the Republic; who remarked that what we could have was "a simple and modest government as our civilization and poverty requires." Paterno's proposal embittered Aguinaldo who was moved to say : "Peace should come only at the instrumentality of war; it is better to die in honor than to live in dishonor." Paterno prepared a banquet for the military governor and the members of the Taft Commission. who had been sent here to appraise the military and political situations. The Americans, however, learned that the Filipino nationalists would speak in favor of immediate independence at the banquet. They refused to attend. Only after Paterno had assured them that no such thing would happen did they change their minds. Aguinaldo remarked of the banquet that "if the celebration be dedicated to amnesty, 5 all Filipinos who had taken part in it, directly or indirectly, shall be adjudged guilty of high treason and the full force of the law meted out to them in due time." The Filipinos in Spain were as unkind to the compromisers as Aguinaldo. "The hateful epoch of artful understandings," they declared, "has passed never to return. We do not want-and neither do our heroic people-clowns and sychopants to entertain us and make us laugh, for these are not the times for us to shout hossanas and halleluiahs, but to intone the de profundis, dying or causing death to others." LJ OWEVER, the movement for 1 (, peace became stronger until on December 30, 1900 a group of Filipino leaders organized themselves into a political party called the Partido Federal and elected Trinidad Pardo H. de Tavera president. Its platform was to bring peace under the sovereignty of the United States, to work for the establishment of a liberal, democratic and representative government for the Philippines. It also stood for free elementary education, separation of church and state, freedom of worship, individual rights, civil liberties and eventually union with the American republic. "The Federal Party," Tavera said, " is constantly laboring to show to the Filipinos that nothing will benefit them as much as an unconditional adoption of American civilization, in order that the Islands may at the proper time cons ti tu te a state similar to other states of the Un ion. This is the final purpose of the platform, which clearly expresses the aspiration of the party ... culminating at last in the admission of the Islands as one of the States of the Union." The nationalists, on the other hand, led by Mabini opposed this platform. Its ranks included Mariano Noriel, Teodoro Sandiko, Gregorio Gonzaga and the military leaders of the Revolution. When Mabini was asked by MacArthur to use his influence to persuade the other nationalists who were still in the field to surrender, Mabini indignantly refused. He recorded his impression of the Americans in this manner: "Today, force has the upper hand in the struggle . · .. .. : . •• .II · . I ' ;. · · . .;. . ;!~ .. • r . .. . . .; ·. with reason; therefore, as a private citizen, I limited myself to asking for the promulgation of a fundamental law which would protect the rights and prerogatives of individuals... I would not deprive Aguinaldo of the right - to fix the general bases for the work of pacification, because he might be still aspiring for independence or be contented with another form of government and because without his authority, I could not commit myself to anything, except to asking that there be freedom of speech and of the press and of the right peacefully to assemble; that I could not advise him to surrender unconditionally ; for were I in his place, I should consider myself dishonored by the mere act of doing so. I said that all agreements which in effect signify a renouncement of political and civil rights are dishonorable for our duty is to sacrifice above all, even life itself . .. " The work of the Federal Party won the sanction of the Americans. Together they created the basis of the civil government of the country. The important personages of the party also occupied positions of responsibility in the new government. After the reelection of President McKinley, he initiated a new policy toward the belligerent Filipinos. He or7 dered the arrest of those leaders who refused to heed the overtures of the Americans. Then Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela. On April 19, 1901, he took his oath of allegiance to the United States. "After mature deliberation," Aguinaldo said, "I resolutely proclaim to the world that I cannot refuse to heed the voice of a people longing for peace, nor the lamentations of thousands of families ye!lrning to see their dear ones enjoying the liberty and the promised generosity of the great American nation. By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippine Archipelago, as I now do, and I, without any reservation, whatsoever, believe that I am serving thee, my beloved country. May happiness be thine ... " The Irreconcilables, led by Mabini, refused to take the oath of allegiance. They continued to propagandize against the Americans and to advocate the principles of Philippine nationalism. Mabini continued to say that only independence could bring peace to the country. THE CAPTURE of Aguinaldo brought about the surrender of the other military leaders. ·Generals Trias, Severino de las Alas, Ladislao Diwa, Pantaleon Garcia, Capistrano, Sandiko, Tinio, ~atividad, Mascar8 do, J~OJ!Ca, AleJandnno, Lacuna and Cailes all trooped to the Americans to surrender. Only the Batangas general, Miguel Malvar, continued to resist. Thus Mabini and Malvar continued the battle on two planes of struggle. But on January 7, 1901, MacArthur ordered the mass arrest of the revolutionists. They were sentenced for exile to Guam. On January 16, nationalists numbering 57 were herded aboard the transport Rosecrans. Among them were Mabini, Pablo Ocampo, Julian Gerona, Artemio Ricarte, Maximino Hizon, Pio del Pilar and Mariano Llanera. Gerona was the author of a pamphlet that bitterly castigated the Federalistas. Pablo Ocampo was the confidential agent of Aguinaldo in Manila, director of an intelligence unit and editor of a small nationalistic paper called La Patria. Ricarte, the Vibora, attempted an assault on Manila in June 1900. He was indicted for rebellion, imprisoned in Intramuros and sentenced to exile for two years. The group was taken to Agana, Guam and confined in the prison camp called Asan. They found life extremely difficult but after sometime they were able to adjust themselves. They engaged in farming and taught themselves useful crafts. MaPANORAMA bini studied the English language and eventually wrote his memoirs, "The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic" in both English and Spanish. In Manila, the other leaders did not cease to fight for their release. Paterno organized the Asociacion de Paz that worked for complete and general amnesty including the liberation of those who had been exiled to Guam . Twenty months after their deportation, on August 26, I 902, the exiles were . declared free. They were allowed to return to Manila after they had taken the oath of allegiance. Only Mabini and Ricarte refused to take the oath. All the rest did. In February I 903, Mabini and Ricarte were brought to Manila Bay on the transport Thomas. The sight of his homeland was too much for the sick and unhappy Mabini. He took the oath. Ricarte refused and he was returned to Guam on the transport Galic. Two months later Mabini died. In December I 903, Rica rte returned unnoticed to Manila. He tried to regroup the Viper Brigade, composed of his old comrade-in-arms, to fight for independence. But he fell ill and he had to hide in Mariveles to recuperate. On May 29, 1903, through a Filipino informer, Ricarte was once more captured. He was brought to Manila for trial and deported again, this time to Hongkong. Thus the last of the nationalists was crushed. Electronic Breakfast BREAKFAST for two persons cooks in five minutes in new Hotpoint electronic oven to be shown for the first time at the 1958 World's Fair in Brussels. Microwaves cook four slices of bacon in 90 seconds; scrambled eggs in 60 seconds; and two cups of coffee in 90 seconds. Coffee is heated in china cups--coffee boils but cups and saucers stay cold. To learn operation of unit that will be shown in the pavilion of electric utilities, Electric House at the fair, Carlo, de ]onghe, president and manager director for Antwerp, and ] acques Leboute, sales manager, showed how rolls can be heated electrically in sfrlflW serving basket with linen napkin. JULY 1958 9 8owling through 7 ,000 years • Man's Oldest Sport? BOWLING is one of the oldest sports known to man. The object of this game is to Knock down ten wooden pins with a wooden ball. As played today, it requires a wooden alley, pinboys, a scoresheet and a reasonable sum of money. Bowling used to be an outdoor sport. The Egyptians played it with tiny balls and small pins in the courtyard. Bowling was the exclusive pastime of noble children. Some years ago, the English archeologist, Sir Flinders Petrie, discovered in an Egyptian child's tomb a set of pins and a ball. The date of the tomb is 5200 B.C. We d~ not know, however, how bowling was introduced to 10 By Ben Revilla the Christian world but we do know that in the third century the Christians practised a rite that is curiously similar to bowling. It was practised in churches and cathedrals. The parishioners would place pins at one end of the cloisters. These pins represented the "Heide," meaning heathen. The parishioner was then given a ball and asked to throw it at the "Heide." If a hit was scored, it showed that the parishioner had been leading a blameless life and was capable of saving the heathen. If he missed, then it meant that he had not been attending to PANORAMA his religious duties very well. As time went on, larger balls and pins were substituted and the rite became secularized until the point that it became a game. Uniformly shaped pins were used and rules for the game were devised, although the number of pins varied with the locality. For instance, only three pins were used in some parts of Germany. In other sections, as many as 17 pins were used. The sport became firmly established during the . Middle Ages. It was usually played during weddings and days of festivities. Th_e game became so popular that at one time King Edward III of England, fearing that it would replace archery, remarked that it was a "dishonorable, useless and unprofitable game." The Parliament took the hint and passed a decree outlawing the game. BOWLING regained its popularity during the Re~ais sance. Martin Luther, the German theologian, believed that it was a wholesome and moral game. He did his best to encourage the youth to take it up. He even went as far as to build a "bowling place" for the children of the city. The game that Luther played used nine pins and this finally became the standard all throughout Germany. Perhaps the most dramatic JULY 1958 anecdote connected with the game concerned Sir Francis Drake, the captain of the English Fleet. He was bowling when a courier informed him that the Spanish Armada was approaching the English Channel. He refused to stop .the game and he is reported to have said: "There is time enough both to win the game and beat the Spaniards." Since that time remarkable bowling records have been set. Take for instance the famous 299 1/2 game. It was played in Seattle, Washington on February 11, 1905. The bowler was James T. Blackstone. He had rolled 11 successive strikes. On the twelfth roll, he knocked down only 9 pins, the 10th pin remaining upright. However, a part of the pin had been chipped off and the score was given at 299 1/2. Then there was the 30 I game in 1928, bowled by the famous Marion McDowell. McDowell had rolled 11 continuous strikes when one of the spectators bet that he couldn't make a 301 game. McDowell took the bet. He instructed the pinboy to set up an extra pin next to the 7-pin. McDowell hurled the 12th ball and the 301 game was made. Bowling is both a participant and spectator sport. There are many who are not proficient in the game but who would 11 stand on the sidelines for hours watching experts knock down the pins. Some psychologists have theorized that the game is v.ery attractive because it channels most of the destructive impulses of man. Others maintain that addiction to bowling is an indication of a compulsion neurosis. Whatever the term may be, bowling has become big business. In Manila alone there are close to 2,500 bowling alleys. Bowling has become a favorite sport of city folk. 12 A Swiss Navy - At Last! Q N January 1, 1957, with its enforcement of the federal law on maritime navigation under the Swiss colors and the executory ordinance and regulations connected with it, the Federal Council gave a definite juridical base to the presence of Switzerland's vessels on the seas. Alter seeing, in the course of the last two world wars, the necessity of owning the ships indispensable to its acquisition of supplies Switzerland at last became a sea-laring nation. Her high seas fleet is still very modest compared to that of the great maritime powers. It is, moreover, fated to remain so because of the relatively rigorous legal provisions of Switzerland and because the fleet does not offer its users as many advantages as those ordinarily provided by some small maritime countries. In 1956, the entire Swiss fleet consisted of 23 units with a total capacity of 148,319 tons, among them, 5 vessels totalling 4,654 tons. PANORAMA 0 NE SUMMER afternoon in 1902, the Russian composer Rimsky Korsakov who was vacationing at Heidelberg, Germany, was approached by a young fellow who identified himself as a 20-year old student of law at the University of St. Petersburg and the son of one of Russia's opera stars. The young man begged the composer to listen to a piece he had written and to tell him whether or not he had the talent to become a musiJULY 1958 The story of the lad who quit the law for musicand became one of its modern giants By Six to D' As is cian. Rimsky-Korsakov agreed and the lank fellow sat himself at a piano and began to play. At the conclusion of the piece, the young man stopped and tensely waited for the master's pronouncement. "Young man," Rimsky-Korsakov is reported to have said, "your music is quite nice, but in all fairness to you, I suggest that you go on with law. }-lowever, should you decide to con13 tinue with your music. you might perhaps enroll in some formal courses in counterpoint and harmony. Then, maybe, one day you will come back and play for me." That put off Igor Stravinsky but following the master's advice he returned to the University to resume his study of law. But Stravinsky was not cut out for the law. His principal interest had always been music. When he was six, he was already browsing with a fascinated air through his father's massive operatic library. At eight, learned to play the piano and the violin. And when he was ten, he composed his first opus, a very inept attempt, but a musical composition nonetheless. He decided to quit the law and devote all his energy to the mastery of music. A year ~ater he returned to RimskyKorsakov. The composer was impressed. So impressed was he that Stravinsky became his pupil. The master was an exacting teacher. Something short of perfection drove him to fits of violence and rage and he was very economical with words of praise. "A man's music," R i ms k y-Korsakov explained, "should always be perfect, so why should we applaud something that is so basic to successful composing?" 14 In 1907, Stravinsky finished his first major piece, the "Symphony in E-flat Major." It was perfomerd in St. Petersburg on January 22, 1908 and instantly it met with favorable critical acclaim. That was enough to reenforce Stravinsky's confidence in himself. He threw himself into music. Shortly after the completion of the symphony, Stravinsky secretly went to work on a piece that he hoped to dedicate to Rimsky-Korsakov on the occasion of the marriage of his master's daughter. He called it "Fireworks" and it was finished just a week before the wedding. When "Fireworks" was performed it was heard by Serge Diaghilev, the choreographer of the Ballet Russe. The piece so impressed the ballet artist that he invited Stravinsky to orchestrate two Chopin pieces for him. The result was so outPANORAMA standing that Diaghilev commissioned Stravinsky to undertake a major work based on the old Russian legend of the firebird. I T TOOK Stravinsky a whole year to finish the piece. On June 25, 1910, "L'Oiseau de Feu" or "The Firebird" was presented at the Paris Opera. Its success was instantaneous. The audience wen.t wild and it is reported that Debussy was so moved by the music that he threw himself into Stravinsky's arms. Immediately, Stravinsky set to work on another piece. This time it was a piece called 'Petrouchka." It was performed by Nijinsky and Karsavina in Paris in 1911. Once more the audience applauded it with unbelievable enthusiasm. After "Petrouchka" came "The Rite of Spring" which was presented on May 29, 1913. The music carried away completely the audience. No sooner had the opening bars been played did the audience shout and tap in time to the music. The people started shouting: "Wonderful! Wonderful! Stravinsky's a genius! Halfway through the performance the police had to be called to restore order in the halJ but this proved impossible Utd in the end even JULY 1958 the officers were taking part in the applause. "The Rite of Spring" was folJowed by "Song of the Nightingale" and "The Wedding." When Russia became Communist in 1918, Stravinsky renounced his citizenship and took up residence in France. He worked continuously, his style maturing and his influence spreading. When the Second World War· broke out, Stravinsky abandoned his Paris home and moved to America. He eventually settled in California. Several years after the war he became a naturalized American citizen. JN AMERICA, Stravinsky has possibly entered into the most productive period of his career. His works during this time included the ballet "Orpheus," the opera "Rake's Progress" and "Symphony in Three Movements". The "Rake's Progress" is based on the work of W.H.Auden and Chester Kallman. It is probably the most acclaimed work of Stravinsky. It has already been performed in Venice, Milan, Geneva, Zurich, Munich, Frankfurt, Brussels, Antwerp, Paris, Copenhagen, Oslo and .New York. Stravinsky's influence on modern music is undeniable. He is truly one of the architects of modern art. 15 7he University and its mission By Dr. VICENTE G. SINCO President, University of the Philippines JN ACCEPTING the election to the presic;lency of this University, I realized the magnitude of the task that the office involves. This was especially impressed upon me when the President of the Philippines, on administering my oath of office, declared that this University is expected to grow into the stature of the best institutions of its kind here and- abroad. This is indeed a high and noble aspiration. I am sure it is shared by all of us who believe in the capacity of the Filipino race to reach high levels of intellectual achievement. 16 ''The University is the resting-place of those activities, those scholarly aspirations, those intellectual endeavours which make for spiritual insight, spiritual depth, and spiritual beauty, but which cannot be transmuted into any coin less base than highest human service." S1) But if we are to train our vision upon this goal, it is quite obvious that we should know first of all what the nature of a true university is; and we should recognize the elements essential to the realization of any plan for the establishment of a great university. Without this sort of awareness to give us a sense of direction, our hopes are likely to be frustrated: our efforts are apt to become fruitless gestures; and our plans will remain but pompous blueprints of colossal pretensions. The organization and aims of a university since the dawn of its existence have undergone changes that have materially JULY 1958 affected the force and extent of its influence. This is but the natural and logical consequence of its character and purpose. For the university is a dynamic institution, a living organism. Were .it not so, it would have long become a mere museum of antique notions or a center of fossilized disciplines from which the spark of vital energy has long ceased to flicker. For it should be noted that the university first appeared in its institutional form some eight hundred years ago, way back in the distant days of the 12th century, in the Italian cities of Salerno and Bologna. The university in a way virtually antedates the institution 17 we call the modern state which therefore had little or no part whatever in the plan of its original creation. While the family, the Church, and the government, at various stages concerned themselves with the education of infants and adolescents, their interest in higner educatiof!, for the training of men and women in their more advanced stages of maturation, was aroused only after the university had made its apP.earance through the initiative of private and voluntary associations. Civilization in various forms and in different degrees rose and flourished in many countries, among different races, and in various climes. But the university is distinctively a European creation. No wonder that it has preserved and developed a body of traditions reflecting the thoughts, the ideas, a n d the conceptiOils of the scholars, the thinkers, and the scientists of Europe. Embraces Totality of Mankind But in the course of its adventure in learning, the university in due time extended the coverage of its explorations to embrace the thoughts, ideas, and conceptions of scholars of other races and nations, until today the scope of its tradition encompasses the intellectual wealth of the totality of mankind. PANORAMA l t is the aim of great umvers1t1es to attract men and women from all conditions of life. They keep their doors open to citizen and alien alike. For from their very nature, their appeal is cosmopolitan and their mission universal. The only passport they demand is the passport of intellectual competence. The only guarantee they require is the guarantee of honesty of purpose and dedication to wosk. Their faculties are recruited from the best available teachers and investigators whom they could attract. Neither race, nor color, nor nationality, nor creed, nor political belief bars the competent scholar and the able scientist from their classrooms and their laboratories. Neither are these same factors ever considered in the admission of students. Disregarding these conditions, no educational institution may rightly claim even the name of a university, much less the prestige of a great university. This occasion hardly offers sufficient time for us to trace the details of the progress and the vicissitudes of the life of this ancient and venerable institution. But it may be well to observe that in the centuries that have passed since its foundation, the university had come to develop prestige, to acquire power, and to gain influence to such an extent that :>omeJULY 1958 times it was befriended by the Church and the State alike as a useful ally, at other times it was opposed by both authorities as a dangerous foe, and still at other times it was employed by one or the other as an instrument of propaganda or as a tool to promote their particular interests. But when left alone to follow the authentic course of its life, the university has remained loyal and faithful to its essential ideals and purposes which are the search for knowledge, the diffusion of knowledge, and the advancement of knowledge in its persistent and relentless quest for truth under the inspiration of that divine dictum that the truth shall make us free. "It is a fact," Whitehead reminds us, "that today the progressive nations are those in which universities flourish." In syn thesis, therefore, we have here the reason why we strive with all the might and the means within our command to make this University reach the highest stature it is possible for it to attain. Pattern for the Universib of the Philippines 7HE PATTERN of functions - choose to follow in the University of the Philippines covers three main .'lctivities: ( 1) Instruction for liberal or gen19 eral education, (2) trammg for the professions, an d (3) research work. We must admit that for many years the first function has received m o re lip-service and platitudinous praise than serious consideration. There is urgent and pressing need for this University to develop a program of general liberal education which shall ::onstitute the basij: intellectual training for every man and woman who must be enlightened and free citizens of this Republic. Such program should include those disciplines that have relevance to a better understanding of man as a unit of civilized society and as a member of a democratic community. This course of general education should not be mistaken as a mere preparatory training'for some particular profession or for some highly specialized activity. Regardless of the profession or the course that a student will follow as his life career, this common core of basic education is essential for an understanding of the age in which we live, for an apprecia'tion of the values of life, and for the recognition of the true, the noble, and the beautiful. To realize this desirable objective, our plan involves the cultivation and development of these traits and skills: (I) The ability to communicate thought effectively and to read with 20 understanding materials of high value; (2) the ability to think critically and to make relevant judgments; (3) knowledge of the present status and past history of the culture and society of which we are a part; and (4) an understanding of the nature of science as an intellectual process. Primacy of Thinking We are in entire agreement to a well-phrased passage from a statement issued by the Alumni Foundation of the University of Chicago which runs as follows: "The purpose of general liberal education is not a job, but any job; not a profession, but any profession; not a staticin in life, but any station in life. Like the marriage vow, 'in sickness and in health, for richer or for poorer, for better or for worse', general, liberal education recognizes that no one knows what life may bring. Whatever may happen to you in later life, you will be better off if you know how to think, to think clearly, and to think for yourself." For the past many years, this idea of basic general education has b e e n neglected or submerged to the disadvantage of man and society everywhere. The college of liberal arts, which is supposed to assume full responsibility for the basic education of men and women, PANORAMA has been gradually converted into a dumping ground of all sorts of subjects. Courses have proliferated by addition of new ones and by division and fragmentation of those existing. This condition of things have resulted in the bewilderment and the superficiality of the average student. In some instances, the college of liberal arts has been drawn under the spell of specialists of all sorts. In other instances, it has been made to follow the primrose path of so-called life-adjustment courses. It has been led into an admixture of specialized and vocational studies. The total result has been that in many universities the college of liberal arts has ceased to broaden and to deepen the thinking faculties of the student, to develop his imagination, and to instill in him a discriminating sense of values. The individual who has gone through this maze of educational notions has but little concern for principles. However, he has acquired an inordinate desire for possessions, all kinds of material possessions, except what Lewis Mumford calls selfpossession. Confused Values ]T WOULD not be quite fair to place the entire blame for all this confusion on the administrators of colleges and JULY 1958 universities and on members of their faculties. Quite often they could not resist the pressure of many parents, legislators, businessmen, and other parties who believe that the immediate problems that beset them in their daily experiences could be solved by ideas or notions that strike their fancies on the spur of the moment. Very Ii ttle attempt is made to go to the bottom of many problems, to shift the flitting and the irrelevant from the permanent and the valid answers. There is indeed a great need for the training of men and women for all the productive enterprises of the land. They call for specialization. Technical workers are important. But we often forget that the men and women who can best answer the difficult problems of production, distribution, and management are those who can think for themselves and, therefore, th o s e who have been trained ttJ use their thinking processes. The Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset, writing years before the rise of Hitlerism and the s p read of Communism, viewed with grave concern and misgivings the growing influence of the dominant classes in many European countries. His reason was that these persons had in their hands tremendous powers of direction and leadership without possessing the 21 broad intellectual training which we have referred to at this moment as general liberal education. He therefore :>poke of the lawyer, the physician, the engineer, the politician, as modern barbarians, not unlike the vandals who conquered and destroyed the ancient Roman Empire and civilization and thus brought about the period which history has called the Dark Ages, a period of intellectual desolation pervading over the countries of Europe where the arts, the sciences, philosophy, and the refinements of life had once flourished. The revival of learning relighted the torches of civilization. This was generated mainly through the establishment of universities which precisely started their work by offering and discussing studies in general education, which at that time consisted in the Greek classics, and which may therefore be rightly considered as the original function of universities. Our insistence on the teaching of general education as we have described it should not be understood as expressing any measure of hostility against specialization an d vocational training. We cannot run away from this age of specialism as we cannot deny to our .::ountry and our people the material advantages which we could enjoy only through the work of the 22 specialist, whether he be a chemist, a physicist, an engineer, an economist, or some expert in business or technical work. At this particular time when our country is actively engaged in the promotion of industries, in the scientific improvement of our farms and fisheries, and in the careful exploitation of our natural resources, the University of the Philippines as well as o t h e r colleges and schools of this nation must devote a great deal of attention to the training of men and women for specialized and technical occupations. Liberal Education 13 UT IT rs precisely because our need for specialization is great that we should promote and encourage general liberal education with zeal and determination as a counterbalancing force for the maintenance and development of a wellordered society. The demands of society for the satisfaction of its physical and material needs are varied and multitudinous. They call for a great diversity of sp_ecial occupations. But every specialist may be said to speak a language of his own that the other specialists often find it difficult to understand. It is general education alone that can be depended upon to PANORAMA intervene as the integrating factor that works for harmony, oraer, and understanding am011g the different elements constituting our social system. Without this unifying factor, the danger of community and national disintegration, with all the evils it brings, is likely to be most difficult to arrest. Moreover, let us not forget that the pace of technical improvement and the rapidity of mechanical invention are so great that specialized skill acquired today may be outmoded and rendered useless the following day. Techniques often change with amazing speed. It may happen that the work in which the student has been trained in school will no longer be useful at the time he is ready to earn a living. Under these circumstances, the wise course to follow is to prepare an individual to become an expert not only in some particular field but also in the art of the free man and the thinking citizen. Ideal Citizen of a Democracy The special task of the University in this respect is to assume the responsibility of doing the best it can to develop the man who can judge for himself, think for himself, and plan for himself so that he can truly govern himself. This is the aim of general ·~ducation; JULY 1958 and the person who has truly acquired it is the ideal citizen of a democracy. It is pertinent at this point tc repeat a portion of the report of the Harvard Committee on General Education in a Free Society which reads: "The aim of general education may be defined as that of providing the critical sense by which to recognize competence in any field. William James said that an educated person knows a good man when he sees one. There are standards and a style for every type of activity - manual, athletic, intellectual, or artistic; and the educated man should be one who can tell sound from shoddy work in a field outside his own. General education is especially required in a democracy where the public elects its leaders and officials; the ordinary citizen must be discerning enough so that he will not be deceived by appearances and will elect the candidate who is wise in his field." Coming to professional training, we should remember that this is a traditional function of a university. From the earliest period of its history, the university devoted much of its attention to the education of the physician, the priest, and the lawyer. No wonder that these professions were known as the learned professions. 23 It is highly doubtful if the professions of law and medicine in our country today could, in their entirety, qualify to that appellation. But the University of the Philippines has consistently upheld and maintained high standards of professional education in all fields, and as evidence of this fact many of its professional colleges are accredited members of discriminating professional associations in the United States. It is common knowledge that the professional colleges of this University have been responsible for turning out. men and women who have distinguished themselves in their respective professions in th is country. Our courses for professional training have not followed :>tatic schedules but have been adjusted from time to time to the changing requirements resulting from the progress of scholarship and :3cience. The alumni of our professional schools have brought prestige and honor to their Alma Mater by their valuable services to the government of this Nation and to their communities and stations in widely scattered places all over the country. U.P.'s National Contribution \X) E CAN only speculate what might have been the state of the public health, the admin24 istra ti on of justice, the public works and improvements, the transportation and communication system, and all other phases of our national life had the University of the Philippines neglected the proper maintenance of its professional colleges. Our guess that country would have been the loser in these respects might not be exactly correct and conclusive; but considering that up to the outbreak of the last World War very few colleges had existed to give training for a considerable number of specific professions, it could be said that without the professional schools in this University many of the problems facing the country and calling for trained professionals would have been inadequately solved. · It has become the common complaint, of course, during the last few years that a number of professions are already overcrowded. We may well admit that quantitatively there is warrant and justification for this complaint. But qualitatively it is quite certain that the country still needs and will continue to need more recruits in certain professions which can very well stand a great deal of re-strengthening in their present state by the addition of better members and by the replacement of those who retire from the field. This University PANORAMA stands ready to produce that needed supply of professionals with technical preparation sufficient to enable them to render intelligent and satisfactory service. Teaching is not Enough But an institution of higher learning can hardly deserve the title of university should it remain a mere teaching center. It may be giving instruction of the most advanced type in literature, philosophy, the sciences, and arts; but that condition by itself does not make it a university. It may offer the most progressive professional courses; but that fact alone cannot yet qualify it as a university as long as it confines its work to teaching and nothing else. A faculty composed of the most efficient teaching instructors does not transform an educational institution into a real university, that institution which we have in our thoughts when we talk of raising the stature and dignity of our own center of learning and education into a great university. At the risk of being tediously repetitious, let me state once again: A university is distinctively an association of scholars and students engaged in the search for knowledge, in the work of advancing the frontiers of knowledge, in the disJULY 1958 covery of new learning, in the exploration of the higher spheres of thought to improve or to replace ideas that have ceased to be valid and true, and, above all, in the creation and cultivation of the spirit of discovery. Research, therefore, is the hallmark of a university. An institution that confines its work to teaching is not a university but only a school or a college regardless of the n umber of courses it gives, the variety of its offerings for professional training, the number of its buildings, and the size of its faculty and student body. It is of course true that even in the United States some centers of higher education still call themselves universities in spite of the fact that they are mere teaching schools. But labels do not make them so, and the informed academic world cannot long be misled. Research the University's Hallmark 1J OWEVER, let there be no 1 l misunderstanding: Hand in hand with research in a university teaching comes as an inseparable companion, systematic, inspiring, stimulating, and thought-provoking. That kind of teaching is the unmistakable reflection of the teacher's application to learning and the result of the discipline of research. Fortunate are the stu25 dents who are privileged to sit at the feet of such teacher. For in the words of a British scholar and College Principal: "He who learns from one occupied in learning, drinks of a running stream. He who learns from one who has learned all he is to teach, drinks the green mantle of the stagnant pool." The University of the Philippines has meant to live up to the requirements of a real university. Despite the inadequate description of its purposes in its Charter, this University has long been engaged in research; and in this task its modest efforts are expanding into subjects and fields that we consider vital to the progress of our country. Our energies are being directed to investigations not only in science, which is now the subject uppermost in the minds of many, but also in literature, history, economics, arts, and in other areas of human endeavor. For the progress of learning and the search for knowledge cannot be exclusively confined to any single department of human thought and activity. If the happiness of the community is a desirable goal, an unbalanced development of human knowledge will not enable us to reach that goal. 26 Vacuity in Productive Scholarship But in the spirit of true university-trained men and women, we have to admit that our achievements in research work, specially in pure or fundamental research, h ave not yet reached that point where they cculd be said to have advanced the frontiers of human thought or to have given our own distinctive interpretation of life and art. Living as we are in the region of Asia, we cannot fail but be impressed by the record of other Asians - Indians, Chinese, and Japanese - whose contributions to modern science, mathematics, philosophy, and letters have at present ranked with the best that the West has produced. It is high time that we look into the deeper causes of the paucity of our efforts to contribute to the sum total of man's higher intellectual possessions. It should be the concern of the University of the Philippines to look for the factors responsible for this vacuity in productive original scholarship. This is not an easy task. But we might find that incentives have not been made abundantly available to attract enough of the best minds of the country into the service of the University. Work of high scholarship and intensive investigation requires concentration on the part of the worker. This is naturally difficult to secure if he is burdened by a heavy teach:PANORA:MA ing load, if he is beset by financial worries arising from an inadequate compensation, if he has no time for leisure, if he is not provided with assistance that he considers necessary. No Incentives for Professors In addition to all these ·:auses, let us consider that it is not usual for a person to dedicate himself with a passion to a task, specially when the task is not of the spectacular kind, unless there is held out before him some assurance of recognition and appreciatio.n for good performance. Pubhc recognition an d acclaim are doubtless effective incentives to talent. T h e y have actually shown their drawing power in our country among our people in such professions as law and medicine and in such activity as politics. The honor, reputation, and prestige the general public has attached, rightly or wrongly, to these callings are certainly among the verifiable reasons why our youth have flocked into these fields of action in spite of their crowded condition today and the uncertainty of financial rewards. Wherever we see scholarship and science growing in vigor and vitality, there the professor, the scientist, and the scholar are traditionally treated with respect and accorded high honor and social deference. This JULY 1958 has been true in Germany which has given the modern world a large group of scientists, philosophers, artists, and other intellectuals. It has also been true in other progressive countries which have produced prominent intellectual leaders among their own people. Nowadays when Russian advances in science and technology have surprised many nations and have even disturbed the peace of mind of some of them, it is interesting to learn from publications of recent date that the Soviet scientist is rewarded with munificence and accorded high social prestiae and standing. His income b • f is reported as rangmg rom, $30 to $100 thousand a year. Paradoxically enough, this state of things disproves, at least in part, the Communist thesis that the profit-motive having nothing to do at all with achievement should be abolished once and for all. As we look into our own conditions, we hardly find any of these incentives for the development of intellectual leadership of a superior order. The professor of this Unive:sity, the leading institution of higher learning in this so-called show window of democracy in Asia, is given a remuneration so inadequate that it has almost degraded the profession of teaching and the work of the researcher. Under such circum27 stances, it is not easy to attract and keep many of the best minds in these occupations. Encouragement is Needed THIS RESULT is natural and unavoidable because a meager remuneration not only offers no protection against financial worries but also produces a depressing feeling of inferiority. This is aggravated by the fact that the professor and scholar in this country enjoy no social prestige much higher than that accorded to pedestrian callings. There are no :3pecial and regular pages in newspapers devoted to science, scholarship, and higher education as there are to society, shipping, business, industry, crime, or just plain gossip and :3candal. In such an atmosphere, the best minds of the Filipino race find verv little inducement to dedicate, themselves to the pursuit of higher learning. We who earnestly wish to see Filipino names in the roster of the world's leaders in science, letters, and arts should work at least for a change of climate to the end that careers in science and scholarship receive sufficient encouragement by some sort of substantial recognition and reward. Should this condition come to pass, we should be justified to expect the Filipino scholar to make his distinctive contri28 bution, no matter how humble and modest, to the store of human knowledge. As Arnold J. Toynbee has so appropriately expressed: "The transient scholar of the day would have done his intellectual duty and have won his spiritual cr_own if, in passing through This World, he had made it his business, following the example of the first two servants in the parable of the talents, to contribute one fresh thimbleful of water to the great and growing stream of collective human knowledge." The Error of Standardization But setting aside the subject of what should be done in the immediate future for the successful recruitment of men of superior talent, setting aside what might be called our social sins of omission, we would be recreant to our duty, as we see it, should we deliberately fail to point out what we would call our sins of commission in the realm of higher education. These consist largely in legislative and administrative acts and decisions that have cramped the style, to use an athletic phrase, of serious-minded and able educators of our country. I refer to the laws and regulations of the Government of the Philippines that authorize administrative officials to prescribe the details of the curriPANORAMA cula of all educational institutions, from primary schools to universities, the choice of teachers, and the subjects that should be included in the schedule of courses. Standardization is desirable in factories and machines. It is detestable in institutions of higher learning. The University of the Philippines has for a long time been exempted from these limiting and cramping interferences. But quite recently, laws have been passed requiring all institutions of learning, including the University of the Philippines, to include in their curricula certain specific subjects presumably in tended to enrich the students' knowledge of a modern language and to instill in their minds our cultural heritage. Freedom Is Essential We do not doubt the good and noble intentions of the legislator and the executive official. But the life of an institution of higher learning has never improved the achievements of a university when it interferes with matters involving academic decisions. Laws could help only when they confine themselves to enhancing the freedom of the university and the opportunities of the scholar. As Alfred North Whitehead rightly observed: "The modern university system JULY 1958 in the great democratic countries will only be successful if the ultimate authorities ·~xer cise singular restraint, so as to remember that universities can not be dealt with according to the rules and policies which apply to the familiar business corporations." Fifty years have passed since this University was conceived and created. Were we to apply the provisions of our general corporation law, this University as a corporation should now be ready for final dissolution. But as an institution concerned with the mind and the spirit of man, the university is a long-lived and hardy creature. Neither legislative nor royal edicts, nor the forces of nature, nor the vicissitudes of time can ·~asily limit the span of its life. Why the University Will Survive UNIVERSITIES have survived systems of government, dynasties, kingdoms, and empires. They have lived on .~md on from one system of society to another. The reason back of all this has been well expressed by Nicholas Murray Butler in these lines: "The university is the resting-place of those activities, those scholarly aspirations, those intellectual endeavours which make for :>piritua-l. insight, spiritual depth, and spiritual beauty, but which can 29 not be t;-ansmuted into any coin less base than highest human service." There is, therefore, but one cause which can effectively write finis to its existence. And that is when it can no longer advance the frontiers of human knowledge: when it ceases to be an instrument of intellectual freedom; when students and profes:::ors in their classrooms and laboratories grovel in abject obedience to authority; when it submits its judgment to outside directives. When that time comes, the University will cease to be an effective agency for human service and may as well count the hours of its life. May the University of the Philippines be spared that fate of dishonor and disgrace. May it continue to hold firmly the banner of intellectual freedom. Then we may expect it to rise to the full stature of a great institution of higher learning under whose wings the democratic way of life will ever find shelter and protection. Historical Note 30 Henry Clay, finding himelf in need of money, went to the Riggs Bank and asked for the loan of $250 on his pen:.-:Jnal note. He was told that while his credit was perfectly good, it was the inflexible rule of the bank to require an endorser. The great statesman hunted up Daniel Webster and asked him to endorse the note. "With pleasure," said Webster. "But I need som.e money myself. Why not make your r:.-:Jte for five hundred, and you and I will split it?" This they did. And today the note is in the Riggs Bank-unpaid. PANORAMA 1 Only one of the four meanings given after each worrl below is correct. Without guessing, choose the. right answer and then turn to page 74. If you have gone throiigh high school, yoii should score at least· eight correct answers. I. mutate - A. to silence; B/o change or alter; C. to improve, as in breed; D. to maky null and void. 2. scoff -A. to deny; B. to spank; <Vto jeer or mock; D. to scrub clean. . 3. contraption - A. a device; B. a ruse or trick; C. a doubtful plan; D. a hastily agreed plan. 4. incredulous -A. not embracing or encompassing; B. not disposed to tell the truth; C. not serious in intention; D. not disposed to believe. 5. pullet - A. a pure-breed animal; B. a young hen less than one year old; C. any female fowl; D. a young male servant. 6. copula -A. something that links or connects together; B. a dome or similar structure; C. a compulsory oath; D. a stimulant. 7. vespers - A. a religious service held in the early evening; B. the eve of a fiesta; C. a priest's assistants; D. a frock or tunic. 8. limpid - A. weak or feeble; B. lacking in humor; C. clear or transparent; D. pure. 9. askance -A. one being questioned; B. act of defending oneself in court; C. insignificance; D. with suspicion. 10. demur-A. to object; B. present contrary evidence; - C. to criticize; D. to separate or detach. JULY 1958 31 Hungary's freedom fighter pays the supreme price The violent contrast between words and deeds, between principles and their realization, is rocking the foundations of our People's Democracy, our society, and our Party. . . . An intensified estrangement . . . between the Hungarian People's Democracy and other countries in the democratic and Socialist camp as well, is now developing . ... The same applies to many aspects in culture, art, and literature, to the debates in People's Democratic countries, to the exchange of ideas. It is to be feared that, falling under the influence of our own propaganda, we may be on the brink of national disaster before we become aware of possibly catastrophic mistakes. WITH THESE words of warning, Imre Nagy, former premier of Hungary, addressed his countrymen on the eve of the short-lived revolution of 1956. The unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Soviet yoke ended in failure on November 4, 1956 when Russian troops crushed the Hungarian rebels and arrested Premier Nagy. On June 17, 1958, the Soviet official organ Izvestia announc32 By F. C. Sta. Maria ed the secret trial and execution of Nagy, along with General Pal Maleter and two other freedom fighters. This latest communist purge could be dismissed lightly as just one more liquidation in the course of the power struggle within the Kremlin. Nagy was a communist and therefore not exempt from the fate which potentially awaits everyone who plays the game. Stalin himself rose to power over the broken bodies of those he had executed. So why not Nikita Khrushchev, or any other Bolshevik for that matter? But the liquidation of Nagy takes more than routine significance when scrutinized closely. One reason for this is that the announcement of his execution comes at a time when the Soviet Union is actively working for the consummation of a summit conference with the Western powers. Presumably the Nagy execution will PANORAMA set back all efforts to bring about the conference. Viewed in this light the Russian move becomes really puzzling. For if Moscow were sincere in its desire to relax international tensions around a conference table, it would appear to be poor judgment on her part-to say the least-to time the announcement of Nagy's purge with the negotiations for a diplomatic peace. J T IS NOT unlikely of course that Moscow considers Premier Nagy's crime to be of such gravity that it is willing to jeopardize the chances of a summit meet. Hungary and all the other satellite countries must be taught a timely lesson. And that lesson cannot wait. Nagy dared to rear a rebellious head against Soviet despotism; he shouldn't go unpunished. The communists are tolerant enough to want peaceful coexistence with the anti-communists, but let no one make a mistake about it: they will not tolerate disagreement within their ranks. The other fact which lends significance to the Nagy purge is that Khrushchev has recently been suspected of reverting to the tough Stalinist policy. A few months ago he ousted Nikolai Bulganin from the Soviet premiership and installed himself into this No. 1 position in the Red hierarchy. BeJULY 1958 munist government in Hungary fore that even the most skeptical critic of communism was ready to admit Khrushchev's gentler manners. It was he in fact who three years ago denounced the barbarism of Stalin. From all appearances, the chubby Soviet leader would deviate from the sanguine and ruthless ways of Josef Stalin. It is reasonable to infer that Khrushchev has chosen to impose discipline with a mailedfist, and the execution of Premier Nagy could well be the signal of the advent of a reign of fear. Furthermore, many feel that in liquidating the Hungarian leader Khrushchev has given up hopes of living Tito back to the Soviet fold. But who was Imre Nagy, and why did the axe of communis• wrath fall on his neck? Was he a good or a bad communist? In leading the uprising of 1956, did he sincerely desire the freedom of the Hungarian people? Or was he, like any man in power, hope to gain more power and personal prestige at the expense of the people? As best as can be gathered from neutral sources, Nagy was a sincere communist, a firm believer in Marx and Lenin. His political career started after World War I when he was captured by the Czarist armies and taken to Russia where he fought in the revolution of 1917. Failing to impose a com33 after the end of World War I, he returned to Moscow and became a Soviet citizen and an expert communist propagandist. In 1944 he returned to Hungary with the powerful Red armies, subsequently occupying several important positions in the communist party as well as in the Hungarian government. He became Hungarian prime minister in 1953; was removed two years later for his liberal an ti-Stalin tendencies. Simultaneously, he was expelled from the Communist Party. It was at the height of the Hungarian rebellion on October 24, 1956 that, upon clamour of the people, he resumed his premiership. But within a month the rebellion collapsed, and Nagy sought asylum at the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest. In his place the Soviets put Janos Kadar, a former associate. On November 22 Nagy left the Yugoslav embassy with the assurances of the Kadar government that he would not be put to trial. Instead, he was seized by the Soviet security police, and his whereabouts had been unknown until the announcement of his execution last June 17. W AS NAGY a "good" or a "bad" communist? The question can obviously be answered only with either side of the Iron Curtain as a point 34 of reference. When he talked about the shortcomings of the Communist Party in Hungary, the Hungarian leader was no doubt speaking as a partyman, understandably anxious to bring about internal reforms lest, as he said, the regime be brought to "the brink of national disaster." He was in this sense self-critical and honest. But by pointing out the errors of the Party he failed to foresee the fatal consequences of his frankness. He could have looked back a few years and recalled a precious lesson from Lazslo Rajk, Hungarian foreign minister who was ·:!xecuted in 1949 for a similar display of independent thinking. Rajk was ordered hanged by Stalin for being a Titoist (but was rehabilitated in 1955 during the de-Stalinization campaign). Premier Nagy looke:.! forward-to a free and happy Hungary - when he should have looked backward, and in so doing committed a fatal error. Henceforth, no one in the captive satellite camp may dream of freedom without risking his life. Maybe the ill-fated premier had begun to see his country's desperate plight under communist rule. Against hopeless odds he led his people in a bold dash to freedom; he lost and paid with his own life. It can be said that any other regime. whether communist or not, PANORAMA might have done the same by Nagy. An armed attempt to overthrow a legally constituted government is a crime punishable by death. But is Hungary's a legally constituted government? The answer is clearly No. Whatever sovereignty the ruling Communist Party wields over the Hungarian people emanates not from popular mandate but from the Kremlin. This fact makes all the difference. Had the uprising succeeded, a truly Hungarian government would have emerged-still communistic perhaps, but Hungarian. And another Titoist regime might have been born. This is the disturbing prospect which has haunted Soviet Russia ever since Khrushchev downgraded Stalin in 1955. For in so destroying Stalinism the Reds also weakened the binding force of terror among the satellites. Within a short time Poland staged a bloody freedom riot, followed closely by Hungary. There was talk of similar upheavals shaping up in East Germany. Even in Communist China, restive millions excited by the promise of a new freedom, began talking boldly of the need to ventilate divergent views. Dangerously, the floodgates of freedom had been partly opened. But if Moscow had miscalculated, it was quick to correct its error. Within m on th s JULY 1958 Khrushchev was awkwardly rehabilitating Josef Stalin. That erstwhile Bolshevik did brutalize and murder to stay on the top, but he gave the Party a neat lesson on how to hold the satellite p e op 1 es together. Khrushchev would not overlook such a convenient fact. When the Soviet security police seized Nagy and General Pal Maleter, they plainly had in mind Stalin's grim legacy. And the question which keeps coming back is: Will Khrushchev now tread Stalin's bloody path? <J HE WIDESPREAD revulsion to the Nagy purge may be gauged from the reaction of such neutralist countries as India, which has condemned the affair as brutal and unnecessary. Polish Red Leader Wladislaw Gomulka likewise sent a letter to Moscow expressing displeasure at the execution disowning any part in it. So did Yugoslavia, its strong note stressing that "the Yugoslav government has received the sudden report on the secret trial and execution with deep bitterness." The note further denied parts of the Budapest announcement which alleged that Nagy and his associates continued political activities actively after obtaining asylum in the Yugoslav embassy. Angry demonstrations against Soviet embassies in New York, 35 Copenhagen and Bonn added to the din of widespread displeasure. In Moscow there were re ta 1 i at o r y demonstrations against Western embassies, which the New York Times however labelled as "not :-;pontaneous," - and probably were not. In Denmark and West Germany particularly, the rioters caused considerable damage on the Soviet diplomatic property. In the United Nations the committee watching Hungary was ready at the end of the month to conduct a formal hearing of the Nagy case. Bela Fabian, chairman of the association of former Hungarian political prisoners, served notice that he would give evidence of secret trials now in progress for 120 lawyers, physicians, teachers and students who took part in the October 1956 uprising. The world is awaiting the results of the United Nations investigation, even while late reports indicate that the Hungarian government has flatly refused to entertain the UN investigators. One thing that seems certain is that the Nagy purge will have a lingering and probably even decisive effect on the deteriorating relations between Soviet Russia and the West.-Philippine Journal of Education. The Difference 36 "Do you know the difference between the English, Scottish, and Irish?" 'No, what is it?" "Well, in leaving a train, an Irishman walks off without lc.-:>king to see whether he has left anything behind; and Englishman looks back to see whether he has left anything; and a Scotsman looks back to see whether anybody else has left anything." PANORAMA '1N MARCH, 1957, the latest -, in a series of deaths caused by inflammation of the pancreas at night occurred among Filipino laborers in Hawaii, on the island of Kauai. After a heavy night meal Julian Lorenzo Duran failed to awake the following morning, for picket duty at a strikebound sugar plantation. Dr. Nils Larsen, a Honolulu physician and former president of the Hawaii Medical Association, said, "I saw the evidence. There is no question but that we would have to consider this one of those Filipino death cases. It had all the earmarks. The victim goes to bed perfectly well. Then about midnight there is sudden death." In the past 26 years, Hawaii has reported at least 133 such "mystery deaths." The victims are always Filipino males, ranging in age from 20-26 years, but the majority between_ 30 and 40. Usually they are laJULY 1958 Medical puzzle By Max Tenorio borers in good health with little or no history of medical ailments. They eat a good meal with plenty of rice and go to bed. In the middle of the night they are heard groaning and gasping. The attack lasts only a short time, usually no more than five minutes, be f o re death strikes. One man died at noon, but he worked nights and slept days. Dr. Alvin V. Majoska, pathologist for the City-County Hospital of Honolulu since 1945 has printed a paper, "Sudden Death in Filipino Men: an Unexplained Syndrome," in the 1948 Hawaii Medical .Journal. The paper analyzed the deaths of 81 victims between 1937 and 1948. Dr. Majoska examined and discarded all the commonly advanced theories for the affiic37 tion. The medical paper said that the chief postmortem finding in most of the cases was acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, but "it is not known whether this finding is cause or effect." One suggestion was that the victims died because of something they had eaten. But the meal eaten by most of the victims, including the heavy ration of rice, is a common repast in Filipino males and females, yet only m a 1 e s are stricken. 7 HE PRACTICE of eating raw fish w as suggested as a cause. But Dr. Majoska explained that the Japanese .;:at raw fish with even greater frequency than do the Filipinos, yet the syndrome does not occur among them. \Vhen the theory was advanced that death was caused by fright or shock, medical proof was missing. Nor could malnutrition be the cause, because the victims are well-fed. The possibility of poison was ruled out by toxicological laboratories in Hawaii, New York and Harvard where extensive tests have been made. It is believed that only one man has survived an attack. He had been awakened by his roommate and to 1 d that he was strangling. He had been dreaming that "a little man was :>itting on his chest and choking him to death." Unfortunately, the medical world could not use the :>tory for scientific purposes. The same affliction is common in the Philippines, where the term derives from ·words for rising and gr.oaning. No Chicken 38 A famous surgeon was asked out to dinner. The hostess fdt that because of his professional training he w.~uld be the logical person to carve the chicken; so she asfced him to perform that little task. All did not fp well, however, and the bird slipped off the platter and landed squarely in the lap of the hostess. She was extremely embarrassed, but attempted to pass it off with a bit a pleasant banter. "Gracious, doctor," she burbled, "I don't know whether I would trust you to operate on me or not!" The surgeon pulled himself up to his full height. "You, madam," he said, "are no chicken!" PANORAMA KNIGHT OR BISHOP? - Greg ponders the momentous question, in this royal pastime come to a boys' dormitory. Superstition The Lubas Ritual and the Insane By Raymundo Manipon A MONG THE Pangasinenses, particularly those who live in remote barrios, there still persist primitive beliefs whose hold on the minds of these rural folks endure despite modern science. One such system of beliefs has built up the reputation of the manuma or herbolario in these areas. For instance, these people believe in the lubas - a quaint and unorthodox method of healing the insane through the ritual of washing the head with a specially prepared brew, And the secret of the lubas is handed down from one generation of manuma to the other. The complex ritual of the lubas is brought into play when the manuma is called to cure a man or woman showing symptoms of insanity. The manuma starts his diagnosis by scrutinizing the bellies of the children of the patient. He examines the I i n e that stretches down from the navel. It is the belief that the cause of mental defects is directly linked with the length of this line (sintas), which is well defined in children. If the line is absent, the patient is apt to act like a monkey. If the sinPANORAMA ta~ ~,1101\ :o-. then the patient may l't. iw 1 c like a child, short of !cmr1~r and easily irritated. If the line deflects, the patient may exhibit the behavior of a child or violent tendencies. This diagnosis also holds true if the lines overpasses the navel. Once the manuma has more or less ascertained the nature of the patient's mental state, he prepares the sumang or medicine. He asks from the patient's nearest relative a pair of chickens possibly of the same color, three bur.dies of arutang (rice straw), three empty coconut shells and a jug of wine. The manuma then prepares some very special herbs called canunong, a kind of epiphyte, founj only in the deep forests. For his purposes, he picks only those epiphytes that are found on certain trees. The manuma usually has a stock of various kinds of herbs - herbs for all kinds of ailments. Once he is ready, he designates a day, either Tuesday or Friday, ta perform the lubas. Early on the appointed day, he warms a can of water in which the h er b s have been boiled the previous night. While heating the water, he kneels before a corner of the house and invokes the spirits of the dead and calls to them to restore the mind of the ailing person. JULY 1958 Upon completmg this ritual, he pours some of the water into the laundry pond, takes the bundles of rice straws and sets them afire. He divides the ashes into three equal parts and places them in three coconut shells. Then, he picks up the chickens and obtains several drops of blood from a small wound he has inflicted in the neck. He mixes the blood with the wine and pours the mixture into the shells. If it is the man who is suffering from mental disturbances, he gets him to kneel facfog his wife. He also gets their child (with the navel-line defect) between the couple. Each of these three participants is then doused with the mixture in the shells. After the libation, the participants are asked to shed their dirty clothes which are either burned or dumped in the river. Finally, he anoints all three with coconut oil, tracing a cross on each forehead. This last gesture is supposed to clinch the ritual and end the patient's troubles. The remaining wine is served among the visitors; the chickens go to the manuma, who later proceeds t o th e famous shrine of Our Lady in Manaoag, kn own throughout the province as miraculous healer of people seeking peace of mind and comfort. -Saturday Mirror Magazine. 41 P OPOY always passed by N.ardo's place in going to school, not that he wanted to go with Nardo every time, but passing by Nardo's house was time-saving especially when Aleng Maria, Popoy's 42 mother, did not prepare breakfast early, or when Popoy himself did not wake up early. Passing the long way was tiresome too. The grass was wet with dew, and the sun had not yet fully PANORAMA risen, and Popoy was already on his way to school. His cap was tilted to the right side, and his shirt was not well tucked in, and some buttons of it were not in their right holes. His pants were wrinkled and dirty. He walked briskly. With his books packed like sardines in an old surplus army bag, he looked like a highwayman, although he was only a little of an inch above five feet. He whistled his way along until Nardo popped out from the door. With a comb in one hand and a bottle of pomade in the other, Nardo, who was still in pajamas, called for Popoy. "Wait for me, Popoy," he shouted. Popoy did not always drop in nor wait for Nardo every time Nardo begged him to wait, although, sometimes as he passed by, Nardo would already be out, ready to go to school. Nardo was just the opposite of Popoy when it came to clothes; even when it came to anything pertaining to physical appearances, Nardo was by far smarter than Popoy. However, Nardo liked Popoy because Popoy was good, companionable and studious. He never had any enemies at school. JULY 1958 "Popoy, read some," he requested, pointing at a pile of comic books. "No thanks," Popoy politely replied; he was disgusted by merely the sight of the comic books. He tried not to show his feeling by diverting the topic to school affairs. "Did you know that f11ther Joe scolded Pepe for being bad?" "Who Pepe?" "Don't you know him? Pepe, our neighbor, who else?" "What did he do?" Nardo pretended-as if he did not know. "What has he done, lately?" Nardo was sneering. "C'mon kid, tell me." Popoy was reluctant to say it, but then he said, "Pepe brought some indecent pictures to school and he was showing them to some of his friends." "Ha! ha!" Nardo sarcastically laughed. "I lent him those pictures. I know I'll never get them back but I don't care. I still have some." Popoy was silent as a stone. He looked around, and he saw that the house was dirty. It seemed to him that the floor had not been scrubbed for a week. "Why don't you like to read some of those thrilling comics? 43 Anything wrong with them?" Popoy was still silent. "Oh, just don't mind what the priests say. The priests are just telling things which aren't true." "How do you know that, Nardo?" Popoy glared at him with naked hostility. "Oh, come now, little friend; you don't understand." Nardo tried to calm Popoy. "Don't you know that there is such a thing as freedom of pursuit of happiness?" Popoy was getting confused, but before Nardo could continue with his p~rsuasive piffle, his mother warned them from the kitchen that it was almost seven thirty and they had their classes at eight. They had to hike for fifteen minutes if no jeep passed by. They walked out of the house. Nardo's right arm was over Popoy's shoulders. A jeep came along and they boarded it .. Popoy did not like to ride for he was saving his pocket money for other things. "Corne, I'll pay your fare," Nardo insisted. IN THE jeep, Popoy was very silent. He opened one of his books and pretended to be reading his lesson. Nardo looked from one side of the road to the other, and waved his hands at his friends they passed by. When he saw a lady or a high school girl, he stared 44 at her for a while and then when the jeep had passed her, he shook his head, bit his lips, and snapped his fingers, and uttered disturbing remarks like "O la la!" The other passengers looked at him and smiled at his uncouth actions. He enjoyed their attention, though. But Popoy was irked and wished he had walked instead. When the bell rang, the students hurried to their lines. Popoy was somewhere at the left end of the groups of students who lined in rows according to their years. Popoy was fl first year student and Nardo was a third year student. They were then prevented from seeing each other by the row of second year students. The school admitted boys only, from first year to fourth year high school. Popoy remembered that time when his mother was talking with l)i'rs. C)uz. Aleng Maria was intently listening to what Mrs. Cruz was saying, when Popoy happened to pass by the sala. He saw the punishing eyes of his mother and so he turned about. He hid behind the curtains and cocked his ears. He had heard something about a car whose plate number was 65000, when the conversation was interrupted by a loud knock on the door. It was Mr. Cruz. He came to fetch Mrs. Cruz. The women bade each other good-bye and promised PANORAMA to continue their not too pleasant tittle-tattle. When the guests had left, Popoy ran to his mother and asked about the car. Aleng Maria, ignoring him, resumed her task. Popoy became more curious. He had not seen the car before, and he did not know anyone among his neighbors who owned a car. He had no means of finding out about the car. Was the car stolen? he mused. He went to Mrs. Cruz' house to see if the Cruz family had bought a car. But there was no car there. He went to their neighbors; he found nothing unusual. That was three months ago. And he had forgotten ... but now, while following a different route on his way home, the plate number of a car just clicked in his mind. Was that 65000? he asked himself. Yes, I've heard of it ... yes t.hat's right, he mused. He stopped and thought for a moment whether to back-track a little and see if he was right or not. He decided to do so. He went three houses back and came closer to the garage of the fourth house. He circled to see if he was being watched. Then he went inside the garage. It was a black sedan, a flashy one with a radio antenna. It was still quite new. "How could this be a subject of a conversation? It's not extraordinary. There are many JULY 1958 others who possess better cars than this," Popoy talked to himself. "What are you doing here, kid?" a voice suddenly boomed from outside. It was a middleaged man, flabby and irascible. Popoy, pretending not to have been scared fumbled his way out. The sharp eyes of the man followed his direction. He kept on walking until he was :mre he was out of reach. Then he looked back. The man opened his car, rode and drove off. "Whew!" Popoy burst out with relief. "I'll never take this route again." A T HOME he was still curious why the car's plate number was mentioned in the conversation of his mother with Mrs. Cruz. Now that he had seen the car, he was more curious than when he had heard of it. "Inay," Popoy emitted with a persuasive tone. "I saw the car you and Mrs. Cruz were talking about." Aleng Maria was surprised, but she held herself back. "I saw it when I passed the long way from school," he continued. "Well?" Aleng Maria uttered with much expectation. "Whom did you see in it?" "I didn't see anything. It was just a plain car in a garage, and there was nobody in it. And while I was scrutinizing 4S it, a fat man came and he was angry. I went out as fast as I could. I saw him drive away. What's so important about the car, Inay?" "Nothing." Aleng Maria was relieved. She hummed and continued her ironing. Popoy shrugged his shoulders and picked up his yo-vo. He went out to plav One d a Y. :'\ardo. who was such a garrulous cass, said 46 something about his mother's going out till very late at night. "A good time for me to do whatever 1 like to do," Nardo remarked jubilantly. "I could stay out till nine thirty and come back before mother does." "Where does your mother go?" Popoy was curious. "Oh, I don't know," Nardo answered with disdain. "When will your father be back?" Another question was asked Nardo. "I don't know, but when my dad arrives, I'll have lots of beautiful things. He'll bring me a bike,. a pair of cowboy boots, and he'll probably buy a camera. He is in Hongkong right now." The two boys were silent for a while. Popoy walked faster-he almost joggedbut Nardo was keeping pace. "What's the hurry Popoy," he asked. Popoy was reticent. Then he added, "Oh, my dad'll probably be back in a few weeks, or probably a week from now." Popoy was envious. He did not say anything more. Days dragged on, and Nardo was getting worse. He was talking of things about sex. To Popoy, he revealed his plans to attract the opposite sex with a flashy bike. He would wear his new boots and would try to imitate Elvis Pr-esley or James Dean. One afternoon, Popoy deli· berately stayed late at school PANORAMA so that he would not see Nardo. He stayed in the library and pored over his books. He forgot about time. It was already dusk when he hurried out and ran home. On his way home he saw a black sedan parked in front of Nardo's house. The car must have broken down. Popoy did not bother to look a second time. He was in a hurry to get home. Upon arriving home, Popoy saw Aleng Maria with a dismal look on her face.· "Why were you late?" she asked. "I ..... " and before he could utter another word, he was pinched .blue. P OPOY DECIDED to join the dramatic club which had just started with its rehearsals of a play. He was told that the Club rehearsed every night at seven-thirty. If he joined he could avoid Nardo's companyat least in the afternoons. He asked his mother if he could. Aleng Maria allowed him to join. The rehearsals lasted for an hour and a half-quite late for high school boys to be staying out at night, but they could not help it. Their director taught in another school from six-thirty to seven thirty and in the morning he worked in his office. The first night, Popoy was filled with fear, but he braved the dark. As he passed by NarJULY 1958 do's place, his fear vanished. He saw the car with the plate number 65000 in front of Nardo's house. But its lights were out, and the lights of the house of Nardo were out too. Every night of the whole week of rehearsals, he saw the same car when he went home. Yes, the same car-plate number 65000 - always the same car. And in the morning when he walked to school, the car was not there. He did not bother to ask Nardo for now they were not on speaking terms. Sunday was the debut of the dramatic club, and Popoy stayed home and only went out for the early morning Mass. The Sunday papers were placed on the table. He picked up one. While he leafed through the pages, his eyes flashed over a column on the second page. It read, "Husband Sues Wife, Paramour." Popoy read only the title. That was insignificant to him. He was more interested in the "Mutt and Jeff" comic strip. During the presentation of the play, his mother was there, and the parents of most of the students attended. The women huddled close to each other before the program began. They were a noisy murmuring bunch. It seemed that here was a nice stirrmg news. Mrs. Cruz was the tale bearer. 47 Nardo was seated in the bleachers with some other boys. From the stage Popoy observed his mother. She was talking and participating in the conversation. The women were all chattering. But Nardo's mother was not among them. She was not there. Did Nardo's mother not come? Popoy thought. That is funny. I gave her the invi.tation yesterday morning when I went to Mass. After the program, Popoy was congratulated and kissed bv his mother. -"Doesn't she like our play, I nay?" They were in a taxi. They overtook a car. Aleng Maria was silent. "Why, that's the car, !nay!" exclaimed Popoy. "That was the car you were talking about, wasn't it?" "I don't know," was the dry answer. "But its plate number is 65000. I saw it. I'm positive." Popoy was v e r y eager. He thought he would at last know something about it. He was almost jumping with joy. He kept on asking as if he were a child begging for a lollipop. Aleng Maria was getting impatient. She frowned and looked at Popoy with her black punishing eyes. Popoy looked down. He was disappointed. He would never know. He would never be let in to a secret if it was a secret at all. His mind wandered. Then all of a sudden, he straightened up. Could it be that ..... He did not continue to think of it. He tried to escape it. It was the devil injecting bad thoughts in his mind. That was what Father Joe told him in the class when they touched on the topic of temptation. Then he turned to his mother. "Was there anything bad that ..... " "Don't ask too many questions, son," Aleng Maria cut him short. "You won't understand." Just Right 48 T o TAKE one's bath or one's shower at exactly the temperature one wishes is no problem now. A Geneva firm has perfected an entirely automatic m.ixer with a tube of fol<f.ed metal, filled with a liquid possessing a high coefficient of dilatation. All one has to do is to regulate.this apparatus by means of a button, graduated from 10 to 85 degrees Celsius, to turn on the tap, and the water flows at the required temperature. PANORAMA 10hilippine Vrehistoric Fossils Archeologists lind evidences ol life in Luzon hundreds of thousands of years ago PREHISTORIC fossil remains of many primitive animals which roamed the Philippines around 350,000 years ago have been gathered in Sulu, western Pangasinan, northeastern .Mountain Province and the adjacent western Cagayan province during the past few years by the writer and others. Among the finds were fossil teeth and bones of several species of small, early elephants (including the :>tegodon nnd Elephas), rhinoceros, primitive forms of the wild pig, antelope, JULY 1958 By Larry Wilson and other herbivorous and carnivorous animals, many now extinct. Based on the knowledge that years before a few isolated fossils had been found, the writer helped Dr. Ralph Koenigswald, famed paleontologist, to find more after the close of the Scientific Congress in 1953. Afterward, cooperating with Dr. H. Otley Beyer of the .Museum and Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, and financed partly 49 by the National Research council, we continued the search. In all we made nine trips to the fossil areas and brought back some 21 cases of fossil teeth, tusks and bones for the museum. Associated with the fossils are tektites, small dark glasslike meteorites which probably fell in showers sometime during the existence of these early animals. Of interest to folklorists is that these tektites and fossils were found long ago by the natives and used as charms or amulets In Cagayan, natives declare that the large elephant teeth are those of giants not yet extinct. Two are said to have been seen recently over Apayao way. They were about 18 feet high, mother and son. The son was the taller, but he was still sucking from the breast of his mother. It was reported that the constabulary saw her in 1938 stealing carabaos. Of interest to geographers is the fact these fossils are quite closely related to similar forms found in the Celebes and similar to those in Formosa and the China mainland while somewhat more distantly related to those found in Indonesia. This indicates connections with these other areas· in the not so distant geological past. Of general interest is the observation that, since the fauna 50 and flora in those early days were similar to that of China and Java where fossils of early men have already been discovered and since his primitive stone implements have also been found here, in all probability early man also lived here. We predict that some day fossil remains of early man will likewise be found in some fossil areas hereabouts. JN AN expedition to Cagayan last January, in company with Dr. Koenigswald and Daniel Sheans, the latter was the first to find a very primitive stone adze, one. of the first tools made by early man at the beginning. Early man probably just picked up a boulder to pound with: becoming more experienced he learned someway !lccidentally to chip off one side to make a cutting edge. This was what Sheans found near a fossil deposit. Afterward others were found by Dr. Koenigswald and also Don Kelly who went on one trip. • The fossils were found eroded out of the upper strata of the mile thick Ilagan sedimentary sandstones which we re washed down from the central Cordillera area upon the organic matter bearing (now oily) tertiary sedimentary series, of Auguegarao, Callao limestone, and Lubuagan coal measures in which several oil companies are PANORAMA now prospecting for oil in the Cagayan valley. Meanwhile the whole land mass was gradually sinking so that the surface remained at near sea level just as Manila is at present sinking at the rate of 0.13 inches a year. The land lay in a belt of disconnected basins and subsided without interruption during the Tertiary period. The climate was hot and humid while the w a t e r in the swamps was brackish, containing enough lime and other minerals to fossilize the bones and teeth of animals which died and fell into it and were covered by alluvial fine sands. The lime was also the source of the cement which bound the particles and sand into sandstone. During the early Quarternary recent time JULY 1958 this Ilagan sandstone was covered with thick tuffs and other volcanic matter washed down from recent volcanos bordering on the area. Meanwhile, because of the violent diastrophism or movements of the earth's crust, in which the Sierra Nevada and central Cordillera mountains were uplifted and shifted about, the wide flat Cagayan Valley was so caught in the pressure between the two moving mountain ranges that it started to crumple or fold. The oil geologists now exploring the Cagayan Valley for oil deposits believe that some of these folds or anticlines possibly now far below the earths' surface are so old that they trapped the oil before it migrated. 51 However, the anticlines on which we found the vertebrate fossils are observed to be quite young, formed in recent times, something like a hundred thousand years ago. In fact considerable movement is still going on. The natives report very violent recent earthquakes. 13 ESIDES violent changes in topography and showers of tektites, those ancient animals had also to endure marked changes in climate. The temperature was lowered, rainfall became much less and the vegetation changed. Where there had been a lush rain forest with succulent grasses the ye a r around, there developed a long dry season so that the big trees gradually disappeared and the grass in order to survive, developed a coarseness and withered to dryness during the months without rain. Not being ab 1 e to endure these the ancient elephants, rhinoceros and other large mammals died out and only continue to exist in such favorable environments as Africa and India. We also found signs of longtime prehistoric human occupation in the shape of stone implements and old Chinese pottery, but these people were probably in the hunting and herding stage. It has been the custom from time immemorial, to obtain feed for cattle, to burn off the dry grass in order that young succulent grass would spring up from the roots again. Proof Enough 52 "Gus,'' said Bill, as he caught up with Gus on the way back to camp, "are all the rest of the boys out of the woods yet?" "Yes,'' said Gus. "All six of them?" "Yes". "And they are all safe?" Yep," answered Gus. "They are all safe." "Then," said BiIJ, his chest swelling, "I've shot a deer". * PANORAMA A checkered history THE WORLD'S MOST GUARDED CROWN A COMMUNIST Minister of Interior and a Roman Catholic are among the six custodians of one of the world's oldest Royal crownsthe six-century-old Wenceslas crown. They are among the official custodians of the crown, which has been placed on the head. of twenty-two Kings of the former Kingdom of Bohemia. Under the decree regulating control of the historic jewels, six persons hold the keys to the seven locks on the heavy oak door that leads to the jewel chamber in St. Guy's Cathedral. jULY 1958 The seven keys are in th1 hands of four top leaders of the Communist regime - the President of the republic, the Premier, the Minister of Interior and the Speaker of Parliament; the Lord Mayor of Prague, and the Metropolitan Capitular Vicar of the city, its leading Catholic dignitary. The priest, the Rev. Antonin Stehlik, who has two of the keys, supports the Communist regime and holds one of its top decorations. Father Stehlik is acting as head of the Prague Archbishopric in the absence of Archbishop Josef Beran, now living 53 under guard in a mon.astery somewhere in Bohemia following his exile from Prague on political grounds. Regarded as a symbol of the freedom and independence of Czechoslovakia, the crown, one of the richest collections of jewels in the world, was made for the coronation in 1347 of King Charles IV of Bohemia, who founded the famous university here that bears his name. Charles named the crown after Wenceslas in tribute to the first Christian King of' Bohemia, who was martyred in the tenth .century and whose name is known to all Anglo-Saxons through the famous Christmas Carol. The Wenceslas crown has had a checkered history. A crown used for the coronation of Wenceslas had been placed uoon his head at his death of 929. But Charles IV's father, Jean de Luxembourg, in need of ready cash· to pay his mercenary army, sold this to Jewish merchants. Outraged by his father's action, and in need of a crown to put on his head, Charles IV had a search made for it in all Jewish shops. Only a solid gold cross was found, however, and this Charles IV had fitted to the top of a new crown, the one now lying in the jewel chamber of Prague Cathedral. The cross, inscribed in Latin with the words "Here lies a thorn from the crown of Christ," traditionaliy contains a thorn from the crown of thorns worn by Christ during his passion. Placed by Charles on Wenceslas' head, the new crown was removed for safety during later wars and kept awhile at Karistein Castle, near Prague, and then in Vienna during the reign of Josef II of Bohemia. After protests from Czech nobles at this exile, it was returned to Prague in 1791 in great pomp for the coronation of Leopold II. Peasantry lined the road most of the way, and the Mayor of Prague, brandishing a sword, stood guard per· sonaIIy over the crown in the coach. ~ ~ ~ 54 No Cause for Alarm "Oh, doctor, I'm so upset," said the woman. "My husband seems to be wandering in his mind." "Don't let that worry you," replied the doctor. "I know your husband - he can't go far." PANORA Ml\ g APANESE occupation was, for the Philippines, a more than special time-a late stage in the long ritual of its tempering. The shape of the present nation cannot wholly be separated from the bending and testing which left misshapen so many who, in their effort to survive, rationalized each weakness into a necessity. Consequently, when Aida Rivera chose wartime as the crucible for three of her five short stories, she was not only exploiting a natural symbol for humar. strain but also preparing a matrix (ideally a deeper receptacle than she managed) for the remaining stories whose relationship in this collection otherwise would seem tenuous or accidental. Now they share the fact of their being perspectives intent on man's moments of truth within the sharp sickle-curve of dilemma. The close geometry of a poet's kinship with wife and querida, or of kitchen maid to her ex-lover and the child of her unloved husband is congruent with the fractioning of people dividing themselves among conquerors and liberators and their own elaborate disguises; and this congruence is clearly not the artist's work but a design in nature seen and respected with something dangerously close, at times, to speechlessness; to awe. Miss Rivera gives the impression of assigning herself, against her will, a special role in the craft of fiction. What she writes is too knowledgeable to be called sketches; but if these are short stories, they are short with a vengeance: that is, their knowledge lacks one dimension. The context often is so compressed that the crisis is overpowering; its sharpness is felt like a sudden twinge. But the reader who stops to wonder, to understand, finds that the pain is a *Aida L. Rivera, Now and at the Hour and Other Short Stories (Benipayo Press, Manila: 1957). JULY 1958 55 symptom of something unexplained and, worse, unexplored. The story steps back at the threshold of sensation. ls this not what Nolan Miller really means when, after adjudging this collection worthy of the 1954 Hopwood Awards at Michigan, he still complains that "Young Liberator" should have been told from Ling's point of view, not from one noticeably alien to Miss Rivera? Em is not alien because he is American; nor are only his speech and actions contrived. Typically, the author has been satisfied with staging the gesture of crisis, a kind of charade; no by-play is allowed, no dramatic proliferation, no cross-examination of motive. "Young Liberator" barely escapes being a stereotype; Ling is nearly as alien as Em; and what Milfer is asking is, "Where is the insight? At what turn is the unspeakable somehow spoken?" Here, even the speakable is unspoken; the author's words, like her characters', have the ring of convention, not of conviction. Here was material for a short story: Philippine hospitality, left hand open-handed, right hand shriveled with the Spanish inquisition; innumerable other fictions, dependent on the interest that would individualize boy or girl. All Miss Rivera has done is to illustrate the drained and fleshless line-drawings of Teresita Sarmiento. \X) HEN structures are so compressed that one senses poetry as a model-lyric, rather than narrative-the suspicion grows that the author, laboring too long to avoid overwriting, has failed to see or say enough. Although none of the other stories, fortunately, are quite as pale as "Young Liberator," two others should have been required to serve their full hour in the sun. The situation in "Now and At the Hour"-murder of the collaborator falsely accused-is substance for minute inquest; but it is relegated to the status of "thriller" only, an entertainment in grotesque irony, because the killer-malgre no sooner i::rn.~rges from the community of characters than he vomits once and fades back into anonymity, leaving the story to superstition and St. Elmo's fire and other theatrical inconsequences. The texture of "The Madonna Face" is equally promising-the casual camaraderie of events in a girl's life during occupation; one waits, refreshed, for these to be given significance -but judgment passed on the girlfriend who gives comfort to the enemy is so stock and standard that the earlier details of day-to-day are not so much enlivened by the climax as 56 PANORAMA absorbed and deadened by their routine. The impulse to feel shocked is checked by recognition of the mere incongruity of what is allowd to become only an incident. What redeems "The Madonna Face"-the girlish ,c:xcitement and naivete associated with its young narrator-becomes, in "The Chiefest Mourner," a resource for authority. The commonplace quarrel between wife and querida is nourished by the absence of the man in question (his death makes human judgment trivial), but particularly by the everpresence of its complicated ,adolescent observer_ and commentator. Her innocence is both amusing and instructive; too young to be commandeered for acts of prejudice, she is capable of unselfconscious pity and unreasoned unders~anding at the apparent retreat of the querida. <J HE SAME paradoxical knowing-naivete, this time in a young mother, gives "Love in the Cornhusks" its quality as firsthand feeling. That her Bagobo husband is not described or discussed is as characteristic of Tinang as painfully copied language is of Amado whose first love letter, arriving too late, suggests the failure of communication between person and person, for whom these troubled lovers are epitome. But more important, her sudden shapeup when the child is threatened by a snake takes us to the other side of Tinang's dreams, one of those reserved places that literature is authorized to penetrate. Here Miss Rivera is at her best: the lyric-like tale of inexperience, fumbling towards a definition of what threatens the undefended shores of its consciousness; the young passion trying to take on weight and stature, trying to survive initiation without violation. But such tales can achieve proper form only if attached to characters appropriately sensitive and available: for then the central character is not so much a way into the narrative asthe narrative is a way into the character. The author who learns this wins more than prizes. JULY 1958 57 Literary Personality - XLll Infanta culalia: In a C9hina Shop WITH THE dying out of monarchies, pretty foibles have faded along with flagrant abuses. But the promise of a restored Court to Spain brings memories of the lnfanta Eulalia who refused to die until the present decade, at the age of 94. She had dedicated her life to making her royal relatives turn sable with rage and had occupied a place in headlines of newspapers more than at Court. In 1866, when she was two, she had been hushed away secretly to France by the Queen Mother, Isabella II. The revolution of 1870 ended only with Isabella's abdication; but when the Infanta's brother ascended the throne, the young girl was welcomed back from exile. However, she was never made to feel very important; in traditional Spanish good manners, she was flattered and ignored simultaneously. Like any adolescent she decided to be noticed. At the age of 22, the lnfanta wed a prince from the French branch of the Bourbons; but since her blood was superior to his - as such measurements are made - she disdained him, much as her mother had violently abused her own husband King Francis. She sought a substitute in the gaiety of international circles. Barely five feet tall, scarcely 100 pounds, the Infanta could attract more attention, en route to the World's Fair in Chicago, 1893, than all the expensive Spanish displays. Stopping over in New York, she wore her glittering gowns on the front seat of street cars in order to dazzle the masses whom she loved - as admirers. She ignored society's leaders who begged her presence at balls, in order to eat sausages on the Chicago midway, and she went to mass at a poor parish when she 58 PANORAMA was expected at a cathedral. Yet no one could be considered her close friend who did not have a bankroll as big as her ambitions. JN PARIS she initiated the practice of presenting American millionaires to noble families. For the gift of an automobile or the loan of a yacht, a tycoon would be introduced to Eulalia's relatives from every royal house in Europe. She found time for only two books, but they summarize the split personality of her life. Refused Papal permission for a divorce, she published her autobiographical Au Fin de la Vie, which nearly upset negotiations between France and Spain during the controversy over Morocco in 191 I. Her nephew King Alfonso XIII forbade publication of the work which she had written under the pseudonym Countess d'Avila. The notoriety helped sell the entire printing in France, but Alfonso threatened the end of negotiations, so impertinent were its insults to Pope and crown. She wired her nephew: "I am astonished that anyone should jduge a book before knowing what it is. Such a thing is possible only in Spain. Never having loved court life, I take this opportunity to bid you good-by, for after such a proceeding, which is worthy of the Inquisition, I consider myself free to live in private life as seems good to me." o;:· course, she meant a public kind of privacy. Principally a defense of divorce, the book also contained chapters on the conditions of servants, the working class and women. On one page she pleaded for equality of the sexes. However, on another she called women "enemies of progress." As for the poor, "let-them-eat-cake" was her unoriginal suggestion. In 1925 she published her second book, Courts and Countries After the War, an attack on the manners and dress of English women. Although she had sent two sons to Eton, no one had ever invited her to Windsor Castle or Buckingham Palace. ONCE SHE had owned five million dollars in gems, inherited from her mother, but carelessly she lost the jewel box in Madrid in 1935. _Her income was cut off. But so was royalty itself, as a result of such madcaps as herself. When Alfonso XIII was forced to abdicate, the Infanta retired to Paris to write her memoirs. In 1937 she was predicting that JULY 1958 59 Generalissimo Francisco Franco would create a new world out of the dust of the old. She was correct. Franco's ruthless Moroccan troops did, indeed, destroy the Republic which had replaced monarchy. There was a new but not better world. Under the pall of a dictator's vices, many longed for even the childishness of the Infanta. But she had danced her way through the china shop, breaking the very glass which made her glitter; and she had left only a tiny corner in which to die. 60 In the Philippines, Too! T HOSE fat Sunday newspapers in the United States would be the envy of a group of shrewd Indian tradesman called Kawadiwallas. The Kawadiwalla's hawking cry can be heard throughout India's towns and cities every morning. He is the man who collects old newspapers, bottles and junk. Old newspapers have a high scrap value in India. The price is expected to go higher in a few months because of the Government's decision to slash imports of used newsprint to save foreign exchange. India probably is one of the few countries that buy old papers from foreign markets. She imports about 20,000 tons annually, mostly from Europe. Old paper is utilized primarily for making conta2ners used by grocers, fruit and vegetable sellers. Such things as sugar, rice and flour are often wrapper in newspapers The housewife, especially in the middle and low middle class home, carefully saves papers and periodicals and sells them at the end of the month. She ;ealizes part of the cost of a subcription to a standard daily newspaper, which ranges from 4 to 5 rupees a month, or about $1. One pound of newspaper printed on good imported newsprint will bring as much as 5 annas, equivalent to 4 cents. One month's collection of a daily like The Hindustan Times or The Statesman will weigh four to five pounds. In some cases the weight will be larger because many papers issue several bulky supplements each month. A single issue of TheStatesman of ten pages-the average of most papers in the country-weighs about oneseventh of a pound. * PANORAMA Subject ol extensive comment in the press is the Philippines' current international reserves. Unfortunately, much ol what has been said tends to obscure rather than clarily the issues, since most ol the views expressed are plainly motivated by either individual or group interests. In this lirst ol two parts, Panorama presents an economist's objective analysis ol the situation. The concluding part will appear next month. i I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----l OUR DOLLAR RESERVES: FACT AND FANCY By Anacleto Lacebal Assistant Professor of Economics University of the Philippines PART ONE THERE IS some confusion about the nature and the purpose of international reserves. As the term itself suggests, a reserve is something kept in store for future or special use. Actually, our international reserves are composed of all our holdings of foreign money which are available for spending. Strictly construed, the international reserves should be limited to those set aside for a special purpose, JULY 1958 which is to tide over the country just in case, at any one period, the country can not sustain the level of its exports to finance its imports. Such a case may be a destructive typhoon or a widespread crop disease which might reduce the volume of our sugar, abaca or coconut exports and thereby prevent us from importing the same volume of commodities and services we have been buying abroad. 61 In these particular cases, the reserves would have to be dipped into. For all practical purposes, then, the international reserve is really the "foreign money savings" for the country to be used only in times of acute need. It is not really intended to be drawn upon unless, in the opinion of the administrator of these funds, the amount left after the withdrawal could ti de the country over from one export-earning period to another. To the extent that the reserve of international currencies is exchanged for equipment or machinery which, in the opinion of the administrator of these funds, might reduce the level of previously imported items, to that extent it may be safe to withdraw some of the excess above the minimum set. There is a rock-bottom level, and that is the amount necessary to sustain the existing level of imports for a period until exports could be built up again to be able to finance imports. The reserve is kept in dollars. Why are not other currencies used? Since the dollar is the most readily accepted foreign money today, the international reserve is kept in dollars. The suggestion that other foreign currencies such as the pound sterling or the West German mark and, for that matter, the Japanese yen, should form part of the international reserves 62 has been brought up several times. This proposal is based on the knowledge that these monies could always be used inasmuch as trade is presently carried on with the United Kingdom, West Germany and Japan. This seems to be a valid argument for an adoption of a multiple currency reserve. Yet there is the possibility and it is not altogether remote, that any one of these currencies may be unilaterally devalued, as was the case with the British pound. In the event that the devaluation occurs when British pounds or "soft" currencies (currencies not freely convertible into other foreign currencies) are part of the international reserves, the country will lose to the extent of the devaluation. Of course, the pound could still be used to buy British goods at British prices (which around the time of the devaluation will not yet have increased unduly), but its exchange value in terms of other currencies, including the peso, would have diminished. This is similar to holding some commodity whose price in relation to other commodities has suddenly dropped. The value of that commodity in relation to other commodities has decreased, although it is still the same commodity. If this commodity were exchanged for other commodities, it would require many more units than PANORAMA formerly to get the same quantity of other commodities as before. The "many more" units required is the loss incurred, and this is the extent of one of the risks to be assumed when other currencies than those not expected to be devalued are used as part of the international reserve. A s FAR as can be seen, there is the least likelihood of this event happening to the dollar, fer the dollar today is unlikely to be devalued. Most of the currencies of other nations are already overvalued in relation to the dollar and a devaluation of the dollar would only aggravate the :1tringent controls presently existing in these countries. Another disadvantage arises from the inability to convert these "soft" currencies i n t o other foreign currencies. Soft currencies are restricted in the amount and kind of foreign currencies for which they may be exchanged. If they are not allowed to be freely exchanged export earnings in a soft-currency country can be spent only there. A frequently neglected fact is the strong nationalistic flavor of domestic currencies. A peso can be used as money only in the Philippines; a pound only in the United Kingdom, and even the dollar, only in the United States. Some may JULY 1958 not be inclined to agree with this, in regard to the dollar, yet the dollar is not money in the Philippines. This seems to be a highly unrealistic position in the face of the frantic quest by the government, business firms and individuals for m o re dollars. While it may be conceded that the dollar is eagerly sought after, it still remains that the dollar is not money here and is not a "thing" which is ·::ommonly used and generally acceptable as a medium of exchange, a measure of value or for the other functions usually expected of money. Why not try passing a quarter_ or ·~ven ten cents to a bus conductor, a jeepney driver or even an itinerant vendor? The little sermon received for this attempt is not amusing: in itself, this is an indication that the dollar is not money here. Anybody who gets hold of dollar bills does not spend them in this country. An abundance of British pounds in the reserves does not help if the commodities desired are available only in the United States. In addition, if the articles desired are cheaper in some place other than the United Kingdom, forced purchases are made in the dearer market because the currency with which payment is to be effected is not exchangeable for the ·:::ur63 rency that is used in the cheaper market. Why should additional difficulties be deliberately shouldered when exports to all countries can be sold in the money that is readily convertible into any other money in the world? Sales should be in dollars, and purchases should be made in the places where the commodity is available at the time required and at the cheapest price possible. While it is possible to export to non-dollar paying countries, the fact that the currency of payment is limited to the market where it is accepter:l virtually dictates to this country the terms and the prices :it which purchases are to be made. These arguments should not be construed as advocating a still closer tie-up with the dollar. Any foreign currency can be used as part of the international reserves provided it is freely convertible in t o any other foreign currency, and is stable in value. The second requirement calls for an exchange rate whose fluctuations are limited to the narrow range set by its buying and selling prices which is just enough to pay for the administration expenses incurred in the conversion of that currency into any other money. NEED THE reserves be all in foreign money? At present the international reserves consist of some deposits in 64 banks in the United States which could be turned into cash after a specific length of time. The time deposits earn interest and add to the volume of the reserves. Gold and foreign currency comprise some :>ignificant part. Of course, gold can be readily converted into any foreign currency. A very small portion of the reserves is in foreign securities. In the recent inquiry of the Senate Committee regarding the status of the country's international reserves, th e re seems to have been a misapprehension over the fact that part of the international reserves is in foreign securities. As long as these securities can be turned into cash any time they are required, the administrator of these funds should be commended for attempting to increase the number of "talents" left to his stewardship. Even commercial banks make these investments of their idle cash in government bonds. At any time that cash is needed, they can always sell the bond back to the government at 100 per cent of the par value of the securities and collect in addition any accumulated interest. The cash is there when needed, and when it is not needed it is increased on account of the investment. This is the same principle to be applied regarding the presence of securities in the international rePANORAMA serves. These secunt1es are issued by the United States government and they could be turned into dollars when needed. At other times, instead of converting them into dollars, it may be possible to use them as the collateral for a loan in dollars provided that the interest charges on the loan are much less than the interest to be received on these securities. Did not our commercial banks have the same opportunity to invest their idle cash in Rehabilitation and Development, and in Public Works and Economic Development Bonds which yield 4 per cent tax-free interest? If additional cash is needed, these bonds are eligible collateral for a cash advance from the Central Bank, where until late last year the rate was 11/z per cent: even in this case the bank can have a gross earning of 21/z per cent. Did some commercial banks get around to using the proceeds of a loan from the Central Bank to buy more government securities which would h~.ve been used as collateral for more cash advances to buy m o re securities and so on? Since 1956, commercial banks could have done this up to 20 per cent of their deposit liabilities as the Rehabilitation and Development bonds due in 1959 would come under the evidences of indebtedness which mature three years from the date JULY 1958 of acquisition permitted by Section 21 of the General Banking Law, Republic Act No. 337. If the commercial banks can increase their earnings from the investment of their idle cash, central banks can do likewise. THE PRESENT difficulty with the international reserve is essentially a dollar shortage. On the individual level, there is always a dollar shortage •:!Ven for the Americans as most of them are short of the quantity of the dollars they like to spend. On the national level, countries trading with the United States are short of dollars as their exports receipts are less than their imports payments; the availability of international reserves sustain their import surpluses. However, these reserves are not inexhaustible and after :3everal such periods the import surplus country is faced with an ·~m barrassing dollar shortage if the level of its imports is maintained. Can this be avoided? Some local businessmen believe that "controlled ·economy, controlled enterprise and managed currency 'have only made things worse';" they have only confused the remedy fo_r the cause. Theirs is a complaint no different from that of a tubercular person who experiences a lot of discomfort on account of enforced bed rest. The resttraint makes him fret but it is for his own good that his acti65 vities are "controlled" until such time as his health improves to enable him to be gradually "decontrolled." Controls are instituted to attain certain goals, and if these objectives have n o t been achieved, failure can not be attributable to th e measures themselves if they have not been properly and fully implemented. Instead of complaining about controls, these businessmen should come forward with constructive measures which will make existing measures unnecessary. The proposal of the American Chamber of Commerce to "permit a free exchange of currencies on open market terms" will do away with the dollar shortage. The peso price of the dollar will go up to a point below the present black market price; less dollars will be demanded and more dollars will be offered for sale in the market. Both the decrease in the quantity demanded and the increase in the quantity offered for sale will lead to a higher price at which the quantity demanded will equal the quantity supplied: the quantity of dollars traded will be more than $555 million presently allocated. The solving of the dollar shortage this way, however, brings numerous disadvantages to the country. Among the principal ones are: ( 1) less dollars will be earned because of the 66 relative inelasticity of the demand for exports so that while more units may be exported, they are purchased at very low prices; (2) the terms of trade will be against the country as more units are exported for the same quantity of goods formerly imported; (3) the imbalance, and its attendant defects, caused by the predominantly agricultural structure of the economy will be perpetuated; and, (4) the increase in prices due to a devalued peso will lead to the poor becoming poorer and the rich still richer. In this connection the proposal of Salvador Araneta, former Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, to adopt a foreign exchange tax of 10, 25 and 50 per cent on the existing exchange rate, depending on the nature of the imports, is hardly meritorious. A multiple rate of exchange gradually deteriorates into a de facto devaluation, a condition which gives an opportunity for the few rich to spend their money in foreign markets but is hardly beneficial to the 211/z million others who will find that the few foreign products which are necessary for their existence will have been priced beyond the reach of their meagre incomes. THE DISADVANTAGES cited above are premised on the stabilization of the foreign ·~xPANORAMA change rate at around the present black market price. Far more disastrous are the consequences of a fluctuating exchange rate. Once the controls are lifted, there is a free play of all the forces of demand and supply on the foreign exchange rate·the indicator of the external value of the peso. As controls no longer limit the range of the fluctuations of the 0 ::xchan"ge rate speculation, capital flight, rumors of war, a Huk uprising in a region, a shift in government policy and similar changes can cause the demand for dollars to shift upward and the peso price of the dollar may go up to f'4, f'6, f'8 or PIO; correspondingly, the peso may decline in dollar value to $.25, $.17, $.12, or $.10. The increased demand will be accompanied by losing faith in the peso by the withholding of dollars for sale, and the accompanying decrease in supply will accelerate the depreciation so that the peso price may jump to f>6, 'PIO or f>l4, with a correspondingly fast decline in the dollar value of the peso from $.50 to $.17, $.10 or $.07. Nor do the fluctuations stop here; they may go up still further. These wide fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate for the peso is in itself the instability in its external value. Long-term contracts with foreign businessmen cannot be JULY 1958 made with any degree of assurance and, if to purchase prices sums are added for exchange fluctuations, the prices to domestic merchants and to foreign traders will be much higher and the volume of tradt! will be considerably smaller. If prices are stable, trade is more stable and surplus production, which is the basis of trade, is also stabilized. The goods that are obtained from surplu-s products exported or traded increa$)e the standard of living, an increase which is the primary object of an economic system. Where prices (especially foreign exchange rates) are unstable, production of surpluses for trade is unstable; the volume of goods and services available for consumption (the standard of living) is also unstable, so that instead of having a succession of days of plenty, there is instead a cycle of tightened belts and expanding waists - of austerity and prosperity. Controls and managed currencies are aimed at a continual succession of days of plenty; they are intended to wipe out or, at the least, mitigate the business cycle. A group of businessmen who call themselves producers (as if all who sell something which the public buys were not producers!) like to believe that the Central Bank taxes them a peso each time their exports bring in dollars. The Central 67 Bank gives them two pesos for each dollar earned and, since the black market rate is three pesos to one dollar, it is their assumption that if there were no controls, the dollar they earned would have given them an extra peso. It seems that the overvaluation of the peso because of the controls is depriving them of what they lawfully earn! Are they really victims of an injustice? If the controls were abolished and the foreign ·~xchange moved up to the present market price of P3 to $1, they would get less than $.67 for each unit they were formerly exporting and they would have to sell more than half a unit to get $.33 (in both cases because of the inelastic demand for our exports), so that they can have a dollar. If they can sell a unit now for $1, it is because of the overvaluation of the peso brought about by Central Bank controls. If controls are gone, the terms of trade are against their exports and they will have to export more than one and a half units to get a dollar. If the peso they have now has a high purchasing power in foreign markets, it is on account of the controls. It is true that the peso is overvalued in relation to other foreign currencies but the overvaluation is for the benefit of the country at large. 68 STRANGE as it may now seem, therefore, the dollar shortage is deliberately planned. It seems to be a lesser evil than the consequences arising from doing away with the present controls. The interference of the State in the disposition of one's income for other country's products, irksome as it may be to those few who have incomes to disp<;>se, is made for the benefit of the country, including in such benefits those who do not like it. Were it not for the worsened terms of trade that this country would have if the country retreated from its overvalued rate of exchange, and were it not for the perpetuation of the wholly agricultural composition of the gros5 national product and the consequent continued dependence on foreign countries for most of the manufactured consumer goods required, the controls would not have been instituted in the first place. Muddled thinking continues to characterize a majority of the proposed economic policies in this country. Among other things, this confusion stems from the identification of the interests of the individual or organization making the proposal with the interests of the country. If the proposal is good for them they believe it should be good for the country. An extension of this belief is the characteristic behavior of almost PANORAMA everybody who has achieved some degree of success in his particular field to consider himself in a position to diagnose and prescribe, not for his bodily ills or those of his loved ones, but of the country. Most of their remedies are merely palliatives, and it is not surprising that the body they treat is worse than before. Not only do these economic herbolarios pontificate on matters of which they have but a narrow view, but what is worse, they are in a position to carry out their remedies. Hoary with their past successful experiences of keeping the country going, albeit on a series of makeshift devices, with a m en ta 1 apparatus gleaned from the university of hard knocks (at the expense of those whom they knocked under), they keep on applying their salves and ointments over the various pustules erupting in the different places of a sick economy. As the disease becomes more acute and the economy contracts a variety of other related maladies, these economic herbolarios keep up with their ad hoc poultices in an effort to arrest internal malignant growth : it hardly strikes them that their remedies lead to results that contradict one another. The Philippine economy is a patient patient and the comatose condition it finds itself in again after the Bell Mission check-up is a consequence of the neglect or of the modification by local herbolarios of the prescription given by a team of foreign b u t properly trained doctors that composed the Special and Technical Economic Mission in I 950. Of course, "let us think for ourselves," but it is no use for the head of a state to go to a doctor or send for his team, if the medicines prescribed are not applied to the patient. On the other hand, there may be properly trained doctors around in this country, but they may conflict with the vested interests of the herbolari()s, hence they cannot attend to the patient. [Concluded next issue J Expensive Economy "Never mind the Giant Economy size, honey. Just get the smail expensive size we can afford." JULY 1958 69 Musical ambassadors The 13and Gverybody Loves 1 HE PHILIPPINE Constabulary Band, as cultural envoys, have done much to bring world recognition and prestige to their country. Since its organization in 1902 under the direction of Lt. Walter H. Loving, the b a n d has beer. thrilling audiences throughout the world and making a host of friends for its homeland. Their first appearance outside the Philippines was at the St. Louis World Exposition in 1904. The plaudits that the y(!ung band received there gave some indication of the glory which they were to achieve for. themselves and their country. In 1909, William Howard Taft, who had been instrumental in the formation of the band when he was Governor-General of the Philippines, remembered their fine performances and request: ed that they play alongsid-e the U.S. Marine Band during his inauguration as President of 70 the United States. T_heir appearance at the inaugural ceremonies was the first time that a foreign band had been so honored by the United States. Under the direction of Col. Loving and his successors, Capt. Pedro Navarro, Lt. Jose Silos, and Capt. Alfonso Fresnido, the band continued to provide the Philippines with a musical organization equal to the best in the world. Visitors to the Philippines came away with glowing accounts of the wonderful band they had heard. As the years passed, their fame grew and their reputation spread. Even as war clouds were gatherin~ over Asia, the band was performing before vast crowds at the Golden Gate Exposition in San Francisco. Then came the invasion and the occupation, with many of the musicians abandoning their instruments for rifles and grenades. Through the dark war years, PANORAMA the absence of the band's weekly Sunday afternoon concerts at the 1,,uneta served as a constant reminder to the Filipino people of their lost freedom. JN 1945, THE liberation brought the problem of reorganizing the Constabulary Band which had lost both Col. Loving and Capt. Fresnido during the fight for freedom. The task was given to Lt. Antonino Buenaventura, former direc!or of music at the Philippine -Military Academy and an outstanding musical figure in the Philippines. With energy and vision Lt. Buenaventura started rebuilding the band. Instruments were procured with the assistance of the U.S. Army and private benefactors. Dr. Goldman, recognized dean of American bandmasters, was greatly impressed with the Band during his tour of the Far East shortly :ifter the war, and made available to them the musical scores they needed. Soon the band was hard at work; the climate of regained freedom seemed to stir them to new peaks of ·~xcel lence. The reason for the band's successful rehabilitation can be found in the attitude of Col. Buenaventura. He instilled in his men a feeling of pride in their organization and each one personally strives to maintain his well-earned reputation. A feeling of team spirit is perpetuated through the band's policy of replacing retiring members with sons or brQthers of present or former members. In 1955, the Philippine Constabulary Band was desi1rnated by the late President Ramon Magsaysay to represent the Philippine government at the tenth anniversary of the independence of Indonesia. Their performances there were received with enthusiasm; congratulations and critical acclaim were forthcominl! from all the Djakarta papers. This warm reception broug-ht great satisfaction to Col. Buenaventura and his men, for in their first :ippearance before a foreign audience since the liberation, they had received the same plaudits that had been enjoyed by the pre-war band. Indeed they had fully lived up to their heritage as musical ambassadors of the Philippines. - Free World. Get wise, girls, the best way to get around a man is to hug him. * JULY 1958 71 I l ) 72 What to do with the ------~~~-----... SOCIETY, according to a psychologist, should not blame the youth for behaving the way they do today, because saciety has tolerated the development of a climate that could not but influence for the worse the character of the young. T...he only way to counteract the unfavorable trend in the training and education of the youth, the psychologist said, is to create a favorable climate under .which today's teenagers could develop into useful citizens. He recommended the following measures: 1. Ban films that show teenage and adult gangsterism and movies of crim.es and violence. 2. Increase the penalties for indecent shows and the sale and distribution of ,pornographic materials. 3. Re-amend the law so as to prohibit the operation of bars, cabarets, dancing schools and similar establishments within a radius of 800 meters from any school. 4. Educate parents in their duties relative to the moral training of their children and organize parents' clubs or seminars for this purpose. 5. Introduce character education as a separate and definite subject in the school curricula. 6. Amend the Constitution so as to allow a more effective implementation of its provisions regarding optional religious instruction and thus bring God to the schools. 7. Give the scout movement in the Philippines more impetus because of its salutary influence on the character of the youth. According to prison records, not a single boy scout or former scout has been committed to orison. 8. Organize youth athletic clubs and set up more playgrounds and gymnasia. PANORAMA One mark of an educated man is the possession of a reasonable fund of general information. The highly :.ipecialized individual, often dubbed an ••expert,'" frequently knows little or nothing outside his own line. Try yourself on the followina- questiona, then turn to the next page for the correct 11nswers. I. Of course you know that the famous Irrawaddy River flows in: A. India; B. Burma; C. Vietnam; D. Cambodia. 2. Frankenstein, that frightful monster of fiction, was a creation of: A. George Eliot; B. Jane Austin; C. Mary Shelley; D. Edgar Allan Poe. 3. All the following trademarks have one thing in common, except one: A. Eveready; B. Eversharp; C. Ticonderoga; D. Esterbrook. 4. If your hostess should offer you frappe, expect: A. delicately prepared pastries; B. a liqueur; C. a chilled fruit juice mixture; D. French condiments. 5. Executed along with Imre Nagy, as an aftermath of the Hungarian revolt of October 1956, was: A. Pal Maleter; B. Janos Kadar; C. Lazio Rajk; ~· Ladislaw Gomulka. 6. Your friend who referred to the death of a mutual acquaintance as having "passed away" was using a figure of speech known as: A. synecdoche; B. onomatopeia; C. hyperbole; D. euphemism. 7. The famous Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado river, is actually located in: A. Nevada; B. Arizona; C. Colorado; D. Utah. 8. The United States navy is developing a guided missile that can be fired from a submerged submarine, called the: A. Atlas; B. Polaris; C. Thor; D. Vanguard. 9. The lowest female voice is called: A. contralto; B. mezzo soprano; C. tenor; D. dramatic soprano. 10. In round figures, the Philippines has the following number of islands: A. 6,000; B. 2,000; C. 7,000; D. 8,000. JULY 1958 73 ARE YOU WORD WISE? ANSWERS PANORAMA QUIZ ANSWERS 1. B. to change or alter 1. B. Burma 2. C. to jeer or mock 3. A. a device 2. C. Mary Shelley 4. D. not disposed to believe 3. A. Eveready (battery; rest are 5. B. a young hen less than one year old writing implements) 4. C. a chilled fruit juice m:xture 6. A. something that links or connects together 5. A. Pal Maleter 6. D. enphemism 7. A. a religious service held in the early evening 7. B. Arizona 8. B. Polaris 8. C. clear or transparent 9. D. with suspicion 9. A. contralto 10. A. to object 10. C. 7,000 (approximately 7,100) 74 Novel Watch O NE OF THE most recent novelties found in the Swiss watch-making industry is a 'wristlet - watch with an indirect electric lighting system. This solves the problem of telling time in the dark much better even than radium figures on the dial. Mere pressure on the push-button causes the dial and the hands to be uniformly illumined by a tiny bulb, cleverly disguised to avoid any dazzle and connected with a miniature water-tight accumulator. The latter can be re-charged by means of a simple gadget, oold together with the watch, so that it is ready for use again for a period of six months to one year, according to how much use is made of it. F'ANORAMA lOWTOW (to bow in worship or apology) From the Mandarin k'o-t'ou, literally meaning "knock-head," comes this word which denotes servile or obse• quious conduct. JULY 1958 DENOVEMENT (outcome or solution of a plot) Obviously French in origin, this Anglicized term first meant to "untie a knot." NICOTINE (an active principle of tobacco) To Nicot who introduced tobacco into France in 1560, belongs the credit for the name of this substance found in cigars and cigarets. 75 Philippine Panorama - XLlll 7HE PmLIPPINE Military Academy was established on February 17, 1905. At first it was housed at the Santa Luci a Barrarks, Intramuros. The academy was established in order to train officers for the Constabulary. Three years later, on September I, 1908, the school, then under the directorship of Major James F. Quinn, was transferred to Baguio. It was not until April 14, 1914, when an act appropriating funds for its maintenance 76 and operation, did the school gain official notice. Two years later, on February 4, another piece of legislation was passed extending the course of instruction from th re e months to nine months. The official title of the school at this time was "Academy for Officers of the Philippine Constabulary." It was in 1916 when candidates for admission were required to pass a competitive examination. On December 8, 1928, the PANORAMA name of the school was changed to "The Philippine Constabulary Academy" and its course of instruction was extended to three years. It was not until the passage on December 21, 1935 of the National Defense Act did the academy become the present Philippine Military Academy with a curriculum that covers four years, the completion of which entitles the graduate to a B.S. degree. From the time of its transfer to Baguio until 1936, the Academy occupied the buildings on Constabulary Hill which was later renamed Camp Henry T. Allen, in honor of the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary. Later, the Academy moved to Teachers' Camp where it remained until after the outbreak of the Second World War. By this time, the Academy had graduated two classes un· der the four-year curriculum. The exigencies of war hastened the graduation of the 1942 and 1943 classes and before the Academy was disbanded in December 1941, two other classes had joined the defenders of Bataan and Corregidor. Within one year of the close of the war, on June 28, 1946, the Academy was reorganized. It met temporarily at a Station in Alabang, Rizal. It opened in Baguio on April 1 of the following year at its old Camp Allen site. JULY 1958 T ODAY THE Academy occupies its permanent site and quarters at Loakan, Baguio which is about ten kilometers from the city limits. The place has been named Fort del Pilar. In its 52 years of existence, the Academy has had 19 superintendents. Among these are Quinn, Major George S. Holmes, Major Harry G. Urham, Major Antonio Costosa, Major Clarence S. Bowers, Capt. Jose N. Evangelista, Colonel Ralph W. J ones, Lieutenant Colonel Charles E. Livingston, Colonel R o b e r t A. Dyckworthford, Lieutenant Colonel Orville M. Johnson, Colonel Pastor Martelino, Major Alejandro Garcia, Colonel Rafael Garcia, Colonel Fidel Segundo, Colonel Ramon Enriquez, Lt. Col. Tirso Fajardo, Patricio Borromeo and Brig. Gen. Marcos G. Soliman, its incumbent superintendent. Under Gen. Soliman, the Academy is alive to the nation's problems and the new developments in the field of weapons and military science. In the past, the courses at the PMA were essentially engineering courses. It was felt that with the growing complexity of warfare, w i th its scientific and ideological complications, a reassessment of the educational offering of the Academy was in order. At a meeting of AFP general stuff in February 1956, the idea of a tri-service academy was 77 developed. This means that the Academy wiil assume the training of officers for- the three branches of service-the' ground force, the air force and the navy. To study the proposed curriculum, a committee headed by Gen. Soliman was constituted. The committee examined thoroughly the curricular offerings of the important military and war academies abroad. It also examined the weaknesses of the curriculum of the Academy. The study conducted by the committee resulted in a plan that envisions a two-year general course for all cadets, two summers of practical training and two additional years of combined and specialized training for the various branches of military service. The committee also recommended the addition of subjects in political science and law to give the officers the necessary perspective that is invaluable in the conduct of modern warfare. The curriculum, in brief, was a balanced offering that included both general and special subjects. The plan also allocated the cadets to the major services at 45% for the ground force, 30% for the Navy and 25% for the Air Force. <y HE MISSION of the Academy as defined by the Soliman Committee is as follows: "To 78 instruct, train and develop the corps of cadets so that each graduate shall be imbued with the lofty ideals of courage, integrity and loyalty; equipped with the educational essential to his progressive professional development; and grounded on the attributes leading to readiness for responsibilities of the highest order in the armed forces of the Philippines." The specific objectives of the curriculum are: "I) To provide the cadet the motivation for lifelong service to his country as an officer of the armed forces; "2) To equip the cadet with a balanced and liberal education in the arts and sciences PANORAMA that will develop his powers and abilities to think effectively, to communicate thought, to discriminate amongst values, and to make relevant judgments; and will provide him with a background of general knowledge equivalent to that possessed by graduates of leading universities. The curriculum must provide for a broad development of the cadet to the end that he will become a valuable and effective citizen of his country; "3) To imbue the cadet by precept and example with the highest ideals of duty, discipline, integrity an Cl. loyalty; "4) To provide the cadet with a broad military education in the fundamental tactics and techniques of modern warfare and in the roles and missions of the combined arms of all the services; and to give him basic knowledge and skills peculiar to the major service he elects to join; and "5) To develop the cadet physically so that he will have the vigor to carry out the tasks of a leader in the armed froces." This phase in the history of the Academy is probably the most radical but it is a demonstration that the Academy is aware of the problems not only of national defense but also of modern armed combat. Shock-Wave Camera 0 VERSIZED shock-wave photos ot objects as large as jet planes are made by new technique, developed by Dr. Harold Edgerton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Conventional shock-wave photos are small, costly, made under limited conditions. With new method, object moves between billboardsized sheet of highly-reflective material, "Scotchlite," and camera. Camera's fast mechanical shutter, small aperture, and small high-speed flashlam.p set as close as possible to lens give effect of having cam£ra and light at focal point of spherical mirror as big as the glassbead screen. JULY 1958 79 7HE Massachusetts Institute of Technology unveiled recently a full-scale sunheated house. But the engineers acknowledged that it was not likely to become a best seller in areas in the far north, where the sun occasionally is bashful. The house is the fourth in a series of experimental solar heating projects in twenty years of research in the field at M. I. T. It is situated in a dev80 It's sun heated elopment of $16,000 to $35,000 homes in this suburban community about twelve miles from Boston. Members of the M. l. T. faculty and staff will be given the first opportunity to inspect the structure before it goes on the market. The house, two stories in height, has three bedrooms and two baths. The asking price has not been disclosed. When the buyer does move in, a separate access to the heating equipment in the basement will be maintained under a special argeement to enable M. I. T. engineers to gather data on the performance of the system. Heat from the sun is col· lected through an area of opaque glass an aluminum plating 640 feet square. Water, circulated through copper tubing, abosrbs the heat and carries it to a 1,500-gallon storage tank in the basement. The hot water from the storage tank is pumped through a heat exchanger that functions like an automobile radiator. This transfers the heat from PANORAMA the water to a stream of air. Ducts and registers carry forced warm air to the living spaces. The heat collector forms half of the roof, facing south. It is slanted at an angle of 60 degrees from the horizon. The system can take care of up to three days of clour.iness in succession if they have been porceeded by a stretch of reasonably mild and sunny weather. A small conventional oil furnace acts as an auxiliary for long stretches of cloudiness. The system is designed to use between 30 and 50 per cent of the total energy received by the collector. It also is designed to supply from 75 to 80 per cent of the total house heat through solar energy. For summer operation, the storage tank is refrigerated so that the forced air systPm may be used to air-condition the house. M. I. T. engineers estimated that the solar heating system would cost around $6,500, or about six times as much as a conventional system. But Prof. Hoyt C. Hotel said that such a system had a parallel in domestic food freezers. "You may not actually need a freezer," he said, "but you want one, perhaps, and if you can afford it you buy it and enjoy the advantages it brings." Atomic Airplane p ROPULSION System and Shield for the first atomic plarie are being perfected rapidly, say two General Electric A-plane specialists. Using "critical assemblies'' and large-scale computers, research teams are com.pleting propulsion-design probfoms in hours instead of weeks, according to Dr. D. S. Selengut. Despite many problems ol designing safe yet lightweight, anti-radiation shield for crew's protection, this program now is going "straight forward," according to Dr. F. A. Aschenbrenner, head of shield program at GE's Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion plant. JULY 1958 81 Illesearch lttlps Jurma ~ ECENT MAGAZINE a n d ]1. newspaper articles on research in underdeveloped countries would seem, by consensus, to indicate that man's grasp is usually equal to his reach and that heaven is easily attainable f o r all. Headlines look something like this: "Panamanian Fish Flour Revolutionizes World Dietetics." Typically, there follows an explanation of how research had realized so simply the incredible promise of this hitherto unrecognized product. But research toward better living is no different than the other sadly limited activities of mankind which are directed toward some good and useful end. Hard work, sweat, and even tears continue to produce most of the measurable progress. The problems of applied reser.rch in an industrially "simple" country like Burma often appear to have a relatively simple answer, but on closer in'-~'ection they are found to con82 tain a curiously hard and complex core. This core may be technical, or it may involve the human factor. Take, for example, one of the earliest of the projec[S undertaken at the Union of Burma PANORAMA A p p I i e d Research soon after Armour Foundation aided in lishment in 1954. Institute Research its es tabBurma had a major problem in the manufacture of its principal product: rice. Antiquated and careless methods of milling resulted in a proportion of broken rice as high as 40 per cent. The simple, direct answer to the problem was to replace the inadequate rice mill machinery - except that any large scale replacement was financially impossible. The Institute, therefore, over a period of several years developed a premium grade starch JULY 1958 tram broken nee and consulted with the owners of a defunct corn starch factory near Rangoon on moderate cost modifications that could be made in order to manufacture rice starch in quantity. However, during this ~ame period the economic picture in Burma changed from a market in which low grade rice went begging to a sellers' market in which all Burma's rice, broken or otherwise, is completely committed for the next several years. Interest in rice starch withered on the stem and no one knows when the economic picture may change sufficiently to revive it. Rendering problems complex that are essentially uncomplicated is the reverse facet of Burma's "problem in simplicity." One project was aimed at the extraction of caffeine from tea waste. Several exquisite and expensive methods were explored before an Armour Research Foundation specialist pointed out that the same or better results could be obtained by a simple hot water extraction process. JHE TRIVIAL project is a clearcut time waster, but it has been said with some truth that in this environment it may be necessary to repeat the work of others in order to prove once again that the results are obtainable. 83 This is a kind of technical education which is left to the univers1t1es in industrialized countries. In Burma it can serve a purpose and may be coordinated profitably with the modifications needed to adapt a wellestablished process or product to local raw materials, staff, or equipment available - that is, all those factors that constitute local environment. Burma's technical leadership upon assuming her independence in 1948 was naturally very scant. A program for the education abroad of talented young Burmese was set up at an early date. As these young scientists now begin to return to Burma, a number of problems in human relations are created. Some seem to feel that the acquisition of a desk and a peon (office boy) constitutes the most important f.:actors in proving the sizeable investment that has been made in them. They disdain hard or dirty work. This observation is a common one in other industrially underdeveloped countries. It goes along with and even helps to generate a degree of disorder and resistance to discipline unknown in highly industrialized nations, where competition for internal and external markets minimizes such inefficiency. Fortunately, there are many other returning young scientists who, with proper counselling and guidance, are providing an 84 element of productive leadership which eventually will infect so many others that Burma will begin to realize her vast potential for better living. A case in point is in the work being done at the Institute on paper and hardboard. The early leadership in this activity envisioned a pilot plant production facility costing nearly a half million dollars. It was felt that this was a prerequisite to effective research, but such funds could not be provided. Today a Burmese scholar is working with an ARF specialist in developing a whole series of paper products from shredded bamboo. Both men started the program using crude equipment, and proceeded to the development of a new process in order to attain the desired results. This process, now being improved further with better equipment, constitutes that part of the effort which is both original and most likely to result in a new industry for Burma. ~ F COURSE, the results of research never can be guaranteed and this axiom is one of the major problems in educating Burma to the long-range value of research. An attempt has been made at the Institute to balance long and short-range projects. There is nothing new or wonderful about this, but selecting projects which will best fit into one of these catePANORAMA gories rather than the other is no ~-·mall trick. \\-ith Burma's limited technical manpower and equipment, projects should have a quality about them that relates directly to fundamental local needs. Research related to rice, raw drugs, essential oils, ceramic wares, and native ores, are good examples. Projects in plastics, electronics, mechanisms, complex metal alloys, automation, synthetic fibers, and similar areas are too far from the grass roots to merit attention at this stage of Burma's development. A partial resume of the Institute's projects should be of interest. In the past 12 months the Armour specialist in unit operations has developed a laboratory scale extractor for rice bran oil which looks hopeful. The promise lies in an efficient and simple design which can be adapted to many of the rice mills now operating in Burma. It would permit the miller to extract, at the source, a relatively imperishable oil which, with little refining, could be turned in to a saleable product. With some additional refining, the oil could become a premium edible product. This unit offers several substantial advantages over classical methods of extracting: it avoids the well-recognized and major problem of bran perishability and rancidity, it permits JULY 1958 the introduction of the process on a sn;all scale from which it could grow to any scale that the demand might set, and the design can be scaled easily to a wide range of rice mill sizes and capacities. Current interest has indicated that with some additional publicity, the millers themselves could be expected to purchase the extractors and get the program underway. Also, the design appears to be patentable, in which case the government could license the uni ts both in and outside of Burma and draw royalties therefrom. A pilot plant is being set up in the lnstitute's laboratories to test further the solvent losses, yield, and quality of the oil on a commercial scale. R NOTHER pilot plant extractor will be used to investigate a wide variety of indigenous plants, herbs, bark, and other vegetation for the ·~co nomically feasible extraction of indsutrial and edible oils, tannins, spices, and naval stores. Preliminary an d bench scale projects in the extraction of lemon oil from lemon grass, cotton seed oil, palm jaggery, tannin from cutch, and caffeine from tea waste already have been initiated. This same pilot plant extractor will be used to extract, first of all, morphine and codeine from local opium stocks and, 85 later, to investigate the commercial feasibility of producing a wide variety of drugs for the modern pharmaceutical factory which the government of the Union of Burma has built recently. Appreciable quantities of acetic acid also are being produced in a crude laboratory scale apparatus by means of the destructive distillation of paddy husks. Design improvements now are being made. In the Institute's metals research department, equipment is on. hand to spark-test metal scrap for the new steel mill; for the precise pilot plant refining of lead ores in Burma to determine other recoverable .::onstituents at an economically feasible level; and for a similar economic testing of native ores via the electric furnace method. One also must anticipate the difficulty of selling a good research development once it has come out of the Institute's laboratories. A long-range program in developing methods for improving Io ca I pottery, tiles, bricks, and other ceramic products has produced a quantity of useful data over the past three years. Selling this information to the local potters and manufacturers of ceramic wares has become a major con~ideration in justifying additional laboratory effort. 86 Communications and transportation, equipment procurement, and maintenance, short supply of technical and leadership personnel, human relations, and instability are some of the fundamental but truly difficult and complex problems of Burma's present research program. A short Burmese proverb captures a small facet of this amazing country's promise. It concerns one of Burma's best known rivers, the Irrawaddy, and it says, "One may look on the Irrawaddy as a muddy stream, or a great silver river." It is either or both in its long reaches from Upper Burma to the sea. The simple problems, here, as in history, are shrouded in the mists of human defection and uncertainty, but inevitably these will lift to make this nation once again "Golden Burma . .:: -Frontier. PANORAMA ';eue-tJ1tama, , , , , , by Elmer 88 R Thought for Jpring . . . and for Rnytimt By John Eddy 1ltlf INTER comes and the world, like an old boar, is sick and ugly. Spring comes. The word is a Jamb again. It is a wonder that babies are not born with hardening arteries. This gyroscope is pockmarked by the disease of a million haggard years, and with the next slap it may go careening off its axis. How have we retained the idea of youth-of s,piritual youth even for the old? Why haven't we quit? We can't quit. All life confutes the black-eyed figure of despairing age . . . The sun rises fresh from its morning bath; the chipmunk ascends f.9 sniff the air; babies squall and mother-milk flows . . . · Dogs bark; cats yawn; boys shout; girls blush; jets plunge and cavort in the· cirrus; fishermen pound their chests and abuse the sun; thoroughbreds tap their way home; audiences surge forward and chant for an author; twilight squeezes the coldest he·art; the frigid moon sparks many a flame. W € can't quit. His energy, from the beginning impels us. As a child turns over a seashell, He builds pillars of light millions of years long, sp€ws red and blue galaxies, gilds the tiny crocus. It is His energy - His eternal virility - which keeps the weakly heart from withering. It is His absolute and incredible Youth which cen fire the blood of old Mother Earth and keep her cheerfully limping on. PANORAMA A FARMER'S ADVICE OVER IN Hermosa, Bataan, there's a farmer who is making his fellow tillers sit up and take notice. He is Rufino Castro, barrio lieutenant of barrio Culis~ who this crop season harvested 180 cavans of rice from his twoJULY 1958 By ALBINA M. DANS "Take care of your crop well" hectare farm while farm~rs around him got no more than 40 cavans. The 51-year-old farmer says that it's all because of the improved system of rice planting which he learned from the bureau of agricultural extension. With the help of municipal agriculturist Justo Carig, he planted his field to the new system and produced more than he expected, considering that this year the dry season was long and the soil was naturally parched and arid. Castro has been a farmer all his life. He has had to see four children through school largely on his meager farm income and now has a growing brood of grandchildren to look after. "Had I embarked on this new system earlier," he mused, "I would not have undergone as many difficulties as I have." On what he did exactly on his land, Castro related: "When I began planting my land to the improved extension system, I did so merely as a trial and to gratify my curiousity 89 about it. I felt there was no harm in seeing for myself bow my crop would fare if planted the extension way. I employed a number of laborers on the farm so I could follow to the Jetter the straight planting measure advocated in the method. I a1so used a certified seed variety, the Tjeremas variety. Before I sowed the seeds, however, I gave them the sa)t treatment. All the bad seeds, I threw away as animal feed and used only the good ones on my fie)d. "I also sprayed a )ot to insure against the occurrence of rice pests, using Aldrin as recommended by the agriculturist. For fertilizer, I used ammonium sulphate. Proper application made my crops healthy and vigorous. Likewise, weeding helped the plants a 1ot. 90 "Right in the middle of my experiment, the B.A.E. opened a farm institute at the provincial capital and f was chosenprobably on the recommendation of Guillermo Arcenas, our mayor with whom I share the land , I work on-to represent barrio Culis. What I learned in this institute strengthened my belief in the new, improved way of rice culture. "Only last week, the B.A.E. showed a film over here on rice production and I )earned a lot of ideas. Added to what I have )earned from experience and what I )earned from the training, I'd say I have a rich store of rice farming knowledge now." AT PRESENT, Castro has planted his field to a second crop, using the Tjeremas variePANORAMA ty again. However, he has made some modifications on the system as his land called for. he also carries a 'P2,000 insurance policy which he now finds comparatively easy to pay. Probably the most noteworthy result of his farming venture, he said, is the fact that he has been able to buy a brand new set of furniture -a thing his wife has been hankering for-for as long as he can remember. Besides this, To other farmers, Rufino Castro, the successful farmer, has this advice to give: "Take care of your crop well. Your life and that of your children depend on it. If you do, you will find that your crop will repay you well." Do It Now - If It's Good! The president of a large business concern bought a number of signs reading, "Do It Now," and had them hung around the office, hoping to inspire his employees with promptness and energy in their work. In his private office one day soon afterward a friend asked him how the scheme affected the staff. "Well, not just the way I thought it would," answered the proprietor. "The cashier skipped with thirty thousand dollars, the head bookkeeper eloped with the private secretary, three clerks asked for an increase of salary, and the office boy hit out to become a bank robber." JULY 1958 91 Attentiom All organization heads and members ! Help your club raise funds painless}~ . . . Join the Panorama "Fund-Raising by Subscriptions" plan today! The PANORAMA FuND-RAISING BY SuBSCRIPTIONS PLAN will get you, your friends, and your relatives a year's subscription to Panorama. The Panorama is easy to sell. It practically sells itself, which means more money for your organization. The terms of the PANORAMA FuNo-RAisING BY SuBSCRIPTIONS PLAN: are as follows: (I) Any accredited organization in the Philippines can take advantage of the PLAN. (2) The organization will use its facilities to sell subscriptions to Panorama. (3) For every subscription sold the organization will get Pl .00. The more subscriptions the organization sells, the more money it gets. ReadTHE MORNING JOURNAL The only Chinese Daily Newspaper with Editorials in English .Advertise - THE FOOKIEN TIMES The Leading Independent Chinese Newspaper with the Largest Circulation in the Philippines Tell your friends about Give them a gift subscription - they'll appreciate it! ( Krwwn in the U.S. as Miehle 11 Lithopr;nt) • The mol't modern Offset preu its size ( 14 x 20 inches) • The easies+ to operate with • centralized control panel and p button operation. • No dampening roHers to both wit+t its patented Rotafount, gi if19 mechanically controlled da ing. • Hairline re9ister-ideal for mu~ color jobs on any type of papei .at low cod 111>d great speed •. , Model R. 30/90 Actual Demanstration now going 011 You are invited lo see COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. PIUNTERS * U'i'HOGoiAPHERS * PUIUSHllS 1986 Benu, Sta. Alla Tel. Ml.-98