Panorama. Vol. X, No.8 August 1958

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Title: Panorama. Vol. X, No.8 August 1958
Issue Date: Vol. X (No. 8) August 1958
Year: 1958
Language: English
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extracted text: CONTENTS Articles Task Enough ...................... Free World 2 The Fall of Manila . . . . . . . . . . Roberto Fernando 3 Partyless Democracy .......... Manuel L. Quez0n 9 History From Batangas Graveyards . . . Isaac Bueno 18 Cross Currents in the Middle East .. F. C. Sta. Maria 22 Our Dollar Reserves: Fact and Fancy ........... . Anacleto Laceba[ 27 Enterprising Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 How Inadequate Are Our Highways? . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 A Tiruray Takes a Wife ......... Grace L. Wood 52 Correction, Mr. Blanshard . . . . . . Joseph Mclellan 60 Rediscovering Acacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Grow Grapes For Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ben Revilla 63 Tod Sloan and the MRA ......... MRA Pictorial 66 Corcuera's Holy Wrath . . . . . . . . . . . . Ester Pineda 68 Curved Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Solving the Maori Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Hero of Tirad Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sixto D' Asis 82 The Most Fantastic Car Race . . . . . . . . . . the Lamp 86 Fiction An Incident ................ Maximo Ramos, Jr. 40 Regular Features Are You Word Wise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Panorama Peek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Book Review: J. B .............. Leonard Casper 55 Literary Personality - XLIII: John Middleton Murry . . . . . . . . 58 Panorama Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 In the Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Philippine Panorama-XLIV: Sintangkai . . . . . . . . 76 Fun-Orama by Elmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishers, Inc., 1986 Herran, Manila, Philippines Editor: FELIXBERTO C. STA. MARIA Foreign contributing editor: Leonard Casper Art director: Rodolfo P. Perez Business Manager: MRS. C. A. MARAMAG Subscription rates: In the Philippines, one year PS.00; two years P9.00. Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S.; two years $7.00 U.S. Single copy 50 centavos. about the Panorama, the Philippines' most versatile, most significant magazine today. a year's subscription-NOW! they will appreciate it. SUBSCRIPTION FORM ·······--------; ____ 1 year for P5.00 -------------··-···- 2 years for P9.00 ···-·······--------- Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S. Na.me ------··--·-------------·········-·--·-·--···-·-------------------·---------------·-----·--·-·-··-·--------· Street -------·--·----------------------------------------------·--·······················-··········-----········· City or Toum ·····-···--·······--···--··········· Province ···-·----········-·······-·······-· Enclosed is a check/money order for the amount specified above. Please address all checks or money orders in favor of: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. 1986 Herran, Sb. Ana, Manila 2 s YMBOL OF ENDURANCE-this is how many Filipinos describe the University of Santo Tomas in Manila Catastrophe has been a stimulant: every time one has happened, this ancient university has picked itself up and gone on bigger and better than ever. It has prospered through insurrections, a revolution, war-time occupation, liberation, one strong earthquake and occasional tremors. And always the friars of the Dominican Order of the Roman Catholic Church, who operate the university, present a solid and dignified front to the world. Founded in 1611, a quarter of a century earlier than America's Harvard University (1636), Santo Tomas gave little promise of becoming the institution it is today. The Order's first quarters and classrooms were sheds; their floors were the packed, swept earth To teach, to preach, to build and to survive-these were, and today remain, task enough.-Free World PANORAMA ~-AUGUST 1958 Entered as second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dec. 7, 1955 VOL. X MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 8 60 years ago this month ... 1 HE FATE of Manila was sealed by the defeat of Montojo's Spanish fleet by Dewey's Asiatic Squadron in April 1898. The Spanish fleet was the last line of defense. I ts destruction exposed the ciBy Roberto Fernando ty to the guns of Dewey's battleships. On May 2, 1898 Dewey asked the governor to surrender the city. The answer was an emphatic No. Since there was nothing that Dewey could do until the arrival of the American land forces, he deployed his fleet and kept a watchful eye on both the city and the German fleet, of five warships commanded by Admiral von Diedrich, that menaringly pe trolled the Bay. The residents of the city started to evacuate. Hundreds sought refuge in the nearby provinces. The civil officials and the members of the various religious orders were among the first to desert the city. There were 13,000 Spanish troops committed to the defense of the city. Like the Americans, the Spaniards were also waiting for the arrival of reinforcements. By August, the Spaniards had constructed a system of earthworks and static defenses around' the city. The city was ctefended by 9.2-inch Hontoria and 24-cm. Krupp guns, all mounted toward the sea. During all the weeks that Dewey tried to effect the peaceful capitulation of the city, his guns were trained on the fortresses ready to fire on order. On June 30, 1898, the first U.S. troop ships, the City of Peking, the City of Sydney and the Australia dropped anchor off Cavite and landed four companies of the U.S. 14th Infantry and the lst California and !st Oregon Volunteers regi4 ments under the command of Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Anderson. The beleaguered Spaniards thought they were Spanish troops. The Spanish rescue contingent had been ordered back to Spain because of a rumor that the American fleet would bombarr the Spanish coastal cities. By the end of July, General Anderson's force was augmented by another group under Brig. Gen. Frank Greene and Brig. Gen. Arthur MacArthur. The Americans advanced from Cavite to Parafiaque. It was a force of 11,000 troops under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Wesley E. Meritt and supported by Dewey's naval guns that prepared to assault Manila. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo's army had wiped out all opposition in the nearby provinces. The Filipino troops, encouraged by the Americans' support, pressed also toward the city. They had already captured the railroad station at Caloocan, overrun Tondo, Santa Cruz, Pandacan, San Juan del Monte and on June 27 captured the Marikina waterworks. W HILE THE Americans and the Filipinos were both interested in the destruction of a common foe, there was no attempt to coordinate the movements of the two armies. Communication between the PANORAMA two groups was kept in the minimum although it seemed that both commanders were agreed on the common strategic goal-the joint storming of Manila. The negotiations for the peaceful surrender of the city went on but the governor was adamant. The negotiations were conducted through the offices of one Edouard Andre, the Belgian consul in Manila. After sometime the governor, Basilio Agustin, was replaced by Fermin Jaudenes. It seemed that Agustin had lost both his nerve and patience. Dewey tried again through Andre to convince Jaudenes that the military situation of the city was hopeless. But Jaudenes refused to give any definite answer. It appeared that he was hedging for time. In an official report dated August 13 cabled by General Meritt to the War Department in Washington, the head of the American forces said: "On the 7th inst. Admiral Dewey joined me in a fortyeight hour notification to the Spanish commander to remove non-combatants from the city. On the same date a reply was received expressing thanks for the humane sentiments, and stating that the Spaniards were without places of refuge for non-combatants in case it became our duty to reduce the defenses, also setting forth the AUGUST 1958 hopeless condition of the Spanish forces, surrounded on all sides with 11. fleet in front and no prospect of re-enforcements, and demanded surrender as due to every consideration of humanity. On the same date, we received a reply admitting their situation by stating the council of defense declared the request for surrender could not be granted, but offered to consult the government if time was granted necesary for communication via Hongkong. A joint note was sent in reply declining." It was the Archbishop who opposed strongly the idea of surrender. This opposition prolonged the siege and the hospitals and churches began to overflow with the sick. A terrible stench filled the city and as there was very little water, the filth piled higher and higher. <y HE BEGINNING of August found the Americans and the Filipinos very impatient. General Greene in exasperation crowded his lines and engaged the Spaniards in a bloody skirmish that he repeated every night until the day of major encounter. On August 7 Merritt and Dewey addressed an ultimatum to Jaudenes, informing him that unless the city was surrendered in 48 hours, operations would begin. There was s a repet1t1on of the request to retire non-combatants from the area of operations. J audenes' reply was quick: "I am without places for the increased number of wounded, sick, women and children now lodged within the walls." Two days later, August 9, the Americans repeated their demand. "Surrounded on every side," the note said, "by constantly increasing forces with a powerful fleet in your front, deprived of all prospect of reenforcement and assistance, a most useless sacrifice of life would result in the event of an attack, and therefore every consideration of humanity makes it imperative that you should not subject your city to the horrors of bombardment. Accordingly, we demand the surrender of the city- of Manila and the Spanish forces under your command." On the morning of August 11, Dewey requested the ships of the neutral nations in the Bay to withdraw from the area of operation. The English, French, Japanese and German ships complied. Since the start of the blockade, Dewey had been annoyed by the conduct of the German fleet. Not only did the German admiral disregard the blockade but he even went as far as to supply the Spaniards with munitions and foodstuffs. When Dewey requested the 6 withdrawal of th e neutral ships, he was uncertain of the behavior of the German fleet. But when the English ships maneuvered as if to join the American fleet, the Germans complied and withdrew to the open sea. The Asiatic squadron moved forward and primed their guns but the bombardment was called off because PANORAMA the army was not ready. The next day a storm raged and again the bombardment was postponed. fl T DAYBREAK the following day, August 13, two brigades under Greene and MacArthur advanced toward the city. Greene's force advanced along the shoreline in thc;l direction of Malate. MacArthur led his force further inland to the Singalong road. When the Americans and the Spaniards met, the Filipinos advanced. MacArthur smashed a Spanish blockhouse in Singalong but the Spaniards had set an ambush and when the Americans had penetrated their lines, the Spaniards fell on them claiming the lives of four Americans and wounding 30 others. The arrival of the supporting units turned back the Spanish thrust. There was stiff fighting around Fort San Antonio Abad but the Spaniards were eventually routed by superior firepower. At around this time, Dewey's fleet started the bombardment. The Olympia's sixpounders and the five-inchers of the Raleigh and the Petrel hammered the walls of the city. The bombardment hit one of the magazines of the fort and there was a loud explosion. The army signalled the fleet to stop the bombardment and within AUGUST 1958 minutes, the American flag was flying above the fort. Shortly after the capture of Fort San Antonio Abad, Dewey hoisted the international signal for "Surrender". At 11 :45 a.m. a small launch carrying the Belgian consul pulled alongside the Olympia. After a lengthy conference, Dewey announced that the city had finally surrendered. Before 6 :00 o'clock that same afternoon, the Americans had occupied the city. Of this event, Frank D. Millet wrote: "As we rode out of the shelter of the house into this open space, there was no one in sight in front of us. The dreary waste of the Luneta with its shabby bandstand, its scrubby trees and ugly lamp posts,· was quite deserted and uninviting in its baldness. The gray walls of the citadel frowned ominously in front, four-hundred yards away on a prominent corner a great white sheet, hastily tied by its corners to a swaying bamboo pole planted in the turf, fluttered lazily in the wind. To the left, as we galloped on, we glanced once at the great grassy mounts which concealed two of the famous Krupp guns." Greene and his staff officers were met at the Puerta Real by the governor's coach and conducted to the residence. There the formal surrender took place. 7 <"[HE FILIPINOS apparently did not know what happened because they fought the Spaniards all throughout the evening until 7 the next morning. The advance of the Filipino troops were prevented, by the troops of MacArthur. john T. McCuthcheon, another American correspondent, more or less explained why the 8 Americans checked the advance of the Filipino columns: "When the Americans entered the city, the insurgents swarmed in after them looting and pillaging. They established armed barracks on the Calle Real in Malate and extensive headquarters in the Calle Observatorio. The chief work of the Americans began with the presence of these insurgents. The Americans and Spanish were practically allied to prevent the insurgents from entering the city armed, and a force of about 300 were disarmed by the Americans. This aroused considerable feeling and it was noticed that Aguinaldo who still had possession of the waterworks -refused to let the water in the city. There then followed a long parley of negotiation in which Aguinaldo remonstrated that his rights as governor-general were just the same as those of General Merritt. The latter had the city, but the former had the country. It must have been rather humiliating for the American governor to find himself in a position where he could not direct affairs a half-mile beyond city limits." Merritt asserted his authority over Manila and requested Aguinaldo to withdraw his troops from the city. The Filipinos withdrew on September 14, 1898. .PANORAMA Manuel L. Que:i:an, Filipino statesman and patriot, was born on August 19, 1878 and died in 1944 as president of the 1 refugee Philippine Comm o n w e a I t h government in Washington during World War II. The article below is an excerpt from a highly controversial speech he delivered a year before the war broke out in the Pacific. PARTYLESS DEMOCRACY By Manuel L. Quezon I AM GOING to speak to you on the essence of democracy. After the Great War, it was assumed that the world had been made safe for democracy, for the great democracies of the world - England, France, and the United States - avowed that their objective was to make the world safe for democracy and to insure the sanctity of international treaties and covenan '5. While a few AUGUST 1958 monarchie.s continued to exist, the monarchs, with striking exceptions, had no governmental nowers. N e w republics were born, and dreamers and theorists thought that the millenium had at last dawned upon the peoples of the earth. Today, democracy is being challenged in all quarters. It is presented as a failure, not only by those who have no faith in the common man and who believe that the masses are des9 tined to be ruled from above, but also by those who advocate the rule of the proletariat and aim at a classless society. The last group asserts that democratic governments are, in reality and in practice, governments controlled by the property-owning class and run for their exclusive benefit, at the ex"ense of their victims - the mas.,es of the people. I stand before you as the opponent of dictatorship in whatever form it is presented, including the dictatorship of the proletariat. I firmly believe in democracy, in the soundness of its principles, and in its capacity to ultimately save humanity from misery and want, and as the only system of government capable of doing justice to every man, woman, and child. DEMOCRATIC government, as I conceive it and as Lincoln correctly defined it, is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. When properly conducted, it is the natural and the only system of government that should be acceptable among civilized men. If democratic governments have so far been controlled by the property-owning class-and, as a matter of fact, they have been - a n d if these governments, as a general rule, have been administered in the interest of that class and to the prejudice of the toiling masses, 10 it is because democracy has not been properly understood or rightly applied to serve the purposes of an enlightened and humanitarian government. It must be remembered that the concept of democracy, as a government of the people, by the people and for the people is, relatively speaking, of recent development, and the people have not had sufficient time to fully understand its implications and pursue the theory to its ultimate consummation. · There is need of discarding old ideas as to the extent and scope of the functions of governments, and the so-called sacrecbness of the right of property and of contracts, and of recognizing the social obligations of men living under the same government. The progress of democracy towards its fulfillment has been slow and costly. It has cost humanity a frightful ton of lives, and it is only in our day that democratic governments are beginning to realize their full responsibility for the we11-being and security of every citizen regardless of his station in life. Those who have faith in humanity and in the right of every man and woman to pursue his or her happiness, instead of despairing of democracy, should bear in mind that, after all, modern democracy as a bulwark of individual liberty, e qua 1 rights, and popular rule, is only PANORAMA the offshoot of the fight of the English barons against the prerogatives of the Crown which resulted in the signing of the Magna Charta by King John at Runnymede. So that, it was the nobility - a privileged class - that demanded concessions from the monarch, and the royal concessions were made for their benefit. It was only long afterwards, when the Declaration of Independence w as proclaimed by the American Colonies and the rights of moo were proclaimed during the French Revolution, that the bourgeois secured for themselves the rights and privileges of the nobility. And it is only in our day that the last stage in this fight for popular rule is beginning to achieve full success. A ND Now at the very dawn of this new day, the forces of reaction have come out and openly declared that popular rule is a failure, that democracy is a mockery. These forces have devised new systems of government based upon a new political philosophy which permits the concentration of unlimited powers in the hands of the head of the State-powers that include the right to deprive a man of his life and property without due process of law. And such governments are presented before the world as the only governments capable of attaining AUGUST 1958 national glory and the well-being of the people. The indictment against democracy is that it has failed to produce efficient government, and, like the old monarchies or aristocracies, that it has permitted the concentration of wealth in the hands of a privileged class at the expense of starving millions. But, as I already observed, the shortcomings of democracy do not destroy the virtuality of its principles. The best instrument devised for the attainment of human happiness is doomed to failure if misused, misdirected or improperly handled. Not even the blood of martyrs shed upon the battlefields and the scaffold will save it. But, is democracy inherently incapable of producing good and efficient governments? Are democratic governments truly instituted for the benefit of a privileged class? My answer to these two questions is in the negative. Democratic governments can be, in my opinion, as efficient as any dictatorial government, if not more, and democracy is certainly intended, by its very nature and essence, for the benefit of all the people regardless of their social station. But in order that democratic governments may be efficient, in order that they may serve the paramount interests of all the people and provide every family with security, it is necessary that we 11 revise - and revise radically - some of our ideas regarding the essentials of democracy as well as some of our ideas concerning human values. The fetish that we must discard is the discredited theory that democracy cannot exist without political parties;vfn the very nature of things, the struggle for power between contending political parties creates partisan spirit, and partisan spirit is incompatible with good government. Only in very rare instances can there be found men actively interested in party politics who are capable of disregarding party interests and subordinating them to the interest of the people at large. I have been in public life uninterruptedly since 1906 holding different positions. From my experience, I can truthfully say that patriotic men-even true patriots - are sometimes swayed by party passions and, wittingly or unwittingly, they jeopardize the public good for 12 party considerations. During the first years after the establishment of civil government in the Philippines, when for the first time under the American flag the Filipino people were allowed to elect their own provincial governors, and when political parties had just been newly organized and partisan spirit was practically absent, the general rule was that in every province the best man was elected governor. The same thing was true when the First Philippine Assembly was inaugurated. This was due to the fact that the majority of the people were in favor of independence and, therefore, the majority of the candidates belonged to the party of the people; but, as a general rule, the best men amongst the different candidates were elected to that Assembly regardless of their party affiliations. This was likewise true during the first years of the existence of the Government of PANORAMA the United States when there were no organized political parties and people were elected because of their personal worth and known patriotism and ability, and not because of their loyalty to any party. I dare say that the success attained by our people in selfgovernment is due mainly to the fact that from the very beginning the country has been practically united in the support of the men who have been elected to office and who have proved to be worthy of the confidence that the people have reposed in them. Inconsequential as the Opposition Party in the Philippines has been, it has perhaps unwittingly helped the ends and purposes of American imperialists. The charges and criticisms of the Opposition against the party in power have been used more than once to discredit the work and accomplishments of the Filipinos in the Government. T HE POLICY of having the Government take part in the economic development of the country to supplant the lack of private initiative, as well as to help the Filipinos to partake in the business and· industry of the country, was started under the administration of former Governor-General H a r r i so n when the Filipinos began to have an effective voice in the governmental affairs of their nation. It was at that time that AUGUST 1958 the Philipine National Bank was established, that the Manila Railroad Company was acquired and the Philippine-owned sugar centrals were erected. It was also then that the government cement factory was built. All these ventures wpich have meant so much, not only to the progress of the Philippines, but to the welfare of our own people, and which have proved to be money-making enterprises for the Government, were opposed and, once established, subjected to severe criticisms by the Opposition in the Philippines. And when during his administration the late Governor-General Wood tried to dispose of all these enterprises and sell them to private capital at a loss to the Government, his attempt found support from the Opposition, and only a determined stand on our part prevented the consummation of these deals which would have meant, not only the placing of th es e enterprises in foreign hands, but the loss of millions of pesos to the Philippine treasury. This is not because the men belonging to the Opposition Party in the Philippines were not so patriotic as those in the majority. It is only because of that baneful spirit which makes the highest and most patriotic men at times always see wrong in what the other party does. I am citing these instances, not 13 in a spirit of criticism, but merely to show the pernicious effects of partisanship. It was this same spirit which, after the World War, brought about chaos in Italy and opened the way for Fascism; it was the same spirit which, according to Marshal Petain, made it impossible for France to prepare for tl\is war as well as Germany. It is party politics that causes inefficiency i·n government; it is party opposition that causes delay in the execution of needed reforms; it is party spirit that weakens the government and makes it incapable of facing difficult situations. It is thus that in times of crises governments see the need of calling off partisan strife and getting the cooperation· of all parties. I am going to digress just a second. It is perhaps here where some of the young men, who are listening to me in this institution and outside of it, will be in disagreement with my theories. You have been taught to believe that a majority party and a party of the opposition are essential to the growth of sound democracy. You seem to have accepted that theory as gospel truth. And so the young men in this institution of learning, who should learn to have faith in the Government, are made to feel that only in the Opposition can we find men of independent character, men who love liberty, men wbp. are in14 terested in the well-being of the people. That explains why the majority of our youth look upon the Government with suspicion, if not ill will. T HIS CONCEPT of the need of a majority an d minority party is as wrong as saying that in order that a home m,ay be governed well, it is necessary that there should be a division, that there should be fighting all the time in the family. A nation is like a family, multiplied a thousandfold, and just as it is impossible for a family to be happy or to make progress when there is division among its members, when father and mother and children are at cross-purposes, so is it impossible for a nation to grow strong and accomplish great ends if the people are always divided, if they are taught to believe that patriotism means division. What is essential in a democracy is not political parties, but information and discussion; but discussion without animosity, conducted in a spirit of cooperation and not destruction. And not until people learn to cooperate rather than fight one another will democracy succeed in achieving the true ends of good government. The second slogan that must be thrown overboard is the theory that in a democracy individual liberty must not be restricted. Liberty is, of course, PANORAMA one of the most precious rights -natural rights of man. But civilization has made progress only at the expense of individual liberty. The forest man is the savage, the man who lives in the fastnesses of the mountains, recognizing no rule except his own will, no power except physical strength. The most cultured man is not the man who boasts of his freedom to do as he pleases, but the man who is capable of considering at all times the comfort of others even at the expense of his own comfort. It is not the man who insists on beiing attended first that shows the better side of his cultire and AUGUST 1958 education, but the man who is ready to yield his place to a lady or to another man. It is not the man who holds on to the first bread that is served, but the man who permits the other guests to serve themselves first, that shows hi_s culture. Liberty needs restraint. The exercise of liberty is good for the people only when it is accompanied by self-restraint. It is the abuse of liberty which is today causing the disappearance of liberty in many parts of the world. It is the abuse of liberty which has made the French people, the most liberty-loving people on earth, bow their heads today, not only to the superiority of the armed forces of Germany, but to the political philosophy of Hitler. Who could ever think that France, the French people, would be under a dictatorial government? The friends of liberty, of freedom -those who are interested in perpetuating it upon the face of the earth-it is their duty to see to it that liberty is not abused, b e ca use it is only through the restrained exercise of the right of freedom that freedom can be preserved. 0 RGANIZED society is predicated on the wfllingness of men to limit their freedom of action in the interest of the well-being of the entire community in which they live. There is no liberty without social res15 traint. It is only through necessary restraints upon individual liberty and the cultivation of self-restraint to prevent abuse of that liberty that democratic governments can offer peace and security to the people who live under them. Enlightened appreciation of, and respect for, human values must lead to the complete renovation of outmoded concepts regarding property rights. As I have already observed, the first who rebelled against the unlimited despotism of monarchs were the nobility who were the possessors of wealth. Th e y placed their right to their worldly possessions above the interests of the common _people. And so property right was considered so sacred that no limitation to this right was recognized. I have, on more than one occasion, adverted to the concept of property in the Old Roman Law which was expressed in the Latin aphorism jus utendi et abutendi, which meant that the owner of a thing had the right to do with it as he pleased an"d no one had power to interfere with that right. The old theory of democracy that the best government is one that governs the least is averse to any form of invasion of individual freedom and to any attempt on the part of the government to regulate business or industry, or the relationship between capital 16 and labor. Boundless individualism, unrestricted com petition, freedom to use labor as a chattel to be treated and paid for as the employer may wish, have resulted in the accumulation of wealth in a few hands and the impoverishment of large masses of the people. The old concept of property and property rights must yield to the demands of social justice in the interest of all the component elements of society. Our Constitution proclaims, not only the right, but the duty of the Government to regulate the relationship between capital and labor, and our Government is, therefore, in a position to avoid the repetition in the Philippines of the evils from which the old democracies have suffered and are suffering, provided those who are at the lielm of affairs of State have the courage and the will to make use of this governmental power to give each man his due. DEMOCRACY is indeed facing a great crisis. Whether it will survive or not in this part of the globe depends on youthe leaders and enlightened citizens of tomorrow. If we do away with partisan spirit; if cooperation rather than opposition is made the basis upon which the Government of the Philippines is to operate; if liberty is properly understood and practised; and if the aim of government PANORAMA is the well-being of the people as a whole and not of a privileged class, even if it be a property-owning class, then democracy in the Philippines will endure and we shall be able to demonstrate that the natural and the best government of man is the democratic government. I urge you to study and master the philosophy of democracy. Its logic and wisdom are unassailable. It is broad and resilient enough to permit its adaptation to the exigencies of progress and the times. It is here that statesmanship is in demand, for unless tnts -aaaptation is made properly and in time, democracy cannot function efficiently and effectively. In this task, pre-conceived notions of individual freedom and property rights should not be, allowed to obstruct reforms. We must look upon democracy as a living organism which can thrive only if it is adapted to its environment. Unless our democracy can show this capacity for change and improvement, it will be supplanted by autocratic rule. To av.Sid this is our common duty and trust. That Many-splendoured Thing "You think so much of your golf game that you don't even remember when we were married." "Of course I do, my dear; it was the day I san.k that thirty-foot putt." * "Oh, Lemuel, you're just awful. You sit there reading your old newspaper and not paying an.y attention to me. You dorlt treat·me the way you used to. You don't love me any more." "Nonsense, Cynthia! I love you more than ever. I worship the ground you walk on. Your every wish will be my command. Now for Gawsakes shut up an.d let me read the funnies." * "What do you call a ma.. ·-·ho's been lucky in love?" "A bachelor." * AUGUST 1958 17 Ole/ pottery may tell more about Pre-Spani5h culture 7 OWARDS the end of 1934, a group of workers engaged in leveling a piece of land on the Zobel hacienda in Calatagan, Batangas, unearthed a quantity of potsherd::. The workers did not realize the significance of this broken pottery. Fortunately, Don Enrique Zobel, the owner of the estate, saw the potsherds. He imme· diately realized that they were of Chinese origin and probably dated back to pre-Spanish times. He immediately notified the National Museum. A preliminary survey of the area was made and a large quantity of broken pottery was collected. No extensive excavation, how· ever, was made. Six years later, a Swedish archeologist, Dr. Olov R. T. Janse, heard about the discovery. He 18 By Isaac Bueno made arrangements with Zobel to carry on superficial excavation. Dr. janse discovered three ancient graveyard along the coast of Calatagan. The first was in Pinagpatayan; the second was located in Pulong Bakaw, a tiny strip of land that juts into the sea and the third was in Kay Tomas, a natural mound surrounded by swamps. All three graveyards ~ere within one kilometer of each other and each was approximately half a hectare large. Janse was interested in proving that the Philippines was influenced by the Dong-son civilization, a culture that originated around the Gulf of Tanking at the beginning of the PANORAMA Christian era and spread to Indochina and the East Indies. He excavated a total of sixtysix graves in all three places but the materials that he unearthed belonged to the early Ming period which covered the fourtheanth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The absence of "Dong-sonian" materials at Calatagan compelled him to abandon the project. Janse found native earthenware and Ming procelain-jarlets, bowls, plates and saucers. There were also some jewelry, weapons spindle-whorls and stone implements of the late Neolithic period. The relics were exceedingly well-preserved because of the limestone soil. The distribution of the material around the skeletal remains suggested that some sort cf funeral rite was observed by the early Filipinos~ Most of the materials excavated by janse were given to the Fogg Art Museum of Harvard but a considerable number of pieces remained with the Zobels. The war came and no further excavations were made. The Calatagan materials in the National Museum were lost or destroyed. Jt T THE beginning of this year, Fernando Zobel and Jose McMicking decided to indulge in amateur exploration. They went to Pulong Bakaw AUGUST 1958 and made exploratory diggings. They uncovered pieces of broken pottery and porcelain. The discovery aroused their enthusiasm and they decided to engage a digger. Soon whole and restorable pieces of porcelain and earthenware were being turned up. The wealth of archeological material in the area made the Zobels decide to call the National Museum. The Zobel and McMicking families agreed to pay the cost of a scientific exploration provided sixty-five per cent of the material would go to the Zobel collection. The remaining thirty-five per cent would go to the Museum. The Museum sent Dr. Robert Fox and Macario Santos. Fox hired six diggers at P2.50 a day. The excavations started on February I. The workers were taught how to dig properly. Dr. Fox stressed caution and patience. Ice picks and paint brushes were the principal tools. The ice picks were used to probe the ground. When an ojbect is hit, it is unearthed carefully. The pai,nt brush . 1s used to clean the object. Fox also stressed the importance of digging around the skeletons and the pottery. Around the first week of March, a boy approached Fox. His father, the boy said, had unearthed with a plow a stoneware jar. Fox went with the boy to look at the jar and the 19 place. It was the Kay Ton;ias field. The owner was preparmg the soil for corn when he accidentally excavated this jar and assorted potsherds. Fox hired three more men to excavated the Kay Tomes field. Later, however, he realized the difficulty of supervisi·ng simultaneous archeological explorations and he ordered work on Kay Tomas to stop temporarily. Excavation at Pulong Bakaw lasted for fifty-seven days. Twllhundred and two graves were uncovered. Fox was ready for Kay Tomas around April. The work on the new field was fast. The workers ,averaged five graves a day. In one month, they had unearthed one-hundred and fifty-three graves. <"[HE CROCKERY, according to Dr. Fox, are worthless a:S collector's items since there are many imperfections but they are extremely valuable from the historical standpoint. The information that they can yield will throw more light on the preSpanish history of the Philippines. Most of the porcelains are of Chine"e origin. Some probably came from Siam where the Chinese i'n 1350 established the famous Sawankhalok kilns. The porcelain and the design of the stonewares prove that the Phil20 ippines had close commercial and cultural ties with China and Siam even before the Ming period. While it is still Mo early to make any conclusions regarding the life and culture of early Filipinos, some tentative observations were made by Dr. Fox. According to him, the earl)' Filipinos wove cloth. This is suggested by the presence of spindle-whorls in the various graves. They also nsed iron. Rusty spear points and bolos were unearthed in some graves. There were also plenty of whetstones in the graves. The early Filipinos knew the art of ceri:: mies. The earthenwares founr:l with the porcelain were of local manufacture and they show solid craftsmanship. The found among the crockery. They buried their dead without coffin<;. There was a wealth distinction among the early Filipinos because some graves contained more materials than others. The early Filipinos followed an elaborate funeral ritual. Thi<> was suggested hy . the way the weapons, the jewelry and the crockery were distributed around the dead. After the excavated materials have been thoroughly analyzed, we may have a more definite picture of life in the Philippines before the Spaniards came. PANORAMA Only one of the four meanings given a~er each word below is correct. Without- guessing, choose the right answer and then turn to page 7 4. If you have gone through high school, you should score at least· eight correct answers. I. stampede -A. to mark with a dye or any similar instrument; B. ·to make a general headlong rush; ~ to fence off; D. to hurry or prompt. 2. intrinsic-A. not perceptible or apparent; B. just off the mark or limit; C. self-liquidating; D. ·belonging to a thing by its very nature. 3. elicit-A. ·to draw or bring out; B. not legal; C. to subtract from; D. to imply but lnot state. 4. foment -A. to criticize severely; B. to promote the growth of; C. to discourage; D. to cause to boil. 5. construe - A. to prove; B. to interpret; C. to analyze; n. to harmonize or coordinate. 6. opus -A. a work or composition; B. a short opera; C. a masterpiece; D. a concluding part. 7. germane -A. sprouted from a seed; B. extensively modified; C. artificially bred; D. closely related. 8. supine -A. supported, as by braces; B. thick, like gravy; C,. inactive or passive; D. abundant. 9. duress -A. order from the court; B. official uniform; C. compulsion or coercion; D. reinforcement. 10. vixen - A. female of the ox; B. an ill-tern pered woman;. C. full of hatred; D. over-aged. AUGUST 1958 21 What are they lighting for? in the MIDDLE EAST S INCE THE end of the last global war the world has moved uncertainly from crisis to crisis. Recent developments in the Middle East, which almost triggered a shooting war, showed that the odds are still great against a stable peace. The issues separating the big powers seem sharper then even. It looks as if at the slightest pressure the state of tension would erupt into a conflagration. It is safe to say that the latest happenings in the Mideast did not come about unexpectedly. Restlessness has characterized the seething masses in this area for the past few years, because of a number of factors. Foremost among these perhaps are the struggle for power between Soviet Russia and the West, the religious problem and the newly born, aggressive nationalism of the Arabs. 22 By F. C. Sta. Maria But the whole picture is ge111erally so confused that to attempt a brief appraisal is to invite the risk of over-simplification. Thus the downfall of the proWestern Iraq regime in a lightning coup last month is probably as much the consequence of intense Iraq nationalism as it is the impatience over royalty or over corrupt government. The landing of American marines at Lebanon could be interpreted as a genuine desire to protect a democratic state on the part of the United States; but it could also mean that America is ready and able to protect American lives and American oil. Besides the Middle East countries themselves, the chief protagonists in this postwar drama are Great Britain, France and PANORAMA the United States on the Qne hand and Soviet Russia on the other. A possible third force would consist of the uncommitted countries, headed by neutralist India. What does each of them want, and how does each one stand against the background of cross-purposes and tangled issues in the Arab land? HISTORICALLY, Great Britain and France have been the great colonial powers in the Mideast. Until very recent times they have swayed the proud rod of empire over most of these countries, all the way from North Africa, eastward across the Mediterranean to the southern tip of the Asian continent, and beyond. Bluntly stated, Britain and France are desperately clinging on to their position of dominance in the Middle East. The swift liquidation of their extensive holdings after World War II is a sudden and painful experience which they cannot accept gracefully. The accompanying loss of wealth and prestige is too much for the average Britisher and Frenchman to take. When Egypt's Nasser succeeded in nationalizing the Suez Canal two years ago, AngloFrench power suffered its last major defeat in the Mediterranean. The British and the French are still smarting under AUGUST 1958 this defeat. They would grab the first opportunity to even up the score with crafty Nasser. Soviet Russia on her part has for many years craved an outlet in the warm Mediterranean waters. She would also welcome a chance to control the vital waters of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, st rate g ically linked by the Suez Canal. It can be said in this regard that the Russians have suffeerd an acute case of historical frustration; if they play their hand well, they might, without getting actually involved in war, make the Middle East game profitable for themselves. Add to this fact, of course, the lure of abundant oil, which the Soviet could use. Among the main protago;nists, the United States has assumed the most difficult role. While playing the part of a just arbiter, seemingly concerned with the preservation of democratic freedom, her actuations in this part of the world have given rise to justifiable criticism. The American position is paradoxical. Traditionally and from the viewpoint of practical necessity, the U.S. must support its British and Fre!nch allies. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is the shining bulwark of their military and political cooperation. Clearly, the United States cannot afford to antagonize her tested friends and allies in the Middle East, 23 or anywhere else for that matter. Even reluctantly, American foreign policy must support the colonial ambitions of France and Britain. Probably the only exception in recent history was the Suez invasion, in which the United States took an opposite position-and almost caused a permanent rift with her allies. There are those who would interpret America's motives as purely selfish and mercenary. As one American editor put it, stripped of all the trimmings, America is fighting for Middle East oil. While this may represent an extreme view, it smacks uncomfortably of the truth. Published figures place American ownership and control of Iraq's oil at 47 percent. Iraq is reputed to be the seventh largest oil producer in the world. If Saudi Arabia, which is possibly the largest world producer of this precious fluid, and the other Mideast countries are taken into account, the figure would be even more impressive, since American investment in these other places is quite heavy. The prompt recognition by Washington of the rebel Iraq government-barely two weeks after the brutal murder of King Feisal and the overthrow of the royal regime - was obviously prompted by the announcement that the new government would recognize American oil conces24 sions in Iraq. It is futile to deny the connection. But why did the U.S. marines land on Lebanon which has no oil? Because, among other reasons, Lebanon is the outlet of great oil pipe lines from both Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Under enemy hands, Lebanon might load oil on hostile ships. S UBJECT OF all these maneuvers and intrigues are the Middle East countries themselves: Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iran, Lebanon,Israel, Syria (which with Egypt formed the United Arab Republic a few months ago), Turkey, Kuwait, Yemen, Oman and Aden. Some would include Afghanistan Pakistan, farther east. Predominantly Arab, these countries have nevertheless been plagued with religious wars through the ages. Israel itself was carved out of the former Palestine to give religious refuge to the Jews. But the Israelites have since existed in mortal dread of their Arab neighbors; and Lebanon, which is half Christian and half Moslem, has also been greatly disturbed by the religious problem. In point of material wealth, the Mideast peoples have grovelled in abject poverty through centuries, although paradoxically enough they are sitting on the richest oil deposit in the world. The upsurge of nationPANORAMA alism, often credited to the direct inspiration of Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, is in a sense an assertion of the birthbright of these impoverished. peoples. Political enlightenment usually comes only with economic emancipation. The Arabs have awakened to the exploitatio;n of foreigners; they would now fight to the death to make their polit i c a 1 freedom complete by achieving economic emancipation. In 1955, when communists infiltration in the Middle East became patent, Great Britain hastily formed the Baghdad Pact. Iraq was the only Arab nation that joined the alliance, the other members being Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Britain herself. At about the same time the United States promulgated the Eisenhower Doctrine, conceived for the same purpose and designed to save Mideast countries friendly to the United States from the clutches of the communists. Oddly enough, Moscow admits that these Mideast countries are not communist. Nasser, who has betm consistently pictured by Western propaganda as either a tool of the Kremlin or as a rabid sympathizer of the Reds, has vigorously fought the communists in his own country. It is evident that much of the Egyptian strongman's open AUGtJST 1958 friendship with Khrushchev is· more for self-protection than a manifestation of a sincere likil1g for communists. Dedicated to uplifting the Arab lot from the morass of poverty and neglect which, rightly or wrongly, he ascribes to Wes tern colonization, he can only turn to Moscow for support. The United States, as far as he is concerned, is suspect, being an ally of the British and the French. All this of course makes Nikita Khrushchev very happy. With wide open arms he welcomes Nasser, ~ot unlike the next-door merchant welcoming a customer who felt cheated by a store he has patronized for a long time. The wily merchant in this case sees not only a potential customer but a convenient ally. To put it in another way, Soviet Russia is plainly exploiting the new .nationalism in the Middle East to her own advantage. The United States knows this but is handicapped not by her friendship with France and Britain but more so by her own economic interests. That is why john Foster Dulles' diplomatic moves at times seems wishywashy, at other times downright stupid. Many intelligent Americans frankly say so. J N THE IR A Q coup, which caught Western intelligence by surprise, it has been admitted even by the American press that the rebel government is enjoying "tremendous popular support." In Lebanon, where a civil war had been raging for more than two months, the overthrow of the unpopular President Camille Chamoun would have been an easy matter after Iraq. Sensing this danger, Washington dispatched marines of the Sixth Fleet (which had been deployed earlier in the Mediterranean sea) to Beirut. As intended, the presence of the American troops forestalled a seizure of the Lebanon government. But also the intervention served to prop up the tottering Chamoun regime, which was subsequently rejected in a popular poll. Sarcastically, critics of Dulles likened the Lebanon "invasion" to the intervention of Soviet troops in the unsuccessful Hungarian revolt of October 1956. Disregarding the materialistic angle, it can of course be claimed that the bold U.S. action i.n Beirut wasl calculated to show the world that America stands ready and capable to defend her allies with whom she has made commitments. And unless the Soviets are willing to fight a total war, they might think twice before provoking American ire. The landing of British paratroopers in Jordan, on the other hand, could be justified only if 26 they were really welcome as defdnders in a popssible Syrian or Iraq invasion. By virtue of the Arab Union formed in February to counterbalance the United Arab Republic, Jordan's King Hussein proclaimed himself ruler of both Jordan and Iraq after the overthrow of King Faisal. Presumably the frightened Hussein wanted military support in case an invasion materialized or an Iraq-inspired coup de etat took place. When the situation in Iraq and Lebanon becomes normal - as it is apparently becoming - Britain and the United States will have no excuse to keep their troops where they are. In fact there is already talk that the United States would pull out its forces from Lebanon, Chamoun having been decisively beaten in a popular election by General Fuad Chehab. As the crisis subsides, the prospects of a summit conference in the United Nations are becoming brighter. In a sense paradoxical, the latest Middle East crisis has hastened the realization of a top-level peace meet. After much hedging and hawing Khrushchev and Eisenhower have agreed on a conference. There are no great expectations from this meeting, but the world can only live on hope. - Philippine Journal of Education. PANORA'MA OUR DOLLAR RESERVES: FACT AND FANCY In this second and conc:luding part an economics professor at the University of the Philippines discusses the implic:ations of de-control and proposes alternative measures. By Anacleto Lacebal PART TWO T HE ECONOMY is now suffering from low blood pressure-of international reserves. As is usual, the modus operandi of the herbolarios is to tackle the symptoms. Their most widely talked-of and heavily concurred-in remedy is a stabilization loan. A transfusion from Uncle Sam helps but the infusion is merely a stop-gap measure intended to give a breathing spell to the weakened patient to recover on its own. AUGUST 1958 Can the patient recover when there is something wrong with its fundamental structure which if left unremedied would ~ require repeated transfusions? The malady affecting the economy is all-pervading and really more deep-seated than what appears; the international reserves problem is but one of the places where it shows itself. Lately, austerity tourniquets were applied in a few strategic places and one of these Circular No. 79 of the Central Bank, instead of decreasing spending through the 100 and 200 per 27 cent margins required for letters of credit for certain types of imports, has decreased liquidity preference of the community further and sent prices :soaring. Of course, wherever symptoms of economic disorder present themselves, the herbolarios always tackle it there. Look at the latest attempt at a price control law! Proposed solutions to the international reserves problem to be assessed properly should be set against the goals of an economy. These goals are not all equal in rank; from time to time the ranking may be changed in accordance with the desires of the people in the various circumstances t h a t the country may find itself. In very plain terms, it is desired ( 1) to have the economy make as large a puto as possible from one cooking period to another (2) to have the puto grow larger over successive cooking periods by increasing the size of the baking pan so that it could accommodate more ingredients; and, (3) to slice that puto in a manner that is most satisfactory to each contributor. In technical language, it is desired (I) to have the economy tu r n out the maximum gross national product under existing technology and available resources; (2) to increase productivity capacity over time at a rate faster than population 28 growth; and (3) while the first two are being that those who contributed to production are satisfied with their shares. It is in the light of these primary objectives that the different proposals to solve the international reserves shortage are to be examined. There is a charge that politics helped in the deterioration of the reserves because the Central Bank, because of political pressure, overshot its dollar allocations for the second semester of 1957 immediately before the elections by $40 millions. If this is true, and it has not yet been denied, it leaves an unpleasant suspicion that similar raids on the dollar pool may have been previously conducted for lesser amounts in separate forays which were kept from public scrutiny on account of the secrecy under which the Central Bank is legally allowed to conduct its operations. Events of this nature are hardly conducive to creating an atmosphere which would elicit cooperation from business firms and the people in implementing the economic policies of the administration. THE PROPOSAL of former Secretary of Commerce Cornelio Balmaceda to increase production is vague. If the aim is to increase production along the traditional export lines, the plan may be self-defeating as PANORAMA the inelasticity of the demand for those exports compels selling prices to be cut drastically in order to dispose of the additional, leading to a drop in foreign exchange earnings. If new markets could be found at existing prices, increased production might help; however, if such prospects previously existed, businessmen do not wait for low international reserves to make additional profits. If what is intended is an increase in products locally consumed the increase in production will help ease pressure on the international reserves only to the extent that additional crops compete with or substitute for imported items. - Increased production in particular industries does not usually mean greater welfare as the increase may be due to the diversion of resources used in other industries: increased productivity is the objective, and it is at present attempted in agriculture through a group of measures which include better seed selection, increased use of fertilizer, better irrigation facilities, and the agricultural extension and rural health services. The proposals of the Chamber of Commerce to help reduce the pressure on the international reserves are varied. They want barter abolished as this type of transactions reduces the quantity of foreign exAUGUST 1958 change earnings, which would mcrease dollar reserves. In spite of the protestations to the contrary, exports which would add to the dollar pool are contrived to fall under barter-trade arrangements. It is not infrequently found that the producers' goods obtained through barter may not be capital at all, and to the extent that they are, they rate a much lower priority than essential producers goods which could be brought under the dollar allocation system of the Central Bank. The no-dollar import law which gave rise to the barter trade arrangement was the first adopted proposal of a series which included multiple rates of exchange, import certificate plans, by a group which would profit most from the devaluation of the peso. Barter trade arrangements indicate a temporary triumph of certain sectors of the country adversely affected by the control program and they have not ceased to work for their own interest, an objective not to be treated too unkindly as their products earn most of the dollar receipts of the country. The no-dollar import law enriched the bartertraders, undermined the effectiveness of the control system and contributed greatly to the weakened condition of the country today. The proposal of the Cham29 ber to discontinue the importation of non-essentials by the National Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) and the elimination of its tax-exemption privileges might help reduce the pressure of the NAMARCO on the international reserves. However, this is a short-sighted objective and the proposal should be reckoned against another general objective usually expected of the economy-that of lessening the inequalities in the sharing of the gross n;ttional product. If by non-essentials, reference is made to products which the majority of low-income families buy, the twin prongs of this proposal indicates the interest of the members of the Chamber of Commerce to keep the market for those commodities for themselves. Their proposal will reduce the standard of living of the customers of NAMARCO which come mostly from the low-income group, a group which, on account of the regressive tax structure of this country, provides most of the funds which finance the activities of the government. The lower prices of NAMARCO goods enable their buyers to stretch their income further: the extra income from the lower prices made available will then buy the products sold by the members of the Chamber of Commerce. The over-all result 30 is a higher standard of living for the greater majority of the people at the expense of decreased profits for some members of the Chamber of Commerce. THE PROPOSAL of the Chamber to improve customs administration further will not only keep lawful business stay in business and increase the revenues which are due the government, but will also implement the control programs properly by discouraging unauthorized disposition of unlawful foreign exchange hoards. Their proposal to increase tariffs on non-essentials and local products will provide more incentive notonly to increa£e production but also to diversify it, at the same time that disbursements out of the international reserves are reduced. However, there should be a safeguard in the form of threatened importations for products similar to those which are "sheltered" by the tariff, if local manufacturers sell wares whose quality is not, at the least, comparable to that of imported goods. The conservation of foreign exchange is but a secondary goal and the attempt to realize the first objective of an economy-maximum productiondoes not refer only to more quantity but also to high quality. PANORAMA Their proposal to separate import control functions from the Central Bank is not necessary as administration of international reserve resources would be much more efficient if import, exchange and export controls were centralized and coordinated by just one agency. This proposal may stem from the great power vested in the officials entrusted with control administration over business activities. The means to check the overbearing attitude that may arise on the part of key government employees toward dollar applicants is taken up with another proposal to bar politicians working for business interests from having access to dollar-allocation agencies. In itself the proposal to bar politicians is an indictment against the administration, past and present: it is a sufficient indicator of the degree of reluctance of lawful business firms in associating with, and implementing the program of, the administration. To keep government personnel and politicians in check, there must be widespread publicity of the applications for dollars, the persons interceding for these applications and the basis of the rejection or approval of any application. Secrecy in these matters is not necessary to enable the Central Bank to pursue the objectives cited in Section 2 of its charAUGUST 1958 ter. Instead, the publicity will create more trust and confidence in the relations among the government agencies in charge of dollar allocations, the business firms which are the beneficiaries of the grants, and the general public who are ultimately benefited by these arrangements. The extent to which this relation is achieved is the degree by which all three groups cooperate in solving international reserve difficulties and allied balance of payments problems. Under an atmosphere of open dealing it can be forcefully demonstrated that the welfare of this country is a cooperative undertaking. Enterprising persons or firms who try to gain undue advantages over their more law-biding fellow men should be ostracized, not only by putting them behind bars but also by giving them an "airing" after they have served their penalties and before they are admitted to civilized circles again. THE PROPOSAL of the group headed by Alfonso Calalang, local banker, to reduce import quotas instead of requiring 100 to 200 per cent margins for letters of credit is a neater way of tailoring earnings to disbursements out of dollar funds: however, the very high margin requirements are intended to reduce the volume 31 ·of money available for spending so that existing local prices may come down and at the same time the pressure on international reserves may be reduced. Instead of achieving the former, it only gives merchants a r-eason for increasing the prices of their stocks. Circula~ No. 79 should be rescinded immediately as the result expected has not materialized. Instead the -Calalang proposal should be adopted. Various other organizations bave pres en t e d incentive schemes but most of their proposals· .seems to be primarily prompted by the benefits accruing to them. The Chamber of Industries "productivity bonds" proposal is a thinly veiled disguise for a subsidy for their output. It is merely a way by which they can unload their products on the public by milking twice the lower end of the demand schedule to their own advantage: not only will they have more sales and presumably profits, but the bonds which are to be given to them will have to be eventually paid, on account of the regressive nature of the tax system, out of taxes from the very people on whom they will have made larger profits. · Why should not the members of the Chamber of Industries raise the level of their entrepreneurial ability and turn out products which are really of 32 a high quality and of a low cost which will be patronized by the buying public, instead of resorting to such artlessly disguised subterfuges as "productivity bonds?" In the rush to preserve whatever foreign exchange holdings there are at present, the Presidential Incentives Committee seems to favor a shift from "packaging and assembly plants to those industries which use more local materials." This seems to be wishful thinking. A careful study should be made of the effects of leaving these industries out on a limb. The possibility of having them utilize, by gradual stages, local materials should be seriously considered. The capital already invested are previous disbursements out of international reserves and should not be allowed to go to waste. Sarcastic references to their "packaging and assembly" nature are uncalled for because these processes are the first steps to be taken in the diversification of the industries that contribute to the gross national product. In the attempt to balance the economy by bringing in the secondary and tertiary industries to contribute mo·re to production, the process has to be undertaken slowly. It starts wilh the stage that is but once or twice removed from the finished product: suePANORAMA cessive developmental stages should work gradually outward to the basic stages of manufacture. The gradual expansion outward is necessary to germinate and nourish the various industries that service the existing ones that are already engaged in processing the semifinished product. Concomitant with this process, the market for their products is also slowly widened. An example of this healthy growth in diversification may be found in some industries of iron and steel manufactures. Here, the first step away from the finished product is the assembling and packaging of a finished product (e.g. refrigerator) : the second step is the setting up of blooming mills to supply the raw materials (e.g. iron bars, steel plates). It appears that local blooming mills are furnishing raw materials to a lot of industries that also furnish materials to processing firms twice or several times removed from the finished consumers product. The third step is the attempt of the National Steel and Shipyards Corporation to have local iron ore processed here so that the raw materials of the blooming mills can be procured locally. Here is a type of growth which can be dohe with haste slowly, a procedure which should be followed in all other AUGUST 1958 industries, though of course, the rate of development will vary. Great care. should, therefore, be taken in scrapping capital invested in existing industries. THE BEST incentive for business firms to increase production of import-competing merchandise is .still profit. Given a favorable atmosphere of fair dealing, impartial regulation, competent government administration, and a definite encouraging st~nd of the government bolstered by adequate safeguards in case of changes in policy with regard to proposed enterprises, businessmen can work within the controlled area freely for their own benefit, that of the administration, and that of the country at large. In this connection, a redefinition of the "austerity" program outlined by the administration is necessary. Austerity in the form of decreased spending throttles the life stream of the business firms which, ironically, are being urged to produce more. How can there be more production if the additional product can not be sold on account of decreased spending? More spending should be encouraged, but the spending should be channelled to local products not only to boost production or being in more revenue to the government but 33 also to encourage compet1t1on in the numerous fields where import substitutes can be made. Increased expenditures for local goods makes possible increased production w h i ch brings in its train more income to owners of the resources used in current production. To the extent that some of the current income can be channelled for capital expenditures, only to that extent should capital expenditures, including governmental development expenditures, be made in order to avoid inflation and its evils. The present increases in prices is hardly beneficial to anybody. Even the merchants who seize the austerity measures as a pretext to jack up prices also hurt themselves. By their high prices, they reduce the volume of their sales, and the slow turnover they are now experiencing is merely retribution for their cupidity. Where profits have been made on account of the inelastic demand of their wares, the increased profits does not mean their increased well-being as the goods which these profits will buy themselves have increased in their prices. The present difficulties in the international reserves should occasion no surprise. What is singular is the postponement of the ~difficulties from 1945 to the present. 34 Windfalls of foreign exchange, loans and grants from the United States all contrived to delay what should have been done in 1945. While other nations then were gearing themselves to attain the primary objectives of their economies, people in this country, under the pretext of having been "starved" during the occupation years, drew on their windfalls of foreign exchange and consumed their capital. Other nations were also "starved," including countries not ravaged by the war, for they had to do without the products supplied them by foreign trade and in addition, furnished materials fo:war. Now that the international reserves are virtually gone, the people of this country are forced to take up domestic substitutes for imported items. ls it not about time that national consciousness in these matters was aroused? A reorientation in social values is urgently necessary. Instead of childish attempts to show off foreign products, ill-gotten or otherwise, why not improve on local substitutes? THERE SHOULD be a shift to local products, to local materials, and to local substitutes for imported items. Here exists a definite challenge to domestic business executives; here are wide opportunities for the devPANORAMA elopment of local substitutes, provided the government actively assists by a definite stand sheltering these enterprises. On the other hand, consumers can be gradually weaned from foreign brands. As a transition, is it not possible for local manufacturers to secure more licensing agreements from makers of foreign products? If further attempts are made at increased productivity and higher quality, there are many honest entrepreneurs who will serve the lower end of existing demand schedules where the return per unit is infinitesmal but the volume is tremendous. Likewise, the administration that adheres strictly to a definite plan of revising the structure of the economy will find for itself a unique niche in the history of this country. It will then be reckoned as the administration in which the country's major dependence on primary products is relaxed, provided the contribution of secondary and tertiary industries is accelerated. To attain this, the economy should be systematically diversified: this requires a continuation of controls and planning. Although the country has no deficiency in plans, these are not adopted, or at most, are haphazardly implemented. The National Economic Council has AUGUST 1958 one such plan with a modest target within the realm of realization, but it has never been tried. While the controls are still in effect, presumably to protect the country from the spreading of the infection of too-much-spending, there seems to be no complement to this program. The controls merely circumscribe the area of infection, and a plan is necessary to marshall the resources for effective use in the depressed or undeveloped sectors within the controlled area to combat the infection. Is such a plan workable? Where the chief executive submerges personal and party considerations and draws from all sectors of the country, men to be given the corresponding authority and responsibility for the various parts of the plan, a more widespread cooperation may be elicited. Unless this is done, the international reserve difficulties will continue to be vexatious, the control program will be termite-ridden, and the economy will limp from one crop year to another. Then these and other economic ills will not be the major problems of this country but will themselves be a symptom of a greater social cancer -that of knowing the illness, the self-disciplining cures, and the apathy regarding both. Then will there be witnessed _a 35 debacle and the echelons of the administration will prove themselves markedly bereft of statesmanship. The present administration has the unique chance of economic statesmanshi·p now - a chance which was missed by all chiefs of state, including previous governors-generals. If the plan to balance the economy is implemented and key government personnel, bent on using their offices to increase their personal fortunes, are put in the proper place civilized society has provided for them, the international reserves may still continue to be difficult, but their sting will gradually be reduced. The control programs will continue to stay in operation, but not for an indefinitely unknown period; and the economy living on its own products may yet come to_ the times when foreign exchange will be a minor problem or not a_ll. When the implementation of the plan shall have progressed to a point where local producers will make what domestic consumers will buy, and the little that comes from the outside world is more than adequately financed by export receipts such that it becomes necessary to invest the surplus abroad to secure equilibrium in the balance of payments, only then will the international reserves be solved and controls be shelved. Problems of sharing will then take the place of present production ills. Paradoxical as it may seem, the occupant of Malacaiiang who is intent on accomplishing even only the starting point of these programs. for the term of his office, may yet find himself returned by the people to the palace by the Pasig to finish what he has started.-The U.P. Business Bulletin. Sign in window of a shop specializing in reweaving: "As ye rip, so shall we sew." 36 PANORAMA They light a city! _AMERICA'S giant industrial ~city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is calling on the peaceful atom to do one of its most important jobs. Today, the nation's largest nuclear-fueled power plant is supplying electricity to thousands of persons in homes and factories in this great steel-producing center. The atomic power station located at Shippingport, a suburb of Pittsburgh, is now feeding 60,000 kilowatts .of electricity into the metropolitan area. When in full operation, the revolutionary new generating plant will be capable of an output of 100,000 kilowatts to supply the daily requirements of 250,000 persons. The Shippingport plant is powered by a pressurized water reactor-largest known piece of atomic equipment ever built. The heart of the operation-a fuel core inside the reactor vessel-contains 14 tons of natural AUGUST 1958 uranium, 165 pounds of highlye·nriched uranium and 32 control rods which govern the atomsplitting process in the core. This "fuel" is expected to power the plant for two years; it will then be replaced by a new "heart." Actually, the only operating difference between this plant and a conventional generating plant is that the source of power is atomic, instead of coal, oil or water. Energy produced by atomic fission in the fuel core heats high-pressure water which becomes radioactive. This water in turn heats a second supply of water, which does not become radioactive. Steam from the second water supply then is converted into electricity by the same process utilized in a standard electric generating station. As a safeguard against escape of radiation, all parts of the Shippi .. 1gport atomic system are located in underground 37 steel containers. Each step in the design and construction was undertaken with great care. 7 HE EXPERIENCE gained in the operation of the country's first full-scale atomic electricity station will be very important to future plants set up by the government and by private industries in the United States and abroad. As it is a model in civilian atomic projects, the multi-million dollar construction costs a re being shared by the United States Atomic Energy Commission and by the Duquesne Light Company, a private supplier of electric power in the Pittsburgh area. l\'leanwhile, many other atomic power plants are being built all over the U.S., based on experience gained at Shippingport. The "atomic light" will cost the citizen no more. In operating the plant, the Duquesne Light Company will charge the same rates as they do for electricity produced by the concern's conventional power plants even though the actual costs are higher. It is significant that the new electric system is servicing the skyscraper metropolis of Pittsburgh, long recognized as a progressive city where monumental industrial changes have been inaugurated. This new atomic power plant is the forerunner of countless peaceful and enterprising uses of the atom in this and many other fields. Footprints 38 W ELLINGTON, New Zealand - The misdemeanors of a cat 112 years ago are still in evidence in St. john's Church, Wakefield, Nelson. On the ceiling of the church can be seen a trail of footprints in the varnish of the old boards. It is believed that on a wet night when the church was being built 112 years ago, the cat walked across the still wet varnish of the boards before they were erected. The prints have not faded greatly as the years have passed. PANORAMA Panorama Peek THAT COOL, EXPERT eye and a steady aim won for Adolfo 11 Chito11 Feliciano, Filipino marksman, a gold medal at the Asian Games recently held in Tokyo. By Maximo Ramos, Jr. 7 HE TREES far out in the distance formed a long solid wall of dark lifeless green and beyond them a smokestack st o o d emitting smoke which snaked tortuously, widening, dispersing as it rose, its limits undefined, and the smoke seemed never to increase or decrease in amount, but somehow it was being diffused in the atmosphere, among the big, big clouds, and as he turned his head upward looking at the wide, wide expanse of sky, he caught in his eyes the light of the sun going down, and, blinded, he turned his head downward again and saw the wind sweeping toward him in waves across the fields of seared cogon and their white tufts and soo1n the acacia trees below, across the street, rustled and thousands of leaves it seemed fell and were driven on the ground, and though it was very warm he shivered. He laid his hands on the ledge on which he was sitting and drew them back quickly for it was hot. Looking at the ledge, he saw that the paint was already peeling off and the cement cracking. ". . . And the earth, born two AUGUST 1958 billion years ago, more probably in a cosmic catastrophe, will die another two billion years hence, either in fire or ice. Either the sun will become too hot and mountains will melt like butter and everything will be charred or it will burn itself out and snow will fall on the earth as rain fell on it for countless ages when it was young and everything will be buried under it and all life will be frozen to death." There was a pause, then : "At any rate we will not be there." Laughter burst from the classroom behind h i m. He couldn't say whether it was the professor or a student who had made the remark but he resented the way they had made light of a serious subject. Resentment gathered in his bosom and he wanted to be in the library again and read Kant, and Laplace, and Genesis, and Hutton, and Lyell. But :1e checked the growing resentment, sayin_g to himself: "What would be the use. Let them be." SITTING on the edge of the ledge of the fourth floor of the Liberal College he thought of the students who 41 had just laughed of the students in the other rooms of the College, of the students in the University, who would file out of their rooms in twenty minutes and take the buses home and study and eat and sleep then come back to school next day and day after day until they get a degree and then they would set out to look for a job. No he was not going home today, never, never again. Never would he pass by the army camp on the way home, the army camp around which a small colony of little huts huddled together. Many of the soldiers of the camp had already brought their families to live around the camp. There were now a number of stores where the soldiers got drunk on week ends and a playground with swings and seesaws. The camp would be just like one of the many camps the Roman legions set up in Britain and later abandoned. Lancaster, Leicester, Gloucester, Manchester, Doncaster. . . Never again would he pass by the old schoolhouse where he finished the elementary grades only eight years ago, which was being torn down and a new one built in its place. And he would never, never go back again to his room in the boarding house, to all those books on philosophy, and history, and literature? In him the desire to live, which had been flickering and 42 sputtering like a candle burrt· ing almost at the end of the wick, brightened up into a steady flame and he was tempted to think of stepping back onto the corridor but looking down he saw that quite a number of people, mostly students, had already gathered on the street and they were gazing up expectantly at him. No he could not go back: why should he? The police couldn't have come yet but they would be arriving soon. They couldn't rope him from the roof because it would be very hard getting up there. Besides there w as nobody among them who could lasso him in one try. There could only be one try and he knew they would not risk that. Neither would try to rush him for he would surely go at their approach. There wasn't anything they could do. More and more people were joining the crowd doW'n on the street. The laborers who were fixing up the holes in the street had long before stopped working to watch him. Why do they have to repair that street today only to patch it up again two months later? But there's nothing they can use so that they won't have to fill up holes so many times during the year. "JN THE distance they were also cutting a road into the woods. It was a wide road they were building. Maybe it would PANORAMA be part of the national highway. lt was all part of the preparations for the transfer of the capital of the country from Manila to Quezon City in 1960. Manila, founded May, 1571. Since then capital of the country. Insigne e siempre leal ciudad! No he would not see that transfer. Babylon, greatest city of antiquity, prison of the Hebrews! How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land? Oh how could you Belshazzar, son of Nebuchadnezzar, have read the handwriting on the wall? MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. Oh Babylon, Babylon! AUGUST 1958 Gait.:> Julius Caesar, 100-44 BC. Veni, vidi, vici. Pronounced in Latin: wa'ne, we' de, we'ke. lacta alea est. Beyond those what else do we in 1957 know of him, great Roman soldier and statesman and historian? Caesar, Caesar! Mother Rome! Grandmother Greece! He shifted his position and a murmur rose from the crowd below. He was aware of the presence of some people around the · corner of the corridor, and, turning around he saw some policemen peeping at him. There wasn't anything they 43 oould do. He looked at them with apathy and turned to look again in the distance. Some laborers were digging a ditch. He recalled what his uncle, who died drunk, once told him, apparently in jest: I dig the ditch to get the money to buy the food to get the strength to dig the ditch. He repeated to himself: I dig the ditch to get the ditch, to get the money, he corrected himself quickly, to get the money to buy ... Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy wili be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as it is in nada our nada and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada, pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises, Death in the Afternoon, A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea. In the end as in the beginning nada will be nada. The Dean of Men, bald-headed and friendly-looking, came rushing up and joined the policemen at the corner of the corridor. Between gasps he asked: "How long has he been sitting there?" "Not very long, sir." 44 "Do you think he'll jump?" "God knows, sir." The Dean of Men started forward but the policemen grabbed him and held him back and while he strained he said: "Let me alone. I know what I'm about. 111 talk to him." "You want to make him jump outright? So, quiet." The Dean of Men set his coat aright. .. Here, boy." he said. "ls there anything you want?" He heard the Dean of Men but he didn't turn his head. He has no business minding other people's lives, he thought. He has his own life to look after and that is more than enough to keep him occupied everyday. A man's responsibility for another extends only to the point where the other is willing to allow him, he thought. There is really nothing anybody can do to prevent a person decided upon killing himself. 'Jtow THE flame in him burned brightly and it leaped up fiercely for be wanted again to live and write down those thoughts in books and share them with all mankind. He gazed down at the crowd and he saw their faces all turned upward. They were now getting restless. Why must they gather down there like ants around a dying cicada? Why must they mak~ a spectacle of one's dying? Won't every man, everything ultimately die? Every PANORAMA tree, and bird, and insect, and fish? And mountains crumble, and lakes dry up, and rivers die? Aren't we all dying? Can't a man choose the way he wants to die without becoming some kind of tightrope walker to be gaped at? Let them find out for themselves. He imagined his fall. He would move slowly, slowly to the edge of the ledge, then bend forward and suddenly push off from the ledge with his hands, and his shod feet would try to cling to the wall but it would be futile and he would turn over and over, while the girls in the crowd screamed and moved back and his body would hit the street with a dull thud and his blood would spurt up to the second floor and spatter the wall and stain the clothes of some of the people in the crowd and they would not bother to wash off the blood from the wall of the building and the sun would dry it and daily it would become darker and darker until it looked like just any other stain on a building and those who would get blood on their clothes would simply wash them with soap and water when they got home and wear them again the following week and maybe some would use them for wiping the floor. AUGUST 1958 Les Jeux Sont Faits. He shifted his position again and the crowd murmured expectantly. He laid his hands on the ledge and did not draw them back. The wind rushed again and he did not shiver any more. "Boy, do you want anything?" the Dean of Men called urgently but he did not hear. He learned forward, slowly, and the Dean of Men called again, this time, desperately: "Boy, boy." Still he did not hear. The flame had now died down and a creeping numbness, cold and relentless, was spreading over his body, to every fingernail and hair. He tensed his arms and as he froze in that pose, like a swimmer about to dive, a muffled cry escaped the lips of the puny creatures at his feet, and he abruptly pushed off but his feet did not try to retain a last hold on the wall and his toes did not try to clutch at anything, and he was a dead weight, falling forward like some golden pagan idol toppling forward thousands of years ago, and turning over twice, thrice, he saw a confused succession of pictures of sky, and clouds, and buildings, and trees, and ground, and faces.-Literary Apprentice. HOW INADEQUATE ARE OUR HIGHWAYS? PUBLIC IUGHWAYS, to a major degree, reflect the progress of a nation. The kinds of roads and bridges that have been and are being constructed suggest the kind of economy an d, inferentially, the degree of civilization that a country has. Basic in the chain of development in our nation has been highway transportation. It is a well-known fact that in no country in the world as here in the Philippines is highway transport the best answer to the transport requirements of the people-a country consisting of many islands, mostly relatively small, even considering Luzon and Mindanao, the two largest. In harmony with interisland shipping, air transport and railroad facilities, the highway not only furnishes main movement facilities but also answers terminal transport needs. In other words, all other forms of transport in the country require 46 The Philippines needs over highways to complete the movement required. Highways, being the major c.hannels of transportation in our country, are so indispensable to the economy of the State that their statewide sufficiency is a matter which directly concerns everyone. Everything we eat, wear or use is transported at least on~e and usually several times by motor vehicles. This is true of the products of the farms which are transported to processing and to distributing plants, of raw materials which industry fashions into the things we use, and of the finished products which must be transported to the retail outlets for consumer purchase. PANORAMA me billion pesos to improve and expand its thoroughfa1 As OUR EVERYDAY existence is materially affected by the quality and quantity of the return we receive for our taxes invested in highways, the Bureau . of Public Highways consistently maintains, rec onstructs and improves the more than 48,000 kilometers of roads and 204,000 linear meters of bridges that the country has today. Of these roads, 820 kilometers are cemented; 4,664, asphalted; 38,478, stone or gravelsurfaced; and 4,639, still unsurfaced. Of the bridges, 38,572 linear meters are of reinforced concrete; 60,765, of steel; 1,400, of masonry; 49,241, of timber; and 9,690 of miscellaneous crossing facilities. AUGUST 1958 At present prices, the roads may be valued at more than P630 millions and the bridges, at more than P330 millions. It can be said that the present highway system of the country is worth nearly Pl billion which is 30% of the combined assets of the national, provincial, city and municipal governments. These highways now link together more than 20,000 barrios to more than 1,000 municipalities and cities in the 57 provinces of the Philippines, serving the economic governmental and social needs of the 24,689,700 inhabitants. In 1957, a total of 138,366 registered motor vehicles, consuming 1,243 million liters of gasoline, transported more than 47 70 million passengers and 48 million tons of freight over an average distance of 100 kilometers. At present prices, the value of these services are worth more than P530 millions, which without the roads, could not have been produced. It is to be recalled at this juncture that the estimated value of our highway investments today is only Pl billion, indicating that, compared with the monetary value of the annual services they are rendering to the country, such investments are indeed useful, aside from the intangible benefits derived from them in terms of better social and political conditions as well as insurance to the national defense and security. TRAFFIC, howeve::r, varies in volume and characteristics for different parts of the country. In Luzon, where almost 25,000 kilometers of the highways are located, Manila is the main traffic generating center. Traffic from the north is 24,000 vehicles per day, of which 60% are commercial and I% is animal drawn. And from the south, the traffic is 10,000 vehicles per day, of which 61 % are commercial and 3% are animal drawn. In the Visayas, where the highways of 14,000 kilometers are distributed on 7 major islands, Cebu, Iloilo, Tacloban 48 and Dumaguete are the outstanding centers of traffic. Likewise, in Mindanao, where there are 10,000 kilometers of highways, Davao, and Cagayan de Oro are the traffic generators. The foregoing observations on traffic volumes indicate that there is a casual relation between land and sea transportation systems. The above-mentioned centers of traffic volumes are ports of entry. In the rural areas, the daily volume and type of traffic from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. are 74 passenger cars, 384 commercial vehicles, 36 military and 30 animal drawn, or a total daily count of 464 vehicles of all types. These show that more than 60% of traffic in the rural areas are devoted to commerce and industry, indicating that the highways are the arteries and the veins through which lifeblood of the nation flows. More th!IJl 200 municipalities and municipal districts and 10,000 barrios, inhabited by not less than 3 million people are still not connected with the network of highways. These are, therefore, isolated and are being deprived of certain benefits now enjoyed by the rest of the country. In order to link these localities with the present highway system, more than 40,000 kilometers of roads with a cost of PANORAMA more than P260 million must be constructed. It must be remembered that our country is one of the best, if not the best agricultural country in the Far East. The fertility of its soils, together with its favorable topography and climate, enables our farmers to produce record amounts of cereals, vegetables, fruits and also that of livestock products. However, it is a very lamentable fact that expansion of our farms is done at a very slow pace. Practically nothing has been worked out to cultivate the more than 7 million hectares of unsettled public agricultural lands. AUGUST 1958 J N ORDER to make the s e virgin lands accessible by surface transit carriers, however, another P350 millions will be needed with the construction of a minimum kilometerage of 1/2 kilometer for every 100 hectares of land to be traversed. On the other hand, existing roads and bridges need improvements to bring them within satisfactory minimum requirements demanded by the kind and volume of traffic effected by modern motor vehicles that have grown by leaps and bounds. It has been established, as a minimum standard, that where traffic exceeds 100 vehicles per day, the surfaced width be at least 6 meters. This would require the widening and re-surfacing of more than 14,400 kilometers of gravel and asphalted roads involving the total expenditures of Pl 18 millions. In addition, 94,241 linear meters of temporary timber bridges have to be replaced with more permanent steel or reinforced concrete structures. This would need the expenditure of more than Pl88 million. In urban areas the inadequacy of existing roads manifests itself in traffic congestion. In Manila for instance, congestion and delay have come crippling and irritating. Moreover, there are many busy and hazardous 49 intersections that require signalization or channelization. In other urban areas, aside from traffic congestion and dangerous intersections, the animal-drawn vehicles present intolerable obstructions to the free-flowing motor traffic, especially along arterial routes passing thru the poblacions. These critical sections constitute bottlenecks that nullify the highway efficiency offered by the good roads entering and leaving these urban areas which have been paid for at high prices by the tax paying public. The foregoing deficiencies in urban areas will require 'PlOO millions to remedy. Q UR highways today need to be improved, exte·nded and expanded at an estimated total cost of more than 'Pl,016 millions. On top of these expenditures are the imperative necessary annual requirements to maintain the existing roads and bridges amounting to 'P81 millions. Can these expenditures be met by present rates of highway investments? In 1957, a total sum of 'P215,039,480 was apropriated for hi g h w a y s, of which 'P69,l 12,480 was for maintenance and f'l41,171,000 was for construction and improvements. It seems that, in said year, maintenance was short by almost Pl2 millions and construction and improvements so were being accomplished at 14% of requirements. With present system of fund allocation and rates of spending for highways, existing facilities are bound to deteriorate and become totally useless in 15 years for lack of maintenance, while tJie needed improvements and expansion can be realized only after almost 8 years. It is therefore imperative that studies must be undertaken to provide more funds for maintenance purposes. The present 5-year highway capital improvement program approved by Congress in 1954 is now embodied as appendix A of R. A. 1200 and is being implemented and supplemented by subsequent Public Works Acts, particularly R. A. 1411, 1613, and 1900. This overall program consists of construction and imp;-ovements of main routes, including bridges thereon, and secondary and feeder roads, calling for a total expenditures of 'P694, 159,020. The implementing and supplementing appropriation acts, including R. A. 1900 for F. Y. 1957-58, appropriated only a total sum of 'P316,5 l 3,140. It would seem that for the F. Y. 1958-59, which is the last year of the program, the huge sum of P376,645,880 should have to be appropriated in order to realize the overall capital improvement program started in 1954. Can this be done? PANORAMA A s of June 30, 1956, the sec- ment of the highway transporond year of the Program, tation business in the country. actual appropriations w e r e ( l) Roads are the most tanPl 93,585,865. Actual expendi- gible and transcendental pubtures and accomplishments, lie service the government can however, were only 'P49,332,659 give to the people. How these or only about 25%. are maintained is the best inAgain, as of June 30, 1957, dicator of the dedication, honthe sum of P61,760,956 were esty, and efficiency of the govappropriated but only 'P4l,858,- ernment administration. Con207 or 66% were expanded and sidering the persistent and poaccomplished. In short, as of pular clamor for local autonoDecember, 1957, after more my, it is suggested that the than 3 years only a part of the maintenance of all local high5-year program has been accom- ways be entrusted entirely to plished. the local provincial and city It should be noted that the governments which shall be lag in the prosecution of the authorized also to raise the neprogram was not due to the cessary funds for this purpose. lack of funds because it is evi- The local administration that dent that the actual appropria- neglects to maintain its roads tions to implement the program properly will have to answer had always been much in ex- directly to the people who electcess of actual performance as ed them. shown by the review of the 3 (2) Considering that agriculyears the program had been in ture, commerce and in'dustry effect. As the projects of the are all dependent on the highprogram have been undertaken ways for their profit making by private contractors, the ine- activities, revenues from taxes vitable conclusion is that the contracting industry for roads on income should all go to loand bridges has failed to cope cal funds for the maintenance adequately with magnitude of and construction of local roads the demand for its services. and which shall be augmented The following suggestions with general fund appropriaare proposed for the improve- tions. • • • Black and White "A bride wears white," said the speaker, "as a symbol of happiness, for her wedding day is the most joyful day in her life." "And why do men wear black?' someone asked. AUGUST 1958 51 A TIRTIRAY TAKES A WIFE By Grace L. Wood S OME TmuRAY communities are simply a couple of households, headed by an elder, whose members barely subsist on their production and wild food. Single girls in such a community are likely 52 Primitive marriage rites to be married without the traditional bride price or for only a token payment. Unmarried men who cannot get the bride price from his community may join others. On the other hand there may be committees with twenty or more families, tightly bound under a chief who may have varying degrees of control over a number of neighboring communities. An important factor in this discrepancy between communities is the tamuk exchange. Tamuk is non - consumable g o o d s , such as necklaces, swords, betel boxes, gongs, bolos, spears. Combinations of these articles represent higher value in animals and besides the intrinsic value of the articles represent symbolic values. The goods which function as tamuk are not made by the Tiruray but are obtained by trade with the Magindanao. Tamuk is not private property. It is circulating goods, always "on call" by kinsmen or the leader to fulfill kinship or community obligations. It serves to reinforce kinship relations or to extend these relations to persons outside the kin grouping~ and to relate communities. PANORAMA Q NLY Two positions of real authority exist among the Tirurays: the chief and the powerful religious leader. It is these two who are in a position to accumulate tamuk. Their power rests in their possession of a sufficient accumulation so that they may through adroit distribution of it make a large number of persons dependent upon them. Thus they can build up a following on other than m ere subsistence or kinship ties. The larger their following, the more occasions they have for acquiring tamuk and the greater their influence among the other communities. In a broad sense every payment of tamuk is considered a "fine," a payment to reciprocate for something done, one that restores or establishes a balance between individuals and between groups. Within the family relationships between husband and wife and between children and parents depend to an extent on the tamuk payments between the communities of the spouses. Within the community the position of the leader is dependent upon his ability to collect tamuk and his generosity in distributing it to his followers after a collection or when they need it for fines or bride price. The strength of the ties between kinsmen in the same or in different communities depends upon the fulfillment of their obligations in AUGUST 1958 giving and receiving tamuk. Inter-community relations are maintained by the continuous reciprocal exchange of women and tamuk. Tamuk organizes all these relationships mainly through the payments of bride price, which constitutes of payments throughout the married life of the couple, on designated formal occasions. Marriages of children are arranged with reference to preceding exchanges, that of their parents, and even farther back. Since tamuk is also used for fines and since the most likely cause of trouble among the Tirurays is dispute about an exchange, fines are, in the main, part of the marriage settlement. T AMUK exchanges between individuals are small, one or a few articles. Payments between communities for marriage settlements are fairly large. Bargaining is conducted by the chiefs of the communities, with onlookers who are able to follow the dialect chiming in with expressions of approval or disapproval. The bargaining is a contest in public speaking, each chief trying to outwit the other to get the assemb!ance on his side, either for "pity" if his group is paying or to "shame" the other side for niggardly showings, if his group is receiving. 53 These large exchanges tie the two communities together as communities and the chiefs with their respective followings are bound for mutual aid and support. Failure to maintain the reciprocal obligations will result in hostility, and depending upon the respective strengths, may result in feuds. At least it will break up the marriage. On the occasions of these large tamuk exchanges disputes are heard. Participants who have tamuk in hand after the distribution are in a poor position to escape "fines." Chiefs receive more tamuk this way since they receive some of the "fine" for talking for an aggrieved party. A chief may also pay the fine of a guilty party and thus secure his obliga-tion for future service, thus extending his control. However, the kin group of the guilty party will resent this "stealing" of their child in this way and the subsequent loss of strength or tamuk. Then the chief may be called upon to pay the guilty man's kin group a token price to nullify their claims or to display his strength should they persist in trying to nullify the payment. - Condensed from Philippine Sociological Review. Life in this World HAZARD Hazard of living in darkest Africa: A car waiting for service at a gas station sustained $200 damage when a hippopotamus wandered in and took a few big bites. ~ ~ CONTRADICTION ''Ridiculous,n a maid told policeman WiIIiam Lindenlield when he questioned her about a reported dog bite. The maid said that the German shepherd at that house wouldn't hurt anyone. At that point, the dog burst out of the front door and bit Lindenfield on the le~. 54 PANORAMA ·tclthltfi Book Review g. B. * By LEONARD CASPER a MERICAN CRITICS, apparently having already forgotten Maxwell Anderson (Winterset, Joan of Lorraine) and having capitulated to T.S. Eliot's de facto British citizenship, have invested their hopes for a unique and lasting poetic splendor in MacLeish's new play, J.B. On the basis of its Yale production, it is predicted a certain winner qf next year's Pulitzer prize in poetry and/or drama. The breath of eternity is on our times; and critics, no less than publics everywhere, seem desperately trying to insure their own immortality, vicariously, in their spokesmen's. Their profuse fondness for J.B., therefore, which calls on God to justify himself, so high a hero does it make of man, is only to be expected. Although religious themes are in favor again among lay writers, the approach is seldom direct, with the result that contemporary theology in art_ runs thin. Typically, for MacLeish's audience, Job is a contemporary banker with a New England wife. Or rather, these two are characters in a circus sideshow, cued and directed by Zuss (Zeus) and Nickles (Old Nick), fellow vendors of moods and ideas. The light bulbs in the cosmic tent are stars. Here are enoug!i trappings for a medieval morality. What marked the secularization of drama in the early days of the Renaissance and made it memorable was the translation into recognizable local event of those truths of past or universal circumstance which otherwise were too remote, as metaphysical abstraction or simply forgotten fact. •Archibald MacLeish, J.B. (Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1958). AUGUST 1958 55 MacLeish's choice of a circus frame for his play, however, is too much a cliche - man, the quotidian ~lown; the greasepaint mystery unmasked - to provide that same kind of immediacy. And his other devices for reconstructing the timeless now (as Thornton Wilder succeeded in doing in The Skin of Our Teeth) are equally defective. £ IGURES IN THE show-within-the-show are taken for granted; there is little characterization. J.B. is a banker in name only, just so that he will have wealth to lose; his children too are mere stage properties, present largely so that he can be deprived of them. Circumstantial realism, the context of credibility, is negligible. The language, therefore, finds itself so reduced in function that tricks of alliteration and a few metaphors adequately serve the play's progress; high poetry is seldom required. After Zuss in his Godmask finally allows Nickles to test, through his children, J .B.'s utter trust in God's goodness, the play become episodic and predictable: when David dies a soldier's death, when Mary and Jonathan are killed by a drunken driver, when Rebecca is found dead as a result of criminal assault, when Ruth's body is dug out from the ruins of J .B.'s bank (though news of such calamities comes secondhand; it is not staged), J .B.'s wife Sarah denounces and he blesses God, though he is dazed and hardly desires to hope. There is repetition to the point of anti-dramatic formula, unrelieved by the discovery of increasingly magnified human reserve in the person of J.B. as his family dwindles. His stoic faith seems less and less the sign of inner assurance and more of conditioned reflex. The grandeur of the original Job's lament would be foreign to this closemouthed Yankee, whose soul seldom speaks to witness his suffering. No wonder then that after J .B.'s deference to the voice in the whirlwind, his character is still so ambiguous that Zuss and Nickles can interpret him at will, for the edification of the audience. The previous nine scenes have been not so much preparation as occasion for this dialogue. From the start, Nickles, a rebel himself, has admired man and hoped that J.B. would be too proud to be downtrodden by God. Zuss was equally sure that J.B. would never forget the Power and the Glory which made his presence possible. Now, although Zuss seems to have bettered his antagonist, he is disturbed by 56 PANORAMA the arrogance implicit in J .B.'s humility: as if man had forgiven God his undeserved punishment- "As though Job's suffering were justified/ Not by the Will of God but Job's/ Acceptance of God's Will." Sarah, who with all the rest of his world is restored to J.B., puts it somewhat differently in the last scene: the wonder is that man can love God who is, but does not love. Previously, she has unwittingly agreed with Nickles, that the ways of God are justified to Job by making Job feel guilty in God's stead. Jl FTER THE occasion passes for MacLeish's handsome heroworship of man, God and man have no more words for one another; and J.B. and his wife end the play, blowing on the coals of each other's heart (still in search of knowledge despite the whirlwind's words) with all the hand-holding halffear of Matthew Arnold's lovers watching the Sea of Faith ebb from Dover Beach. For the undiscerning and undemanding, J.B. will be consoling. It makes God man's scapegoat by claiming that man has always been God's; it argues that man is the more admirable for being not only less guilty than God, but more loving as well. For others, J.B. will raise ponderable questions. Does J.B. actually love, or first trust and then fear his God? If he loves, is it the love of oversight - forgiveness, which presumes some divine crime - or of gratitude? (J.B. says earlier, during the Thanksgiving meal, "The thanks are/Part of love and paid like love . . .") Above all, would such questions exist and would Scene 10, in which Zuss and Nickles in a sense from outside the inner drama explicate its meaning, be necessary if J.B. had been intimately characterized through the course of the play? Are these two not last-minute apparatuses by which MacLeish, turned desperate by his own doubts, contrives to make a hero out of J.B.? And does this use of force majeure, however shrewd its showmanship, not contradict the human spirit which he commends, self-made and subordinate to none? Finally, can such deception still be called legitimate theatrical illusion? AUGUST 1958 57 Literary Personality-XLll I juhn middleton murry: :Ablest 1~omantic JOHN Middleton Murry, author, editor and pacifist, a small, slender man, had a dark view of life and a talent for inspiring hostility. If he harbored illusions about anything, he apparently had few about himself. He could be shatteringly frank with his own estimates of himself, his personality, his conduct, his ability. Once he described himself as "part snob, part coward, part sentimentalist." A critic has named him as "perhaps the ablest romantic and revelatory' exponent of Keats and Shakespeare, with whom he has identified himself." Peter Monroe, the critic, further said: "He has been the husband of Katherine Mansfield and the friend and enemy of D.H. Lawrence, the biographer of Jesus and the proponent of a refined sort of communism. He has also become somewhat notorious as a character in recent fiction. Lawrence put him into 'Women in Love' and 'Aaron's Rod.' Aldous Huxley made a nasty caricature of him in 'Point Counter Point'." John Middleton Murry's portrait of himself is even more unflattering than these. Murry was born in South London of poor parents. At the age of ten he won a scholarship to Christ's Hospital, which he has described as "an Elizabethan foundation, with a noble classical and literary tradition" and where he "duly became a classical Grecian and won a classical scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford.'' JN THE years before World War I, he "drifted" into journalism but he was neither happy nor successful at it. In a biographical note written for the 1942 edition of "Twentieth 58 PANORAMA Century Authors" he declared that his development as a writer had been intimately connected with his wife, Katherine Mansfield, and his friend, Lauwrence, whom he termed "writers more gifted than myself." At various times he was associated as a critic or in editorial capacities with the A thenaeum, the old literary journal; The Times (of London) Literary Supplement, the old Westminister Gazette, Rhythm, Signatures and The Adelphi. Among his books were "Still Life," "The Evolution of an Intellectual," "To the Unknown God," "Keats and Shakespeare," "The Life of Jesus," "Reminiscences of D.H.Lawrence," "The Necessity of Pacifism," "Democracy and War," "The Mystery of Keats" and "Jonathan Swift." In 1929 ,"The Letters of Katherine Mansfield," edited by Murry, were published in two volumes. Miss Mansfield, whose short stories have generally been accorded critical acclaim for sensitivity and perception, was ill for many years, burdened with financial worries and often separated from her husband. Many of the letters were addressed to Murry, while the others were sent to contemporary literary figures. In 1951 a new edition of Katherine Mansfield's letters included a number of personal and intimate ones that had not been included in the earlier edition. Murry once termed himself "a modernist but catholic Christian Socialist." He believed that humanity would in time learn the lessons necessary to humane living, but not in his time. In World War I he served in political intelligence at the War Office, becoming chief censor in 1919. Q F ms pacifism, he said: "I became a pacifist-I now believe I was mistaken-during the Second World War, and edited the pacifist journal Peace News from 1940 to 1946. I am ashamed to say I had no conception of the horrors of Nazism. Belsen opened my eyes: and I saw that pacifism, however sincere, is merely playing into the hands of Facist or Communist totalitarianism." john Middleton Murry married three times. His second wife, Violet Maistre, wrote under the name of Mary Arden. Only his third wife outlives him. AUGUST 1958 A dissenting view Correction, Mr. Blanshard I ONCE ran in to a b o o k called "Alien Minorities and Mongrelization." It was written by a woman who said she did not hate Jews and Negroes. She just wanted them to stop their internatio.nal plotting to destroy the white race. M r . Blanshard (American Freedom and Catholic Power) reminds me of this woman. He doesn't hate Catholics. He simply wishes they were Protestants or, even better, agnostics. A worthwhile history of the past few centuries could be written in terms of the changing styles of anti-Catholicism. Earlier baiters of Popery usually attacked the Church on religious or moral grounds, with epithets drawn from the Book of Revelations and whispered tales of debauchery behind cloister walls. This showed that earlier anti-Catholics were at least interested in religion and morality. Mr. Blanshard shows his fundamental interests by attacking on political grounds, and returning often to _the fascinating subject of mo_ney. 60 By JOSEPH McLELLAN Although he is an ordained minister, Mr. Blanshard gives little evidence of theological literacy in this book. We might summarize his ideals on religion as follows: 1. God should have polled his constituency for majority support before issuing the ten commandments. 2. A religion should keep its principles vague. It may, for instance, oppose murder, but it should not go on to define such practices as abortion, euthanasia, and birth control as murder. 3. A man should not let his religion interfere with his business. If he is a doctor, his medical code should have no relation to his faith. If he is a lawyer or a politician, he should leave his m o r al scruples at home. 4. Religions should stop their unscientific fussing about the supernatural. 5. Finally, religion should not PANORAMA interfere with publicly accepted forms of sin. A clue to Blanshard's bias can be found in his use of adjectives and other modifying expressions - th e "scapular racket," the "relic industry." This is not the language of an objective scholar, but the invective of a pamphleteer. THE BOOK becomes an attack on all devout souls who give their religion the place of supreme importance in their lives. The blast is aimed at Catholics because in f!early 20 centuries of history it has worked out a detailed moral code which does not always coincide with the practices of the general community. But the principle is just as surely directed against the Presbyterian: who works against drinking an d gambling, the Quaker who strives for world peace and disarmament,"and the Christian Scientist who opposes water fluoridation. He can think of religious vocations only in the most gross terms - as a sign of "mental abnormality" or a source or cheap labor. Total dedication to a religious ideal is apparently a mystery which his mind has never grasped. This is a twofold pity - not only because he has written a very misleading book, but because with proper understanding he could have written a very usef!J.l book: reforms might have been begun. There are so many misstatements in this opus that it would take another book of approximately the same size to comment on them all. What Color? Inebriate was leaning on the bar with his hands clasped together. Frequently he would peek in between his thumbs, first with one eye, then with the other. "W atcha got there?" demands his friend. "Guess!" said the drunk with a knowing smile. "Butterfly?" "Nope" - this after another cautious peek. "Hummingbird?" Another look into his fist- "Nope." ''Well, I dunno - an elephant, maybe?" The drunk took another long look and demanded: ''What color?" * AUGUST 1958 61 62 p LANS for the expansion of the manufacturing operations of Island Products Corporation, involving what may some day be a million-peso industry, were disclosed recently by Robert T. Williams, Sr., chairman of the board of directors of Williams Equipment Co., Ltd., owners of I.P.C. Williams told a press conference at the Manila Overseas Press club that the I.F'.C. was embarking en an all-out scale to double its production of quality acacia wooden products and hike its exports by 100 per cent. He said that acacia, popularly known as raintree wood and scientifically named Sainanea Sarnan, has never been put to commercial use in the Philippines before, and was usually considered only as a decorative shade tree and then burned as kindling wood. It has been used since the days of the early padres to outline plaza areas throughout the Philippines. A modern note is sounded when it is noted that the acacia logs must be checked for shrapnel embedded during World War II. It was learned that the Island Products Corp. produces P20 thousand worth of quality acacia wooden products such as teatables, bowls, salad sets, kitchenware utensils, etc., monthly, most of which are exported to Hawaii, the U.S. and West Germany. Williams pointed out that with the increasing demand for the products and possible assistance from the government, the new dollar-earning industry cquld become a million-peso business. He said the total sales of acacia wooden products in Hawai\ amount to $1-million. _annually. Aside from the increased manufacture of acacia salad bowls, salad servers, trays, plates and other products, l.P .C. expansion plans include the production of 20 acacia teatables daily. Explaining the quality of acacia wooden products, Wil Iiams said that contrary to the general belief, acacia wood is actually considered a hard wood, belonging to the same category as narra, tindalo and others. He said acacia, which has never been used commercially here before, may open a new milestone for Philippine industries. He said trained craftsmen have been able to manufaccoloring, ranging from deep golden yellow through various shades of brown to an almost black color. PANORAMA ~row uRA~E~ for Profit Some yarieties do tltrive locally 1 HE GRAPE is one of the oldest domesticated plants of man. It has been under cultivation since Biblical times. Grapes were grown primarily for wine-making. Today, a larg2 part of the grape produce of the world find its way to th~ table. Nobody knows the exact date when the grape pla-ot was introduced into the Philippines. Some c 1 aim that the Spaniards brought it with them. At any rate, we have in the Philippines two principal varieties-the Cebu grape and the Ilocos grape. The Philippines imports every year one million pesos worth of grapes. This heavy drain on our foreign reserves has impelled the Bureau of Plant lndu~ try to improve the propagation of the grape plant in the Philippines. Before the war, the Bureau AUGUST 1958 By Ben Revilla of Plant Industry had a number of grape plants in various experimentat stations all over the country. The aim of th' Bureau was to produce a strain that would be suited to Philippine soil and climate. The war stopped the experiments and the plants were destroyed. After the war, the Burea'.l resumed its experiments. New varieties like the Siamese grape from Thailand, the Delight and Perlette from California were acquired. The first two varieties are very fruitful but in point of sweetness only fair while the Perlette while not very fruitful was very sweet. The Siamese grape was acquired in 1949 f.rom Thailand in the form of a rooted cutting. It began to bear fruit two years after planting. The berries were 63 rounded, medium in size an:i blackish in color. The Delight was pla,nted in 1951. It bore its first fruit in 1954. The Delight bears fruit twice a year-first in June to July and then in January to February. The berries are small, reddish purple when ripe and fairly juicy. The Perlette was planted al'>o in 1951 but it bore fruit i!l February, 1954. The berries came in small clusters. Thev were round, seedless, straw colored and very sweet and juicy. THE GRAPE plant is adaptable. However, it grows best in sandy loam or alluvial soil with good drainage. It also requires a dry summer during the fruiting season. Grapes can grow in any part of the Philippines but thev thrive best in places with a distinct wet and dry season. The biggest problem of grape ·culture in the Philippines is to change the bearing season from the rainy months of July, August and September to the months of January, February and March. This is important because berries produced during the wet season are generally inferior in quality. One way of changing the bearing season is by clipping the flower buds from August to September and allowing the vines to grow luxuriantly. lf 64 this is done, the vine will flower again between October and December and the fruils will mature between January and February. Grapes can be propagated either by seeds or by cuttings. Grape plants grown from seeds bear fruits after six or seven years. The plants propagated by cuttings produce in three years. One distinct advantage of propagating by seed is that it allows the plant to adapt itself to the climate and soil of the locality. Cuttings should be about 30 centimeters long with at least three or more modes. They should be first germinated in partly shaded nurseries either in bamboo pots or plots. When they have germinated they can be transplanted to permanent yards. It is always a good practice to prune the leaves after transplanting. There are two ways of growing grapevines. One is with t~e use of the overhead trellis an j the other is with the use of the fence trellis. The overheaj trellis requires seedlings to be planted five to six meters apart. If one wishes to use a fence trellis, the seedlings may be planted four or five meters apart in rows. Hog wire supported by strong perml!nent posts makes a good trellis. In large scale planting, the California system is the most practical. Each plant is trained PANORAMA to produce one main stem with the help of a temporary support or trellis. This main stem is pruned to a height of three to five feet and induced to produce the fruit-bearing branches on top. The branches are pruned every fruiting season. After four or five years, the mai11 stem will be sturdy enough to stand without any support. THE PROSPECTIVE grape grower has to learn the art of pruning. Most grape plants have to be pruned periodically to induce them to flower. One must know when to prune the leaves, the branches and the flowers clusters. This aspect of grape culture has to be studied very carefully. It has observed that large fruit clusters in tropical areas hinder the development of the berries. It is therefore suggested that large fruit clusters should be thinned early enough to induce the berries to develop fully. The enemies of the grape plant in the Philippines have not yet been determined. However, two enemies have been identified-the red spider and the thrip that feed on the lower surface of the leaves. An attack by these insects can cause the plant to lose its leave'>. These pests however can be controlled by insecticides like emulsified DDT. Leaf blight is another malady of grape plants in the Philippines. In severe cases, the leaves seem to have been seared by fire and eventually drop, leaving the vine almost ba-e. This malady can be controlled by spraying the leaves with lime suphur or with Bordeaux mixture at regular intervals. However, whon the vine is in bloom no spraying should bedone. The Bureau of Plant Industry will be more than willing to furnish information to people interested in grape culture. This is a profitable agricultural enterprise that our farmers should look into. Versatile Banana FIRE-RESISTANT material been found in banana stalks may lead to production of new fireretardant for building materials, according to report by Science Service on research at U. S. Forest Service's laboratory, Madison, Wis. Tests show that fireresistant material in banana stalks is largely potassium carbonate. AUGUST 1958 65 A basinful ol reyolvtion 'Tod Sloan and the m1~:A 66 7 .JD SLOAN called himself "a watchmaker by trade and an agitator by nature." He was a revolutionary veteran of London's dockland. He fought with Keir Hardie in 1895. He was the friend of Ben Tillett and many other Labour pioneers. He knew Mahatma Gandhi. For twenty years he was Frank Buchman's devoted friend and fellowfighter. Tod Sloan met MRA in 1937. A poster in East London announced an MRA meeting with the words: It's not an institution, It's not a point of view; It starts a revolution By starting one in you. "Revolution!" said Tod to his friends. "Let's go fn and have a basinful!" A revolution started in Tod which was felt up and down Britain and beyond. In 1938, he visited the Prime Minister of Sweden. In Geneva he urged the need of MRA on his old friend Litvinov, leader of the Soviet delegatioh to the League of Nations. In 1939 he went with Frank Buchman to America to take part in launching Moral ReArmament. Till the day he died at the age of eighty, Tod fought for an ideology above class which can revolutionize the world. PANORAMA Every year, Tod wrote Frank Buchman a Christmas letter. ln the first, written from Crown street, Tidal Basin, in 1938, he said: "In Tidal Basin the people are really hungry today for a New Leadership. They want this new thinking and today there are many homes where whole families are living this quality of life. "Moral Re-Armament and its implications are being taken up throughout the nati6n's life now, and we must see to it that its meaning is kept intact, that it is real laughing, living Obedient Willingness to restore God to leadership. "These words are God's Property coined for His service and this is what goes into them: there will be no more unmoral bargaining, no more social Injustice, no more conflict. Chaos cannot obtain if we work, live and practice Moral Re-Armament. "It will bring into being a new thinking thereby bringing into life a .new social order a new hope with God as our Leader, Guide and Strength. "Frank, this to me is the only revolution that matters, the change of human nature and it does happen." AUGUST 1958 fl FEW days before he died, Tod wanted to send a last message to Frank Buchman at Mackinac. A friend brought along a tape-recorder. Tod spoke the thoughts written that day in his guidarice book: "The world of people is not satisfied with their present leadership. That's the reason for these outbreaks in the various countries. They are confused by the Left and by the Right. They are longing for a new direction. The news from Mackinac is simply and truly heartening. So glad Frank is well. He is great because he's given himself to God and he's been able to get others to give themselves willingly to change the world. It must become the every-minute thinking of the ordinary men and women everywhere. "'Be still and know that I am God.' Peace and the green pastures are before you. Thank God for the day. Obedience to guidance is the acme of peace. I love to be guided, so I do. I love to be guided, I love to be guided. I shall have no fear, I shall fear no pain. In God's good time He'll transfer me to a bigger job.''-MRA Pictorial. 67 Filipiniana CORCUERA'S HOLY WRATH By Ester Pineda 0 NE OF the recent acquisitions of the National Library is a small pamphlet, 14, pages thick, entitled "Succesos Felices que por Mar y Tierra ha dado a las armas Espanolas; en las Islas Filipinas contra el Mindanao; y en las de Terrenate, contra los Holandeses, por fin del ano de 1636, y principio del de 1637." This booklet with the clumsy title was printed by Tomas Pinpin on rice paper in 1637. There are only two extant copies of this booklet. The other one is in the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, Spain. The Philippine copy was acquired from a New York bookdealer. 68 This booklet is interesting because it is one of the few extant copies of the work of Tomas Pinpin, the first Filipino printer. Not much is known about this fellow. The historian Retana believes that he was a Tagalog who has acquired a thorough knowledge of the Spanish language. In fact at one time he assisted Father Blancas de San Jose in the preparation of the famous "Arte y Reglas." He was also the author of a handbook of Tagalog grammar which was printed in 1610 in Abucay by Diego Talaghay, probably one of Pinpin's assistants. There is no mention of the name of the author of Succesos Felices. There are speculations that it was written by a Jesuit who accompanied the expedition or by Pinpin himself. At any rate, the booklet is interesting narrative. The account starts with a description of the spoliations perpetrated by the Muslim pirates in Luzon and the Visayan Islands. There are vivid descriptions of sacrilegeous acts committ~d on holy objects and the enslavement of Christian natives. These pirates were sent out by the King of Mindanao called Cachil Corralat. To prevent or report the movements .of the raiders, the governor general of the Philippines, Don Juan Cerezo de Salamanca, established a fort in Zamboanga. PANORAMA THE NARRATIVE proper starts when Corralat dispatched a fleet in Ap_ril 1636. The new Spanish governor, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, "fired with the zeal for the honor of God and his King," sent out an expedition consisting of several champans "to avenge in person the insolent acts of these barbarians." The expedition left Manila on February 2, 1637, the feastday of the Purification of Our Lady. Corcuera was encouraged by the success of an earlier expedition, a punitive raid led by Sergeant-Major Nicolas Gonzalez of the Zamboanga fort on December 21, 1636. The Spaniards caught up with the Muslims off the Punta de Flechas about halfway between Zamboanga and Cotabato. The Spaniards were able to capture seven of the eight vintas and kill 300 Muslim pirates. They were able to rescue also 120 "Christian prisoners, inciuding a Recollect friar." The booty that fell into Spanish hands was considerable. The night before the battle a storm raged and an earthquake shook the region causing a piece of the cliff to fall into the sea. The Spaniards attributed this event to "Our Lord giving to understand thereby that the impiety so strongly entrenched in that island was to fall and give place to our holy religion." The Spaniards reAUGUST 1958 named the place Punta de San Sebastian and made off with their loot. Corcuera's fleet arrived in Zamboanga on February 22. The force was divided into four companies. Without waiting for the reenforcements, the Spaniards set sail on March 4th for Lamitan, a port in Lana°' where Corralat had his palace. They reached Lamitan nine days later. Corcuera with a detail of musketeers reconnoitered the coast and the river. Finding it safe, he order his men, about 70 strong, to disembark and deploy around Corralat's cotta or fortified village. Two outposts were surprised and taken despite the fact that they were "exceedingly well fortified with a new ditch, with eight pieces of artillery, 27 versos, many muskets with rests and other lighter arms, and with more 2,000 Moro warriors." "Had the fleet that left Zamboanga been all together that date," the unknown chronicler proceeded to relate, "they would have finished matters with the Moro King Corralat, who, with as many men as possible, withdrew to the hill which he had fortified, disguised and borne on the shoulders of slaves." ON MARCH 16, Sergeant Major Gonzalez arrived with the rest of the fleet and Corcuera divided his attacking 69 force into two groups: 120 Spaniards and 30 Pampangos with instruction to attack from the rear. The next morning Corcuera led the frontal assault on the fort. Two paths led to the cotta. Their Muslim guide said both roads were poor and recommended that they continue onward. "If both roads are poor," said Corcuera, "let us go by the other and not by the one along which the Moro is guiding us." "That was an inspiration of Heaven," the chronicler remarked, for the first road led directly to an ambush. The approach to the hill was so steep that the attackers had to go down on all fours. When they were about a hundred yards from the walls, the overconfident Spaniards charged "so blinded by their overweening valor and spirit" that they forgot caution. The Moros repulsed them by unloading quantities of stone on their unfortunate heads, killing more than 20 and wounding eight. However, Corcuera was able to rally his men and the withdrawal was orderly. That night they camped on the shoulder of the hill opposite the fort "at the greatest risk of perishing, if the enemy had made a sally, however, vigilant our men had been. But God delivered them from that danger, for the ene70 my did not make a sally, because they made a great feast that night over the good results of having, as they imagined, killed the governor." Th e following morning, March 18, Corcuera and his men were hearing Mass when the troops under Gonzalez attacked. They discharged muskets on the side of the fort and boldly advanced. The surprise attack proved to be successful. "Consequently, the Moros were compelled to abandon their three forts, one after the other, leaving an infinite number of de.ad who perished partly by the balls and partly through falling over precipices in escaping, as the way was narrow. Among those who escaped by flight was Corralat; he fled, badly wounded, to some small village that he owned, which were four leguas distant from the hill. The queen, his wife, and many others of his servants threw themselves over the precipices of their own accord, in order to avoid falling into our hands. Many of the enemy were captured and the Christian captives were freed." The booty, including captured artillery pieces, was sizable. The conquerors carried off everything of value and burned the buildings and fortifications. The fleet sailed to Zamboanga. PANORAMA F ROM ZAMBOANGA, Corcuera sent an emissary to Corralat's nephew, Cachil Moncay. He proposed an alliance provided homage and tribute were paid to the king of Spain and war declared on his uncle. Moncay agreed. Corcuera sent an expedition composed of 100 Spanish and 1,000 native troops to harass the enemy along the beaches of southeastern Mindanao. The Christians "burned as many as sixteen villages, and many other collections of houses, laid waste the fields and gardens, destroyed more than 100 ships and siezed others for the use of the fleet, whose need he abundantly supplied with many prov1s10ns which he collected. He also beheaded 72 Moros and the heads he placed on pikes, in various places along the beach, in order to terrorize the others. He made prisoners of some others whom he took alive and with that the whole land grew fearful." Corcuera returned victorious to Manila on May 24. On June 7 a procession in his hor.or was held. "In front marched the ransomed Christians, very handsomely clad, carrying candles and rosaries. Four long paces behind them were many sacred vases and ecclesiastical ornaments which had been recovered from the barbarians ... The hearts of the Catholics were moved to great compassion, and the people gave many thanks to our Lord for the sight of that which they had desired many years." The booklet closes with a short account of an expedition that Corcuera sent against the Dutch in the Moluccas. The encounter was not decisive but "the enemy was greatly terrified the natives derived a very exalted idea of the Spaniards, while the latter were very joyful in beholding the arms of the king our sovereign - even in these most remote boundaries of the earth - shine with the luster and splendor that they merit." Analogy "Your wife drives like lightning, doesn't she?" "Yes - always striking trees." * AUGUST 1958 71 72 T HE PHENOMENON of conducting light along glass or plastic rods is not unique, but until recently, the use of this effect has been limited to transporting light from one point to another. Now the applications of this phenomenon are receiving close attention and a new branch of optics known as "fiber optics" is being developed at Armour Research Foundation. The principle of fiber optics is based on the property of transparent dielectric fibers to isolate an element of an image and convey it to another point along a flexible path. A well-aligned bundle, or "rope," of glass fibers thus can be used for the transmission of optical images "around comers." In this way, fib!!r optics has application to medical instrumentation, photography, television, refractometry, and even cryptography. Since the flexibility of the glass rope system allows it to be navigated along curved channels, endoscopic examinations of the internal portions of the body would be simplified greatly with development of a fiber optical gastroscope. Present instruments, which consist of periscopic doublets and field lenses, have only limited flexibility and their light transmission and image quality are unsatisfactory. Because of the lack of flexibility of existing gastroscopes, there exist "blind regions" inside the stomach that are unobservable. The use of fiber bundles would ease the passing of the instrument inside the body and bring about an additional improvement in image quality and light transmission. Color photography of remote areas also seems possible using this system. Whereas conventional instruments make use of a small electric bulb at the distal end for illuminating the object, use of coarser fibers to conduct light from an outside source to the object is suggested. It seems possible to produce mosaic color pictures of the inside of remote objects with an appropriate scanning mechanism. In particular, the inspection of hitherto unobserved areas in the duodenum for cancer and stomach ulcers seems possible following the development of this instrument. PANORAMA One mark of an educated man is the possession of a reasonable fund of general information. The highly •pecialized individual, often dubbed an "expert," frequently knows little or nothinK" outside his own line. Try yourself on the followinsr question•. then turn to the next pace for the correct answers. I. Of course you have heard of Major Marion "Pat" Boling who recently set a new non-stop solo flight record for light planes by flying from Manila to: A. Wichita; B. Seattle; C. Pendleton; D. Boise. 2. Modern jet aircraft use the term "mach" to designate speed. A "mach" means: A. the acceleration of a free-falling body; B. the speed of sound at sea level; C. sudden or forced stop; D. thrust or power of a jet engine expressed in pounds. 3. Victim of assassilns in a recent coup is Iraq's king: A. Abdul Illah; B. Hussein; C. Feisal; D. Abdul Kassem. 4. Celebrating his 80th birthday sometime this year was Frank Buchman, who is: A. the founder of the Salvation Army; B. the first Nobel prize winner in science; C. Hollywood's pioneer movie producer; D. the founder of the Moral Rearmament movement. 5. An epoch-making journey was accomplished this month when a U.S. submarine crossed the north pole under the ice cap. Atomic-powered, the submarine is named: A. Nautilus; B. Skate; C. Triton; D. Spud. 6. The adobo is to the Filipinos, as the goulash is. to the: A. Czechoslovakian; B. Hungarian; C. Polish; D. Swedish. 7. The Latin abbreviation et seq., used in manuscripts, means: A. without exception; B. omit; C. and the following; D. to be continued. 8. Who said, " 'Tis better to have loved and lost than not to have loved at all"? Was it: A. Tennyson? B. Browning? C. Keats? D. Longfellow? 9. A five-pointed star is common enough, but what is a six-pointed star called? It is called: A. asterisk; B. hexagram; C. hexoid; D. hexangle. 10. Along the cultural front, recent visitors to the Philippines and performers at the University of the Philippines campus were: A. the San Francisco ballet team; B. the Saddler Wells ballet team; C. the New Philharmonic orchestra; D. the New York City ballet team. AUGUST 1958 73 ARE YOU WORD WISE? ANSWERS PANORAMA QUIZ ANSWERS 1. B. to make a general headlong rush 1. C. Pendleton (Oregon; 6,872 miles) 2. D. belonging to a thing by its 2. B. the speed of sound at sea level 3. C. Feisal very nature 3. A. to draw or bring out 4. D. founder of the Moral Rearmament movement 4. B. to promote the growth of 5. A. Nautilus 5. B. to interpret 6. B. Hungarian 6. A. a work or composition 7. C. and the following (et sequens) 7. D. closely related 8. C. inactive or passive 8. A, Tennyson 9. C. compulsion or coercion 9. B. hexagram 10. B. an ill-tempered woman 10. D. New York City ballet team 74 POSTAL ROBOT A UTOMATIC mail sorter, reported in its developmental stage, has been finished in prototype form for the National Bureau of Standards and U.S. Post Office by Rabinow Engineering Co., Washington, D.C. Machine sorts 36,000 letters an hour, directed by electronic controls, human operators, or both. Addresses are abbreviated, printed on envelopes. Letters are sorted, first, for local, outgoing, airmail, or miscellaneous. An electro-mechanical-optical device "looks up' letter destinations and shunts letters to destination receptacles. * PANORAMA In the Beqinninq. . . FOYER (lobby of a theater or hotel) From the French word of the same spelling meaning originally "hearth" or "fireplace,'' where theater audiences went for warmth between acts, this modem English word has been derived. APOSTLE (one of the 12 discipies of Christ) In Greek apostolos meant "one sent away" - almost literally describing the missionary followers of Jesus Christ. AUGUST 1958 KISMET (fate or destiny) Oddly enough, this term comes from the Arabic qasama which means "divide." 75 Phillppine Panorama-JC. LIY (? INTANGKAI is a Samal settle~ ment on a coral island of the Tawi-tawi group. It is one of the southernmost islands of the Philippines. It is a flat island, laced with white sand and green palms, locked by the dark blue water of the Sulu sea. The sea around Sintangkai 1s forever calm. There is no surf and seldom is the devastating charge of the typhoon felt. The water is always clear and from a boat one could watch the amazing marine creatures, high76 ly colored and curiously shaped, that cavort and destroy each other on the ocean floor. Corals and seaweeds present a submarinescape of fantastic beauty. Sintangkai is the home of 10,000 Samals, a Malay group that has produced brave sailors and skillful fishermen. They live in frail huts .erected on slender poles along the coast of the island. One approaches the town along a waterway that remains deep even during ebb. The serpentine course of this PANORAMA waterway is marked out by poles. Sintangkai is memorable because of its smell. The saline breeze that wafts the island is always laden with the odor fish and human waste. The nose is regaled, assaulted, abused by the smell of fish. All the nual1ces of this odor are available in Sitangkai. One writer noticed that even the people smell like fish. This unusual effluvium however ceases to be noticeable after a day or so on the island. The sun bestows upon Sintangkai a special kind of heat that seems to congeal on the skin. Indeed one feels that sunlight here is a substance, like amber, that grips the town. The stranger is invariably rendered immobile by the weight of Sitangkai's sunlight. A Samal spends practicalhr his whole life at sea. The land, they say, is only for the plants, the Christian& and the dead. When a Samal dies, he is washed with coconut milk, placed in a coffin and buried ashore with his worldly belongings. The grave is usually marked with the prow of the dead man's kumpit. <y HE MAIN occupation of the Samals is fishing. Th~y have devised all sorts of traps, discovered a variety of poisons to catch fish. Some of them have discovered dynamite but AUGUST 1958 its use is generally discouraged. Another occupation of the Samals is smuggling. From the coves and inlets of British North Borneo, the Samals have smuggled a variety of merchandise ranging from refrigerator~ to thermos bottles from Red China. The Samals find the harshness of the Philippine Navy towards the smugglers difficult to understand. As far back as they could remembe;:-, the Samals have traded with the North Borneans, and aren't they at present engaged in trade? Sintangkai is probably older than Manila and Cebu. It was a trading outpost of the Mad· japahit empire and been before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Samals were already enjoying the benefits of Arabic civilization. The Samals profess the Muslim faith. Before Sintangkai became a peaceful settlement it was a pirate base. The pirate fleets of the Sultans converged on Sintangkai before they embarked on their famous raids. Very often, Spanish commercial vessels that passed these waters were overtaken, looted and sank. The Spaniards have dispatched a number of expeditions against the Sintangkai pirates, none of which seemed to have inhibited the Samals. But with the advent of the steam gunboats, the Samals gradually yielded and Sintangkai became a peaceful trading post. 77 7 HE TRADE of the island is in the hands of the Chinese. The fish, shells, pearls and the marine products are bought by the Chinese and shipped to Cebu and Manila. It is suspected that the Chinese are the masterminds behind the smuggling business. toms, practices and mores of their forefathers. To that extent, progress does not seem to have touched this island. But because of the public schools, the Samals are slowly developing a wider world-view. It is expected that in a generation or so the Samals will change both in outlook and way of life. The Samals of Sintangkai have retained most of the cus· 78 A Matter of Opinion S UMMER weekend driving comment: Let the women take the wheel. For men are more reckless drivers than women. So sa.ys Mrs. Mildred Gnau, head of the Cleve· land AAA Highway Safety program. When a man has an accident, it's "a good one," said the softspoken Mrs. Gnau, with the city's AAA safety program for 22 years. But when a woman has an accifient it's usually a minor thing. "A man will try to make a distance record to prove that he can do it. A woman will stop for a cup of coflee rather than think of setting a record." Mrs. Gnau, one of the few women leaders in highwaf safety believes more women are needed in her field. "Many women are frightened away from the field because they think that anything to do with an au· tomobile is a marls work," she explained. "But the truth is, highway safety work is a natural for women. For they are more safety conscious than men, be· cause they're naturaily protective. And often they have insights that a man would not have. "I think that the major importance of women in highway safety work is this - women are not as call· ous toward death as are men. By nature, a woman is more cautious and careful." PANORAMA Blood may tell Joluing tht Blaori f lt!!lt J HE MAORIS of New Zealand are members of the Polynesian group, closely related to Hawaiians and inhabitants of many island groups in between. Their speech, customs and traditions have a great deal in common. Now an effort to trace the legendary homeland of the Pacific peoples is being made by a detailed study of blood groups. Undoubtedly they had a common origin before spreading far across the Pacific voyages that rate them as history's great navigators. The Kon-Tiki adventure attempted to show that the r a c e reached the Pacific from South America, following ocean currents. Most anthropologists, however, believe they came from Asia, via Indonesia. AUGUST 1958 Maori legends about their own origins contain many references to an original hon:ieland named Hawaiki (not Hawaii). For over a century science has argued about the location of Hawaiki. Now advances in the science of hematology offer hopes of an answer. It has been shown that the proportion of the population belonging to the various blood groups remains constant in a given race. This holds even among members of the race who have migrated and have long lived elsewhere. The subjects used for this test are members of the Tuhoe tribe, in the Urewere forest country of New Zealand's North Island. Because they have mingled less than other Maoris with the outside world, the tribe con79 tains an unusually high proportion of pure-blooded members. Although no results have been released yet, a large number of blood samples have been made and researchers are confident that conclusions can be reached. There remains another year's work ahead, with samples already taken and deep frozen for study. J LOOD grouping is the most objective way of tracing the origin of a people like the Maoris, since it can be expressed in figures rather than theories. Even then, however, there will be need for physical anthropology to supplement and verify the blood test findings. Despite the dramatic drifting of several Scandinavians aboard rafts, crossing the Pacific from east to west a few years ago, the demonstration was not con" sidered conclusive, simply oecause ocean currents have been known to change; and what is possible today may not have been true at all centuries or thousands of years ago when the Maoris migrated: The blood of 92 "pure" Maoris recently tested did not contain any of the almost unique blood group factors found among South American Indians. Scientists were looking for a complex chemical substance on the surface of red blood cells called the Diego factor and frequent among South American Indians. They looked too for blood proteins called hemoglobin E and H, found commonly among Mongoloid peoples, of which South American Indians are examples. Neither this factor nor the hemoglobins were discovered. Quite Possible 80 Isadora Duncan, the great dancer, once wrote to George Bernard Shaw and suggested, or so the wits say: ''We two ought to have a child, so it could inherit my looks and your brains." Shaw reportedly wrote back: "Madam, I am flattered- but supposed it turned out to have my looks and your brains!" * PANORAMA ?eue-tJ'tama, , , , , , by Elmer ----~~------------6 REGORIO DEL Pilar had prepared himself from boyhood for a role in the Philippine revolution. He had been exposed to libertarian ideas in his home and he had eagerly examined the writings of the Filipino propagandists among them his uncle, Marcelo H. del Pilar. In his hometown in Bulacan, he distributed the pamphlets produced by these propagandists. He had to employ devious subtle means in order to avoid detection. Once he even used the parish priest to distribute revolutionary pamphlets. This parish priest, Feli82 pe Garcia, always distributed pamphlets to the congregation after mass. These pamphlets, however, were religious in nature. The young del Pilar one day substituted a package of revolutionary pamphlets for the religious ones. After the mass, Father Garcia told the congregation: "Read these pamphlets, my brothers, and afterwards let others read them. In this wav you ·shall gain indulgence and shall be good before the eyes of the Church." Little did he know that he had sanctioned the tracts of the revolutionists exposing the abuses of the Spaniards in the Philippines. PANORAMA HERO OF TIRAD PASS By Six to D' As is flU\1'1111',, AUGUST 1958 Gregorio de! Pilar was born on November 14, 1875 in Bulacan, Bulacan. His parents were Felipa Sempio and Fernando H. del Pilar. He received his early education from his uncle Romualdo Sempio and Monico Estrella. Later he went to Manila where he attended the school of Pedro Serrano Laktaw and the Ateneo de Manila. When the revolution broke out, del Pilar immediately joined the forces of Bonifacio. He was among the first members of the Katipunan. He first saw action on January 1, 1897 at the battle of Kawaron de Sili, in Sta. Maria, Bulacan. His bravery and presence of mind under fire earned him a lieutenancy. His next battle, assault on Paombong in Bulacan, on August 31, 1897, brought to the fore his qualities as a leader. His platoon was able to capture Spanish arms. The encounter at Paombong was not spectacular but it was a well-executed manuever and del Pilar was promoted ~" Lieutenant-Colo~ nel. When the Pact of Biak-na· Bato was signed in 1897, ending the revolution and imposing voluntary exile on the leaders, del Pilar went with Aguinaldo to Hongkong. The Spaniards did r:ot comply with the terms of the Pact. The promised reforms did not come; only part of the indem· 8~ nity was paid; no amnesty was granted to the other revoluticmists. As a result hatred and mistrust was once more generated among the Filipino people. ON MAY 19, 1898, Aguinaldo once more called his people to arms and on May 24, 1898, he proclaimed his leadership of the military government. Del Pilar was given the command of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. On June 24, 1898, del Pilar recaptured his hometown from the Spaniards. So astute was his leadership in this skirmish that Aguinaldo promoted him to Brigadier-General. Immediately after the fall of Bulacan, del Pilar turned his attention to the operations in Caloocan and La Loma. Towards the end of July, he started the siege of Manila. At about this time, American troops under General Wesley Merritt had arrived. The Americans and the Filipinos agreed to cooperate against the Spaniards. An attack on the city was launched on August 13, 1898. The city fell. Even before the coming of American troops, the military situation was dominated by the Filipinos. Admiral Dewey confessed his admiration for the effectiveness of the siege by the Filipinos. On September 9, 1898, the re84 volutionary capital moved to Malolos. Six days later, the Revolutionary Congress was inaugurated and the Declaration of Independence proclaimed at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898, was ratified. But with the American occupation of Manila, the Filipinos found themselves facing another enemy. The war between the Filipinos and the Americans began on February 4, 1899 at San Juan Bridge. Del Pilar fought the Americans at San Miguel, Bulacan. Though he was defeated, he and his six-hundred men proved their courage under fire. The capital of the Republic was moved to Tarlac and del Pilar was given the command of Pangasinan. The war beween the Americans and the Filipinos was at its fiercest at this time. Many courageous ·Filipinos fell; the advance of the Americans was relentless. So dark were the forebodings of del Pilar at this time· that he confided to his brother, Pablo: "You can announce to our family that they might as well consider me dead. I do not hope to survive much longer." THE TOWNS of Pangasinan fell rapidly. Once more Aguinaldo was compelled to withdrew. Del Pilar was ordered to cover the withdrawal. Two thousand Filipino troops left Sta. Barbara and reached PoPANORAMA zorrubio on November 14, 1899. From Pozzorubio, Aguinaldo marched to La Union, passing through Rosario, Tubao, Aringay, Kaba, Bauang, to NaguiIian. From Naguilian they crossed to Ilocos Sur and arrived at Candon on the night of November 21. D.el Pilar spotted and recognized the strategic importance of a mountain pass called Tirad. It was a pass 4,500 feet high. "The Americans will never take this," del Pilar said, "and if they do, it will be over my corpse." On November 30, Aguinaldo and del Pilar went to Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. At about this time, General March was pursuin,g Aguinaldo. Del Pilar made clear his intention to hold Tirad Pass in spite of Aguinaldo's protests. Three hundred men took their position along the pass. As the American thirty-third Infantry worked their way up the pass, the Filipinos fired. The Americans withdrew and took cover . . Both sides delivered heavy fire. One by one the Filipinos de· fenders fell. An American correspondent remarked of del Pilar: "We heard his voice continually, urging his men to greater effort, scolding them. praising them, cursing them, appealing one moment to thei:love of the native land and at the next instant threatening to kill them himself if they did not stand firm." The Filipino line was broken and the survivors withdrew to the second barricade. - It was during this withdrawal that the Americans annihilated the Filipino contingent. Del Pilar, mounted on his horse, was hit on the shoulder. Then an American sharpshooter aimed at the General's neck; the bullet foun i its mark. Del Pilar fell off his horse. He rolled on the ground dead. There he lay unburied until a tater band of Americans took pity on him and dug a grave for him where he died. Maybe He Would AUGUST 1958 Passport , clerk: "just fill in this nationality blank, please. You're French, aren't you?" Applicant: "No, I'm English. My father and mother. were both English." Passport clerk: "But you said you were born in Paris." Applicant: "What of it? If your dog had pu-ps in a china closet, would you call them soup plates?" 85 7~ ?Hoa ";41et44tte eve ~au 1-e ~i4to~~ New York to Paris via Siberia . .. '}T WAS inevitable that someone would attempt to combine the cross-country race with the rally, a.nd 1908 saw it done. The conception was big, indeed probably too big: a race from New York to Paris via Siberia, but to be run by touring, not racing, automobiles. The thing was so palpably mad that comparatively few entries were received. Those who did sign up, though, were iron men, and they came to New York with no illusions. At ten o'clock in the morning, on a cold and snowy 12th i!6 of February, 1908, six automobiles lined up in 43rd Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue, and awaited the fall of a signal flag. Their impatient drivers-three Frenchmen, an Italian, a German and an American - nervously gripped their steering wheels, ready to jump for any advantage, as though they were starting a fast run for money to 1 lOth Street. But their goal was not 1 lOth Street; it was Paris. Under the sponsorship of Le Matin of Paris, and The New York Times, PANORAM.4 A ONG-DISTANCE, town-to-town automPbile races began l ~ in Europe soon after the first horseless carriage chugged doubtfuily out of a dank garage into the bright sunlight. These races, beginning around 1900, were so popular that some of them still rank among the best attended sporting events of all times. The automobile had tremendaus appeal for the sportsman of the day,· it was the fastest vehicle at man's bidding,· it was new; much about it was unknown. It offered a great challenge. And, since the motorcar was designed to transport people over ordinary roads, it was logical to test it for speed in that fashion. So hardy is the appeal of racing automobiles that there are still two great cross-country races run today, in spite of many difficultie~heavier traffic, higher speeds reluctance of authorities to co-operate. The two races are the Mill~ Miglia (Thausand Miles) in Italy and the Carrera Panamericana in Mexico. The Mi11e Miglia, usually run in April, is a circuit race centering on the Italian city of Brescia. they proposed to drive their hard-sprung, unsheltered, dubiously reliable horseless carriages from New York to Albany, Buffao, Cleveland, Toledo, Chicago, Omaha, Cheyenne, Granger, Ogden, Reno, Carson City, Goldfield, Daggett, Mojave, Saugus, Santa Barbara, San Jose, San Francisco; thence by sea (with a brief road run in Alaska) to Vladivostok, and on to Harbin, Irkutsh, Tomsk, Omsk, Tyumen, Ekaterinburg, Moscow, Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Berlinand Paris. AUGUST 1958 Last year, this year, ten years ago, such a race would have been madness, and few men could have been found to embark ·upon it, no matter what the rewards. But this was the year 1908. To the automobillsts of the day, a trip of twenty miles was an event, one of fifty, an adventure. Even in the heavily populated eastern states, the roads outside the cities were kidney-wreckers, tooth-pullers, !;>one-shakers, little more than cart tracks, even in the middle of summer - and this was snowy February. The tempera87 ture was in the low thirties, and there was heavy ice in the rivers. 7 HE CARS were open, of course, all of them: the Thomas, the three French cars -De Dion, Moto Bloc, Sizaire et Naudin-th~ Italian Zust and the German Protos. None of these makes has survived. But in February, 1908, every one of them was a potential world-beater. There were 250,000 people in Times Square that February morming, and the streets were black with derby hats. Three hundred policemen were busy holding a clear path for the cars. At eleven o'clock the six chugged away. This was a race that was not really a race; it was more properly an endurance contest, and everyone concerned had predicted that the cars would proceed at a fairly decorous rate at the beginning. They did not. Once clear of New York City the fever got into the drivers and they began to motor in earnest. They were soon hard at it, driving as if Paris were no farther away than Albany. They were a hard-bitten crew, three men to the car. George Schuster and Montague Roberts drove the Thomas Flyer, and George Miller from the Thomas factory joined them when they reached Buffalo. The Thomas, incidentally, was certified 88 as a stock car, having been selected from others at the plant six days before the race began. The fast run out of New York was too much for the smallest car in the race, the ambitious little one-cylinder Sizaire et Naudin, and it dropped out. The Thomas, the De Dion and the Zust ran ahead, with the Moto Bloc and the Protos falling steadily behind. At Erie the American car was well ahead of everything else. The Thomas ran the 220 miles from Erie to Toledo, Ohio, in a day, but there was snow ahead, and the next day saw a bare eighty miles logged to Corunna. The Thomas crew could find no accommodations for the night in Corunna, so went on to Kendallville, seven miles away. It took them fourteen hours of snow fighting to make it, and that was typical of the whole run from that point to snowbound Chicago, the Thomas a day ahead of the Zust, and the De Dion, Protos and Moto Bloc three days behind. The Thomas hadn't made the whole distance on its own, though - $1,000 had been spent one towing charges in Indiana. Iowa was solid mud, huh· deep, from end to end; mud frozen hard in the morning, so that the big touring car bounced on it like a pony cart, mud sunthawed soft by noon, stuff in which a four-mile-anhour walking pace was a good PANORAMA rate of travel. In Nebraska it was cold: real, bone-snapping Plains Country cold. The Thomas was in Omaha three days ahead of the two closest competitors, still the Zust and the De Dion. In Wyoming there were no roads at all, just unmarked plains, and rivers to be forded. Nevada was sand, and California was hot, but the Thomas was in San Francisco on the 24th of March-3,832 miles in forty-two days, and twelve days ahead of the nearest competitor, of which there were only four now, the Moto Bloc crew having given up halfway across Iowa. 7 HE CABS were to be transshipped by steamer from San Francisco to Valdez on the 8th of April with an altered crew: George Schuster, driver; George Miller, mechanic; Hans Hansen, an arctic explorer; George McAdam, a New York Times correspondent. Incredibly, the original itinerary of the race called for the cars to be driven from Valdez to Nome and thence shipped by boat to Siberia .The Thomas crew, having fought its way already through much terrain certified by the natives as impassable, persisted in the plan until a Valdez stagecoach operator took them a little way out of town in a horse-drawn sledge. Once clear of the twelve-foot AUGUST 1958 drifts in the town itself, it took the horses very little time to bog down completely, and the Thomas crew thereupon allowed cooler heads to prevail, and booked ship passage back to Seattle. The car was in Seattle on the S.S Shawmut, on May 12. They spent four days in crossing Japan and sailed for Vladivostok from Tsuruga. Considering the size and the complexity of the undertaking, the New York to Paris race was singularly free of the quarrels and jurisdictional arguments that might have marred it, but at this point there was some small trouble. The De Dion and Zust cars had arrived in Seattle and shipped out by boat before the Thomas had returned from its investigation of the Alaskan snowdrifts. This advantage, of course, they had obtained at the expense of the Thomas' side trip of 1,100 miles. Further, the Proto!) crew, still in Idaho, and broken down, had decided to put the car aboard a railroad train for Seattle, there being no other way to move it. This should have disqualified the Germans, but the race committee decided instead to penalize them thirty days: the twentythree days they were behind, plus seven days for the 1,100 miles they had done by rail. The Protos shipped to Vladivostok directly, skipping Japan, and there, with the other sur89 v1vmg cars, waited under instruction from race headquarters for the Thomas to arrive. The cars would start even again, but in order to win, the Protas, at least, would have to be in Paris thirty days before the America'ns. Considering the terrain to be covered, this was by' no means impossible. While they were waiting, the De Dion and Protas crews cornered the gasoline supply of Vladivostok. The Americans l i b e r a t e d some launch-engine fuel and ran on it until gasoline could be found. Rtinning out of Nikolsoke on May 25, a day behind the Americans, the Germans elected to forego the prescribed race route and took to the Trans-Siberian railroad tracks. The Thomas ran on the Siberian roadway, so called, for 100 miles and then gave up in a sea of mud, returned to Nikolskoe and took to the tracks behind the Protos. Both cars rode the rails for 420 miles. 7 HEm WHEEL tread did not fit the wide-gauge Russian railway, of course, and the ties were unballasted much of the way, which meaint a four- or 90 five-inch climb ·and drop over each tie for each of the four wheels, repeated thousands of .times a day. It is hard to believe that any present-day automobile, much less a 1908 40~ horsepower, $3,000 tourin~ car, could take such a drubbin,g. But aside from one breakdown which the crew repaired 'Yith the .limited facilities they carried, and which cost a five-day delay, the Thomas came off the tracks in Harbin in practically as good condition as it had been when it went o'n them in Nikolskoe, nor did either car have to dispute the right of way with a train. Fortunately, the TransSiberian runs through flat country, and the infrequent trains could be seen and heard a long way off. From Harbin the cars took to the Manchurian plains, the Protos now five days ahead. There were virtually no roads. Gasoline and oil had to be carried in the cars, and the Thomas sometimes had as much as two barrels aboard. The Thomas was seventy-two days in Siberia, and the crew had five nights of rest in bed during the whole time. PANORAMA The only major difficulty came just before Ekaterinburg, on the boundary between Asiatic and European Russia, when two teeth were stripped from a gear in pulling through mud. George Miller repaired the part in a blacksmith shop. They had passed the Protas, but a few days later the gear gave way again, and a trip by horse and wagon to Kazan, 227 miles away had to be made before they were able to get a new one. The Zust and the De Oion cars were now hopelessly out of the running, but the Germans, beten on the face of it by their thirty-day handicap, were still driving as hard as possible. The 1 e ad changed back and forth. All other hazards aside, merely finding the right road was terribly difficult. The existing maps were wildly inaccurate; signposts and road markers could hardly be expected where there were no roads; and passing peasants gave directions as various as such helpful fellows always do. T HE GERMANS made St. Petersburg first, and Berlin first, and Paris first, four days AUGUST 1958 before the Thomas Flyer's arrival on July 30. But it availed them nothing. The Thomas had come the whole way, where there was land to run on and excluding tows, under its own power, while the Protos had done 1,000 miles by rail. The Thomas came back to New York, for a triumphal run up Broadway, a Mayor's reception, and a visit to President Theodore Roosevelt. The car had covered a distance equivalent to halfway around the world - estimates varied between 12, l I 6 and 13,341 miles - had beaten the Protas by 26 days, the Zust, by 53, the De Dion by 56. It had gone the whole way on the same set of spark plugs. Alone of the cars that made the run, the Thomas is still in existence today. Battered and beat-up and unrestored, it lives at Austin Clark's automobile museum in Southampton, Long Island. Some day, perhaps, it will be put back into running order, its proud brass polished, its body painted gray again. And the day the job is done, someone is sure to suggest gassing it up and trying one more round-the-world junket. Perhaps this time it could be done in less than 170 days of elapse time and 112 days of running time - and maybe it would take a lot longer.-From the Lamp. 91 Attentiom All organization heads and members! Help gonr club raise funds painlessly . . . Join the Panorama "Fund-Raising by Subscriptions" plan today! The PANORAMA FuNo-Rus1NG BY SuBSCRIPTIONS PLAN will get you, your friends, and vour relatives a year's subscription to Panorama. The Panorama is easy to sell. It practically sells itself, which means more money for your organization. The terms of the PANORAMA FuNo-RA1s1NG BY SuBscruPTIONS PLAN are as follows: (I) Any accredited organization in the Philippines can take advantage of the PLAN. (2) The organization will use its facilities to sell subscriptions to Panorama. (3) For every subscription sold the organization will get PI.00. The more subscriptions the organization sells, the more money it gets. Write us for more details on this ''Fund-Raising by Subcriptions" Plan * * * Panorama is approved reading for all public and private schools . .. It is a treasure house of Philippine culture ( K!WWn in tire U.S. as Miehk 11 Litlwprint) • The mo.+ modern Offset prees 1 i+s size I 14 x 20 inches) • The easie.t to operate with ; centralized control panel end put button opention. • No dampening rollers to both, wit!. its patented Rotafount, gi• ing mechanically controlled damt ing. • Hairline register-ideal for mult color jobs on any type of papc et low colt a11d great speed •.• Model R. 30/90 Actual Demonstration now going 01 You are invited to see COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. PRINTERS * UTHOMAPHERS * PUIUSHIRS 1986 nen-, Si&. AM Tel 5-il-96