Forestry Leaves

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Part of Forestry Leaves

Title: Forestry Leaves
Issue Date: Volume XII (Issue No. 1) 1960
Identifier: Moving-Up Day Issue
Year: 1960
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: ..,., Forest Conservation Problems and the Logging Industry by Jose G. Sanvictores Silviculture Practices in Some Tropical Countries and their Possible Applications in the Philippines by Eulogio T. Tagudar and Martin R. Reyes Edible Fruit-bearing trees in the Philippines by Domingo V. Jacalne Standardized Cold - Soda Pulping Evaluation of Some Philippine Cellulosic Materials by Manuel R. Monsalud Additional Random Observation Made During My Travels In Japan Last Year by Manuel R. Monsalud Reforestation and Afforestation in the Philippines for Fiscal Year 1957-1959 by Jose Viado and Carlos Cunanan Fiscal Year 1957-1959 Cooperative Planting by Carlos Cunanan Know your Civil Service Opinion and Rulings by Teofila A. Santos 1959 Report of the PLP A - by Antonio de las Alas Let Us Plant Trees and Make Them Live by M. Tanarius Student Comer Campus Notes B. F. Notes FPRI Technical Notes FPRI Highlights Sunshine Comer from the Mailbag -ctorial Editorial Incidentally ~epnblic of tire Jlfilippine8 <Mice of tip Jlra;ibmt of t~ ~mah I extead my treetin,a to the UU!lll'li ant1 stucle at 9et1y af th• Cali.~ af Fareatry af the at.ate university, threu~h their afticial ar~11, tl!la FaNstry I.aves. Ta th•• wha han j!N.dutad fram the Calla,a af FarHtn, ta th•• wba are al>aut ta J..ava the 1Jarta la af tlaat iutitutie, and ta th•• whe will fallew the faetst•ri• af thae• wha have .... •ac1 ga .. 9'1!fP.t-., my f•rveat wiah is ta .... aaeh anil every••• af ya11 aantr1•ut1n, ta the ,rnth af aur natiaa•~ aeaiumv, mare particularly, in tha preearvatien ... eans•rv•tiaa af aar fareata. There is cause far alal'lll av•r the waaha claetructia• af aur hreeta. I eajaia the help af all, taerefara, ~dally yau wha haw •••• traiaeil a lea@: this lla•, te prevent the waetap ef anr Gad-~v•n harita~, H that th• Caaatitutian•l madata "te eaaaerve anti develap the patrimaay af the ll&tian" msy M f11lly rHlizeli. I ur,. 1a11 t• help • la tha taak af aatiaa ltuildiD(!' .. ~ '1'1itll tllat p.triatie duty elaarly iaatUl.911 ia yaur heart•, I bape tlaat Diviaa Prnidaaea, in His infinite wiadam •hall ahawar apaa ya• th-. lPauat.r et His lllassin(!'S. B. R. No. 3 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MANILA OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER MESSAGE -.- - -- - - I am happy to express my WlllW felicitations to the graduates of the tJP College of Forestry and to wish them Godspeed to success in their chosen calling. Commencement is really a beginning, a beginning of new adventures, of new challenges, of new accomplishments. I know that, imbued as they are with the high ideals of their Alma Mater, the graduates will lend greater radiance to the record of the u. P. and be able to acquit themselves ereditably in the years that lie ahead. ~--_ .. _e ~ - r j DANIEL Z. ROMUALDEZ I doff my hat to the 1960 graduates of the University of the Philippines College of Forestry. After having endured a W9&l7 faur-18Qr scholastic PJl'Sllit • you hmre now finally reached a new threshold that promises to be another decisive pobt 1n your lives. Unlike other professions, forestry job is most~ away frca the spark:ling light of civilization. llhen you embark on a forestry career, you leave behind that part of life where mteri.al indulgence is the general rule rather than the exception~ A.s a forester or as a ranger, you will necessarily have to stay most of the time in the forests, often away from your beloved ones. :But you will have the consolation of knowing that in performing your duties 1n the forests you are serving the interests not ong of the present but also of the future generations. This is one characteristic that can not be claillled by most o£ the other prat'essions. There can be no greater service than that performed by foresters and rangers for the benefit of all generations. A.a you step out of the portals of the College, let me wish you good luck. I am sure you will succeed if you will always have the spirit yau. have 1abibed while 1n the College of :rorestry. ' Jtniurrsity nf tlJr lllJilippinrs COLLEGE OF FORESTRY COLLEGE. LAGUNA tWrUg Up ~ ba8 &1118.1'8 Qllbellud fC" WI grwtJi1 pb;rdoaJ., iatellectml lllld ....i. !hi• 1Ml''• MovUg Up~ brillg• te olll' Iliad tbe Jll'O£NH t.bat ear College bu m4e duri111g tbe fift7 ,..ar• of it. extn.-. l'1fV :pear• 18 aot reall.7 lq 1a tbe life of an iAstitutioll., bllt. looldac bact at tbe old cla7e, vben tbe acbool began a• a a.pan.at of tbe College of Agriculture, w cannot help fMliq proud and baPP7 at tbe great •trid.e• it ba• made 81Rce tbe pi.~ '19&r•• :rr.. tbe b.umble begiAD1ng11. of a -11 facul.t;J' ud a budful. ef Btudent•, bouaed iA Dita hut11, it baa grown 1D pb;raical plaDt, facul.t;J' and 11tudent b~, and a vitalized curriculU11, Btreaal.ined to tbe need• of tbe Bureau of Foreat.17 IUld tbe flll'8st17 1.a:l1111tr7. Ber llODB af'ter their graduation bne helped iA tbe buge but tbankles• task of con11erv1Dg our fore.ta, of deaaillinat1Dg fore11t.17 kDOll'ledge or in other fields of endenor, dedicated to tbe 11erv1ce of anld.Dd. MlJ' tbe e1gn1ficance of tb111 da7 be 1D11tilled 1D tbe mind• of tbill :par!• gredWltH 110 tbat tbe7 voul.d continue contrib~ 1Dg tbeir ebare, 1D tbe noble tradition of their predece1111or•, W the pl'ogNH, proeperit7 IUld bappiDellll of tbe Ration. Dean forest ~ons~rvation ~roOl~ms anO tn~ Lo~~in~ lnOustr~ · By JOSE G. SANVICTORES Mr. Master of Ceremonies; Dean Zamuco and M_embers of the Faculty; Members of the Student Body; Friends: It is a great honor to be chosen your guest speaker on this day and I wish to extend to the Student Body my heartfelt thanks. In return, I am expected, I know, to contribute to the store of knowledge on forestry or to expound a theory that can lead _to the solution of some of our forestry problems. I cannot do either. All I can do is to make some observations on the problems that we face in our logging operations particularly in relation to forest conservation, to which I shall devote the . full time at my disposal in today's discussion. There are two groups whose problems deserve careful study: the lumber exploiters and the "kaingineros". It is important that we understand why they operate as they do, if we are to win them over to the cause of forest conservation and enlist their active and interested cooperation in our efforts to place the business of forestry on a lasting and profitable basis. The punitive policy in dealing with them especially the kaingineros has not proved successful. On the other hand, we are left no alternative but to punish law violators. But actually I have yet to hear of concessionaires whose licenses have been cancelled and we know that the number of successful prosecutions of kaingineros has been decreasing. Logging to be profitable must be conducted on a big scale. The very nature of the business which calls for large capital investment places it in the big business class. *Address delivered by Mr. Jose G. Sanvictores, President of the Aras-asan Timber Co. during the Forestry Dav convocation held at the College of Forestry Auditorium on Nov. 30, 1959. Moving-Up Doy Issue 1960 Notwithstanding the wish and hope of some with little capital, who venture into the lumber business lured by those wJ:io have made and are making money, to make a fortune in the shortest time and quickest way possible, nor of the shortsightedness of some officials who, in their desire to see the wealth of the nation divided as equitably as possible among the greatest number, would cut up our forests into small concessions much as agricultural land is parcelled out, find in the end that logging does not lend itself to small scale operation. Much of the destruction of our forests by loggers is attributable to small operators who have to make a quick peso to make both ends meet. With the higher and mounting co_st of production, even the big lumber companies are finding it hard to make money. When low grade logs were barterable, log exporters made money - artificially. Now that logs have been removed from the barter list, log exporters are afforded another breathing spell by present high prices for export logs but this again is artificial and temporary. In the meantime, the cost of production is up and the tendency is upward - machinery, equipment, spare parts, fuel, materials and others all cost more now. The break-even production is much higher which makes it harder and harder for small operators to stay in business If there is added to these the disturbing factor of uncertainty in the policy of the government with respect to log export, the future is none too rosy. Recognizing these facts, the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources is favoring, according to my information, granting Pcige 1 companies in financial position to put up manufacturing plants for the processing of wood products larger areas to enable them to go into industrialization and provide for the maintenance of their areas in permanent productiveness. The Department is also requiring new ap}:.'licants for forest concessions to show capacity to process 30% of their allowable cut. Such a policy will lead to sound forest management. Another forward looking policy being adopted by the Department is granting long-term license agreements in deserving cases. As it may be difficult to eliminate the small operators entirely, it may be possible to attach them to big neighboring operators with marketing connections and facilities for the manufacture of veneer and plywood and the utilization of wood wastes on a semi-cooperative basis. Some such relationship should prove of mutual benefit, if handled wisely. The big companies should not attempt to squeeze out the small operators but encourage interdependence that will profit both. There are phases of industrialization that can best be developed on such a basis; for instance, charcoal making. Small operators and even kaingineros and marginal farmers can make charcoal on kilns provided by a big company which will briquette and market the finished product. There are cottage industries that can be established utilizing wood wastes on a similar basis. The aim of progressive lumber companies is toward maximum utilization of the trees cut. At present it is appylingly low25 % of the tree or 40'1 ~ of the marketable log. There are those who believe that a minimum integrated system of operation should consist of logging, milling, making of veneer and plywood and converting of waste into pulp. And, as pointed out, there should be woven into the general pattern small industries that will push utilization higher and make use of kainginero and idle labor to general advantage. In the United States private ownership of forests is proving successful. Here the prevailing opinion even among lumbermen Page 2 seems to point to lease for 25 years renewable for another 25 years. There seems to be doubt as to the wisdom of turning the public forests to private control even if this could be done. But the trend of official thinking is toward longer tenure for concessionaires whenever assurance is given that they are capable and willing to provide for adequate reproductiveness. We are submitting to the Bureau of Forestry a plan of natural regeneration and reforestation for trial on 100 hectares of logged-over area which, if approved and found successful, may point to an effective way of managing logged-over areas which ordinarily fall into the hands of squatters. Statistics on our forest resources disagree. I have listened to long and heated discussions, for instance, on the annual rate of growth of our forests which have left me quite confused. One day I would feel we have a self-replenishing timber supply and so we could contentedly rest only to be followed by another day when I would be thrown into despondency if not panic because of a gloomy picture of disaster that was fast overtaking us. Statistics have a way of playing tricks; they can be made to prove, if cleverely manipulated, either side of a question. And so a layman prefers to bypass figures and see for himself just what is happening. A plane cruise over Mindanao, the last forest treasure house of the Philippines, !will convince anyone better than figures, that our forests are indeed fast disappearing. Everywhere they are receding to inaccessible mountain tops at an alarming rate in the face of the wanton destruction by kaingineros and thoughtless loggers. Now, how to stop kaingin farming. We must try to understand the kaingineros' problem. With them it is a matter of how to eke out a living. They find it necessary to supplement their low income from their marginal farms to clear a patch of the nearby forest. Some have no permanent homestead and lead a life that is semi-nomadic; they are always on the move looking for new forest to clear and plant to temporary crops. ConsiderFORESTRY LEAVES ing that even our officials who are charged with the duty of enforcing our laws sympathize with the kaingineros and seem ever ready to plead for them and bail them out when arraigned before the Courts, it is not surprising that violation of forest laws goes on unabated. The incident when no less than the Pres'.dent of the Philippines freed the prisoners he found in jail for violation of the forest laws, and, not content with that, chided publicly the Constabulary and Forestry officials connected with the case, has set back the cause of forest conservation many years. Is it any wonder that a fl!w officials lost heart? The wonder is that quite many remained adamant and determined to save the forests. But the odds are too greatthe people in general and officials from national to barrio rank seem to be on the side of law violators. However, there are notable exceptions: judges who will not be swerved from administering the law; forest officials who will not be deterred in enforcing the laws by official and popular disfavor. This general attitude stems from a woeful ignorance of the importance of the forest to the wellbeing of the nation. No thought is given to the role that forests play to equalize climate, to conserve moisture, to control flood, to prevent erosion, to provide food for wild life and in fine to enrich and beautify the place in which we live. At the same time that law violators must be prosecuted, a more effective way of protecting our forests and insuring their permanent productiveness must be found. We must think of ways of employing Kaingineros in more gainful occupation. In Aras-asan we are using them in weeding experimental plots in our logged-over area. If we are authorized to extend the work of weeding and thinning over a large area then we can employ more of them. Next month we shall receive five charcoal kilns and will try them in the forest and in the sawmill. It is our hope that we can develop an auxiliary industry that can give lucrative employment to kaingineros. Everything will depend on our ability to market the product. Another phase of logging Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 operation where we believe we can use kaingi::J.eros is in logging down small trees in the process of thinning. Every effort will be made to show to them that the prosperity of the Company is also their own prosperity; that their interests do not conflict but in fact coincide. Under our laws loggers are subject to stricter control and closer vigilance than are the kaingineros. They stand to forfeit their licenses and go to jail for violation of our forest laws. Current impression, however, is quite the contrary. Many seem to think that there are sacred cows that can violate the laws with impunity; that some officials are vested with powers to parcel out public forests. But in truth, we are mere trustees of our forests charged with the duty of protecting and conserving them for the benefit of posterity. We must spare our descendants from the fate of the ancient peoples who destroyed their forests and whose children are now living on deserts where water is so scarce that a bath has become an expensive luxury. It is not yet too late, although time is running out fast on us, to save our people from a similar fate. When I discussed the idea of trusteeship with our own people right in our logging camp, I did not get that one could caJl an enthusiastic reaction although I received to respectful hearing. When I said we were privileged to cut only the matured trees and leave the others to mature and replace what we removed, I must have puzzled them. The need for mass education seemed urgent, although I do not subscribe to the conventional campaigns consisting of meetings, inaugural dances and picnics in connection with town fiestas, pamphlets in English and the vernaculars, Presidential Proclamations setting aside certain days or weeks for a designated purpose. They have never seemed effective. I have seen and taken part in many such celebrations. The problem still remains, as far as the kaingineros and marginal farmers are concerned, one of their own survival and no other problem especiaJly one that Page 3 concerns generations yet to be born can equal that nor have as strong an appeal to them. It just does not strike home. It lacks meaning. As I have already said, we can only hope to enlist the active cooperation of kaingineros in conserving our forests if we can show them that their selfish interest is linked with that of conservation. In my talk before the Society of Filipino Foresters last August 1st I suggested that the issue of whether we shall conserve our forests or allow them to be destroyed should be presented squarely before the electorate. It feel to my lot to present this issue to the voters of Cagwait, Surigao where we are operating. In fact, I ran for the office of councilor on that issue. To satisfy your curiosity, I will say briefly that what induced me to run for the office of councilor was the recent grant of additional powers to municipalities by Republic Act No. 2264. I reasoned that if our municipalities misuse or abuse their new powers, the consequence might be detrimental to the development of municipal autonomy and I am for strengthening of the municipalities for they are the foundation stones on which the nation must be built. Then again a municipal council can with its new powers use these powers to repress development rather than promote it. And, finally, those who believe they can help guide our government along progressive paths should not stay on the sidelines but get into the fray. After making a hurried inventory of what Aras-asan Timber Company is and I personally am doing to help the people better their living conditions, I felt that by launching my candidacy I was doing the people a favor and that they would feel that way and figuratively offer me the position I was seeking on a silver platter. As soon as it became known that I was a candidate, many began to wonder why I should seek such a lowly position and in their failure to comprehend my real motives attributed to me some of the most ridiculous ones imaginable. The rival candidates started a whispering campaign that the moment I was elected I Page 4 would grab all the land in and around Aras-asan. And so I became a land-grabber. If not because I feared some people were capable of believing such a fantastic charge I should not have taken the trouble to explain. As the saying goes, "it is an ill wind that blows no good": that whispering campaign compelled me to bring the issue of forest conservation before the electorate of Cagwait and I was to rise or fall by the result. The people held the decision in their hands. In meetings in the barrios I explained my idea of trusteeship; said that the company, its townspeople and all are in fact partners in this enterprise; that our company has brought prosperity to our barrio such as neighboring communities of much larger size cannot boast, as shown by the large number of stores (about 24) in town, the several tailors doing a thriving business, the drugstore, the carpenters, the new houses going up; and the appearance of general wellbeing which the P40,000.00 the company puts in circulation monthly generates; that we are not warring against the kaingineros but that in fact we sympathize with them; that it is the law of the land that prohibits destruction of the forests; but these and more could not seem to convince them. Finally, I showed them that in one semester when we made money the breakdown of every peso of income was: for salaries and wages - 48¢; spare parts, gasoline, depreciation - 35¢; taxes - 10¢ welfare and charity - 1¢; profit - 6¢. This seemed to have given them an entirely new angle. Whereas before they felt they were the junior partners whenever I would refer to the company as "our" company, now they find their stakes in the company is really considerable and even preponderant. At any rate, the issue of conservation vs. destruction has been presented before the people squarely and while it is hard to evaluate accurately the true significance of my topping the list of municipal candidates, certain it is that I was not repudiated because of that issue. One day before the election (Continued on page 41) FORESTRY LEAVES Sdvicultural Practices in Some Tropical Countries and their Possible Applications in the Philippines 1 By EULOGIO T. TAGUDAR and MARTIN R. REYES of the Bureau of Forestry SIX PLATES The practice of silviculture in tropical countries presents various problems that are not encountered in countries of the temperate region. Some of the problems are ( 1) the astonishing diversity of species, many of which are of no commercial value at present, ( 2) the rapid growth of vines (climbers), weeds and other secondary forest species after the opening of the forest canopy, and ( 3) the practice of shifting cultivation by squatters or wandering tribes in public forests. The last, known as "kaingin making" in the Philippines, is the principal cause of the destruction of vast areas of virgin and residual forests. Another problem that makes it more complicated is the method of forest exploitation in these countries, in which only the best trees are selected for the market. This method not only leaves spaces open to non-commercial and weed species but Also results in the gradual deterioration of the forest. Several attempts were made to develop some silvicultural techniques for the improvement and management of these evergreen forests through natural and artificial regeneration. Many of the present practices have been the results of years of past observations and researches in the tropics. Since the climatic conditions, forest compo1 Adopted from Tagudar's paper submitted as a requirement in the Seminar in Silviculture ~t Yale School of Forestry, Yale University, m the Fall Term of 1957-58, with new developments in Philippine forestry practice integrated. Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 sition and behavior of the valuable species are sometimes common within the tropical zone, it seems logical and advisable, therefore, to make use of some of these findings in these countries. This paper attempts to present the methods of these successful practices, including reasons for the changes of the techniques, forest and climatic conditions in these countries, with the hope that these practices may guide Filipino foresters in developing the silvicultural techniques suitable for Philippine forests. Current Silvicultural Techniques The current silvicultural techniques in the tropical countries fall under four systems, as follows: 1. Tropical Shelterwood System. Natural regeneration is induced through gradual opening of the stand over natural regeneration. 2. Malayan System or clearfelling over natural regeneration. It prescribes complete felling of the whole crop over reproduction, accompanied by poisoning of the remaining useless trees. Troup ( 50) calls this uniform system, an abbreviation of the u n if or m shelterwood system, which implies a uniform opening of the canopy for regeneration purposes as well as a uniform or even-aged condition of the young crop. 3. Selective System. This system involves the removal of a portion of the timber stand by cutting cycles. The removal of mature, overmature and defective trees, leaving unPage 5 injured an adequate number and volume of healthy residual trees of commercial and other useful species necessary to assure a future timber crop, and forest cover for the conservation of soil and water, is the objective of this system. 4. Conversion of degraded forests into productive forests by artificial regeneration. The forest canopy is opened up by parallel strips, or by gaps or small openings made at random or otherwise. The desirable species are either sown, underplanted or interplanted into these openings in regular or irregular spacing. Another method that falls under this category is the taungya system of establishing forest plantations. A designated part of the public forest, usually divided into small blocks, is leased to local farmers or peasant contractors. These blocks are cleared and burned. Just as soon as the rainy season starts, valuable tree species are planted in regular or irregular spacing. Tropical Shelterwood System This silvicultural system practiced in many tropical countries is patterned after the European Shelterwood System. The system is modified to suit existing local, economic, climatic and forest conditions. The principal aim is to convert the heterogeneous forest with many species of little value to a stand of lesser species but of greater commercial value through natural process, or to let Nature do the work offering her only certain assistance with the object of hastening progress and influencing the composition of the natural crop (8, 15). Studies on succession of tropical forest conducted by ecologists reveal that natural regeneration can be attained under the natural shelter of forest trees ( 15 ). The system evolved is known as tropical shelterwood system (5, 7, 8, 12, 23, 24, 29). Budowski (15) states that: "Not only is regeneration assured but the young trees in the sapling stage seem to grow well later if their release from competing vegetation is skillfully accomplished". A brief discussion of these systems QS practiced by each country cited follows: Pa.. 6 A. Trinidad and Tobago These islands lie between 10° 3' and 10° 44' North latitude, or well within the tropical zone. They are in the same latitude as the northern parts of the Provinces of Palawan, Negros Occidental and Cebu in the Philippines. The average annual rainfall is approximately 100 inches. The dry season begins in January and ends in May (32). The original forest consists of evergreen Geasonal forest of the Crappo-Guatecare Associations (5, 8, 12, 32). It has been subjected to exploitation, burning and shifting cultivation in the later part of the ninet0 e..,th century. The forest consists of several tiers or layers of vegetation interlaced with woody lianas (vines) and numerous understory species with only a very few species of commercial value. The present silvicultural system practiced is the shelterwood system, modified into high and low shelterwoods. It is described briefly as follows (5, 7, 12): The practice has shown an interesting evolution. In 1927, the system was clearfelling and burning, followed by planting the desirable species. This was not successful because even after 24 years, the regenerated species were still very poor and the drastic openings encouraged grass invasion. In 1928 to 1929, the method was clearfelling without burning and weeding followed by planting of the useful species. In 1930 to 1931, small areas were planted under a light shelterwood and the overwood trees were removed a year later. Natural regeneration was not yet encouraged. The present technique, known as high and low shelterwood system was started in 1932. The operation consists of cutting all vines six to twelve months before charcoal burners are admitted. After the vines have rotted, the charcoal burners cut all the trees marked by the forest officers for removal. All trees not needed for shelterwood are sold. Timber fellings by charcoal burners and timber licensees are regulated so as to leave an exploited compartment with a shelterFORESTRY LEAVES wood of dominant trees of marketable species in the initial cutting. The formation of a high-shade shelterwood, composed of tall trees with clean boles which do not interfere with the growth of the young crop but afford sufficient shade to keep weeds down, is the objective. This is accomplished by the retention of dominants so evenly spaced that their crowns form a regular, light even canopy throughout the area. After the first shelterwood cutting, subsequent tending of the established regeneration follows. It consists of cutting vines and thinning the regeneration to about 8 feet apart. From three to four years after the establishment of regeneration, removal of the remaining shelterwood (dominants and low shade trees) by poisoning begins. Cutting vines, thinning and poisoning are carried out every other year until the young crop is considered safe from competition or damaged by other climbing and inferior woody species. Ayliffe ( 5) observes that the new crops established under this system are fast growing and light demanding. B. Ni~eria Western Nigeria, where the greater part of the tropical rain forest is, lies between 5" and 9° North Latitude. It has about the same latitude with the island of Mindanao in the Fhilippines. The average annual rainfall is more than 80 inches. The dry season starts from the month of November and ends in March. The forest, as described by Barnard ( 6) and Jones (23) is composed of patches of closed high forest, rarely more than a few acres in extent. It is characterized by the presence of abundant large upper story trees and dense middle and lower stories. Structurally, the forest is a mosaic of closed wellstocked high forest with patches of various forms of the generating forest and scrub. The forest would give a general impression of a collection of large trees growing in a tangle of climbers rather than a dense wood or thicket of ·trees in which climbers occur Moving-Up Doy Issue 1960 sporadically. Small patches with dense canopies occur where climbers are absent or scarce. The cause of the deterioration of the forest must have been due to heavy shifting cultivation sometime in the past 100 to 400 years and the heavy selective exploitation during the later part of the 19th century. The silvicultural system practiced in Nigeria is called the N i~erian Tropical Shelterwood System. Barnard ( 7) states that the system is founded upon the old Malayan system and aimed at "inducing" economic regeneration by the gradual opening of the canopy and establishing the regeneration by cleanings before exploitation of economic (commercial) timber trees. The treatment consists of two parts, namely, pre-exploitation and post-exploitation, (7, 23, 29, 40, 41 ). The pre-exploitation treatments are carried out in five years. From the first to the fourth year of the regeneration, the operation consists of cutting vines, uneconomic species and softwood species up to two inches in diameter. All poles and erect woody growth of economic species, including coppice growth of valuable trees, are left untouched. All shade-casting undesirable trees of the middle and lower stories are poisoned. In the fifth year of regeneration, the cutting of all emergent timber species for commercial purposes is done by timber contractors. Laborers from the Forest Department are sent to free all economic saplings and poles obstructed by the branches of felled trees. After the harvest cutting and the freeing of the regeneration, the post-exploitation treatments are conducted. They consist of poisoning all non-commercial trees and other useless species interfering with the grnwth of the '!"\eW crop. In the succeeding years, cutting of vines and repeated cleaning and thinning are conducted until the area is passed as regenerated. Before 1953, the operation consisted of repeated complete cleanings from the first year to the fifth year of the regeneration. This encouraged the development of climbers at the expense of the worthwhile species Page 7 and set back the natural succession. It was discontinued and a new technique was adapted. To check the rapid growth of weed species, a closed canopy formed by saplings had to be established as quickly as possible during and after the removal by poisoning of most of the middle and upper stories. This was achieved by allowing the coppice from the uneconomic stems to grow freely and leaving all poles and woody growth below two inches in diameter. Robson ( 40. 41) states that only in this way can climbers and creepers' growths be checked by natural methods and where climbers and creepers have invaded the forest saplings of commercial species will be assisted by other species in lifting and finally suppressing them and other weed growth. C. Gold Coast, Africa The Gold Coast lies between 5° and 10" North Latitude. Like Western Nigeria, it lies at about the same latitude with the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Taylor ( 49) describes the forest as belonging to the Celtis-Triplochiton Association of the moist semi-deciduous forest and containing a reasonable proportion of present day economic species. In a one-percent estimate by strip method, there was tallied a total of 3,336 trees above three feet girth breast height, representing 100 species in 94 acres. The silvicultural system practiced is patterned after the Nigerian Tropical Shelterwood System (T.S.S.) with modifications (50). The past technique consisted of cutting of vines, followed by canopy openings of different densities such as heavy, medium, and light. The canopy openings were made by felling undesirable species of the lower canopy. The crowns were cut up and the slash disposed of by scattering or piling them around the base of the big trees. The present technique consists of cutting the climbers and then opening the forest to what is called medium density canopy opening in the first year of the regeneration pePage 8 riod. This canopy opening involves poisoning of all undesirable species of understory J·t:es and shrubs up to one foot girth breaS1. height, leaving all larger dominant and co-dominant trees for the next operation. In the second year, further light opening of the forest canopy, called light density canopy opening, is made. Large-crowned understory trees, nine inches basal girth and over, are poisoned and trees and shrubs nine inches girth or less are felled by cutlass. The emergent timber species are left to future logging operation. In the third, fourth and fifth years, the treatment consists only of cutting vines and shrubs by cutlass. In the sixth year, the final felling of the exploitable trees takes place. This is followed by cleaning and coppicing of the damaged saplings. No further operation is conducted until the regeneration is about ten years old ( 49). There are two important changes in the past system. The first is in the use of poison in opening of the forest canopy instead of felling the uneconomic trees, cutting the crowns and piling them as in the past technique. The advantages of poisoning are effective killing of the undesirable trees, no damage to the reproduction, no problem of slash disposal and opening of the canopy takes over a period not abruptly. The second is in the nature of the canopy opening. Heavy canopy opening or opening the upper and lower canopies, severe enough to leave only low density canopy is abandoned because natural regeneration of the desirable species hardly make any progress and the influx of fast-growing weeds which covered almost all the young regeneration. The present technique calls for the gradual opening of the lower canopy as soon as the regeneration is established by heavy poisoning of the understory trees and then later by light poisoning of the remaining larger understory trees and the undesirable species of the upper canopy. In the first operation (medium density canopy opening), many desirable released seedlings have the useful characteristic FORESTRY LEAVES of retaining their juvenile form ·of · leaves until conditions become suitable for their development ( 49). In the second operation (light density canopy opening), the economic seedlings are not only capable of enduring the increased light conditions but also actually require them. The regeneration, too, is sturdier and not so liable to suffer extreme danger from weeds ( 49). Clearlelli11g over Natural Regeneration D. Malaya and North Borneo These two countries lie 1° and 7° North latitude. They have the same latitudinal range with Davao, Cotabato, and Basilan in the Philippines. The average annual rainfall is 100 inches well distributed over the country. In both countries, the rainfall is heavier on the east than on the west coasts. Richards (39), Walton, Barnard, and WyattSmith (55) and Landon (27) mention that the forests of these two countries contain high proportion of the family Dipterocarpaceae and is made up of 50 to 60 per cent of the total volume of trees 12 inches and over in diameter. The forest is composed of several stories. The top or emergent story includes majority of dipterocarp species and few other principal species. These emergent species, whose crowns are usually isolated, rise above the general level of the canopy. The second story is composed of trees with smaller and more compact crowns. The third, fourth and fifth layers consist of very tolerant and small trees, shrubs, palms, ferns and seedlings. Walton, Barnard, and Wyatt-Smith (55) state that majority of the Malayan timber species are light demanders and if light is available, they grow rapidly in height, particularly in the early stages of development. The present Malayan silvicultural system, practised after 30 years of experience and research, is termed clearlelling over nc1·· tural regeneration, accompanied by poisoning of the remaining useless trees, either progressively as felling is completed or over the Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 whole compartment immediately afterwards and before the extraction tracks are overgrown with vegetation (7, 27, 55). Barnard (7) states that if uniform forest is the aim of this silvicultural system, light conditions suitable for maximum height growth of the economic regeneration must be uniform over the whole compartment and this can be only attained by complete removal of the original canopy (except immature trees and advance growth of timber species which are of good form and considered useful enough to be retained), or by several poison-girdlings and exploitation resulting in the progressive removal of the original canopy until it is completely eliminated. The silvicultural system in Malaya was changed in 1950 from the pre-1950 Malayan System or the old Malayan Shelterwood System to the post-1950 Malayan System or clearlelling over natural regeneration (2, 20, 26, 28, 46, 47, 55). The Old Malayan Shelterwood System. -In the first year of the regeneration, inferior species are removed in one or two operations by firewood cutters. After a year or two, timber fellings of a portion of the commercial stand by timber contractors and by poisoning of some us~less large trees to allow in light to the forest floor are conducted. About three years later, further removal of the undesirable species, two feet in girth, left or missed after the previous operations, is made. Five years to ten years after the establishment of the regeneration, harvest cutting of the principal or emergent species io; undertaken. Poisoning the uneconomic species left by firewood cutters and timber contractors is again resorted to. Repeated cleanings thereafter follow until the area passes as regenerated. ClearleJJing over natural regeneration.- - This procedure involves the complete removal of the original canopy except the immature and advance growth of timber species which are of good form and considered valuable to be retained. The removal of the commercial species by the timber liePoge 9 ensees is followed by poisoning the remaining standing useless trees and poles down to two inches in diameter, except those timber species which are of good form and undamaged during logging. The important objective of this operation is the establishment or formation of a new closed canopy as quickly as possible. The early formation of a closed canopy is considered desirable to control the rapid growth of vines, shrubs and other herbaceous species, to conserve soil fertility and mostly to provide enough light needed by the many important commercial seedlings in order to keep pace with the rapid growth of the secondary species. Another reason is that, in dense woody re-growth (thicket conditions), vines struggle over the canopy that can support their weights and do not entwine themslevs around individual seedlings( as they do with isolated saplings and poles after cleaning). Tending operations are not conducted until four or five years after complete removal of the original canopy. Between or after these years, the undergrowth has developed into a dense young pole crop, passed through the dense herbaceous climber stage and has naturally thinned out enough to permit movement below the 25- to 40-foot canopy. The treatments applied are cutting climbers and stemless palms and poisoning fast-growing species, badly shaped or damaged stems and any surviving trees of the original crop. In the seventh and tenth years after harvest cutting, some or all of the above treatments are repeated. In about 15 years to 20 years after the establishment of regeneration, poisoning of uneconomic or weed species that are still interfering with the growth of the economic species is resorted to. The old Malayan shelterwood system worked well when labor was still cheap and when timber extraction was done by animal logging. When labor became very expensive and powerful logging machineries were introduced in Malaya, the system was changed to clearfelling over natural regeneration. WalPage 10 ton, Barnard, and Wyatt-Smith ( 52) state that this system has been evolved from a cautious shelterwood system with several successive seeding fellings at intervals of n few years, partly on account of the development of exploitation methods from selective hand sawing to sawmills and partly as a result of research and observation. The use of powerful machinery for logging requires the removal of the whole stand in one operation and destroys most of the regeneration established in the old Malayan system. This practice takes advantage of the ability of the seedlings of the many important commercial species to keep pace with secondary growth when exposed to full sunlight (24 ). Barnard (7) mentions that there should be no fear in the admittance of sufficient light to the forest floor; that the uneconomic species are not a serious menace to the fastergrowing Malayan timber species; that, in dense woody re-growth (maintenance of closed canopy of young trees), climbers stru~ gle over the canopy which can support their weight and do not entwine themselves around individuals as they do around isolated saplings after cleaning; and that repeated cleanings in the old Malayan system set back the natural succession and encourage the development of climbers at the expense of the economic seedlings. Selection and lrreaular Shelterwood System E. Ceylon Ceylon lies between 5° 57' and 7" 12' North latitude and has about the same latitude with the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The average annual rainfall is 110 inches and well distributed over the southwest and northeast monsoons. Like other tropical countries, the western part of the countrjr is drier than the eastern part. The forests of Ceylon are distinctly divided into two communities, the M esuaDoona (Shores) and the Dipterocarpus (42, 43). The first type of forest is distributed throughout Ceylon, except in high altitudes, while the second type is found chiefly along FORESTRY LEAVES the valleys, rivers and depressions. The Mesua-Doona Community composes about 20 to 25 per cent of the total stock. Its associates are Durio zeylanicus Gardn., Palaquim spp. and Doona co"'estifolia Thw. This community is the most highly developed of the country's wet evergreen communities and also the most valuable high forest community economically because it contains the highest proportion of primary hardwoods and light hardwoods. The second communitv, Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Thw., is recognized as the main type and its chief associate<> are Dillenia retusa Thunb. and Semecarpus spp. It forms about 25 per cent of the stock. Both communities are characterized by excellent growth, diversity of species and characteristic layers or tiers of vegetation. These communities are worked under different systems. The Mesua-Doona community is worked under the modified r.election system and the Dipterocarpus community, the irregular shelterwood system ( 42. 43). Modified selection system. - Rosayr~ ( 42, 43) states that the felling cycle is tentatively fixed at 10 years and carried out later at 6 years intervals. The exploitable diameter limit is 20 inches. Silvicultural operations, carried out immediately after harvest cutting and during the period o' t'le cutting cycle, are mostly tending and cultura'l treatments designed to improve the composition of the stock. At the end of the 10-year cutting cycle, assessment of the area is carried out to determine the most exploitable species and to know the present volume of the stand. Irre4ular shelterwood system. - The first operation consists of the gradual opening of the canopy. Complete removal of the 'lverwood is not permitted until an understory of the advance growth and poles of the Dipterocarpus has been completely established. The mature and overmature trees of the Dipterocarps, 16 inches and over in diameter, are removed gradually by successive fellings No tending operations are conducted in comMoving-Up Day Issue 1960 partments well-stocked with smaller diameter classes until these smaller size classes reach exploitable sizes ( 42, 43 ). Conversion of De4raded Forests into Productive Forests by Artificial Re4eneration This method is achieved by systematic openings of the forest canopy in the form of parallel strips, paths or small openings and then the desired species are underplanted or interplanted into these openings. The other method consists of opening or clearing the forest in wider gaps or blocks (taun4ya system) about an acre or more in area. Sm.•Iing or planting, in regular or irregular spacing, of the desirable species into these blocks is done by local farmers or peasant contractors. The above systems are now widely practiced in most tropical countries of America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Dawkins ( 17) and Brasnett ( 11) call this method of converting degraded forests into economic or productive forests, refinin4 of the forest or enrichment plantin4. The tau111Zya system of converting degraded forests into productive forests has been developed and practiced in Burma sinr.e 1856 (10). From Burma, this system spread to India and to many other tropical countries. In the taungya system of establishing forest plantations with the aid of local far· mers (18, 25, 33), the forest is cleared by peasant contractors at the beginning of the dry season and burned before the rainy season starts. At the start of the rainy season, the peasants plant the area with agricultural crops and later with forest seeds or seedlings in regular or irregular spacing. The agricultural crops and forest species are protected from animals and other destructive agencies. The peasant contractors thin the plantation and replace the casualties. Before the peasant worker moves to another area, he hands over the old area with established forest species seedling crop of two or three years to the Forest Department. He is paid for this work based on the number of survivals of seedlings. In Burma and India ( 35 ) , · forest trees Page 11 such as Tectona Rrandis, Acacia spp., Terminalia tomentosa and Dalbergia sissoo are planted in conjunction with the raising of field crops. In Indonesia, the taungya system, called bosakkerbouw, has been successfully used in combination with forest agriculture (19). Plantations of about 90,000 acres of teak and 300,000 acres of other species in Java and about 40,000 acres of teak and other species outside of Java are established under this system (52). In Trinidad and Tobago, British West Indies, teak plantations are successfully established with the assistance of peasant contractors (16). In Belgian Congo, this system has also been successfully used in establishing plantations of Terminalia superb.'1 in combination with bananas (15,17). Barnard ( 7) states that taungya · system is standSJ.rd practice in Nigeria in several divisions and some remarkably fine plantations have been established. The species used for planting are teak and Triplochiton spp. Another method of converting degraded forests into economic forests by artificial regeneration is the systematic opening of the forest canopy in strips, paths and small blocks (3, 4, 11, 21, 36). The desired species are underplanted or interplanted into these openings. This is at present widely practiced in Gabons and Camerons, French Equatorial Africa and in Belgian Congo. The method consists of clearing a strip of 20 meters wide with an alternate of uncleared strip of 20 meters (F1ate 1, Fii:i;.l ). Trees felled in these strips or clearings are just piled sidewise, not burned. Okoume ( Aucoumea klaineana Pierre) seeds are sown in the clearings. Frequent weedings are conducted during the first few years after germination to free the seedings from competition. Thinnings and other silvicultural treatments are conducted thereafter until the seedlings are considered safe from competition. The other method is accomplished by opening the canopy in parallel strips. The Page 12 strips are two meters wide and 20 meters apart. Seedlings instead of seeds are underplanted in these strips; As soon as the seedlings reach about five feet in height, the strips are opened up lanwise towards the top to provide adequate sunlight at the early stage of development of the seedlings. This method is used in Gabon for light-demanding useful species other than okoume. In a 15-year-old stand, worked und~r this method, the average height is 10 meters and the average diameter is nine centimeters. Budowski ( 15) states that underplanting in strips in secondary forests has been successfully used in Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico and other tropical American countries. The species planted in these countriPs are teak (Tectona grandis L.), primavera [Cybistax donelismithii (Rose) Seibert], mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) and Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. The last method practiced in Belgian Congo is called the Placeaux Anderson or Anderson Plot Technique ( 17). It consists of opening the forest canopy in plots of 4 x 4 meters at 10 meters intervals. The seedlings are planted one meter apart and the resulting dense growth requires internal weetling and slashing around the edge of each pll)t in the first year of establishment. As soon as the plants reach six feet or more in height, the plots are released entirely from overhead shade by poisoning and eventual thinning to one or two stems per plot. APPLICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES The Philippines lies between 4 ° 40' and 21° North latitude, well within the tropical zone like other countries mentioned in this paper. The average annual rainfall is 90 inches. Like most of the countries in the tropics the western part of the country is generally drier than the eastern part. Forest Composition Virgin forest. - The forest of the Philippines, like that of Malaya and North BorFORESTRY LEAVES neo, contains a high proportion of the family Dipterocarpaceae. About 60 to 75 per cent of the total volume of trees, 30 centimeters and over in diameter is composed of dipterocarps. Brown and Matthews ( 14 ), Reyes (37) and Serevo ( 44) state that the trees are arranged in several stories. The top story or emergent layer forms an even canopy. It reaches a height of 65 meters or more and is comoosed entirely of dipterocarp trees. The middle story is composed of fair-sized trees which spread their timum development in the Philippines and that whereas, in North Borneo and Malaya. to a still greater extent, species other than members of the Dipterocarpaceae are noticeable constituents of the upper story and emergent canopy, in the Philippines (Ba"1ilan) the forest is almost exclusively composed of that family alone. He states further that in Malaya, the intermediate classes of saplings, poles and young trees are scarcer while in the Philippines, the intermediate classes are abundant and well distri-· Table 1. Half-Chain Square Sampling (Walton, 54): A. Philippines 1. Dipterocarp species B. North Borneo 1. Dipterocarp species -------leaves under the branches of the top story. The bottom story trees are small and very tolerant, about 12 meters high and have relatively small amount of foliage. The ground cover is composed of numerous ferns and herbaceous plants and it varies at different elevations. The presence of large vines is a characteristic feature of the dipterocarp forest. In poorer developed types of forests, these vines become ~rominent. The dipterocarp trees need partial shade from germination to pole stage, gradually become light-loving towards maturity and finally intolerant during the dominant stages (14, 37). The composition and stand structure of the Philippine dipterocarp forest are more or less similar to the dipterocarp forests of Malaya and North Borneo. However, it seems that the dipterocarp forest in the Philippines is better than that of the two countries. Walton ( 54) states that it is at once evident that dipterocarp forest reached opMoving-Up Doy Issue 1960 Total No. Diameter Class in Inches of Trees 2 - 4 4 - 8 8 - 12 12 - 20 over 20 205 28 41 28 84 24 147 69 27 22 20 9 buted (Table 1 and Plates 2 and 5 ). Secondary forests. - In logged-over areas produced by destructive logging, ··high grading." (selecting only the valuable and good trees for the market), there are numerous wild bananas, climbers (vines), herhs, overmature and defective trees of the original crop and useless trees of other species (Plate 3). Some patches of reproduction in limited or small areas may be available. These cut-over areas are more or less similar to the degraded forests of Nigeria, Gold Coast, Gabon, and other countries in the tropics. In logged-over areas where partial openings were made by selective logging and the forest floor was not much disturbed, there are many seedlings and young trees under the canopy of big trees. These dense commercial species respond to the increased light and compete vigorously with the rapidgrowing secondary species. They are mostly found between cable ways and on top and sides of ridges and hills (Plate 4.) Page 13 In areas entirely and repeatedly cleared and burned for farming and abandoned after three or four years, short jungle woody plants such as Trema, M allotus, H omolanthus and MacaranAa species and cogon (lmperata cylindrica and I. ex.altata) take over the premises. These cogon lands, sometimP.s called "cogonales" occupy wide areas, in the Philippines. Similar characteristic features of tropical forests. In tropical countries, the1 e is relatively uniform condition as to climate, forest composition and growth. habits, except in stand densities of the principal species. The climate in those countries is characterized by two distinct types, the dry and the rainy seasons. The first type (dry SP.ason) generally starts in January and ends in as late as May. The second type (rainy season) starts in early June and ends in November. In some countries, the rainy season ends in February. The forests are characterized by several layers or tiers of vegetation and astonishing multiplicity of species, many of which are of no commercial value today. Large vines (climbers) are a characteristic feature of tropical rain forests and in poorer types, they are prominent. Another thing in common for most of the tropical forest trees is the growth habits of the principal species. Ayliffe (5), Barnard (7), Walton, Barnard, and Wyatt-Smith (55), Reyes (37) and Rosayro (42, 43) stat~ that the emergent or principal species are light demanders and grow rapidly in height if light is available. In gaps or openings in the forest, several fast-growing woodv species, weeds and vines grow rapidly. The present Malayan system and the Selection system. - The development of silvicultural techniques in Malaya and in other tropical countries had interesting evolution. In Malaya, the system evolved from the old Malayan shelterwood system to clearfelling over natural regeneration (Uniform System); Trinidad and Tobago, from clear-felling followed by burning to high and low shelterwood system; in Nigeria, from Page 14 repeated cleanings in the second to the fifth years of the establishment of regenerati'ln to the maintenance of a closed canopy iri the same period of the establishment of regeneration; and in the Gold Coast from the felling of the shelterwood trees to poisoning them to effect the openings of the lower canopy and later of the uppe~ canopy when the reproduction is established. The uniform system practiced in Malaya is not clear-cutting all the trees in the area. Walton, Barnard, and Wyatt-Smith (56) and Barnard (7) state that in clearfelling over natural regeneration, the resulting crop will not be "uniform", in the sense that this term is applied to temperate forests, on account of the variety of tree species (economic and uneconomic) in several stories, and different growth rates. They state further that the system is just a mixture of felling and poisoning, and that the ground is by no means clear at any time during the operation, except in the immediate vicinities of felled stems and along extraction routes. In fact, the minimum exploitable diameter limit of the economic trees is 4-112 feet girtlt ( 40 centimeters diameter) at breast height and all woody growth of uneconomic species, two inches in diameter and less, are 1eft for some years after logging. Walton ( 55) states that the intermedi-:i.te classes of saplings, poles and young trees are usually scarce in Malaya whereas, in the Philippines, the intermediate classes are abundant and well distributed (Table 1 ). Reyes (37) states that it would be a waste of useful materials to allow most of these saplings, poles and standards to be destroyed or severely injured (Plates 2 and 5 ). Another point is that Malaya has still abundant unreserved forests to draw from until the regenerated crops with a much higher yield per acre shall be ready for harvest ( 6); while in the Philippines, practically almost all forested areas have already been covered by, or being applied for, timber licenses, except those which are presently considered inaccessible. There is very limitFORESTRY LEAVES ed forested areas to tide over the operations of timber concessioners until such time as the regenerated crops shall be ready for harvest. Reyes (37) states that in the Philippines, ''we are certain to succeed in the regeneration of the forest with abundant reproduction already existing or developing, but we should take into consideration the continuity of business operations, because a gap in logging operation of certain areas will certainly occur if we have to rely only on seedlings for the next cut". Rosayro ( 42) states that "the introduction of the uniform system in management of rain forests is in reality only an effort towards the simplification of the problem of management. The disadvantages of such method may bring soil deterioration due to the removal of all the overwood which sometimes produces conditions of soil exposure and the necessity for revision of the succession by inducing conditions of early sub-seral stage in which a climber or dense undergrowth stage has to be passed through, have not been considered. They may also cause the gradual deterioration of the forest type". Landon (27) states that the success of their method depends upon the presence of sufficient seedlings of timber species. He did not mention possible method to be adopted in case there is no reproduction during the operation. In the tropics an area cleared without leaving seed trees is invaded by a secondary forest type very different from the original type. In the present Malayan &-y!ltem of silvicultural cutting. it appears that there is no provision for leaving mature seed trees. In fact, all economic trees bigger than 4-1/2 feet girth and uneconomic trees bigger than two inches in diameter (both at breast height) left after logging, are poisoned in several successive operations. Marcelo and Tagudar (31), in their studies of logged-over areas 5 to 15 years old at Basilan City, Philippines, observed that poles and standards of commercial species are not found in immediate vicinities of abandoned loading points, spar trees and junctions of logMoving-Up Day Issue 1960 ging roads. These areas cleared in the process of logging, are occupied by weed trees. Brown ( 13) commenting on the selection system in the symposium on the Regeneration of Tropical Rainforest during the Ninth Pacific Science Congress, said: "The 'Uniform System' had been adopted in Malaya and a selection system, now adopted on a growing scale, has been preferred in the Philippines. I mentioned my belief that the reason for North Borneo utilizing the 'uniform system' rather than the selection system was due more to political factors than the results of research in North Borneo. I pointed out that in the process of conversions by the uniform system the forest is locked up and idle for half a rotation, and that this prospect is being contemplated in Malaya where we are fully aware that there will be a shortage of log supplies before conversion is completed. If a selection system can be adopted, conversion can be completed and the whole forest can be raised to something aproaching its potential sustained yield capacity much more quickly". Considering the structure of the forests of Malaya and North Borneo, it would seem that clearfelling over natural regeneration would be the right approach to forest management. It is entirely possible that they are right about the status of the chaotic weedy growth that might be left after clearfelling of the several stories of the overwood that is, premature cleaning might actually delay rather than accelerate progress towards a good composition. On the other hand, it might also be possible that too long delayed cleaning would enable the fast-growing weeds to get the upper hand. Therefore, the key to success of clearfelling or of any other cultural operation is proper timing of the cultural treatments, such as that they be neither too early nor too late. After reviewing the development of silvicultural practices in these countries and comparing their climatic conditions, forest compositions and the behavior and classes of the principal and secondary species to those Page 15 of the Philippines, the following problem:s are posed: 1. What is the silvicultural system suitable to the existing dipterocarp forest? 2. What are the cultural treatments to be conducted immediately after logging? 3. What is the cultural operation for the extensive prevfously unmanaged secondary forest? Can these degraded forests be improved by underp]anting or by shelterwood sytem? An analysis of the successful practices in many of the countries in the tropics shows that some of them may be applicable in the Philippines. Silvicultural System Adapted For a full appreciation of the silvicultural system. adapted, it is well to review the cutting practices in Philippine Dipterocarp forests ( 44). Selection system, operated by a diameter limit, has been the common practice of cutting in the forests in the Philippines. It is still very popular among the timber licensees in the country, especially among the small ones. The diameter set is 60 centimeters for the first group; 40 centimeters for the second group, provided that no trees of lauan, apitong, palosapis, tangile, and other dipterocarp SJ:'ecies belonging to the second or lower groups less than 50 centimeters in diameter, breast-high, shall be cut, except in rights-of-ways and agricultural lands. The cutting rules also provide for the adequate protection of the residual stand from destruction and unnecessary damage from fire, felling and yarding and for the maintenance of good silvicultural conditions of the forest after cutting. However, because of inadequacy of funds and technical men in the Bureau of Forestry, all these regulations merely take the form of a simple diameter limit. After exhaustive studies on the effect of the diameter limit on the dipterocaro forests by Brown and Matthews (14) and Serevo (44), it was revealed that the system would result in what amounts to clear-cutting the dipPage 16 terocarp forest and its replacement by an• other entirely different type. It will take a long time, if ever, for the dipter.ocarps to dominate again the site. Fortunately, the Government foresaw this danger. To forestall under-stocked or bare areas, selective logging as a concomitant of selection system was adopted (37). The present system as practiced in the Philippines is called selection system with varia - tions approaching that of the uniform system or access~ry system for high forest (37). Generally, for the diterocarp forest, about 60% of the number of trees of a certain group of species (Philippine Mahogany species), including softer dipterocarps and Anisoptera species and other commercial trees commonly cut for lumber and veneer within 20-70 centimeters class group in the virgin forest is set for residual growing stock for the next cut. This percentage is what could be practically saved from injury or destruction in mechanized logging wherein care is exercised to the limit of economical operation, as found after a suoervised logging study. Such size of residual growing stock is roughly estimated to yield sizes and volume profitable to be cut 30-50 years hence. This is mainly for sawtimber management. With growth data we can evaluate on the basis of this residual growing stock the sustained yield capacity of a working circle, determine the cutting cycles and the allowable annual cut of virgin timber towards a sustained yield management of a definite forest tract, such as, a concession considered as a working circle. - Incidentally, much of the seedlings, saplings and small poles of this group of species as well as other snecies are saved from destruction for other objects of management, such as pulpwood, matchwood, etc. In license areas where timber management officers are assigned, tree marking is the method of controlling cutting. It is briefly summarized as follows (37, 45, 48). 1. Before the area is logged, competent forest officers mark the trees to be left. FORESTRY LEAVES (when facilities are available, trees to be cut are also marked). They are guided by the 60% goal for future growing stock. Trees so marked are numbered and tallied in a field sheet. After logging, a residual inventory is undertaken and damaged marked trees are checked up in the tree marking field sheet. Wide clearings in a high-lead show are planted with wildling stock and certain big defective trees are killed standing by girdling. 2. In particular stands where the trees are predominantly in the 60 centimeter and over diameter classes or where they are overstocked with mature and overmature trees and understocked in the lower diameter class groups, the total number of trees to be left for the growing stock will not be less than 40 per cent of the entire stand. This is to prevent too much reduction of stems and exposure of the soil. 3. In stands understocked with Dipterocarp species and other useful trees where standards are wanting, a few seed trees are left to insure natural regeneration. 4. In the pine forest (Pinus insularis), sufficient seed trees are primarily marked to be left with certain level of growing stock of small poles and saplings where such a stand occurs. The Silvicultural Treatments (Timber Stand Improvement) In our secondary forest (logged-over areas) are many undesirable species. Much can be done to improve the forest by the removal of some of the undesirable to favor the better and more promising species. Recently the Bureau of Forestry has given attention to timber stand improvement. Is timber stand improvement necessary in recently logged areas which are partially cut as well as heavily opened up? If so, what system is suitable? Results of researches and observations in other tropical countries reveal that some sort of partial shade for the desirable species must be left in order to conMoving-Up Day Issue 1960 trol the growth of vines, herbaceous and other weed species and to promote the growth of the desirable trees. The silvicultural treatments that are discussed in the next pages are 'interim guides'. The term 'guide' rather than instructions or rules is used because the former implies more flexibility in application ( 1 ). Besides, due to the lack of reliable data on the management practice of the dipterocarp forest, it i.> not yet permissible to use the statement "rigid rules and instructions" ( 1 ). These guides are believed to be conservative and applicable. They will, however, be revised as soon as reliable data are available. They are based mainly on research findings and observations on ~tand behaviour of tropical species by foresters from the United States, Great Britain, France, Belgium and the Philippines who had spent long years in these countries. A. Silvicultural Treatments immediately after logging In cutting areas where mechanized logging is used there are always found open spaces immediately after the operation. These are landings, cableways, skid roads and concentrations of felled tree tops. They are greatest at a radius of about 100 meters from the spar trees in a high-lead system and diminished inversely with the distance from the landing. Where powerful machinery is used, the radius of destruction is even more. In any case, however, there are still many residual trees undisturbed or slightly damaged during logging, between cableways and on tops and sides of hills and ridges. It is in these places where timber stand improvement is necessary, hence the following guides may be followed: a. In logged-over areas beyond 100 meters1 from the spar tree, in case of highlead set-ups and tractor-logged areas: Kill, either by girdling or by poisoning, 1 The distance from the spar tree, landing or road where timber stand improvement is to be conducted shall depend upon the severity of damage and degree of the set-ups. Page 17 large non-commercial species, including dipterocarp trees, with wide crowns overtopping the residual trees. The opening occasioned by the killing of undesirable trees must provide sufficient sunlight favorable to the growth of the better species. b. In logged-over areas within 100 meters1 from the spar tree, in case of high-lead set-ups complete clearings of landings and loading stations of other logging methods: ( 1) All uninjured or slightly injured dipterocarp species including defective trees shall be left for at least five years after cutting as shelterwood of the desirable species and as sources of seeds. ( 2) All erect woody miscellaneous species shall also be left for at least five years in order to establish a new closed canopy formed by saplings and poles as quickly as possible, to check the growth of fast growing vines and weed species, and prevent too drastic opening around the landings. ( 3) Cleared portions around spar trees, on landings and along cableways, may be planted to dipterocarp wildlings, teak or large leaf-mahogany seedlings. Studies previously conducted showed about 70 per cent survival of transplanted dipterocarp wildlings ( 30). ( 4) Other cultural operations shall not be conducted in logged-ovE:r areas, until after a dense undergrowth of young polecrop has already thinned out to permit movement below the canopy of the regeneration (Plate 6 ). How cultural treatments are to be conducted ur.der present plans. - A trained technical man heads a Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) crew composed of Bureau of Forestry and timber licensees' employees. The head shall designate or mark the trees 1 The distance from the spar tree, landing or road where timber stand improvement is to be conducted shall depend upon the severity of damage and degree of the set-ups. Page 18 to be killed. If the crew shall compose of four men (including the head), two members make the horizontal cuts (frills or girdles) on the tree to be killed and the other applies the poison into the cuts. This phase of the work may be carried out during the residual inventory of the logged-over area or when the tree marking is well in advance. Silvicides like 2, 4, 5-T, 2, 4-D, sodium arsenite and others, if available, are recommended for the timber stand improvement work. B. Silvicultural treatments 5 to 10 years after logging In many unmanaged logged-over areas (formerly virgin forest), big, cull trees are often left during the logging operations, which interfere with growth of the desirable species. These trees .suppress the dense seedlings, saplings and poles of dipterocarps and other useful trees; but, to some extent, they help in reseeding the area and act as nurse trees to young growths; and when the logged-ovj.:!r areas are re-stocked and the stand well established their removal is necessary (22, 34 ). Felling these trees is expensive and causes considerable damage to the young stand. Their abrupt removal through felling creates openings for rapid-growing vines, shrubs and other undesirable species and also allows the sudden entrance of light which adversely affect the growth or causes the death of the released seedlings, saplings and young poles. On the other hand, their gradual removal through girdling or poisoning favors the growth and adjustment of the seedlings and young trees to the changed environment. In gradually opening the forest canopy, a necessary amount of shade is maintained to keep back rapid growth of vines and herbaceous species and to permit the establishment of stands of valuable commercial s;iecies (23 ). The ideal form of shelterwood necessary for the favorable growth of seedlings consists solely of tall and cleanboled dominant trees evenly spaced so that their crowns form a regular, light, even canopy throughout (12). Wadsworth (52) states FORESTRY LEAVES that the shelterwood must generally provide at least 50 per cent shade to prevent the excessive growth of vines and weeds. Considerations in the application of silvicultural treatments of 5 to 15 years old logged-over The silvicultural treatments of loggedover areas 5 to 15 years after logging must be 0 confined on accessible areas, on moist coves and lower or middle slopes where fertile soil and favorable environment produce desirable rapid-growing species (22). Such a stand in Basilan City ( 31), Surigao and Agusan is already well established, comparatively free of undergrowth and has thinned out to permit movement below the canopy (19), practically free of vines and herbaceous species ,and relatively will:h significant growth rates of the most promising species (Plate 5 ). Furthermore, the wolf trees can easily be distinguished from the crop trees and their elimination by poisoning or girdling is easy and cheap. The application of silvicultural treatments presupposes careful examination of the areas with a view to determine the method and degree of such treatments. Thus in some parts of the cutover areas occupied by numerous weed species and vines, treatment of such areas may be postponed. All woody species, commercial and non-commercial, may be left for the time being to prevent too much exposure of the mineral soil. Any simple guide or rule that could be a•Jplied over wide range of conditions would be appropriate. The simplest way of conducting and increasing the efficiency of the technique does not lie in any general elaboration or over simplification but introducing flexibility, so that silviculture is more closely adjusted to the crop (23). What we can adapt from the tropical shelterwood system to planned cultural operations, in logged-over areas when selective logging was practiced preferably during ·the period from the fifth or _sev~nth to the fifteenth year after logging, are the following: Moving-Up Doy lssu~ 1960 1. Cutting vines, rattan and other palm species. 2. Girdling or poisoning surv1vmg cull individuals of the commercial species and miscellaneous trees formerly used as nurse trees; weed trees (fast-growing wolf trees not acceptable for timber); all badly shaped, damaged, diseased or inferior trees; and other miscellaneous and useless trees, five centimeters and over in diameter of the understory trees and of the dominant uneconomic species. C. Silvicultural treatment of degraded secondary forest There are areas of secondary forests in the Philippines that are practically devoid of healthy and thrifty dipterocarps and other commercial species but occupied by a few defective or sickly trees of the commercial species, and mostly non-commercial trees. There are also areas where destructive logging was the rule rather than the exception and where they were entirely cleared, burned, farmed, and finally abandoned by "squatters" after three or four years of occupancy. In the former, are overmature and defective dipterocarps and many noncommercial trees; in the latter, are short jungle woody plants belonging to the genera of Trema, Mallotus, Homolanthus, and Macaranga, cogon grass (lmperata cylindrica) and some vines in patches or in wide areas. The suggested silvicultural treatment of this degraded secondary forest, exclusive of grasslands, is as follows: ( 1) The forest should be opened up by by parallel strips of two or more meters wide, 10 or 20 meters apart; or by parallel line plot openings each plot two to four meters square, 10 meters apart along the line and 10 or 20 meters between the lines. The size of_ the opening of th_e forest_ c~: nopy is dire<;tly _proportio_n~l__!g t.h~ height of the surrounding t!"e~~· __ _ P1!19• 19 (2) In both methods, dipterocarp wildlings, large-leaf mahogany, teak or other useful seedlings shall be planted in the strip or plot openings. ( 3) A year or two after the seedlings shall have been well established, the strip or plot openings shall be thinned and freed of vines or weeds, if any. At about the same time, the over-wood along the edge of th<' openings shall be killed and worked out towards the center of the uncut strips or portions of the area, fanwise towards the top ( 2) to provide adequate sunlight at the early stage of the development of the seedlings. The reasons for leaving uncut strips and making small openings are economy, the need of the young plants for shelterwoods, and minimum disturbance of the environmental conditions affecting plant growth. Another reason as found by Reyes, et al ( 39), is that by maintaining "chimney-like opening" through the vegetation by light brushing one meter around each individual seedling once a year during the first two years, the survival could be increased. In this experiment (two years after planting large-leaf mahogany seedlings in Basilan Island), a survival of 4 7 per cent was attained. Barnard ( 7) and Wadsworth (53) suggest that an ideal overwood consists of dense co-dominant trees around the young plants to provide shade for their stems and the soil beneath; and the opening is directly above the young plants (Plate 1, Fig. B). Refining the forest ( 17 ) or enrichment planting ( 11) to restore the productivity of degraded forests is expensive for our general practice. But the application of the above or a similar one is better than leaving them in their degraded condition for years on end. It is still cheaper, surer and better to restore a forest to productivity however degraded it may be, than to reforest a barren area. Page 20 Recommended forest management researches Efficient and scientific forest management lies on the reliable data gathered and analyzed through researches, observations and experiences of foresters in the Philippines. Our research work was set back to its initial state because the records of researches conducted for years past were burned during the Japanese occupation and the experimental plots destroyed. It would take years before appreciable and reliable data could be available to base our forestry practices. We cannot afford to wait this long. Meanwhile, we foresters must, like architects (19), devise or formulate plans from scratch, or adopt some proven successful techniques practiced in other tropical countries. When the results of our researches will become available, the forestry practices shall correspondingly be changed or revised. On this premise, the following researches in line with the timber stand improvement work being undertaken by the timber management personnel of the Bureau of Forestry, are recommended: 1. The establishment of experimental plots for conducting studies to determine the response of dipterocarp seedlings, saplings and poles to different degrees of forest canopy openings by poisoning or girdling 25 percent, 75 percent or 100 per cent of the overwood composed of dipterocarps and miscellaneous species. 2. The effectivity of different silvicides, such as sodium arsenate, 2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4,5-T (Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and herbecides at different concentrations in miscellaneous trees and defective dipterocarp species. a. Sodium arsenate solution by weight: ( 1) One ounce of sodium arsenate to one pound of water; ( 2) One ounce of sodium arsenate to two pounds of water; FORESTRY LEAVES 9~ '°' II SVJJitJJJJwl, "Ju.dl.a4. by TAGUDAR & REYES After Cutting and LeDYing 20-Meter-Parallel Strips Far Seedlings 2 ta 5 feet tall .... .,,..., ..... I I I I Fig. 1-A Far Seedlings 6 Feet ar Taller BEFORE RELEASE AFTER RELEASE Fig. 1-B (Traced frani Jen1i1on's ( 19) Illustrations I PLATE I II • • Plate 3 Fig. Plate 2 Plate 3 Fig. 2 Plate 3 Fig. 3 Plate 4 Fig-. 1 Plate 5 .·~ .. ...,, ~~~:· .• ·If!~~ Plate 4 Fig. 2 Plate 6 Fig. l Plate 6 Fig. I CONSERVE OUR FORESTS BY WISE USE (3) 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T or other silvicides available with diesel oil or water as carrier in 1: 10, 1 : 20, and 1 : 30 proportions by volume. CONCLUSIONS The shelterwood system of converting degraded forests into productive forests in Nigeria, Gold Coast, Belgian Congo, Burma, Ceylon, Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico, Gabon and other tropical countries has been successful and spectacular. There appears to be a bright prospect of applying this system in poor secondary forests of the Philippines. Clear felling over natural regeneration is successful in Malaya and North Borneo. Its application in the Philippines seems unlikely because the composition of our virgin dipterocarp forests is much better than that of those countries. However, some of the techniques used in treating the secondary forests of these countries seem to be applicable in the Philippines. It must be emphasized, however, that the practices in Malaya and other countries in the tropics should not be followed in their entirety in the Philippines. Their application should be flexible so that the techniques shall be more closely adjusted to the silvicultural needs of our species and modified according to the availablility of funds and to the object of our forestry program. Nevertheless, the framework of the scheme of these practices may be of general interest to us since the main principles underlying the practices remain generally the same everywhere. They may differ in their actual applications. The taungya system of establishing forest plantations in many tropical countries is quite spectacular and surprising. It seems to be successful where there is a strong government and the people are very law-abiding. It is hard to predict at this time how this system could be successfully applied in the Philippines. A form of this system - special reforestation permits - was tried about the close of the American regime and early part Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 of the Commonwealth Government, but it was a failure. The practice of silviculture in most, if not all countries in the tropics has been directed more towards the management of the forests through natural means (natural regeneration) rather than adopt elaborate and expensive planting methods. Quoting Beard ( 8 ) : ''Tropical forestry in nearly every country in which it has been practiced, has suffered in its youth from a disease called planting measles, a fixed idea that it was necessary to start plantations at great speed all over the place, often without any previous research. After the wastage of much money, the program was revised in favor of less costly, more natural methods, based on careful experiments." In the Philippines, selective logging as a means of natural regeneration has become an important forestry program of the Bureau of Forestry. This is applied to the remaining public commercial forests in order not to add further to the vast bare denuded areas which are very expensive to reforest by planting. The selection system with some variations as the governing silvicultural system for the Philippine dipterocarp forest is adopted. (1) Arborgast, Jr. C. 1957. Marking guides for northern hardwoods under the selection system. Station Paper No. 56. Lake States Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. D.A. 20 pp. (2) Arnot, D.B., and F.H. Landon, 1937. The management of Malayan forest under the selection system. Malayan Forester 6: 62-66. (3) Aubreville, A. 1948. Les bois, richesse permanente de la cote d' lvoire et du Ca· meron. (Wood, lasting wealth of the Ivory Coast and the Camerons). Agron Trop. 2 (9-10), 1947 ( 463?489). (F). (Original not seen, abstracted in For. Abstr. 9(2161): 439440. Imperial Forestry Bureau). ( 4) 1949. Silviculture of mixed tropical rain forests. Proceedings of the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources. 5: 114-115. Page 21 (5) Ayliffe, R.S. 1952. The natural regeneration of Trinidad forests. Sixth Brit. Com. Conf., Canada 1952. Government Printing Office, Trinidad, B.W.I. 19 pp. (6) Barnard, R.C. 1950. The elements of Ma. layan Forester 13: 122-129. (7) 1935. Silviculture in the tropical rain forests of Western Nigeria compared with Malayan methods. Malayan Forester 34: 355-366. (8) Beard, J.S. 1944. A Silvicultural technique in Trinidad for the rehabilitation of degraded forest. Carribean Forester 6: 1-18. (9) Becking, J.H. 1949. Forestry technique in the teak forests of Java. Proceedings of the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources. 5: 106-111. (10) Blanford, H.R. 1956. Highlights of one hundred years of forestry in Burma. Burmese Forester 6: 12-22. (11) Brasnett, N.V. 1949. Enrichment of tropical mi:xed deciduous forest by planting. Forestry Abstracts, Emperial Forestry Bureau, Oxford 10 ( 4) : 447-4'14. (12) Brooks, R.L. 1941. The regeneration of mixed rain forests in Trin!dad. CarribeanForester 2: 164-172. (13) Brown, G.S. 1957. Forestry at the Ninth Pacific Science Congress. Documents and Minutei> of the Meetings of the Forestry Division. Ninth Pacific Science Congress, Bangkok, Thailand. 15 pp. (14) Brown, W.H., and D.M. Matthews, l!H4-A. Philippine dipterocarp forests. Philip. Jour. Sci. 9 :413 + 13 plates, 12 te:i..t figures and one map. (15) Budowski, G. 1936. Regeneration system in tropical American lowlands. Carribean Forester 17: 76-91. (16) Cater, T.C. 1942. The formation of teak plantations in Trinidad with the assistance of peasant contractors. Carribean Forester 2: 147-153. (17) Dawkins, H.C. 195fi5. INEAC in the "Foret Den.se", impressions of some high..forest research in the Congo. Emp. For. Rev. 34: 55-64. (18) Din, U. Aung. 1949. Selection of silvicultural techniques. Proceedings of the United Nations Scientific Confnence . on the .Conservation and Utilization of Resources. 5 : 117-120. .(19)_ lleiberg,S.G. and P.G. Haddock. 1955. A !DethQd of thinning and forecttst of yield in _Do:u_glas-Fir. Jour. For. 53: 10-17. Pqe_Z.Z (20) Hodgson, D.H. 1932. Elements of Maiayan silviculture. Malayan Forester 1: 83-91. (21) Humbblet, P. 1946. Amenagement des forets climatiques tropicales au Mayumbe. (Management of tropical forest in Mayumbe). Bull. Agric. Congo Beige 37 (1): 15-87. (Original not seen; abstracted in For. Abstr. 8(169: 366). (22) Jemison, G.M. and G.H. Hepting. 1949. Timber stand improvement in the Southern Appalachian Region. U.S.D.A. Misc. Puhl. No. 693 iv + 80 pp. (23) Jones, E.W. 1950. Some aspects of natural regeneration in the Benin rain forest. Emp. For. Rev. 29: 108-124. (24) Kennedy, JD. l!J35. The group method of natural regeneration in the rain forest at Sapoba, Southern Nigeria. Emp. For. Rev. 14: 19-24. (25) Kermode, C.W.D. 1952. The use of "taungya" in natural regeneration operations. Burmese Forester 2: 65-70. (26) 1955. Regeneration with the aid of taungya. Burmese Forester 5: 86-89. (27) Landon, F.H. 1955. Malayan tropical rain forest. Malayan Forester 18: 30-38. (28) Landon, F.H., and G.G.K. Setten, 1957. Forestry and forest research in the Federation of Malaya. UNASYLVA 11: 165-171. (29) l\fallam, J.C. 1954. Annual report on the forest administration of Western Region of Nigeria for the year 19:52-53. Government Printer, Western Region of Nigeria, 36 pp. (30) Marcelo H.B. 1955. Preliminary study on the growth and survival of semi-balled tangile wildlings planted around a spar tree of high-lead set-up in Basilan City. Forestry Leaves 8(2 & 3); Sil. (Excerpts and Abstracts) . (31) Marcelo, H.B., and E.T. Tagudar. 1955. The adaptability of linear regeneration sampling in the residual dipterocarp forest of Ba;;ilan Working Circle. Philip. Jour. For. 11 227-245. (32) Marshall, R.C. 1939. Silviculture 1Jf the trees of Trinidad and Tobago, Oxford, xlvii + 247 pp. (33) Murthy, A.S.N. 1946. Taungya cultivation and its extension to plantation work. Indian Forester 72: 357-358 . (34) Pearson, G.A. 1937. Poisoning coniferou3 is stand improvement and timber sale practice. J our.-For. 35: 581-590. (Continued _on_ Pf.LDf: .. 4~) FORESTRY LEAVES ldiblt f ruit-btaring trtts in tht f hilippints · INTRODUCTION The Philippine flora contain a number of edible fruit-bearing plants. This is a natural resource which is barely developed. In recent years, however, many sectors of our economy, especially the fast expanding fruit growing industry, are beginning to explore the rich economic possibilities of this resource. Because of this trend, there is a growing demand for information about these species- their names, characteristics, the nature of their fruits, etc. There is, however, a dearth of information about such plant species. Very few studies and observations have so far been made and the meager information gathered were published in various bulletins and journals which are now not only out of print but also are rather difficult to obtain or to locate. This compilation of the trees that pro· duce edible fruits in the Philippines, was made with the desire to consolidate in one publication, the scattered and available information, as a ready and handy reference for forestry field men, fruit growers, researhes, etc. in the pursuance of their various fields of interests and endeavors. Only brief remarks on the characteristics of the fruits and the plants, their habitats, distribution and propagation, in so far as information are available, was made for, by including detailed descriptions of the species would make *Compiled by Domingo V. Jacalne, Asst. Profe ssor, U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna. this work very voluminous and expensive. However, the important information pertinent to the plant as an edible fruit-bearing species have not been overlooked. The principal sources of information in this work were the publications of: (a) Dr. W. H. Brown - Wild Food Plants of the Philippines, (Bull. 22, Bureau of Forestry, 1921;) (b) A. P. West and Dr. W. H. Brown - Philippine Resins, Gums, Seed Oils, and Essential Oils, (Bull. 22, Bureau of Forestry, 1921); (c) Dr. E. D. Merrill -- An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants, in four ( 4) volumes, (Publication No. 18, Bureau of Science, 1922, 1923, 1926); (d) L. H. Bailey - Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 1919; (e) H.F. MacMillan - Tropical Planting and Gardening, 1948; (f) publications of other authors on one or two species and (g) personal observations and experiences of the writer and of other forestrymen he came in contact with during the preparation of this paper. In addition to the enumeration and description of endemic (natural) and fully acclimitized introduced species, those plants of recent introduction into the Philippines were also included. This compilation is nowhere complete, but it is hoped, it will serve the purpose of disseminating existing knowledge which we sorely lack on the edible fruit trees of the Philippines. TREES AND OTHER PLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES THAT PRODUCE EDIBLE FRUITS Common Name Ag·as-as Scientific and Family Name Flacourtia rukam Zoll. et Merr. ( Flacourtiaceae) Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Remarks A medium size tree growing in fore:;:ts at low and medium altitudes. Its fruits are small, violet colored, fleshy, sub-acid and of good flavor. It is not cultivated. Page 23 Common Name Aliiigaro Alupag Anonas Atibulnak A tis• Avocado• Ayo Ba go Balubo .... 24 Scientific and Family Name Elaeagnus philippensis Perr. ( Elaeagnaceae) Euphoria didyma Blanco (Sapindaceae) Anona reticulata Linn. ( Anonaceae) Rubus pectinellus I (Maxim) (Rosaceae) Anona squamosa Linn. ( Anonaceae) Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) Tetrastigma harmandi Plan ch (Vitaceae) Gnetum gnemon Linn. (Gnetaceae) Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz. ( Tiliaceae) Remarks j This plant is a shrubby vine growing in thickets and forests at low and medium alti. tudes, ascending to 1,500 meters. The ripe fruits are sweet and edible. Not in cultivation. I It is a tree of medium size, distributed in most or all islands and provinces, usually common in hill forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits are greenish, very rough and occur in lose cluster similar in apperance to the Chinese litchi. The flesh is whitish, sweet, juicy, and cJf good flavor. It is rarely cultivated, and if so by seeds. It is cultivated and propagated by seeds and thrives at low and medium altitudes. This species if: a trailing plant with heartshaped leaves. It is common in the mossy forest on the highest mountains. This is considered to be one of the choicest species of the genus in the Philippines. The fruits are bright red, juicy, sub-acid, and of good quality and flavor. It is not cultivated. The tree thrives in ordinary, well-drained soil, up to about 3,500 feet. It is cultivated and propagated by seeds. The tree thrives best at medium elevations or under sub-tropical conditions. It is propagated by layering or irafting on young stock 01· from seed, which is of short vitality and should be selected and sown as fresh as possible. A woody vine with smooth, fleshy fruits which are edible. The sour leaves and fruits are used for flavoring. It grows in thickets at low and medium altitude:;. It can be propagated by cuttings and is occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes. A medium-sized tree bearing fruit (seeds) which is eaten boiled or roasted. The flowers and leaves are also edible. Thrives in forest at low and medium altitudes. A large tree, very common and widely distributed in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. The starchy seeds when boiled have a good flavor. Propagated by seeds but not in cultivation. FORESTRY LEAVES Common Na·mA Baluno Balukok Bansalagin Bariuatwat Bariu-an Bating Bignai Bignai pogo Bika Balimbin• Scientific and Family N'1/IM Mangifera caesia Jack. ( Anacardiaceae) Grewia edulis Merr. (G. philippinensis Perk.) ( Tiliaceae) Mimusops parviflora R. Br. ( Sapotaceae) Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep. (Vitaceac) Grewia eriocarpa Juss. ( Tiliaceae) Castanopsis philippensis Vid. (Fagaceae) Antidesma bunius Spreng. ( Euphorbiaceae) Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Mrr. (Euphorbiaceae) Ampelocissus martini Planch. (Vitaceae) Averrhoa carambola Linn. ( Oxalidaceae) Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 A large tree, found in forests at low altitudes, sometimes semi-cultivated. The fruit resembles the mango. Propagated from seeds. It is a small tree growing in forests at low aL titudes. The fruits are yellowish and of good flavor. This species is a large tree, very common and widely distributed in most or all of the pr0vinces. In forests at low altitude, often immediately back of the beach along the seashore. The fruit is oval, with a firm outer covering and contains a single seed surrounded by fleshy, aromatic, edible pulp. A woody vine with round, fleshy fruits which are edible. The 11our leaves are used for flavoring. It thrives commonly in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes ascending to 1,400 meters. This plant is a shrub or small tree thriving in forests along streams at low altitudes. The fruit is small, round, bluish, and edible. A medium-sized tree which grows in forest at medium altitudes. The fruit grows on spikes, and contains an edible oblong nut, the flavor resembles that of chestnuts. A small tree, common and widely distributed in thickets, open places and second-growth forests in the vicinity of towns and settlements, occasional in forests. The red, ovoid fruits are fleshy~ acid and edible. It contains a single seed. Propagated by seeds and by marcottage. A shrub-like or small tree common in thickets at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1,800 meters. Its small fruits which are in clusters are sour but edible when ripe. It is a large, woody vine with conspicuous tendrils. The fruits are borne in grape-like clusters, greenish salmon in color, fleshy, acid and of fairly good flavor. The tree should be propagated by layering or grafting, though usually, the tree is r·aised by seeds. Page 2.5 Common Name Binayoyo Binukau Biriba• Bitongol Bolon B0-o or Pangungan Breadfruit or ( Kamansi, Rimas) Bulala Buli Bulog Page 26 Scientific and Famil11 Na~ Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. ( Euphorbiaceae) Garcinia binucao Choisy. (Guttiferae) Rollinia deliciosa Saford. ( Anonaceae) Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. ( Flacourtiaceae) Alphonsea arborea (Blanco) Merr. ( Anonaceae) Ximenia americana Linn. (Olacaceae) Artocarpus communis Forst. (Moraceae) Nephelium mutabile Blume (Sapindaceae) Euphoria nephelioides Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Aglaia everettii Merr. (Meliaceae) Remarks A small tree common and characteristic tree of open cogonals at low and medium altitudes throughout the Philippines. Its fruit which is rather small is sour and edible when ripe. A medium-sized tree, common and widely distributed; growing in primary forests at low altitudes. The yellowish, somewhat rounded fruits have a firm outer covering and contain an acidic pulp and several seeds. It is propagated by seeds but seldom found in cultivation. A small size tree of recent introduction in the Philippines. It yields a delicious, large, juicy fruit resembling the cherimoya. It is propagated by seeds. It is a shrub or small tree thriving in dry thickets at low altitudes. The smooth fruit is rounded, purple or nearly black. The pulp is fleshy, edible with an agreeable flaYor. It is not cultivated. This is a medium-sized tree occurring in forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruit is rounded or somewhat oval. The fleshy pulp of the seeds is edible, sweet, with a good flavor. A spiny shrub growing in thickets immediately back of the beach along the seashore. The fruits of this species taste like sour apples, and are eaten either fresh or pickled. The nuts are purgative when cooked and powdered they mixed with sago to make bread. The fruits are yellow and egg-shaped. The tree grows up to about 2,000 feet and can be propagated by root-suckers, layering and from seeds when obtainable. A medium-sized tree. The fruits are red and completely covsred with numerous rather soft projections. The flesh is white, abundant, juicy and of very good flavor. It surrounds a single, rather large seed. It grows in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. A medium-sized tree growing in forests at low altitudes and reported in Basilan only. The pulp around the seed is edible. It is not in cultivation. A medium-sized tree found in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits are oval, red containing an edible pulp. Propagated by seeds. It is not in cultivation. FORESTRY LEAVES Common Name Bunut Caimi to* or Star apple Cajel* Cashew nut* Citron* Cherimoya* Chico* Chico* mamie Dalangita* Scientific and Fam-ily Narn,e Rubus elmeri Focke (Rosaceae) Chrysophyllum cainito Linn. ( Sa potaceae) Citrus aurantium Linn. (Rutaceae) Anacardium occidentale Linn. ( Anacardiaceae) Citrus medica Linn. (Rutaceae) Anona cherimolia Mill. ( Anonaceae) Achras zapota Linn. (Sa potaceae) Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr. (Sa potaceae) Citrus nobilis Lour. (Rutaceae) Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Remarks This plant is a scrambling shrub armed with few small spines. It is reported only in Mt. Prov. where it is common but not cultivated. It grows on open slopes at about 1,300 to 2,200 meters elevation. The orange-yellow berry is edible and well flavored. It is a thick-headed evergreen medium sized tree. The fruit is the size of the apple, globular and smooth, hard, Yarying from white to purple in coloJ" of skin and also of the flesh. The pulp is delicious (ui;;ed uncooked) if the fruit is allowed to remain on the tree until ripe. Propagation is by seeds and by marcottage. It is usually or always planted throughout the Philippines in settled areas. Propagated by seeds and layering. The tree is especially adapted to moderately dry districts near the sea but also thrives up to 3,000 feet. Propagated by seeds. Occasionally planted, but nowhere spontaneous. It is a delicious fruit somewhat resembling the atis in appearance but is is far superior to the latter fruit. It is propagated by grafting. It may also be raised from seeds, but the best varieties are almost seedless. The tree is best suited to hilly places, prefering a rather dry climate, and thrives best in deep, rich soil. Luscious, cool and agreeable fruit. Grows best at low elevations. Propagated by seed but preferably by grafting and marcottage. Medium-sized tree. Planted, introduced from Mexico. The fruit is russet-brown, containing one or more polished seeds embedded in the pulp, which is sweet and of reddish tint when fully ripe. It is made into marmalade. The seeds are said to be used with cocoa for making chocolate. Propagated by seeds. Widely scattered in cultivation, but sometimes planted in large scale in some provinces. Page 27 Common Name Dalinas Dao Datiles"' Dayap• Dayap• Dauag Duhat• Dukep Dulitan or Nato Page 28 Scientific and Famil!I Name Cyathocalyx globosus Merr. ( Anacardiaceae) Dracontomelum dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe ( Anacardiaceae) Muntingia calabura Linn. ( Tiliaceae) Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (Rutaceae) Citrus aurantifolia Christm. (Rutaceae) Toddalia asiatica (Linn.) Kurz. (Rutaceae) Syzygium cumm1 (Linn.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) Telosma procumbens (Blanco) Merr. ( Asclepiadaceae) Madhuca obovatifolia Merr. ( Sapotaceae) Remarks A medium-sized tree growing in primary at low and medium altitudes. The seeds of the tree are used by the Negritos as a substitute for areca nut for chewing. A large tree, common and widely distributed throughout the country in forests at low altitudes. The fruits are yellow, rounded having an edible pulp around the seed. Propagated from seeds. A small or medium-size tree. The small yellow berries are said to make good tarts or jam. An infusion of the leaves is used as tea. Planted. Propagated by seeds or by root sprouts. It is usually planted throughout the Philippines in settled areas. Propagated by seeds and layering. A small spiny tree, cultivated for its acid, juicy fruit, which takes the places of lemon in the tropics. The tree thrives up to 3,500 feet preferring a rich, friable soil with good natural drainage. It is propagated by seeds (pips), or preferably by budding on stocks of strong growing kind as the pomelo. A spiny woody vine common in second growth forests and is also found in virgin forests and in thickets at low and medium altitudes, a;;cending to 1,700 meters. The fruits are used to flai.·or many dishes, and also as a tonic for the sto1 mach, and to prevent fevers. It is a medium-sized three, occurring through <!Ut the Philippines, planted and in many regions spontaneous in open places and i;econdgrowth forests. Its oval or elliptical fruit is dark purple or nearly black, fleshy, with a very agreeable flavor when ripe. The young fruits of this woody vine are cooked and eaten as vegetables. It is widely dis. tributed and common in thickets and secondary forests at low altitudes. This species is a small tree reported only in Camarines. Its fruit is like the chico, but it is twice larger. Its skin is light-colored, thin and rough, but its color, consistency, flavor and the seeds are similar to chico. It can be propagated from seeds. FORESTRY LEA YES Common Name Durian Du tung Galo Gatasan Gatmo Ginlin Gisaw Governor's* plum Granadilla* (Parola or kasaflora) Scientific and Family Name Durio zibethinus Murr. ( Bombacaceae) Rubus rolfei Vid. (Rosaceae) Anacolosa luzoniensis Merr. ( Olocaceae) Garcinia venulo::a Choisy. ( Guttiferae) Vaccinium myrtoides (Blume) Miq. ( Ericaceae) Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum. (Apocynaceae) Canarium williamsii C. B. Bob. (Burseraceae) Flacourtia ramontchi L'Her. ( Flacourtiaceae) Passiflora quadrangularis Linn. ( Passifloraceae) Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Remarks The white custard-like pulp surrounding the seed is highly relished. It has been described as resembling "blane-mange, delicious as the finest cream". The tree thrives in low moist country up to 2,000 feet and luxuriates in deep, alluvial or loamy soil. The tree is readily propagated 1 by seeds, which should be sown fresh. A scrambling shrub growing in the mossy forest on the highest mountains. The berries are yellowish, fleshy, and well flavored. It is not cultivated. A medium tree size in forests at low altitudes ascending to 1,200 meters in Benguet. The plant produces a nut which is of good quality and flavor. It is apparently rare and never cultivated. It is a medium size tree thriving often abundantly in primary forests at low altitudes. The fruit is sour, somewhat rounded but flattened. The edible portion is surrounded by a hard rind and contains several flat seed but seldom culitvated. The fruit of this species is a blue berry having an excellent taste and makes fine preserves and pies. It is a shrub widely distributed and is common in Benguet, Luzon. It is not cultivated. The fruit of this species contains an edible seed. It is a fairly large tree found in Mindanac and Basilan growing in forests along the seashore .. A small tree found in primary forests at low altitudes in Mindanao and neighboring islands. This species produces a nut similar to the pili nut. Propagated by seeds. It is a variable shrub or small tree with spines. The fruit is a berry, round, sour, and is eaten raw or cooked when ripe. It is propagated by seeds. A strong, quick-growing vine. The large oblong green or greenish-yellow fruit is like a watermelon, and contains in its hollow center a mass of purplish sweet..acid, edible pulp, mixed with the flat seeds. In the unripe state the succulent shell may be boiled and used as vegetable. The root is usually swollen and fleshy and is sometimes cooked and eaten like a yam. Propagated by seeds or cuttings, and thrives up to 3,000 feet or higher. Page 29 C<nmaon Name Grape vine• Guayabano" Guava* Gumihan Halubagat baging Halubagat kahoi Hinlalaki saging Huani Page 30 Scien ti fie an:! Family Name Vitis vinifera Linn. (Ampelidae) Anona muricata Linn. ( Anonaceae) Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) Artocarpus elastica Reinw. (Moraceae) Capparis hon'ida Linn. (Capparidaceae) Capparis micracantha DC ( Capparidaceae) Uvaria purpurea Blume. ( Anonaceae) Mangifera odorata Griff. ( Anacardiaceae) Remarks Occasionally found in cultivation in the Philippines, but seldom produces fruits. It is not suited to a hot and moist tropical climate. Conditions essential for its success are a fairly dry and warm temperature, a rainfall not over 40 inches, a calcareous soil, and cold season for resting or wintering. It is readily raised by cuttings, 12-15 inches long. Cultivated and propagated by seeds or from cuttings. Thrives up to 3,000 feet. It is a small tree occurring throughout the Philippines in all islands and provinces, usually common in thickets and secondary forests at low altitudes, ascending to at least 1,500 meters or in open places and second-growth forests in the lowlands, and is also cultivated. The fruit is rounded, green, turning yellow when ripe. The outer covering is firm and encloses a pink or nearly white, aromatic, edible pulp in which very numerous seeds are embedded. The fruit is used extensively in the manufacture of jelly. Propagated from seeds 01· root sprouts. A large tree which grows in forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruit is heavy and covered with brownish hairy appendages. The seeds are embedded in a whitish, more or less gummy pulp of delicious, tart flavor. They are about the size of peanuts; are eaten roasted, and in flavor, also, rf'semble peanuts. A thorny woody vine thriving in thickets at low and medium altitudes. The fruits are rounded with an edible pulp which has a poor flavor. This species is a vine or half erect shrub with drooping branches, commonly found in thickets, second growth forests, etc., at low and medium altitudes. The pulp of the ovoid or globose fruit is edible. A woody vine found growing in thickets at low and medium altitudes. Apparently rare. The fruits which are borne is a cluster from a disk-like structure are aromatic and edible. A medium-sized tree sometimes cultivated :>r .semi-cultivated for its fruits which is similar to that of the mango. Propagated from seeds. FORESTRY LEAVES Com.111on Name Hedyachras Iba I nit lpil-ipil* Is-is Jackfruit or Nangka Kabuyau Kalamunding* Scientific ana Fa.mily Name Hedyachras philippinensis Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Cicca acida (Lnn.) Merr. ( Euphorbiaceae) Rubus rosaefolius Sm. (Rosaceae) Leucaena glauca (Linn.) Benth. ( Leguminosae) Ficus ulmifolia Lam. (Moraceae) Artocarpus integra (Thumb.) Merr. (Moraceae) Citrus hystrix DC. (Rutaceae) Citrus mitis Blanco (Rutaceae) Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 RemaTks A small to medium-size tree, growing in thickets and forests along streams at low altitudes. The fruit is shaped some-what like a peach, yellow, smooth, thin-skinned, fleshy, subacid, edible though a triffle astringent, and contain two large seeds. This species is a small deciduous tree widely distributed in and about towns in the Philippines and is occasionally cultivated for its edi hie fruits. The fruit is rounded greenish-white, fleshy, acid, edible and contains a hard bony stone. Propagated by cuttings or seeds. The plant is a spiny shrub common in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes ascending in some regions to 1,900 meters. The fruits are red, occurring singly or in clusters. They are juicy, but rather insipid. The leaves are somewhat astringent, and are eaten both raw and cooked. It is not cultivated. This species is a shrub or small tree found throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes, locally gregarious and abundant. In some provinces the seeds are roasted and ground, and then used as a substitute for coffee. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Young leaves make a good salad. This species is a shrub or small tree very common in open places and in thickets at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1,500 meters. The soft and fleshy mature fruits are edible and have a good flavor, especially when eaten with sugar and cream. The tree is suited to moist or semi-dry places up to 2,000 feet or higher. In planting, the seed should be sown in situ or first in bamboo pots or tin cans then transplanted. The fruit is the largest known tree fruit in the world, sometimes exceeding 35 kilos in weight. The flesh is rich, yellow in color, sweet and very aromatic. It makes good· preserve and other sweets. It grows in secondary and primary ·forests, sometimes in or near settlements at low and medium altitudes. Propagated by seeds. Scattered here and there in cultivation but not known wild. Propagated by seeds, budding or layering. Page 31 Common Name Kalomala Kalubkub Kalumpang Kalumpit Kamachile* Kaman la Kamandiis Kamias* Kamuling Page 32 Scientific and Family Name Elaeocarpus calomala (Blanco) Merr. (Elaeocarpaceae) Syzygium calubcub C. B. Rob. (Myrtaceae) Sterculia foetida Linn. (Sterculiaceae) Terminalia edulis Blanco ( Combretaceae) Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Beath. ( Leguminosae) Syzygiwn ahernii C. B. Rob. ( Myrtaceae) Garcinia rubra Merr. (Guttiferae) Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. ( Oxalidaceae) Grewia stylocarpa Warb. ( Tiliaceae) RemarkB A medium size tree with edible oval, red fruits, containing· a single large, rough stone. The inner bark is also used for rope making. It grows in primary forest at low altitudes. This species is a large tree, very common and widely disti·ibuted in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes. Its greenish fruits are edible with a good flavor. It is not in cultivation. A large tree, common in most or all islands and provinces along the seashore and in semiopen forests at low and medium altitudes. The seeds are edible and have a purgative effect. They are flavored like cacao, but are not bitter and are used to adulterate cacao. Propagated by seeds. It is a large size tree, common in primary forests at low altitudes. The smooth fruit is dark red fleshy and acidic. It can be eaten raw or made 1into prP.serves. Not cultivated. A small to medium-sized tree thoroughly naturalized in the Philippines; growing at low and medium altitudes. Introcluced from Mexico. The pods contain 6 to 8 seeds surroun~ed by whitish, sweet, edible pulp of good flavor. This species is a medium-sized tree occurring in primary forests at low and medium altitudes Its fruits are rounded, yellow, and edible. It is not cultivated. This plant is a small tree found in primary forests at low altitudes. The edible fruits are fleshy, yellowish to red and somewhat rounded but flattened. It is propagated my seeds but not in cultivation. The tree thl"ives up to medium elevations and is readily propagated by seeds. It is a small tree, very common and widely distributed in primary forests at low and medium altitudes in most or all islands and provinces. The fruits have an edible pulp of good flavor. FORESTRY LEAVES Common Name Kaong* or sugar palm Karamiras Kariis Katmon-Kalabau Katmon Katmon-bayani Katurai* Katmo Kayam* Scientific and Family Name Arenga pinnata (Wuramb) Merr. (Palmae) Aglaia glomerata Merr. ( Melliaceae) Garcinia mindanaensis Merr. (Guttiferae) Dillenia reifferscheidia F. Viii. ( Dilleniaceae) Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe ( Dilleniaceae) Dillenia megalantha Merr. ( Dilleniaceae) Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Pers. ( Leguminosae) Vaccinium whitfordii Merr. ( Ericaceae) lnocarpus edulis Forst. (Leguminosae) Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Remarks It is a palm planted here and there about towns and abundant in some forested areas but never at any great distance from settled areas; generally planted in most islands and provinces. The flesh of the young fruits makes a delicious dessert and the sap made to vinegar, etc. A medium-sized tree commonly found in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. Th1e fruits are red, velvety, fairly juicy, and edible though lacking in flavor. Propagated from seeds. Not cultivated. It is a small tree, thriving in forests at medium altitudes. The fruit is edible. It is not cultivated. It is a medium-sized tree, occurring most abundantly at medium elevations and in some places is very common. The fruit is green, fleshy and about the size of a small apple. The edible part is green, juicy, acid resembling that of the apple. It is eaten raw and it also makes an excellent sauce or jam. A medium-sized tree, common in forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruit is rounded and contains a soft, fleshy, green puip, with a flavor resembling that of the apple. It is used for flavoring fish and it makes an execellent sauce or jam. It can also be eaten raw. A large tree, found in primary forests at low altitudes. The fruits are large and rounded. The edible part is green, fleshy and juicy, with an acid taste. It is suitable for preserves. A medium-sized tree intro<luced and now commonly found in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes; often planted. The young fruits are eaten in the same manner as are string beans. The flowers are cooked as a vegetable. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. The fruits are small, black, juicy, sub-acid sweet, and of good quality; produced singly in the axils of the leaves. This species is a shrub found in thickets and forests, at about 1,000 to 2,400 meters elevations. The unripe t<eeds boiled and roasted are considered palatable. It is propagated by seeds. Cultivated. Poge 33 Ccn;mwn Name h..inubot Kubili Kuliat Lamio Lamon Lanagon Lanzones Lemon* Page 34 Scientific and Family Name .Kubus moJuccanus Linn. (Rosaceae) Cubilia blancoi Blume. (Sa pindaceae) Gnetum indicum (Lour.) Merr (Gnetaceae) Dracontomelum edule (Blanco) Skeels. ( Anacardiaceae) Enhalus acoroides Steud. ( Hydrocharitaceae) Flacourtia euphlebia Merr. ( Flacourtiaceae) Lansium domesticum Correa (Meliaceae) Citrus limonia Osbeck (Rutaceae) Remarks A scrambling shrub, armed with mediumsized spines, found commonly growing in forests at medium and higher altitudes, in wet regions, also at low altitudes. The berries are red and edible but with an insipid flavor. Not cultivated. A medium size tree, thriving in primary forests at low altitudes, distributed from Luzon to Mindanao. The fruit is oval and covered with very numerous pointed projections. It contains a nut of good quality. It is not in cultivation but it can be grown from seeds. The kernel,. of the fruit are eaten either boiled or roasted. When freshly cut, the stems yield a good quality of drinking water; and the plant is commonly utilized for this purpose by people in the forest when other tlrinking water is not available. It grows in forest at low and medium altitudes. A medium-sized tree, common and distributed throughout the Philippines in p~·imary forests at low altitudes. The fruits are rounded, yellow having edible pulp around the seed. Propagated from seeds. In some parts of the Malayan region the seeds of this plant are eaten raw or cooked. The fruit contains eight or nine green seeds. It grows in shallow waters of sheltered bays along the seashore. This plant is a tree-like shrub found in forests up an altitude of about 900 meters. The fruit which is edible occurs singly or in small clusters in the axils of the leaf. Cultivated, thrives up to 2,000 feet in moist places. Propagated by seeds and by marcottage. A small-size tree. Lemon fruits are very largely used for flavoring in confectionery and in the preparation of beverages, etc. The rind yields a valuable essential oil which is largely used for making candled lemon peel. They grow freely at medium and high elevations and requires conditions of climate and soil like the orange. Propagation is by budding or· layering but are also easily raised from seeds. FORESTRY LEAVES Common Ncime Li bas Ligas Limoncito* or Kalamansito Lipote Loquat* Ma bolo Makopa Scientific and Fvmily Name Spondias pinnata (L.F.) Kurz. ( Anacardiaceae) Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco ( Anacardiaceae) Triphasia trifoliata (Burm.) P. Wils. (Rutaceae) Syzygium curranii C. B. Rob. (Myrtaceae) Eriobotrya japonica (Thumbd) Lindl. (Rosaceae) Diospyros discolor Willd. (Ebenaceae) Syzygium javanica Lam. (Myrtaceae) Moving-lJ"p Doy Issue 1960 Remark.~ A tree of medium size growing in primary forests at low altitudes, distributed from Luzon to Mindanao, but apparently not common. The fruit is rounded, yellow, with a finely flavored, edible pulp. The leaves and fruits are sour and are used for stews. A small tree, common in dry thickets and second-growth forests at low altitudes. The fruit resembles the cashew in form but smaller. The drupe is ornid, oblique and is borne on a fleshy, purple receptacle. It is not in cultivation but can be propagated from seeds. A small spiny shrub and a good hedge plant. The small, red berry-like fruit can hardly be considered edible, though in China and Ceylon, it is made into a favorite preserve or crystallized fruit. The fruits can also be eaten raw or cooked as sweet. It is found in thickets and sometimes cultivated. A medium size tree thriving in primary forests at medium altitudes. The fruit is small, but edible. Not in cultivation. A medium-si:led, evergreen and symmetrical tree. The small ovoid or pear-shaped yellow fruits have a sweetish acid flavor and maybe used for dessert or for stewing, etc. It is cultivated and is suited to medium elevation in the tropics. Plants may be raised from seeds, but superior varieties should be propagated by layering or grafting. This species has large rounded, fleshy fruits with a disagreeable odor and containing a few large seeds. The fruits are edible with a good flavor. It is a medium size tree common and widely distribut<>d throughout the Islands occurring in primary and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes. It is also commonly planted in and about towns. A seedless variety has been propagated. It can be grown from seeds and by marcottage. A small ornamental tree, producing clusters of pretty, glossy, rose-pink, or pinkish-white, waxy-looking fruits, which taste sweetish acid but usually too fragrant and pitchy to be agreeable. Propagated by seed; thrives best at low and medium altitudes. Poge 3) Common .\Tame Maigang Malaboho Malatampui Malanangka Malatumbaga Malak-malak Malunggai• or Horse-radish tree Mamata-babae Manalu Page 36 Scientific and Family Name i Syzygium polycephaloides i C. B. Rob. ( Myrtaceae) Sterculia oblongata R. Br. ( Sterculiaceae) Syzygium xanthophylla C.B. Bob. (Myrt.aceae) Parartocarpus woodi Merr. (Moraceae) Aglaia harmsiana Perk. (Meliaceae) Palaquium philippense C.B. Rob. (Sa potaceae) Moringa oleifera Lam. ( Moringaceae) Lansium dubrium Merr. Semecarpus gigantifolia F. vm. ( Anacardiaceae) Remarks This is a large tree, occurring in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. Its fruit is rounded, similar in color and flavor to that of the duhat, but is less sweet and juicy. It makes a delicious, tart jelly. It is a small tree, commonly growing in secondary and open forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits are red, inflated, hairy, with a thick leathery covering, containing a number of nuts which are eaten by the people of the Mountain Province. This tree is of medium size growing in forests at low altitudes. Its fruits are small but edible. A medium size tree found in forests at low and medium altitudes. The chestnut-like seeds contained in a rcunded fruit are eaten either roasted or boiled. A medium-sized tree, common in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. The rounded, and red to russet colored fruits have a hard outer covering containing a single seed. The pulp around the seed has a good flavor. Not in cultivativn but can be propagated from seeds. This species is a large tree very common and widely distributed throughout the country in forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruit is oval, containing a se<:!d, and is edible. This species is planted throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Propagated by either seeds or cuttings. The leaves, flowers and immature fruits are cooked and eate11 as a vegetable. A small-sized tree which bears edible rounded, brownish yellow fruits surrounded by a hard outer covering and contain a single seed. It grows in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. A medium-sized tree, common and distributed in forest at low altitudes throughout the country. The fruits are deep purple, fleshy, juicy, edible but somewhat astringent. They are produced in great abundance on the trunk in panicles. Not in cultivation but it can be propagated from seeds. FORESTRY LEAVES Common Name Manangkil Mango* Mangosteen• Marang* Ni pa Pahutan Pakoidan Palanau Scientific and Family Name Syzygium manangkil Blanco ( M yrtaceae) I Mangifera indica Linn. ' ! 1 (Anacardiaceae) I Garcinia mangostana Linn. ( Guttiferae) Artocarpus odoratissima Blco. (Moraceae) Nipa fruticans Wuramb. (Palmae) Mangifera altissima Blanco ( Anacardiaceae) Ochrosia littoralis Merr. ( Apocynaceae) Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. (Rosaceae) Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Remarks It is a big size tree, very common and widely distributed in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits are red, fleshy, acidic, and of good flavor, borne in large numbers. It is not cultivated. Introduced, cultivated and in deserted cultivation thrcughout the Philippines. It is a large, erect or spreading tree.. Its fruit is one of the most delicious of all tropical fruits. It is simply propagated by inarching or grafting, budding and by seeds. Its globular, purplh•h-brown, smooth fruit, about the size of an apple, is famed as one of the most delicious fruits of the tropics, and considered by some t<> partake of the flavor of the strawberry and the grape. The delicate, snowwhite, melting, juicy pulp surrounding and adhering to the seed is the part eaten. The tree ~ows best in hot, moist climate; deep rich, and well-drained soil and in sheltered locality up to about 2,000 feet. Propagation is by seed but may be done also by layering. A medium-sized tree. The fruit is large; the flesh white, sweet, very rich, juicy, and aromatic. Propagated like nangka. It is a palm thriving along tidal streams in brackish swamps throughout the Philippines; in favorable habitats gregarious over large areas. The flesh of th"' young nuts make good dei;serts or may be eaten raw. A big tree, rather common and is widely distributed in the country in primary forests at low altitudes. The fruit ls shaped like the mango, smooth, green to yellowish and resinous. It is used for making pickles. The seeds of this species are edible. The fruit is fleshy ai.nd united at the base. It is a small tree widely distributed throughout the J slands in thickets and forests along the seashore. This species is a scrambling shrub armed with fair-sized, sharp spines. It grows in damp forests at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1,800 meters. The berries are in clusters; bright red, fairly juicy, edible, but rather tasteless. Not cultivated. Pase J7 Common Name Paii.gi Passion fruit or Flor de pasion Pedada Pilai Pili Piling-liitan Pinit Pingkapingkahan Pcige. 39: Scientific and Family Name Pangium edule Reinw. (Flacourtiaceae) Passiflora edulis Sims. ( Passifloraceae) Sonneratia alba Sm. ( Sonneratiaceae) Rubus niYens Thumb. (Rosaceae) Canarium ovatum Engl. (Burseraceae) Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray ( Burseraceae) Rubus copelandii Merr. (Rosaceae) Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent. ( Bignoniaceae) Remarks A medium size tree, growing in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruit is large, brown, containing several seeds in an edible, yellowish pulp. The fresh seeds are poisonous, but are rendered edible by steeping in water. It is p1·opagated by seeds and is sometimes cultivated. A perennial vine bearing smooth ovo:d fruit becoming purple when ripe. The fruit contains in its hollow center a quantity of fragrant, sweet, juicy pulp; this when emptied out of the shell and beaten up in a glass with a pinch of bicarbonate of soda and sugar makes a delicious drink. The passion-fruit can be cultivated from 2,000 feet upwards. Rich humus soil and a moist sheltered .:ituation suit it best. Propaga.. ted by seeds or cuttings. This species is a small tree occurring along the upper stretches of tidal sreams. The fruit is slightly acid and is urnd as an article of food and also for making vinegar. The fruit contains many seeds. This species is a very spiny scrambling shrub thriving in thickets at 1,300 to 1,600 meters ele vations. The fruits occur in terminal clusters and have a good flavor. It is not cultivated. The kernel is edible, resembling sweet almonds. It yields by expression an off used for burning in lamps and for cooking. It thrives in hot and moist places up to about 2,000 feet and prefers deep, well-drained soil. A medium-sized tree, common in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits are somewhat oval in shape containing a thickshelled triangular edible nut. PropagatP.d by seeds. Not in cultivation. A scrambling, spiny shrub reported only in Benguet growing in thickets on limestone formations at about 1,300 meters altitude. The orange-red berries are fairly juicy, and edible but not well flavored. The immature fruits of this small tree are cooked or prepared in several ways and eaten as a vegetable. It is common and widely distributed throughout the Islands in thickets and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes. FORESTRY LEAVES Common Name Piris Pi to go Pomegranate* or granada Rambutan or Usau Rain Tree* or acacia Roselle* Sampalok* Santol* Scientific and Pamily Name Garcinia vidalii Merr. (Guttiferae) Cycas rumphii Mig. ( Cycadaceae) Punica granatum Linn. ( Lythraceae) Nephalium lappaceum Linn. (Sapindaceae) Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr ( Leguminosae) Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. (Malvaceae) Tamarindus indica Linn. ( Leguminosae) Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) (Meliaceae) Movin9-Up Doy Issue 1960 Remarks A medium size tree, thrivinl!' in prrmary forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruit has a firm, acid, fleshy pulp with a pleasant flavor. It is not cultivated. In times of famine, the ripe seeds of this plant are prepared as food in some of the isolated parts of the Philippines. Tc do this, the ripe seeds are crushed and the resulting products soaked in water which must be changed several times. The product is then dried, and the flourlike substance cooked in the form af small cakes or a porridge. A small tree or large shrub. The juicy coating of the closely packed seeds is in some varieties of a sweet-acid pleasant taste but usually it is scanty, tart and astringent. Cultivated and grows best near the sea coast in dry places. Propagation is by layering or grafting, though plants are easily raised from seeds. A small to medium size tree. The pulp of the fruit has an excellent flavor. It grows in the forest but ;s now cultivated in many places in the Island. A large tree now widely planted in and about towns in the Island as shade trees or fue!wood; in some places spontaneous. The sweet, somewhat sticky substance enclosing the seeds is edible with a good flavor. The enlarged fleshy sepals makes excellent _ielly. The undpe fruit is adapted for pickles and a refreshing beverage is made from it. The young, tender, acid leaves are sometimes used as vegetables in curries. Thrives at all elevation up to about 4,000 feet. It is propagated by seeds. Medium to large tree CJf prehistoric introduction into the Philippines, now commonly planted throughout the settled areas. In between the constricted pods are seeds, which are surrounded by an acid pulp of good flavor. The young leaves are boiled as a flavoring with meat or fish. Propagated by seeds. Besides eating the fleshy pulp covering the seeds, an intoxicating drink is prepared from the fruit by fermenting and mixing it with rice. Propagated from seeds and is suited to hot and moist places up to about 3,000 feet. Page .39 Co1ilmon Name Sapote• Seneguelas* Strawberry• Suha or Lukban Susung kalabau Tagibalos Tagpo Taklang-anak 1.'alisai Page -40 Scientific and Family Name Lucuma mammosa Gaertn. ( Sapotaceae) Spondias purpurea Linn. (Anacardiaceae) Gragraia vesca Linn. (Rosaceae) Citrus maxima (Burma.) Merr. (Rutaceae) Uvaria rufa Blanco ( Anonaceae) Uvaria sorsogonensis Presl. ( Anonaceae) Ardisia squamulosa Presl. ( Myrsinaceae) Garcinia dulcis Kurz. ( Guttiferae) Terminalia catappa Linn. ( Combretaceae) Remarks This is a large erect tree bearing fruits that are commonly elliptical, containing a soft melting flesh of a beautiful reddish salmon color within the thick woody skin that ia somewhat rough and rusty brown in the surface. Propa_i;ation is by seed. Introduced recently in the PhiF.ppines. Grows best in dry places and is propagated by cuttings. The scanty pulp of the fruit is eaten raw. The form of the strawberry now commonly cultivated in the vicinity of Baguio is probably one of the races of this species. It may become established at higher altitudes in the Mountain Province. It is usually planted in the settled areas throughout the Philippines. Propagated by seeds and layering. A climbing shrub growing in thickets and forests at low altitudes. Sometimes cultivated. The oval, hairy, red fruits which are borne in cluters are edible and have an agreeable odor. A large woody vine with large leaves common in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits which are oval, and marked with prominent, transverse grooves are aromatic and edible. The flowers and fruits of this small tree are cooked as a flavoring with fish. The fruits are dark blue, or purple and rounded. It is very common and widely distributed in the Islands in thickets or in forests at low or medium altitudes. This species is a small size tree, widely distributed and common in primary forests at low and mediums altitudes. Its smooth, yellow fruit has a firm outer covering, and an acidic, soft and juicy pulp. It is good for preserves. Pro.. pagated by seeds but seldom found in cultivation. This species is a medium size tree distributed throughout the Philippines along the seashore up to 2,000 feet. Often cultivated in many provincial towns as a shade tree. The kernel of the fruit yields as fixed oil which is sweet and savory. It is, however, difficult to extract the seed from the fruit. FORESTRY LEAVES Comnw·n Name Tam bis Tibig Tiesa* Titau Scientific an<l Family Name Syzygium aqueum Burm. (Myrtaceae) Syzygium jambos Linn. (Myrtaceae) Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. (Moraceae) Lucuma nervosa A. DC. (Sapotaceae) Rubus ellipticus Sm. (Rosaceae) * Introduced in the Philippines FOREST CONSERVATION PROBLEM •.. (Continued from page 4) the candidate of the opposition who spread the rumor that I was out to grab land tried to get word to me that he did not say the things attributed to him. It was the same candidate who promised to subdivide the Aras-asan forest once he was elected. This too was exposed in public meetings as preposterous. The result of the elections in our little municipality confirmed my idea that if properly explained the people would vote for conservation. In future elections the issue of forest conservation should be brought before the electorate in all the municipalities and provinces. We have long labored in the belief that the people are on the side of kaingineros and that is the reason that politiMoving-Up Day Issue 1960 Remarks A large tree occurring in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits are edible. white fruit with a sweetish rose-water taste, and is said to be sometimes used in preserves. It thrives best in most places, at medium elevations up to about 4,000 feet, preferring a deep, rich soil. A medium size tree common in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes. The fruits which are borne on the trunks and branches are rounded, yellowish to yellowish-red, fleshy with a good flavor. A small tree bearing broadly oval to round, orange yellow fruit when ripe. The tree can grow even on thin poor soils and is propagated by seeds or by marcottage. This species is a scrambling shrub with rather large spines. It is reported only in Bontoc and Benguet growing in thickets and on open slopes at 1,300 to 1,600 meters elevations. The fleshy pale yellow berries have fairly good flavor. cians take the side of forest law violators under the cloak of course that they are helping the poor and giving land to the landless. This has been possible because even those who should take the lead in changing public opinion so that it will support and not oppose forest conservation have assumed an attitude of indifference. They, too, seem to have assumed that the people are against conservation. We have preferred to follow the line of least resistance and do nothing about it. We seem to have been afraid along to provoke discussion when what we should do is to expose the problem in public forums whenever an opportunity presents itself for it is a national problem and it concerns everyone vitally. The College of Forestry is such a forum and an occasion like this is a Page 41 most appropriate one. I am glad to note that inviting men engaged in the lumber industry to speak on Forestry Day once a year on November 30th is one of your traditions. I heartily endorse this custom. If I may be permitted one suggestions I should like to recommend that you enlarge the scope of Forestry Day. The College of Forestry should be developed to be the fountainhead of the latest information on tested practical methods of forest management. Faculty members and students should go to the field to observe the problems that face the industry in order that they may have practical work materials for classroom and laboratory study. Likewise, representatives of the industry should be invited for consultation, so that in that way the maximum cooperative effort can be enlisted in the cause of good forestry. SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES ... (Continued from page 22) ( 35) Ranganafhan, C.R. 194~. Selection of silvicultural techniques. Proceedings of the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Ut.iliza· tion of Resources. 5: 95-100. (36) Ray, Le. 1948. Note sur la regeneration artificiellee et lei:: methodes d'emichnissement de la foret dense en Okume. (Note on the artificial regeneration and methods of improvement of dense Aucoumea klaineana forest). Bois For. Trop. 4 (4): 31-40. (Original not seen, abstracted in For. Abstr. 10(191:: 44). (37 Reyes, M.R. 1957. Natural regeneration of the Philippine dipterocarp forest. Do· curnent and Minutes of the Meetings of the Forestry Division. Ninth Pacific Science Congress, Bangkok, Thailand. (38) Reyes, M.R., L. Diaz, and M. Alconcel. 1956. Underplanting with larg·e-leaf mahogany in a logged-over dipterocarp forest. Filipino Forester 8: 102-104. (Reviews). (39) Richards P.W. 19313. Ecological observations ~n the rain forest of Mount Dulit, Sarawak. Jour. Ecology 24: 10-15. (40) Robson, M. 1955-a. Annual report on the forest administration of the Western Page 42 I do not know what is the definition of a modern college or the modern definition of a college. Whether the idea of making a college an open forum for the discussion of the nation's important problems accords with the new or old concept, I should like to see our colleges converted into living, progressive workshops for generating and testing new ideas and clearing house for channeling such ideas to those who can profit from their use. Let us move away from the idea that a college is an archive of knowledge where it gathers dust and grows mildew. Better that we err, in my opinion, on the side of being a little precipitate in trying new ideas than that we err on the side of being too conservative. Lumber companies will, I am sure, be glad to lend their cooperation in all progressive undertakings. I thank you. Region of Nigeria for the year 1!>53-54. Government Printer, \Vestern Region, Nigeria. 55 pp. ( 41) 1956-b. Annual report on the forest administration of the Western Region of Nigeria for the year 1954-5!>. Government Printer, Western Region, Nigeria. 35 pp. ( 42) Rosayro, R.A. de. 1953. Ecological considerations in the management of wet evergreen forests in Ceylon. Ceylon Forester 1 : 80-90. (43) 1955. The silviculture and management of tropical rain forest with special reference to Ceylon. Ceylon Forester 2 : 5-26. ( 44) Serevo, T.S. 1949. Some observatious 011 the effect of different methods of logging on residual stand and on natural reproduction. Philip. Jour. For. 6: 363381. (45) Serevo, T.S., and M.R. Reyes, 1957. The implementation of selective logging. Forestry Leaves 9 (3 & 4): 39-43, 2. ( 46) Strugnell, E.J. 1947. Developments in silvicultu!'al practice in Malayan evergreen forests. Malayan Forester 11 :37-41. (47) , 1954. Malayan Silvieulture in practice. Malayan Forester 17: 129-131. (Continued on page 68) FORESTRY LE.AVES Standardized eotd-Soda Pulping &valuation of Some Pltilippine eet/11/osic Materials I By MANUEL R. MONSALUD2 SUMMARY Standardized cold-soda pulping evaluations of 4 7 Philippine species of cellulosic materials (agricultural wastes, bamboos, hardwoods, and softwoods) are reported. Katurai gave the highest pulp yield, 95.9 percent, and abaca fiber cold-soda pulp exhibited the highest strength characteristics. INTRODUCTION Cellulosic fibers are of plant origin. There are several methods of converting them into pulp for paper making, namely, chemical (sulfate, sulfite, soda), semi-chemical ( neutral sulphite semichemical), mechanical or groundwood process, chemi-groundwood method, mechano-chemical, cold-soda, and possibly others. This article reports the results of exploratory studies made since 1956 in the Forest Products Research Institute in a standardized, cold-soda-pulping evaluation of Philippine cellulosic materials, including hardwoods, e few softwoods, bamboos and agricultural wastes. The so-called cold-soda process was first developed in 1949 by the U.S. Forest Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (1, 3). In the main, it consists of soaking wood chips for a few hours in dilute sodium hydroxide solution under normal pressure and temperature to soften them before passing them thru an attrition mill to effect the separation of 1 This research was undertaken by the staff of the Chemical Investigations Division of the Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. 2 Chief, Chemical Investigations Division, Forest Products Research Institute, University of the Philippines. College, Laguna. Moving-Up Day Issue t 960 the individual fibers. It is claimed that some advantages of cold-soda pulping are: "High pulp yield (80 to 90 percent), simplicity and cheapness of the pulping process and applicability to hardwoods for the production of pulps for use in the manufacture of cheap grades of paper, where high strength and permanence are not essential - " ( 2). The cold-soda pulping process is actually being employed commercially on an ever growing scale in several countries, namely, United States, India, Australia, Italy, and possibly others. Recently, the original process has been improved by the use of hydrostatic pressure to enable efficient impregnation of the chips by the pulping chemical in a matter of minutes, thus effecting "rapid cycle" digestion (5). Due to its potential adaptability as a pulping process under conditions obtaining in the Philippines, where there are many hardwood species, this process has been studied in the Forest Products Research Institute to test the responses of various native fibrous raw materials such as hardwoods, agricultural wastes, bamboos, and softwoods. Cold-soda pulps, bleached or unbleached, have many uses. For example, this pulp can be used as a substitute for groundwood pulp in the manufacture of cheap tissue paper, newsprint, book, magazine, and other kinds of printing paper, food board, and writing paper. It can also be used 100 percent in making corrugating medium, boxboard, insulating and building boards, roofing felt, and molded products (3, 5). Considering the low requirements for caPage 43 pital investment and operating costs and simplicity of operations involved in the pulping process, it is deemed promising for a place in our country's economy. Hence, this study. Standardized Cold-soda Process As employed in the Forest Products Research Institute, this process is carried out as follows: Wood is first hand-barked and chipped (Fig. 1) and the chips screened (Fig. 2). Accepted chips are about S/8-inch in len[lth along the grain. Bamboo is first crushed and then chipped and screened as in the case of wood. The agricultural wastes are cut by hand into small pieces about 1/2 an inch long. Each species is pulped separately. The dry-solid content of each material for pulping is first determined. Then about 2.S kilos (oven-dry weight) of the material, are soaked in sodium hydroxide solution containing SO grams of NaOH per liter. The water-to-dry-material ratio employed is 6: 1, including the moisture present in the fibrous material. The soaking is done under room temperature and atmospheric pressure for three hours. Later, after a composite sample of the spent liquor is taken for analysis, the soaked chips are drained of the spent liquor, which is discarded. The softened material is then passed thru an 8-inch attrition (Bauer), single-disc rotating mill (Fig. 3) using Bauer mill plate No. 6946 for coarse fiberization. The coarse pulp is received in a screen box provided with 100-mesh stainless steel screen wire at the bottom. The coarse pulp is Bauermilled once more using Bauer Plate No. 694S. At the second passing, the plates are set almost touching each other for final and finer fiberization. The cold-soda pulp is washed thoroughly in the screen box, screened (Fig. 4 ), dewatered, weighed and sampled for dry-solids determination. From the data obtained, the percentage pulp yield is calculated on the oven-dry weight basis. The percentage of screen rejects is included in the over-all pulping yield (6). Page 44 Mechanical Processing or Beating The cold-soda pulp produced from each species was beaten or mechanically processed in a 1-1/2 pound experimental Niagara-type beater with controlled bedplate, following Tappi ( 10) Standard methods of laboratory processing of pulp (Beater Method, T-200 m-4S), modified as follows: One thousand two hundred and sixty (1260) ml. of pulp slurry, equivalent to 19.7 grams of ovendry pulp, for two Canadian Standard freeness tests and 9 handsheets, were taken from the beater at each time interval instead of the usual 800 grams (T 200 m-4S ). Time intervals, were S, 10, or 20 minutes depending on the drop in freeness. After each beating period, 8 paper handsheets were prepared in accordance with T APPi Standard methods (T .20S m-S3) The handsheets were conditioned for sometime in drying rings placed inside the paper testing room of the Institute (maintained at 73 deg. F. and SO per cent relative humidity) until the handsheets reached constant weight. Then they were tested for thickness, ream weight, burst, tear, folding endurance, tensile strength, density, brightness, and opacity. Discussion of Results Table I shows the average fiber lengths of the cellulosic materials dealt with in this study. The fiber measurements were made by the Wood Technology Division of this Institute. Some of these fiber measurements were reproduced from the published article of Tamolang, et. al. (9). Table II shows the chemical analysis of these materials. Table III shows the standardized pulp yields and chemical consumptions obtained in the pulping operations. Table IV shows the chemical analysis of the standardized cold-soda pulps produced in the study. The methods of analysis used were those of Tappi (10). The analysis of the woody and non-woody materials pulped in this study was made following the methods described by Monsalud and Nicolas (7). FORESTRY LEAVES Table I. Fiber lengths or the cellulosic -terial11 dealt JI with in this et11d7 • Average Colllnon nae a Scientitic name a fiber I le!!l!=b• ,_. ) A. 6£ricultural. !lllte11: 1 lbaca (waste) Musa textiles Nee J.15 2 Coconut (husk) Cocoa nuci!era L. o.ss J Coconut (trunk) Cocoa nuci!era L. 1.94 4 Cogon Imperata czlindrica (L.) Beauv. 1.15 5 Rice straw .Q!7.!! .!!ll!! L. 1.14 6 Sugar cane bagaaae Saccharum of!icinal"llll 1.67 B. Bamboo•• 1 Ba70g Dendrocalamu11 merrilianu11 (Elm. ) Elm 2.07 2 amo Schizoetach@ i1!!!!!!!p!IO (manco) Kerr. 2.42 J Giant bamboo Gigantochloa aapera Kun J.78 4 Kaw~an tinik Bambulla blumeana Schul.tee r. 2.02 5 Pole vault beboo Ph1llo11tac&11 niva Munro 1.86 6 Kawqan kiling ~ vulgarie Schrad. 2.JJ 7 Biilo Gigantochloa !2!!!. (Blanco) Kerr. 1.80 c. Hardwoods (broadleaved) 1 l Acacia ~ .!!!!!!l (Jacq.) Herr. 0.87 2 Agoho Caauarina eguiaeti!olia L. 1.04 J .Anabiong rr-& orientali11 (L.) m,_ 1.19 4 Apitong bipterocarpue granditlol'WI manco 1.56 5 !!agtikan Parashorea plicata Brandie 1.20 6 Balakat-gubat Sapim luzonic1111 (Vid.) Herr. 1.27 7 Balobo Diplodiecue paniculatua Turcz. 1.50 8 Balsa ~ pzramidale (Cav.) Urb. 1.59 9 Dita lletonia echolari11 (L.) R. Br. 1.48 10 Dulit Canari1111 hir11ut1111 Willd. 1.06 11 Gaba Bndo11pe:na1111 peltatm Marr. 1.62 12 Hagimit Ficus minahaeaae (Teijam. & De Vr.) Miq. 1.29 lJ Hamindang 'ii&c'i:ranga bicolor Muell. - Arg. l.J? 14 Ipil-ipU Leucaena glauca (L. ) Benth. 1.01 15 laatoan-bangkal. Nauclea horatieldii (Miq.)Salv.(Comb. Row.) 1.43 16 Katmon Dellenia J!hilipfiinenai11 (Bolte) Dill. 2.68 17 Katurai Seabania grandi ora (L.) Pera. 0.98 18 lupang Parkia lave.nica (i...) Merr. 1.02 19 tanipau Te:nainalia cra1111iramea Marr. 1.41 20 Liaak Neonauclea bartlingii Marr. 1.40 21 Lmbang lleurites molucana l.J5 22 Kal.akal.llllp&ng Sterculia ceramic& R. Br. 1.57 2J Mayapill §h2!!! !9W1!!!&ta (Turcz.) 0,.r 1.42 24 Red lauan Shore& negroeensi11 FolDf. 1.59 25 Tal.uto Pt.erombi1111 tinctorium (Blanco) Herr. 1.40 26 Tanag IC.einhovia hoepita L. 1.18 27 Tangile ~ polYsee:nna (Blanco) Herr. 1.28 28 Tangillang-~awak .f!E!! variegata mume 1.26 29 Toog Peteraianthu11 guadrialata Herr. 2.J6 JO Tuai Bischofia javanica m .... 2.19 Jl White lauan Pentacme contort& (Yid.) Marr. and Bol1'e l.J7 D. Sott1llOOd11 (conifers) 1 1 llmaciga 6£athi11 philippinen11i11 Warb. 5.31 2 ~t-pine Pinu11 insularill F.ndl.. 3.45 J Zambal.e11 (Mindoro) Pinu11 merkuaii Jungh and De Vr. 4.01. pine l/ 'lheee data wre determined by the Wood Technology Di vision or the Forest Products Research Institute Movi119-Up Day Issue 19'0 , ••• 45 TABIE II. Proxi~te; che:r.ical enely!!is of the g1llYl2sic '11Flt~r1als ysed in this .uJldx• ! ... .. !~Ill) 0 " ., ... " ·-=~ .. ., c ... :s " I~ -9 H I N " Ill " ... c I~: 0 II "'1 II .,: ,Q ,.,: .... .... c I • H II c .... 'c .. • Cl 0 M ... 0 • .... 0 ., ... :z:; 0 c: ... .g ..... c: 0 • II I:.. .. .... :'a ... ,1:1 ,Q ... 0 ... "" .. ::I II 0 II I :::: -.; ... 1:::: ... .... Cl .... "' Ill .... c: .... Cl ... ..... I 0 .... 01.-1 :I • ., :;:;:<: Cl) ~ 15 ~ .. .,.,Q 0 llli () 0 .... ;l :::1~ ~ 0 ... :I fl} 0 ... .... c ... .... .... 0 '1HIO ... ~ 4: 0 ~ Ill Cl 11'11) :II .:I Ill Ill I ... !SEicultural v1atesr V1lues in J!!lrg1nt11!.!l gf gi§n-d[! v1iebi 1•2 A.W. 1 Abeca 5.1 2.8 5.1 5.6 14.e 71.6 34.3 1.42 39.8 1-131 2 Coconut (husk) 2.7 1.7 2.4 2.8 30.9 62.2 9~6 o.e.2 25.5 1-131.& 3 Coconut (trunk) 3.3 3.9 3.7 6.8 23.0 66.1 22.5 0.35 22.0 1-11 .&.w. 4 Cogan 7.3 7.4 1.2 11.2 16.4 61.3 16.6 4.41 4e.2 1-1 .&.v. 5 Rice straw 30.1 4.2 1.6 1.9 24.0 50.1 7.6 23.44 62.6 202A 6 Sugar~cane bagasee ( unil ep1 th~CI) 2.39 2.8 3.1 3.8 20.5 71.2 23.7 1.41 35.0 i-10 &.v. 7 Ramie 1.6 0.9 5.2 5.1 25.8 66.5 8.o 0.17 20.6 B. B11Pb09sr 1- 4B 1 Beyog 4.2 3.6 3.4 6.1 24.4 66.5 23.8 2.1 26.1 1..: 2B 2 Bubo 9.5 1.7 4.4 5.6 20.6 65.9 21.5 7.45 28.1 1- 3B 3 Giant bamboo 4.2 5.B 4.1 6.8 23.5 62.4 20.1 2.4 13.1 1- SB 4 Kawayen tinik 4.8 3.1 4.3 7.0 20.4 67.4 19.0 3.4 39.5 5 Pole-vault bamboo 1- lB 6 Kavayen kt Ung 2.43 4.1 5.1 1.a 21.9 66.5 21.1 1.1 27.9 1 -7B 7 Billo 5.15 2.5 4.2 5.9 22.6 6o.6 19.1 2.5 28.5 c. 1-681) Herdv92dsr 2•174A) 1 Acacia 2.0 7.1 4.6 8.6 25.3 63.8 17.9 1.19 26.7 l-102l 2 A@ObO o.B 2.5 2.~ 4.1 26.1 6e.4 19.4 13.0 1- 81 3 Anabiong 1.5 2.1 3.4 4.5 22.1 70.9 20.6 0.04 1e.6 1-21&) 2e.~60.3 2-126&) 4 Apitonp- 1.5 a.1 2.1 6.3 16 .5 1.02 21.1 .l•l2A) 2-92&) 5 Bagtikan 1.1 3.0 1.4 2.6 29.0 65.5 i5.o 12.5 3·117A) 1-135A 6 BalallB t•@Ubat 3.e 4.1 2.4 6.7 23.2 66.5 17.0 2.2 17.0 1·27& 7 Balobo 3.9 6.o 3.5 8.9 27.7 5a.9 16.2 21.3 1·134A e Balsa 2.7 3.0 5.9 5.1 29.9 5a.5 19.2 0.14 17.2 1-146& 9 Dita 1.8 2.e 3.2 5.2 30.6 62.1 14.1 17.0 1-77&" 10 I>Kllt 1.2 2.5 e.9 22.0 u.4 24.6 1-70A) Guba~ 2-90&) 11 1.3 1.9 2.9 4.2 27.7 G6.3 16.6 15.4 1-68&) 2-136&) 12 Ba!lilllit 2.7 2.1 3.5 3.A 26.3 65.4 18.5 0.11 17.1 lV L1gnin including ash ,.,. 46 FORbTRY LEAVES - 11; - TABL~ II1 c!!!!~igy~a l-63A ) 2-137&) 13 Bemindeng 1.8 3.5 3.8 6.2 35.6 55.1 12.9 0.24 21.0 1-30& ) 2-140&) 14 Ipil-ipil o.e 7.8 2.7 5.7 25.6 63.2 17.9 18.6 3-190 ) 1-7& ) Xeetoen-ben~e~ 2-77&) 15 o.8 3.8 2.6 5.9 23.8 69.0 21.2 20.2 3.96a) 1•37A ) 2-181&) 16 Xetmon 1.9 4.1 6.o 9.8 25.2 62.8 13.3 0.29 26.1 1·41& 17 Xet11re1 1.7 2.9 2.6 5.0 26.4 66.4 20.0 16.4 l-56a 18 Xupenf! 2.5 5.p 2.7 5.5 26.0 6'3.7 18.9- 1.4 16.6 1-114& 19 lenipeu 0.7 i.5 4.0 3.4 30.5 93.3 17.l 13.9 1-36& 20 Lieell: 0.7 6.6 2.3 a.5 31.4 59.0 15.2 15.l 1-80& 21 lambeng ;/ 2.2 1.8 6.4 10.7 21.1 62.5 20.5 1.1 23.6 1-31& 22 Melell:elumpen 2.8 2.9 5.6 7.3 22.3 66.5 12.8 0.20 21.5 1·74A ) 2·178&) 23 Me)-epis 0.35 4.5 2.3 4.2 33.3 59.7 11.9 0.05 14.8 l-46a ) JI 2-11.l ) 24 Red leuen 0.3 3.9 2.2 4.3 33.7 59.9 10.7 1!:1.3 3-122&) 1-69.l ) 2-129&) 25 Teluto 2.5 2.1 9.8 l0.9 18.2 67.4 11.6 0.09 23.4 1-62& ) 2·145.l) 26 Tensg 2.3 2.7 2.8 4.7 29.0 63.3 16.6 0.07 15.8 1·11& ) 2·113A) 27 3.236a) Ten~le 0.23 3.2 1.3 2.e 34.5 60.8 13.3 13.6 1·33&) Tengissng-bayewetcl" :;>.5q&) 28 4.4 4.2 4.8 9.4 27.3 60.0 15.2 0.06 21.4 l-116a 29 Toog 2 .. 5 3.5 0.9 2.5 37.4 55.7 12.7 l.e 17.9 1-147& 30 Tuai 1.1 1.4 4.2 5.e 42.0 51.3 9.7 29.4 1·71&) 31 White leuan.a/ 1.0 3.6 2-10.sa) 1.7 2.e 29.4 64.3 14.3 13.9 3-112.A) 4·170&) .; A•nege of 2 esmple s IV &verege of 3 sample e l!/Lignin inoludint ssh ~Averege of 4 samples D. Softvooils• 1-185.A l &lmsci!!S• 0.3 1 • .s 2.1 34.2 0.4 i4.3 l-165A) 2-172&) 2 Benptlet pine 0.3 2.0 1.4 1.5 33.3 63.0 12.0 11.4 1-212& 3 Zambales (Mindoro) 2e.5V64.o pine 0.5 4.5 2 • .5 3.0 11.3 17.5 .;Includin~ ash. Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Page 47 TABLE III. Standardized cold-soda 2:!1Eing zields Percent y . . Cold soda . . :Consumption: Ch end.cal pulp yield Cook S p e c i e s of :consumption (% based on No. chemicals based on oven dry charged oven dry material material pulped) A. Agricultural wastes 521 l Aba.ca (wastes) plantation 21.80 6.54 68.50 15.3 2 Coconut (husk) 68.10 18.44 56.l 591) 599) .3 Coconut (trunk) ,32.45 9.7.3 58.78 452 4 Cogon 58.l 23.25 47.18 399) 412) 5 Rice straw .3.3. 90 ]J.54 41.65 4.34) 292) : 297) 6 Sugar-cane ba.gasse ( undepithed): .37.2 15.0 . 54.08 . B. Bamboos 135) 144) l Ba.yog 54.10 16.2 67.2 223) 241) 2 Bubo 25.10 1.5 . 76.3 .. 101 .3 Giant bamboo 22.5 7 • .3 65.2 157) 158) 4 Kawayan tinik 32.70 9.8 66.l 613 5 Pole-vault bamboo 26.25 7.87 68.78 66 6 Kawayan kiling (52 gm per l. .33.90 6.8.3 62.70 Na.OH) 65.3 ,., Bulo 24.92 7.48 76.12 I !/ Including screened pulp-rejects. ,.,. 48 JORESTRY LEAVES Percent y Cold soda :Consumption: Chemical pulp yield Cook S p e c i e s or : consumption (% based on No. chemicals based on oven dry charged oven dry material material pulped) c. Hardwoods 253) 256) 1 Acacia 32.6 10.28 80.5 360) 367) 2 Agoho 25.30 8.ll 75.8 16o) 162) '3 Anabiong 43.4 13.02 59.8 147) •: 150) 4 A pi tong 57.J 14.2 74.7 ill) 114) 5 Bagtikan 22.0 6.59 78.J 207) 210) 6 Balakat gubat 14.5 4.J 69.J 129) 132) 7 Balobo 56.5 16.9 63.9 417) 421) 8 Balsa J2.J 8.95 71.5 470) 213) 216) 9 Dita 34.0 10.18 68.4 196) 199) 10 Dulit 32.1 9.02 75.ll 170) 173) 277) ll Gu bas J?.8 11.24 66.5 315~ Jl6 y Including screened pulp-rejects. Moving-Up Day laue 1960 ,.,. 49 Percent "JI Cold soda :Consumption: Chemical pulp yield Cook Species of : consumption (% based on No. chemico.ls bo.sed on oven dry ch~ged oven dry Mterial material pulped) 220) 225) 12 Hagimit 27.5 9.09 77.2 261) 299) 13 Hrunindang 33,5 10.22 68.7 313 14 Ipil-iril 26.6 8.12 68.1 96) .. 98) 15 Kaatoan-bangka.l 29,3 8.79 69.4 284) 289) 16 Katmon 42,4 10.5 58.2 4 17 Ka.turai 18.40 5,52 95.90 424) 430) 18 Ku pang 23,3 7,05 66,9 87) 90) 19 Lanipa.u 79.7 23.9 76.4 330 20 Lisak 26.6 11.23 73.l 182) 185) 21 Lumba.ng 66.5 19.94 76.3 266) 269) 22 Ma.lakalumpa.ng 39,9 11.9 70.l 117) 120) 23 ¥..eyapis 26.8 8.05 68.o 123) 126) 24 Red lauan 37.40 11.2 71.4 176) 179) 25 Taluto 66.7 20.03 72.8 !' InrJudinG screened pulp-rejects. ,.,. 50 FORESTRY LEA YES Percent y Cold soda :Consumption: Chemical pulp yield Cook S p e c i e s or : consurnpt ion (% based on No. chemicals based on oven.dry charged oven dry m.'.lterial 11'.aterial pulped) 198) 200) 26 Ta.nag .37.2 11.16 70.9 94 27 Tangile 23.so 7.14 72.6 250 28 Tangisang-ba.yawak 24.4 7.25 74.4 105) 108) 29 Toog 22.9 6.86 64.2 322 30 Tuai 36.3 11.10 66.9 644) . 633) 619) 31 White lauan 24.10 7.23 79.6 611) 595) 244) D. Softwoods 333 l AlJllaciga 24.10 6.41 94.5 2.3.3) 2.36) 2 Benguet pine 15.00 9.56 86.l 375 .3 Za.mbales (Kindoro) pine 21. (J:J 6.48 78.0 !/ Including screened pulp-rejects. Movin9-Up Day luue 1960 ,.,. 51 TABLE IV. Frox1met~ chemical snsllsis of the st~ndsrdized ;2ld•s2d1 mil~ Er2duged ig this etyd;r. Ul Solubility in 1 OJ 0 '"1 I .... . :I I t ... a .... 0 H .... fl fl .... z Cl I 0 c .. " "' 0 " ! .g = " z () ~ Cl ID :at I ""' ... 0 A '~ ~ I ~ ., 0 p, g. .. .. -& c " C.l'J 0 .... 0 :i t: :i::: .... Ul c -c "· A1[igyltyr1l wse!~s: 1 I.baas 501 2 Coconut husk (pre- 28.27 1.43 8.79 73.63 hydrolyzed) 3 Coconut trunk 452 4 Cogon 18.87 I 4.31 20.1 65.30 399.-412 5 Rice straw 14.8 16.89115.29 31.44 55.2e 434 I I 297 6 Sugar-cane begesse ( undepithed) 1.67 22.401 lo49 I 0o43 2.1e i6.oo I I B. Bg2211 I 135 1 J:!e:yog 124.9 23.3 1.94 0.28_ 1.62 lle45 I 26,27, 223,241 2 Buhc 119.9 19.6 2.0 0.72 2.51 19.11 56.-101 3 Gieot bamboo 121.0 18.7 2.1 0.73 4.02 18.S4 I 157,158 4 Y..away6l:' t1D 1k 124.5 21.9 3.6 0.57 3.G 19.3 5 Pole-vault bamboo 6 Xaweyen ki ling I - 7 ~ Eu1o "· r &rdwoods: 253,.256 1 lcec1e• 22.5.; 14.e5 0.90 0.33 i.co 7.50 367 2 Agoho 121.95 14.53 1.29 12.o6 I 160- 162 3 &nsbioog 125.25 116.27 0.90 0.28 0.96 6.90 147 .. 150 4 &pitoag 12e.73 I 15.06 0.09 0.47 0.70 I 111 5 Bsgtiken 127.70 113.53 o.e9 0.12 9.57 6.52 201.,210 6 Belakst•gubat 125.32 115.00 1.3c 0.69 1.31 6.16 I 129 7 Belobo 129.56 16.21 1.54 0.38 1.25. 5.51 421 B Balsa 124.35 13.31 0.99 I - s.59 60.4:. 213-.216 9 Dita 133.99 14.11 1.06 o.66 1.19 9.61 I - I 199 10 Dulit 122.01 16.25 1.38 2.33 4.37 15.21 I - ,.,. 52 FORESTRY LEAVES T.ABIE IV. Ccntic>ll'!!d C/l Sc1ut111t;l i:u rz: . H Cl I "'I ... .. 0 cu .... "' i5 "' z 0 c cu 0 5 ! .... Ill (> ... 0 A .<l GI cu .c ...... 171 §i .. 0 t1 ' :a z ~ ':J ~ Cl ll 0 c. I .... ..... llt ... it ""' IJ I .. ~ "' ...... 0 ...i ~ "" "" . 0 "' 0 ti) I ti:: .... ., 170,173 11 Gubas 30.00 13.39 1.24 0.50 1.25 4.91 I 230 12 HaM.mit 125.69 16.74 1.28 2.01 1.46 9.36 I - I 261 13 He1Dindeng !35.25 12.72 0.94 0.04 o.so 18.24 I - I 14 Ipil-ipil , I I I 96 15 Keetoe11.-bongkel 127.00 17.h.0 0.76 0.20 I 1.66 9.03 I - I 2Blis289 16 Ket!llOll. 131.64 17.30 1.70 I I 10.95 ! - 17 Keturei ! - I - ! - I 424-.430 18 1Wpe11.g 130.00 12.61 0.95 6.16 61.08 I 87 19 Lenipeu I 2.60 16.20 0.93 0.20 1.34 5.46 I - I I 330 20 U.ssk 127.64 21.30 0.94 4.92 I - I I 182-.185 21 I.umbsng 1u.61 117.26 1.1e o.n 1.31 9.80 I - I 266 22 Melekalumpeng 121.55 114. 70 0.94 0.76 9.79 ! 117 23 Meyepis !29.80 13.29 0.72 I 0.40 1.71 5.64 123 24 Red leuen 131.67 13.04 o.67 0.45 1.30 4.63 176 25 Teluto !19. 70 14.48 1.31 0.24 ! 1.41 5.38 I I I 198,200 I 26 Tenag !36.67 15.06 1.41 0.64 ! 1.02 7.22 I I I 16 I 27 Tengile 131.so 12.00 0.93 0.97 ,! 2.15 4.13 I 250 2e Tangiseng-bsyewak 126.06 u.28 1.79 0.47 0.61 9.80 105 29 Tnog 129.30 11.00 i.05 0.70 .102 11.46 I 322 30 Tuai 129.24 20.70 1.42 s.42 244 31 White leuen 129.08 l_'i.13 o.se o.87 1.29 2.19 I D. Softwoods1 I I 333 1 Almscige !23.2 13.3 1.01 1.55 233,236 2 Benguet-pine !28.6 12.6 0.80 0.64 0.76 0.03 ! - 375 3 Zambeles (Mindoro) I pine 127.2 14.0 1.01 10.00 I - I I Moving-Up Doy luue 1960 Page 53 'l 'I \II • i g ~ ,.. 5 c: Teat• Cook • No. t No. I ' Table v. Showing phzsical tests data on the standardi!ed cold-soda pulpa • Physical Testa On Pulp and Stuff Sample .- - - , - - ,- -.- - l- f - -.- ... I -ot t ~I I a I I f ~ t f I ., ., 'iai: I ., I ' ' x I .0 ~' ., ., .... o • ~ - ~ 1:' !- ' I ~8' ,; i ~111 ' ~ ' ., ' ~ Cl> ' oi'IU t> tJ H u a> 'O .,.f rt E-tf ' ,- ' I - "'' .... ' ' E-o ' cl ' ~ ' p,I &; t Q! ii\ t t: t t I r.r., I Ql ~ I ll:N. • • I 1E-i.,.ft '"' I ~ .. ., • IQ c i! • c : ! I • .ta .... i ' 1ptlt'lb•om~/1b1 ---,----, ' Per- ' Agricvltural residues cc. ' lbs. 1 mils 1 /no 1 /ra 'double•meters•ian./cc• cent • 508 576 518 521 216 153 431 452 417 412 Abaca waste ~-------Abaca fibers --~---------Cocomat husk -----~-~ 0 5 I I 10 I ' 15 ' ' ' ' 0 • 5 • I 10 I 15 I I 0 • ' 20 ' I 40 I t 60 I " Cogon - - - - - - ' 0 1 t 5 I I 10 I ' 15 ' I I Rice straw ------------- t 0 • t 5 I I 10 I ' 15 • 20 I I t I I I t 365 158.04 270 158.40 225 159.23 165 159.57 ' 3.85 1 1.0741 0.934 1 760 I 939910.83461 12.9 I 89.3 I 3.72 11.2091 0.8841 739 I 972810.86911 I 90.3 ' 3.70 11.261• o.8561 586 ' 9923 10.88621 ' 88.5 I 3.70 11.3231 0.8591 731 I 992710.89111 I 89.9 I I I I I I t 480 167.93 370 I 53.82 235 154.05 180 •58.23 5.70 11.1971 2.9411 853 I 854410.66151 33.4 4.16 11.5501 1.74411351 I 1128310.71621 33.1 1 4e25 11.6281 1.75411657 I 1106510.70401 32.5 I 95.1 I 89.3 I 88.8 4.39 11.5911 1.538 11542 I 109)710.73431 30.7 460 162.6 265 154.8 185 155.l 175 '57.8 ' I 9.0 I 8.0 I 7.8 I 8.1 540 156.33 I 5.98 425 154.69 ' 5.28 300 154.47 I 5.08 190 '51.09 I 4.38 I I 385 177.90 I 5.51 300 183.44 I 5.68 235 •84.63 ' 5.78 205 t82.76 ' 5.44 175 •81.08 ' 5.30 I I I I I I 10.0261 0.1531 0 ' 72910.383 I 19.3 I 10.10 ' 0.2191 0 I 147910.377 I 20.3 I 10.12 I 0.2321 0 I 171110.392 I 200 9 I 10.12 I 0.2141 0 I 180410.393 I 21.4 I I I 10.2671 1.043 1 6 10.468• 1.0551 15 10.5171 1.0331 20 10.7561 0.889' 34 10.1201 0.2921 11 •O.l24t 0.3631 14 10.1261 0.404' 17 10.1191 0.4391 19 •0.116• 0.4321 21 ' 3531 10. 5210' f 497110;,7)2 I 504910.59321 670010.64541 I I 425210.557 I I 499610.579 I ' 524410.579 ' 562110.599 I 5366•0.602 ' 88.5 f ::s. :a .. I c "a r i = 0 l "' "' Table V, Continued Ph7sical Tests On PllJ.p and Stuff i' • • • • • !,-- - I - - - -, -- I .------.---.- I ----, I~ I I f I I f::' I -= I I m t:§i~ I : I ~ I I g I hi I ~ I 8 t' '" . ! : . ~T.-s~t~•~eo-ok-=-~1----------------------~,f"' E' ID U ~-lf-4"81 ! I ~Ill I ~ I I Ill GI I -= I ~ I ><"'I ij I I JD t ~ trlrl t C: t bO El '" f"' rl '" Q) '" tiil~ ' ES I ' I ie I:! !!II' Q • ds ! Ho, ' Ho, ' Sample • i:i-1 l~N I I t I f JD~ 299 161 8 52 162 Gm~lb' ---, ----. ' Per • Agricultural residues - ~ • cc. • lbs. rm.•doublelmeter11•mn./cc1 cent• 292 144 7 56 158 Sugar cane • ------- ' 0 ' 622.51 57.521 6.14 1 0.356 10.8455' ll 1 3452 '0.519 '30.4 1 95.5 ba,tasse (average) 1 10 1 532.51 57.791 5.86 1 0.493 10.83151 21.51 4321 '0.547 1 28.7 1 94.5 • 20 • 442.51 55.621 5.4 •0.557510.7615• 26.51 4898 \:l.5715 • 30.s • 91.6 I 30 I 36$ I 57ell 1 5.3 1 0.609 1 0.71651 4le51 5628 I tJ.5975 I 27e9 t 93 1140 I 285 I 56.45 1 4.98 10.6225'0.66951 57.01 6199 '0.630 I 27.5 I 93 Bamboos Bayog amo Giant bamboo Kawayan tinik 1 50 1 212.5 1 54.55 1 4.73 1 0.703 10.63951 87.01 6ll3 \'.>.642 1 26.5 1 92 I I f I f 1 1 "1 f f • 01 550 20• 450 401 365 ' 60' 310 I 801 255 1001 200 ' or 736 • 20• 713 I 401 688 • 60• 658 • so• 616 • 1001 586 I I 01 380 I 201 266 I 401 220 • 60• 195 • 801 155 I 1001 143 I I 01 275 I 101 180 I 201 135 I 301 100 I 54.7 1 10,9 •0.00210.146 1 56 1 10.9 10.01810.371 1 I 57.4 I 10.4 10.03110.278 I I 55e2 I 9.5 10.0/+210.348 I I 56,4 I 9.4 10.03410.192 1 55.3 • 9.5 10.02a10.235 I I 59.2 I 60.5 I 59el 55.4 54.9 I 56,Q I I 60,0 I 59.0 I 58e8 I I 60,0 I I 590 7 I I 58,5 I I 10, 7 10 _ 10e49 I 10.2 10.04 1 0.73 9.2 10.09 10.87 8.7 10.13 10.97 8.3 10.17 11.17 • 8.3 f0e22 11.27 I I I 9.6 10.24 •1.30 9.3 1 0.34 1 1.34 8.6 10.36 1 1.31 8.4 10.59 11.28 8.0 10,39 1 1.14 7.8 10,38 11.19 52 I 8.2 10.15110.477 I 50e2 I 70 2 100 18710,510 I 50.9 I 7.0510.25510,495 I 52.3 I 6.9 100 279100 466 I I I I 0 I 555 0,2781 29.7 I 0 I 753 0.2841 30.5 I 0 I 933 0.3051 30,8 I l I 10/+8 0.3211 31,7 0 • 1076 0.3321 32.4 0 I 1337 0.3221 32,9 I I I 0 I 556 0,3061 38 0 • 1105 0.3281 40 l I 1476 0,3561 41 l I 1668 0.3521 41 3 I 1917 0.3661 42 4 I 2260 0,3731 43 I I 2133 I 0,3461 32,0 I 2523 I 0.3511 32.3 I 2580 I 0.3781 33,0 I 7 I ll 11 13 11 11 I 2868 I 00 3961 32.8 I 3168 I 0.4131 33.3 3030 I 0.4121 33.3 I I l I 1677 I 0.3511 36.4 l I 230/+ f 0.3861 37.l 3 I 2673 I 0,3991 38.2 I 3 I 2955 I 0.4191 380 8 "Ill D Table V. Continued ID • "' 0\ I 'i ' I+' I I I I • ...... ' ' ' .. • ~ I I>~ I Ill Physical Tests ' : I ~ I~~ I I I I ' >. I ., I ~ ::El .-1 .c: +' c On Pulp and sturr :.; ~-· I +> I ' - • ·u: ~ ~· """ I +' ' """ ~- I~ 8 I O'l ~ Ill ~ () l:t.>I >< I I ~ I <II I O'l ·~f:~· s;: I I ell f1 e I - Iii "" ..-l G) 'ti 2l •rl 8' "'T9'8'tT Cook 1 I ll. I I : I ..c: I I fo4 I .-1 I fo4 .0 .-1 I I & • G) "" f1 0 -1!2.· .' No1 t Sam!?le t I I..: N I I I I r .. I I I I I I 'pts/M>•Ch./lb• t ' - r PerBamboos - continued I I CC. 1 lba. 'mils 1 Lrm1 1 Lrm. 1double'meters'smLcc. 1 cent I I I I ' I I I 380 358 Pole vault bamboo I 0 I 620 158.13 I 8.4 10.1461 0.5711 1 I 488 10.383 I 31.0 ' I 20 I 440 157.1 I 7.53 10.2821 0.5461 2 I 720 10.419 I 31.8 I 40 I 320 1 56.93 I 7.0 10.3301 0. 562 I 2 I 796 10.450 I 32.2 I 60 I 205 155.96 I 6.55 10.385' 0.5151 2 ' 915 IQ.472 I 32.8 I I I ' I ' ' SQfb:QQ,,~1 I I I "';,79 333 Almeci !le I 0 7eo 159.0 114.6 !O I0.129 I 0 ! 65.9 10.22~ 132.5 20 775 153.~ I 10.53 I0.002210.254 I 0 ! 11:4 !0.2f'l !33.5 40 720 154.6 1 e.r110.004610.35e 1 0 !2oe !0.340 !34.8 60 630 !53.oc;i ! 7.56 10.0~3510.392 ! 1 !2e9 :0.385 !37.0 eo 450 !54.791 7.f3 I0.064110.423 I 1 1346 ! 0.397 139.2 ! 100 340 152.c11 6.9710.oe4410.3B6 1 l ! !136 10.420 !38.S ! .120 205 155.151 6.17 10.162 !0.428 ! 2 1521 I 0.!+94 ! 41.2 140 145 155.99 ! 6.1 ! c.1e9 10.443 ! 2 616 I 0.508 ! 42 .5 ! I ! ! ! ! ! ci_~,c <'33 Bo?nsuel.-pine ! 0 ! ?£l5 157.7 112.6 10.001 10.090 1 0 172 ! 0.253 ! 30.q 20 I 715 ! 58. 7 I 9.4 ! 0.029 ! 0.218 ! 0 783 10.345 !33.8 40 ! 610 15e.o 1 e.4 10.052 10.24e 1 0 e~3 10.382 1·34.7 60 I 495 159.9 ! e.3 !0.093 !0.260 I l 1385 !0.399 115.4 80 46r; !60 I 7.5 !0.1~9 !o.~60 ! 1 le33 'o.4l:2 !j6.5 !00 270 !y•.1 6.6 !0.1_~1 10.259 ! 1 21'33 10.478 137.8 120 lCO !60.2 6.2 ! 0.209 1 o.-nR ' 1 2567 : 0.5'37' ! 3fl.6 ... ! ! ! - ! ! I 0 150.65 13.1 !o to.094 I ••• 10.2~8 !30.8 "' 3e1 375 Min-dcro pine c 810 0 Ill "' ::o 75(~ !36.14 9.99 10.002 !0.171 0 ! 12~ 10.311 133.e -t "' 40 650 !59.66 9.5 !0.005 10.190 0 1190 10.J36 !34.B -< ,.. 60 510 !5G.7 B.21 lo.en 10.240 0 !202 !c,1e2 !36.2 5 80 375 !57.37 7.49 10.052 10.293 0 !332 io.424 !3e.2 120 175 15e.2 (,..92 10.121 'o.~16 1 !493 I 0.465 ! 40.2 Ill "' I l I ~ I ! ! The Forest Products Research Institute Building MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD IN RELATION TO AIR HUMIIJlTY Wood in th~ tree (green wood) contains much water, frequently more water than wood. It i5 very common for the water content of green wood to amount t0 1 /3 or 1 /2 of the total weight and it can be higher. Air also contains water in varying amounts which is referred to as humidity. The "relative humidity'' of the air is expressed as a percentage and refers to the degree of saturation of the air. For example, when the relative humidity of the air is reported as 80 percent, it means that the air contains 80 percent of the total amount of water it can hold at that temperature. The relative humidity of air is continually changing, not only from day to day but even from hour to hour, but most of the time it is less than 100 percent. \Vhen the relative humidity is lower than 100 percent the air absorbs wate.r from any source that will gh·e up water. The lower the relative humidity, the more thirsty the air becomes and the more rapidly it tries to absorb water from its surroundings. When green wood is exposed to air at less than 100 percent relative humidity, the air o.bsorbs moisture from the wood, rapidly or slowly according to the relative humidity. Thus the process of seasoning the wood begins and it continues as long as the air is dryer than the wood. When the moisture content of the wood comes down to about 30 per cent, (percentage based on the oven-dry weight of the wood), the wood begins to shrink. Thereafter the shrinkage will continue as long as drying continues. But wood will not give al! its water to the air because wood also has an affinity for water. FPRI Technical Note Number 1 Very dry wood will absorb water from air at high relative humidity just like dry air will absorb water from green wood. If the humidit~ of the air remains constant, the moisture content of the woocl will eventually come into balance with it and, in doing so, will swell or shrinl< in proportion to the amount of water it absorb>' from or gives off to the air. For each relativl· humidity there is a corresponding wood moi"ture content. This is called the "equilibrium moisture content" or "EMC" of the wood. The temperature of the air also has an influence on the ElllC of the wood at a given humidity but this is not enough to require discussion here. Following are a few examples of the relation between the equilibrium moisture content of wood (EMC) and the relative humidity of the air sm·rounding- it: Relative humidity of the air (at a temperature of 70°F) percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Approximate moil!ture content of wood in equilibrium percent. 21 16 13 11 9 8 6 3 The humidity of the air can change quickly as the air temperature changes but the moisture content of wood in ordinary sizes cannot change quickly. Therefore, after woo<l has once reache<..l approximate Equilibrium with the average h;,imidity of the surrounding air, its moisture content does not change appreciably with the hourly or even the daily changes in relative humidity of the air. It is in a constant state of trying to accommodate to the rapi<l changes in humidity but because of its slowness, never is able to attain complete equilibrium until humidity changes cease - which practically never happens under normal living ccmditions. Although dry wood does not respond to hourly or daily changes in the relative humidity of the air, it does respond to long-continued or seasonal changes. For example, in long periods of dry weather, the average relative humidity of the air is considerably lower than during long periods of wet WP.ather. Wood that has reached approximate equilibrium during wet weather will therefore, lose moisture and shrink during extended periods of dryness until it reaches approximate equilibrium with the ave,.ar.e new conditions. When the wet season comes again the wood will reabsorb water from the air a11d swell again as it seeks equilibrium. This constant struggle to attain equilibrium with the air continues as many years as the wood is exposed to changing humidity. To obtain best service from articles made of wood for use in buildings, therefore, it is important that the wood be seasoned to the right moisture content before the articles are made. Failure to do so may result in much dissatisfaction. The "right" moisture content is determined by the eonditions under which the wood will be used. For general use in the Philippines, where the buildings are open to the free circulation of air and no artificial heating is used, lumber for furniture manufacture should be seasoned to about 12 percent moisture content before the furniture is manufactured. This is close to or slightly below the average moisture content the wood will attain in normal service and no trouble should· be encountered from shrinking or swelling later. In the United States and Canada, however, it is best to season wood to about six to eight percent before making it into furniture because, in heated house.; during cold weather, air humidi· ties are very low and the moisture content of the wood may go as low as five or six percent. In the summertime in these countries, however, the windows are open, the humidities are higher and the moisture content of wood furniture may go as high as 10 percent. If the wood is between these extremes at the time of manufacture there will be less shrinking and swelling in service than if the manufacturing is done when the wood is at some other moisture content. The seasonal changes in relative humidity of the air are very much less in the .Philippines than in the United States and Canada. Much more care is required, therefore, in seasoning wood for products to be exported to these countries than products to be used in the Philippines. This is why wood products that give entirely satisfactory service in the Philippines may shrink and erack excessively when exposed to the extremely dry air of a North American house in winter. Some species shrink or swell less than others with a given change in moisture eontent and, to that extent, may be preferred. The design and construction of the product, of course, ah10 have much to do with its performance in service. (Reprinted from FORESTRY LEAVES Moving-Up Day Issue, 1960 Vol. XII No. 1) ~ ~. :I Ull I c "O 1' ... = Iii • - = 0 i VI .., T@ble V, OontinyeO I I I I 1 1' m I I I I I I ~ I I ll ;.. Physical Testa I I I ... 1 I m I I I I _:; A I :.. I ~ I .... DD ll>lp eo• Stott I & I 5 I ! 9, I : : - I I • ~ I • : I ~ ! i, I i I I ,f; i I tl~ I I H ~ ~ 1 : I t I ~ ~ I ~ ,!: I jl I ';! I o I I 1:1 _:-1 Ela\n ""I .g I j! 1 ~-1 elll I s:i I IQ 1 1 IJ:•l"'4 IE~.jl ~ I 1:~1 II Test I Cook l I 0 I I Sit - I I I I I I Per- I FerNo. i No, I Semple 1 1 I 1 'lllila I pta/lb I @Ille/lb I oouble 1met~re 18D/cc. 1 _cent_L~ent I I ! I cc, I lbs, I I /rm. I /l'l!l., I I I I I I I I I I H1rOyooc!11 I ! I I I ! ! I I I I I I I ! ! I I 286 256 Acacia I 0 1560 156.52 7,Sl 10.191 I0,637 3 12235 10,401 147,9 t 96,25 20 1455 155.e8 6.45 10.32 10.616 6 13167 10.481 147.5 1 98.25 40 t360 155,6 6,15 I0,392 I0,604 6 13696 I0,502 147,4 I 99 60 1300 156,32 5.66 10.453 10.625 14 14217 10.552 148 ~ 96,75 80 1240 155,61 5,28 I0,505 I0,669 20 14701 I0,584 145,6 I 99 100 1180 156,65 5.03 10,554 I0.621 29 !5259 I0.625 144,e I 99.25 I I I I I I I 371 360 &gobo ! o 1101.5 159,71 9.51 10.198 10.237 0.5 1116 10,342 141.e 373 367 Caveraee) I 20 1605 154,e1 7,66 10.066810.2885 1 1355.5 10,3955142.e I 40 1487.5 !6_5,54 6,96 10.142 I0,36351 1,5 1521 10.451 143,e 60 1421.5 154.47 6.50 10.216 10.42151 2 1649.5 10.464 144.e 60 1262.5 151.~ 6.46 10.304 10.50.6, 1 3 1605.5 10.489 145.2 100 1142,5 156,52 5,74 I0,428 lo,575 I 6 1970,5 I0,550 146,2 I I I I I I I I 193 160 Anabiong I 0 1117,5 153,7 6,24 IO,l805I0,43051 2 12515 !0,476 137,1 205 162 Caveraee) I 20 I 72,5 157,5 6,15 10.243 10,509 I 3 13042 10.517 137,5 40 I 50 156,5 I 5,72 I0,281510,485 I 4 13488 lo,5465136,7 60 142.5 155,35 1 5.e5510.313 10.51451 6 13521.510.5515136,7 I ! I I I I I I I 185 147 Apitons I 0 1620 162.0 110.4 10 10.058 I 0 IQ 10.330 129.3 20 1490 153,5 I 8,4 IO I0,075 I 0 I 160 IO.l52 131,1 40 1360 156.5 I 8.6 to.009 10.106 I 0 I 478 to.363 132.4 60 1190 154,6 I 7.7 I0,028 I0,110 I 0 I 729 I0,392 134,4 80 I 90 135,6 I 7,3 10,047 10.137 I 0 11032 10,421 135,6 : 'I "' • «; ~ ,.. 5 Cl Teat No. 153 236 254 173 428 Table v. ContingeO I • • • ' • • I~ Pbysioal Teets I I I .. I I I I I I " I I II I Cl) Pulp and Stuff I /, I II I ti~ I = I I I I ~ ~. I I : I .1o I ... -:t " ai :i-. • a :i-. I I 111., I I ! ~ a I .. I I 11 ~I " a ! .. I .. I +> "a- ~Hg.... II ... oe ... riGI ... .A ... I I Jiii 110 I I 0 I ... I II I ril-tl ... ri I II I llD I u II · - a ... ::S II 0 II ... I Cook I I f4 :: I ~ I .! ~ "'\ ~ I IQ I f4 I Jiif e I ti ~ I & I it I C I No, I Sample I I I p:; - I I I I I E< ... I I . I I I I I 00 I lbs, I mils lpta/lblgn./lbl00ublelmeterel f!}JJ/cc.1 Per- I Perl I I I ' I I I /rm. I /rm. I I I I oent I cent R1rdwo9' er Ogp't' d • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 111 Bagtikan I 0 1717 157,1 11.9 10.004 10,001 I 0 ! 478 IQ,265 138,2 20 1638 156.0 9,8 IO.Oo6 10,157 I 0 I 863 I0,316 139,7 40 1570 155,8 a.a 10.059 10.430 1 o 11206 10.351 139,5 60 1517 1.55.6 8,2 10.099 10,374 I l 11534 I0,375 141,1 80 11~0 157,9 7.6 I0,131 I0,311 I 1 11834 I0,421 139,5 100 1360 !53.9 6,8 !0,165 10,214 I l 12110 10,43e 142.1 120 1219 153,9 6,2 10.204 I0,2S9 I 1 12585 I0,4S1 142,9 I I I I I I I I 207 Belekat-gubet I o 1155 156,55 9,8 10.455510.230 I 0.5 1800,5 10,3375145,5 210 (a-verege) I 20 1665 158,65 7,44 10.125510.392 I 1 11751 10,4365147,05 40 1545 157,35 1 6,52510.222 10.401 1 2 1225e,510.4e7 147,75 60 1392,5 157,1 I 5,72 I0,332510,546 I 4 13439 10.550 148,2 eo 1252.5 157.4 1 5.22 10.447 10.5895110.5 13938 10.608514e.55 100 1132,5 158,35 I 4, 78 I 0,516510.5755125,5 14981,510,6755147,4 I I I I I I I ! 129 Balobo 1 o 1695 151,7 110,4 10 10.542 O I o 10.275 13e.4 20 1605 153,e 110.0 !O 10,111 0 I 0 10,298 139,7 40 1430 158,4 110.3 10 10,082 0 I 65 I0,314 141,2 60 1220 !56,3 I 9,37 10 !0,098 0 I 337 I0,332 143,0 80 I 95 152,6 I 8,54 10 10,114 0 I 469 I0,341 144,2 I ! I I I ! ! I 417 Ba111e ! o 1565 159.13 ! 7.83 10.313 11.190 7 13177 10.41e11 20 1465 159,03 I 7,42 I0.465 11,209 12 13864 lo,49031 40 1385 157,30 I 6,69 lo.555 ll.22S 14 14236 I0.4i'fi7I 60 1335 156,06 I 6,35 I0,572 11,176 22 14828 I0,48911 eo 1260 15e .• 23 1 6.51 10.515 11.149 23 15149,710.49021 100 1215 157,00 I 6,45 I0.620 11,219 28 16158 lp,51691 120 1180 157,44 I 5,96 10,655 !l,132 33 16545 10.533511 I I I I I I I I ~ ~. :I .. I c 'Ill Table v. Continued " 0 'C iii I .. Physical Tests I ]' I~ I I I I I I -a c ........ ID On Pulp and Sturr I ~ I!- I I I I E-< I f ~ I I ID Ul I G> 1· 0 I ID !i1 U) '° I Q) 1111 U) I I I I ..0 i;::: I I>. I l! I .& OI I.~ ~I i:::..-... Q) 4' Q) ~ ~ .._, ~ 0 Test' Cook • :l.S•) ><~' ~ I U) I I I ~ ~ I al I ~ I .... I E-< [1 ~ Q) U) ~ () No. 1 No. I Sample t: I a: I I I E-< I ~ I al ~ I fij I I s. . .... fl) I~~ I ..c: I I I 0 I Q I "" I 0 E-< r... ii ·.-4 I fll I I I I I I E-< I 1Pts/lb'Gm./lb' I I ' Per- i Hardwoods - continued I I cc. ' lbs. 1 mils 1 Lrm ' Lrm 1 double 1 meters'~·Lcc 1 cent 1 I I I I I I 239 216 Dita ------------------- I Q I 790 I 61 I 14.2 I Q I 0,0161 0 I Q I Q,2381 34 I 20 ! 720 I 58,l I 9,961 0.0111 0.0761 0 I 490 I Q,33 I 36,5 I I 40 I 635 I 59.7 I 10.0 t 0,023 1 0.0671 0 I 699 I 0,3301 37.3 I I 60 I 505 I 58. 8 I 9.3 I 0.0481 0,1021 0 I 887 I 0,3501 38,8 I I 80 I 315 I 58,0 I 8.1 I 0.0851 0.1311 0 I 1373 I 0,396r 40.4 I I 212 199 Dulit -------------------- I 0 I 645 I 60. 5 I 7,7 I 0,1901 0.5781 3 I 2304_ I 0.4371 44 I 20 I 535 I 57,7 I 6.6 I 0,324t 0,5821 6 I 3302 I 0,4841 44,9 I I 40 I 445 I 57,l I 6.2 I 0,4151 0,7071 8 I 3951 I 0,5Q91 45.2 I I 60 I 365 I 58, 6 I 5,9 I 0.4951 0,6891 16 I 4788 I 0,5491 44.8 I I 80 I 300 I 57.8 I 5,5 I 0,5351 0.6161 23 I 4535 I 0,5811 44.6 I '100 I 260 I 59.7 I 5.4 I 0.6921 0.7501 34 I 5883 I Q,6111 44,5 I 1120 I 200 I 58,0 I 5,1 I 0,68JI 0,7101 30 I 6216 I 0, 6241 44, 7 I 1140 I 145 I 58. 6 I 5,0 I 0,7181 0.5391 99 I 5516 I 0,643t 44.5 I I I I 201 170 Gubas -------------------I 0 I 505 I 580 7 I 100 2 I 0.005 1 0,1361 0 I 565 I 0,3181 46,l I I 20 I 355 I {£),1 I 9.2 I 0,0401 0.1801 0 I 1073 I 0,3611 47.5 I I 40 I 290 I 57.2 I 7.5 I 0,0761 0,2241 1.0 I 148J I Q,4221 48.3 I I 60 I 205 I 57,0 I 7.0 I 0,1191 0,2951 1 I 1913 I 0,4501 49,3 I I RO I 100 I 57.2 I 6,9 I 0,148! 0.315 1 0 I 2287 I 0,4591 50,4 I .,, 0 .. ID "' '° ~ Table V. Continued. °' 0 t t t t t I I I I Physical Tests 1 ' ' ~ 1 1 1 ' ' ,..... ' ~ ' vi on Pulp and Stuff ' i ' I) I ~ = ' :l ' ' ' ~ I f ~ I ~ ' ~ ~ I :Jr~ taiS t ~ t t I .:::. I .0;:1 ~ I _!3 I~ I !I Gl I s;:,..... I )I -.. 81 ~ I ~ t ~ I I Gl I> I Vl I .C t U .;:t u I) 0 ,., cJ J.. " I) r-1 r-1 s= 'l)J 'J Test I Cook I I E-t e I f '-' I ~ : U'\1 :C! I c8 I E-t I ~ I ·~ I ~ I ·~ I 8' No. 1 No. 1 Sample 1 '2.1 ra.. r ~ ~ 1 E-t 1 1 1 ~ 1 ij .~ 1 1 111 I t I I I I E-1 I IPts/lblGm./lbl 1 1 ' Per- ' Hardwoods - continued 1 ' cc. ' lbs. 1 mils ' /rm. 1 /rm. ldouble1meters1gm.'/cc1 cent 1 t I I I I t 242 220 ffe.gimit ------------------ 1 0 1 720 1 59.2 t 9.1 I 0.0901 0.3781 1 I 1273 I 0.3601 400 5 I 1 20 I 570 I 56.8 I 7.4 I 0.2211 0.5771 2 I 2220 I 0.4241 41.6 I I 40 1 400 I 57.7 I 6.5 I 0.3551 0.5961 8 I 3261 I 0.4911 42.l I I 60 I 250 I 57.3 I 6.2 I 0.4451 0.5441 lJ I 3623 I 0.5111 42.3 I I SQ t 140 I 57.8 t 5.7 I 0.4761 0.5431 31 I 4006 I 0.5581 42.l I t I I I I I I I I I 283 261 ffamindang ---------------- I 0 I 730 I 59.04111.81 I 0.0241 0.1081 0 I 394 I 0.2771 35.2 1 99 I 20 I 650 I 56.331 8.85 I 0.0391 0.1631 0 I 698 I 0.353 1 37 I 98 I 40 I 545 I 62.721 9.25 I 0.0531 0.1981 0 I 988 I 0.3761 38.l I 99 I 60 I 455 I 56.R71 7.69 1 0.0691 0.2111 0 I 1210 1 0.4101 39.l 1 99.5 I 80 I 290 I 55.lRf 6.94 t 0.0831 0.2031 0 I 1422 I 0.5551 39.5 I 99 1 100 I 120 t 55.l I 6.26 I 0.1151 0.2111 0 I 1780 I 0.5551 39.8 t 99 I t I I I I t I I I I 374 313 lpil-ipil I 0 I 555 I 57.83 1 9.03 I 0.0721 0.3731 1 t 321 t 0.354t 2J.8 I I 10 I 465 I 59.161 8.12 I 0.1221 0.4)3 1 2 I 417 I 0.4031 24.5 f I 20 I 380 t 58.261 7.7 I 0.172' 0.556t 2 I 479 f 0.18 t 25 I 30 t 275 I 57.861 7.37 I 0.2261 0.5951 3 I 602 I 0.4341 25.5 I I 40 I 200 I 59.241 6.67 I 0.3001 0.6141 5 I 692 I 0.4911 26.0 I I t t I I t I t t a 144 98 Kaatoan-bangkal ---------- ' 0 ' 745 I 61.l '12.9 I 0.0601 0.2551 1 I 977 ' 0.2621 50.7 I = I 40 I 560 I 56.5 I 8.5 I 0.2lJI 0.4251 2 I 2567 I 0.3681 52.l I ~ I 60 I 460 t 59.l I 7.8 t 0.2861 0.5681 2 I 3112 I 0,4191 52.7 I :1111 I 80 I 370 I 57.7 I 6.9 I 0.3191 0,5341 3 I 3647· I 0.4621 52,3 I -C 1100 I 275 t 56.5 I 7.1 t 0.4181 0.5661 4 I 3658 t 0.440' 53.3 I ~ 1120 I 200 I 57.5 I 6.5 I 0.4361 0.4521 4 I 3822 t 0.4891 54 < = ~ 0 ~. ::a Table V. Continued Ill I c ,, ell I ' ' I I ' I I I D -c Physical T19sts ' I I +> I I I I I ·~ ...... ii On Pulp and Sturr I i• I i,., I II I I I ~ I I> .cl I I Ill • II ., .z~. Cl) c ID ID 1-ri~ I ~ I I I I>. I I> ' • I ! Ill I I> ., ...._,, c: I>. r I I ~I ~~ 1 :S H 81 I +> I fa I I l>I> I ~ I +> I ~ ID ID :;:1 r-1 ii I '° Test' Cook ' 1E-< o, .,...._,, I 9 &t\1 ori I ~ I ., I "'C Cl) I u 0\ I a, J., .. .cl E--4 r-1 I ID J I ii & I a 0 No.' No, ' Sample Ill. I~~ I E-< I al I I 0 I ~ I I Ill. Cl 0 I I I I I I E--4 I I • • •pts/lb•Gm./lb• • • • Per- • Hardwoods - continued I I cc. 1 lbs. 1 mils '• Lrm. 1 Lrm. 1double 1meters'gm•Lcc' cent ' ' I I I I I 296 284 Katmon --------------------- 1 0 I 795 I 53.671 11.5 IQ,017 IQ.089 I 0 I 193 IQ.259 I 30.2 I I 20 I 670 I 5).341 9.63 10.027 10.173 I 0 I 533 10.307 I 32,2 I I 40 I 520 I 56.061 8.8910.049 10,257 I 0 I 897 10.350 I 34.l I I {JJ I 350 I 54.e7i 8.0310,084 IQ.277 I 0 I 1171 10,379 I 35.2 I I 80 I 225 I 55.7 I 7.8610.113 10.323 I 0 I 1597 IQ,393 I 36,2 I 1100 I l)Q I 53.51' 7.2410.130 IQ,292 I l I 1734 10,410 I J6. 6 I ' I I I I I I l 4 Katurai -------------------- • Q I 750 I ll:J.l I 12.8 IQ 10.15 I 0 I 304 10.259 I 42,2 I 1 20 1 713 I 59.4 I 11.2 IQ 10.20 ' 0 I li:J6 10,294 I 43.9 I I 40 I 653 I 57.7 I 9.5 10.009 10.30 I 0 I 895 10.336 I 44.9 I I {JJ I 5lJJ I 55.2 I 8.4 10.03 10.,6 I 0 I 1253 10.364 I 45.6 I I 80 I 430 I 57.6 I 7.6 10.109 10.36 I l I 1975 10.419 I 46,4 I 1100 I 245 I 55. 6 I 6.6 10.17 I I 2 I 2353 10.466 I 47.Q I I I I I I I I I 430 424 Ku pang --------------------- • 0 I 520 ' 57.781 9.0310.079 10.333 I 1 I 1518 10.354 I I 20 I 415 I 57.921 7.7410.126810.417 I 1 I 2382 10.414 I I 40 I 320 I 56. '7.3 1 6.9410,208510.461 I 2 I 3071 10,453 I I {JJ I 225 I 49,581 6.35 10.232510,412 I 2 I 3334 10.480 I BO I 135 I 55.581 5.7710.292910.417 I 2 I 5892 10.533 I 42 90 Lanipau -------------------- 1 0 I 650 I 62,2 I 12,8 IQ,018 10,Q96 I 0 I 442 I0,269 I 35,4 I I 20 I 572 I 61,l I 11,4 10.040 10,131 I 0 I 869 10.269 I 35,5 I I 40 I 472 I 59.2 I 10,0110,062 10.162 I 0 I 1185 10.324 I J6,4 I 'l I lJJ I 350 t 59. 5. ' 9.2 10.109 10,316 I l I 1514 •6.J58 I 37,1 I 'I I 80 I 220 ' 58. 6 ' 8.4 IQ,143 IQ,2,9 I 0 I 1957 10,386 I 38,2 I 0\ 1100 I 120 ' 57 .4 ' 7.6 10.206 10.226 I l I 2230 10,418 I 39.l I l : i g = ... 5 c: Table V. Continued Physical Tests 1 1 On Pulp and 3turr • °i' I I+' I ID I -6.: I ID ID I ...-.. I .lll: I E-< rJ ~I f:!i' .t' Vl I lll1 ~~~.~~--,I,.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,! 8· ID I _;f~ I ~~I I >< 8• ., _ I El "'i ] u -rt .d E-< ~ I a I i:Q ~ I) .._, I .0 ~I ~I ~.-ii -rt Ill i :: I I>. C: I +' +'. •i-1 ~ I U -rt I s. "" 0 i:Q I Test I Cook I I E-< e• "" d = E-< I '6 1 1Db0 1 Q No. 1 No. ' Sample • ~ r&, ·~~I ra, I 5,::it 378 320 208 185 277 266 174 117 I I E-< I •Ptslib•Gm./lb• • • • Per- • Hardwoods - continued ' cc. ' lbs, ' mils ' /rm. ' /rm. 'double'meters•p,m/cc.' cent ' Lisak --------------------- 1 0 1 785 I 15 I 695 Lumbang ------------------I 30 I 510 I 45 I 320 I 60 I 120 0 I 815 20 I 625 I 40 I 370 I 60 I 195 I 80 I 80 Malakalumpo.ng ------------- 1 O 1 715 1 20 1 650 I 40 I 570 1 60 1 480 I 80 I 365 1100 I 250 1120 I 150 Mayapis -------------------- 1 o 1 600 1 20 1 500 I 4CJ I 425 I 60 I 320 I 80 I 200 1100 I 110 I 58.411 12.7 10. 10.342 I 0 1 53.961 10.5 10 10.459 1 0 I 56.191 9.4210.002110,712 I 0 I 51.631 8.4610.002310,968 I 0 56.701 8.6410,004410,966 I 0 I 63 .1 I 56.5 1 I 57 o 8 I I 57.2 59.3 I 56.831 I 56.451 I 55.841 I 57.421 I 55.88~ I 57.511 55.011 I 61.2 I I 55. 6 I 1 59.2 I I 57 o 5 I I 55.5 I I 53 • 9 I 8.2 10.152 100602 I 2 5.7 10.432 10.694 I 14 5.2 10.547 10.623 I 47 4.8 10.577 10.594 I 70 4.1 10.769 10.560 1179 I I 7.121 0.202 10.697 I 3 6.2210.334 10.843 I 6 5.4910.475 1 0,867 I 15 5.2510.596 10.871 I 34 4,9810.675 10,852 I 67 4.6710.807 10,835 I 79 4.2110.902 10.742 '149 I I I 1104 10 10.090 I 0 902 10.011 10.144 I 0 9.3410.035 10.196 I 0 7.6 10.079 10.216 I 0 7.0510.093 10,223 I 0 6.3610.119 10,215 I 0 I 2.37 10,254 I 45,0 I 4.4 10,284 I 46.5 I 115.6 10.330 I 48.5 I 119.4 10.338 I 49.5 I 119.5 10.363 I 51.0 I 11961 14211 15576 15958 1 6895 12310 13728 I 51.32 15989 16392 17204 17738 I 511 I 818 11193 1 1731 11879 12146 10.379 I 44.8 I 10.548 I 45.5 I 10.615 I 44.7 I 10. 659 I 43.5 I 10.802 I 37 10.443 I 49.2 I 10.504 I 49o7 I 10.567 I 49o3 I 10.607 I 40o5 I 100623 I 4808 I I0,683 I 47.9 I I0,715 I 4508 I I 1 0,297 I 32.5 I '0.334 I 33.9 I 10.351 I 34.5 I 10,.418 I 35,5 I I0,435 I 36,4 I 1 0.469 I 36,8 I ~ ;. ll • I c 'Ill 1 i' c • - '° Cl\ 0 l 'I 0\ w Test No. - 170 179 191 202 226 213 271 T§ble V, Contigued . . ! +> I I I I ! : I Physical Testa 1 1 1 ., 1 'fi,b 1 11 1 1 , >- ~ 1 On Pulp eind Stuff , 2 ~ 1 ~ j al ..:t _ 1 ~ 1 1 " ~' j ::! ..,. 1 t' Pt ll d - :II HO C +> 111- 'r-1,...d 11 .a ' ,.. "'I a.01 01 ,Id I II ... 'CM , ... .ld+>I c -111; I v ll V: ID - S a U"\' 0 S.. II r-1 F-t m 11 llri' ~ ,.. ' GI f!l>I"" llllV'll ... I :S II O::E'ICllCI~ S..1 ll::i. ,..o• l!r4 GIN .6l ' ~ f4 ,...._, GIS..111' ~ • 0 t Cook I Sample I f4 I I 12: - I E-4 I I .. ,$J ~ ! ! 1 No,; 1 1 cc.! lbs,; mile lpts/lb flJll/lb, 1 double;meters;f!Jll/ce, Per-! Perl , ___ L I • _____ , _____ L_lrm. /rm.____,___ __ , ____ ._u cent I cent HarOyoode- cont'd. I I I I I I I I 123 I Red lauan I O 1567,5 156,8 110.93 10.001510.185 0 I 545 10.28751 32.9 126 I (average) I 20 1410 156,5 8,78 10.039510.254 0.5 11250.510.35651 35,051 40 1237,5 156,15 7,23 I0.086510.267 0.5 11776,510.430 37 I 60 1120 155.3 6.55 10.109 10.330 1 12101 10.467 38.051 I I I ! I I I 179 I Teluto I o !560 !61.25 5.9 10.437510.e52 21 14013 10.574 41.4 I 176 I (avereee) I 20 !292.2 !SS.JS 4,57 !0,823510.775 152 17457 10.735 38.7 I 40 I 142.5 155.~1 4,16 !0.107 10.7105 346 18114 !0,725 34 60 !72.5 156,6 4.0 10.107710,624.514_54•5 1e031 I0,7665 28,1 I I I I I I I I I 198 I Teneg I 0 1710 !60.45 11.45 10.0285!0.212 I 0 1796,5 !0,293 I 38.75! 200 I (everage I 20 !6l~5 159.35 l0.35 10.051510.233 I 0 11081 10.317 ! 41 ! 40 :562.5 15e.25 9.05 10.093510.28251 o 115ee.510.356 ' 41.6 1 60 1415 160.e 8.95 10.120 10.32551 1 11966.510.316 ! 42,25! 80 1315 1se.85 1.9 10.169510,32651 1 12527.510.41251 42.e51 100 1232,5 159,4 7,55 10.211510,311 I 1 13245 !0,436 I 44 120 1127,5 158.55 6.7 I0,235510.34851 1 1313'.3' I0,485 I h5.l I I I I I I I I 94 I Tangile I 0 1750 157,54 11,13 10,013 10,113 I 0 I 323 I0,282 I 21.8 20 1615 157,07 8,82 10.040 !0,182 I 0 I 964 !0,_359 I 23.0 40 1575 156,6 ~.55 10.051 10.24 I 0 !1147 I0,367 I 23.2 60 14q5 156,79 8,01 10.077 10,24 I 1 11536 I0.393 I 23.9 eo 1405 15~.09 6.92 10.113 10.216 1 1 11923 10.442 1 24.5 100 1315 157,5 6.6 lo.155 IO.ele I 1 18477 I0.483 I 25.R 120 1200 156.81 6,15 10.190 10.331 I 1 12720 lo.512 ! 26,0 I I I I I I I I l ~ i g = ,.. 5 Cl Toble V, Continued • . I~ Phy!!'icel Tests 1 1 1 .. , 1 11 1 , , .. I ..d• II • •s..,a On Pulp and Stuff I o I : I !' ~-1 ~ I I ! ~ ~ I I I it 'O I QI I QI 81 .w I I II - I QI c: Ill r::,..... ;. H o .. 'tl £-< ..., w I I 1 11111 1 " 0 1 V'll..., 1 111 J.o 1r-1fi, .... r-1 Fl II QI- 8 • A w 91 0 ::0: • DJ :fl .... Ill ~ r! Test I Cook I I ~ ~ I t ! fl ~ I 8 I ~ ~ I rs. ....., I ffi ~ I No. I No. I Semple I I I PO- I I I I 8 ... I . tl II .. c: ..., 11 .... " "' ;... +' .... () !. 0 1 1 1 1 cc, 1 lbs, ! mile lpts/lb @Dl/lb,!doublc 1mcters 1p,n/cc. 1 Per- ! Perl I _ J_ __l ____ L_-=-=---t I /rm. /rm, I I ! ! c~nt L c~n1:_ I I H d d 'd I I I ! I I I I er woo s • cont • I I I I I ! 263 I 250 ! TonFisang-bayewak I 0 16~5 157,72 I 8,71 10,125 10,319 I I I ~O 1500 155,35 ! 7.0~ 10,220 10.347 272 108 Toog 377 322 Tuel 2.58 244 White Iauan 40 1305 156.51 I 6.25 10.291 10.361 60 1115 15.S.h8 ! 5.27 10.404 10.353 0 20 40 60 eo 100 120 0 10 20 I 30 I 40 I I 0 I 20 I 40 I 60 1 eo I 100 I 120 I 140 I 1775 1685 1600 1480 137.5 1290 !195 I 1785 1665 !510 1355 1170 I 1745 1725 1680 !610 15~.5 1400 1280 1140 I I ! 159.28 110.98 10.030 152.13 I 8,9 10.036 159.oa 1 8,68 10.oao 155,2 I 7,55 10.~0 !57.02 I 7.'?5 10.126 15e,56 I 7,56 10.172 160.65 ! 7,13 10.225 I ! I 10.142 10.261 10.359 10.391 10.3e6 10.437 10.475 152.41 110.4 10.002310.133 149,69 I 8, 16 10.0052 10.249 15.5.62 I 8,32 10.036 10.31 t54e42 I 7.17 10.094 !0.375 156,45 I 6,72 10.132 10.33 I t55e3 153.7 156,4 156.9 15e.2 157.4 155.3 158.6 I 112 I 9,8 I 8.9 I 8,7 t 8,0 I 7,7 ! 6.7 I 6.4 I· 10.032 10.053 10.092 io.129 io.196 10.210 10.266 I0.333 I 10.089 10.134 10.270 !0.288 !0.474 I0.355 ro.420 10.491 ! 1 11716 1 12309 1 13129 l 14037 I 0 ! 420 o 1 e1e 1 1121.5 1 11662 1 !1787 2 11e66 2 12122 I o 15.aa o 120.e 1 131.0 l 144.1 1 149.s 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 ! I 386 ! 768 11462 11766 12150 12849 13308 13454 I 10.396 10.437 10.500 10.5e2 10.300 10.325 10.378 10.406 10.403 10.430 10.472 10.279 10.337 10.370 10.420 10.465 10.255 10.303 !0.354 10.362 10.402 10.412 10.456 10.506 34.2 35._9 35.1 33.1 1 33.a I 36.0 I 36,5 I ! 38 I 39.4 t 39.5 I 40,5 I I 30.2 1 31.e I 33,2 1 34.e I 36.2 t 38.9 39.5 41 u.5 42.3 43.1 ~5·5 45.7 Fig. 1. Wood being chipped in the chipper. Fig. 2. Wood c h i p s being screened. ,. .. 65 ! I I """T" Fig. 4. Pa9a H Cold soda pulp beint screened. l Fig. 3. Sooked chips being passed thru the Bauer mill. '! Table V shows the physical tests on the pulp handsheets made from the pulps of the different species investigated. From table I, it appears that, among the agricultural wastes tested, abaca has the longest average fiber length (3.15 mm.), while coconut husk has the shortest, only 0.58 mm. Among the seven bamboos studied, giant bamboo has the longest average fiber length, 3.78 mm. and bulo, the shortest, 1.80 mm. Among the 31 hardwood species tried, katmon has the longest average fiber length, 2.68 mm., and acacia the shortest, 0.87 mm. Table I further shows that the coniferous woods (softwoods) have the longest average fiber lengths. Of the three softwoods used in this study, almaciga has the longest average fiber length, 5.31 mm. and Benguet-pine the shortest, 3.45 mm., but even Benguet-pine has fibers longer than those of the hardwoods and the agricultural wastes. J. d'A Clark, as cited by Emerton ( 4), found that, empirically, tensile strength is proportional to the square root of the average fiber length whereas the bursting strength is approximately directly proportional to it; also the tearing strength is roughly proportional to (fiber length) 3/2. Emerton ( 4) also cited the work of Nadelman, et al, and Cattrall regarding the influence of fiber length on tearing strength. These investigators found that fiber length is the major factor affecting tearing strength. Papers made from hardwoods, due to their lower average fiber lengths are, as a rule, inferior to those made from coniferous pulps in tearing strength. From Table II, it can be seen that tuai has the highest lignin content, ( 42.0 percent) and rice straw, the lowest, (14.0 percent). Abaca has the highest percentage of holocellulose (71.6), and rice straw the lowest (50.1). The main purpose in pulping is to eliminate the lignin and other non-fibrous materials and to recover the cellulose in the form of pulp. If other things are equal, as far Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 as chemical pulping is concerned, the lower the lignin and the higher the cellulose content of the raw material, the less pulping chemicals are needed, and the greater will be the pulp yield. Table III shows that the highest pulp yield was obtained from katmon (95.9 percent) and the lowest from rice straw ( 41.65 percent.) Regarding chemical consumption during pulping, based on chemicals charged, coconut husk registered the highest while balakat-gubat, the lowest ( 14.5 percent). Basing on the oven-dry weight of the material used, lanipau consumed the greatest amount of chemicals during pulping (23.9 percent), while balakat-gubat, the lowest ( 4.3 per_ cent). Table IV shows that, of the unbleached cold-soda pulps produced in this study, the tanag pulp shows the highest lignin content, (36.67 percent) and that of the sugar cane bagasse, the lowest, ( 1.78 percent). Pentosans (falling in the hemicellulose group) have favorable bearing on the strength characteristics of cold-soda pulps (8). Of the pulps under discussion, bayog had the highest pentosan content ( 23.3 percent) and coconut husk, the lowest, (1.43 percent). Referring to ash, the pulp from rice straw registers the highest content, 15.29 percent; that of red lauan, the lowest, 0.67 percent. From Table V, it appears that in burst, at Canadian standard freeness of 235 cc., or thereabouts, the cold-soda pulp produced from abaca fibers exhibited the highest value, 1.628 pts./lb./ream; while balobo and almon, both hardwoods had the lowest, 0. The cold-soda pulp from abaca fiber at 0-minute beating exhibits the highest tearing strength, 2.941 gm./16./ream. While bagtikan, at 0-minute beating, the lowest, 0.001 gm./lb./ream. In d~uble-folding endurance, the cold-soda pulp from abaca fibers shows the highest value, 1657, at 235 cc. Canadian Standard freeness while coconut husk, bayog, apitong, Page 67 balobo, dita, gubas, hamindang, katmon, lanipau, lisak, mayapis, and Mindoro pine register zero. In tensile strength, the cold-soda pulp from abaca fibers registers the highest value, 11,283 m. breaking length, at C.S. freeness of 370 cc., while apitong, balobo, and dita, at zero minute beating, exhibit zero meter. The cold-soda pulp from abaca waste has the highest density, 0.8911 gm./cc. at 165 cc. C.S. freeness. On the other hand, the lowest cold-soda pulp density is registered by that of dita, at 790 cc. C. S. freeness, 0.238 gm./cc. Lastly, among the hand sheets prepared from the unbleached cold-soda pulps listed in Table V, those of kaatoan-bangkal register the highest brightness, 54 percent G.E. at 120 minute beating and 200 cc. C.S. freeness; whereas, that of abaca waste exhibits the lowest brightness, 12.9 percent G. E. at 365 cc. C.S. freeness and 0-minute beating. CONCLUSION Within the limits of the pulping and testing studies reported herein, the following conclusions may be drawn: That out of the 4 7 species of local eelSILVICULTURAL PRACTICES ... (Continued from page 42) (48) Tagudar, E.T., et al. 1957. Some selective logging techniques and guides practiced in the Nasipit Lumber Company, Forestry Leaves 10 (2) : 29-38 pluii 8 illustrations. (49) Taylor, C.J. 1!)54. Research methods and research connected with the tropical shelterwood system in the Gold Coast. Emp. For. Rev. 33: 150-157. (50) Troup, R.C. 1952. Silvicultural systems. 2nd ed. by 9.W. Jones. Oxford University Press, London. xv + 216 pp. (51) Veer, E.J. van A. de 1954. Problems of tropical silviculture in rain forest areas in Indonesia. Tectona 43: 88-96. (52) Wadsworth, F.H. 1947. An approach to silviculture in tropical America and its application in Puerto Rico. Carribean Forester 8: 245-256. (53) 1948. Five years of forest research Page 68 on the North Coast of Puerto Rico. Carribean Forester 9: 373-376. lulosic raw materials explored in this study, katurai gave the highest percentage of coldsoda pulp yield, based on the oven-dry weight, and the cold-soda pulp from abaca fibers gave the highest values for burst, tear, tensile, folding endurance, and density. Lastly, kaatoan-bangkal cold-soda pulp registers the highest percentage of brightness and abaca waste, the lowest. In this connection, however, it should be remembered that the pulp producer and the paper maker have many ways of handling their raw materials and of mixing pulps from different sources. It does not necessarily follow, therefore, that a species that showed low values in the foregoing tests cannot be used. It is true that some test are better than others and will be preferred but it is probable that all of the fibrous materials covered in these tests can be used in some way for making some kind of pulp or paper products. The extent to which they actually will be used will depend on cost, local availability, product to be made and various other economic factors as well as their standing in these tests. (54) ·walton, A.B. 1954. The regeneration CJf dipterocarp forest after high lead logging. Emp. For. Rev. 33: 338-343. (55) Walton, A.B., R.C. Barnard, and J. \VyattSmith, 1952. The silviculture of lowland t:lipterocarp forest in Malaya. Ma. layan Forester 15: 181-194. Compliments of: Camarines Sawmill, Inc. Sawn Lumber Producer and Log Exporter Main Office: -·-1 Minasag, Capalonga, Camarines Norte Location of sawmill and concession: Minasag, Capalonga, Camarines Norte FORESTRY LEAVES Additional Random Observations Made During My Travels ln Japan Last Year By MANUEL R. MONSALUD Chief Chemical Investigations Division Forest Products Research Institute, U.P During the first week of August, 1959, I made a trip to visit the only bamboo pulp and paper mill in the whole Japanese Empire. This mill is located at Hagi City, roughly located in the southwestern part of Honshu Island. From my headquarters in Tokyo, it took me about twenty-five hours of continuous trip by express train and bus to reach Hagi. During the trip, I kept observing what I could of Japanese cities, rural districts, and country sides. I passed thru Hiroshima, the atomic-bombing of which, including that of Nagasaki in Kyushu Island, led to the unconditional surrender of Japan to the allies in 1945, thus ending World II, the bloodiest of all wars that man has ever experienced thus far. There are countless pulp and paper mills, oil refineries, foundries, and other factories along rivers and sea coasts of Japan. Japanese rural districts are clean. On both sides of the roads in rural places, countless, unfenced, small patches of land are planted to diversified crops such as corn, rice, whes.t, potatoes, silk-worm mulberry, radishes, cabbage, beans, squash, tea, gabi, sweet potato, ginger, onions, eggplants, tomatoes, garlic and many others. This is made possible because there are practically no stray animal such as pigs, goats, chickens, cattle, horses, etc., roaming around in rural districts destroying or feeding on said crops. The average Japanese farmer is very industrious and almost indefatigable. He begins work very early in the morning up to Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 very late in the afternoon with short interval for rest and meal at high noon. He works in the field until he can no longer see due to darkness. Outside of residential and factory sites, there are practically no fences in Japan. Locally made black tile roofing is predominantly used in Japan outside of cities. Ceramic factories are numerous. The average Japanese is fond of indulging in hot baths. Japan has many rivers. Her rivers and coastal lines are well exploited. Her countless ships sail the seas surrounding Japan for fishing purposes or for transporting cargo from one place to another. Fishing, oyster raising, and pearl culture dot Japanese sea coasts and the mouths of her rivers. The manufacture of cement, metallic alloys, steel, fertilizer, electronics, heavy equipment, ships, textile, toys, chemicals, etc., are going on in full blast in many places all over Japan. She imports raw materials from foreign countries and converts them into capital and consumers' goods for export; thus Japan prospers. Japanese rice fields are small. Rice farmers use some contrivances to scare or drive away rice birds. Fine nets and twisted, multicolored strips of tinsel are installed over rice paddies with maturing grains. The latter sway with the breeze thus scaring away rice brids. The nets prevent the birds from eating the maturing grains. These gadgets are very effective, much better than the ordinary scarecrow. Page 69 Numberless fishing boats ply night and day near the sea coasts or in the open seas, regularly bringing in bountiful fish catches and seaweeds that help feed millions of Japanese mouths. The Japanese nation is predominantly fish eating; raw fish and seaweeds are favorite foods of the masses. To the tourists, the following are some very well known Japanese dishes: 1. Sukiyaki - beef and fresh (usually leafy) vegetables, shorttime fried in animal fat and eaten after dipping in beaten raw egg, seasoned with soy sauce, with every little cooked rice eaten at almost the end of the meal. 2. Batayaki-beef fried with butter in frying pan. No vegetable. 3. Tem.pura-fried shrimps and other sea foods with fresh vegetables. 4. Aburayaki-beef, without vegetables, broiled in vegetable oil. 5. Suse - raw fish (octopus, tuna, fish eggs, shell fish, seaweeds, etc.,) on cooked rice blocks, with pickled or salted ginger, radish, eggplant; followed by tea. 6. Prunier - (derived from the French) --consists of all sea foods obtainable in the market. The food of the ordinary Japanese consists of: 1. fish - any kind - salted, dried, or raw. 2. salted or pickled vegetables 3. miso - soup from soya bean curd dispersed in water. 4. cooked rice The average Japanese seldom eats meat because it is scarce and therefore expensive. It was told that taxi dancers or cabaret girls are not looked down upon. Instead their calling is a source of pride and cash. When Page 70 the girls reach 26 to 30 years of age, they begin settling down to raise a family. They then seldom go out to eke a living. They expect their male life-partners to be their meal tickets. The women do the household chores in addition to raising kids. When walking in the streets or in public places, the husbands are ahead, usually followed by their wives. Even eating at home, the men eat first while the women serve them. The women eat later. The geisha is an institution in Japan established since time immemorial. A geisha is a singing and dancing girl, trained ever since her early teens, to entertain and please paying customers usually in first class Japanesetype restaurants and hotels. She always wears silk Kimono with her hair arranged in the characteristic Japanese coiffure while plying her trade. ERICKSON LUMBER MILL Victor L. Erickson Proprietor Davao City FORESTRY LEAVES FIG. 2-A typical Japanese cer·:imics worker inside a pottery shop. FIG. I-The Hag i bambaa pulp and paper mills, t h e a n I y ane af its kind in the whale Japanese empire. The authar is shawn in the foreground. FIG. 3-Women workers in a typical bamboo c u r - tain factory in Hagi City, Japan. FIG. 4-The author in front of a famous shrine in Hagi City. FIG. 6-Modern m e a n s o f tr·:insportation in ,Japan like e I e v a t e d trains and buses. I . / Ill II.I"" llJ-:-llL ,--.~~ J • ! J r FIG. 5-A portion of the heort of Tokyo where apartments or hotels are rising up like mushroms. J<ef PrestatiP11 a11d A//Prestaf iPll i11 tlte Pltilippi11es /Pr 1iseal Vear 1957-1959 By JOSE VIADO and CARLOS CUNANAN Bureau of Forestry I. GENERAL STATEMENT Afforestation and Reforestation work in this country began in 1910 in conjunction with the establishment of the Forest School (now College of Forestry), at the base of Mt. Makiling, town of Los Banos, province of Laguna, island of Luzon. This area was brushed and cleared and the ground broken and planted to seeds and seedlings of the timber species in connection with the students' required work in the Silviculture Class. The area was later expanded to include the adjacent brush lands. This was brought about by the opening of the first reforestation project. It was only in 1916 when a specific appropriation was created by the Philippine Legislature thereby giving impetus to the start of actual afforestation work. Act No. 2649 provided Pl0,000.00 "for the Bureau of Forestry, for expenditures as may be deemed necessary for carrying the work of reforestation of unclassified public lands and on lands known as friar lands not reserved or set aside for other purposes." This fund was followed by periodic appropriations. On June 7, 1947, Republic Act No. 115 was passed by the Congress of the Philippines creating a permanent reforestation fund thru the imposition of an additional tax on all timber cut from the public forests for commercial purposes. This fund is for yearly expenditure. 6.'loving-Up Day Issue 1960 II. PLANNING The plans and programs in afforestation and reforestation work for the three fiscal year-period (1957-59) consisted of the inspection of denuded areas, grasslands, marginal lands, swamps or marsh lands, sand dunes, national parks and logged-over areas; investigation in a general way of the various critical areas needing immediate planting in order to help in the harnessing of hydroelectric power, water works, irrigation and domestic water system, restoration of soil cover; preparation and execution of planting plans; continuation of the operation, protection and management of the existing projects and forest nurseries; opening of the new projects (depending upon the availability of funds during the period); carrying of the reforestation work in a wider scale; extension of cooperative planting activities to government, civic and religious organizations and other parties interested in tree planting; progressive prosecution on the work on cultivation, maintenance and development of the Cinchona Plantation, and intensified collection of the reforestation charges. Ill. OPERATION Efforts have been exerted during the three fiscal years to improve the operational technique every now and then. This was true to our various plantation operations, nursery practices and planting surveys. A system of· around the clock inspection of the different projects scattered throughout the Pate 71 .,, D 'I ... .... ... 0 § = r ~ Cl Fiscal Year 1956-57 1957-58 1958-59 TOTAL TABLE I- SHOWING NO. OF PROJECTS AND CORRESPONDING AREAS BY REGION INVESTIGATED DURING FISCAL YEAR 1957-59 Northern Luzon I Central Luzon I S. Luzon 5ncl. I Eastern I Vl'estern I Mindanao incl. I Bi col inc. Zamb. inc. Bataan Mindoro Visayas Visayas Davao & C. de Region I Oro Cities No. Area; No. Arca No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area Proj. Has. Proj. Has. Proj. Has. Proj. Has. Proj. Has. Proj. Has. Proj. Has. 2 12,726.00 1 870.CiO 3 84,355.00 2 13,832.00 1 65.00 - - - - - - - - - ---5 93,989.00 2 11,797.00 2 14,060.00 4 55,506.00 5 16,018.00 5 31,067.36 -----------3 5,657.60 2 34,420.00 7 106,715.00 3 12,667.00 2 14,060.00 6 10,012.60 8 103,758.00 !) 16,018.00 6 31,132.36 --No area reported on the planting survey made for the proposed Maribojoc Reforestation Project . I Total No. Area Proj. Has. 9 31,848.00 23 222,437.36 5 40,077.60 37 294.362JJ6 The tabulated statement below (Table II) shows the amount of seeds in the various nursery operations of the individual project. TABLE II - SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF SEEDS HANDLED IN THE NEW REFORESTATION PROJECTS OPENED DURING THE FISCAL YEAR 1957-58 AND THE AREAS OF THE PROJECTS AND NURSERIES SEED S '!' 0 CK TABLE - · - - Name of Projects No. Begin- Sown in Directly Total Balance Nursery Area to be Condemned ning of the Seedbeds Seeded Disposed in Area Reforested in period (liters) (liters) (Has.) (Has.) Liters (liters) (liters) (liters) 1. Aganan Ref. Proj. 3,793.24 1,583.74 3.00 20.50 2,186.00 2.69 6,400.00 2. Bessang Pass Proj. 114.90 65.40 -- -- 49.50 1.93 1,021.00 3. Cabangan Ref. Proj. 4,022.00 3,104.00 235.00 150.00 533.00 6.20 14,000.00 4. Callao-Cave Proj. 2,589.65 2,198.65 --- -- 391.00 4.00 31,460.00 5. Cauayan Ref. Proj. 944.50 332.50 lGu.00 -- 442.00 5.00 2,910.00 15.00 6. Campo Verde Proj. 2,082.27 502.47 ---- 1,311.50 121.30 12.20 5,039.00 147.00 7. Dupax Ref. Proj. 51u.OO 327.50 -- -- 37.50 .86 1,710.00 150.00 8. Loboc Ref. Proj. 918.00 378.00 5•10.00 --- -- 4.78 1,490.00 9. Mabini Ref. Proj. 1,460.00 860.80 -- -- 599.20 1.10 4,640.00 10. Magallon Ref. Proj. 705.55 669.00 -- -- 36.55 2.00 1,183.00 11. Pili Ref. Proj. 470.16 399.30 -- --- 5.86 1.00 1,842.00 65.00 12. Mapaso Ref. Proj. 1,126.30 444.78 92.00 -- 589.52 -- 38,074.00 13. Talinis Ref. Proj. 531.70 134.45 110.50 .20 255.75 2.00 1,154.00 30.80 14. Mt. Tagao Ref. Proj. 1,143.20 710.65 --- -- 348.55 11.50 2,627.00 84.00 15. Tumedtedted Ref. Project 4,266.90 389.90 --- 515.00 3,362.00 2.00 4,126.00 16. Valderama Ref. -- 1,466.00 3.50 5,927.00 HlG.vO Project 8,723.25 1,457.25 605.00 17. Nueva Era 3,562.45 1,786.45 -- 532.00 1,244.00 TOTAL 31,969.07 15,344.84 1,740.50 2,529.20 11,667.73 60.76 123,603.00 686.80 Archipelago was instituted. True, the work was hampered due to the shortage of funds, but the result was very encouraging. The aim of the operational technique is to produce one peso worth of work for every peso spent. IV. PLANTING SURVEY Planting survey is necessary before any proposal for the establishment of a reforestation project could be entertained or considered. The area proposed has to be thoroughly examined to determine whether it is needed for forest purposes, the critical areas needing immediate planting, the nursery site or sites, the claims' and squatters' problem, the status of the parcel or parcels of land involved in the proposed project, the purpose of the establishment, the species to be suitably grown, etc. The tabulated statement (Table-I) below shows that there were 37 proposed reforestation project covering a total area of 294,362.96 hectares scattered throughout the different regions of the country where planting surveys were conducted during the three fiscal years. The regions covered by the socalled Western Visayas led with 18 planting surveys, or 21.6'/c involving 103,758.00 hectares. This was followed by Northern Luzon (including Zambales) with 19.9%. The forestry problems in these two regions are serious, if not critical. The smallest areas investigated consisted of 30.40 and 65.00 hectares of Bacacay, Albay and Luyang, Catanduanes, respectively, both of the Bicol Region. The former was proposed for the Boy and Girl Scouts Camp, while the latter was for recreational purposes and as a source of the supply for the timber needs of the local residents. The purpose of the other planting surveys was to determine the extent of the area needed for watershed protection and for soil erosion control work. V. REFORESTATION PROJECTS The purposes of the establishments of these reforestation projects may be summed up to the following: the protection of the watersheds of important rivers, the conservation of our water supply, agricultural, industry and domestic use, the control or minimizing of soil erosion, the provision of fuel and wood needs for the use of the future generations, the improvement of the site and environmental factors, the perpetuation of wildlife (animals, birds and plants) by providing and improving their sanctuaries, etc. There were 38 old Reforestation Projects in operation during the period ( 195i-59). One of these Projects( Cebu Reforestation Project) was established as early as 1916. The tabulated statement below shows the amount of seeds handled by these projects during the three fiscal year period. Balance Fiscal Yr. / Seeds Handled / Sown in Dfrectly Condemned Given or Seed Beds 1956-57 201,927.94 63,490.86 1957-58 244,641.41 110,257.25 1958-59 464.895.79 135,604.31 TOTAL 911.405.14 309.352.42 sold 70,397.96 15,621.29 39,453.00 5,987.27 137,793.55 12,395.64 247.644.51 34,004.20 Sold 27,938.11 34,059.03 104,146.13 166,143.27 84,479.72 54,884.84 74,946.16 214,310.72 The planting stock table below shows the amount of seedlings raised and planted to their permanent places during the three fiscal year period. Fiscal Yr. 1956-57 1957-58 1958-59 TOTAL Page 74 Seedlings Handled 15,411.498 22,938.231 30,699.210 69,048.939 Set Out ! 3,821.974 4,537.955 10,121.496 18,481.425 Given or Sold 936.862 937.634 1,435.664 2,910.160 Condemned Balance 1,312.068 1,042.690 3,470.103 5,824.861 9,340.594 16,031.613 15,671.947 41,044.154 FORESTRY LEAVES There was a total of 4,740,971 seedlings of the timber species raised in the forest nurseries during the fiscal year 1957-58 of the 17 newly opened projects as shown in the Table III below. Of this amount, 181,866 seedlings were set out to their permanent places in the field during the same fiscal year. VII. COOPERATIVE PLANTING The Bureau of Forestry in view of the insistent public demand had to maintain its cooperative planting activity during the period. There was a total of 877,463 seedlings used for this purpose alone. Most of these planting materials came from the nurseries of the regular reforestation projects. The TABLE III-PLANTING STOCK TABLE OF THF~ NEW REFORESTATION PROJECTS FOR 1957-58 Name of Project Beginning of Period Aganan Reforestation Project 350,568 Bessang " " 287,632 Cabangan " 843,:fo7 Callao-Cave " 809,000 Cauayan 61,194 Campo Verde " " 861,824 Dupax " 352,185 Loboc " 1,654 Mabini 45,054 Magallon " " 12,004 Pili " 44,236 Mapaso " :384,413 Talinis " 25,707 Mt. Tagao " " 27,380 Tumedtedted " 35,117 Valderrama " ,, 44,800 Nueva Era " " 554,846 T 0 TA L ··---· ··---·····--· 4,740,971 Of these 17 reforestation projects, 11 were new; the rest or 6 were old abandoned projects reopened. During the year, there was a total of 1,745.66 hectares with 1,206, 044 living trees under maintenance. There were also 1,870 linear meters of firelines witb an average width of 10 meters. Table IV shows the area planted and replanted in these 17 projects d•1ring fiscal year 1957-58. VI. COOPERATIVE FOREST NURSERIES There were 15 Cooperative Forest Nurseries in operation during the three fiscal year period: four in Luzon, seven in the Visayas and four in Mindanao. The primary purpose o - -hese nurseries was to provide planting materials for the improvement and beautification of public parks and grounds, the premises of religious, educational and civic institution, etc. Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Set Out 126 11,746 28,900 100 18,299 900 1,654 400 9,631 75,363 3,736 1,500 401 28,110 181,866 Disposed 2 148 415 700 3,942 122 135 405 189 17,976 24,034 Mortal-ity Balance 11,415 3::19,025 130 27i>,608 1,651 812,391 816 59,578 8,222 S::l0,361 6,520 344,643 850 43,804 264 11,740 6,:~82 28,223 16,376 292,539 215 21,351 1,204 24,487 3;;,117 2,982 40,417 1,336 507,424 204,363 4,Sil0,708 greater bulk of the planting work was done during the Arbor Week celebration of each fiscal year. VIII. CINCHONA PLANTATION The Cinchona Revolving Fund ( C.A. No. 646) was augmented by the general fund and the regular reforestation appropriation. Two nurseries with an area of 6.03 hectares were maintained. The plantation is 474,168 hectares. The area planted to Cinchona is 365,462 hectares, of which 270.876 is fully stocked and the rest, partially stocked. There are 993, 252 Cinchona trees living at the end of the three fiscal year period. The area not fitted for Cinchona was planted to the timber species, mostly Benguet pine, Podocarpos sp. Eucalyptus, Mahogany, etc. There is at present 113 tons of dried Cinchona in storage which should be disposed. Page 75 TABLE IV - SHOWING THE AREAS PLANTED AND REPLANTED IN THE REFORESTATION PROJECTS DUIUNG THE FISCAL YEAR 1957-58, ETC. Name of Projects Planted Areas Rep'lt.Lnted Firelines Area Under Living Trees Has. Has. (M) Maintenance Aganan (Reopened) Iloilo Bessang (Reopened) llocos Sur Cabangan (New) Zambales Callao-Cave (Reopened) Cagayan Cauayan (New) N. Occ. Campo Verde (New) Aklan Dupax (Reopened) N. Vizcaya Loboc (New) Bohql Mabini (New) Pangasinan Magallon (New) N. Occ. Pili (New) Sorsogon Mapaso (New) Abra Talinis (New) N. Occ. Mt. Tagao (New) Car;iz Tumedtedted (New) I. Norte Valderama (New) Negros Or. Nueva Era (reopened) formerly Paraiso, I. Norte 5.00 22.59 40.51 14.17 2.30 2.00 8.40 190.70 21.00 6.88 10.63 43.43 T 0 T A L ---------------------------- 367.61 Seeds No. of Species Benguet Pine ............ . Brazilian Fire Tree ...... . Cafia fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Total ........... . liters .1 1.0 1.0 2.1 If the number of seedlings per species will be any indication of popularity, then Fire Tree, Agoho, Narra, Golden Shower, Cassia javanica, Mahogany and Banaba must be that popular in the same order as shown in Compliments of SISTER COMPANIES ILIGAN LUMBER COMPANY, INC. KIWALAN LUMBER COMPANY, INC. & B. B. ANDRADA & COMPANY Concessionaires, Lumber Producers and Log Exporters Page 76 12.00 39.60 10.00 61.00 320.000 9,590.00 3,000.00 5,871.00 18,781.00 63.40 244.19 46.40 74.00 144.29 1,173,38 1,745.66 12,861 14,370 425,280 751.493 1,206,004 the above table. Each of this species must have a characteristic peculiarly its own to induce the plant enthusiasts in effecting their respective decisions or choices. Some are the striking features of the individual species: the flaming red flowers of the Fire Tree must have captivated many fanciers, the Pinelike Agoho with its conical shape crown, the Narra with its beautiful foliage; the Golden Shower with its gold-like petals; Cassia javanica shows nothing but flowers when in bloom; the Mahogany with the popularity of the wood (belonging to Dipterocarpaceae family) known as Philippine Mahogany and Banaba with its white and purple flowers. REMARKS A plan is afoot to include wild life in the 1960 Arbor Week celebration. If this materializes the Week may be named Arbor and Wildlife Week. The plan has already been discussed during the meeting of the Committee last December 17, 1959. The corresponding report now under preparation when finished will be submitted to the National Forestry Council for final decision. FORESTRY LEAVES Jistal !1tars 1957-59 tooptrati"t f lanting By CARLOS CUNANAN Forestry Supervisor Tree planting insofar as it pertains to the beautification of the home is gaining ground. The insistent demand of the public for planting materials necessitated the opening of 15 cooperative forest nurseries which are located as far as the Kolambugan forest nursery of Lanao m the South and the Tarlac forest nursery in Central Luzon. The cooperative forest nursery differs from the regular forest nursery in the sense that the latter is established to provide primarily planting materials for its reforestation project. Seedlings for cooperative planting may be given by this type of nursery, after the needs of the project are taken care of. Both nurseries are maintained and operated with Bureau of Forestry funds. There were 15 cooperative forest nurseries opened during fiscal year 1957-58. The following year 13 cooperative forest nurseries were maintained. The Tarlac cooperative forest nursery was absorbed by the Maamot Reforestation Project in Tarlac Province while the Zamboanga del Norte cooperative forest nursery was absorbed by the Zamboanga del Norte Reforestation Project. The tabulated statement below shows the seeds handled by these cooperative forest nurseries for the two fiscal year ( 1958-59) period. Most of these seeds came from the established forest plantations of the regular reforestation projects of the Bureau of Forestry, where they were collected, sorted, cleaned, dried, measured and tagged preparatory to shipment. Some projects have endeavored to collect seeds from the flush trees. It is regretted that most projects have not as yet exerted any effort to tag their flush trees. It is regretted also that presently there is no facility for the proper storage of seeds. It is believed that this item (storage facility) is necessary in the efficient management of a gigantic reforestation task, like what we have now in the Philippines. The seed stock table also shows that of the 6,898.09 liters of seeds of the various timber species handled during the period, 4,633.99 liters or 67 per cent were sown in seed beds, producing a total of 924,182 seedlings as shown in the following tabulated statement. There were also 348.10 liters directly seeded, while 546.40 liters of seeds on hand at the end of the period. The statistics further show that most of these projects in Northern Luzon are located in the Ilocos Provinces - from Zambales to Ilocos Norte. Why? Because the land there is already barren in view of the tremendous soil erosion taking place. The land is so poor that it could hardly sustain the exFiscal Seeds Sown in Dil'ectly handled Disposed Condemned Balance year in Liters Seed beds Seeded 1957-58 :J,930.95 2,750.95 158.50 345.00 24.00 652.50 1958-59 2,967.14 1,883.04 34810 89.00 100.60 546.40 Total 6,898.09 4,633.99 506.60 434.00 124.60 1,198.90 Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 Page 77 istence of the people thereat. This explains, why you find our northern brothers almost in all nooks of the Archipelago. lebration now-a-days. This annual celebration calls for enormous amount of planting materials. Some parties take advantage of Table showing the number of planting materials handled in the various cooperative forest nurseries during the two fiscal years ( 19S8-S9 period) Fiscal Seedlings handled Years during the period Set Out 19S7-S8 2S2,121 S4,611 1958-59 398,970 24,709 Total 6Sl,091 79,320 The above tabulated statement shows that only about 10 per cent of the seedlings produced have been set to their permanent places in the field during the two fiscal periods, while 20 percent have been disposed and/or died. The greater bulk however have been reserved for the 1960 fiscal year planting. 19S9 Arbor Week Arbor Week Celebration is considered a cooperative planting project of the Bureau of Forestry. One day a year was in the past alloted for the celebration honoring the trees. The importance the trees played in our daily life has been widely recognized thereby giving birth to the so-called Arbor Week CeGi\·en Free Mortality Balance S6,08S 41,7S4 372,762 30,092 30,320 313,849 86,177 72,074 686,611 this occasion to receive free seedlings from our forest nurseries. Some parties plant trees during 'the celebration as a matter of compliance. This type of people is entirely devoid of the spirit, purpose and intent of the Arbor Week Celebration. It is this kind of people that have killed so many seedlings in the name of Arbor Week Celebration. During this year's Arbor Week the Makiling Reforestation Project at College, Laguna has distributed a total of 7,342 seedlings of the various species as shown in the table below. It has likewise disposed 2.1 liters of seeds of Benguet pine, Brazilian Fire Tree and Caiia fistula. Planting Materials Given in July, 1959 by the Makiling Reforestaion Project for this Fiscal Year's Arbor Week Celebration African Tulip 207 Ag oho 901 Anahao 279 Araucaria 4 Asparagus 8 Avocado 200 Balitbitan 18 Banaba 356 Banuyo 50 Bauhinia 174 Baston de San Jose 20 Brazilian Fire Tree 200 Bougainvillea 25 Page 78 (Arranged Alphabetically) Bunga de China lS Caballero 20 Caiia fistula (Golden shower) 555 Congea tomentosa 4 Dona Alicia 8 Iresine Fire Tree Fish tail palm lpil 16 1208 204 3 Mahogany S. L. Mahogany L.L. Molave Narra Palosanto Papua Pascuas Queensland San Francisco Selaginella Jade vine MacArthur's Kalupueng 110 Siar 61 Star apple 190 Yellow bush Grand Total 390 100 30 680 203 so 21 5 61 4 100 200 so 7,342 FORESTRY LEAVES Any action to recover the land or to return it to its original state is slow, tedious and expensive. The tabulated statement below shows among others the areas planted and replanted during the three fiscal year period. Fiscal Yr. Newly Replanted Planted 1956-57 6,212.07 1,468.03 1957-58 9,400.00 1,654.73 1958-59 10,685.41 3,006.64 TOTAL 26,297.48 6,129.40 Evidences of forming deserts, the fact that our natural resources are not inexhaustible, the shortage of the water supply for our domestic use, and for agriculture and industry, the deterioration of our wholesome climate for the benefit of this generation and the generations yet to come, the healthful environmental factors, which money alone could not buy, etc., made the people thru its Congress realize the importance and necessity of opening up new projects. Funds were properly provided, thereby making possible the opening of 17 additional reforestation projects during fiscal year 1957-1958, involving the planting of 123,603 hectares of wasteland with 60.76 hectares for nursery purposes. These 17 additional Reforestation Projects is only 47% of the original 37 reforestation projects examined and proposed for opening. In terms of land area, these additional projects cover 52 7'o of the total area inspected. In other words more than one-half of the area of the projects investigated have been found out not to merit immediate planting attention. The criterion used in determining the establishment of these 17 new reforestation projects together with its relation to the existing projects is likely to be raised especially when a new project is opened in a region or province, where there is already a regular reforestation project. The tabulated statement below shows the Fire-lines Area under Trees Linear M. Maintenance Living 9,817.349 40.179.15 15,433.308 9,817.349 34,017.22 15,433.308 4.373 44,703.03 6,168.513 10,177.248 103,277.65 35,463.315 relation within the region of the number of reforestation projects in operation in fiscal year 1956-57 and the number of reforestation projects opened in fiscal year 1957-58. Seventeen of the 38 old reforestation projects or 45% represented by 282,461 hectares of wasteland are located in Northern Luzon, which includes all areas North from Zambales to Nueva Vizcaya. The region with the second largest number of reforestation projects is Mindanao Island. During the fiscal year 1957-58, the Northern Luzon Region leads with 49% of the 17 newly opened projects. This is represented by 8 projects with 95,031 hectares of badlands as shown in the following tables. The statistics further show that most of these projects in Northern Luzon are located in the Ilocos provinces - from Zambales to Ilocos Norte. Why? Because the land there is already barren in view of the tremendous soil erosion taking place. The land is so poor that it could hardly sustain the existence of the people thereat. This explains why you find our northern brothers almost in all nooks of the Archipelago. Table showing the number of projects by region in operation during fiscal year 1956-57 Northern Bicol Luzon Central Southern region Items from Zam- Luzon Luzon in- Eastern Western Mindanao includine: Total bales to including eluding Visayas Visayas Catan<luanes Nueva Bataan Mindoro and Vizcaya Marinduque Area 282,461 No. of Projs. 17 39,990 4 11,700 2 5,610 2 13,054 4 22,481 6 7,943 3 Table showing number of projects by region opened during fiscal year 1957-58 Area 95,031.00 24,086.00 1,842.00 No. of Projs. 8 2 6 1 Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 383,239 38 123,603 17 Page 79 Compliments of LIDDEL & CO .• INC. General Managers Cantilan Lumber Company Mainit Lumber & Development Co., Inc. 1007 Isaac Peral, A. J. RODRIGUEZ lVJanila Operationa Manager Tels. Nos. 5-37-16 5-58-32 Compliments of STA. CRUZ SAWMILL JOSELITO MOSE Owner ft/ Operator Guisguis, Sta. Cruz, Zambales Compliments of MALAYAN SAWMILL COMPANY Producer of Quality Lumber Taltal, Masinloc, Zambales Compliments of ZAMBALES MASTER SAWMILL BENITO CHUA Sawmill Operator Palauig, Zambales Compliments of STA. CRUZ UNITED SAWMILL CUA HO Owner ft/ Operator Sta. Cruz, Zambales Compliments of Page 80 SEASIDE LUMBER YARD Lumber Dealer, Hardware ft/ Copra Buyer Mrs. CATALINA REFORMA Manager Balogo, Sta. Cruz, Marinduque Compliments of H. PORTENTO'S ENTERPRISES Timber Licensee ft/ Contractor Copra Dealer Rice Mill Operator A. C. Operator HERMOGENES PORTENTO Gen. Manager Tawiran, Sta. Cruz, Marinduque Compliments of LANAO EXPORTS CORPORATION Log Exporter ft/ Concessionaire Office: Bubong, Marawi City Mr. HAROLD BRADEN Incharge Compliments of MR. & MRS. PABLO LUNA Log Contractor and Sawmill Operator Office: Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte Compliments of BIGLANG-A WA LUMBER Gen. Merchandize, Hardware ft/ Contractot Mr. ROMULO STO. DOMINGO Gen. Manager Rosario St., Boac, Marinduque Compliments of PAULINO GO CHIO LUMBER Lrnnber Dealer, Hardware Gen. Merchandize ft/ Contractor P. GO CHIO Manager Boac, Marinduque Compliments of EMILIO DE GUZMAN Lumber Dealer and Hardware Gen. Merchandize ft/ Marine Motor l'arta EMILIO DE GUZMAN Manager Sta. Cruz, Marinduque FORESTRY LEA YES Know Your Civil Service Opinions and Rulings TEOFILO A. SANTOS Chief Training Officer Implication of one's Superior through Falsification Merits Dismissal from the Service Does implication of his superiors through fabricated testimony constitute sufficient cause for dismissal of an employee? FACTS: Respondent watchman appealed from BCS decision dated October 11, 1956, in Administrative Case R-14493 finding him guilty of gross negligence in connection with the loss of four office typewriters and ordering his dismissal from the service effective his last day of duty with pay. Payment of the typewriters lost was left to the discretion of the Auditor General. It appears that four typewriters in the office were lost during his shift of duty from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. on November IO-to-November 11, 1955. Respondent denied responsibility for the loss claiming that he saw his two SU• periors personally bringing the typewriters in their jeep at 10: 00 a.m. on November 11. 1955. GROUNDS FOR APPEAL: The respondent appealed his case on the following grounds: ( 1) that due process as provided for in Executive order No. 370 was not observed; (2) that the investigation of the case was delegated; Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 ( 3) that the decision was not supported by the evidence; ( 4) that the appellant's testimony was limited during the investigation; and ( 5) that the decision was unduly severe and without basis in law end in fact. DECISION: Failure to observe strictly the requirements of said Order does not render the whole proceedings null and void, for the purpose of said Order is just to provide ''uniformity" in administrative investigations. The allegation that the investigation was merely delegated and not conducted personally by the head or chief of the bureau or office, and therefore would make the proceedings void, is without merit, because the law says: "Administrative proceedings may be comm.ended xx x by the head or chief x x x" (Ex. Order No. 370, s. 1941, Sec. I). xx x It was not the intention of the law to make the head or chief the personal investigator in every case. Moreover, there is nothing in said Order prohibiting the head or chief the personal investigator in every case. Moreover, there is nothing in said Order prohibiting the head or chief from delegating said investigation. In view of the absence of evidence to show that appellant took the typewriters Page 81 himself, he was excused from paying the same. However, because of the perversity shown by implicating his chief and assistant chief through fabrications, his dismissal was sustained. ( 4-5 7) Reference: Civil Service Rulings and Opinions - Volume I, Bureau of Civil Service, Manila, 1958 MISCONDUCT- ACTS OF VIOLENCE IN OFFICE (Adm. Case No. 4-14969, BCS, Sept. 19, 1956) FACTS: Respondent was charged with misconduct for having been found absent from the office on three different occasions although his time card shows that he timed in; that when he was informed that he was marked absent, he broke his pencil, threw it in front of the table of another employee, grabbed a time record from another employee and tore it. RESPONDENT'S DEFENSE: Respondent denies the charge, claiming that he was always in and about the building during the times he was marked absent; that he did not know that complainant was checking the attendance of employees; and that the actuations of complainant that morning provoked him and precipitated his acts of violence. DECISION: Respondent's explanation regarding the incident is unsatisfactory. In view thereof, he is found guilty as charged and fine his one ( 1) month's pay, reprimanded and warned. ( 12-56) Reference: Civil Service Opinions and Rulings·- Vollume I, Bureau of Civil Service, Maniia, 1958 MAKING LOVE TO SUBORDINATE MERITS SEPARATION (Adm. Case, R-15642, April 26, 1957) Page 82 FACTS: Miss S, a teacher under the supervision of respondent Mr. T. alleges that the latter, a married man, has been courting her and that he insulted her in the presence of her pupils and fellow-teachers because she rejected his suit. The complainant avers further that in the afternoon of February 2, 1956, respondent enjoined the teachers to go caroling with him during class hours, as a result of which they failed to render duty that afternoon. RESPONDENT'S DEFENSE: Respondent denies the charges. He admits having written letters to the complainant but disclaims that they are love notes. He explains that he loved her because she is his "comadre" and that his letters were all intended to improve her conduct. COMMENT AND DECISION: Respondent's letters to the complainant clearly reveal no ordinary affection of the writer for a "comadre" and show his amorous intentions towards her. The respondent's reason for writing the letters lacks merit as it appears improbable and untrue. In view of the foregoing, respondent is found guilty of reprehensible conduct on two counts: ( 1) For writing love letters to complainant despite the fact that he is a married man; and (2) For enjoining his teachers to go caroling with him during class hours. Respondent Mr. T is therefore considered resigned effective his last day of duty without prejudice to reinstatement except in the teaching service. REMARKS: Upon recommendation of the education authorities, this decision was modified in BCS Resolution dated August 4, 1958 which considered the respondent resigned FORESTRY LEAVES without prejudice to reinstatement as classroom teacher in another school. Reference: Civil Service Opinions and Rulings Civil Service Reporter, February, 1959 INFLICTING INJURY ON CO-EMPLOYEE CONSTITUTES GRAVE MISCONDUCT (Administrative Case No. R-18357) FACTS: Mr. L, a clerk-messenger assigned as acting customs guard in the Bureau of Customs, was charged with grave misconduct for having struck Mr. M who suffered injuries on the lips. RESPONDENT'S DEFENSE: Mr. L denied the charge and claimed that he acted in self-defense. During the formal hearing Mr. M indicated that he was no longer interested in proceeding with the case and his witness expressed his desire not to testify in the investigation. DECISION: Although Mr. M. has shown disinterest in the case, a careful study of the evidence on record, particularly the testimony of witnesses showed that the respondent is guilty as charged. Mr. L. was fined his ten days' pay, reprimanded and warned that commission of the same offense would be dealt with more severely. Reference: Civil Service Opinions and Rulings The Civil Service Reporter, May, 1959 THE TERMS "TEMPORARY EMPLOYEES" INCLUDES CASUAL EMPLOYEES (3rd Indorsement, CBC, Novembber 2, 1959) QUERY: The Civil Service Commission previously ruled in the case of Fernando Jamison et al that the "x x x matter of earning vacation as well as sick leave credit is contigent, not on the direction of ~he head of Office, but on the services actually rendered on a full time basis by the Moving-Up Doy Issue 1960 employee concerned, whether permanent, temporary, emergency or seasonal." The NASSCO contends that "permanent and temporary employees are entirely distinct from casual employees, (and) to interpret Sec. 284 of the Rev. Adm. Code as amended, so as to include e'llployees would unduly enlarge the scope and purview of the law which was never intended nor contemplated by the legislature." OPINION: Under the Civil Service Law and rules temporary employees are those appointed pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 682 of the Rev. Adm. code, as amended, (now Sec. 24 (c) of Rep. Act No. 2260) or paragraph 3 Rule VI of the Civil Service Rules (now Sec. 24 (d) of Rep. Act No. 2260). Under the provisions of Rule VI, ''whenever the work to be done is in the judgement of the Commissioner (of Civil Service) ,temporary in cha-racter, he may authorize temporary employment, g1vmg preference to eligibles if available, which employment may continue until employees in the classified service fall under this provision. A casual employee is therefore legally and actually a temporary employee. In essence and effect there is no difference between a temporary and a casual employee because both may be separated from the service at any time with or without cause. Hence, it is believed that the word ''Temporary'' found in Secs. 284 and 285-A of the Rev. Adm. Code, as amended, should not be interpreted restrictively as to mean only those employees designated as "temporary" in their appointments. Reference: Civil Service Opinion and Rulings The Civil Service Reporter, dated December, 1959 NEGLIGENCE IN THE CUSTODY OF PUBLIC FUNDS MERITS FINE AND REPRIMAND (BCS Decision, November 6, 1958) Page 83 QUERY: Should Mr. Z be separated from the service due to negligence in the performance of his duties as a custodian of public funds? FACTS: Mr. X, a clerk-collector in the Office of the Municipal Treasurer of Y, was found short of P690.17 during a quarterly examination of his cash and accounts by representatives of the Provincial Auditor on April 10, 1956. The shortage was part of a Pl,500-deposit made by the Postmaster on April 7, 1956 with the Municipal Treasurer and duly received and receipted by Mr. X in his capacity as collecting clerk. Mr. X admitted the existence of the shortage, explaining that due to the pressing and urgent official matters on the day and the time ( 12: 30 noon) the deposit was made by the Postmaster, he had placed the entire amount in his unlocked table drawer where it lay until 1:20 P.M. when together with other co~lections, he had transferred it- without counting or verification - to the safe. He also explained that he was then very hungry and wanted to get home as soon as possible. Mr. X further claimed that there were many people crowding about his table that day and the amount of P690.17 may have been lost when he left his table to attend to a personal necessity. He restituted the shortage on April 11, 1956, the day following its discovery. A formal investigation brought to light that Mr. X was a man of high moral character who lived simply and within his means. No evidence was found to show that he had put the shortage to personal use. OPINION: The Commissioner of Civil Service found Mr. X, guilty of negligence in the performance of his duties and he was consequently fined one month's pay, severely Page 84 reprimanded and warned that commission of another offense will be dealt with more severely. Although Mr. X did not put the shortage to personal use as borne out by formal investigation, he nevertheless showed laxity in the performance of his work by not taking appropriate steps to safe~ard the money in his possession. Reference: The Civil Service Reporter, June, 1959 EMPLOYEE MAY BE FORCIBLY SEPARATED FROM THE SERVICE DUE TO ILL HEAL TH (1st Indorsement, BCS, September 27, 1956) QUERY: May an employee be dropped from the rolls due to ill health? FACTS: Mr. Y was granted one year's leave of absence without pay due to sickness (lung defect). After the provisions of Executive Order No. 91, series of 1955, were brought to his attention, and on the day before the expiration of his one year's leave without pay, Mr. Y returned to duty. After rendering service for six days, however, Mr. Y asked permission to be absent for a day or two, but he did not report for duty thereafter. Instead, he filed aplication, five days later, for 51 days sick leave without pay on the strength of the same medical certificate used in connection with his one year sick leave previously taken. Opinion was thereby sought by his Office as to whether M. Y may be dropped from the rolls for physical disability. OPINION: The Commissioner of Civil Service commented that there was an apparent intention on the part of Mr. Y to circumvent the provisions of Executive Order No. 91 which provides that "under no circumstance shall leave without pay be granted for more than one year'', since it was obvious that Mr. Y had not fully recovered (Continued on page 104) FORESTRY LEAVES 1959-Repo't.f o~ the Pltilippiiu J:umbe't. P1z,o'duce1z,s' associatiott, Pttc. by ANTONIO A. DE LAS ALAS February 25, 1960 To the Members Philippine Lumber Producers' Association Dear Sirs: I have the pleasure to submit this annual report which summarizes the activities of the Association as well as the problems that have arisen during our fiscal year. FINANCIAL POSITION. A consolidated statement of income and expenses from July 1, 1949 to December 31, 1959, including a statement of sums transferred from assessment dues account to membership fees account, and a schedule of accounts receivable for both assessment and membership dues are herewith submitted as part of the report. There is likewise submitted a comparative statement of income and expenses for the years 1956-1959. Our cash balance as at the end of the calendar year 1959 was P56,910.31. Of particular importance to our source of income is the amendment to our by-laws authorizing the collection of assessment dues on log shipments to Japan, in addition to those currently collected from exports to the United States, at the rate of PO.OS per M. bd. ft. for logs and 'P0.10 per M bd for lumber. We have, however, limited the maximum assessment dues from all sources of any member to PlS,000.00 a year. All income of the Association coming from monthly membership fees and assessment dues are now made available for such expenses as may be incurred by the Association for apy Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 purpose authorized by its Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws. Our expenditures are now covered by assessment dues on shipments abroad irrespective of destination. I find the present arrangement to be more equitable. The finances of the Association continue to be sound as I have consistently practiced strict economy and have insistently followed my original policy of avoiding improper, useless and ostentatious expenditures, particularly those that have absolutely no connection with the furtherance of any of our objectives. The members are kept abreast with the financial position of the Association since the minutes of every meetin~ of the Board of Directors contains a statement of the cash position of the organization as of the date of each meeting. ROLE OF ASSOCIATION IN ECONOMIC SETUP. The Philippine Lumber Producers' Association continue to receive recognition as the legitimate and most enlightened representative of the timber businessmen. It has been invited to participate and express its views by committees of Congress, the National Economic Council, the Central Bank, the Executive Departments and other entities of the government. An Executive proclamation specifically designates a representative of the Philippine Lumber Producers' Association as one of the members of the Forestry Council. Even United States government authorities Page 85 have taken notice of our Association as shown by the fact that the Special sub-Committee on Steamship Conference of the House Committee on Merchant Marine & Fisheries of the U.S. House of Representatives, conferred with us lengthily on the objectionable practice of Confel"ence vessels and the unfair treatment accorded to log shippers of this country. Individual members of the Association have been honored by the government. A member of our Board of Directors was made a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank. Just recently, another board member was appointed member of the Advisory Board of the Import-Export Committee of the Central Bank that passes upon the grant of dollar allocations. Philippine foreign agencies have consistently referred to our Association inquiries on possibilities of supplying demands for Philippine mahogany. The Department of Commerce and Industry also transmits to our Association inquiries from all over the world concerning timber. In the United States particularly our organization enjoys high regard as requests for supply of wood products or for business connections are ordinarily addressed to our Association or directly to the members thereof. In all matters where our opinion is sought, I have never diverted from a fair analysis of the problems presented with a view to helping or protecting the timber industries. I have expressed my views in writing and very often I personally appeared with the aid of our board members and SecretaryTreasurer, to argue or to give vital information that might help in the determination of what should be done. THE PHILIPPINE MAHOGANY ASSOCIATION, INC. Our relation with the Philippine Mahogany Association has always been close and cordial. Our mutual interest to build up and protect our mahogany trade in the United States continues to be the main concern of Page 86 both organizations. We maintain our exchange of views and information on common problems affecting our timber products trade with that country. I have been conferred the honor of being elected a member of the Board of Directors of the Philippine Mahogany Association for the current term, an indication of their desire to maintain a closer and more fruitful relationship with our Association. There has been a reorganization of the Philippine Mahogany Association. At tht last annual meeting of the Philippine Mahogany Association, attention was called to the fact that the membership of the Association had been reduced thru resignations. One of the causes pointed out was the lack of interest in the advertising program of the Association which had been rather expensive. In order to attract new members, it was decided to give up the advertisement program of the Association, and in view thereof, the collection of assessment on members was also suspended. However, in case of any expenditure of funds other than for normal operating cost the amount involved will be assessed against the members on the basis of their respective fair and equitable interest. In view of this new development, I have ordered the suspension of remittances to the Philippine Mahogany Association except the yearly membership fee of $250.00. The actual 1959 contribution to the advertisement fund of the mahogany association amounted to only $3,000.00. At the same time a move was started to enlist the financial support of the Japan Timber Exporters' Association by their defraying part of the expenses for advertising Philippine mahogany in the United States. The Japanese Timber Exporters' Association rejected the proposal according to latest information received by us. A special request has been made for me to attend the meeting of the Philippine Mahogany Association in July of this year. I shall make every effort to go as since the inauguration of our Association I have not FORESTRY LEAVES attended any meeting of the Philippine Mahogany Association. I should discuss with them, not only the new setup, but also the various problems pertaining to our timber products trade in the United States. MEMBERSHIP. During the year, Findlay Millar Timber Company resigned from the Association, alleging that they are now engaged only in the manufacture and exportation of veneer and plywood. On the other hand a new member - Rafael C. Aquino Trading - has been admitted. Our members now stand at 23. We continue to control the greater portion of the exportation of timber products. Two new applications for membership are now being processed. RETIREMENT OF MEMBERS H. C. POPE AND MANUEL DIAZ Mr. H. C. Poi;e, 1st Vice-President of the Association, retired as active head of the Insular Lumber Company in the Fhilippines, and is now in the United States. Just recently, Mr. Manuel Diaz, General Manager of Sta. Clara Lumber Co. and a director of the Association, also retired. Mr. Pope was a prominent figure in the lumber industry of the Philippines, having been Vice-President of the Philippine Lumber Producers' Association since its organization eleven years ago. Mr. Ri~hard S. Kearns who succeeded him has not only given assurance of his cooperation with the Association, but has also shown vivid interest in and concern with the problems facing the timber industries. Mr. Diaz has been a director of the Association since its organization. He took active part in the deliberations of the Board, contributing in no small measure to the solution of vital problems affecting the timber industries. We have awarded the two retiring directors a plaque of appreciation for their invaluable services to the Philippine Lumber Movinl!-UP i>ay Issue 1960 Producers' Association and remarkable contribution to the development and progress of the timber industries in the Philippines. LIBRARY FACILITIES. Our library continues to receive articles, pamphlets and periodicals on the lumber industry, some dealing on such special subjects as logging and forest culture. As in previous years, our facilities have been sought by researchers and persons desiring data on certain phases of the industry. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. Bureau of Forestry Statistics - It is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain up-to-date information from the Bureau of Forestry. Data on export shipments are now delayed two to three months, the office concerned offering the excuse of "lack of personnel", and for this reason statistics based on them are of doubtful usefulness. However, our o~fice continues to gather and disseminate such data when they become available. Inspection fee. - On November 18, 1950, the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources upheld the views taken by the Bureau of Forestry justifying the increase of inspection fees for grading of logs from 'Pl.00 to P3.00 per thousand board feet notwithstanding our strong opposition to such increase mainly on the ground that the fee as increased is a form of taxation in the guise of a service fee which is of dubious legality. The ruling was handed down on our petition for reconsideration and therefore there is little likelihood that a new petition for reconsideration would prosper. The ruling may either be appealed to the President of the Philippines for review, or directly taken to a court for judicial determination on the merits. In the latter alternative, a suit has to be filed by a lumber company affected by the charge. However, the matter must be thoroughly studied before taking such step. The contention of the Director of Forestry is that the amount collected from inspection Page 87 fee is used to defray the actual expenses of servicing logs for export. On the other hand we have been contending that the collection of the fee is illegal as there has been no marked increase of the cost of the services extended by the Bureau of Forestry inspectors, and therefore, the added fees collected are being imposed for revenue purposes and not as a service charge. This contention we must prove beyond any doubt. CENTRAL BANK. On April 28, 1959, the Central Bank issued a circular requiring the submission directly to the Export Department by foreign buyers of logs of Landing Certificates and Certificates of Disposition covering shipments of logs to Japan and other countries. I suggested to the Central Bank authorities that the period of submission be lengthened from 15 to 30 days in case of shipments to Japan and a much longer period on shipments to the United States and other foreign countries. I also recommended, in view of the insistence of the Japan Lumber Importers' Association to submit such documents thru the exporters in the Philippines, that the requirement be considered complied with if the Philippine exporters submit the certificates since this procedure would give the added advantage of making log shippers equally responsible for such certificates. The Central Bank insisted in requiring the foreign buyers and importers to comply with its procedure, otherwise export licenses would not be issued. Negotiation with the Central Bank officials has been continued and there is now good prospect for a satisfactory settlement. OUR FOREIGN TRADE. With ] apan: Our log exports are mostly sent to Japan. The total volume and value of our timber trade with Japan since 1953 up to the end of the year 1959, were as follows: YEAR LUMBER LOGS (Bd. Ft.) (Bd. Ft.) 1953 845 480,788,679 Page II 1954 997 454,001,497 1955 350,433 639,121,937 1956 698,427,185 1957 674,826,931 1958 903,172,985 1959 1,125,510,568 Due to the increase of log exports to J apan, our economic planners were alarmed and focused attention to the grave consequences that may result from possible depletion of our forests. The National Economic Council recently adopted the economic policy of limiting our yearly timber production to two ( 2) billion board feet. The soundness of such a policy cannot be doubted. But at the same time we must adopt the policies and the measures I pointed out in discussing forest conservation and the proposed ban on log exports. Our trade with Japan will be seriously affected in case of a ban or substantial limitation of log exports. The Japanese plywood industry is largely dependent on the supply of logs from the Philippines, and being aware of the growing movement in the Philippines to prohibit or restrict the exportation of logs, Japan has been endeavoring to open up new areas for sources of raw materials in other countries like Borneo, Malaya, Ceylon, Cambodia, New Guinea, and Indonesia. Since the tropical wood species of these countries are somewhat similar to ours, any extensive development of said countries as sources for logs needed by the Japanese wood working industries, would endanger our timber trade with Japan. It would be unfortunate for our country to lose the Japanese market and we should adopt a more realistic approach to this problem by not disturbing radically the present situation until such time as our own industries are developed and can absorb the volume of logs that may not be allowed to be exported to Japan. Due to the imposition of the margin fee of 25 './c , exporters from the Philippines have been forced to increase their prices. Japanese buyers have graciously absorbed part of the increased cost caused by the fee although FORESTRY LEAVES they are very much concerned as they fear that the timber products made out of Philippine logs may not be sold at competitive prices at home and abroad. With United States: The low level of log and lumber exports to the United States can be noted from the following figures: YEAR LUMBER LOGS 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 (Bd. Ft) (Bd. ft.) 48,215,907 17,761,792 42,505,361 30,444,360 40,566,658 27,489,347 48,527,596 34,155,894 40,189,360 32,677,473 40,636,747 31,076,939 47,814,988 18,468,488 51,835,761 21,427,587 The situation may be attributed to three causes: the high freight rates, the demand is limited to high grade products, low grade being completely excluded, and the prices of our products are not too competitive. The Philippine mahogany enjoys quite reputation in the American market and I am sure if the government will only assist us by enabling us to reduce our cost so as to make our price competitive, we can develop a thriving market in the United States. As a form of assistance, our tax structure should be examined and revised so that export products will be freed from burdensome taxes and charges. This is the only way we can promote our foreign trade. Other countries have adopted such a policy and we should not hesitate to do the same. As indication that we can develop foreign markets for our timber products, we have been receiving numerous requests from many foreign countries directly from private firms or thru our government agencies like the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Commerce and Industry, for information or recommendation of reliable suppliers of Philippine Wood products. PLYWOOD AND VENEER. The production of plywood and veneer in the Philippines has increased steadily as shown by the following figures: Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 ANNUAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF VEENER AND PLYWOOD Fiical Year 1955-1956 1956-1957 1957-1958 1958-1959 Production in Square Feet Plwood Veneer 105,301,484 197,711,557 135,204,320 204,891,356 188,901,418 244,643,820 298,289,958 453,774,867 The development of the plywood and veneer industry in the Philippines constitutes a vivid example of what can be done in the Philippines in so far as industrialization is concerned. The rich abundant natural resources of the Philippines can supply all kinds of raw materials for varied industries, and properly developed they surely can solve many of our present economic ills. In the United States Congress bills continued to be filed seeking restriction of the importation of plywood in the United States. The Philippine Lumber Producers' Association has vigorously and consistently opposed any kind of restriction on Philippine plywood exports to the United States as inimical to the best interest of the Philippines and violative of the special relationship binding the two countries. Fortunately we count with the active and able assistance of Ambassador Carlos P. Romulo in combatting the proposed restriction. THE PHILIPPINE MAHOGANY CASE. Recently, I received disquieting news on the probable reopening of the Philippine Mahogany Case. It is reported that the Mahogany Association of the United States has initiated a move to renew its old contention that the use of the term "mahogany" for Philippine hardwoods is improper because they have no botanical relation to the real mahogany species. It will be remembered that the Federal Trade Commission, after years of hearing and study, decided the controversy in our favor and the term "Philippine mahogany" is now always used to designate our hardwood species. I have alerted the Philippine Ambassador to Washington Page 89 on this recent move, expressing our confidence that he would be able to prevent any annulment or modification of the ruling of the Federal Trade Commission. In the event the case is reopened, we of course will have to intervene to protect our interest. We have just been advised by our distinguished Ambassador that there is presently no danger that the case will be reopened and that he will always be on the alert to defend our right. FREIGHT RATES. There is little likelihood that shipping rates will go down unless bottoms actually exceed the requirements of the shippers. As long as we have no merchant marine of our own, we will remain at the mercy of the Associated Steamship Lines. We should be happy that the government is taking positive steps to increase the ocean vessels of the Philippines. Recently, an investigation of the activities of "conference vessels" in the Philippines was conducted by a Special Sub-Committee on Steamship Conference of the House Committee on Merchant Madne & Fisheries of the U. S. House of Representatives. On their invitation, I appeared in person with our Secretary-Treasurer before the Sub-Committee to explain the position of the lumber industry on this important question, and I submitted a lengthy memorandum on the objectionable and harmful practice of the Association Steamship Lines. The investigation is for the purpose of obtaining, not only from the Philippines, but from other countries information on the practice and procedure adopted by conference vessels which may be a basis for remedial legislation by the United States Congress. I have stressed the fact that the high ocean freight rates from the Philippines to the United States have affected the competitive position of our lumber in the American market, and that the absence of a Philippine merchant marine has given the ConferPage 90 ence vessels a monopoly of ocean carriage for our commodities. DOMESTIC TRADE. A graph of wholesale prices of lumber in the Manila area is hereto attached to form part of this report. It will be noted that low level of prices prevailed from 1957 to 1958 but improved considerably during 1959. BAN ON LOG EXPORTS AND FOREST CONSERVATION These two subjects are so intimately related to each other that they should be discussed together. The Philippine Lumber Producers' Association is unqualifiedly for the conservation of our forest resources. We have so stated on many occasions, fully aware that forests are indispensable for the preservation of water supply for waterworks and irrigation and the prevention of destructive floods and harmful soil erosion. They are necessary also to insure a continuous supply of materials for shelter and raw materials for varied wood-working industries. This is the reason why we have urged the adoption of measures to combat the destruction of our forests. We have requested the relentless prosecution of "kaingineros" who unquestionably have caused irreparable damage to our forests. Unfortunately there was a time when the government's attitude towards the activities of these despoilers of our national patrimony was not only lukewarm but even tolerant. Some were even freed from prosecution and allowed to continue their nefarious depredation. No wonder the government is now having a hard time in enforcing the law against forest destruction. Also it is now positively known that the present forest personnel of the Bureau of Forestry cannot cope with the problem as they are very few. More appropriation for forest guards will undoubtedly be an excellent investment. But in addition the assistance of the Philippine Constabulary and other members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines FORESTRY LEAVES as well as of the local police, should be enlisted. I understand this is being done now. But if a thorough and impartial survey of the past is undertaken, it will be found out that the government has to assume a good portion of the blame for the reduction of our forest areas. It is no longer a secret that forest lands have been transferred o alienable agricultural lands and afterwards to land applicants. In fact even a forest project which had been tended carefully by the Bureau of Forestry was allowed to be occupied and cleared by private individuals. As a remedy we recommend strongly that forest areas be delimited clearly and once declared as such areas, they cannot be segregated and granted for any other purpose except by act Congress. But of course the lumber producers, the forest concessionaries, must also assume part of the responsibility. They must practice selective logging and they should take good care of their concessions. But this can hardly be expected under the present system of short, and in many cases yearly, tenure for concessionaires. The best system is to grant the lumber people long term leases in order that they may be interested in protecting and conserving their respective areas. As a remedy for the conservation of our forests some have advocated that the exportation of logs be completely banned or restricted. I have vigorously opposed any legislation or policy which will prohibit or restrict the exportation of logs. For the purpose I have appeared personally before Committees of Congress and the National Economic Council. I maintained that such radical measure is not absolutely necessary to conserve our forest resources as there are other means some of which I have already pointed out above, to protect our forests. I called attention to the fact that the exportation of timber products like logs, lumber plywood and veneer, constitutes one of our main export business, occupying third or fourth in the ranking of our exports, and that today of our lumber companies resulting in the dismissal Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 of many employees and laborers which will increase unemployment, and in considerable loss of revenues which the government needs so much. I made it crystal clear however, that we are not opposing the policy of gradually restricting and reducing the exportation of logs but that this should be realized and can be attained by giving more emphasis on assistance to industries utilizing our timber products for raw materials. This assistance can be in the form of extending more liberal credit facilities, granting adequat~ allocations of dollar for the acquisition of processing equipment, and eliminating or reducing taxes and charges imposed upon them. My memorandum in this connection submitted to the National Economic Council is made a part of this report as it contains the views of the Association on economic policies pertaining to the lumber industry. I cannot but express my apprehension over the recent organization of a log exporters association as it could and would be assumed that its only objective is to work for the continuance of unrestricted log exportation abroad without any formula for future gradual or partial restriction. This attitude will no doubt focus the attention of our executive and legislative authorities to the need of officially resolving this matter and there might be greater efforts towards the enactment of measures that will prohibit or at least control and regulate the production of timber and exportation of logs. My reason for this apprehension is that this question involves national interest. There is no doubt that the best policy is to retain the logs and process them here. Any other policy cannot be justified. By processing the logs here greater profits can be gained, more people can be given work thus partially solving unemployment, and bigger government revenues can be expected. We will also eliminate the shameful situation of having to compete in the United States with plywood made out of Philippine woods but coming from countries other than the Philippines. Page 91 There is no doubt that there is need of synchronizing our log export limitation with the requirements of our industries. LEGISLATION. Congress is again in session. We are scrutinizing the hundreds of bills filed in the two houses of the Congress of the Philippines as there may be some affecting the lumber industry. As a matter of fact two are already being considered by Congress, one restricting the exportation of logs and the other, delimiting and making forest reserve permanent or inalienable except by act of Congress. Our views on the first bill has already been expressed in this report. As to the second, we will support it with all our might as we are intensely interested in the conservation of our forests for reasons I have already given in this report. We have always .opposed and will continue to oppose strongly any measure that will increase the tax burden of the lumber industry which at present is already very heavy. Additional charges wiil make the price of our wood products more uncompetitive in the foreign market and they will surely be wiped out in that market. Last year, I vehemently opposed the law imposing a margin fee on purchases of foreign exchange. At present there is a move to repeal the margin fee law. The Association should strongly support the repeal for it is definitely inimical to the interest of the nation and particularly of the timber industries. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Furor has recently been noted for the conservation of forests due undoubtedly to the menace of water shortage caused by deforestation and to rampant illegal cutting of trees and smuggling of logs into Manila and other market centers. I want to make it clear that the members of the Philippine Lumber Producers' Association are not in any way responsible or connected with such illegal cutting and smuggling. The Association and the members thereof are squarely Page 92 and strongly for and behind the conservation of our forests. This is the only attitude compatible with genuine interest in the welfare of our people. Our forest national patrimony must be conserved so that future generations will not blame and condemn the present generations. Furthermore the members of the Association are not casual or temporary operators. They have invested heavily in this business venture and they are in it permanently or as long as the business is fairly profitable. Our members pledge their unswering cooperation with any program that will make the policy of forest conservation effective. It must be admitted that the economic situation of the Philippines has generally improved during the year. The progress in manufacturing is especially noticeable. Without entering into the raging controversy as to whether the foreign trade had been balanced last year, I wish to state that undoubtedly it can be said that at least our export receipts have approached our import disbursements. However, it must be admitted also that this progress has been attained by reducing the effective demand thru the approval of tax bills among which are those increasing the individual and corporate taxes; increasing certain specific taxes; eliminating tax exemption from the payment of import tax of machineries and spare parts imported for industries; removing the exemption from the payment of tariff duties of certain personal and household effects; increasing the registration fees of automobiles, and authorizing the Central Bank to collect a margin fee over banks' selling rates of foreign exchange which fee was fixed at 25%; by continuing the control and restrictions on the allocations of dollars for imports, and by imposing credit restrictions. These measures taken by the government are negative and their effects will merely be temporary. They will not solve permanently or in the near future the economic problems which gave rise to the imposition of controls. (Continued on paAe 94) FORESTRY LEAVES Let Us Plant Trees And Make Them Live By Ranger M. TANARIUS During my fourth grade in the secondary school, I always laughed with my classmates every time the poet of the class would recite his favorite poem with a title of "What Do We Plant When We Plant A Tree". Maybe we all laughed because our own Longfellow never recited any other poem during our weekly homeroom ocganization except his one and only mastered piece. In plantaing trees we really plant things for the continuous use of man from his cradle to the grave. But do we rightly plant our trees? The Bureau of Forestry spends yearly a great sum of money for the cause of Cooperative Planting. This is being undertaken in order to promote civic consciousness in forestry and to make the Philippine Islands green through cooperative participation of private individuals. All planting materials for this project is provided upon request of private persons and public officials for free. It is also a way to reflame that soft and delicate organ of the human body, the heart, to make it beat with pure love and affection for trees. There are hundreds of civic organizations, clubs and associations that dot the nation but there are only a few that will truly plant seedlings and make them grow into trees. A civic organization is not necessarily a cooperative body that does tree planting during Arbor Weeks and other important days as part of the ceremonies, but it must also be a group that will raise trees and take care of them so they will live as living memorials for a worthy cause. All living trees will be the remembrance of an association's participation and be the symbols of its undying love for trees. Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 A tree planting program full of propagandas and elaborate ceremonies without a long range plan for protection and care of trees is just like a day celebrated for the killing of trees. All well prepared and delivered speeches and pictorial records of tree plantings are not enough to justify the holding of an Arbor Week if the poor, delicate seedlings are left to the elements, unfed and unwanted. This was what happened when a certain government estate was being reforested thru the participation of private parties. The yearly celebration of Arbor Weeks became weeks of tree destruction. The most improper ways of planting trees were done. A notorious example was that of schoolchildren using their slingshots and improvised base ball bats for seeds dispersal during the days of planting. Millions of planting materials died and the estate of approximately sixty hectares in area, is still almost as barren as before. Only 150,000 seedlings were enough to reforest said area but the way they were planted was disgraceful and all the efforts and money for what was intended to be a laudable work had gone to waste. Even government officials undertake grandiose projects of roads, plaza and public grounds beautification without the proper assistance of forestry men. As usual trees are planted in an odd way. This mistake cost the City of Manila in 1934 a grand sum of money when all the rain trees planted and cared for for twenty-five long years on Dewey Bouevard, a delight to tourists, were blown down in a wink of an eye. This tragedy should point with an accusing finger to man's carelessness and thoughtlessness in selecting the right kind of shade trees for a given site. This mistake was repeated Page 93 many times, in different places of the country, and will be repeated as long as ruling officials of towns, cities and provinces will never seek help from those persons who are in the know. The trouble revolves around too much emphasis on public relation at the sacrifice of cooperative tree planting. All forestry people must, therefore, be more active and cooperate fully at every Arbor Week, for it is 1959-REPORT OF THE ... (Continued from pa~e 92) The controls were instituted about eleven years ago and at the time they were adopted and repeatedly thereafter, assuranc~s were made that the controls could and would be lifted within a few years. Right now assurances are being given that in a period of from two to five years, controls will be eliminated. With the negative measures being taken I doubt whether controls can be eliminated within that period of time. I am afraid they will continue indefinitely or at least for many more years. If a permanent solution is desired postive remedies must be adopted and I consider as the most important such remedy the increasing of production of goods which can be sold abroad. In other words measures should be taken to promote our exports in order to be able to augment the dollar earnings of this country. This is the normal and the only effective remedy to solve the problem arising from the depletion and critical condition of our dollar reserve. This remedy is feasible for fortunately the Philippines is blessed with fabulous natural resources and especially with an abundance of products the market for which abroad can be developed. Among these products and unquestionably the most important are those coming from our forests like lumber, plywood and veneer the exportation of which the only week alloted every year by a presidential proclamation for planting trees for future generations. Everyone should take upon himself the task and duty to see to it that every tree is cared for, protected, loved and helped to live. A tree planted each day, even not on Arbor Week, will surely make the Filipino nation greener, stronger and richer. has been constantly increasing. The foreign markets for these products hold great potentiality. This is the reason why we have been pleading constantly and vehemently for recognition and effective practical assistance to the timber industries. But to develop our export trade aggressive positive measures must be taken. The prices of our export products need be made competitive and this can only be done by reducing the cost of production of these products and such cost can be reduced by eliminating or reducing the taxes, fees and charges collectible from them. This is what other countries like Germany and Japan have done to solve their even more critical situ;ition. The Philippines will be left behind if it does not resort to this accepted practical measure to really develop foreign trade. I shall not tire repeating that the forest resources of the Philippines properly and effectively exploited, can contribute greatly and effectively to the solution of many of our economic problems. I believe it will not be an exaggeration to assert that they constitute the key to the realization of our fondest dream - a stable sound economy for the Philippines. I once more wish to express my hearfelt appreciation for the confidence reposed in me by the Board of Directors and members of the Association. CAMARINES STANDARD SAWMILL Page 94 Manufacturer and dealer in all kinds of Lumber Main Office: Juan Luna St., Pasig, Rizal Sawmill Ollice Address: Bayabas, Labo, Camarines Norte FORESTRY LEAVES 1 CAME, 1 SAW .... By PENT ACME CONTORT A The proposed Forest Technology building may never leave the blueprint stage if the stumbling blocks are not removed. The university officials will not build it unless the site belongs to the College, and the College does not own the land because the Parks and Wildlife Office (PWO) refuses to relinquish ownership of the Makiling National Park which presently serves as our campus. ---oOo-The PWO has advanced several reasons to justify its refusal to turn over the park to the College. Many of these reasons do not hold water. One thing is clear, though: the PWO refuses mainly because it will lose its most popular and one of its most profitable parks if it gives up the Makiling National Park. ----000-The College has only one principal and very worthy reason for its great desire to own the park as its campus: so that it can make, without outside interference, long range plans for its expansion and improvement, and so it can have a field laboratory wherein to conduct field classes, exercises and experiments. (As a matter of fact, the history of the Makiling National Park shows that it was originally set aside for purposes of forestry education.) With a field laboratory at its disposal, the College will be more effective in carrying out its main task of training men to manage our vast forest resources. -oOo----Of course, it is natural for the PWO people to fight tooth and nail to retain the park in their possession. If a precedent of parkreleasing is established,. other government Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 offices may also grab other parks for other justifiable reasons, and the PWO employees will end up with no parks - and no jobs! -oOo-Dr. Lorch, UN e]!:pert on documentation, came to the College of Forestry twice to microfilm· many of the more important but rare manuscripts on Forestry. The second time he came, his whole microfilming set was stolen from his car while he was taking a noon break. Shame on us Filipinos, doing such a sordid act to a foreigner whose only crime was coming here to help us! -oOo---Many of our countrymen take pains to make Filipinos well-thought of by foreigners here and abroad. They should be praised for their efforts. However, many of our less responsible people continue to treat foreign visitors shabbily and underhandedly. A hundred "Bayanihan" goodwill missions abroad will have no effect in improving our standing with the other countries unless we correct the wrongs being done at home first. -oOo-Our Tourist Bureau is trying hard to regain the "Pearl of the Orient" fame of the Philippines before the war. But if our people do not learn to deal correctly with visitors, we might as well close our doors to all foreigners rather than allowing them in and incurring their scorn and hatred because of the bad behaviour of some of our people. -oOo-Whenever a higher position in the Bureau of Forestry is vacated nowadays, there is a mad scramble among the men below aspiring for the post. And some of these men are not beyond pulling (political) strings to get the job. Oh, gone are tbe good old days when Page 95 a vacated position was quietly filled by a man selected by the director on the basis of meritorious service. ----oOo-The Bureau of Forestry claims in many instances that it cannot carry out many of its assigned tasks because it is badly underfinanced, (meaning, it is given very small annual appropriations). If its claims are true, it is a wonder how it can still manage to save from one to two million pesos every year out of its annual appropriations. How do they run the Bureau then, on a shoe string? ---oOo-With the dry season just around the corner, we should expect howls of protest from city residents regarding water shortage soon. Forests will then be in the limelights, and foresters will receive a lot of publicity that will be rather unpleasant in the sense that their failure to protect our forests in important watersheds will be pointed out. Many people will briefly realize the important relation between forests and their daily living. If the Forestry authorities will just take advantage of the situation, bad publicity and all, they will accomplish a lot in promoting forestry in this country. ---oOo-Sometime next October, the golden anniversary of forestry education in the Philip· pines will be celebrated. The celebrations will center in the College of Forestry, since it is just about the only one engaged in such kind of work. ---oOo-If we go around and ask people whether or not the College of Forestry, in its half-century of existence, has satisfactorily accomplished its main job of training men for forestry, we are likely to get a negative answer from some quarters. If we are the kind who Page 96 regard criticism, no matter how unpleasant, as constructive, we should act and find out why some believe the College has failed in its mission. ---oOo-It is not really difficult to find the bases of our critics' skeptical attitude. Here are some of them: The College did not have any appreciable increase and improvement in its physical plant (buildings and equipment) until the last five years. The same can be said about its building up of the faculty. Surely, without sufficient and up-to-date facilities, and without a truly competent faculty, the College cannot turn out well-baked graduates. ----oOo-Autograph seekers elsewhere seek the signatures of people they worship and admire (like the fans seeking the signatures of their movie idols). Autograph hunters on our campus seek the signatures of persons they do not particularly care for. Visit our campus before the big exams and you will see how autograph-hungry our students will be - and how they will grumble again!,>t the signers. ---oOo-If you don't know why our students become autograph bugs, you should be told. Before the midsemester and the final exams, students should clear themselves of all accountabilities. To prove to the College authorities that they are cleared, they must present the signatures of the entities from whom they obtain clearance. Thus, the signature hunting. ---oOo-Did you know that a student who stays here for four years clears 16 times, plus one more final time when he finally graduates and leaves the College? If there is the final clearance upon graduation, we don't see any reason for the 16 others. FORESTRY LEAVES QUIET? .......... NOT QUITE da borer Where can we find quiet? This question has been raised most frequently in the College of For. estry, even long before the astronauts were conceived in mind. Why, of all places, does the college have to be the core of human activities that lead to the production of irritating sounds people have termed as NOISE? Every forestry student is aware of the fact that he behaves quite noisily before and after classes. To satisfy an inquisitive mind, one has just to seat himself in a classroom before and after a lecture hour and he could curse at the way those loafing so and so's in the corridor are making much more noise than those who are inside the room. But why does one person desire the other to be quiet? Has it ever occured to him that he might be expected to put up a little racket of his own just for the heck of it? By the way, does everybody have a single sound definition of that word? Is Pedro's quiet Esperidion's noise? Is Agapito's whisper Juanchito's shout? How silence be to Torquato, as noisy as it would be to Kanuto? Could be. It just goes to prove that one's concept is the thing that counts. As the scientific name of Tangile ranges from Imperata cylindrica to Shorea dapuangibonensia does the meaning of silence resound. Take for example me. Yes, ME, the only individual I have known personally this last twenty years. My quiet is not quite quiet at all. I get bored by silence, I mean too much of it, especially the dead ones. I can't live a day without giving vent to some inner feelings within me. I couldn't last quietness where you get deafened by smiles from across the room, or when you hear the loud noises of falling leaves of deciduous lpomoea. Oh no not me, brother, I wouldn't like it to be silent that I can hear myself think and others too. If that could be, where would I be now? But I don't approve of too much noise either. I wouldn't like some people to come a-trampling by the door just when I am giving the finishing touches to my examination paper. How could I possibly concentrate? How could I possibly hear my seatmate coaching me as to the proper answers to such easy question when those ... create a rack~t which disturbs my mental balance? And Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 in a minute or two I am to submit my paper. There goes one night of cramming put to waste. Those. . . . should know just how important one night is nowadays. How I long to hear the racket when it is so silent. Last week, I had a grand time listening to the rhythmic sound of hammer blows during a not so interesting lecture of escapades. I wonder when they would do it again, or could they? Some other lecture hour perhaps. Then I wouldn't enjoy that disturbing noise. I find it quite an interesting game in guessing who would pass by the open door from the way he inspects how ha1·d the cement floor really is or toy to do a one man job of scrubbing the corridors with his pair of shoes. I have found it very inducing to study in the library amidst murmurs, whispers and whatnots, almost always ubiquitously apparent. I can't help rushing to the nearest newspaper when I hear murmurs about a certain Arzala outpunching Ampon in 15 rounds or a certain Loyzaga breaking another record in swimming, the nation's number onP. marine sport. Without these, I find life quite drab and boring as you would find me. They be evils, to me noises are necessary evils. They give me the pause that refreshes me best. Pauses that lead to an escape from my daily peeves. True, if ever I am attracted by interest-catching noises, my concentration while studying is disturbed. But that is just what I want, a disturbance, a pause, which gives me enough excuses to know less maybe, but also provides me ample time to rejuvenate my rusting ego by a rest. Even though not always the right things, I get interested in things that happen around me, and that's not bad as a student. I hope. But how would you react to these evils when you encounter them? Are you willing to do something or would you do something? What, join forces with those making the racket? Talk at will in the corridors, bang the class doors, drag the chairs, whistle a favorite tune (Men of the Forest U?) or just let the world hear that you have new shoes? Who cares? Others seem to get away with it, why can't you? Or can you! Me, I don't care how you feel about it so long as you keep up with the times, But leave me some peace and quiet, will you? I NEED it. Page 97 MISAMIS MAHOGANY INC. Mr. Gaw Tiong Manager Local Office & Sawmill: Tood, Manticao, Oriental Misamis Concessionaire, Lumber Producer & Log Exporter. SUPERIOR PLYWOOD CORPORATION Address: 2034 Renaissance, Sta. Ana, Manila Concession Area: Labo & J. Panganiban, Camarines Norte Compliments of The FINDLAY MILLAR TIMBER COMPANY Manufacturers, Merchants & Exporters of Philippine Lumber, Plywood & Veneer Importers and Insurance Agents ----oOo---Member: Philippine Lumber Producers' Association, Inc. and Plywood Manufacturers' Association of the Philippines. INC. Forest Concession, Saw & Planing Mills, Plywood & Veneer Factory; Kolambugan, Lanao del Norte Manila Office: A. Magsaysay Bldg. 520 San Luis Cable Address: FINDMILL Phone Nos. 5-16-01 5-16-04 Page 98 FORESTRY LEAVES SENIOR CLASS PROF. DOMINGO LANTICAN, Adviser ROMEO I. AGLEAM Vigan, I locos Sur Ranger Certificate - 1951 V;ce Cho;,_ - UPSCA. 1959-60 Bus. Mgr. - I locos Sur - Abra Vorsitorion, 1959-60 DEAN GREGORIO ZAMUCO FORTUNATO S. ARCA.NGliL Looog, I locos Norte Ranger's Certificate - 1955 University ~choler 2nd sem. 1953- 54 College scholar 1st sem. 1954-55 B.F. scholo, - 1959-60 p,.,. - FSBO - 1959-60 Editor-In-Chief - Forestry Leaves 1959-60 Vice Illustrious Fellow-Upsilon Sigma Phi Sec'<to'y - FSBO - 1954-55 Pres - Sophomore Class - 1954-55 Member - Zero Beta Rho UPSCA, Forestry Chapter JOSE A. ACAIN Tavera St., Binalonon, Pongosinon Ranger Certificate - I 958 PRO - Junior Closs Org., 1958 - 59 Bus. Mgr. Senior Class Org., 195960 Memb°' - UPSILON SIGMA PHI Member - Zeto Beta Rho Frat. CRISOSTOMO V. ARENAS 1248 Alfredo, Sompoloc, Manila Ranger Certificate - Member - UPSCA ANTONIO T. ASUNCION Apom, Cogoyon Ronger Certificate - 1960 Member - Beto Sigma Frat. Member - UPSCA Member - "Y" Club BIENVENIDO 5. BARCARSE Mocogotoo, Allocopcn, Cagoyan Ranger Certificate - 1958 Treasurer - U.P. Beto Sigmo Frat Treasurer- Sophomore Closs 1957-58 Member - YMCA WENCESLAO A. BAGUINON Mercedes, Comorines Norte I. F. Pensionado ISIDORO K. BULACAN Forestry Campus, College, Laguna Member; UP.SC.A. JOSE 0. BANIQUED Son Quintin, Pongosinon Ranger Certificate - 1955 Member - Beto Sigma F rot. OSCAR B. CADELINA Cobo, lo Union Ranger Certificate - 1951 Monoging Editor - Forestry Lea~e~, 1957-56 Fellow Herold- Zeto Beto Rlio Frat., 1957-58 Delegate - YMCA-YWCA, Annual College Conference Bogu10, "56. 'SB, '59 M~mber - Zeio Beto Rho Frat, 1957 Member - lo Un.on Forester's and Aggies Club, 1951 Member - "Y" Club, 1968 Member - College of Forestry Boskeiboll Team, '57, 'SB, '59, '60 IDILBERTO Z. CAJUCOM Sta. Clora, lsobela, Bosilan City Ron9•r Certificat• - 1958 Entrance scholar - one sem \956-57 Un1vers1ty scholar - one sem 1956-57 Holder of !lie Ste. Clore lumber Co. Sch::ilorshop, Fo..,r sem 1958-60 Pres:dent - Semor Closs Org. 1959-60 Vice Pres - Junior Closs Org 1958-59 Vice Supreme Fello,..-Zera Beto Rlic, 1959-60 Clioirman - UPSCA, 1957-58 Fellow F1scol1zer - Zeto Beto Rho, 1957-58 College Editor - 1960 Phdoppinens,on Business Manager - Forestry leaves, 1958-60 AsSO<"iote Editor - Forestry leaves 1956-58 Copto1n - Forestry Softball Team, 1956-59 Athletic Manager - SBO, 1957- 59 Member - Mokoling literary Club Plii KaDDO pi-,,, Gamma S•gma Delle, Ph1 Siomo SAR ROBCRT B. CHOY Tonda, Manila Ranger Certificate - 1959 Beto Sigma (forestry) Pres. Pres. Forestry UPSCA Most Outstanding Forestry Student leader 11959-601 1\1,:ist outstanding UPSCA chapter President, U.P. 11959-601 ALfHDO D. CANETE No. 2, Porong, Cotobota 1 • .,., C.mficote - 1958 Entrance Scliolor - First Sem 1956 Univ. Scliolor - First Sem. 1957 Univ Student Council Scholar - Forst Sem 1957 ln~lor lumber Company Scholeir, First & Second Sem 1959-60 College Scliolor - First Sem. 1959 Member - Zeto Beto Rho Vice Pres. - Forestry "Y" Club Rep. Jumor Council- U.P. Junior Council, 1958-59 Representative - Collegian Board of Management, 1958-59 Presrdent - Makiling literary Club, 1958 I st semester Manogmg Editor - Forestry leaves, 1958 I st semester Monitor - Dormitory No, 4 Sgt. ot orms-Senicw Closs Org., 1959-60 JESUS COROTAN Laoog, I locos Norte Member: Beto Sigma Frat. NESTOR M. CAPELLAN Noguilian, lsabela l.S.F.S., FEU - 1950 DANR, BF - 1959-60 Member - Society of Filipino Foresters Membe• - P. G. E. A. Membe.-HI XII L-82 F & AM Member - Forestry Leaves Staff MANUEL S. CORTES Mabini Ext. Aduas, Cabonatuon City Ranger Certificate - 1959 Member - Forestry Soccer Football Team, 1957-60 Member - Forestry Softball Team, 1959-60 Member -Maki ling Literary Club, 1959-60 Member - Forestry "Y" Club ADOLFO DECENA lligon City Ranger ·:ertificate -- 1958 b.F. Scholm - 1959-60 Rep_ U.P. Junior Council, 1958-59 Member, Zeto Beta Rho ISIDRO D. ESTEBAN Looog, I locos Norte Ruger Certificate - 1951 DANR Scholarship- 1st & 2nd Sem. 1959-60 As!tOC•ote Ed•tot - Forestry Leaves 1959-60 Secretory - Sen.or Closs Org., 1959-60 Jr. Rep. - UP. Student (01Jncil, 1958-59 Aud•tor - SBO, 1957-58 SKretriry- Sophomore Closs Org 1957-58 Member - UPSCA Member - Zeta Beto Rho Member - Mokd1ng literary Club RUFINO C. DORADO Moypongdan, Borongon, Somer Ranger Certificate - 1958 Member - Forestry Leaves Stoff Member - UPSCA PRO - UPSCA, 1958-59 Rep. to UPSCA Central Council, 1958-59 Cadet Lieut. - U.P. ROTC, Los Banos LORENZO M. ESTRADA Santiago, lsobela l••ser Certific•hl - 1959 Managing Editor - Forestry Leo .... es , I 959-60 Features Editor - Forestry Leaves, 1958-59 Circulotion Mor'IOger - Forestry Leaves, 1957-58 Vice Pres. - Mok1l1ng Literary Club, 1959-60 Vice Chair. - UPSCA, 1957-58 Rep_ to 580 - S.B.O. 1959 -60 Member - Tobacco Growers Student Auoc1ot1on Member - Lo Union Forester's ond Aggie's Club DOTERTY B. ENDANGAN Son Enrique, Negros Occidental Ranger Certificate - 1958 Member - U.P.S.C.A. Member - Forestry T r a c k and Field Team Member - Negros - Ponoy Org Bus. Mgr. - Mokiling Youth Club CESAR R. GUTIERREZ Son Corlos, Pongosinon Ranger Certificate - 1959 Member - Zeto Beto Rho Frat PERFECTO F. LACUESTA Buer, Aguilar, Pongosinon Ranger Certificate - 1958 Bus. Manager - Junror Closs, 1959 PRO. - Beto Sigma Frat ALEJO M. HECESITO Burgos St., Umingon, Pongos1non Ranger Certificate - 1958 Member - Beto Sigma Frat. Member - UPSCA Member - Makiling Youth Club JOSE V. LECHOHCITO Lombunao, 1 lorlo Ranger Certificate - I 958 Member - UPSCA Member - Forestry Softball Team, 1959-60 Auditor - MakilinQ Youth Club Member - Negros - Ponoy Org HOHORA TO R. ORGAHO Vigen, I locos Sur Ranger Certificate - 1951 Member - Zeto Beta Rho Frat. Member - Mokiling literary Club Member - "Y" Club Member - I SA Student Org LUCIO LEE Junction, Los Bonas, Laguna WILFRIDO S. POLLISCO Son Jose St, Zomboongo Coty Entrance 5.eholar - 1st Sem.. 1956 Bure-cu of Forestry Scholar - 1st Sem 1959-60 Vice Pres - Freshman Class, \ 956-57 Vice Pres -Senior Closs, 1959-60 PRO - UPSCA, 1959 - 60 Fellow Chorge de Affoir-Zeto Beto Rh:::i Frot., 1959-60 Member - Forestry Softball Team, 1957-58, 1958-59 ADELA A. RIMBON Blumentritt St. Los Bafios, Laguna Ranger Certificate - 1958 Sec. - UPSCA, 1958-60 Sec. - Makiling Literary Club, 1958-60 Treas. - Junior Class Org., 195960 ROMEOS. SALVADOR San Jose Street, Zomboongo City Ranger Certificate - 1959 College 5cholor-2nd Sem. 195657 D.A.N.R. Pensionodo - i st Sem. 1959-60 Auditor-Zeto Beto Rho 1959-60 Aud;tor - U.P.S.C.A. 1959-60 Treasurer- S.8.0. 1957-58 Auditor - Senior Class 1959-60 JUSTO P. ROJO Pondol, Balamban, Cebu Ranger Certificate - 1958 Entrance Scholar - 1st Sem., 1955 DANR - BF Scholar - T st & 2nd Sem., 1959-60 Member - UPSCA Ass. Sec. - UPSCA, 1958-59 Auditor - Junior Closs Org. Rep. to SBO - Senior Closs Org. Member - Zeto Beto Rho Frat. Fellow Whip - Zeta Beto Rho Frat., 1959-60 ERNESTO V. SEGURITAN Cobugoo, I locos Sur Ranger Certificate - 1958 Member - Forestry "Y" Club PRO - I locos Sur - Abra Org. 1959-60 Vice-Pres. - 1956 C. I. Alumni Ass., 1959-60 Bl ENVEN I DO R. ROLA College, Laguna Ranger Certificate - 1958 Bureau of Forestry Scholar - 1st Sem., l 959-60 NEC-ICA Scholar - 2nd Sem. 1959-60 Supreme Fellow - Zeta Beto Rho Member - U.P. Varsity Basketball Pres. - Junior Closs Organization 1958-59 CONSTANTE B. SERNA Cobugoo, I locos Sur Ro111•r Certificate - 1959 Member - UPSILON SIGMA PHI Member - "Y" club Bus. Mgr. - I locos Sur - Abra Student Org. BERNARDO C. SIHUES Son Juon, Son Manuel, Pongos1non Roni., Certificate - 1959 College Scholar - 2nd Sem 1956-57 Un1vers1ty Scholor- l~t Sem 1957-58 OANR - BF Scholarship - 1st & 2nd 5em_ l 959-60 S B.0. Rep - Soph Closs, 1957-58 Fellowship - Zeto Bero Rho F.ot, 1955-59 Bus. Mgr_ - Pong_ Vors1tonons Club, 1958-59 Fellow Scribe - Zeto Beto Rho Frat, 1959-60 Secretory - "Y" club, 1959-60 Auditor - 500, 1959-60 ROMULO R. VALERIO Binolonon, Pongosinon Ranger Certificate - 1958 PRO - Senior Closs - 1959-60 Secretory-Junior Closs-195859 Treasurer - Makiling Literary Club, 1959-60 Member - Zeto Beto Rho Frat. Member - UPSCA RUPERTO SOMERA Boyombong, Nuevo Vi zcoya Ranger Certificate: 1958 Member Beta Sigma Fraternity (Los Barios Chapter) UPSCAN (Forestry Chopterl ROBERTO G. de VERA Mogtoqu1ng, Bugallon, Pangos1non Ranger Certificate - 1951 Ath. Mgr. - Junior Closs Org. Member - Beto Sigma Frat. Member "Y" Club Member - Pong Vorsitorion Ass·n MARCELO P. UDARBE JR. Sondokan, British North Borneo Ranger Certificate - 1958 Auditor - Beto Sigma Frat., 1958-59 Member - "Y" Club Member - Aggie "Y" Club, 1958-59 Member - UPSCA, 1956-59 Member - Pongasinon Vocsitorion Club Rep. to SBO - Junior Closs Org AVELINO G. VERACIOH Sta. Cruz, Ballesteros, Cagoyon Ranger Certificate - 1959 Member - Beta Sigma Frat Auditor- Soph. Closs Org. 1951 Sgt.-ot-orms - SBO - 1957 RANG ER CLASS DR. ARTEMIO V. MANZA, Adviser lt.RSEHIO R. IUCSIT Home Address: BC I, Bocnoton, La Union Activities: Member: Forestry 'Y' Club Forestry Volleyball team 1958-59; 1959-60 JOSE H. CARPIO Home Add<ess: Los Bonas, Laguna TIOflLO lt.Y-YM Homo Ad<h>s: AMmber: l:Seto Sigma Fratemlty Forostry 'Y' Club JONAS M. Cit.MAT Home Address: Solano, N-. Vizcaya llYMALDO P. CRISOSTOMO Lo Torre, Bayornbong Nueva Vizcaya ~1~ ,;r .. ··· ' "" )i ,-_~r, AUGUSTO BLANDO Member: Upsilon Sigma Phi --~ l.o$ Bofios Varsity ( Basketball) ChtJirmon: Vigilance Committ,.• Pres. - Sophomo•e Closs 1959-60 Pres. Freshman Class Auditor: Mokiling Literary Club llHJ"lt.MIH C. Clt.RIAO Home Address: Solano, Nueva Vizcoya Activities: Sgt. at Arms Soph. C'°9s, 1959-60 Model Co. ROTC Unit Forestry Football Team President, Nuevo Vizcaya Grown Club Jaus "'· DI Lit. CRUZ Horne Address: Boyombong, Nuevo Vizcaya Activities: Secretary N. V. Varsitarians Org. (forestry Chapter) Member: Beta Sigma Fratemity Forestry Soccer Team Forestry 'Y' Club Aircraft Tossers Basketball team LARRY I. CULILI Home Address: Fobrico, Negros Occ. Activities: Member: UPSCA Ponoy-Neg. Organization Vismindo SEVERO M. ENERVA Jll. Home Address: 61 Corpus St. West Topinoc, Olongopo, Zomboles ActfVities: Hdlcock Combo Forestry FRANCISCO C. LOZANO Home Address: Sn. Isidro, Sn. Nicolas, Pongosinon Activities: Auditor Soph. Class Org. 1959-60 B. F. Scholarship Awordee 1959-60 Member: Boord of Ojrectors Forestry •y• Club Zeto Beto Rho Fraternity NAPOLEON I. DAU.NGIN Home Address: Gen. Tinio, tPopayol Nuevo Ecijo Activities: Athletic Manager Freshman Closs Org., 1957-58 PRO: Sophomore Closs Org. 1958-59 PRO: UPSCA - 1960 Member: Vigilance committee1958· 59 CESAR M. GALVEZ Home Address: San Fernando, La Union Activities: Member: Upsilon Sigma Phi Frat. 4H Club YMCA Speech & Dramatic Club IU.P. Los Banos Chop. I Vigilants Committee 1959~60 PRO Sooh. Class O•g. 1959-60 President, La Union Aggie 6 Foresters Club HERMIMIO P. MAMAOAG Home Address: Oupox, Nuevo Vizcaya Activities: IVice Pres. N.V. Vorsitorlans Org. !Forestry Chopterl Member: Alpha Phi Omega Fraternity Forestry Leaves Staff Daredevil Basketball Team ROGELIO DELGA.DO Home Address: Santa Cruz, Laguna DOMIE O. LAGASCA Home Address: Vigen, I locos Sur Member: UPSCA HGUNDINO T. MARTIN Home Address: Ballesteros, Cogayon Activities: Member: Beta Sigma Fraternity UPSCA VALERIO I. MENDOZA Home Address: T oyug, Pongasina •. Acfr"ities: Vice Pres. Freshman Org. 1957-58 Member: Mokiling Literary Club 1959-60. WILFREDO I. RHOTON Home Address: Cadiz, Neg. Occ. Member: Basketball team Foratry 'Y' Club JORGE I. SEGUERRA ~e Address: 14 Junction St. Los Barios, Loguno Bureau of Forestry Scholarship Holder Member: Zeto Beto Rho Fraternity Vigilance Committee 1959-60 UPSCA Forestry Basketball Teom 1958-60 Bus. Mgr. Sophies Closs 1959-60 ISIDRO E. HALUPA Horne Address: Agoo, Lo Union Member: Beto Sigma Frotemity SALVADOR D. RIZANO Home Address: 1182 Singolong, Monilo RAYMUNDO T. TABUNO Home Address: Sta_ Domingo, ltocos Sur Activities: Member: Alpha Phi Omega Fraternity UPSCA APOLINARIO M. PAEZ Home Address: Philpadeco, Butuon City Member: YMCA Los 9oiios Brandi Beto Sigma Fraternity EMILIO C. SALES, II Home Address: 5-B-S.Olazar St Bocorra, I locos Norte Activities: Member: Beto Sigma Fraternity UPSCA JUAN T. TAGASA. Home Address: Echogue, lscbelo Act1v1t1es: Member Varsity U.P Los Barios Track and Field Beta Sigma Fraternity Forestry 'Y' Club Forestry Football team '60 Forestry Volleyball team 'SB Forestry Track & Field FLORENTINO F. TRINIDAD Home Address: Bongued, Abra Activities: Member: UPSCA ISAIAS I. VILLEGAS Home Address: San Fabian, Pongosinon DOMINADOR DEL ROSARIO Ballesteros, Ccgoyon Member: Zeta SP.to Rho Frat CF Volleyball Team B. F. Scholor-1959-60 GIL V. URGINO Home Address: Pontobongon, Nuevo Ecijo Activities: Member: Beto Sigma Fraternity UPSCA CIPRIANO VINARA.0 JR. Home Address: Echogue, I sabela Activities: Member: Crusaders Basketball Team UPSCA ELPIDIO A. VILLANUEVA Home Address: Davao City Activities: Bus. Mgr. Freshman Clau 1957-58 UPSCA Treasurer, 1959-60 Beto Sigma Frat. Auditor-1959-60 NEPTALE Q. ZABALA Home Address: Bosud, Comorines Norte Activities: Membe.; UPSCA - 1958-60 Vigilance Committee 1959-60 Forestry Volleyball Team, 1959-60 Forestry Softball Team 1959-60 Sophomore Closs Council, 1959-60 B F Pensionodo, 1959-60 Dean and Mn. Zamuco, Dr. Manza, and friends with South American Visitors Mr. Jose Sanvictores Forestry Doy Guest Speaker. Forestry Upscons performing "La Joto Moncadeiia" A portion of the audience Dean Gregorio Zamuc:i introduces the Guest Speaker Professor Eugenio de la Cruz, FPRI Direc- The Forest Songbirds, under the direction of Mrs. L. Palm, contribute the tor, welcomes the guests musical numbers. . , .~ A portion of the audience of the 19th Moving-Up Day (Graduation Day for Rangers) Exercises. L. to r. Dr. Earl Stone Jr., Regent Florencio Tamesis, Senator Gil Puyat, U.P. President Vicente G. Sinco, Director ( FPRll Eugenio de la Cruz, Dean (College of Agriculture) Dioscoro Umali, Professor Rosario Cortes and Mr. Romulo Castillo. Senator Puyat addressing the Ranger Graduates. The Picnic Lunch on the C11llege lawn. The Forest Songbirds L. to r. (front): Mn. A. B. Tamolang, Miss A. de Dios, Mn. F • Pollisco, Mrs. N. Vergara, Mrs. Ranit. Lunchtime under the trees. L. to r. Mrs. Knapp, Dr. Knapp, Pre1. Sinco, Senator Puyt1t, Regent 'Tamesis and Director de la Cruz. HERE AND THERE 1. Laying af the Wreath on the Forestry Cenotaph "In Memory of Those Who died far the Cause of Forestry" . L. ~o r. Dean Zamuca, Dir. dela Cruz, Mr. Glori, Mr. Castilla, (partly hidden) For. San Buenaventura, For. Sabado, Pres. Sinco, Dean Um·.:ili, For. Penas Mr. Sanvictores. 2. Dr. Guise addressing the Forestry Students at a FSBO Convocation. 3. Atty. S. F. Cunanan driving home a point on natural resources before DANR, B.F. and B. Fisheries personnel 11t Dagat-dagatan, Malabon, Rizal. The American visiting professon and ICA technical advisers, Dean Zamuco and the College Faculty mulling over possible ways of getting a site far the future Forestry Technology Building in die Makiling National Park. I . A handful of co-eds, pa1t of the CEU crowd that visited the Forestry Campus last Jan. 18, being shown around the nursery with Forester Esteban (back to camera) acting as guide. 2. Prof C. Mabesa explaining to Dr. Larson (with helmet), Prof. F. Guise and other College of Forestry faculty members about kiln drying work at Hasipit Lumber Co. 3. Provincial officials and For. Caleda planning the fire prevention campai9n in Mt. Province. 4. DAHR personnel having a "break" at a party tendered by For. & Mrs. Jose Viado at their residence. 5. Forester Felix 0. Chinte donates books. to the College of Forestry Library In tlie picture are, L - R: For. Chinte, Mr. Alfaro of the College Library, Mrs. Chinte, and Prof. Recto, Secretary of the college. 6. Dr. Stone, visiting professor to the College of Forestry, answers a question propounded by a BPI personnel during the BPI Fieldmen's Convention in which Dean Zamuco of the College of Forestry was speaker . • CLASS ORGANIZATIONS The Juniors posing with Dr. Manza and their class adviser, Miss Zenaida Portacio. Officers of the Sr. Class together with Prof. Recto, Dr. Stone, Dr. Manza, Dr. De Zeeuw, and Prof. Lantican, Class Adviser. The Sophomore Class with their adviser, Dr. Manso. The Senior Class Organisation with Dr. Manso, some faculty members and the Visiting American Professors. Professor Lantic-an is class adviser. Officers and members of the Makiling Literary Club and tiJ!eir adviser, Prof. Jose B. Blando. Stairway to the College of Forestry Building FSBO ACTIVITIES OF 1959-1960 By A. V. REVILLA JR. The Student Body Organization of the College of Forestry had the following activities for the 1959 part nf this school year: July 10 - Election of SBO Officers, July 25 - Arbor Day celebration and Smoker's Rally, Oct'Jber 10 - Loyalty Day participation, November 30 - Forestry Day, December 19 - Lantern Parade participation, and December 21 - Christma'-' program. For the 1960 part, it will celebrate the Moving-Up Day which is tentatively sch<'duled on April 8 to 9, if the graduating students will be given their final examination one week earlier than as scheduled. The first and probably the most important of its activities was the election of its officers, who are to lead the organization in the planning and execution of every affair they agree to undertake. The following were elected to the different positions: Fortunato Arcangel as president', Mariano Valera ,_ Vice-President, Adolfo Revilla Jr. as Secretary, Moises Estrella as Treasurer, Bernardo Sinues as Auditor, Maximo Tandoc as Athletic Manager, Geronimo Turgo and Edilberto Unite Jr. as Sergeant-AtArms, and Professor Jose B. Blando as Adviser. On July 25, the body ha<i two separate activities. In the morning, the whole Student Body led by the Adviser and Instructors, went to the mountains and planted mahogany seedlings to celebrate the Arbor Week. The body planted around five-thousand seedlings during the day. That evening, the Smoker's Rally which is a tradition of the college was scheduled. This particular tradition is celebrated in honor of the Freshmen. 1·his day is supposed to be their last chance to smoke in the presence and without the permission of an upperclassman; and from Maving-Up Day Issue 1960 Campus Notes that day on, they are obliged to wear the prescribed skull-cap in line with a certain set of rules. As provided in the constitution of the College, the SBO has to meet regularly every month, generally du,ring eveiry first Thursday. At the meeting on September 3, 1959, a proposition was made to sponsor benefit shows for the purpose of raising funds for the body's use. This was approved and during the secon<l semester, the weekly show has been going on. On October 10, the College of Agriculture celebrated its traditional Loyalty Day, in which the College of Forestry was again invited to participate. The FSBO in cooperation with the Forest Products Research Institute made a float which finally placed third in the contest. The Forestry Day which is regularly celebrated on November 30, has been one oi the traditions established in this college. This year, it was celebrated with .a convocation, luncheon, games, and a dance in the evening. The whole day affair was taken care of by the students themselves including the preparation and serving of the food. It is regretful to say that some students did not do their part which resulted in some shortcomings during the day. Christmas season approached, and the university again celebrated its most colorful tradition, the Lantern Parade. The FSBO sent not only a delegation but the whole student body went to participate ln the big affair. And due to the efforts oi Dr. Atemio Manza, the body won a pennant for having the most original lanterns in the affair. After the University ehristmas celebration, we came home and two days later, we found ourselves celebrating our own Christmas program. BETTER LATE THAN NEVER The current power and water shortage brings the subject of conservation to the fore. Because of lack of water, the Ambuklao hydroelectric project is not delivering the 75,000 KW that it is expected to turn out. Caliraya, in Laguna, is probably not performing at peak capaPage 99 city either, since the problem of water lack is not confined merely to Ambuklao. Binga, which will be finished twc years from now, i,, expecteli to turn out 25,000 KW each from its twc. unit3, but is right now confronted with the doubtful prospects of tht: Bued river. The subject of conservation was taken up in yesterday's conference by public works and power officials with the President. From this conference, a conservation plan will probably emerge, only to be frustrated by another lack -the shortage of funds. Yet the problem is of such magnitude that it should not be laid aside simply because of lack of funds. For every tree cut down by concessionaires, a certain fee is paid and turned over to the bureau of forestry. This fee is presumably spent to reforest areas which have been denuded or to check on the raids of kaingineros on the public domain. If this money has not in turn been raided tll finance some dubious project it should be used to reforest deforested lands, protect watersheds, promote sound forest management, and increase the trained personnel which can safeguard the public interest in areas where kaingineros abound. In the next 20 years, there will be no forested areas to exploit if a sound conservation program is not launched right now. Instead of a department of general services, the government should have created a department of conserva.. ti on. Better' late than never. AUSTERITY AND OUR FORESTS The forest conservation program, such as it is, is one of the laudable projects adversely affected by austerity. As our legislators prepare their work sheets for the next Congress, attention is being focussed on the despoliation of forests and the loss in millions of pesos which is due to accidental fires, man-made fires set by kaingineros the failure to carry out selective logging pledges, and the limited reforestation program in which the government is only mildly interested. The House forests committee the other day reported that the total forest reserve has been reduced by 2 million hectares. The committee claims that of 3.5 million hectares of forest administered by concession-holders, only half a million is being selectively logged. In his Tokyo visit, the President cited forest products as one of the mainstays of Philippine exports to Japan. The bulk of these exports is in logs. Those who have enough foresight and public spirit say that in about 10 years, there will be such a critical depletio·n of main forest resources Page 100 that there won't be anything to ship, or anything to hold the water during the rainy season. The bureau of forestry used to have an outlay of P3.5, million to finance its reforestation program. It conducts experiments in forest management, inventories of resources, and researcl1 but its funds are limited. Congress should appropriate more funds for reforestation, research, and the enforcement of forest laws. If no funds are available in the near future, existing laws should at least be strictly enforced -both on the kaingineros and the concession-holder who ignores selective logging. FORESTRY UPSCA 1959-1960 HIGHLIGHTS The school year 1959-1960 marks a golden era for the Forestry Chapter of the UPSCA. It was during this year that the organization has had the greatest number of activities since its foundation in 1954. For the month of June, the UPSCA had its despedida and at the same time a welcome party for the outgoing and the incoming advisers, Miss J. Taleon and Prof. J. Blando, respectively. The traditional Smokers' Rally was held ,July 31 in the college auditorium and the UPSCA presented a choir and a combo number, both of which won first prize. The UPSCA inter-committee Basketball League was held during the early part of September. All the committees participated in this league. The choir group stole the pennant away from the other committees. August had two "time-outs" for the UPSCA; Aug. 15 and 23. August 15 is the anniversary of the UPSCA-sponsored Block Rosary in the Forestry campus. A mass was held followed by a procession around the campus in the evening. August 23 was the proclaimed UPSCA Day in Diliman. In spite of the rain and the distance the members had to travel, those who attended were able to make a booth which got away with the prize as the simplest booth. In addition, the combo and folk dance group participated in the program. Senator Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo wa> the guest speaker. During the November 29-30 festivities in connection with the celebration of Forestry Day the Forestry UPSCAns presented folk dance numbers which won the applause and admiration of the spectators. The month of December found the chapter engaged in three activities. The first was on December 6 during the induction rites for new members at the Lake View Resort and RP.stauFORESTRY LEAVES rant. Its second activity was at Diliman during the Lantern Parade on December 17 and the third was when ihe organization participated in the FSBO sponsored Christmas Program on December 21 wherein the members captured fh'st prizes for the group singing and lantern contests. The election of officers for the 1960-1961 administration was held on January 21. Bob Estrella was chosen chairman. The other officers who came out <luring the election were: Pids Villanueva, Vice-Chairman; June Jamera Secretary; Nepthaly Zabala, Treasurer; Larr'y Cayayan, Auditor; Nap Dalangin, PRO; Manny Valera and Lucring Rebugio, Reps to the Central Council. Prof. Blando was re-elected Adviser. Following the election was the formal turning over of offices to the officers-elect during the Barrio Fiesta held on February 7 at the Forestry Pavilion with Father Ortiz officiating. As can be gathered from the name of the affair all the eats prepared for the occasion were native delicacies from "buko" to "puto". Eat as much as you can - Sky is the limit - was the day's slogan. Aside from these activities, the dance group also presented other numbers during special convocations held at the College of Forestry Auditorium such as when the college entertained the visiting Taiwan and Korean Foresters. Another instance was when the group performed before the FPRI audience in conjunction with the bienvenida party given in honor of Dr. and Mrs. George M. Hunt upon the couple's arrival from their three-month vacation in their home country. A. A. R. LIBRARY Books and more books are pouring into our college library. The latest statistics show a total volume of 4,968 books. This figure will give almost fifteen books for every student registered this semester. Around 100 more books are expected to arrive as part of the $10,000 grant of the Rockefeller Foundation ( 1958-1960). In addition to the said books are five fores.. try reference books donated by Drs. de Zeeuw, Stone and Larson purchased through the "Cornell Contract Fund". The U.P. allocation for our library is· expected to increase this year, as last year was increased from P3,000 to P3,500. With the increase in the number of books goes the organization of the stockroom. Unlike before when all the books were placed inside the Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 shelves around the reading room, the books have been transferred to the stockroom in order to give more elbow room for the library users. The library is also having a project of periodical self-binding with the College of Agriculture with the aid of the materials provided by the P200 donation of the American professors. Most of these periodicals were never bound since 1946 so that their binding facilitates and gives better and more efficient services to the readers. A.A.R. YW - YMCA CONFERENCE "Meeting the Challenge of our Present Moral and Economic Problems" was the chosen theme of the 38th annual YW-YMCA college students conference held in Baguio City December 2631, 1959. Some 200 delegates from 14 different colleges and universities in the Philippines took six days off from the yuletide season to give fulfillment to the gathering's noble objectives which were: 1. To stimulate and encourage student delegates to think about the moral and economic problems that will contribute to nation building. 2. To expose student delegates to the lights of democratic practices, philosophic thoughts and analysis of present day national problems closely and vitally affecting their interest. 3. To stimulate intellectual inquiry, right thinking and sound reasoning. 4. To develop among the !<tudents an awareness of the moral and cultural values in relation to character development, national economic development, political and social development. 5. To provide the delegates a healthy atmosphere for wholesome fellowship, clean outdoor fun, and well balanced community living. 6. To provide a fertile ground for better leaders for a better Philippines. Terminating the six-day deliberations the following resolutions passed by the different commission groups were approved by the whole delegation: 1. A resolution e~tahlishing a continuing national organization to supervise the implementation of the resolutions passed during the annual conferences. 2. A resolution endorsing the move of the congress of the Philippines to revise the LaurelLangley Trade Agreement. 3. A resolution petitioning the YWCA and YMCA to sponsor a literary contest to encourage student writings setting forth moral values. Page I 01 4. A resolution requesting the delegates to undertake a self appraisal to see if his acts conform to the socially accepted standards of moral values and to serve as a dynamic force in influencing the family to take active part in community development. 5. A resolution for holding leadership seminars at least four times a year to implement and attain the proper objectives of the "Y". The University of the Philippines sent thirty delegates three of which came from the college of Forestry: Eddie Dizon, Oscar Cadelina and Melchor Magsanoc. Melchor L. Magsanoc. EX-DEAN, CONVOCATION SPEAKER Professor Calixto Mabesa, former Dean of the College of Forestry and now a member of the staff of the Nasipit Lumber Company, was the speaker during the special convocation sponsored by the Forestry Student Body held last January 12. Speaking before a group of foresters, FPRI personnel, and faculty of the College, he stressed the need of technically trained men in the government service and private firms using wood as their raw materials. The former dean further advised the students to take advantage of the many opportunities on hand while in College. "Take advantage with all the availaMe facilities and equipment for learning in College. Utilize all your time wisely in learning your lessons because when you go out from this college you have to depend on what you learned here," he remarked. The formE:r Dean was invited by the present Dean to give guidance and enlightenment to the candidates for graduation this coming April. by Carlos Glori ICA-NEC AND FORESTRY " - to expand and strengthen the over-all educational program and related operations of the University of the Philippines, in order to meet the rapidly increasing need and demand for professional foresters and trained forestry technicians, and to permit the University to provide those services which are expected of a major center of forestry education and research," were the general objectives of the assistance program between the U.P. and Cornell U as sponsored by the NEC and ICA. This assistance program which was started early 1957 will terminate on the 20th of June of this year. Ranging in the period of from 1960-'63 another contract, with the College of Forestry - State University of New York at Syracuse, was ac.. Page 102 # complished. Though rehabilitation of the College of Forestry is not yet in full blast, marked changes in the campus are becoming apparently noticeable. Some of these changes include the modernizing and strengthening of the curriculum, the establishment of a physical plant and the enlargement and training of the professional faculty. The new curriculum was offered this school year with the aim of discouraging the two-year ranger course. Machinery and other equipment are now installed in the new laboratory building of the college. The injection of young blood in the faculty was initiated at the start of the school year with the appointment of 5 newly graduated foresters. The program aims to increase this number of appointees, the latest appointment being of three others. All these developments, and much more to come, which may include the acquiring of a forest technoloizy building and a forestry campus; are for the College of Forestry to have and retain with an able assistance from the ICA-NEC and from other persons or institutions which believe in the importance of a complete rejuvenation of the College of Forestry. B. R. Rola CEU COEDS VISITS FORESTRY Eleven bus-loads of CEU coeds numbering about 600 made an excursion to the College of Forestry last January 18 for the purpose of supplementing their knowledge in Botany by having an actual view of the various ornamental, medicinal, and timber producing species found inside the college campus. Led by their adviser, Dra. Isabel G. Reyes, the group composed of students in Botany and Biology of the Centro Escolar University was met by Prof. Recto, Secretary of the Collr::ge of Forestry who conducted them to the Forestry tennis court where they heard lectures given to them by Dr. Manza, Mr. Quimbo and Mr. Vergara. After the lectures the student-excursionists were then divided into groups and were shown around the campus by Messrs. Quimbo, de Guzman, Mordeno, Castillo and Villaflor, all instruc.. tors of this college. JUNIOR-SENIOR'S PROM The Junior Class Organization under the advisership of Miss Zenaida Portacio sponsored a dance last February 6 in honor of the Seniors of this college. This annual shindig, originally scheduled at the Forestry Swimming Pool, was FORESTRY LEAVES held instead at the Forestry Pavilion because of inclement weather. Success of the affair is credited to Mr. Faustino, Jr., president of the sponsor-organization, to all the Juniors and their adviser who left no stone unturned to make the dance a memorable one. Eddie Cajucom, speaking in behalf of the Senior Class of which he is the president, expressed his gratitude for the "good riddance party" feted him and his companions and in return for all of these he distributed key-chains to the members of both classes as a fitting remembrance CYf the occasion. Among those who attended the prom were: Dean Zamuco, Dr. Manza, Dr. & Mrs. Larson, Dr. & Mrs. Moore, Prof. & Mrs. Rosqueta, and' other members of the faculty. ROYAL CRUSADERS WINS UPSCA BASKETBALL LEAGUE The Royal Crusaders, all UPSCAns themselves, topped the basketball league that was sponsored by no other than the UPSCA, Forestry Chapter. In a tightly contested match, the Crusaders offset the gallant bid of the Fore<:try Y Club to grab the league nennant, last March 13, 1960. Staving off rally after rally by the Y greenies, the goldies wrapped up the games with a heartbreaking two-point lead. In the curtain raiser, the Aircraft Tossers upended and outdared the Daredevil combo. Brilliant outside shooting by the Tossers saved the day for them as they trounced the dareless daredevils to submission. Final score was 48-41. The standings of the teams are as follows: first place, Royal Crusaders; second, Forestry Y Club; third, Aircraft Tossers; and f<'urth, Daredevils. FORESTRY NINE BAGS FOURTH PLACE The College of Forestry softball team bagged the fourth place in the current U.P. Los Banos KNOW YOUR CIVIL ••• (Continued from pqe 84) his health when he returned to duty after the expiration of his one year sick leave. The Comissioner ruled that since Mr. Y's sickness was, by nature, contagious and may endanger the health of his co-employees, Mr. Y should be dropped from the rolls of the Office without prejudice, howMoving-Up Day Issue 1960 Softball League. Sporting a two-win three-loss card, the Forestry nine won only over the sophomores and th~ lowly Rural High School swatters. Rated underdogs all the way, the clouters from Maquiling lived up to the forecasts of the softball enthusiasts. Led by team captain Pete Muiiez, the members of the team are: Dolphy Decena, Domie del Rosario, Mando Capiton, Manny Cortes, Naldo Bertuso, Wili Pollisco, Bany Pilar, Joe Le choncito, Neptale Zabala, Marcelo Mendoza, and Eddie Cajucom. Kudos to the team that played well despite the lack of moral and financial support from the SBO and - lack of practice. -B.R.R. FORESTRY GOLDIES REPULSE TAGKAWAYAN FIVE BOW TO CALAUAG QUINTET. Incidental to the trip of the Lumbering class to Tagkawayan and Calauag last Feb. 26-28, 1960, the Forestry goldies played against the selection teams of both towns. At Tagkawayan, heckled by a partisan crowd the goldies put up a spirited fight to defeat the Tagkawayan all-stars. Paced by playing ::oach Sid Zamuco, the erstwhile champions of I ast year's intramurals humbled the pride of Tag-· kawayan to submission in a foul-infested match. Employing the pass-screen-cut offense pattern, the goldies found the all-stars easy marks for free lay-ins. A series of fastbreak wrapped up the game for the ball hawking foresters, the game ending with an eight-point lead to boot. In Calauag the next morning, the team was defeated by a strong selection combine. Playing under a scorching February sun, and the Goldies found it hard to endure the extreme heat as they folded up at the start of the second half trailing by as much as 14 points. Magnificent shooting by Blando salvaged the team's prestige as he narrowed down the opponents' lead to a scant two points before the game ended. ever, to his future application for reinstatement in the same office after he had fully recovered his health, subject to the Civil Service Law, rules and regulations governing appointments by reinstatement. Reference: Civil Service Opinions and Rulings The Civi] Service Reporter, November, 1959 Page 103 --B. F. X-WAPCO (Personnel Management) September 29, 1959 MEMORANDUM forDirector of Forestry Manila In connection with this morning's conference which was attended by dvision chiefs and representatives of the W APCO and in accordance with your instruction to me, I wish to bring the following points for your consideration: 1. Realizing the sad plight of forest officers under the reorganization of the Bureau which was implemented on November 7, 1957 and after thorough analysis of the various positions, from Forest Guard to Forester III, there is a need of re-examination of these positions to solve at least the serious problem of improving personnel management for the good of the forest service. (a) Present Status of Technical Personnel in the Lower Bracket Positions Forest Guard Scaler Lumber Grader Forest Station Warden Forester I Forester II Forester III Number Range 675 21 239 24 26 24 88 26 270 31 52 34 91 39 Salary P1632.00 P1884.00 P1884.00 P2088.00 P2676.00 P3108.00 P3984.00 (b) Suggested Plan for Reclassification of the above : Forest Guard Scaler Ranger (For. Sta. 675 239 24 26 Pl884.00 P2088.00 Warden) 88 31 P2676.00 Ranger (Forester I) 278 31 P2676.00 Lumber Grader 26 31 P2676.00 Forester (Forester II) 52 39 P3984.00 Forester (Forester III) 91 39 P3984.00 2. It will be noted· that 52 positions of Forestry II will be reclassified to Forester levt'l which is equivalent to Forester III of the present status or a total of 143 Forester's items. 3. There are 88 positions of Forest Station Warden which are regrouped with 270 Forester I positions to the old designation of Ranger which is popular and looked upon by the public. Page 104 Notes--4. The 239 present positions of Scaler who are doing the great bulk of scaling for revenue purposes and contributing for our economy will be upgraded from range 24 to range 26. 5. The 26 positions of Lumber Graders which is a very delicate and highl yskilled position doing dollar-producing tasks, will be upgraded and fully recognized from range 24 to range 31, equivalent to Ranger group. Previously, there had been a formal request for reclassification and the W APCO has approved it in principle in giving Lumber Graders the salary range of 31. 6. The Forest Guards who are the police force of our vast forests, while still inadequate in number, will be upgraded from range 21 to 24, between the salary ranges of Clerk I (range 2) 3 and Clerk II (range 25). We pose the problem of feasibility to reconcile fiscal (money) maters for the justification of the proposed reclassifaction of positon with the Budget Officer of the Bureau of Forestry. (SGD.) TEOFILO A. SANTOS Chief Training Officer PARRAS PASSES AWAY Vicente Parras, a ranking official of the bureau of forestry, succumbed to heart attack Friday afternoon. He was 63. Parras started his public career as ranger. He subsequently held various positions as incharge of land classification party, forester, district forester, forestry supervisor I chief of concessions section and forestry supe~isor II. His body lies in state at the Funeraria Nacional. Surviving him are his wife Telesfora de Leon Parras and children Carmen, Andres, Conchita and Olivia. - fbc. Legislation February 23, 1960 Supervision MEMORANDUM for the Director of Forestry Manila Attached herewith is a proposed Fishery Bili, the basic or major objective of which as it af~ fects forestry places all tidal mangrove and othFORESTRY LEAVES er swamps, ponds under water and/or foreshore areas or public forest or agricultural lands immediately upon its approval or effectivity under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Bureau of Fisheries and for other purposes. Its approval will ipso facto be detrimental to public interest particularly the administration of such forests and/ or forest lands which are essentially needed to be retained for forestry purposes. In the light of such major objective of the law, it is deemed wise and necessary that the bill should be opposed to include the following grounds, to wit: (1) The passage of the Bill requires the amendments of several statutes like the Commonwealth Act No. 141 known as the Public Land Act provided under Chapter II, Section 6, that the President upon the recommendations of the Department Head shall from time to time classify the lands into public domain; (a) Alienable or Disposable (b) Timber, and (c) Mineral Lands and may at any time and in a iike manner transfer such lands from one class to another, for the purposes of their adm:nistration and disposition. Heretofore, approval of the proposed bil lwill, thus, include (d) Fishing. (2) Similarly, several sections of the Revised Administrative Code as amenrled uncle1 Chapter 27, known as the Forest Law, P!l.!"ticularly Section 1820, 1838 (as amended by R. A. 100 & 121) and also of Rer;ubli<' Acts 121 & 153 amending Sec. 265 of C.A. ·t'.36) which covers a chapter of the Nativn d Revenue Code affecting forest charges on .nmrr forest products in mangrove swg,mr5. Se~. tion 1820 of the Revised Administrative Coile, as amended, defines "Public Foreot" all in reserved public land including nipa ano mangrove swamps ...................... ...... "Forest f•!°Oducts" as pointed in this section an .I in th.:? National Revenue Code, includes among othe1s like firewoods, charcoal, rlaluri, barks. :-Ji;>a sap, mangrove species, wines, et~. which will include all othP.r mangrove :;p~cic,s that are CJf economic value. Section U~:B of the same code 153 affected by Revis~d Administrative Code 153 acected by the Pr 1post:d Law pro· ·.rides the le'.lsing of forest land for special use which includes timber 1eµr0 ts. p!antations for the raising of nipa and/or other plams, bacauan, medicinal plants or trees of economic value, fishpond swamps ............................ . Republic Act 153 amending Section 265 of Commonwealth Act 466 provides a forest charges of P.40 per cubic meter of firewood cut in public forests and forest reserves on bacauan, lagarai, pototan and tangal and P.20 Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 per cubic meters in other woods. (Thie include all of the mangrove species). (3) Aside from the amendments of these various statutes, the transfer of the administration of these areas on the proposed Fishery Bill will proved detrimental to public interests as all mangrove or tidal swamps are absolutely not fit for fishpond or fish breeding purposes. So when mangrove areas are covered with species of bacauan, nipa and other minor forest products of economic value are converted in accordance with the intention of the proposed Bill will in one way turn a lia'bility to the economic development <Jf the country. And if most cf these mangrove swamps will remain in the administration of the Bureau of Fisheries which ;n turn out will be unfit for their purpose except for the supply of such other minor forest products of economic value, how may the Bureau of Fisheries protect such forest products from destructions or smuggling of firewoods, nipas etc. in view of their lack of police power? ( 4) The complete clearing of all mangrove swamps including areas not fit for fishery just to satisfy the intention of the law will in no way prove better except through proper zonifying of mangrove areas. If they are fit for fishery such areas should be given to the Bureau of Fisheries, and if they do fit or needed for forestry should be retained under the administration of the Bureau of Forestry. (5) Mangrove swamps areas to some degree are playing important role through indirect services as a means to ecect flood control measur~E, wind breaks, regulate stream flow, etc. (6) Mangrove swamps help uplift the socio-economic condition in rural areas to some degree so much so that pecple now are developing forest~d consciousness especially in places where mangrove swamps are established as communal forests. Residents of such municipality get free of charge their minor forest products needs like fuel, timber for their family. The communal forests may served as a common fishing grounds of the residents where in their period of depredation or economic crisis, mangrove swamps is a i·eady source of fish like shells, shrimps, crabs, etc. to pass a meal, and, (7) To consider as a minor argument, if we wipe out all mangrove species in this country and convert them all to fishpond or fish breeding purposes, what will our children in the future say when with their open eyes could no longer point or show how mangrove swamps look like? Will it not be beneficial to Page 105 retain areas needed for forestry purposes even merely for scientific and cultural progress? The foregoing considered, I suggest that serious consideration will be given to this matter particularly Section 1 of said proposed bill so that proper representations be made to Congress before it is too late lest the approval of the bill without being commented by this Office. SEGUNDO P. FERNANDEZ Chief, Forest Rese,..ves Sectnn Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Natunl Resources BUREAU OF FORESTRY Office of the District Forester Iba, Zambales D-11, Licenses (Timber Illegal) Olongapo, Zambales The Director of Forestry Manila Sir: March 3, 19~0 I have the honor to report the following incident that happened to the personnel of this Forest District yesterday in connection with the blasting of the logging roads used by timber smugglers. At about 9:00 A.M. yesterday, two teams went up to the public forest of Olongapo at the Dinalupihan side to blast the logging road used by smugglers. The team No. 1 was headt>d by Forester Fernando Gonzales, the outgoing officer in charge of the Forest Station, Olongapo, Zambales, and who has a good knowledge of the area particularly the boundary of Olongapo as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines and the logging roads used by the smugglers. With him were Forest Guard Alfredo Nafarrete, 3 forestry laborers, 3 P. C. soldiers headed by one Sergeant named Molina, and 2 Navy Technical men. They were assigned to blast the logging roads at Sitio Panlibing which is west of the northeastern boundary of Olongapo. The team No. 2 was headed by the present Officer in Charge of Olongapo Forest Station, Scaler Adolfo L. Galam. With him were Nuresry Farm Supervisor Luis A. Quejado, Forest Guards Bernardo Montero, Lauro Tugadi and 2 forestry laborers. They were accompanied by P. C. Captain Viray and 3 soldiers; Lt. O'Brien and. Sergeant Crobtee of the Navy, and Councilor Carlos Bodio, personal representative of the Municipal Mayor of Olongapo. This team was assigned to blast the logging road at Sitio M&kamPage 106 bing, also an area west of the northeastern boundary of Olongapo. The team No. 1 approached the point that were blasted Via Sitio Bulate where a junction of the National Highway and the logging road was found, whilod the team no. 2 approached the points that were being blasted Via Sitio Cobogcobog, also a junction of the National Highway and another logging road. Power wagons of the Navy were used as transportation. When team No. 1 entered the logging !"oad, they were stopped by a road block wherein a sign "No Trespassing" was posted. One of the P.C. soldiers requested the gate keeper (The wife in the absence of the husband) to let the team pass. After explaining that they were government employees and agents of the law, they were allowed. The wife opened the gate block herself with her own key. Upon reaching Sitio Panlibing, the team overtook 2 empty Jogging trul·ks. For~ster Fernando Gonzales requested them not to enter the forests as they were going to blast the road. The loggers did not insis.t and returned to Dinalupihan, so blasting took place in one of the branches of the Jogging road at Sitio Panlibing. After blasting the first point, the team moved to the second branch and readied the holes for the dynamite. At this juncture, 3 trucks loaded with logs came out of the forest. Simultaneously, an empty truck with P. C. by the name Santos and other, also came up from Dinaluµihan, Discussion about the blasting ensued. The P. C. soldier Santos questioned the team why the road was being blasted. After long discussions, the P.C. soldier and company left. To avoid trouble Forester Gonzales and his escort allowed the loaded trucks pass thru the blasted road. In the meantime. team No.2 went up to its assignment unmolested. Upon reaching Sitio Makamping they overtook :.l trucks all loaded with logs from Olongapo forest. Scaler Galam stopped the trucks and questioned the drivers. He ordered the bringing of the trucks to Olongapo under P. C. escort. One truck, instead of following the order of Galam escaped to Dinaluphian, probably to rep!Jrt to Mayor Muli. Meanwhile, the blasting continued, until all the strategic points were destroyed. The team then returned to the National Highway Via the same route where upon reaching the juction, Mayor Muli, his policemen and many armed plaincloths men stopped the team. Mayor Muli lambasted the members of the team particularly the Bureau of Forestry personnel, fur blasting the private road He also lambasted Councilor B0cio, the personal representative of Mayor Geronimo of Olongapo and did not give any courtesy or respect to Captain Viray of the P.C. who was FORESTRY LEAVES with the group observing the blasting work. Hot discussion between Councilor Bocio and Mayor Muli ensued, but after some explantions and pacification, they cooled of. He did not arre.;t any member of the team, but he insisted in getting the logging trucks loaded with logs. So all members of team, No. 2 were able to go home to Olongapo safely. After the team No. 1 was thru with the blasting, they returned t.o Olongapo via the same route. Upon reaching the road block, they were surrounded by Mayor Muli, his policemen and armed men. He lambasted the forestry personnel for blasting the logging road. The members of the team including the P. C. escort could not even gi,·e their reasons because Mayor Federico Muli and his men were very mad and seemed not to hear any explanation. By the order of Mayor Muli, the team was brought to Dinalupihan, lodged Forester Fernando Gonzales and Forest Guard Alfredo NafarrP.te to jail without warrant of arrest and dismissed the rest, The procedures by which Forester Gonzale!! and Forest Guard Nafarrete were arrested is believed very improper and unjust. In the first place they were arrested while under the protective custody of the P. C. soldiers who were requested officially by this Office as their security while performing their official duties. Secondly, they were arrested without any warrant oi arrest. Thirdly, they were arrested by Mayor Muli without ·nrst ascertaining whether or not the roads blasted by them were inside Olongapo or Dinalup!han, and fourthly, that they were arrested while performing their official duties in a public forest of Olongapo where Mayor Muli of Dinalupihan has no administrative jurisdiction. The incident that happened t.o Forester Gonzales and Forest Guard Nafarrete yesterday, entirely discouraged, the personnel of this Forest District. Their enthusiasm to perform their duties well in spite of the dangers and hazard~ of the forest protection work in the Olongapo area have wilted away because even under the protective custody of the P. C. soldiers whc· were supposed to give them security and protection while performing their official duties in their own administrath·e jurisdiction, they were arrested without any warrant of arrest by a Mayor from another Municipality and province. It is mentioned in this connection that time and again, I was assured by the P.C. of Zambales that we would be given all the securities and pro.. tection only t.o find out that 2 of us were !edged in jail. There seems t.o be no real guarantee and security of the forestry men if the present contions 11revailing are not remedied by authorities concerned. Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 In view of the foregoing, the following are strongly recommended : 1. That a full scale investigation be conducted by proper higher authorities why Mayor Muli arrested Forester Gonzales and Forest Guard Nafarrete without any warrant of arrest. 2. That the attention of the P.C. authorities be called regarding the incident and why our men were arrested from their protective custody. 3. That the correct boundary of the Municipality of Olongapo as per proclamation of the President of the Philippines be established in the ground preferably by licensed surveyors to prevent any future clash between Olongapo and Dinalupihan officials and men. 4. That a status of the logging road used by smugglers in the Dinalupihan side be determined and proper steps be taken to cancel same. According t.o my belief it is partly within the Roosevelt National Park of which this Bureau has no administrative jurisdiction and public forest. 5. That the license of Benidict.o Reyes who claim t.o have a concession adjoining the Olongapo public forest be held pending until the question of boundary is resolved. According t.o our belief, there is no more timber found therein. 6. That a proper step taken to establish on the ground the boundary of the license of Cornelio Santos and if it includes any portion of the public forest within Olongapo it should be amended immediately to exclude same. Likewise, proper valuation of the area of Cornelio Santos should be taken preferably by a team from Manila Office to determine the extent of the area covered with forest. This is necesary to avoid suspicion that the license is used only as means to smuggle from adjoining forest. Very truly yours, (SGD.) PRIMO P. ANDRES District Forester MODEL EMPLOYEE Disbursing officer Sinforoso Apacible was recently chosen model employee of the bureau of forestry for 1959. Originally appointed temporary forest guard on July 14, 1919, Apacible was subsequently promoted to clerk, senior clerk and disbursing officer. His award is in recognition of his efficiency, honesty, length of service, punctuality, initiative, resourcefulness, and loyalty to th~ service for a continuous period of forty ( 40) years. Page 107 Apaeible was born on February 4, 1900 in Balayan, Batangas. He is a forest guard (promotional) civil service eligible. - fbc. EXCERPT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE SPECIAL MEETING OF THE LA UNION FEDERATION uF' FARMERS' EXTENSION CLUBS HELD IN THE LA UNION PROVINCIAL NURSERY ON JANUARY 9, 1960. PRES.ENT: All Officers of the La Union Federation of Farmers' Extension Clubs. ABSENT: None RESOLUTION NO. 6 WHEREAS, the original forest of La Union has been destroyed through the shifting method of agriculture known as kaingin making; WHEREAS, there are many squatters inside public forest lands who have introduced perma.. nent improvements necessary in farming; WHEREAS, these claimants have declared for taxation purposes their improved lands; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED as it is hereby re;:olved, to request the Director of Forestry to assign Land Classification paTty to delimit the areas needed for forest purposes and to exclude areas that are improved for the production of rice, corn and other crops; RESOLVED FURTHER, that copies of this resolution be furnished the Director of Forestry, Manila, District Forester, Baguio City, Congressmen Manuel T. Cases and Francisco I. Ortega, House of Representatives, Manila and the Office of the Pro'fincial Governor, San Fernando, La Union. I hereby certify to the correctness of the above proceedings of l.lie Special Meeting of the La Union Federation of Farmers' Extension Clubs, held on January 9, 1960. (SGD.) ALEJANDRO RAFANAN Secretary APPROVED AND CONCURRED IN: (SGD.) PIO A. TADINA Chairman of DANREAU & Overall Adviser of the Farmers' Federation (SGD.) APOLINARIO S. RIMANDO President EXCERPT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE SPECIAL MEETING OF THE LA UNION FEDERATION OF FARMERS' EXTENSION CLUBS HELD IN THE LA UNION PROVINPage 108 CIAL NURSERY ON JANUARY 9, 1960. PRES.ENT: All Officers of the Union Federation of Farmers' Extension Clubs. ABSENT: None RESOLUTION NO. 5 WHEREAS, the pTovince of La Union is bare of its original forests, through the shifting method of Agriculture and now there exist timber famine and critical shortage of firewood; WHEREAS, the people now realized the real value of their lost forest because of the high price of construction materials and the critical shortage of firewood for the recently developed Virginia tobacco industry; WHEREAS, the farmers, government officials, municipal, provincial and national, especially the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources employees realized the tremendous reforestation work needed to promote and restore forest cover; WHEREAS, forestry activities in this province have increased beyond routinary level, thereby requiring the full administrative and technical skill of seasoned forest officers; WHEREAS, the forest station in San Fernando has only two personnel who cannot attend to all important forestry activities, specially those related to the cooperative reforestation demonstration movement; WHEREAS, all reports on work accomplished, program of activities, planting plans, location surveys of plantable areas, requests for allotments, requisitions, etc. are coursed thru the District Headquarters Office, Baguio City, thereby important matters are delayed; WHEREAS, the cooperation reforestation demonstration movement is a big job, requiring the formulation of program objectives during definite periods and careful implementaion of these objectives; , RESOLVED FURTHER, that copies of this resolution be furnished the Director of Forestry, Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Manila, Congressman Manuel T. Cases and Francisco I. Ortega, House of Representatives, Manila and the Provincial Governor of La Union for appropriate action. ADOPTED AND UNANIMOUSLY approved on January 9, 1960 by the La Union Federation of Farmers' Extension Clubs and the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Employees Association now in special meeting. I HEREBY CERTIFY to the correctness of FORESTRY LEA YES the above proceedings of the La Union Federation of Farmers' Extension Clubs special meet.. ing held on January 9, 1960. (S.GD.) ALEJANDRO RAFANAN Secretary APPROVED AND CONCURRED IN: (SGD.) PIO A. TADINA Chairman (SGD.) APOLINARIO S. RIMANDO President NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, as it is hereby resolved, that the Federation of Farmers' Extension Clubs and the Members of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Employees Association request the Director of Forestry and the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources create a Forest District for the province of La Union with Headquarters in San Fernando; CAMBODIAN VISITORS Two Cambodian forestry officials who are presently on an ICA/NEC sponsored observation tour in the islands visited recently the bureau of forestry. They are Kao Nath, division chief of the forestry service of Prek Kak, and Khut..Khouem, division chief of the water and forestry service of Kompong Chen, both of Cambodia. Their itinerary includes observation and i::tudy of management and silviculture operations and wood research and furniture manufacture in the Philippines. They will also observe our latest forest management techniques and forest methods of establishment of wood research studies to enable them to properly manage and exploit the Cambodian timber resources. --fbc. PROMOTION A veteran employee of the bureau of forestry was recently given a -promotional appointment in recognition of his long and meritorious services in the government. Promoted to assistant division chief of the administrative services of the fore~ry bureau was Vicente Leonor, Sr. who until recently was the chief of the personnel section. Starting as a municipal teacher of the bureau of public schools before he entered the forestry bureau in 1928 as a mere clerk, Leonor is a member of the Society of Public Administration in the Philippines and Personnel Officers' Association of the Philippines. He became records section chief, general service section chief, budget officer I budget and finance section chief and personnel officer II. Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 A bachelor of laws degree holder, Leonor has been a liaison officer in matters of promotions and appointments of bureau's personnel and secretary of council of personnel administration. He completed in-service training on national language at the institute of national language, personnel supenision and public personnel ad. ministration at the UP Institute of Public Administration, introductory course in modernization of accounting and auditing activities at the DANR and personnel officers course at the Civil Service Commission. -aje MANAGEMENT ANALYST Supply Officer Manuel M. A:iionuevo of the bureau of forestry is the Ione personnel of the bureau who passed the management analyst examination given by the bureau of civil service recently. He completed the first Agency Management Analyst Training Course conducted by the U. P. Institute of Public Administration. A holder of the degree of bachelor of science in commerce, he also qualified in the personnel technician and second grade civil service examinations. A:iionuevo joined the bureau as mere clerk in 1947. Through sheer merit and hard work, he rose gradually to the positions of property clerk, property custodian and supply officer II. He is now the Acting Chief of the Property & General Service Section. - fbe. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PROVINCE OF ILOILO MUNICIALITY OF CALINOG Office of the Council * * * EXCERPT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF CALINOG, ILOILO IN ITS THIRD REGULAR SESSION IN THE MUNICIPAL HALL ON FEBRUARY 14, 1960 PRESENT: Dr. Ricardo S. Provido ........ Mayor M:r. Rodolfo Cachuela ........ Vice Mayor Dr. Felix 0. Catoto ............. Councilor Mrs. Monica G. Alcarde ........... . Mr. Guiilermo Castro ............... . Mr. Ildefonso Pasaporte ........... . Mr. Tomas Dorego ................... . Mr. Luis G. Ortizo ..................... . Mr. Manuel Celo Mr. Jesus Carbon ABSENT: NONE " " " " " " " Page 109 RESOLUTION NO. 18-S-60 TITLE: REQUESTING CONGRESSMAN RICARDO Y. LADRIDO TO PRESENT A BILL APPROPRIATING P50,000.00 YEARLY FOR THE JALAUR REFORESTATION PROJECT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF CALINOG WHEREAS, our forest has been wantonly denuded to the extent that at the rate we are ruthlessly plundering it, the time is not too far when our country will become a desolate wai;teland; WHEREAS, despite a nation-wide program of reforestation aimed at stopping a national disaster, little has been done due to limited funds; WHEREAS, the location of the area being reforested or to be reforested in this municipality is in the site of the Jalaur Irrigation System and the proposed site of the Jalaur Hydro-Electric Power Plant, thereby making it more important that refcrestation be done rapidly, not only for the purpose for which it was launched, but most specifically because we need forests to conserve water for our multi-purpose hydro-electric power plant; WHEREAS, if we are to see the Hydro-Electric Power Plant completed at the earliest possible time, one that will give maximum of efficiency, there is, therefore, an imperative need to speedup reforesting our deforested areas as the Orde.r is the sanity of the mind, the health of the body the peace of the city, the -security of the stat:. As the bea1ns to a house, as the bones to the microcosm of man, so is order to all things. - Robert Southey • • • An ectucated man is one on whom nothing is lost. - Wendell Smith Compli~nts of LYDIA F. CA.RDINEZ Concessionaire Dealers on: Hardwood and Flitches Address: Capalonga, Camarines Norte Page 110 potential water ccntents of the dam that will provide the desired power depends wholly on the forest in the vicinity of the proposed projects; and WHEREAS, this Council, recognizing the in<lespensability of our forests in the maintenance of our economic stability and making possible advancement in our economic life upon completion of our multi-purpose hydro-electric power plant in this municipality, ON MOTION by Vice Mayor Rodolfo Cachuela, seconded by Councilor Manuel Celo, RESOLVED a request as it does .hereby request Cong. Ricardo Y. Ladrido to sponsor a bill appropriating P50,000.00 yearly for the Jalaur Reforestation Project in the Muncipality of Calinog RESOLVED FURTHER to furnish Cong. Ricardo Y. Ladrido and the Director of Forestry for their information and appropriate aetion. UNANIMOUSLY APPROVED. I hereby certify to the co1·rectness of the foregoing resolution. For. SILVESTRE ARROYO Municipal Secretary ATTESTED: RICARDO S. PROVIDO M<1.yor • • • Conservation is a positi11e thing, a method of making the. fullest use of every resource that has been bestowed on man. Conservation connotes the turning of a key. But it is not turning a lock on what has been already found; it is the turning of the key to open new possibilities for usefulness. - Douglas McKay • • • No matter what looms ahead, if you can eat today, enjoy the sunlight today, mix good cheer 1dth friends today, enjoy it and ble8'8 God for it. Do not look back on happiness - or dream of it in the future. You are only sure of today; do not let yourself be cheated out of it. - Henry Ward Beecher * * • Education and stu.dy, and the favors of the muses, confer no greater benefit on those who seek them than these humanizing and citiilizing leiS·SOns, whidt teach our natural qualiltiea to submit to tlbe limitations prescribed by reason, and to avoid the wildness of extre1nes. -Plutarch FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Technical Notes MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD IN RELATION TO. AIR HUMIDITY Wood in th~ tree (green wood) contains much water, frequently more water than wood. It. is very common for the water content of green wood to amount to 1 /3 or 1 /2 of the total weight and it can be higher. Air also contains water in varying amounts which is referred to as humidity. The "relative humidity" of the air is expressed as a percentage and refers to the deg•·ee of saturation of the air. For example, when the relative humidity of the air is reported as 80 percent, it means that the air contains 80 pe't"cent of the total amount of water it can hold at that temperature. The relative humidity of air is continually changing, not only from day to day but even from hour to hour, but most of the time it is less than 100 percent. When the relative humidity is lower than 100 percent the air absorbs water from any source that will give up water. The lCtwer the relative humidity, the more thirsty the air becomes and the more rapidly it tries to absorb water from its surroundings. When green wood is exposed to air at less than 100 percent relative humidity, the air absorbs moisture from the wood, rapidly or slowly according to the relative humidity. Thus the process of seasoning the wood begins and it continues as long as the air is dryer than the wood. When the moisture content of the wood comes down to abc,ut 25 per cent, (percentage based on the oven-dry weight of the wood), the wood begins to shrink. Thereafter the shrinkage will continue as long as drying continues. But wood will not give all its water to the air because wood also has an affinity for water. Very dry wood will absorb water from air at high relative humid'ity just like dry air will absorb water from green wood. If the humidit:r of the air remains constant, the moisture content of the wood will eventually come into balance with it and, in doing so, will swell or shrink in proportion to the amount of water it absorbs from or gives off to the air. For each relative humidity there is a corresponding wood moisture content. This is called the "equilibrium moisture content" or "EMC" of the wood. The temperature of the air also has an influence on the EMC of thll wood at a given humidity but this is not enough to require discussion here. Following are a few examples of the relation Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 between the equilibrium moisture content of wood (EMC) and the relative humidity of the air surrounding it: Relative humidity of the air (at a temperature of 70°F) µe·rcent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Approximate moisture content of wood in equilibrium percent 20.6 16.1 13.1 11.0 9.2 7.7 6.2 4.5 2.5 The humidity of the air can change quickly as the air temperature changes but the moisture content of wood in ordinary sizes cannot change quickly. Therefore, after wood has once reached approximate equilibrium with the average humidUy of the surrounding air~ its moisture content does not change appreciably with the hourly or even the daily changes in relative humidity of the air. It is in a constant state of trying to accommodate to the rapid changes in humidity but because of its slowness, never is able to attain complete equilibrium until humidity changes cease - which practically never happens under normal living cc.?1ditions. Although dry wood does not respond to hourly or daily changes in the relative humidity of the air, it does respond to long-continued or seasonal changes. For example, in long periods of dry weather, the average relative humidity of the air is considerably lower than during long periods of wet w~ather. Wood that has reached approximate equilibrium during wet weather will therefore, lose moisture and shrink during extended periods of dryness until it reaches approximate equilibrium with the average new conditions. When the wet season comes again the wood will reabsorb water from the air and swell again as it seeks equilibrium. This constant struggle to attain equilibrium with the air continues as many years as the wood is exposed to changing humidity. To obtain best service from articles made of wood for use in buildings, therefore, it is important that the wood be seasoned to the right moi11ture content before the articles are made. Failure to do so may result in much dissatisfaction. Page 111 The "right" moisture content is determined by the conditions under which the wood will be used. For general use in the Philippines, where the buildings are open to the free circulation of air and no artificial heating is used, lumber for furniture manufacture should be seasoned to about 12 percent moisture content before the furniture is manufactured. This is c!ose to or slightly below the average moisture content the wood will attain in normal service and no trouble should be encountered from shrinking or swelling later. In the United States and Canada, however, it is best to season wood to about six to eight percent before making it into furniture because, in heated houses during cold weather, air humidities are very low and the moisture content of the wood may go as low as five or six percent. In the summertime in these countries, however, the windows are open, the humidities are higher and the moisture content of wood furniture may go as high as 10 percent. If the wood is between these extremes at the time of manufacture there will be less shrinking and swelling in service than if the manufacturing is done when the wood is at some other moisture content. The seasonal changes in relative humidity of the air are very much less in the Philippines than in the United States and Canada. Much more care is required, therefore, in seasoning wood for products to be exported to these countries than products to be used in the Philippines. This is why wood products that give entirely satisfactory service in the Philippines may shrink and crack excessively when exposed to the extremely dry air of a North American house in winter, Some species shrink or swell less than others with a given change in moisture content and, to that extent, may be preferred. The design and construction of the product, of course, also have much to do with its performance in service. SOME FACTS ABOUT KILN-DRIED WOOD Kiln-dried wood is wood that has been seasoned in a heated kiln until its moisture content has been reduced to the desired level. If the kiln is good and has been operated properly and if the drying is carefully done, well-seasoned lumber will be produced. There are, however, numerous misconceptions and false beliefs about kiln-dried lumber, some of which are touched upon in this note. 1. How dry is kiln-dried lu11iber? A skilled kiln operator with good equipment can dry lumber to any predetermined moisture content between about 20 percent and bone dry, accordinir to what is desired. For making furniture and Page 112 similar articles for use in the Philippines, a moisture content of about 12 percent is desirable. But for the manufacture of furniture in the United States the wood should be dried to about 6 per cent because wood articles in the United States have lower average moisture content in service than similar articles in the Philippines. However, lumber to be shipped to the United States and subsequently redried in that country can be dried to the moisture content agreed upon between the buyer and the shipper. 2. Does kiln-dried lumber remain at the moisture content to which it was dried? No, its moisture content does not stay constant but can become higher or lower in accordance with the average humidity of the air surrounding it. For example, lumber that has been kiln dried to 6 percent and subsequently exposed to air whose relative humidity averages higher than 30 percent will absorb moisture from the air. The higher the humidity of the air, the more moisture will be absorbed. The moisture content of wood always tries to attain a balance with the humidity of the air surrounding it. 3. Does kiln drying ki1l insects? Yes, the temperatures normally employed in kiln drying will kill insects and any wood that has been properly kiln dried will contain no live insects when it comes from the kiln. As soon as the lumber is cool, however, it may be attacked by insects just like other dry lumber that has not been kiln dried. 4. Does kiln drying make lumber weaker or stronger? If the kiln is operated properly, kiln drying does not change the natural strength of the lumber but if excessively high temperatures are used they may reduce the strength of the wood and cause other damage. 5. What a,re the essentials of good kiln drying? Good kiln drying requires correct control of the temperature, the relative humidity and the air circulation within the kiln according to the species, thickness and condition of the lumber being dried. Incorrect control of these factors can cause many defects, such as warping, splitting, checking, collapse or case hardening and greatly reduce the value and usefulness of the lumber. Good kiln drying requires good equipment and a skilled operator. Unskilled operator can do more harm than good. Much study and practice are required to develop a good kiln operator. 6. May all spl'cies of wood be dried together'! It is not good practice to mix species in drying. Some species are more easily damaged and require much greater care than others. When such species are mixed together in the same kiln (Continued on page 115) FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Building THE FPRI IS C0.11.lNG OF AGE The tangible benefits deriYed by wood-usinj? industries from the technical information and advice of the Forest Prorlucts Research Institute, are an indication that this research institution is coming of age. Since the beginning of the current fiscal year over a score of wood-using industries that have presented their problems to the Institute !:ave been supplied the information they need and we are Yery glad that some of them are now deriving material benefits from our recommendations. For instance, from a Manila manufacturer of asphalt roofing, who presented his problems to the Institute a few months ago, we recently received a letter stating that following our advice and recommendations he was able to develop his own plant and methods of manufactui:ing from local raw materials the paper used as the base of the roofing which formerly had to be imported. Due principally to the technical guidance of the Institute, a private firm, The Industrial Fabricators, Inc., has successfully put up a charcoal kiln and a locally manufactured charaoal briquetting machine in Novaliches, Rizal. The Institute's assistance also led to a recent cabinet approval of an application for a Development Bank Loan for the establishment of a pulp and paper plant by a private company. GAINING INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION Barely two and a half years old in its semiautonomous existence, the FPRI is now gaining an international recognition. This is deduced from the numerous letters from India, Indonesia, Malaya, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, South Vietnam, U.S.A., Europe, Australia and others requesting to be included in the lnstitute's mailing list for Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 FPRI Highlights ULPIANO DE LEON publications. From South Vietnam we recently receiYed a communication requesting the Institute to study the possibility of manufact11ring plywood from the woods of that counry. From different countries we receive requests for wood identification and several other related rnbjcct:s. That the Institute is gaining an international recognition may also be inferred from the fact that many high ranking foreign government officials on ob:;ervation tour of the Philippine progress make it a point to visit the FPRI. Among the VIPs who made recent visits to the Institute were British Ambassador Pilcher, Australian Ambassador Alfred Stirling, Senator Fong of Hawaii, Governor Badiono of Indonesia, a group of high ranking Taiwan and Korea forestry officials, Cambodian foresters and many others. Both the Taiwan forestry officials and Cambodian foresters inquired of the possibility of sending some of their technical men for training to the Institute. PROGRESS IN RESEARCH During the first semester of the current fiscal year, the FPRI continued to make good pr0gress in its research activities. In his semiannual report to the Forest Products Research Board, FPRI Director Eugenio de la Cruz stated that the Institute completed nine short projects. In addition, he said, 26 long continuing projects were completed in parts. The results of the investigation in some of the completed and partly completed projects are briefly discussed below. Air seasoning. - A survey was conducted in a numbe1· of big and small sawmills in the different parts of the country. Chief Rosario T. Cortes of the FPRI Wood PreserYation Division under whose supervision the sun·ey was condu~ted, reported that the methods and practices of different mills vary depending upon the end use of lumber, mill capacity, seasoning site, and others. Some practices are good, others need improvement. ll'ood Preservation. - An investigation was conducted by Justino B. Seguerra, Jr., a senior forest products technologist, on the effect of temperature and duration of pressure period on the treatability of apitong (D. grandiflorus) with Page 113 creosote. By means of the full-cell proces~, apitong specimens were treated with creosote at different temperatures and pressure-periods. In his report, Seguerra pointed out that changes in temperature and pressure-periods, within the range studied, did not significantly affect the retention and penetration of the chemical because practically complete penetration of the creosote was achieved even with the least severe tjonditions of treatment used. This question needs further study using a species that is more resistant to penetration. Entomology - Sr. Forest Products Technologist Faustino C. Francia reported recently that his section completed two short projects. One of them was a study on the effectiveness of "Sevin" in comparison with dieldrin, endrin, and lindane for protecting logs from ambrosia beetles. Francia reported that Sevin, either in the recommended dilution or in twice the recommended concentration was not found sufficiently effective. Only lindane at 4.0 and 5.0 percent concentrations in water, he pointed out, was found to give protection to newly cut logs for as long as six to eight weeks. The other completed projects in entomology was a study on some aspects of the ambrosia beetle problem in Mt. Makiling. The report presenting the results of the study enumerates the different species of ambrosia beetles found thus far in Makiling National Park. Most of them, Francia 1·emarked, were found causing damage to wood and wood products. Timber testing - Simplieio B. Bellosillo, chief of the FPRI Timber Physics and Engineering Division, reported recently that the investigation of the strength and related properties of yakal species from Real, Infanta, Quezon has been completed. He said that five yakal trees from that region were tseted and the average values of the more important strength properties of that species for the region are presented in a progress report filed in the FPRI library. It remains to be determined whether strength properties of yakal from other climatic regions of the Philippines differ significantly from the values for the Quezon region. Charcoal production and briquetting - G o o d quality charcoal was produced from sawmill slabs of mixed hardwood species. Forest Products Technologist Pancracio Bawagan, reporting the results of his studies in a 2-cord, 3..chimney charcoal kiln, stated that an improved technique in the coaling operation, has been developed. Regarding his studies on charcoal briquetting, Bawagan remarked that in general, coPage 114 conut shell charcoal seems easier to briquet than wood charcoal. Pulp and paper - The results of the study on the bleachability of white lauan sulfate pulps was reported by Pablo M. Nicolas, Sr. fore:<t products technologist of the FPRI Chemical Investigation Division; To produce bleachable white lauan sulfate pulps of highest strength properties and highest percentage of recovery, Nicolas tentatively recommends that the cooking chemicals to be used shall be 15 percent NaOH and 5 per cent NaS, with a liquor-to-wood rat;o of 4: 1. The pulping time is 150 minutes; 90 minutes for raising the temperature from room temperature to 170° and the last 60 minutes to maintain it at 170°C. Veneer driJing - Three progress reports presenting the results of studies on the veneer drying characteristics of three species were submitted recently by Augusto P. Bati, a junior forest products technologists of the Institute. The species covered by these reports are dagang, apitong, and mayapis. Each species was studied in three thiekness. Bati investigated the egect of veneer thickness, temperature, and drying time on the quality of the dried veneer. In his reports, Bati presents data for determining the optimum drying conditions for specific thickness of each individual species. PHYSICAL GROWTH Along with it..q continuously expanding research activities, the FPRI is also growing nhysically. Among the new additions to the facilities of the Institute are a new building for the storage of dangerous chemicals, a dehumidified room to prevent the corrosion of the delicate electronic parts of the timber testing machines, a roof to shelter the motor pool, and several smaller items. Several pieces of !CA-financed technical equipment, which are a part of a group amounting to a total of $53,000, arrived recently. These include accessories of a pulp beater and spare parts of other machines. More items are known and other publications covering chemistry, electrolled cabinet to be used in certain wood gluing studies has reached Manila and should arrive at the Institute soon. LIBRARY The FPRI library received another shot in the arm. This ~s in the form of technical books to be on the way. A temperature-humidity-contricity, architecture, design, statistics, plywood, physics, botany, engineering, pulp and paper, (Continued on page 116) FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Technical Notes ..• (Continued from page 112) charge, the drying conditions will have to conform to the requirements of the species most difficult to dry. This will be too slow for the other species. If the drying is done as rapidly as the easiest species permits, the slow-drying species will be damaged. Even when the wood is all of the same species the kiln operator must use discretion because there are differences in the rate of drying of heartwood and sapwood, quarter sawn and flat sawn, and other factors to consider. 7. May all size8 be dried together? Since thick lumber dries more slowly than thin lumber and must be dried with greater care, it is not good practice to dry mixed sizes in the same charge. If for any reason mixed sizes are dried together, the kiln should be operated as required by the largest size. The thinner sizes will then not be damaged but more time will be required than when they are dried alone. 8. In what -way i8 kiln ar11ing better than air dr1ring? Air drying is dependent upon the weather but kiln drying can be under conditions controlled to give best results. Kiln drying is quicker and saves the yard space, the extra handling and the drying losses involved in air drying. It also permits drying to lower moisture contents than air drying. 9. Should lum.be1· he air dried before kiln drying? Preliminary air drying is not necessary but lumber that has been air dried or partially air dried can be kiln dried more quickly and requires somewhat less eare than lumber green from the saw. The kiln capacity in amount of lumber dried per month is greater and the kiln cost per thousand board feet is less when using air-d'ried lumber. However, the cost of air drying and extra handling must be added to the kiln costs in dete.nnining the total drying costs. These costs arc avoided when drying green from the saw. Which method is more economical or preferable depends upon local conditions and rec1uirements. 10. How can m.oi8ture clianges in kiln-dried lumber be preve:nted or t•educed? (a) Storing the lumber or the article made from it in a storeroom where the relative humidity of the air is maintained at the required level will avoid moisture changes as long as the correct humidity is retained. But if the humidity changes, the moisture content will begin to change. The dried lumber should not be piled on the floor but on racks about 18 inches above the floor so that the air can circulate beneath the pile. Dried lumber should not be stored in a new building until its walls and floors have Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 thoroughly dried and reached equilibrium with the air. (b) Wrapping the lumber or finished article in moisture-bar!·ier paper or plastic can gi·eatly i·educe the rate at which the moisture content of the wood will change but will not prevent the change entirely. (c) Coatings of varnish or paint on all surf aces of a piece of wood can reduce the rate of moisture change but not prevent the change. Finishing one side only, of course, retards moisture changes in that side only but the unfinished s~de is not benefited. (d) The best way to avoid the ill effects of moisture changes in an article of wood is to have the wood dried to the proper moisture content before the article is made. THE FIBER-SATURATION OF WOOD A growing tree contains large quantities of water, sometimes more water than wood. Some of this water held loosely in the wood within the fiber opening-s and in all othe.,. available interstices. It is called free water. The rest, which is called bou11~l water or hug~·oscopic water, is absorbed into the walls of the cells or fibers of the wood. In g1·een wood the bound water keeps the cells or fibers swelled to their maximum size. When the tree is cut into lumber and the lumber begins to dry, it is the free water that evaporates first. Theoretically, all the free water should have evaporated before any of the bound water leaves the wood, but this does not occur under ordinary conditions. It is usual for the free water to have left the surface layers or the ends of a board and evaporation of bound water to have begun there before any considerable amount of the free water has escaped from the center of the board. If we assume, however, that the drying proceeds theoretically, a point will be reached when all the free -water has left the wood but all of the bound water remains. The moisturr~ content at this theoretical point is called the fiber..saturation point. It is important to remember that this point marks the beginning of shrinkage and other behavior of wood as a result of further loss of moisture below this point. As long as the moisture content! of wood is above the fiber-saturation point, changes in moisture do not cause shrinkage or swelling, nor affect the strength of the wood. But at all moisture contents below the fiber-saturation point, any further loss of moisture results in shrinka~<t! while any increase in moisture content causes swelling. Below the fiber-saturation point also, most of the strength properties of wood increase Page 115 with further drying or decrease as the moisture content increases (up to the fiber-saturation point). When a given piece of green wood dries, the outer surfaces lose moisture first thus creating differences in moisture content in the different portions of the wood, with the surface being the driest. The exposed surface, therefore, reaches the fiber-saturation point while the inner portion is still above that point. If moisture loss proceeds further, the cells or fibers near the surface will begin to shrink but not those towards the center portion. This produces a tendency for the wood to check at the surface. Likewise, the ends of a board usually dry faster than the center so that shrinkage and checkir.g can also begin at the ends before the center has come down to the fiber-saturation point. To prevent the occurrence of these defects, it is important to avoid establishing too low a moisture content in the surface zones while that in the center is still high. This can be done in kiln drying by controlling the relative humidity which, of course, requires much skill. In air drying, such control is impractical because the weather is not under control. The density of wood (weight per unit volume) decreases rapidly with the loss of water above FPRI Highlights ... (Continued from page 114) forestry and others. Numbering around 260, these books were donated by several international organizations including the United Nations, Rockefeller Foundation, Colombo Plan, and the ICA. Some are donation of civic-spirited individuals. PUBLICATIONS A number of FPRI technical papers containing useful information on a variety of subjects were published in different local publications. One of them, "Production of Bond and Wrapping Paper from Sugar Cane Bagasse," by Jaime O. Escolano, appeared in Vol. 1, No. 2 of the Science Quarterly Digest. In the 1960 Anniversary Number of The LUMBERMAN four papers of the Institute were published. They are "Proximate Chemical Analysis of Some Philippine Woods," by Aurora C. Reyes, "Studies on Pulp and Paper Making :ffrom Philippine Woods and Fibers," Anonymous, "Moisture Content of \Vood in Relation to Air Humidity" Technical Note N. 1, and "Some Facts About Kiln Dried Wood," Technical Note No. 2. Excerpts of Technical Note No. 1, apPage 116 the fiber-saturation point, but not so rapidly below that point. \Vhy? Shrinkage, which starts to take place as a result of further drying below the fiber-saturation point, reduces the volume of the wood and for any amount of moistun loss there is a corresponding reduction of the volume of the wood. Density, being the ratio of the weight of the wood to its volume, will be less affected by the loss of the moisture where the volume is correspondingly reduced than where the volume remains constant as with wood having a moisture content above the fiber-saturation point. Many studies have been made in attempts to determine the exact fiber-saturation point, but the findings of different researchers are not entirely in agreement. There is much evidence to indicate that the point, for most woods, is in the neighborhood of 25 to 32 percent moisture content, although there is also evidence showing that it is lower for some species and higher for others. It is generally assumed to be about 30 percent unless known to be different. Even though the fiber..saturation point cannot be located accurately, the fact remains that it is an important concept in trying to understand and explain the behavior of wood with changes in its moisture content. peared in the December 24, 1959 issue of the Manila Daily Bulletin. The paper, "Progress Report on the Survey of Mechanical P~operties of Philippine Woods," by S. B. Bellosillo and R. J. Miciano, which was mentioned in the recent issue of this publication was reprinted and has had a wide distribution. Reprints of this paper are available to any interested party by enclosing a self-addressed stamped envelope in a request addressed to the Director, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. A just and reasonable modesty does not only -r-ecommend eloquence, but sets off every great talernt which a man can be possessed of; it heightens all the virtues which it accompanies; like the shades in paintings, it raises and rounds every figure and makes the colors 1nore beautiful, though not so glaring as they would be without. - Joseph Addison * * * Though reading and conversation may furnish us with many ideas of men and things, yet it is our own meditation that must form our judgment. - Isaac Watts FORESTRY LEAVES • Sunshine Corner • ----------Compiled by: EDDIE Z. CAJUCOM---------Professor: "You in the back of the room, what was the date of the signing of the Magna Carta?" "I dunno." "Yu don't, eh? Well, let's try something else. Who was bony Prince Charley?" "I dunno.'' ''Well, then, can you tell me what the Mr. Gayboy- "Now, Biddie, why did you tell your mistress what time I came home last night, when I asked you not to?" Bridget- "I didn't at all, sir. She asked me what time you got in, and I told her I was too busy cooking breakfast to look at the clock." * * * Tennis Court Ooath was?" It was a deathbed scene, but the direc"I dunno." tor was not satisfied with the hero's acting. "You don't! I assigned this stuff last Fri- "Come on" he cried. "Put more life in day. What were you doing last night?" your dying.'' "I was out drinking beer with some friends." "You were! What audacity to stand there and tell me a thing like that! How do you ever expect to pass this course?" ''Wal, I don't, mister. Ye see, I just come in to fix the radiator." * * * The employer, a sincere man who took a keen interest in the personal lives of the people working for him, met his shipping clerk in the hall one day. "Tom," he said, "how are you getting on? How are things at home?" "My wife pesters me a lot by asking for money," Tom confided. "I come at night tired to death, nothing but work, work, work, all the time. And she says nothing but money, money, money. Give me a dollar, give me seventy five cents, give me fifty cents." ''What on earth does she do with all that money?" "I don't know," shrugged Tom. "I never give her any." * * * ''What do you call this, tea or coffee?" demanded the angry customer. "It tastes more like gasoline." "If it tastes like gasoline," said the waiter soothingly, "I can guarantee it's coffee, because our tea tastes like dishwater." Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 * •:• * Lady- "Can you give me a room and a bath?" Clerk- "I can give you a room, madam, but you will have to take your own bath." * * * Doctor ( aranging patient on operating table)- "I'll be perfectly frank and tell you that four out of five patients die under this operation. Is there anything I can do for you before I begin?" Patient- "Yes - help me on with my shoes and pants." * * * ''But, doctor," said the worried patient, "are you sure I'll pull through? I've heard of cases where the doctor has made a wrong diagnosis, and treated someone for pneumonia who has afterward died of typhoid fever." "Nonsense," spluttered the affronted physician. ''When I treat a patient for a pneumonia, he dies of pneumonia." * * * Patient- "I'm in love with you. I don't want to get well." Nurse- "You won't. The doctor saw you kissing me, and he's in love with me, too." * ~ * "Sorry, old man, that my hen got loose and scratched up your garden." "That's all right, my dog ate your hen." Page 117 "Fine! I just run over your dog and killed him." "In what state were you when you were born?" * :!< * A passenger in an airplane was far up in the sky when the pilot began to laugh hysterically. ''Well," hesitated the blushing spinster, "er-er-nude." * * * "Waiter, we want chicken. The younger the better." Passenger- ''What's the joke?" Pilot- "I'm thinking of what they'll say at the asylum when they find out I have escaped." Then hadn't you better order eggs, sir?" * * * Car owner- "How did this long blond * * * hair get on the back seat of my limousine." Mrs. Pepper- ''How well you are looking, Mrs. Smythe." Chauffeur- "I'll give you an explanation, sir." Mrs. Smythe-- "Do you really think so?" Mrs. Pepper- "Indeed I do. There isn't a woman of my acquaintance as old as you, who looks nearly as young." Owner- "Explanation nothing! What I want is an introduction." Boxer- "Isn't it a long distance from the dressing room to the ring?" * * * The census taker asked: Opponent- "Yes, but you won't have to walk back." Page 118 A.dvic~ From A Famous Alumnus When I was a lad I dreamed I would 'be A student in the College of Forestry. I passed all the subjects in my small High School And practiced with a bolo as my only tool, I swung that bolo with a hand so free That now I am a captain of forestry. My very first year on Makiling slopes I concentrated on learning the ropes; I smiled at professors and I smiled at the dean And never told stories in the least obscene. I was so nice to the faculty That now I am a captain of Forestry. As a new and old freshman I finally made the grade, But they set me to work with a dibble and a spades I hated the job so I loosened up the ground And planted all the seedlings upside down. Oh, I was such a whiz in the nursery That now I am a captain of Forestry. Then with compass and transit I surveyed all the Land And copied my field notes from another man; I wrote long reports in English sad - But I never never made the instructors mad. I repeated each course till I got a three So now I am a captain of Forestry. Now listen young man, if you want my advice, It's to the faculty always be nice; Study very hard when there's work to do; Pass every course with a one or two; Read all the books in the library; And you too can be a captain in Forestry! FORESTRY LEAVES CHARLES LATHROP PACK FORESTRY FOUNDATION 1214 Sixteenth Street, N. W. Washington 6, D.C. January 27, 1960 Dean Gregorio Zamuco University of the Philippines, College of Forestry, College, Laguna, Philippines Dear Dean Zamuco: My best thanks for your kindness in sending Miss Dowling the copies of Forestry Leaves she had requested., and the photograph taken in President Garcia's office. Professor Emeritus Cedric Guise, of Cornell, has recently written me that he expects to be in the Philippines shortly, and, if you concur, I feel sure that he could give an excellent talk to your students. Undoubtedly Paul Zehngraff will know Professor Guise's itinerary. On looking over the provisional program for the Fifth World Forestry Congress, I was happy to see that you have been asked to contribute a paper. In this regard, I am wondering what your plans are for attending the congress Certainly your 1>resence there will add materially to our deliberations, especially in the tropical field. Won't you let me know what your plans are, for I am looking forward eagerly to seeing you again. Every good wish. Sincerely yours, (SGD.) TOM GILL, Executive Director * * * REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Department of Agriculture & Natural Resources BUREAU OF FORESTRY Office of the Officer in Charge Marawi City D-37, Administration Supervision The District Forester lligan City Sir: January 13, 1960 I have the honor to inform you that the Provincial Governor of Lanao del Sur invited all Heads of Offices in the Provincial Capitol for a conference in the Conference and Session Hall of the Provincial Board on January 12, 1960. The primary aim of the conference was cooperation and coordination of work among offices in Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 the province. And the second purpose was rather an acquaintance party. The Governor tendered a coffee party. All the heads of offices were requested to deliver a short talk to introduce our names and the names of our respective offices. I was introduced by the Governor as Gen. Mc Arthur - I shall return. In the afternoon of January 11, this year, I received again an invitation from the elected Mayor of Saguiaran to attend and deliver a short talk in conjunction with their inaugural celebra·· tion of the newly elected Municipal Officials of the municipality of Saguiaran, Lanao del Sur. I accepted the invitation because I noticed that all the Head's of offices headed by the Provincial Governor and Board Members were going t<. attend the said inaugural celebration of the newly elected municipal officials. And I also believed that this is in relation with our public relation activities. Enclosed herewith are the extracts or question of my short talks delivered. Very truly yours, VITALIANO M. ES.CALANTE Officer in Charge * * * Editor in Chief FORESTRY LEAVES College of Forestry College, Laguna S i r : c/o Bureau of Forestry Manila January 13, 1959 I wish to thank you for g1vmg me a very reasonable number of pages under Volume XI No. 4 of the FORESTRY LEAVES, organ of the student body and alumni of the College of Forestry, under "KNOW YOUR CIVIL SERVICE OPINIONS AND RULINGS". Enclosed herewith is the second series for the coming issue. The following cases are as follows: 1. Implication of One's Superiors Through Falsification Merits Dismissal from the Service. 2. Misconduct - Acts of Violence in Office 3. Making Love to Subordinate Teacher Merits Separation 4. Inflicting Injury on Co-Employee Constitutes Grave Misconduct Pa1e 119 i>. The Terms "Temporary Employees" Includes Casual Employees 6. Negligence in the Custody of Public Funds Merits Fine and Reprimand 7. Employee may be Forcibly Separated from the Service Due to Ill Health Also, enclosed is copy of my memorandum for the Director of Forestry, Manila, dated September 29, 1959, for your information and if' found worthwhile, you may put across through the FORES.TRY LEAVES. You are rest assured of my continuing cooperation with the staff of the Forestry Leaves, I remain. Very truly yours, TEOFILO A. SANTOS * * * REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES HOUSF: OF REPRESENTATIVE Manila November 29, 1959 Mr. Gregorio L. Santo!! Gingoog, Misamis Oriental Dear Mr. Santos: I have been informed by Board Member Ignacio Caliii.gin who is now in Manila working to get whatever assistance he can for you all, that you are one of the victims of the fire that broke in Gingoog on th:! 18th of this month. Please be as.;;ured that on my part as the Rrpresentative of Misamis Oriental and as your friend I am doing my best in making strong representations with President .Garcia and all the offices concerned to give you all the help we can muster. I deeply regret what happened and I greatly sympathize with you in your plight. I know how hard is your situation but let us bear it. After all, you are not alone. We are behind you. With my warmest personal regards. The President Very cordially, (Sgd.) FAUSTO DUGENIO Congressman Misamis Oriental * * * Los Baii.os, Laguna January 11, 1960 Student Body Organization College of Forestry U.P. Laguna Sir : The Family and Relatives of the late Forester EPIFANIO L. COLUMBRES, (who died December 16, 1959) in Butuan City, while in the performance of his official duties in the jungles of Agusan Province, wish to convey our most Page 120 profound gratiturlc and appreciation to all those who in one way or another helped and condoled with us in the hour of our bereavement. For the Columbres family, ANICETO COLUMBRES Brother * * * Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation 1214 Sixteenth Street, N.W. Washington 6, D.C. U.S.A. Gentlemen: Attention: Ellen C. Dou· ling, Edito1· In accordance with your letter of December 28, 1959, we are sending to you under separate cover the following: (1) Two copies of the September, 1959 issue of Fore11try Leai•es containing Mr. Tom Gill's artiele, "The Forests of the Phil. ippines"; and ( 3 One copy of the 1959 Forestry Day issue of Forestry Leaves containing Mr. Gill'ii article, "Forestry Proposals for the Philippines". Reprints of Mr. Gill's article in the 1959 Forestry Day issue of Fcn·estry Leaves will be made because it is our intention to furnish persons who may be interested in improving forestry conditions in this country. It may be of interest for you to know that Mr. Gill's utterance while he was here and his articles are still the subject of favorable comments by those who are interested in forest conservation. We are enclosing herewith a copy of the photograph mentioned in the letter referred to above and also two other photographs taken at the time Mr. Gill and his companions called on the President Carlos P. Garcia of the Republic of the Philippines. Very truly yours GREGORIO ZAMUCO Dean * * * Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources BUREAU OF FORESTRY Office of the District Forester City of lligan D-37, Cooperation Mach 14, 1960 Prof. Jose B. Blando. College of Forestry, U.P. College, Laguna Dear Prof. Blando: I am sending herewith postal money order Nos. 640-30755 and 639-238109 in the amount of PS0.00 and P98.95 respectively representing our collection for the March issue of the Forestry Leaves as follows: FORESTRY LEAVES 1. Findly Millar Timber Co. P30.00 2. Misamis Mahogany Inc. il0.00 :i. lligan Lbr. Co., Inc. . ....................... ) Kiwalan Lbr. Co., Inc ..................... ) B. B. Andrada & Co. .... 30.0d 4. Mr. and Mrs. Pablo Luna .................. 20.00 Total .................................................. P180.00 Minus money order and mailing fees 1.05 Balance ............................................... Pl 78.95 5. Lanao Export Corp. .......................... 20.00 Please send a copy of the Forestry Leaves to each of the above companies for their infcrmation. With our best wishes and warm regards to your staff. Very truly yours, MARIO F. SAN LUI::; District Forester CHARLES LATHROP PACK FORESTRY FOUNDATION 1214 Sixteenth Street, N.W. Washington 6, D,C. December 28, 1959 Dean Gregorio Zamuco College of Forestry College, Laguna, Philippines Dear Dean Zamuco: The September 1959 issue of Forestry Leaves, containing Mr. Tom Gill's article, "The Forests of the Philippines," was received here last week, just after Mr. Gill's departure for Latin Americo. He is expected back here by mid.January, and I shall, of course, hold the magazine for him to see. I am sure he will be very much interested in the whole issue, and would want me to thank you on his behalf for your courtesy in arranging for him to see it. Would it be possible for us to get two more copies? And would it also be possible for us to have a copy of the photograph that was reproduced opposite page 1 in the September Forestry Leaves? These materials would be very ueful additions to our files, and if you will let me know the charges involved, I shall be happy to send a check to cover them. Pending Mr. Gill's return, I am sure he would want me to wish you, on his behalf, every success and very happiness in 1960. Very sincerely yours, ELLEN C. DOWLING Editor Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 c/o District Office>, E.F. Boao, Marindusue March 18, 1960 Profesor Jose B. Blando College of Forestry, U. P. College, Laguna My dear Prof. Blando: I received your letter of February 24, 1960. However, I delayed answering you till I would have advertisements for the Forestry Leaves. I did my level best and was able to solicit th9 amount of Pl00.00 from some licenses and lumber dealer and after deducting the expenses of P7.05 (for bus transportation, money order fee and stamps is herewith remitted payable to the Business Manager, Forestry Leaves under postal money order No. 82922. I would have made more but our forest users have just made advertisement with the Forestry Yearbook last year. This is all and I and Mrs. Soriano is wishing you and your family best regards. Very sincerely yours, EMILIO A. SORIANO INSULAR LUMBER COMPANY Manufacturers and Expo1ters of Philippine Cabinet Woods Member-Philippine Lumber Producers' Association Manila Fabrica, Occ. Negros Philippines 5th January 1960 Dean Gregorio Zamuco University of the Philippines College of Forestry College, Laguna Dear Dean Zamuco, Please accept my most sincere thanks for the many courtesies that you and your staff extended to me during my recent visit to Los Banos. I was indeed impressed with the work you are trying to do in obtaining a better school of forestry. I was appreciative too of having the opportunity to see the splended facility that v.ou have, not the least of which was your arboretum with so many fast growing trees that show promise as alternates to trees indigenous to the Islands. I hope that you, Dr. DE Zeeuw, Dr. Stone, Dr. Larson and other members of your staff may soon find it convenient to pay as a visit here in Fabrica. Enc.:a/s Yours very trul'lt.. (SGD) R. S. KEARNS General Manager January 18, 1960 Page 121 lfrnrestry if.Ieaues Organ of the Student Body and Alumni of the College of Forestry, College, J,aguna FORTUNATO S. ARCANGEL Editor in Chief Managing Editor LORENZO M. ESTRADA ISIDRO ESTEBAN CARLOS GLORI Associate Editors EDl\IUNDO DIZON ADM.A A. RIMBON JESS ROLA ADOLFO REVILLA, JR. Literary News Sports Features STAFF WRITERS BOARD OF MANAGEMENT NESTOR M. CAPELLAN DOl\UNADOR DEL ROSARIO R. V. ASTUDILLO GREGORIO FRANCIA ISAIAS BAitONGAN EDILBERTO z. CA.JUCOM MAltIANO z. v AI.ERA Business Manager Asst. Bus. Mgr. JOSE B. BLANDO Adviser E~ On this our Nineteenth Moving Up Da.y Moving-Up Day has symbolized for us growth-physical, moral and intellectual. Each graduating student, whether for the Ranger's certificate or for the Bachelor of Science of Forestry Degree, must be able to say to himself that he has grown during his stay in College While it is hoped that he has learned and mastered those skills needed in his profession, can he say to himself in all sincerity that he has provided himself with the core of basic education, so essential for an appreciation of the values of life, and for the recognition of the true, the noble and the beautiful? Has he gone through a curriculum Which included those disciplines that will give a better understanding of man as a unit of civilized society and as a member of his community? Or has he acquired mere factual knowledge which by itself, according to one British writer, "is a poor test of any education and lamentably poor test of the education of boys and girls of seventeen and eighteen." The proper test of education therefore is whether it teaches the pupil to think and awakens in him an interest in applying his brain to the various problems and opportunities that life presents. It is said that "the process of education is not be compared to that of filling an empty pot, but rather to that of lighting a fire." When Milton Eisenhower, President of Pennsylvania State University, was asked to define an educated man, he said, "One could give a dozen valid definitions of an educated person. One would be this: he is a person of sterling character, moral and inteIIectual maturity and compassion. One mi~t say that an educated person is one who has developed the foundation for a balanced growth-intellectual, spiritual and physical growth. . . . I would say we believe an educated person must achieve real depth of knowledge and understandins in some one discipline, a broad understanding in other fields of knowledge, logic and clariiy in communication, the habit of critical thinking in strivin' at valid judgments, a commitment on the basis of deep understanding to the free way of life, and the ability to think and reason in g!obal terms." Page 122 FORESTRY LEAVES While we cannot say this of our present graduates and of former ones, we have bright hopes that, with the implementation of the general basic education courses this coming school year, in all colleges of the University of the Philippines, our future graduates will have developed before future Moving-Up Days, the foundation for balanced growthintellectual, spiritual and physical. -L.E. Our Gold and Diamonds Jubilees Just between ourselves, we in forestry are really a unique group. Outsiders have not ceased to wonder at our "togetherness!' Foresters, so they say, always tend to gravitate to one another. Whether among foresters in the government service, or among those outside ot it, or even between those in the service and others who have drifted to other life, work, there exists a fellowship seldom seen in other groups. Mt. Makiling, through some strange alchemy, seems to have compounded a bond of fello·w:ship among forestry men which change of environment or fortunes, or even loss of contact over the years cannot cut or even corrode. That this is so, we are proud to admjt, We are a close, well-knit group. Even hearing someone casually mentioning Mt. Makilin~ or the mud springs or the "school up the hill" perks our ears, brings a soft glow in our eyes. Bring some alumni together and they hark back on the sood old days. Little and big incidents Joris slumbering come back with startli~ freshness: the joys and the sorrows shared together, the lonely treks to the peaks and the sneak visits to town, the "5'fl' we caught and the "l's" which got away, the papayas we picked and the leeches which picked on us, how monkeys ogled on us everyday and how we made up Sundays o§ling at excursionists, that glorious moment Gres hit that home-run and that inglorious night he had to run from someone's home, and the hundred other experiences which people of congenial spirits and common interests love to reminesce over and over again. Makiling and our Alma Mater have always a soft spot in our hearts. That has always been and ever will be, as time-defying as Makiling itself, as soulinspiring as the Alma Mater herself. Plans are underway to bring us to§ether again. The year 1960 marks our two grand anniversaries: the diamond anniversary of the Bureau of Forestry and the golden anniversary of the College of Forestry. We are celebrating these in a manner befitting the significance of the events. Much history has passed since Captain George P. Ahern got his orders on April 14, 1900 to head the Forestry Bureau, many groups of foresters have been nurtured by our Alma Mater since the first 24 forestry students began classes in the College of A.Ariculture on June 13, 1910, but each year going by only strengthens our attachment to these two forestry institutions. They are our very own. Each one of us, somehow, somewhere, sometime has had a hand in building them up to what they are now. Their golden and diamond jubilees are our very own jubilees. November 27 to 30 has tentatively been set aside for the jubilees. The Alumni As~ sociation, the Society of Filipino Foresters, the District Foresters' League, the rank and file of the forest service - and all our well wishers -are joining hands. And true to our tradition of making a happy blend ot pleasure and business, the observance of the jubilees have all the ingredients of fun-filled reunions and all the trappings of a serious convention to resolve the problems of forestry. More detailed announcement will be made of course. But as of now, everybody looks forward to seeins everyone around, come the jubilees. It will be truly worthwhile. When gold and diamond blend, something is bound to sparkle. -N. P. LansiganMoving-Up Doy Issue 1960 Poge 123 Incidentally We wish to announce with great pride that our Dean of the College of Forestry, Professor Gregorio Zamuco, was a recipient of a travel gre.nt. He left last April 7, two days before the "Moving-Up Day." His itinerary will include all schools and colleges in the United States, where he will obsP.rve modern methods on the administration of said schools. Dean Zamuco expects to be home next June or July. In the meantime, Dr. Artemio V. Manza, head of the Department of Botany and Dendrology, takes over the helm. ---oOo---Moving-Up Day is here again with us. On this day, let.: us not forget the many tasks ahead of us, the conservation and the perpetuation of our great natural resources. To those who are leaving the portals of this our Alma Mater, let us not forget the many good things we learned and the spirit we have imbibed while in the College of Forestry, the college we love to see. We should always remember that the success or failure of perpetuating our forests depends on us. We should not fail our Alma Mater by doing the responsibilities that lie ahead. ---oOoi---The Dean, members of the faculty and Student Body of the College of Forestry wish to thank Senator Gil Puyat for putting aside other important engagements and making himself available to us as our Moving-Up Day guest speaker. Our dear friend, Mr. Puyat did not only give us his invaluable guidance, but also an assurance of his ever-helping hand in solving the many problems that beset us. He assured us also of help to work for a campus of our own. ---oOo----There are 87 graduating students this year. Thirty-seven of which are candidates for the B.S.F. Degree. This year, so far. has the highest number of B.S.F. graduates. Poge 124 We only hope these graduates do not fail our expectations. We wish each and everyone of you good luck and Godspeed. May you succeed in all your noble undertakings. ---oOo---We heard that four of our young professors and instructors will be leaving for the United States very soon. They are: Professors Domingo Jacalne and Rudy Yaptengco, Messrs. Romy Castillo and Nard Angeles. They will stay abroad for a year for their masters degree. Bon Voyage and Happy Landing! ---oOo--Many of our new graduates are seeking employment in the government and private firms. Some of them have just reported for work. Four or six of the new B.S.F. graduates will join the faculty staff of the college. Well, no matter where you are, you should always remember the camaraderie we developed here on this campus, the "esprit de corps," a companionship for which foresters are noted. ---oOo.....--Our own Eddie Cajucom has just completed two courses, the B.S.F. and "M.D.'° courses. He has taken before the altar his one and only best-half. Our Best Wishes. ---oOo---Dr. Earl Stone, Jr. and family will be leaving us soon. We hate to see them go but we can't do anything except to wish them Bon Voyage. The faculty and students of the College of Forestry will always remember Dr. Stone for his benevolent help to the college. Dr. Stone will leave on June 15. He was one of the participants in the U.P. College d Forestry-Cornell University Contract. This contract was negotiated to help the college authorities improve the setup of the curricuculum, and the expansion of the College of Forestry. FORESTRY LEAVES Bn Bet lrtating lht lltfortstation Bdministration Fourth Congress of the Republic ) of the Philippines ) Third Session ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES H. NO. 4921 Introduced by Congressmen Sanchez, Roy, Ortega, Fartich, Gustilo, Paredes, Romualdez, Abeleda, Tan, Castaneda, Tobia and Raquiza EXPLANATORY NOTE The necessity of reforesting our barren denuded grassland specially in the watershed areas of rivers, harnessed for hydro-electric power, irrigation projects, water works systems and destructive rivers and other bare areas subject to severe erosion can never be over-emphasized. During the past years we have witnessed how the reforestation fund collected by virtue of Republic Act No. 115 has been diverted for other purposes other than the intention of the Special Reforestation Act. It is therefore, imperative that in order to avoid the possibility of repeating the same and so that the reforestation fund shall be used exclusively for the purposes enumerated in said Republic Act No. 115, a separate entity or government agency be created so that there will be no doubt as to the expenditures of the reforestation fund. A separate agency that will concern itself primarily with reforestation will go a long way towards replenishing our fast-dwindling forest areas. There is no question that the national income will suffer a serious reduction when our forest resources are not properly taken care of to assure a constant supply of valuable timber. For every tree felled, there should be another one replanted. But this can never be done unless the agency doing this work is free from the myriad problems of the Bureau of Forestry, and can concentrate on the important work of replanting. With this agency, it is hoped that better efficiency will be attained in the work of reforestation and that more areas will be reforested annually. Passage of this bill is, therefore, earnestly requested. Fourth Congress of the Republic ) of the Philippines ) Third Session ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES H. NO. 4921 Introduced by Congressmen Sanchez, Roy, Ortega, Fortich, Gustilo, Paredes, Romualdez, Abeleda, Tan, Castaneda, Tobia and Raquiza AN ACT CREATING THE REFORESTATION ADMINISTRATION Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress asembled: SECTION 1. A separate government agency in the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources to be known as Reforestation Administration is hereby created to take over the functions of the existing Reclamation and Reforestation Division of the Bureau of Forestry. SEC. 2. All reforestation funds collected pursuant to Republic Act Numbered One hundred fifteen shall be turned over to the Administrator of the Reforestation Administration to be spent exclusively for reforestation purposes, subject to the approval of the SecMoving-Up Day Issue 1960 Page 125 retary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and all areas reforested under this section shall be considered as permanent forest reserves. SEC. 3. The Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources shall, upon recommendation of the Administrator of the Reforestation Administration declare what areas are to be reforested and placed under the management, administration and control of the Reforestation Administration and that after the area or areas have been reforested, they shall not be declared agricultural lands. SEC. 4. All personnel now actually performing productive reforestation work, including all record, supplies, equipment, furniture, vehicles and existing buildings, improvements and other facilities and properties in the various reforestation projects now in existence as well as in the central office, Bureau of Forestry, Manila are hereby transferred to the Reforestation Administration. SEC. 5. The Reforestation Administration shall have one Administrator to be known as the Administrator of Reforestation Administration and One Deputy Administrator with the salary range of 62 and 57, respectively, in accordance with the wage and position classification (WAPCO), and who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines with the consent of the Commission on Appoinments of the Congress of the Philippines. The Administrator of Reforestation Administration shall subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, organize its personnel into such divisions or sections as will insure the simplest organization and maximum efficiency. The Administrator shall likewise organize branches in the provinces which shall coordinate their work with the Bureau of Forestry. The Administrator of Reforestation Administration shall possess the powers generally conferred upon Bureau Chiefs. SEC. 6. For the current fiscal year, all appropriations under the current budget which pertains to the Reclamation and Reforestation Division of the Bureau of Forestry are hereby transferred to the Reforestation Administration for the proper establishment and carrying out of the purposes of this Act. SEC. 7. All law, orders and regulations inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed. SEC. 8. This Act shall take effect upon its aproval. Approved, I hereby certify that the foregoing House Bill (H. No. 4921 - 4th C.R.P.), was passed by the House of Representatives on May 19, 1960. I. B. PAREJA Secretary, House of Representatives Railroaded during the last regular sessions of Congress was House Bill No. 4921 creating a Reforestation Administration. It was certified as URGENT by the President so that his signing it into law can be taken for granted. By the time you read this, the President would approved it. But a more controversial bill we have yet to see. The entire work on reforestation and afforestation, together with the corresponding funds, are transferred from the Bureau of Forestry to the newly created entity. Obviously, there are as many things as could be said in favor of or against this legislation. Read it, mull over it, and see if its passage will heir,> Philippine forestry at all or worsen the mess it is now in. What seems most logical would have been to give the bill an airing before it was passed so that it could have been given the benefit of a thorough study. Its proponents chose to railroad it. History will either condemn its authors or make heroes of thtom - N. P. Lansigan Page 126 FORESTRY LEAVES The Forestry Jubilees To take charge of preparations for the celebr.ttions sometime this year of the 60th Anniversary uf the Bureau of Forestry and the SOth Anniversary of the College of Forestry, the following committees were constituted: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Regent Florencio Tamesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chairman President, U.P. Forestry Alumni Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Member President, Society of Filipino Foresters .......................... . President, District Foresters' League ............................. . Director of F-::restry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... . Dean of College of Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . o;rector of Parks and Wildlife . . . . . . . . ......................... . Forester Juan T. Utleg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Secretary OTHER COMMITTEES Program Finance Publicity .............................................. . Director Tiburc'o Serevo President Nazario Peiias Forester Nicolas P. Lansigan Dean Greiorio Zamuco Forester Carlos Sulit Forester Jose Viado Reception and Entertainment ........................... . Awards and Prizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . Decoration ............................................ . BUREAU OF FORESTRY OFFERS SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS: The Bureau of Forestry has included in its 1961 budget a proposed appropriation for scholarships in the College of Forestry for "poor but deserving students of said College and to graduates of hig:t schools and for advance training to deserving Bureau of Forestry personnel". Anticipating approval of its request by Congress, the Bureau advised the principals of all city and provincial high schools in the c-=untry of these scholarship grants. Some of the conditions of the grants Ere: 1. The scholarship award w;n be annual depending on the availability of appropriation, standard of scholarship of the With Our Compliments . . . ARAS-ASAN TIMBER COMPANY, INC. Member: Philippine Lumber Producers' Ass'n Inc. Ollice: 682-688 Sales St., Manila Telephones: 3-10-71 & 3-10-72 Cable Address: "ARTIMCp MANILA" Timber Concessions: * ARAS-ASAN CAGWAIT, SURIGAO "Artimco Aras-asan" * TAGO and TANDAG SURIGAO "Artimco Tandag" Moving-Up Day Issue 1960 awerdee and his conduct in the College of Forestry; 2. The selected scholar should defray his traveling expenses from his hometown to the College of Forestry; 3. The student scholar shall receive beginning July 1, 1960 an allowance of ONE HUNDRED TWENTY PESOS ('?120.00) a month during the period of attendance in the College ·=ut of which shall be paid tuition and other fees; 4. 1.'he awardee shall agree to render not less than one and one-half ( 11/2 ) years of service to the govemm-ent of the Republic of the Philippines for every year of scholarship enjoyed or a proportionate period thereof. His employment, however, is subject to the availabllity of funds and positions and at a rate of salary that may be determined by the employ:ng agency: 5. The awardee shall reimburse the government all expenses incurred in and incident to the scholarship award in the event that he fails t:> abide by the terms of the contract or in case he leaves the College or the service earlier than the period provided by the agreement except when the cause of the separation is not due to his voluntary actuations or is beyond his control; Page 127 6. The awardee may be required t:i render service to the College or to the Bureau of Forestry when not engaged in actual study; 7. The scholarship may be terminated by the Director of Forestry at any time if the awardee fails to live up to the standard of scholarship, behavior and decorum required by the C~llege of Forestry. The application must be accompanied with an Information Sheet furnished by the Bureau, transcript of grades, and recommendation of the Principal as to the applicant's scholastic ability and moral conduct while in the high school. In view of the limited number of sch~larships, the Bureau is limiting the award to Valedictorians and Salutatorians. Anyone interested in these grants should submit his application immediately to the Director of Forestry, Manila, after graduation to afford ample time to screen and make the selection bef:re the opening of classes in June, 1960. The Bureau likewise asked all the Distr:ct Fore3ters to reccmm<end two deserving employees from each district. From those recommended, ten will be granted scholarship. The screening of applicants for scholarship is expected to be quite thorough to maintain the high academic standard of the College of Forestry. DONGALLO'S LOGGING ENTERPRISE AND ADGAWAN TIMBER INCORPORATED Main Office: Branch Office: Magallanes St., 503 Burke Bldg., Butuan City Escolta, Manila Tel. No.: 3-97-18 Cable Address: "DONGALLO" Manila and Butuan City "ATIC" Manila and Butuan City Page 128 And from Professor Tamolang who is now finishing his F.D. (Doctor cf Forestry) at Yale, and who will soon be back with us, we received the following verse. Incidentally, Professor Tamolang will be the first Filipino to attain his doctorate in Forestry. Rtmtmbtr Rlways ff JtI* By FRANCISCO N. T AMOLANG I Remember always FPRI The Institute we love so dear And pledge our honor, in our work, our level best Our faithful servi;;e, we manifest II 0, dear FPRI, we hold high thir.e Ideals supreme, tile torch to fame; And always r:ray for strent,th and peace and guidance clear With "esprit de Corps" so true, sincere III On Mt. Makiling, grandly thou standeth Where natures' bounty lavishly abounds With inspiration, thy long children, every one For dear Native land labor on. Refrain We seelc always for the truth In research and all our work United we stand, always alert to the call For FPRI's success and goal. We regret that the report of Mr. de ias Alas has not been prb.ted in full for lack of spa;;e. We also regret that this issue has been delayed. Things beyond our control made it impossible for us to meet the deadline. ,... ,<.. - FORESTRY LEAVES Compliments of NASIPIT LUMBER COMPANY, INC. ANAKAN LUMBER COMPANY AGUSAN TIMBER CORPORATION ASSOCIATED PULP AND PAPER CO., INC. PRODUCERS * MANUFACTURERS * EXPORTERS Philippine Mahogany logs and lumber creosoted lumber, poles and pilings KILN DRIED & Pressure treated lumber Members: Philippine Lumber Producers' Association, Inc. Main Offices: Tels. 2-47-56 3rd Floor 2-69-66 Fernandez Hno1. Bldg. 205 Juan Luna, Manila MANUFAC ·Main Office: R-311 Maritime Bldg. 119 Dasmarifias, Manila Tela. 2-69-66, Ir24 2-47-56 Sales Information Service: Jordan Pacific Co. 444 Market Street San Francisco 11 California, U.S.A. Sales Division: R-203 Maritime Bldg. 119 Dasmarifias_. Manila Tel1. 2-69-66 Ir30, lr31 2-47-56 c.bl• Adm.-: "NASIPIT MANILA""ANAKAN MANILA" "LAWANIT MANILA" Sustained yield Management is the Key to perpetual forest productivity and use. AGUINALDO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Head office: Timber Concession Under Metropolitan Theatre Bldg. Sustained Yield management. Plaza Lawton, Manila Asuncion-Kapalong, Davao Member: Phil1ppirie Lumber Producers Associations, Inc. .. - ..... SJ-7R ....... \ ~ ·• COMBINATION. YARDER-LOADER A fast dual-purpose machine that is changing the logging picture. One ~fne now does both YARDING and LOADING. When working with two CAT Tractors, the SJ-7R offers a production team that is hard to beat. • Coll, write or see us FOR YOUR EVERY LOGvlNG NEED e ROHLING ROYAL BLUE WIRE ROPE e YOUNG BLOCKS & RIGGIN<! EQUIPMENT e REMINGTON POWER CHAIN SAWS - KOPPEL {PHILIPPINES) INC. BUENDIA AVE. CORNER MONROE ST., MAKATI Tel. -8-93-51 1904 - 1960 BRANCHES AND SERVICE THROUGHOUT THE ISLANDS it.public of the Phillppinee Deputment of Public Works and Cctrn11\lanicationt BUREAU OF POSTh M•nii. SWORN STATEMENT (R9e1uired by Act 2510) "!1.. uncleniped, EDILBDITO z: CAJUCOM. busineu m.napr of FORESTRY LEAVES publilbed .-rt•rly in EnsJiah at Collep, Lquu •fter bavin1 beea duly IWOl'll in accordance with .... 'herebJ submibl the followin1 n.tement of ownenbip. mana~ment, and circulation, etc., which it required by Act 2510, ee .-nded by Commonweelth Act No. 201: N.,.. Editor, Fortunato S. Arcsn1el . . . ................• , .. . M_,in• Bditor, Lorenzo M. Estrada . . . . . ........................ . Busi•• Ma,..,.r, Eclil'berto Z. Cajucom .......... . Owner, U.P. Coll ... of F....uy . . . . . . . . . . l'abli.i.r, Student Body and Alumni, Collep of Forestry ........•.......... Printer, Community Publishers, Inc. . ............ . Ollu·.e ol Publie.ation, Colle1e. Lagun• Add ... eon.... Lop .. Collo .. , Lqum Collep, Lllpna Collep, Lacuna Collep, Lacuna 1986 Henaa St., Menile Collep. Laguna. If publicetion i1 owned by • corporetion, 1tockholde11 ownin1 one per cent or morr of the total •mount of stocln: NOT APPLICABLE Bandholder1, mo=t1•1ee1, or other HCWity holden· ownin1 one per cent or more of total em.aunt .of IKUrity: NOT APPLICABLE . In case of deily public•tion, •Ter•p numlaer of copie1 printed end drculeted of Heh t1 ... durin1 tllie precedin1 month of NON"E. 19-; I. Sent to paid 1ubacriben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................•.. NONE NONE NONE 2. Sent to othen than P3id 1Ubscriben ..... . Tot el.... . ..................... . In ca• of publicetion other than deily, tohll number of copin printitd •nd circulated of the latt i11ae deted March, 1959: 1. Sent to peid subscriben .......•.. 2. Sent to othen than paid 1ublcriber1 Total ...................... . 520 480 1.000 CScd.) EDILBERTO Z. CAJUCOM B11sineu Mena .. r SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me this 2nd day of October, 1QS9, at Los B•ilos, Laguna, the effiant exhibitin1 hit Residence Certificate No. A-4291956-llll-r.d at Lot Bai101, L11guna, on February 24, 1959. GENARO V. CATALAN Mayor, Los Sanos, La•u.na ACT 2510 REQUIRES THAT THIS SWORN STATEMl':NT BE FILED WITH THE BUREAU OF POSTS ON APRIL I AND OCTOBER I OF EACH YEAR. lfOTS: Tiu. form ii .. mpt fro~ the payment of documentary 1tamp tas.