Forestry Leaves. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue

Media

Part of Forestry Leaves

Title: Forestry Leaves. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue
Issue Date: Volume XIV (Issue Nos. 1 & 2) 1961
Publisher: Bureau of Forestry
Year: 1961
Language: English
Rights
Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: Fa R ESTRvr-vlEAVE~ Organ of the Studeri+ Coll ~"'Id • 1. '"P"li of the ! f; ! L IN THIS ISSUE Messages Let the Chips Fall Where They ~fay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 1 by Vicente L. Pimentel Director E. de la Cruz: His Life and Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 by Dioscoro L. Umali Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 by Eugenio de la Cruz Self-Sufficiency or Self-Destruction of Philippine Natural Resources . . 11 by William L. Webb Better Trees for Tomorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 by Rosales A. ]uni Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . by Vicente de la Cruz New Developments in Forestry • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 by Francisco N. T amolang The Fork Dendrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 by John C. Sammi Photo Interpretation Aids Developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 by Juanito D. Lamanilao Infiltration Studies on Grassland Watersheds in Northern Nueva Ecija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 39 by Leonardo D. Angeles ,, The Question Box: Wood Preservation-Its Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 A Radio Interview with Forester Rosario T. Cortes, FPRI Plants With Edible Fruit in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 by Conrado B. Tadeo Pictorials FPRI Technical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Campus Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 BF Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Reforestation Administration Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 P.W.O. Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 FPRI Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Forestry in the News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Sunshine Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 From the Mailbag .................................................. 115 Literary Attempts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Editorials .......................................................... 117 195J ARBOR WEEK-FORESTRY DAY ISSUE Vol. XIV Nos. 1 & 2 THE SIN OF OMISSION It isn't the thing you do, dear, It's the thing you leave undone That gives you a bit of a heartache At setting of the sun. The tender word forgotten, The letter you did not write, The flowers you did not send, dear, Are your haunting ghosts at night. The stone you might have lifted Out of a brother's way; The bit of heartsome counsel You were hurried too much to say; The loving touch of the hand, dear, The gentle, winning tone Which you had no time nor thought for With troubles enough of your own. Those little acts of kindness .So easily out of mind, Those chances to be angels Which we poor mortals findThey come in night and silence, Each sad, reproachful wraith, When hope is faint and flagging, And a chill has fall en on faith. For life is all too short, dear, And sorrow is all too great, To suffer our slow compassion That tarries until too late; And it isn't the thing you do, dear, Ifs the thing you leave undone Which gives you a bit of a heartache At the setting of" the sun. MARGARET E. SANGSTER @Hitt of tqt ~iu Jlrtsibtn± of tlyi Jlyilippims ~atai"tmqJ The celebration of Arbor Week is an event that Filipinos should look up to with much anxiety and expectation. The Philippines abounds with very rich plant life which, if it is to be fully protected and developed more, necessitates that our people learn and observe certain basic things that would ensure the protection and proper development of our forests and our fields. In many parts of the country, we have witnessed the disastrous results that imprudent and unwise practices of some of our people with regards to the proper care of our natural resources have brought about. I believe I need not say that these would not have happened in the first place if our people were more informed about tree lif~ and care. I wish to congratulate the Editors of the FORESTRY LEAVES of the University of the Philippines for putting out an issue specially dedicated to the observance of Forestry Week. I am sure your efforts will greatly help in educating our people / in matters pertinent to the conservation, protectiou and development of our forests and our fields. Q EMMANUEL PELAEZ ~it of tip JJrilippma ®fftet of t4i Jreswent of tlyt J&enate I am happy to greet through the pages of the Forestry I,eayes the alumni and student body of the u. P. College of Forestry on the occasion cf its Arbor ~eek issue. The Arbor ~eek celebration assumes greater significance, in the light of our past national experience that has underlined the major role that trees and our forests play in the preservation of our people's lives and property and in the growth and prosperity of our country. Manila, August 22, 1962 O'HICE OF THE PRESIDENT UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY MESSAGE -------Every magazine with a special audience finds it difficult to maintain itself; but the fact that Forestry Leaves has continued publication indicates that it has been serving its mission an!f thereby has won many friends. This is only well deserved. As a college publication which has through the years consistently promoted the interest of students in the College of Forestry and has indeed contributed to the thought and ideas of forestry services, Forestry Leaves is unique in its field. We need to be reminded in print, if not in person, of the value of our forests; and this the magazine has done. We need to be told that natural calamities like drought and floods, which wreak havoc on our cities and towns, year after year, are by no means unrelated to how well we, as Filipinos, guard our watersheds from destruction through thoughtless despoliation. With the same insistence, we have to be reminded that from our forest resources may be derived, with the aid of science and technology, some special contributions to our attainment of prosperity and the good life. In every phase of human activity there is always need for moral guidance. A magazine, because it can subtly but ably speak to its audience, can set the moral tone and explain to its readers the values that make man's activity meaningful. In devoting this issue to Arbor Week, Forestry Leaves further enhances its mission in that respect. BEPUBUC OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL BESODCES PARKS AND WILDLIFE OFFICE MANILA !! ! ! ! ! 5! ! The week ending with the last Saturday of July of each year is set aside by executive proclamation as Arbor Week to be dedicated to the planting and care of trees. Every citizen, every school and civic organization are called upon to participate in the celebration of Arbor Week by planting trees in the yards, orchards, parks and farms and hold appropriate programs to generate upon the youth of the land the patriotic urge to plant, care and love trees. Forests and wildlife are inseparable. Trees need the birds to protect them from diseases and harmful insects and birds need the forests for shelter and food. It becomes therefore, logical that Proclamation No. 129 be amended so as to inelude the protection and love of birds and games as a them• during this occasion and call this week as "Arbor and Wildlife Week". Trees and wildlife play an important role in the comfort, progress and existence of our people and nation. I beseech every Filipino from the lowest citizen to the highest official of the land to join with enthusiasm in the observance of this week in gratitude to this God given bounty and in realization to the great benefits and service man gets from trees and wildlife. 7 ~t~-~<~--i'1: 9 VICENTE DE LA CRU~--"SEE THE PHILIPPINES FIRST. VISIT OUR NATIONAL PA~rANtf1.ovE OUR WILDLIFE" Z - Hessage (1962 Arbor Week) E'very year the m tion celebrates Arbor Week. And every year the nation forgets it. This has been the unfortunate cycle of what should be considered a very important national occasion. There really is no sense observing Arbor Week for one week and then forget all about it the rest of the year. The tnie spirit of Arbor Week is not reflected on the degree of the celebration. The fantare that usually goes with the celebration of many a national event of importance is not iniicative of the success of the affair. Literary programs, picture-taking of tree-planting rites and speeches can do no more than promote the personal interests of individuals. What is needed - vecy much needed - is performance. We should roll our sleeves and actively participate in the task of nation building. One need not be a high official or a wealthy man to be of patriotic service to the country. Any citizen, whether he is rich or poor, can contribute directly to the prosperity of his country. And I can think of no practical and nobler share that one can give than helping his government protect and conserve the country's forest resources. Every citizen should do his share. Not only today. Not only tomorrow. Not only during Arbor Week. He should do it everyday. That should be the true spirit of Arbor Week. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES OEPAATMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORESTATION ADMINISTRATION DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY r .. reply, •ddr-: P . O. llOX HU, MANILA August 9, 1962 Every Arbor Week, we "1.tness· '>chools as well as civic and religious organizations holding appropriate programs, accanpanied by tree planting as a token acknowledgment of the importance of trees. To make each celebration .more fitting, distinguished persons are usually invited' as guest speakers who invariably talk on the values of forests or .on our indifferent attitude towards forest conservation anl reforestation. While the celebration of Arbor Week is unquestionably preiseworthy, yet there seen.s to be a 'Wide gap that must necessari_ly, be bridged to make our professed love for trees more c0rivincing. I should like to think that the tree planting being tindertaken dur;i.ng the Arbor .Week is a big factor in restoring even only a portion o! the vast area of bare and denuded lands that now exists in this country. Unfortunately, it is not. ait, given a new concept-that of keeping its ·spirit and living it up everyday of our lives-Arbor Week 'Will be one of the greatest influences hereabouts that can sway the balazx:e in fa•or of forest conservation, in general, and of reforestation_, in i=articula.r. For, indeed, it is only in constant planting, protecting, am conserving of trees not or.ly by the government but by individuals and organizations can the Philippines expect to reduce its wastelands aggregating to 1.5 million hectares. Am it is only in this manner can Arbor '.:leek truly serve its purpose. HLet The Chips Fall Where They May" 0 Rep. VICENTE L. PIMENTEL Chairman, Committee on Forests Dean Zamuco, distinguished guests, members of the faculty, my young friends, ladies and gentlemen: \Vhen Dean Zamuco called at my office with the invitation to be with you today, I felt extremely honored and I did not hesitate in accepting his indtation. I can think of no other segment of our youth today who should have an abiding and sincere concern over the manner our forest resources are being exploited than yours. As future foresters, you will be the mainstays of either the go\·ernment or some prh·ate timber companies in the scientific management of our forest resources. I grant that you are all going to be experts in your profession and will not be found wanting of the sense of dedication that your future duties and assignments will demand. I have no pretensions to knowledge of forestry work, especially as it relates to such highly technical terms as silviculture, stocking. species composition, stand structure, growth rate, fibril angle and regeneration. Since I became chairman of the committee on forests, however, I become acquainted with certain forestry terms and subjects which I doubt are included in your course. Because what I have learned \rnuld be enough materials for a book which I hope Dean Zamuco would coauthor with me and it would be entitled: "How To Get Rich In The Logging Busi" Speech delivered before the faculty and student body of the College of Forestry, University of the Philippines, November 30, 1962, on the occasion of the Institution's observance of Forestry Day. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue ness Without Knowing Anything About Forests". It is not my intention to disillusion you. Or discourage you my friends from pursuing your course. I honestly believe, however, that a sober and realistic appraisal of the problems confronting our wood industries will gh·e all of us a stronger sense of dedication. As a whole, they represent a lofty challenge which awaits my young friends here outside of this campus. And since you are all going to be future overseers of our forest resources. you might as well know what you are getting into and what you are not going to see once you get there. Frankly, the future of this country, at least in so far as it relates to the wisdom with which we protect and presen-e our forests. will depend in great measure upon each and everyone of you. Here are some of the most interesting subjects I have learned during our committee hearings and im·estigations: SAL TING DOLLARS I didn't know dollars are supposed to be salted. I learned, later, however, that what dollar salting means is simply the dubious practice of certain log exporters before the decontrol period of depositing part of their dollars abroad and declaring the rest with the Central Bank which gives them an equirnlent of P'2.00 to a dollar. This is done by stating in the export manifest a certain number of board feet of logs which is less than the actual volume being shipped abroad. Another procedure Page I is by simply quoting the price index of logs of the Central Bank which is sometimes lower than the actual price obtaining in the country of destination. The difference is what they stash in banks abroad. With the imposition of decontrol, log exporters now get almost all the equivalent in peso of whate\·er dollar they get for their log export. FARMING-OUT LICENSES Certain unscrupulous individuals seem to have been able to farm and reap a good harvest on a small piece of paper called an O.T. License. This is what happens. An applicant for an O.T. License goes all the rigmarole of submitting the necessary papers while applying for a concession. Once granted the area and given a license, he loses no time in contacting other logging operators who maybe interested in the area. For a certain price, he sells not the concession itself, but the so-called "improvements" which are often non-existing. Sometimes he doesn't sell the area. He merely opens it to others for logging and he gets "royalties" in return. OVER-CUTTING AND UNDERCUTTING Several concessionaires have exceeded the allowable cut granted them by the bureau. The result is the fast and prompt denudation of the area. Of course he doesn't have to observe the so-called selective logging as he logs over the area without even protecting the smaller trees or leaving the residual stand for future regenration. By undercutting, a concessionaire simply buys logs from other concessionaires and issues invoices in favor of his concession. The bureau, of course requires a licensee to cut at least sixty per cent of his allowable cut. This type of concessionaire reminds us of one of my elementary grade schoolmates who keeps sharing with our classmates in eating our baon Page 2 and later on, he retires by himself to eat his own. 1'HE DUMMY The committee has been informed that there are several licensees who are nothing but dummies of alien capitalists, mostly sawmill operators. The alien capitalist provides the necessary capital to show that the applicant has a bank deposit and therefore the capacity to buy the equipments for operating his concession. But the logging operations are usually handled and managed by the alien capitalist. Of course, we cannot expect the foreigner to have any concern for the proper and scientific exploitation of our forests. What they usually do is cut the timber stand and leave the area barren. INFLUENCE PEDDLING We have received reliable reports that several concessionaires were granted wide and rich areas on the strength of their political connections. Others were awarded the concession through some dubious "machinations". There seems to be nothing wrong with this if the grantees are truly capable and willing to observe the forestry rules and regulations. The trouble is that most of these people are merely interested in getting rich quickly and have no plans to stay in the business long enough to draw out a management plan for selecti\·e logging operations. These are just a few of the illegal and condemnable practices happening in our wood industries. All in all, these practices, if left unchecked, will result in the complete destruction of our forests. I am sure you are all aware of the dangers and the incalculable harm that will follow if all the remaining forest areas are opened to these vandals who are only interested in enriching themselves at the expense of our people and the generations yet unborn. FORESTRY LEAVES Another disturbing report which reached our committee concerns alleged conni\·ance between forestry officials and concessionaires. \Ve ha\·e been informed that certain forestry employees have been partial to certain loggers for certain considerations. I hope this is not a certainty. But we cannot totally ignore these reports in the face of increasing and persistent rumors going around. My friends, I cited to you all these unpalatable reports lo let you know that our committee is interested in evolving remedial measures to put a stop to these anomalies. We will let the "chips fall where they may." I am telling you all these in the hope that \vhen it will be your turn to serve our country in various capacities connected with the administration and management of our forest resources, you will be properly on guard and aware of the pitfalls coming on your way. For one thing, you have the advantage of being in a position to amid the mistakes and indiscretions which may have been committed by those who preceded you. There is so much at stake in this £ght we are carrying on with irresponsible elements in the wood industries. Our country is faced with multifarious problems. \Ve will be relying more and more on our natural wealth and resources to feed an increasing population. And our forests' wealth is the only natural resource which can sustain us for generations. Minerals and oil, if there are any underneath, can be exhausted. But our forest resources, properly managed, can be a continuing and lasting source of livelihood for millions of our people. Let me congratulate you therefore for setting aside at least a day of the year as Forestry Day. I only hope that this will be a lasting annual occasion. For wnat sigArbor Week-Forestry Day Is~ue nificance will this day }iave if there will be no more forests around us? If it will be of any consolation to our future foresters here, I wish to inform you that our committee will work for an increase of the budget of the bureau and of the salaries of its officials and employees. I have been informed that forestry officials in the government receive salaries twice as low as those of their counterparts employed in private timber companies. Our forest resources, being a national property. will remain a continuing concern and will demand increasing attention from the government. And it is the gO\·ernment which will need more the services of forestry experts like you. As Chairman of the committee on forests, I will do my best to provide greater incentives for foresters to remain in and join the government service. As guardians of one of our biggest reservoir of wealth, you certainly deseffe remunerations which will enable you to live decently and with honor. In closing, may I reiterate my sincere gratitude for this singular honor you have given me today. If there is anything that my humble person or our committee can do for you individually and for this institution. all you have to do is to let us know. I think it was Joyce Kilmer who once said: "Poems are made by fools like me but only God can make a tree." If I were to paraphrase the author, I would say: '"Laws are made by fools like me but only foresters can protect a tree." Thank you. Page 3 GREETINGS: BUTUA~ BAY TIMBER CORPORATION Timber Producer-Exporter Concession: Nasipit, Agusan Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: TAN SIT TRADING GEXERAL :MERCHANT Registered Dealer in Logs Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: SOUTHWESTERN SAWMILL Registered Dealer in Lumber and Sawmill Operator !\fill site : Banza, Butuan City Office : Poyohon, Butuan City VILLON ENTERPRISES 0 Drug Store 0 ~ledical Products 0 Log Producer & Exporter Branch Offices : 907 Josefina, Espana, !\fanila 2nd Floor Imadejas Bldg. Butuan City Page 4 GREETINGS: SOUTHERN AGUSAN SAWMILL COMPANY Registered Dealer in Logs & Lumber Butuan Cjty, Philippines GREETINGS: NEW ASIA LUMBER COMPANY Sawmill Permittee--Lumber Dealer We sell rough and planed lumber at reasonable prices. Butuan City, Philippines SIMEONA A. URAYA HEYN ALDO SANTIAGO Timber Concessionaires Producers & Exporters of Philippine :Mahogany Logs Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: LOPE CONATE LOGGING ENTERPRISE Timber Licensee-Exporter Concession Area : Rosario, Cabantao, Agusan Butuan City, Philippines FORESTRY LEAVES Director E. de la Cruz: His Life and Achievements0 BY D. L. UMALI U.P. Vice-President Among the many trees in our forest, the molave has always inspired us as nature's symbol of strength, durability, and utility. We ha,·e such a molave tree in our midst, who, greatly hardened by the many years of privation and growth, has risen way above to command admiration and respect. Our world has been made richer and better by this molave tree of the Forest Products Research Institute. I am ref erring to Director Eugenio de la Cmz, the eminent Filipino forester, scientific administrator, forest economist and forest educator, whom we are honoring today on the occasion of his retirement to a more active life. On this occasion, we wish to congratulate you, Director de la Cruz, for your 46 years of dedicated service which is now an integral part of the history and progress of Forestry in the Philippines. It is indeed a remarkable achievement for a man to feel and think young at 69. But we think it is a more remarkable achievement to be a public servant until his retirement day. Unless a person is really unselfish, unless he has a sense of sacrifice, unless he has that devotion to duty, he could not stay long until he retires in the public service where he cannot materially enrich himself, where you work harder as you get older, and where you give more than what you receive. His life is an inspiring interlude; full of many splendored things. He started as a poor boy from San Vicente, Lingayen, 0 Speech deli\'ered at the Forest Products Re· search Institute during the program for the retire ment of Director E. de la Cruz, July l, 1962. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Pangasinan, 69 years ago, but he is retiring today as the richest man in our community-rich in friends, rich in experience, rich in achievement and rich in the aff ection of his family, his colleagues, and those he had inspired to greatness. In the pursuit of higher educaton, he was not satisfied with merely getting by. He went through the rigorous grind of formal education. At the age of 18, he graduated from the Pangasinan High School in 1916 and qualified as a Bureau of Forestry pensionado to take up the Ranger Course at the then School of Forestry, University of the Philippines. Two years after, he was awarded the Ranger Certificate, as the valedictorian of the class and the recipient of the most coveted Ahern Medal. After six years stint in the Bureau of Forestry as a ranger, he went abroad at his own expense and studied at the School of Forestry, University of Idaho as a selfsupporting student. In 1926. he w·as awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry, Magna cum Laude. He was awarded a tuition scholarship by the School of ·Forestry, Yale University, where he obtained the degree of Master of Forestry. He is one of the three Filipinos who passed the Forester's examination in the United States. After his graduation from Yale, with only $12.00 in his pocket, a friend helped him to sail on the freighter S.S. Scotchburg as a workaway with a salary of "One Cent" per month. He sailed for fifty-one days on this freighter via the Panama Canal. To earn a little more, he opened a barber shop of his own on board the ship. This enterprise netted him $.'33.00 which Page 5 defrayed his expenses from port to port until finally he reached Manila on September 19, 1927. Reinstated in the Bureau of Forestry on January 1, 1928 as Assistant Forester and Assistant to the Chief, Division of Forest Lands and Maps, he pursued a colorful and fruitful professional career. He was Forester and Assistant Chief, Division of Lands and Regulations ( 1930-19.'34) ; Technical Asst., Department of Agrisulture and Commerce (1934-1935); Forester-at-Large with the rank of Chief Division ( 1935); Chief, Division of Forest Engineering (193519.37); Chief, Division of Forest Investigation ai:id Concurrently Superintendent of the Makiling National Park ( 1937-1952); Associate Professor of Forest Economics, Policy and History (1937-1945); Full Professor 1945 to the present); Chief. Division of Forest Management (1953); Chief, Forest Products Laboratory (1954-57); and Director, Forest Products Research Institute, University of the Philippines (1957 to July 2, 1962). He had a wealth of experience in foreign countries. In 1952-5.'3, he went to the United States for training and obserrntion of the management and operation of forest products laboratories, and on techniques and operations of various wood industries under an FOA-Philcusa Type A Technical Assistance scholarship. He was Associate and Adviser, Philippine Delegation to the F AO Conference, Ninth Session, Rome, Italy in 1957. In 1960, he was a member of the Philippine Delegation to the Pulp and Paper Conference in Asia and the Far East held in Tokyo, with authority to make post-conference tour of forestry and pulp and paper projects in Japan and Taiwan. He was a delegate to the Tenth Pacific Science Congress in 1961, with authority to make post conference tours in Tokyo and Taiwan. In this last tour, he was able to negotiate the OkunoCruz Agreement, in behalf of the Republic of the Philippine<>. on cooperative research projects in the field of pulp and paper Page 6 using Philippine raw materials and also, the exchanging of researchers between the Okuno Industrial Research Institute and the Philippine Forest Products Research Institute. In the scientific field, he contributed fourteen technical and· research papers. He is a member of seven outstanding professional and honor societies in the Philippines and four international honor societies. Also, he is a member of the Screening Board of FAO Andre Mayer Scheme of Fellowship for the Philippines. In sum, the rise of this man who was born of poor family in a humble nipa hut on the shores of Lingayen Gulf, his innumerable hardships as the son of a poor family, and his courageous struggles as a self-supporting student abroad, make us reflect in admiration of him whose fortitude and self-determination can inspire all poor but ambitious young men of the country. Among others, his conscientiousness, deep interest in his work, and candid honesty were the salient factors that boosted his meteoric rise in the brief span of fourteen years from a ranger and filer. to a division chief in the Bureau of Forestry, and lastly, Director and Founder of the Forest Products Research Institute. On this memorable occasion, he is the recipient of the following plaque of award: TO EUGENIO DE LA CRUZ 1st Director, FPRI In recognition of his dedicated service and enduring contributions to the establishment, development, guidance, and formulation of sound and progressive research program of the Philippine Forest Products Research Institute, this Plaque is gratefully presented. By the Forest Products Research Board, Staff & Personnel of the Forest Products Research Institute. July 2, 1962 I feel very proud of being assigned to present this plaque to you. FORESTRY LEAVES Address BY EUGENIO DE LA CRUZ Former Director, FPRJ It is customary that when one is ready to close business and before he does so he takes careful inventory to find out the status of his business. I presumed that, as we celebrate this occasion today, you may want to know whether our business is in the "black" or in the "red". To appreciate better the results, you may also want to know how the business has grown from a small beginning to its present size. I think that it can now be told that after all, the path that led to the labora~ tory's growth was not all strewn with roses. We had barely started organizing the Forest Products Laboratory in 1953 and were concentrating our efforts in trying to provide the needed personnel and equipment for this inf ant organization when a group of people, who were prompted by professional jealousy, used as their tool one disgruntled personnel, whom I refused to appoint as accounting clerk, to file a series of false charges with the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources under the signature of Jovito Lanega, a fictitious person. To show to you how efficient was the Under-Secretary of the Department at that time, he ordered my transfer to Mindanao based on the charges made against me without giving me the chance to face my accuser and defend myself. Fortunately, we are still in a democratic country. Thru my legal counsel, we were able to have the transfer order revoked and granted me a formal investigation. But those who wanted my job did not take the order of the Secretary lying down. For over a month, they sent an under-cover Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue man belonging to the Gestapo unit of the Under-Secretary to Los Banos to fish for evidence against me. After this case flopped due to the failure of my accuser to testify, the under-cover man admitted to me frankly that no one in the entire Los Banos was willing to sign a statement of any kind against me. When the author of the anonymous letter learned that I already knew his identity, he published in one of the tabloid papers, the names of all his conspirators, who were, most of them, recipients of favors from me. This incident did not arrest nor mitigate our efforts to develop the Forest Products Laboratory. It simply forced us to fight on two fronts instead of only one. As a matter of fact, it spurred us to work harder to prove to our detractors that we know how to handle and run the laboratory. But our enemies who wanted us to fail, put all kinds of road blocks to prevent the approval of appointments and even the purchases of much needed materials and equipment. In one instance, it took about six months for the Director of Forestry to act on certain appointment papers involving about thirteen people. It was only after Mr. Hunt got so mad and told the Director that if he was not interested in the Forrest Products Laboratory's weHare, he better say so right away, that the Director acted on them. Another difficulty that we found during the formative stage of the Forest Products Laboratory was that the Assistant Chief preferred to stay in Manila with the Director of Forestry as it was convenient for him to countermand my recommendations when the papers were Page i forwarded to the Director of Forestry, who, in turn, had to course them to my assistant before he signed or approved my recommendations. lJ nder these conditions we saw clearly that the Assistant Chief of the Forest Products Laboratory had become more powerful than the Chief. The remedy was a showdown. \Ve sought the help of the Philcusa and FOA authorities to arrange a conference with the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Director of Forestry, the Chief of the Agriculture Didsion and the Adviser of the Bureau of Forestry, both from FOA, the Assistant Chief of the Forest Products Laboratory, including the Accountant of the Bureau of Forestry, together with Mr. Hunt and me. When confronted with this anomalous situation, the Director of Forestry confessed that he needed the Assistant Chief of the Laboratory in Manila to handle the papers of the Forest Products Laboratory. As a result of this con£ erence, the Secretary of Agriculture ordered the Director of Forestry to send the Assistant Chief of the laboratory to Los Banos \vhere he belonged, otherwise he should be replaced right away. Besides, the Chief of the Agriculture Didsion of the FOA, who was responsible for the establishment of the Forest Products Laboratory, informed the Secretary that if by any reason the objective of the laboratory failed to be accomplished because of the apparent refusal of the Director of Forestry to cooperate, all the dollar equipment bought under the FOA would be billed the Philippine government as soon as possible. Cutting the long story short, we had finallv succeeded in getting the Assistant Chief of the laboratory assigned to Los Banos. But this did not improve the situation as was expected. Intrigues grew in amazing proportion and the red tape that was inherent in all actions from the very beginning by the Director of Forestry increa~ed our difficulties. Yet, simultaneously. during this formative period, we were concentrating all our efforts and energies Page 8 not only in the acquisition of much needed additional equipment and much needed facilities, but also in building a strong foundation of the organization. Helpless, as we were, a complete change of event took place as if Divine Providence had heard our prayers and wishes-the apprornl of the Reorganization Plan No. 77 in 1956. Because our enemies wanted us as well as the laboratory to fail, they prerniled upon President Magsaysay not to sign the Executive Order implementing the Reorganization Plan No. 77 creating the Forest Products Research Institute. Fortunately, when President Garcia took the helm of the Government, he signed it on July 5, 1957, thereby creating the Forest Products Research Institute out of the Forest Products Laboratory and the Forest Products Research Section of the Bureau of Forestry, a new semi-autonomous government research entity. We were exceedingly happy in the thought that by this change we could now move freely and dedicate our entire efforts to build up this research institution. But again in 1958, in filling the position in the Staffing Pattern of the Institute, the Assistant Director began to undermine and sabotage the reorganization by insisting that his men be appointed to positions in which they were not at all qualified. And because of my refusal, he and his clique had to resort to the courts to force me to appoint his men. Fortunately, when this matter was discussed in the Court of Appeals, its decision in connection with the filing of bond by the respondent, the following statements were made:-"that the judge who decided this case was trying to enforce a decision of doubtful validity." Aside from this case and two others that were brought to court at the instigation of the Assistant Director, there were a number of accusations levelled against me through the NBL the PCAPE and the Forest Products Research Board. But because of the nature of these accusations, which were rather ,·icious and fantastic, each and everyone of FORESTRY LEA YES them failed to attain their objectives. Very fortunately, these cases pro\·ided a chance to test the strengths of the charter of the Institute and the policies that were promulgated by the Forest Products Research Board, which are the very bulwarks of this semi-autonomous research institution. Fortunately, too, the administration of the Forest Products Research Institute did not buckle down nor seek to compromise its future by yielding to intrigues and pressures, but rather continued to enforce the rules and regulations within the framework of established policies to attain its mission and objectives. Friends and colleagues, my only purpose in enumerating these difficulties which the Laboratory and the Institute had gone through is to show you that we had our disappointments, our frustrations, our failures and our discouragements. But we had, throughout these tumultuous periods, set our eyes on fixed goals and made a strong determniation to attain them by all means. You may think that these were only problems we have encountered. There were still a number which were just as equally important, which only those of us, who are deeply concerned in the shaping of the destiny of the Institute. could have realized how much is involved to organize, staff. equip and provide with suitable finances a research institution such as this. It is not easy to select the men and women for the different types of work to be undertaken. to unravel the secrets of wooa and to find its usefulness for different purposes, and to build up scientific information. to provide ideas and facts which later on could be useful in developing methods and techniques for the wood-using industries. \Ve were. therefore. much concerned as to the type of professional background. experience. skill, and competence of the personnel to fill every vacancy in this institution. We had to seek a happy balance of different professions because we do believe that the knowhows coming from different professional Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue groups could be of greater help to accelerate the production of results rather than having just one single profession attacking the problems of wood utilization. On top of that, we have to provide adequate means for upgrading academic competence by having in-service training and othttr types of training here and abroad to accelerate the development and promotion of research of various types. It is equally important that we had to inf use into each and everyone of our personnel who came from different educational institutions, a sense of ownership in, attachment to, and pride of the organization, an "esprit de corps", a strong morale and loyalty. Because without these binding elements, no amount of skill, competence, and academic training could make an institution attain its missions and objectives. In other words, we have -tried our best to organize a team of workers, scientists, administrators, technicians, helpers, laborers and all down the line to understand their responsibilities not only to themselves and to the Institute. but also to the country. Thus today we can look at this Institute with perfect pride and satisfaction, that each and everyone of us shared in its development. its growth, and its accomplishments. Quoting Forester Paul Zehngraff in his talk before his departure, "The Forest Products Research Institute has, in so short a time, been able to demonstrate its capacity in promoting research on the proper utilization of wood, that it can very easily be considered the best in this part of the world." Mr. Hunt in his Christmas greetings last December, said: "You are known all over the world for the splendid work you have done. You have to continue to grow and prove that you are deserving of all the praises of the world." Now that we have already gained recognition as a going concern and have earned the faith and confidence of those who have been watching the progress and development of our Institute. it is imperative that we should continue in our efPage 9 forts to build up the stature of this Institute. I believe that a strong sense of ownership must permeate the ranks and files of our staff and personnel from the highest to the lowest laborer, that we should not only belong to the Institute but the Institute should belong to us, so that our aspirations and dedications, enthusiasm, skill and competence must be all directed to build up and promote its welfare. The next point which I want to call your attention to, is that this Institute will be as strong as the weakest materials that compose it. Or to put it the other way-its team is as strong as the weakest member among the players composing it. We should continue to promote and improve the efficiency of this team. It will be your constant endeavor to make the atmosphere of our laboratory conducive to the production of research. But research can only be developed by people with keen sense of curiousity and dedication to the cause of science. To illustrate my point--on one occasion, the Director General of UNESCO stated in his speech at a luncheon given in his honor by the Commissioner and personnel of the Institute of Science and Technology: "Scientists do not belong to any country alone. Their work overcome national boundaries, because science is of universal application. They are, therefore, classified as citizens of the world and benefactors of humanity. But when scientists became materialistic and pay more attention to their salaries or compensations, then they cease to be scientists." There may still be in this Institute some who claim to be scientists but who devote most of their time watching the higher positions that are being vacated above their ranges. They don't belong to the scientist-group but to a different group-the budget-itemhunters. This type of employees has no place in this Institute. They will be a constant pain in the neck. Since they are not doing good to the Institute, nor for themselves, the sooner they get out, the better for them and the Institute. Page IO .May I add one more point before I close-there are two philosophies of service. The first one approaches life like a man who operates a slot machine. He puts wry little into it but he is always hopeful that he may hit the jackpot. There may be some of us who have this philosophy of life of rendering their services in small doses. They persist to stay in the Institute expecting that by chance they may hit the jackpot if gh·en promotion without much effort. They do not expect to rise by sheer merit or by hard work. But they rely on accident and pure luck. The second group perform their work because of their love of doing it without counting the cost. They look upon their job as an opportunity to render service. They do their work without regard to personal benefits. These are the employees that will continue to build the stature of this Institute. So long as the impelling motive is dedication to service, and so long as you continue to do your work without much regard of the direct benefits that will accrue to you, this Institute will continue to grow and gain the respect of the community where you work, of the country, and of the world, because it is not only dedicated to the serdce of our people but also to the interest of research and science. May the number of this group multiply. Today as I approach the concluding phase of my service to the government and am about to lay down my working tools, I do so in the belief that I have used these tools for the benefit of the institution we built together. Hence, as I acknowledge publicly my gratitude for the honor you have lavishly heaped upon me today, I wish to tell you that you are equally entitled to share with all of these. Since we work together as a team, we should also share the honors and accomplishments. You are the players, the actors, and the performers. I served only as your coach. Continue the team work and win more honors for this Institute. FORESTRY LEAVES Self-Sufficiency or Self-Destruction of Philippine Natural Resources BY WILLIAM L. \\'EBB Professor, State Unit;ersity of New York, College of Forestry and Visiting Professor and Pro;ect Leader, University of the Philippines, College of Forestry' Certainly the choice of the theme "Selfsufficiency Through Conservation of Natural Resources" for the program of one entire day of your Congress is interesting. It interests me in two different respects: First because conservation of natural resources is so ,-ital to the social and economic development of this country. On this point I have some remarks to make which, I belie,·e, will interest all of you. My second reason for finding this theme interesting is that you chose it. You could have selected many themes-why was this subjects, which is not widely appreciated in the Philippines, selected? I suspect the reason is that public relations men are ahead of the public on many vital issues. You are responsible for creating public awareness and public understandingin doing this job well you must be concerned with the questions: Public awareness of what? Public understanding of what? Therefore, I find it both pleasant and stimulating to be with you today. I hope the remarks I han• to make will help you create public a\\·areness of the need for conservation of natural resources and public understanding of how to conserve natural resources. Unless this awareness and understanding are created-and created soon-future generations of Filipino will 1 lTnder an Assistance Project to the C. P. College of Forest!)' financed by the Cnited States Agency for International Development and the National Economic Council. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue look at our generation and say: ''They were concerned only with themseh-esthey were selfish-they did not pass on their land and its resources in good ~on dition so we, their children, could li\·p." Before we get too far along let's 5top and make sure we understand each other. Let's define our terms. What is conservation? One of the world's great consef\'atim1ists created the best definition and the simplest one: "Conservation is wise use." This kind of definition appeals to all nf us. It is short and to the point, but do we all agree precisely on its true meal!ing. We need to be sure we aren't just subscribing to a catchy slogan which means all things to all people. You public relations experts know that a good slogan may sell a brand of soap by sa;.-·ing that it remm·es dirt quick. Howe,·er. the slogan doesn't say if the soap also will remove the skin from the hands of the woman who uses it. Then what do we mean when we say "Conservation is wise use" In the first place we must separate wise use of renewable natural resources from wise use of natural resources which are not renewable. Among the non-renewable natural resources are minerals, oil, natural gas, coal, and most important of all-fertile topsoil. A certain quantity of Page 11 these resources are available for human use-no more can be created. When that quantity is used up it is gone and gone forever. Some might quarrel with my inclusion of fertile topsoil in the list of non-renewable natural resources. They would point out that fertile soil can be created by the actions of vegetation, and by soil fauna and flora out of infertile subsoil and rocks. And this is true. However, the rate of creation is so slow--0ften involving centuries of time-that for practical purposes we must agree that there is a fixed amount available now. Any quantity of fertile soil used up or washed away is a quantity which is never again useful for growing food or fiber crops. Our dependence on these non-renewable resources is clear. Our entire industrial economy depends on continuing supplies of iron, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, and many other minerals. In the case of fertile topsoil our entire agricultural and forestry production-our civilization and and our life-will dwindle and fail as our supply diminishes. If we are not now conserving our soil-that is, using it wiselyour standard of living can not rise. Inevitably it must fall to the ultimate point of starvation. How do we use soil wisely? In some cases by not using it at all. Some soil types in some locations are so erodible, either by water or by wind, that they must be left untouched. Some other soil types in other locations can be used only to a very limited extent. To use these areas wisely, we must limit our use to such activities as tree cover rather than growing cultivated crops. And some soil types in other localities can be used intensively for the growing of the most demanding crops with only reasonable concern for maintaining fertility and productivity. In many parts of the world soil scientists now use a color code which dramaPage 12 tically illustrates this problem. On a map, the soil scientist colors the most erodable areas in red; this means stop; no use possible .The areas which can be used only with great caution are colored yellow which means proceed with great care. And areas where soils can be used intensively are colored green indicating go. This is the stop and go sign of land-use. What would such a map of the Philippines look like if we had one here in front of us? There would be considerable areas of red-places where soil type or slope are such that they should never be used at all. There would also be considerable areas of green and we would have the signal to proceed with intensive agriculture without major concern, except for usual use of fertilizers and crop rotation. And then the remainder of the map-a vast area of these beautiful islands-would be yellow. Some of this yellow area can be used for agriculture and the production of food crops, but only with extreme caution. A great majority of the yellow area can be used only for production of forest crops, or the basic essential non-renewable resource of fertile productive topsoil will be diminished and a later generation will say of us "They were concerned only with themselves-they were selfish-they did not pass on their land and its resources in good condition so we, their children, could live". How is the land of the Philippines being used today? As a visitor in your country I hesitate to tell you how serious conditions are. However, I can refer you to your compatriots who for many years have been trying to stop the disaster which is imminent. Ask the members of the Faculty of the University of the Philippines College of Forestry ,.,·ho are struggling against great odds to train experts in land use. Ask the men in Secretary Gozon's Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (and in other Government agencies) who work so hard trying at least FORESTRY LEAVES to slow up the rate of soil destruction. They will tell you that the hour is late; that soil destruction in the Philippines has already reached a critical stage; some have even predicted that in a few more years you will be at the point of no return. These men are not pessimists; they are realists. Unless their voices are heard and actions are taken soon, future generations of Filipinos will say of this generation "They were concerned only with themselves-they were selfish-they did not pass on their land and its resources in good condition so we, their children, could live''. I believe you Public Relations experts, assembled at this Congress, could do a great Cleal to alert the citizens of this country to the dangerous road they are on, and to secure public support for the essential programs needed to avert tragedy a very few generations from now. Because soil is a non-renewable natural resource, the soil conservation problem-the wise use of the soil-is a basic problem. However, the conservation (hence the wise use) of the renewable natural resources also is of great importance. Natural resources such as forests, underground water, wild animal life, etc. can be renewed. They grow and produce offspring, which in turn grow and produce off spring, generation after generation-so long as the proper environment remains. And there is the rub-so long as the proper environment remains. I suspect that very few Filipinos realize how delicate a biological balance there is in their forests or for that matter in their crop fields. A forest seems strong and indestructible, standing for centuries against the mighty forces of nature. But let man add his puny forces at the wrong times and in the wrong places and see how quickly the mighty forest disappears. The care and management of the forests of the Philippines must be left to the trained foresters from your College of Forestry or you will soon be a nation without forests-importers of wood Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue to build your houses, construct your furniture, and supply your needs for pulp and paper. As an illustration of the Forest Conservation problem let us look at a Philippine forest. Let us step back in time and again with a truly virgin forest. Does the conservation doctrine require that no change be made in the forest so other generations will say "This was wise use."? In some cases this is the requirement. On steep slopes with erodable soil-in other \\·ords for areas colored red on our map-no use is wise use. How about the green colored areas on our map--the GO areas. Most of these areas can and will be put into production of agricultural crops without causing damage to the vital soil resource. These are areas which, with proper fertilizer, crop rotation, and simple farm management measures, can be feeding Filipinos long after our generation has passed from the scene. But the vast yellow colored areas on our map of the Philippines must also be conserved. They may be capable only of producing crops of forest trees or they may be capable only of producing pasture for dairy or beef cattle. No other use is wise, because the non-renewable fertile soil will be used up. Let me make very clear how destructive neglect of this simple principle is. Let us put a kainginero on some of this land marked yellow on the map. The kainginero cuts and bums valuable timber needed in the Philippine economy; he gets one or a few annual crops and then he must abandon the land because fertility is depleted and erosion is intense; erosion muddies the streams and floods inevitably follow as the rains rush off the bare slopes; the muddy waters flood the fertile lowland and often cover the fertile croplands with infertile subsoil and boulders from the uplands. Page 13 The results of this one kaingin operation are small. but the combined effects of thousands of such operations repeated every year or two are immense. No country can afford such wasteful land usesuch poor consen-ation. The alternative to such destruction is proper forest management. On most of the yellow colored land on our map, trained foresters know how to remO\·e the mature crop of trees so that another tree generation will follow. to replicate the original stand. In fact in most areas under proper forest management. the succeeding generations of trees are better formed and more valuable. Often they are more beautiful than the original virgin lands. But some say the forest does not produce rice to feed the hungry people. The answer to that is: A rice paddy does not produce lumber to build a house to protect the people. l\fan does not live by food alone. To be self-sufficient. a man must both feed and shelter his family. When the forests of the Philippines are put under proper management and when forest industry is fully developed, the forests will be recognized as an essential component of the Filipino way of life not a hindrance to agriculture. This time is approaching-more slowly than many of us lika to see-but it is approaching. There are ·still too many people who believe that the forest is only a nuisance that must be gotten rid of so the people can use the land to produce food. In conclusion I must say something about the kainginero and the kaingin system of agriculture. There is no surplus production of food in the Philippines. Therefore, no one can object to the opening up of new lands for agriculture and increasing the food supply to feed FiliPage a pinos. But we must ask if the kaingin system is really increasing the food supplyfor today and tomorrow and for the next generation. The kainginero is feeding his own family and has a bit of food to selltoday. But his combined and cumulative effect is to decrease the food supply for tomorrow and for the next generation because his activities create erosion, floods, siltation and destruction of a vital and valuable forest tree crop. You have in your government a well trained. competent, hard-working staff of experts who can determine which lands should be farmed and which lands should be in permanent forest. Of course there aren't enough of these men and they aren't always given the support they need. In addition you have permitted the kaingineros to veto the judgments made by these experts. You have permitted this by permitting the kaingin system to continue. The kainginero is tolerated and even encouraged, therefore. his judgment is given legal precedent o\·er the expert judgment of responsible officials. This sounds like a harsh judgment of the kainginero. I don't feel harsh toward these hard-working, underfed, and underprivileged citizens who in most cases are only trying to make a living. In most cases these people do not choose their lifet hey are trapped in it. The kainginero is not a bad man or :m enemy of the people of today-but he is an enemy of the forest, an enemy of good land use, and an enemy of the generations of Filipinos yet unborn. Unless something is done very soon a future generation of Filipinos will say about you: "They were concerned only with themselves-they were selfish-they did not pass on their land and its resources in good condition so we, their children, could live." FORESTRY LEA YES Better Trees for Tomorrow BY ROS . .\LES A. JUNI0 \Vheat, corn, rice, peanuts, sugar cane, tobacco, roses, tulips and orchids, to mention a few, have been transformed by the horticulturist into highly productive and beautiful hybrids, hastening man's economic progress and promoting and enhancing his comfort and enjoyment of life. The animal breeder has kept pace with the horticulturist, he has produced chickens, hogs and cattle with juicy and palatable meattailored to the gustatory demands of the gourmet and the epicure. Indeed, genetics has carried the horticulturist and the animal breeder, from the depths of low production to the dizzy heights of high yields and great profits. Scientific hybridizing started by the Flemish botanist, Carolus Clusius, of the erstwhile wild flower the tulip, has transformed this plant to the core of a big industry. Holland exports 300 million tulip bulbs a year to the United States alone, and several millions more to Europe and other countries. Delectable pork chops, delicious tenderloins of beef, luscious chicken and succulent turkey, are the crowning glory of the animal breeder. A hog which will be all lean meat is claimed to be possible within a few years. The advances made by the horticulturist and animal breeder, have not passed unnoticed by the foresters of Europe, United States, Japan and Australia. Amer" The author recently attended a Forest Genetics Seminar in London, England, sponsored by the British Forestry Commission. Arbor WPek-Forestry Day Issue ican and European foresters are now breeding trees which are marvels for their phenomenal speed in growth, beautiful form, high resistance to pests and diseases, long fiber and low lignin content, and many other desired characteristics which were merely dreams of foresters 25 years ago. Tree breeders are now on the threshold of an era of endless enchantment to be able to tailor their trees according to the wants and demands of any wood userjust as the animal breeder and horticulturist can produce made-to-order hybrids of corn or roses, chickens or cattle. What has the Filipino forester done in the field of improving his trees? The answer to this query is indeed deplorable, we practically have done nothing! Since reforestation was started in 1910, neither a serious nor sincere effort was exerted to collect seeds from superior or elite trees. Seed selection or seed certification is not done at all. Perhaps, we are the only country in the world today, with a forestry service of more than half a century old, which is not doing any seed selection, seed certification or tree breeding and improvement work. Maybe, \Ve have a good alibi for our non-attention to all these things which are basic and elementary to the science of forest genetics and tree improvement. Nature has endowed us with forests in abundance, producing tree species whose quality and growth are the temperate forester's dream. But these magnificient trees are fast disappearing and we will soon Page 15 face a timber shortage, unless drastic measures are taken to forestall such eventuality. Our logging and lumbering industries, since about 1905 until 1953, have been characterized as highly exploitive. Until 1953 when the selective system of logging was implemented, timber mining was the style. The best and finest trees in the forests were cut. As it was in Europe and in the United States, forest exploitation aimed at cutting the highest quality trees. While Europe and the United States have ceased to do timber mining since 30 to 40 years ago, we only started in the Philippines in 1953. The lea\·ing of healthy residuals as potential seed trees is a good thing. But this is not good enough. We have to establish criteria or standards for a good seed tree. Trees which come up to these standards should be left uncut to constitute the mother trees of the cutover stands to regenerate the area. By doing this, we will in one way be able to obtain progenies of the best or finest tree species, thereby assuring their preservation from total extinction. In our natural stands it is essential to good silvicultural practice that a criterion for selecting good breeding stock be started. This is vital so that we can differentiate or delineate the characters which are hereditary and which are environmental. Even after the establishment of such criterion, much work has yet to be done further to discover and isolate other valuable inherent characteristics to facilitate tree improvement work. It may be pertinent to ask what are some of the desired characters that we should keep in mind in choosing a good seed tree. The Forestry Commission of Great Britain has listed the following: 1. Slight buttressing 2. No spiral grain 3. Rapid diameter growth 4. Circular stem Page 16 6. No epicormic sheets 6. Stem taper not excessive 7. Good natural pruning 8. Branch angle flattened The foregoing are desired characteristics which cornr all species and end uses of the trees to be raised. Minor or individual desirable characters may have to be added by the plant breeder when growing a particular species or genus for a certain specific end use-say, for furniture or pulp wood. Deep undertones have been heard from various top echelons of the national government that our country is on the verge of a timber famine, unless drastic and stringent measures are taken to abate the fast rate of forest exploitation. These fears are not without any foundationwe have to be seriously concerned with our diminishing forest resources, because our population is rapidly increasing and the standards of living of our people are sharply rising on the waves of industrialization. Since, the total land area of the Philippines is pretty small considering the present population, huge chunks of the nation's lands have to be withdrawn from forestry uses to grow food crops for the people. As farming and urban areas increase, there will be a corresponding decrease of forestry lands. How can our forestry lands therefore produce adequately the wood requirements. say, 25 years from now? Extensive and intensive forest management will not be enough. We have to increase the wood production per hectare. This has to be done or else we resort to importing timber. If we can increase the growth and quality of our commercial species by 25 to 33 per cent, this will significantly bolster our wood production per unit area. Forest genetics is the key to increasing the FORESTRY LEAVES gro\\th and quality of our timber species. Inwsligations along forest genetics need to be started by the Bureau of Forestry. Basic researches on tree impro\·ement need not be done, as research results along this line by forest tree breeders from the United States, Europe. Japan and other countries are at our disposal to guide us on the improvement of our forest trees. What we should start at once are applied studies, on forest genetics practices and techniques. For example, we can start at once doing hybridization studies between trees of the same species and genus-this has already been found to be possible. By modern tree breeding standards, our splendid specimens of the genus Shorea and Pentacme, still need much to be desired. \Ve have no reason to be complacent about this seemingly good situation. The tendency of Molave and Narra to be short-boled has to be corrected. Perhaps planting them close will not eliminate this tendency. It may be that this tendency is an inherited character. That hybrid vigor has tremendous advantages to the tree breeder is universally recognized. Due to natural crossings, undoubtedly there are some hybrids of high qualities among the trees in our virgin forests and in forest plantation. The location and selection of these hybrids have to be done and they can be used for starting various im·estigations in tree improvement. \Ve also need to extensively work on the vegetath·e propagation of our commercial tree species. This is vitally important as a handy technical aid for an effective means for seed production, as well as to facilitate hybridization work. Cuttings, grafts or marcots, for example, of Narra or Molave, planted in a seed garden, can with ease be artificially pollinated due to their small size and their pollination can be much easily controlled, than when done on the tops of standing big trees. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue The establishment of seed gardens shall follow on the heels of vegetath·e propagation studies. Vegetative sections from plus or superior tree species as well as the offsprings of selected elite trees will be grown in these seed gardens. PhenologicaL as well as hybridization studies are thus facilitated by the use of these vegetati n:·ly propagated plants. The paucity of our phenological knowledge of most of our trees can thus be eliminated. All the best. the finest and the most beautiful tree specimens. can thus be planted in the seed garden by vegetative propagation. By artificial pollination, new and better progenies can be produced from them. and by the same process, preserve and utilize them further for the production of still much better tree individuals. If these three important steps can be started. we can at least be assured that we will not be so far behind world forestry during the next decade. Time is of the essence and the longer \Ve delay. the greater the gap between good and bad forestry in the Philippines will be. The Bureau of Forestry and the College of Forestry. cannot afford to do nothing about forest genetics. I don't believe that these l\\·o forestry agencies are not equal to the challenge of the science of forest genetics. They can do it! Watch 'em! FACTS "Old China lost her great forests. And now uses grass for firewoods. India too lost her forest u·ealth, Using cattle dung to cook their food." -TOM ~I. BtXC.\ WARNING "Filipinos of future generations u·ill live in deserts made by Filipinos today." - ToM GILL Page 17 GREETINGS: TIMBERWEALTH PHILIPPINES INCORPORATED Lumber Producer & Dealer Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: SANTl'S SAWMILL Registered Dealer in Logs and Lumber Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: ONG YIU SONS, INC. Sawmill & General Merchant Registered Dealer in Logs and Lumber Dealer in: Rough Lumber General oCnstruction materials & hardwares , Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: BUN AW AN SAWMILL Butuan City, Philippines Page 18 GREETINGS: WESTERN VENEER CORPORATION Registered Log Dealer and Exporter Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: EAST MINDANAO LU:'.\IBER CO. INCORPORATED Dealer in Rough and Planed Lumber Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: AGUSAN EVERGREEN LUMBER COMPANY BUTUAN COSMOS SAWMILL COMPANY Registered Dealer in Logs & Lumber Butuan City, Philippines GREETINGS: AGUSAN UNITED SA W:'.\'IILL COMPANY Butuan City, Philippines FORESTRY LEAVES Wildlife Conseruation in the Philippines BY VICENTE DE LA CRUZ Director Parks and Wildlife Office Wildlife conserrntion in the Philippines today is as young as the Office responsible for bringing about its realization in the country. The Parks and Wildlife Office. thence called a Commission was created in 1953. The wildif e conservation mO\·ement in the Philippines, however, started in the early part of the century, on February 4, 1916, when the Game Law of the Philippines "·as enacted. From the enactment of the Game Law, the agency responsible for the wildlife work has changed hands several times, until 1953 when the Commission on Parks and "-'ildlife, a specialized agency was created. This agency, as its name implies. had the sole responsibility for looking into the establishment. maintenance. improvement and development of national parks and the conserrntion of wildlife. :rhe Philippines has not as yet made great adrnnces along the line of conserrntion. This mainly, has been due to the inherent difficulties encountered in the promotion and actual application of the principles of sound wildlife management. The inherent difficulties encountered are complex and should be handled with prudence, more so. when it involves practices long adapted by our people/Living in the midst of great abundance of wildlife, our people might well be expected not to realize the need for a program of conservation. The major problem facing wildlife conservation work in the Philippines is the Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue shifting system of cultivation generally practiced by the people. This type of agriculture is largely responsible for the destruction of ideal wildlife habitats in the country. Under this system of farming, forest generally on steep slopes and on top of high mountains are cleared and planted to agricultural crops. After two or three years after the soil has become greatly impcn-erished due to denudation, the clearing is abandoned and the owner mo\·es to another forested area and starts clearing the land, thereby reducing to waste ,·aluable wildlife habitats, which otherwise would provide sufficient food and cover for them. The second major problem we are facing is the lack of appreciation of the public of the importance of wildlife resource conservation. The greater part of the population is not aware of the danger in land misuse and of renewable resources destruction. The third problem facing the work on wildlife conservation' is over-hunting. There are at present about 250,000 shotgun and rifle owners on license with the Philippine Constabulary. However, as of the last fiscal year, ending June, 1961, we have only 17,081 licensed sports hunters. Almost all the 250,000 shotguns and rifle owners are prospective hunters in addition to so many of the people who still depend on wildlife for their livelihood. A rigid campaign has been initiated whereby the majority if not all of these prospective hunters may be licensed. This would invariably gi,·e us control o\·er them. Pa!!r l') Due to the abo\·e mentioned factors, rnme of our wildlife species have been greatly reduced to such a low level which unless restored in time would become extinct. For the present, however, there is no fear of great depletion or extinction facing most of our wildlife forms, except the deer, which is now extinct on two major islands showing extreme deforestation, the Tamaraw ( Bubalus mindorensis) which is limited to the island of Mindoro and about fifty-four ( 54) rare and threatened species of birds. Restoration of wildlife population levels must of necessity require first the restoration of the land to a favorable habitat. The deer requires open grasslands for browsing with extensive patches of forest nearby for cover, preferably primary growth, well supplied with streams. There has been already considerable decrease in the total area for possible deer habitat due to the increase in the total area under cultivation. The deer population on the different major islands are clearly showing depletion. The Tamaraw prefers tall grasses growing along rivers. on exposed river beds and in marshv areas with dense forest cover nearby. Over-hunting would be a cause for its gradual depletion. but by destroying its habitat, the Philippines will lose a scientific gem in the animal world. The maintenance of ideal wildlife habitats has been the primary concern of the Parks and Wildlife Office. Although success along this line is still distant, much has been done to achieve this end. The hunting of game and other beneficial animals has been controlled to some extent. All shotgun and rifle owners are required to get a hunting license. With the help of the Philippine Constabulary. local police agencies. all firearm holders. before their license to possess permits to Pai:e 20 carry firearms are renewed, are required to get a hunting license. Close seasons are established for all or any game bird or mammal, to cover particular portion or the entire terrestrial jurisdiction of the Philippines to extend over any single period of time of not more than five years duration for public interest. Bag limits are imposed on all game birds and mammals so as to limit their catch to a number not to exceed the regular annual reproduction following each breeding season. The imposition of bag limits are deemed important in the light of sound wildlife utilization. The establishment of close seasons, which is the first thought of conserrntionist, is not adequate in all cases. It is obvious from past experience and actual happenings, that. without providing for favorable habitats. which shall be free from the encroachment of human beings, protective measures will in no way make a headstart. Toward this end, all national parks, botanical gardens. public parks, public school sites, public playgrounds. government experiment and breeding stations, government seed farms, government stock farms, public building sites, government nurseries, communal forests, communal pastures, cemeteries and public lands and forests within a radius of one kilometer from any government rest house are declared game refuges and birds sanctuaries. Aside from these places already mentioned. the Office has set aside four ( 4) portions of the public domain especially as a game refuge and a bird sanctuary with an aggregate area of 58,666 hectares or 144,915 acres. It shall be unlawful for any person to hunt, take. wound or kill, or in any manner disturb or drh·e away from these places, any wild bird or mammal or take or destroy the nests or eggs of any bird in said places. FORESTRY LEAVES The setting aside of more areas for the protection of our beneficial animals \Vill greatly enhance our program on wildlife conservation. The very purpose of conserrntion will not include or prodde for places where any form of animal !if e may 9e left alone in their natural Pnvironments. The destruction or e\·en the disturbance of any habitat of any specific animal form will drh·e them away, if not totally exterminate them. The object would be to pro,·ide, if the conservation of existing areas could not be done, ideal habitats and feeding ranges which will enable animals to restore themselves. Along this line, the Parks and Wildlife Office is meeting up with insurmountable barriers, due to the administrations policy of "giving land to the landless". Renewable resources, like water, soil, forests and grasslands, must of necessity be conseffed to be able to protect our wildlife. Animal life is dependent on so many factors to be able to survive and so ·with other organisms which are dependent on them in return. The consef\"ation of these necessarv factors must always be borne in mind if ·we are to preserve our wildlife. The Parks and Wildlife Office stmggling lo find its way to properly consen-e the wildlife resources of the Philippines has adapted a program of research to be able to effectively pursue its management programs. The management of wildlife and the implementation of the policy of sustained yield and optimum ecological balance will require technical operations and studies. Toward this end, the Office has planned out a program of study designed to meet the increasing needs for research information and management planning facing the Office throughout the country. The major consideration under this program is the necessity for a sustained research effort for at least twenty ( 20) years. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue There is now in progress a faunal and floral survey of national parks being undertaken by the Parks and Wildlife Officers assigned in these different reserves The Office believes that to be able to properly program its efforts in research and management. it must first be able to find out what v.-e have and how much we have to manage and conserve. There has been preliminary surveys which were undertaken to establish study areas for some species of wildlife requiring immediate study. Study areas have to be established to bring about a program designed to meet the requirements of a normal habitat wherein particular species of animals may be studied in their natural state. The wildlife work in the Philippines still in its infancy would require much research to be done for the foreseeable future. This presents a situation where staffs and funds will for some years yet, fall short of the need. It is of course a situation normal to a new field of endeavor, nonetheless shortages of staff to meet the increasing ,.,·ork load will contribute to be a serious problem. More serious however is the present shortage of adequately trained biologists to fill in even those positions obtained through modest annual growth. One of our problems is to be able to develop more interest in wildlife work as a career. To do this we are trying to make the public aware of the steady growth in the wildlife field. , Most of us know that good management programs cannot be pursued effecti\·ely without public support, and this would lead us to the basic problem in conservation work-public education for wildlife resource conservation. Public education and information is one avenue in our conservation program we are opening up. As Dr. \\'alter P. Taylor said at the Sernnteenth North American Wildlife ConPage 21 ference, on ··Effective Public Relations", effectiw and helpful public relations require telling the people what is going on in such a way that they will aggressi\·ely support action for the greatest good of the largest number of people o\·er the longest time. The Parks and Wildlife Office produces and distributes to the public several types of leaflets. posters and pamphlets which provide information on phases of \Yildlif e conservation. The vvildlif e conservation work in the Philippines is greatly benefiting from the cooperation and assistance gi\·en by the Sportsmen's Association. \Ve haw been working in close co-ordination with these organizations on the educational campaign, to bring closer to the people the program on wildlife conservation. GREETINGS: BADING TIMBER CORPORATION DAZA TIMBER COMPANY LUNA TIMBER COMPANY. INC. Producers 0 Exporters 0 Importers Philippine Lauan & Apitong Logs Concession Areas: Tabonga, Agusan San Salvador, Bahbah, Prosperidad, Agusan Esperanza, Agusan Manila Office : 402 Alliance Bldg. Rosario St., Manila B11t11an Offic:!: New Narra Hotel Butuan City, Philippines Page 22 Public interest and understanding can be encouraged through adequate publication of reports in layman's language and through public relations media, though probably the greatest hope is through the work of pri\·ate information media. The wildlife conservation work in the Philippines is modng slowly forward to do its share in the o\·erall conservation picture in the country. Through every way possible and employing accepted methods and techniques we aim to make everybody aware of resource conservation not only of its meaning but also of their duty· to assure that our standard of ih·ing is not degraded by the continued misuse of our renewable resources. This will ensure that the aesthetic and other greater \·alues of our heritage may he presen·ed intact for posterity. - - - - - - - - - - - - , GREETINGS: ORDONA LOGGING OPERATION Timber Producer & Exporter ALEJANDRO ORDON"A Licensee FORESTRY LEA YES New Development's in Forestry BY FRANCISCO N. TA.MOLA.NG ABSTRACT Latest de,·elopments in forestry under consideration may be presented in three broad categories, namely: ( 1) technical forestry concepts, ( 2) improved methods and techniques, and ( 3) research and developmental work. Five forestry concepts, multiple-use forestry, ecosystem in forestry, modernizing forest policy, integrated wood industries, and wood-quality control in the forest, are briefly discussed. In the second category, progress in logging, in management and sildculture, and in forest protection, underscore the improved methods and techniques in forestry. Highlights of modern logging include the introduction of whole-tree logging and the uses of portable chain saws, thin grapples, radio-controlled skidder and loader, and the helicopter. In forest management and silviculture, electronic machines, such as the IBM 650 computer, are replacing the old time-consuming methods of computing and analyzing data on growth and stand ,-olumes. Low-level stereo-photography, with the aid of taperecorders, is being perfected to measure tree heights, crown area, tree counts, and species. Largescale establishment of plantations is accelerated with mass seeding of logged-over and open areas, 1 Paper presented at the General Annual .\leeting of the Society of Filipino Foresters, April 13, 1962. 'Chief, ·wood Technology Didsion. Forest Products Research Institute, Uniwrsity of the Philippines. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue using helicopters at amazing speeds and reduced costs. Attempts to tend plantations with fertilizers and by lethal spraying with chemicals is quite promising. Forest protection against the onslaught of fire demands impro,·ed and effective techniques. Through fire research, forest fire occurrence is quickly detected by circling radar, and its suppression accomplished by using fire retardants and the effective skill of well-trained smoke-jumpers ferried quickly to the combat area by helicopters. Advances in research and developmental work are along forest research and forest products research. Significant aspects. indicated in this paper, are those in forest genetics and tree improvement. quality control of plywood and structural materials by nondestructive tests, discovery of growth rings in tropical hardwoods, electronmicroscopy in forestry, the utilization of wood and wood residues, an ingenious "nuclear tie tester". proteins from forest waste products. and the application of radioactivity to the paper industry. INTRODUCTION The use of the word ''new" is quite relative especially in this Space Age. So, those who are abreast with this new era should not be surprised to find that. in this paper, some of the things presented as new may be otherwise to them. However, there are recent findings about them which will qualify them as ne\v. The proceedings of the Fifth World Forestry Congress, T APPi Forest Biology Conference, Tenth Pacific Science ConPage 23 gress, other forestry conferences and several reliable reports support the current belief that new forestry de\·elopments ha\·e lengthened metaphorically Paul Bunyan's legendary 15-foot strides \vhich are clearly marked by his 2-foot footprints at the University of Washington Park. What are these new developments in forestry? A partial answer to this question may be presented in three broad categories, namely: ( 1 ) technical forestry concepts. ( 2) improved methods and techniques, and ( 3) research and developmental work. 1. TECHNICAL FORESTRY CONCEPTS Technical forestry concepts have influenced the practice of forestry. One of them is sustained yield, an old concept which molded the well-known German forestry long ago. But there are others, particularly the more recent ones which have contributed to the rapid de,·elopment of forestry today. A brief but adequate discussion of each follows: I.I Multiple-use forestry A significant concept of worldwide application, which was symbolized by the official emblem of the Fifth World Forestry Congress, is "multiple use of forest land." By this concept, forest and related areas are managed in a manner to conserve the basic land resources and at the same time to produce and blend harmoniously high-level sustained yield of water. timber, recreation, forage, and wildlife for the use and benefit of the greatest number of people. On June 12, 1960, an Act of the United States Congress fully recognized this principle which directed, through a bold conservation program, that all renewable federal national forests should be placed under sustained-yield management and multiple use for the benefit of every American. Now a world\vide concern. multiple-use forest management is a challenge to forPage 24 esters to broaden their outlook as forest land managers instead of primarily timber growers. It inspires them to make forest lands contribute their utmost to society because the '·basic purpose of forest consen-ation is a social one-to satisfy the intangible as well as the materialistic needs of people." Howe\·er, it must be understood that multiple use is not a "cure all" to forest management problems. In most cases. one use must be dominant over other uses which are permissible if they are not detrimental to the predominant one. 1.2 Ecosystem in forestry In forest production, a complex of interdependent processes operates within an assemblage of living forest organisms and their non-living environment such as soil and climate features of specific portions of the earth's surface. This assemblage is known as forest productivity system. The Society of American Foresters refers to forest productivity system simply as site which is "the combination of the biotic, climatic, and soil conditions of an area considered with reference to its capacity to produce forests or other \·egetation." But, according to Plant Sociology, site refers only to the physiographic or land features. On this basis, the first definition is now recognized to refer logically to ecosystem which consists of: (a) a for est type composed of the forests and other plants only, and (b \ a physiography type composed of physiographic features, including geological materials, ground vvater. and local atmosphere. The ecosystem concept plays an important role in forest management. Its various features may be manipulated to fully realize the potential of each forest area within the limits imposed by economic and social conditions. In other words. forest management concerns itself not only with the "interrelationships between forest and FORESTRY LEA YES its environment during the existing production period but also whether such relationships represent the full capacity of the area to produce forests and, if not, how can production be increased economically." Since changes in any one feature of an ecosystem result in changes in other features, the trends in the effect of these changes on forest production can be predicted only through a knowledge of the dynamics of that ecosystem. Such understanding '"'ill also refine classification and assist in the definition of types which are of maximum use for forestry. To my mind, the ecosystem is a sequel to multiple-use forestry because it produces the type of forest upon which the latter has to be applied. As a forest manager, the forester has to depend upon and use the ecosystem to advantage to attain his goals in multiple-use forestry. 1. 3 Modernizing forest policy A typical example of this concept is Sweden's general forest policy which was revised in 1949 based on current conditions and recent developments. As a background, Sweden is a small country with vast forests, covering 54 percent of the entire land-area and 17 percent of Europe's total forested area. Of these, 25 percent belongs to the government, 25 percent to its companies, and 50 percent to private owners. About 70 percent of its timber products are exported and 30 percent are consumed locally. It is obvious, therefore, that the forests are giving much benefit to the country, and the country in return should reciprocate. Consequently, the State has to lay down certain principles for a national forest policy and to fix minimum standards even for private forestry. In this way, it can direct private forestry without restricting too much the freedom of action of forest owners. Sweden's general forest policy is based on the principle of sustained yield. The Forest Conservation Law (second revision Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue since 1903) declares that "Forest land together with the forest growing thereon, should be managed in such a way as to further a suitable use of the timber-producing capacity of the soil and thus ensure a satisfactory economic profit and, as far as possible an e\·en yield." A forest (stand) which is potentially developable (as a rule rather young) or ,·igorous must not be cut except by thinning with a view to promote its proper development. In a non-\·igorous forest, cutting should not be undertaken in such a way as to prejudice unduly the attainment of sustained yield. Reforestation is compulsory after cutting as soon as the remaining stand is considered unsatisafactory based on the results of forest-productivity research. 1.4 Integrated wood industries An integrated industry represents a combination of several manufacturing plants so organized as to utilize the available timber resources as completely and as efficiently as possible. This pattern has been successful in the more advanced countries like the United States, Finland and others. The best example of integrated wood industry in the United States is the Weyerhaeuser Company which utilizes almost all the parts of a tree, including sawdust, for a variety of products such as lumber, dimensional stock, veneer and plywood, wallboards, pulp and paper, particleboard, vanilla, etc. In Finland, the oldest and biggest forest industry companies are case histories of integration for the last 60-70 years along three main lines of integration. Firstly, the origin is the sawmill to which later is added a pulp mill (using sawmill waste and wood which is too small-sized for sawmilling) plus a paper mill and so on. On the "mechanical" line the course is: sawmill, planing plant, joinery and prefabricated house factory, box factory and wood-flour mill. Secondly, the origin is the groundwood or pulp mill to which later Page 25 is added a paper or board mill, plus a converting mill of chemical by-products. Thirdly, the origin is the spool or/ and ply\Vood factories, then to the building boardline. For the small companies, tv.·o forms of integration are manifested. Firstly, the general country-wide cooperation between sawmilling and the chemical pulping industry is shown by the efforts of many relatiwly small sawmills in barking the logs before sawing, chipping the waste and selling this product as cooking chips to some pulp mills. Secondly, small companies exchange wood right in the forest or in floating channels depending upon their respective surpluses or need of certain species. They utilize waste as fuel which can supply 60 percent of the energy needed by the industry. Accordingly, with integrated industry, the entire range of species can be utilized, making silviculture management possible. An integrated industry can stand economical setbacks and market slumps much better than a one-purpose industry. l .5 Wood-quality concept Normally, foresters speak of high-quality timber in terms of stands rather than individual trees. Their evaluation always includes, and is frequently dominated by consideration of such strictly silvicultural criteria as stocking, species composition, stand structure, regeneration, status of management, and other factors that are more concerned with biological potential, largely in terms of volume per acre, than with wood quality or current conversion values. But an adequate concept of wood quality considers basically the relationship between the physical, chemical, and other characteristics possessed by a tree or a part of a tree and the other properties required or desired for the end products of wood. Therefore, quality is the resultant of these factors and is manifested by reliable indicators such as density or spePage 26 cific gradty, fine structure, chemical composition, sapwood thickness. non-uniform growth, growth rate, reaction wood (compression and tension), and compression failures ·,vhich are good indicators of brash center. Unlike the uncontrollable weather, the wood-quality factors aforementioned can be modified, controlled, or reduced to a considerable extent through culture and by selection and breeding. This emphasizes that wood quality control should start in the woods and not at the sawmill, furniture factory, or pulp mill. Australia, Germany, Japan, the Scand.inavian countries, England, and the United States have been practicing wood-quality control extensively in their forests. Recently, the United States has developed efficient methods and equipment for determining the intrinsic quality of wood in living trees from increment core samples to the pith. These are obtained from trees sampled from a nationwide system of sample plots, randomly located or mecl1anically placed at the intersection of grids spaced 2 to 4 miles apart. The cores are determined for age, specific gravity, rcrcentage of summerwood, growth rate, fibril angle, and the like, and thereafter are subjected to chemical analysis all'] micro-machining tests. For the first time in its history, the United States was able to obtain wood samples, of an entire tree species population oyer a State, groups of States, or the natural range of the species, that scored fruitful results. For exampll', a longleaf pine tree was found with a much higher specific gravity (0.75 at d.b.h.) than any previously recorded. This tree h,1s above average growth rate, acceptable forfll, branching and other important characteristics but had a dry mass of 607 pounds in 34 years which is double the average weight of the trees of the same age, and almost equal to that of average trees twice its age. Such wood-quality information makes FORESTRY LEAVES possible to present timber resource <lata in terms of tons (dry weight) and of merchantable material available for the woduction of pulp. lumber, high-strength piling, etc., classified by species, size cla>s. and on a unit area basis. To my mind. this new development in forestry needs a push in Philippine fo;·estry. The Forest Products Research Institute has, since 1958, an approved project under Act 480 of the United States on "A survey of the specific gravity of Philippine commercial trees throughout the country" but up to now no funds have as yet been released. The three years that elapsed certainly meant an unfortunate delay. Should this project be realized it would enable us to obtain some valuable information about the wood quality of our commercial tree species which would be helpful to the wood-using industries. 2. IMPROVED METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 2.1 Progress in logging The field trip to the forests of the Simpson Timber Co. at the Olympus mountains and the exhibits on logging and sawmilling machinery at the Fifth World Forestry Congress showed that logging and sawmilling 25 years ago are practically obsolete. The two-man fallers using the ax and the 7%-foot cross-cut saw are rapidly being replaced by the more efficient gasoline-powered 35-lbs. portable power chain saws which can rip 50-inch trees in 25 minutes and top spar trees in 2 minutes. Also, the slow railroad logging is almost extinct and in its place the endless bulldozed logging roads through rough terrain have been bolstering logging activities. Huge diesel tmcks crawl steadily fast through these roads to the landings, "boomloaded with logs at the flip of a switch. and then highball down the mountains with towering 35-top cargoes." Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue The logging industry has been going through a rnriety of changes in equipment and methods which have hardly been considered seriously a few years ago. Most interesting single pieces of equipment are the Bombardier HDW Muskreg which skids whole tree-length logs. and the Bombardier Processing Unit which consists of a limbing tool, cable conveyor, slasher and slash disposal unit. This machine receives whole trees which emerge unto trunk pallets as 4-foot bolts. Other machines such as portable bark and chipping machines travel into the woods and convert the limbs into chips. Equipment for loading logs and wood have also undergone major developments. Tongs and dogs in handling logs with boom cranes are also being replaced by modern thin grapples which do less damage to the products handled, and dispense with the man on the ground and also the one on the truck. The ultimate outcome is the insistence of some large plywood concerns that only grapples be used on high-grade peeler logs logged or purchased by them. The most recent one is a radio-controlled skidder and loader mounted on a truck chasis. Behind the cab is a winch with cable running up a mast and out to the tip of a swinging boom. Also mounted in the cab is a radio receiver tuned to the Citizen's band which operates the winch controls. After the operator has set the winch free spooling and hauled the log tongs transmitter on his back, he attaches the tongs to a log which may be as much as 300 feet away, punches a control button at his belt to start the winch reeling the log, and walks along behind. Whenever the log hangs up behind a root or stump, he punches again on the control button to stop the winch, rolls free the log, and starts the reeling operation up again. This same unit is used in loading the assembled logs on the same or another truck. Pap:e :27 For unusual situation, the "'Pugh Ridge Skyline" and the "Mobile Spar" have been developed. The Pugh ridge skyline is a gravity cable system which uses a radiocontrolled diesel-powered skyline carriage. Presently, it is being used on a Forest Service timber sale in steep country with unstable soil conditions. On the other hand, the mobile spar tree consists of a tubular steel spar (in 3 sizes: 60-f t. spar using %" main line, 90-ft. spar using l" main line, and 90-ft. spar using 11/4" main line), which can be either track or truck mounted. It is claimed that the spar can be lowered in 10 minutes, moved and raised again, rigged and ready for yarding in two hours or less, exclusive of travel time. Specifically, the 60-ft. spar is designed for prelogging and salvage logging while the heavy duty type is designed for handling the heaviest timber in rugged terrain. But the latest talk of revolutionary logging is "helicopter logging" which seems to be simply the skyhooking of timber right out of the forest and the yarding of the same straight to the mills. This logging system has transformed the old-time "eata-man-before-breakfast" logger into a skilled machine worker who earns the highest industrial wage per hour, plus other benefits. Found fit for this use is the Vertol 107 Twin-turbine utility helicopter that hovers with unexcelled steadiness and precision for hookup, carries 51f.!-ton logs outbound at 127 m.p.h. and returns empty at 138 m.p.h., shuttles back and forth regardless of terrain in 13 trips per flight hour over a 21f.!-mile distance, and moves a total of 60 tons of logs ( 18,000 bd. ft.). It is said that it can get timber out of swamps, steep hillsides, canyons, or any place where the gning is tough or othenvise economically feasible. Besides logging, the helicopter is most valuable in making preliminary surveys for logging and once the preliminary road layout is determined, ground surveys then require a minimum of time for relocation Page 28 and adjustment. However, the radio-equipped helicopter, as a vehicle of a supervisor who may have two or more jobs widely separated without cross country roads, assures efficient supervision on both jobs with a very minimum of time and effort. Also, it is used to expedite the movement of parts or repairmen to disabled machines in remote areas and to bring injured or ill men from the remote areas to hospitals for medical attention at a ,-ery minimum of time. 2.2 Progress in management and silviculture 2.2.1 Forest inventory.-! hesitate to mention here aerial survey and photogrammetry because this aspect of modern inventory is right now with us in the Philippines. However, I shall present only a few phases about it to refresh your minds, as follows: (a) Colored aerial photographs have added usefulness in photogrammetry in certain purposes where ordinary black and white prints seem inefficient. (b) There is a future aspect of taking photographs from below, i.e., from the base to the crown or canopy of standing trees, to measure accurately tree heights. ( c) Speculation has been directed to the use of photographs taken by satellites for the evaluation of total forest stands in a country and for developmental programs in watershed and large-scale engineering work. ( d) A 10\v-level helicopter stereo-photography has been developed in British Columbia to measure tree heights, crown area, tree counts, and species as an aid in both forest classification and volume sampling. Efficient recording of observations, as in tree counts, can be done by taperecording. The promising accuracy of this technique has indicated that at 250 feet altitude, the estimate obtained has an error of ~ 3 percent. FORESTRY LEAVES 2.2.2 Forest growth.-As to the basic aspects of forest growth and their application to forest management, the old timeconsuming methods of computing and analyzing d.ita on growth and stand volumes of trees are being replaced by the latest method of feeding these data to electronic machines such as the IBM 650 computer. Filipino foresters therefore, will in due time be relieved of their backaches and sleepless nights, and find to their contentment that the results of their "midnight" computations and analysis can be applied easier to an up-to-date forest management schemes than in the past. 2.2.3 Forest plantations.-First, I shall single out the forestry program of Hawaii which dates back 50 years ago in 1905 when the keynote was water protection. Foreign species have been introduced and planted in "proving areas" one to two acres per plantation which are a few miles apart in strategic areas of Hawaii island. The purpose is to determine the best tree or strains to plant, and where and how they should be planted. Recently, the foresters of Hawaii were able to know the species needed hy them in their 5-year reforestation program from 1961 to 1966. The goal is success through "farsighted leadership teamed with forest research". This 5-year program is a cooperative effort of the government, private entities, and civicspirited citizens. Second, I shall mention the big push in the establishment of plantations. About ten years ago, large-scale tree planting in the southern states of the United States was done with mechanized planting machines. With the present forestry era, mass seeding of logged-over and open areas is accomplished by helicopters to the amazing speed of four acres per minute and "about one third of the customary $25 to 330 per-acre expense for hand planting." The seeds are previously coated with Endrin (insecticide ) and Arasan (fungicide) , and disguised with aluminum dip to preArbor Week-Forestry Day Issue vent them from being eaten by destructive rodents and birds prior to seeding. "Helicopter seeding is coming into full swing today from the Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico. It is particularly suited to the reforesting of newly logged or fire-ravaged cutover country." Third, the attempt to fertilize forest plantations is gaining ground. Australia and New Zealand have been fertilizing their Radiata pine plantations in areas deficient in zinc, phosphorous and boron. Jn the United States, this scheme is being carried out in Douglas fir plantations of the Simpson Timber Company. Recent developments indicate that fertilizers are being tailor-made in the form of tiny pellets to reduce cost and weight and to facilitate their application. Of interest as well is the \Veyerhaeuser Company at Centralia, \Vashington of mapping the spread of the root system of standing trees by means of radio tracers prior to fertilizer application. Jn another instance, radio tracers have proven the relatively greater efficiency of applying fertilizers in liquid form than the old method of fertilizing the roots. Test with P :32 tracer has shown that fertilization by the foliar method (efficiency 95 percent) is better than by root feeding (efficiency 10 percent). The root feeding method invigorates the growth of unwanted ground flora in the plantation, whereas the foliar method does not and therefore, is more economical. This method is best applicable to young plants or young trees only. Fourth, in the culture of plantations, chemical warfare is being waged against brush or weeds. Jn the United States, young Douglas fir growth v.-hich are often choked by fast-growing alder and maple. are given, by means of helicopters, lethal spraying with chemicals 2,4-D and 2,4-5 T without harm to the fir. This is particularly successful on most cut-over or burnt forest areas, and is effective in tending the forests towards higher timber yield. Page 29 2.3 Progress in forest protection Fire protection of forests has become a worldwide concern particularly in the coniferous regions and eucalyptus harcl\Vood forests. The system invoh-es combating forest fires, with the aid of research, as to their prevention, cliscO\·ery and liquidation. Most of the aclrnnces, so far attained. are in fire suppression such as aerial dispersal of retardant and. smokejumping which is the present clay ultimate in flexibility, mobility, and adaptability to the needs of the circumstances. The retardant is sodium calcium borate, in bomb containers or by cascading aerial tankers. \vhich is dropped directly on going-on fires or on adjoining areas as firebrakes. In smoke-jumping. "shock troops" of well-trained firefighters parachute down the vicinity of going-on fires and suppress them with utmost efficiency. But the most valuable tool for firecontrol work these days is the helicopter. If properly used. it is. in the majority of cases, more economical and efficient than other methods of transportation. The helicopter can ferry men and supplies to the fire quickly while it is small. This results in savings of resources and suppression costs and makes manpower available sooner for other fires. It allows men to arrive on a fire in better physical condition, increases their safety. and conserves their energy for a more useful purpose which is firefighting rather than hiking. The most recent de\·elopments in fire control are in forest fire research. The circling radar is useful to detect, track and assist in the analysis of lightning storms over a 250-mile radius. Time-lapse photography is used to determine the location and growth of cumulus clouds. A system of synchronized electric field meters is employed to measure the vertical component of the earth's electrical field. Recently. model laws for fire beha\"ior were studied in the laboratory. The efPa!!e 30 density. moisture content, size of fuel parfect of such \·ariables as species of wood, ticle. spacing, dimensions of fuel beds. wind, and slope on the rate of spread of fire and the partition of energy, is examined from a steady-state fire model which involves diagnostic and functional models. The ultimate principle involved is radiation and the objectives are how close can firefighters get to the fire and how fast can the fire be transmitted to adjoining forests. Speculations run high on experiments to determine if cloud seeding with silver iodide has any effect on lightning in storms. If successful, it would be possible to specify the smallest cloud that will produce lightning and apply the necessary effective measures to prevent its occurrence. And in this Space Age, a new horizon of fire-protection has been discussed at the Tenth Pacific Science Congress by meteorologists on the probable use of satellites in weather forecast evaluation. 3. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTAL WORK 3.1 Forest research The major achievements of forest research are in genetics and tree improvement. Since the inception of genetics in forestry, there are no less than 200 possible F, hybrids of pines produced through hybridization in the United States. In Korea. the hybridization of pitch pine ( Pinus rigida) with P. taeda which involves about 30,000 pollination cases is a milestone in seed production. This shows that large scale-controlled pollination is a short cut to the mass production of hybrid seed for reforestation until the hybrid-seed orchards of parental species come into production. In many countries. present trends are directed towards the establishment and maintenance of seed orchards. "A seed orchard is a plantation of genetically superior FORESTRY LEA YES trees. isolated to reduce pollination from genetically inferior outside sources and intensively managed to produce frequent, abundant, easily harvested seed crops. It is established by setting out clones (as grafts or cuttings) or seedling progeny of trees selected for desired characteristics." Australia, for example, has excellent seed tree orchards of Radiata pine and favored Eucalyptus species. Near Nisqually, \Vashington, seed orchards of Douglas fir are expected to produce seeds in ten years. Much attention is also being given to "tailor-made" trees for pulp and papermaking. The United States, Canada. the Scandinavian countries, Australia, New Zealand, and England are pooling their scientific knowledge and techniques towards, the production of long-fibered species with medium density and high cellulose content. And the greatest achievement, so far in genetics, is the production of a centreploid which flowered in Korea. This is the first success ever attained in the whole world. 3.2 Forest products research New developments in forest products are multifarious that it is not possible to present most of them in this paper. Only a few exciting ones are to be mentioned, as follows: (a) Quality control of plywood and other structural materials by vibrational techniques using either electronic or ultrasonic devices. ( b) Biosynthesis of lignin in living trees by using a virus to produce trees that will be suitable for groundwood pulping. ( c) The presence of growth rings in tropical hardwoods is a new discovery. Growth rings are found in 25 percent of Indian hardwoods. This makes it easier to determine the age of hardwoods which is essential in forest management. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue ( d) The de\·elopment of fiberboard and particleboard is becoming more significant in the utilization of \mod and wood residues. ( e) Electronmicroscopy is the "radar for the unknown" in forestry. It has demonstrated its usefulness in the location of preservati\·es in \vood, in the unravelling of micellar structure and orientation of fibers, in soh-ing the mysteries of reaction wood, and in the colloidal structure of adhesives. (f) Increased permeability resulting from bacterial or fungal attack has become of practical importance. It has been proven that floating or ponding of logs may greatly increase the sapwood permeability of some softwoods. Also, the effect of blue stain fungi on permeability is now generally accepted as favoring liquid penetration. Some evidence presented indicates that better penetration in blue stained wood is dependent on moisture content which should bf' preferably not to exceed about 20 percent. This is a "food for thought" in the preservative treatment of wood. ( g) An ingenious "nuclear tie tester" has been developed by the New York Central Railroad. This instrument permits the discontinuance of the visual and mechanical sounding of ties in tract to determine their condition (a method which was often erroneous). The instrument uses "backscattering" of low-level gamma rays, which are not dangerous to personnel, or passersby, to determine positively which tie should be discarded. In this backscattering technique, gamma rays from radioactive source are reflected from the interior of an object back to a radiation-counting device. In the case of railroad ties, a sound (or dense) tie reflects more gamma rays than a tie whose interior is porous or rotten. The key to its success is the selection of Cesium 137 whose gamma rays are comparatively weak and do not penetrate to Page :n the track bed as do rays emitted by Cobalt 60. ( h) Forest waste products can be a source of proteins for the millions of hungry people of the world. The waste products of Ponderosa pine, made of hexose and pentose, are hydrolized by acids, resulting in reducing sugars. By fermenting them with the yeast Torula utilis, rich in proteins. the problem of mass feeding could be solrnd. A hundred million tons of waste products would produce 250 million tons of yeast, the equivalent of 125 million tons of protein. Germany, United States, and Switzerland have industrial plants in operation. Mexico expects to follow suit to utilize annually its 6 million cubic meters of sawn resinous woods. ( i) Application of radioacti\'ity to the paper industry is gaining importance. Tracer applications are already possible in: (I) liquor flow dig esters. ( 2) wood chip movements in dig esters, ( 3) pulp and waterflow balances, ( 4) flow of fibers, ( 5) residence in bleaching on cellulose, ( 6) reactivity of hydroxyl hydrogens on cellulose, ( 7) removal of lignin in wood in GREETINGS: sulfite cooking procedures, ( 8) distribution of resin in paper, (9) coating penetration studies, ( 10) water flow, and ( 11) measurement of liquids and gases per billion range by reacting them with a radioactive material. 4. SIGNS OF PROGRESS Progress in forestry is evident in the new de,·elopments presented in this paper. It is an international process and no nation can stand alone in scientific and professional adrnnces because the knowledge gained by others is the springboard for newer and better advances. Some of these advances, tempered with resourcefulness and the right perspective, will find sharper edges in the progress of forestry in the Philippines. Our country stands now at a new frontier of modernizing and rehabilitating its forests and forestry practices, with expectant responsibilities weighing down heavily on our shoulders. We cannot be complacent to this challenge but face it squarely and move forward. As the Italian patriot Mazzini once said, "Slumber not in the tents of your fathers! The world is advancing. Advance with it." STA. INES LOGGING ENTERPRISE, INC. 0 Plywood 0 Veneer 0 Sa'\\mill 0 Box Factory ° Core Stock Page 32 MELALE LUMBER, INCORPORATED GOLDEN RIBBON LUMBER CO., INC. Timber Concessionaires-Exporters Manila Office : R-404 Madrigal Bldg. Escolta, Manila Main Office: Maon, Butuan City, P. L FORESTRY LEA YES The Fork Dendrometer JOHN C. SAMMI Visiting Professor of Photogrammetry University of the Philippines The Fork Dendrometer is an instrument developed to obtain the base cmising tree diameter at a point above the ground, inaccessible to measurement with a diameter tape or calipers, because of buttresses, swell butts or trees with large flanged bases. It is not, in its present form, capable of measuring diameters at any point on the bole of a tree, that cannot be reached with the pole which is used in the operation of the instrument. The instrument consists of two pieces of wood or other material ( plexi glass has been found to be ,-ery convenient) about 55 cm. long, 6 mm. thick and 4.5 cm. wide, pivoted with a brass wing bolt at one end. It is desirable to bevel the right hand stick away from the observer on the left side of the stick and bernl the left hand stick toward the observer on the right hand side of the stick. These are the two edges of the sticks between which the bole of the tree will appear and between which the measurement for diameter will be made. The use of the wing nut mentioned above is to enable the cruiser to fold the two sticks together and carry them thus when not in use. 'When the sticks are so folded together the two flat unbeveled sides will be face to face. The graduations for the tree diameters are etched on the bevel of the right hand stick. The instrument is used by holding it at a given distance from the point on the Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue right side of the tree where the tree diameter is desired. It is held with the point of the V down so that the flare of the V and the natural taper of the tree will be in opposite directions and therefore make the least acute intersection. For the conditions existing in the Philippines the distance from the eye that is used is 0.5 meter and the length of the (bamboo) pole which is held on a sloping distance from the eye to the point of measurement on the right side of the tree is 3 m. The 0.5 m. distance from the eye is obtained by threading a string thru a hole in the left hand stick and knotting the string at 0.5 m. This knot is held by the cruiser's teeth. In use the plane of the dendrometer sticks should be at right angles to the sloping (bamboo) stick. The angle used between the two sticks of the fork has been 35 degrees. The cruiser uses the dendrometer by opening it to a mark made on each of the pi,·oted sticks that assures a 35-degree angle. The string is held between the teeth; the distance from eye to diameter point on the right side of the tree is measured with the pole, the left stick of the dendrometer is allignecl with the left side of the tree and the graduation on the right stick of the dendrometer read at the sighted point of intersection of tree and fork dendrometer giving the tree diameter at that point in centimeters. Page 33 The mathematical dewlopment of the graduations is as follows: -----S = slope distance to tree a = slope distance to eye = 3.0 meters = 0.5 meter V = distance across fork at right angles to side of fork which is held parallel to left side of tree BG = distance across fork for d d = diameter of tree Angle BAG = Angle of fork dendrometer 35° Tan CAD = CD/AC Tan 2 CAD = BG/ AB and BG 2 Tan CAD (AB) Tan 2(CAD) BG l-Tan2 CAD d/2 Tan CAD = s V= (AB) v [(2) (d/2) (a)]/S 4Sad I - d/2 ~ 4(S)2-d s 6d V = - - - using the \·alues gi\"en abo\·e. ·'36-d~ For 35°, the graduation from the apex of the fork (not the pivot) are found as follows: BAG = 35° Sin 35° = Vix X = V /Sin 35° where: X is the distance from apex of fork. Pa!!e 34 FORESTRY LEA YES Photo Interpretation Aids Developed BY JUANITO D. LAMANILAO U.P. College of Forestry College, Laguna The universal use of aerial photographs has stimulated the de\·elopment of various de\"ices for extracting information from photographs and thereby making maps out of them. Howe\·er, a number of these instruments developed have not proved of use to the forester for a good many reasons, in spite of his generally accepted use of photographs: ( 1) They are expensive that their use would not prove economical for the general purpose of the average forester. ( 2) Their accuracy is very much above those required for forestry purposes and their operation, time consuming. ( 3) They are not very handy when used in the field. In order to fill the need of the forest photo interpreter in his demand to use more handy and more convenient tools in his work of photo interpretation whether in the office or in the field, we in the U.P. College of Forestry felt that some instruments be developed at minimum cost to the users. Thus the development of the following simple tools, all in the metric system and available at Carmelo and Bauermann, Inc. in Manila at P3.00 each: Parallax W e<lge : The parallax wedge is an instrument which has been developed to get heights of trees directly from measurements made Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue in aerial photographs. This one de\·eloped at the College of Forestry is not a new thing by any means. Several versions ha\·e been developed of this type before but not one has been available in the metric system in this country. This instrument is basically a micrometer wedge consisting of two com·erging lines and printed photographically on a transparent film base. The line separation at the top is 50 millimeters and at the base is 65 millimeters. Intervening distances can he read to the nearest .05 millimeters. It is printed on a film sheet 9 x 16 centimeters in size. The instrument is used with a stereoscopic pair of photograph which are taped down at the desired separation. The wedge is placed so that the converging lines touch conjugate images on the stereo-pair. As it will be viewed stereoscopically against the photographic stereo-pair, a portion of the converging lines \Viii appear to fuse into a single slanting line. The part of the converging lines that fuse is the one used as a means of measuring heights. The part of the fused line that appears to be at about the same le\·el as the top of the image is the top reading and the part of the fused line that appears closest to the base of the object is the base reading. The difference between the two readings is called the parallax difference. From this can be computed the height of the object: Pag:e 35 T= dP X (H-h) Pt Where T = the height of the object in meters dP =- parallax difference in millimeters H-h = flying height above the base of the object in meters Pt = Absolute parallax at the top of the object or absolute parallax at the base of object plus dP in millimeters. Aerial Scale and Protractor: The instrument that we have developed in the College is, as the name implies, composed of two basic and useful instruments to the field worker in locating points on the ground using aerial photographs. The two tools are printed together on a transparent film sheet 8 x 22 centimeters in size. The metric scale is nothing more than an ordinary linear scale graduated to the nearest half of a centimeter. An extra centimeter before the zero mark is graduated to the nearest half of a millimeter to simplify the reading of decimals of centimeters. To get the ground distance from measurements made on the photo, multiply the denominator of the scale and the distance measured off the photo. The aerial photo protractor is designed to read azimuths on a contact print. This circular protractor is graduated into 360 degrees to read to the nearest degree. It is small enough such that readings of azimuths for lines can be made under one lens of a pocket stereoscope. The readings of directions of lines on a fairly level ground as imaged on a vertical aerial photograph is going to be found well within the accuracy even for compass survey on the ground. Even on mountainous areas, measurements subject to error of displacements are made usable if the base line selected is fairly level and preferably located around the area of the center of the aerial photo. Page 36 Micrometer Wedge Scale : The micrometer wedge scale is basically designed for measuring short distances on photographs, and for this purpose is used in measuring tree crown diameters and shadow lengths. It consists of two com·erging lines such that from the point where it converges to the point of the widest separation of one centimeter the length is 20 centimeters. It is graduated to read to the nearest .0025 cm. In use the instrument is moved o\·er the image of the object, whose diameter you desire to measure, until the opposite points of the converging lines just touch the opposite points of the diameters of the image. At that point the graduation indicates the diameter of the image. To obtain the actual ground dimension of the crown measurement, multiply this same measured value with the denominator of the scale of the photograph at that point. There are several versions of this type of wedge scale. A number has been developed before which gh·es the actual ground dimension of the crown for certain scale of aerial photographs. Another variation is the dot wedge scale which is a series of dots of graduated sizes reading differences in dimension up to .0025 inches, or some other graduations. Dot Area Grids: In principle, the dot area grid is not new. Variations occur in the number of dots used to represent a certain unit area to achieve a certain degree of accuracy of the estimate of the areas. The more dots FORESTRY LEAVES there are to represent per unit area the more accurate is the estimate. The dot grids de\·elope<l in the College of Forestry are printed on 12 centimeters squares of transparent film sheets. One is made with 2 millimeters interval between dots and the other is made at 2 millimeters. In use the dot grid is placed over the image of a certain area which has previously been delimited with ink or china marking pencil. All the dots found inside the delineated area are counted and from this is computed the area based on the principle that for a given scale each dot represents a certain unit of area, in this particular case hectare. The rule is: Area h t No. of Dots X (dist. bet. dots) 2 >< (Denominator of RF) 2 in ec ares: GREETINGS: Manila Office : 1010 TRIUMPH TIMBER CORPORATION Producer 0 Exporter 0 Importer Butuan City, Philippines Cable Address: 484-F, Yuchengco Bldg. Rosario St., Manila TRITIMCO BUTUAN TRITIMCO ~IA.NILA GREETINGS: AGUSAN MAHOGANY PRODUCERS CO., INC. Producer & Exporter of Philippine Mahogany Logs Butuan City, Philippines Timber Concession: Umayam Division, Agusan Main Office : Magallanes St., Butuan City Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Cable Address : AMAPCO MANILA AMAPCO BUTUAN Page 37 GREETINGS: BUENO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION BUTUAN LUMBER MANDFACTURING COMPANY, INCORPORATED ~lanila Offices: Timber Concessionaires-Exporters of Logs and Lum her R-301-303 Alliance Bldg. Rosario St., Manila Baan, Butuan City P. I. GREETINGS: Timber Concessions: Esperanza, Agusan Balete, Agusan Sa"\\mill Site : Bayugan, Agusan D. 0. PLAZA ENTERPRISES, INCORPORATED MAINIT LUMBER & DEVELOPMENT CO., INC. 0 Logging 0 Sa"\\mill Butuan City, Philippines Concession Areas : Loreto, Agusan 0 Motor Launches Kitcharao, Jabonga, Agusan Producers & Exporters of High Quality Philippine Lanan & Apitong Logs GREETINGS: OROMECA LUMBER COMPANY, INCORPORATED Butuan City, Philippines Producer & Exporter of Philippine Mahogany Manila Office : 484-C. Yuchegco Bldg. Rosario St., Manila GREETINGS: Cable Address: ORO~IECA MANILA ORO~IECA BCTCA!li EUREKA ENTERPRISES CORPORATION Butuan City, Philippines Timber Concessionaire-Exporter of Philippine Lauan & Apitong Logs Timber Concession: Bntnan City, Agusan Pa~e 38 FORESTHY LEA YES Infiltration Studies on Grassland Watersheds in Northern Nueva Ecija BY LEONARDO D. ANGELES Instructor in Silviculture U.P. College of Forestry Introduction If the behaviours of the different Philippine streams were recorded and the resulling hydrographs evaluated, interesting dh·ersified trends of streamflows will be noticed. The source of these variations may be traced from the drainage basins or watershed areas. A relatively sustained and uniform flow may he expected of a stream derh·ing: its water from a permeable, wellmanaged watersheds. On the other hand, if the main source is surface runoff, a flood peak results from a single storm and the rates of low-water flow will be small. The quantity and quality of streamflow is just a reflection of the type and treatment of the watersheds. Grass and open areas aggregate to 5,480,090 hectares or 18.42% of the total land area of the Philippines (9). Although the country possesses staggering figures of critical watershed areas, fundamental watershed research is woefully lacking. Lack of hydrologic data makes it impossible to establish a scientific basis for the management of water as a natural resource. Currently, an increasing demand for such information is being made by many public and private interests. Industry requires dependable supply of clean water; population centers demand adequate pure water supply; public and private concerns need information for flood control programs and power projects. This work was designed to study the relath·e rates of water entry into the soil Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue under two types of land-uses-grazed and protected grassland areas-in northern Nueva Ecija. Review of Literature The ability of the watershed area to absorb and detain water that falls upon it as rain provides an explanation to the character of the resulting hydrographs. Horton ( 7) had earlier recognized this fact and suggested the theory of infiltration capacity. Wise planning for water management and conservation practices calls for the understanding of how water infiltrates into the soil. Infiltration is defined as the process by which liquid water enters the surf ace soil or zone of aeration ( 8). It includes both wetting to the field moisture capacity and the subsequent progressive downward movement of gravitational water. Infiltration is the most important part of the process by which water reaches the soil below the root zone and is added to the \vater table and thence to stream flow. The surface 1/4- or %-inch of the soil is most important for water entry as emphasized by Lassen et al. ( 10) and Wisler and Brater (19). The maximum rate at which water enters the soil surface, defined as the infiltration capacity of the soil, depends primarily in the condition of the properties of that soil surf ace. Any disturbance of that surf ace may completely change infiltration capacity. Page 39 Infiltration depends upon a number of factors. Lewis and Powers ( 11 ) enumerated an almost complete list of factors involved. Davidson ( 3) compiled a bibliography containing more than 200 references dealing with the various aspects of infiltration, including measurements and the factors influencing capacity. A review of infiltration work was included in the author's M.S. thesis ( 1). The effect of land-use upon the different properties of the soil, hence, effect upon infiltration capacity, was a subject of a number of investigations. U ndisturbed forest soils, because of their high porosity, comparatively low bulk density, and rather deep surf ace organic layers, have an inherently high rate of infiltration. However, when such forest land is subjected to trampling by grazing livestock, infiltration rate of the soil is drastically reduced. Stoeckeler ( 16) reported a 93% reduction, significant at t_01 , in infiltration rate of two forested areas due to livestock trampling. Mcintyre ( 12) studying the mechanics of splash process and the formation of surface crusts, observed that crusts formed by heavy rain are common in intensh·ely cultivated soils. Surface crusting is responsible for low infiltration, due to the dispersion of aggregates. At Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Dils ( 4) demonstrated how a small heavily trampled portion of a watershed might be the source of large proportion of total storm runoff. He also reported the effect of forest cutting and subsequent mountain farming on the distribution of storm runoff (in effect. infiltration rates). A greater percentage of the runoff occurred in a relatively shorter time in mountain farms than from a forested area. Zwerman ( 20) stated that initial infiltration on a virgin area was highest among the categories of land-uses compared. Any practice that would increase the number of large aggregates would, in effect, result in high infiltration. Studies indicated that substantial runoff occurred from many permanent Page 40 pastures because of low infiltration capacity of soils ( 15). Low infiltration capacity of soils and subsequent runoff were attributed to excess trampling by grazing animals. especially when the soil was wet. Compaction and hardened topsoils may be attributed to poor land-use practices. Description of the Study Area The present early to late maturity multicyclic landscapes (Fig. 1) are products of fluvial geomorphic erosion. The presence of benches along valley sides above the present valley floors reflected multicyclical erosions. Flupiraption, corrasion, corrosion. and attrition were dominant erosional processes that sculptured the present day landscapes. Stone and Angeles ( 17) described the Carranglan area in northern Nueva Ecija as consisting of steep ridges descending to gently sloping foot slopes or piedmonts. \Vhere heavily loaded streams emerge from hills or mountains onto a lowland, alluvial fans are formed. Along the sides of active streams are terraces which origin is not known with certainty but the present surface of these terraces appears to be deposits, possibly due to gra\·itath·e transfers such as creep. soliRuction, earthflow or mudflow. Drainage is medium fine textured and primarily of dendritic pattern. A structurally controlled meandering river connects to one of the big riwrs of Central Plain, the Pampanga rh·er. Short term records from reforestation areas near Sta. Fe and San Jose, NNW and SSvV of Carranglan, indicate an annual precipitation of approximately 2300 mm. The soil of the interfluves is a highly weathered red clay loam apparently derived from an acidic granite. The A1 of the grazed area. probably has been subject to some sheet erosion. Perhaps 10% of the surf ace is littered with stones and boulders which, except as split along the numerous joints or freshened by exfoliation. bear a 1-2 cm. weathering crust. Small FORESTRY LEA YES stones and fragments of gravel size are almost entirely lacking in the surf ace soil. Representati\·e soil profile and mechanical analysis of the soils are gi\·en below: Soil profile: experimental site A2 2- 6" Grass litter and nearlv black humus; thinner or absent in grazed area. Dark brown ( 7.5 YR 4/ 4) clay loam with granular structure: friable; high in organic matter and filled with fine roots; pH 5.2 in protected soil. Crusted or platy strncture and with less numerous roots; pH 5.0 in grazed soil. Reddish brown ( 5 YR 4/ 4) clay loam with somewhat similar to above structure; pH 5.0. B0 6-12" Yellowish red ( 5 YR 4/8) coarse angular blocky; somewhat firm; pH 5.0. Mechanical analysis of soils Protected area Percent Percent Percent Sand Silt Clay Surface soil, 0- 112" 45.8 18.7 35.5 Subsoil, 112"-3%" 41.1 20.2 .'38.7 Grazed Percent Percent Percent area Sand Silt Clay Surface soil, 0- 112" 39.6 19.3 41.1 Subsoil, 1h,, -31;2,, 33.6 22.8 33.6 Infiltration studies were conducted in one of these interfluves, on a 10-15% SW slope in Talatalan, Carranglan. The terrace soil is neither gravelly nor dsibly stratified in its upper layers. The surf ace is somewhat irregular and angular boulders of the same granite are common. The present streams are incised in some of the terraces. The soils are sharply delimited at the contact, the terrace soil being brown in color with a surface reaction of pH 6.0 to 6.5. Accordingly, the whole area has been under grass since Spanish time. with the Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue exception of the \Vooded stream bottoms. The present vegetation consists of grass, especially Themedia triandra, Forsk. and Imperato cylindrica with scattered trees of Antidesma cumingii and Bauhinia malabarica. In the protected area, i.e., under the Reforestation Administration control, are planted species. With the exception of the protected area, most of the grassland are under grazing lease. The enduring practice of burning the grass during summer and allowing livestock to graze when grass is rejuvenated and the soil is wet led to the deterioration of most of the unmanaged areas. The upper Talatalan interflm·e was a communal pasture until 1959. Carabaos, horses and cattle were let loose after planting season in this area. Adjacent to this area is the protected site; once a fence delimited the areas. The study was conducted on both sides but away from the former fenceline. (Fig. 1). Experimental Methods Design of the experiment.-The experiment was designed to examine the influence of land-use practices of infiltration rates, comparing rates between the grazed and the protected areas. It is essentially a completely randomized design with five replicated infiltration plots per treatment area. Soil properties were correlated among themselves and with infiltration rates. Different soil properties from each area were compared using t-test. Field methods.-The field study was conducted after a few days of rain in late July, 1960 so that the soils were at near field capacity. In this condition of the soils. only the wet run was needed. Data for dry run would be somewhat more variable than the data from the wet run. The field moisture content at the beginning of the dry nm might be considered wholly uncontrolled and dependent, to some extent, on past climatic conditions. During Page 41 the wet run, howe\·er, the amount of soil moisture should be more dependent on the characteristics of the soil and less affected by past climatic conditions. Accurate simulation of rainfall without disturbing the soil is desirable in reproducing natural conditions. Relative measures of infiltration ha\·e been used by various investigators ( 2, 8, l.'3, 14, 19). The one used in this study was the double ring infiltrometer (Fig. 2). The double ring infiltrometer consisted of a pair of concentric rings, 101/2- and 61f2-inch in diameter, that \Vere pressed a few inches into the soil. The purpose of the outer ring was to provide a buffer or wetted area around the inner ring which was the critical or test area. Water was added from inverted graduated bottles at such a rate that an equal depth, 1h inch head, was maintained in both units. Measurements of infiltration rates at the end of 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes in the center compartment were supposed to be indicative of the vertical component of flow, free of the uncontrolled lateral mO\·ement common in single ring method. Soil samples for physical and chemical property determinations were obtained from each infiltration plot. Aggregation, mechanical analysis, and organic matter were determined from soils obtained at O-y;-inch and 1f2--._'31h-inch depths. Percolation rate, porosity, bulk density, and non-capillary or detention pores at 20- and 60-cm. water tensions (roughly between pF's 1 and 2) were determined from undisturbed soil cores obtained from inside the inner ring, 24 hours after wet nm so that soils were assumed to be at field capacity. Randomly selected pits were examined for soil profile description. Laboratory methods.--Soil analyses were carried out in the Soil Physics laboratory of the Soils Department, College of Agriculture. U.P. Page 42 Percolation test \\·as conducted using a modification of the constant head permeameter apparatus described by Hoover et al. ( 6). After percolation test, the same soi 1 samples were used in determining noncapillary or detention pores at two water tension levels, 20- and 60-cm., using the tension table. Bulk density and total pore space were determined after oven-drying the samples used in the preceding tests. :\. modification of the Yoder wet-sieving machine was used in determining waterstable aggregates, including the mechanical fractions, at 10- ( 2 mm.), 20- ( 0.8 mm.), 40- ( 0.4 mm.), and 80-meshes ( 0.2 mm.) sieves. Only aggregates that were caught between U.S. screens No. 4 ( 4.75 mm.) and No. 10 ( 2 mm.) were used in the wetsiedng. Soil textures were determined by the Bouyoucos hydrometer method outlined by the Forest Soil Committee of the Douglas Fir Region ( 5). Organic matter content was determined following Wakeley and Black method ( 18). Soil reactions were directly determined in the field using a pH kit. Results The cumulative wet infiltration runs from the two treatment areas through the second hour to determine trends of water entry into the soils and the infiltration rates for the same are shown in Fig 3. As a matter of convenience, only rates during the second hour were used for all comparisons and correlations. The analysis of variance (Table 1) shows significant difference in infiltration rates at P( F) 01 , between the two areas. The mean infiltration rate for the protected area is 1.58 liter/hr. and 0.49 liter/hr. for the heavilv grazed area. Table 2 shows the comparison, using t-test, of the various soil properties as affected by land-uses. Infiltration rate, percolation rate, per cent total pore space, per cent non-capillary pore space, large-size aggregates, organic matter content were, in all cases, drastically reduced. The reduction of the above properties gave FORESTRY LEAVES higher rnlues for soil properties that restrict infiltration rates such as bulk density and small-size aggregates. Simple correlations were ran to determine those soil factors that are either positively or negatively correlated to infiltration rates (Table 3). Regression equations describing the relationships between infiltration rate and each of the soil faf!tor, whenever these proved significant are given in Table 4. Figures 4, 5, and 6 illustrate the nature of these associations. Discussion In view of the lowered infiltration capacity of the grazed area, it appears likely that much of the difference was due to the influence of heavy animal traffic on the soil. To determine why infiltration was related to land-use and to investigate what soil properties were important required the evaluation of a number of factors. As stated elsewhere in the review of literature, the surface 1/4- or 1h-inch of the soil is most critical in infiltration. From tests and profile observations this thin surface layer had undergone changes due to heavy trampling. Surface crusting and platy structure were evident in the grazed soil. These conditions, due to the dispersion of aggregates with the fine particles washing into and filling the pores in the immediate surf ace (see mechanical analysis, particularly difference in clay fractions) and compressive action by animals, lowered infiltration capacity of the soil. Dispersion of aggregates was significantly propagated to the subsoil, lf2-31h-inch depth. Organic matter content which acts to bind soil particles and aggregates and directly or indirectly participates in infiltration was significantly reduced in both surf ace and subsoil. This may be attributed to the lower density of grass present in the heavily grazed soil. Grass is the source of organic matter and serves to protect the surf ace soil from rain impact and its washing away. Since infiltration rate was also Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue reduced due to decrease in both total porosity and particularly non-capillary or detention pore space, and hence, a corresponding increase in bulk density and retention pore space, percolation, which is a subsurface phenomenon, was significantly reduced too. Changes in the conditions of the various soil properties were evident when their means were compared. However, when correlations were made to test relationships of these properties to infiltration rate, on1 y bulk density ( r = 0.880), per cent total pore space ( r = 0.804), large and small aggregates (r = 0.687 and r = -0.738, respectively), and detention pore space at 60 cm. water tension (r = 0.770) were significantly correlated. Percolation rate, organic matter content, and detention pore space at 20 cm. water tension, although nearly approaching r.05 , failed to be significantly correlated. B.D. and total P.S. each accounts for about 70% of the total variability in rates; the non-capillary or detention pores at a greater water tension accounts for about 60%; the large and small aggregates each accounts for about 50%. A few number of sub-soil properties tested limits statement of similar conclusions for that layer. However, the amount of organic matter at the lower layer is significantly correlated to infiltration rate ( r = 0. 719) and also the large and small aggregates ( r --= 0.660 and r = -0.717, respectively). The abO\-e findings indicate that either bulk density or percentage total porosity and the amount of non-capillary or detention pores at greater water tension are the most important soil factors related to infiltration, all being significant at r0 .w Redesigning the experiment to increase replications or number of observations may still show the importance of aggregations, although they were found significant at r0 •05 in this particular experiment, and organic matter. Page 43 It has been shown that some soil properties were related to infiltration. In order to obtain a prediction formula, soil properties must be associated with infiltration \·ery strongly and regardless of time or season, cover type or other conditions. From the limited data obtained, a tentath·e multiple regression equation was de\·eloped using bulk density (xi) and the non-capillary pores ( X2 ) at greater water tension of the soil surf ace as variables: Y = 0.281 X1 + 0.164 X2 -1.066 Variation about the regression plane is -+- 0.507 liters/hr. If the deviations are approximately normally distributed, about 20% of the observed infiltration runs would lie within 0.507 liters of the values predicted from the corresponding xi values of the regression equation. Likewise, about 60% of the total observed infiltration runs should lie within 1.01 liters. The variability of the multiple regression measure was tested and found significant at P ( F) .osCaution must be exercised in accepting this equation. It is tentative being the product of a single season and a single test with relatively few observations. Summary and Conclusions Relative infiltration rates on two areas managed differently were found significantly different. Much of the difference were attributed to the effect of trampling in changing the conditions of the soil properties influencing infiltration. A formula was devised to predict infiltration rate and its improvement is suggested. \\'here the infiltration capacity of the soil is reduced much of the water falling as rain will eventually become surface runoff. It becomes apparent, therefore, that to minimize surf ace runoff from watersheds, they should be managed well and all aspects of the hydrologic cycle considered. LITERATURE CITED l. ANGELES, L. D. 1962. Infiltration studies of soil under chaparral vegetation in central Arizona. Unpublished M.S. thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 109 pp. Page 44 :2. BAVER, L. D. 1948. Soil Physics. Sec. ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. N.Y. 398 pp. 3. DAVIDSON, J. :\I. 1940. Infiltration of water into the soil. USDA Soil Conserv. Sen·. Bibliography No. 3, processed. 4. DILS, R. E. 1953. Influence of forest cutting and mountain farming on some vegetation, surface runoff characteristics. U.S. For. Sen-. Southeastern For. Expt. Sta. Paper No. 24. 5.5 pp. 5. F 0 R E s T SOILS cm.nIITTEE OF THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 1953. Sampling procedures and methods of analysis for forest soils. L'niv. of \Vash. 6. HOOVER. M. D .. D. F. OLSON, Jr., and L. J. :\1ETZ. 1954. Soil sampling for pore space and percolation. U.S. For. Serv. Southeastern For. Expt. Sta. Paper No. 42. 28 pp. 1. HORTON, R. E. 1953. The role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle. Trans. Am. Geophys. L'nion 14: 446--460. 8. KITTREDGE, J. 1948. Forest Influences. First ed. :\lcGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. N.Y. 394 pp. 9. LANSIGAN, N. P. 1959. An appraisal of forestry in the Philippines. For. Leaves VI ( 4): 17-36. 10. LASSEN, L., H. W. LULL and B. FRANK. 1952. Some plant-soil-water relations in watershed management. USDA Cir. No. 910. 64 pp. 11. LEWIS, M. R. and W. L. POWERS. 1940. An approach toward a physical interpretation of infiltration capacity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 5: 399-417. 12. MCINTYRE, G. W. 1958. Splash and the formation of surface crusts by raindrop impact. Soil Sci. 85. 5: 261-266. 13. PARR. J. F. and A. R. BERTRAND. 1960. Water infiltration into soils. Advances in Agron. 12: 311-363. 14 SHERMAN, L. K. and G. W. :\IUSGRAVE 194:2. Infiltration In Hydrology. Dover Publica·· tions, Inc. N.Y. 244-258. 15. SPRAGUE, V. C., R. R. ROBINSON and R. J. BARBER. 1952. Management of grassland in the northeastern states. The Penna. State College Sch. of Agric. and Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 554. 16. STOECKELER, J. H. 1959. Trampling of livestock drastically reduces infiltration rate of soil in oak and pine woods in southwestern Wisconsin. Lake States For. Expt. Sta. Tech. Note 556. 2 pp. FORESTRY LEAVES 17. STONE, E. L., Jr. and L. 0. :\.'.'o!GELES. 1961. The response of ipil-ipil ( Leucaena glauca) seedlings to phosphorus fertilization on a soil from the Carranglan area, Nueva Ecija. For. Lea yes XIII ( 1) : 27-:32. 18. \VAKELEY, A. and I. A. BLACK. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37 : 29-38. 19. WISLER, C. 0. and E. F. BRATER. 1959. Hydrology, Sec. ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. N.Y. 408. pp. 20. ZWER~fAN, P. J. 1938. The relation of sheet erosion to the structure of Duffield silt loan1. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31 : 304-311. Table l.-Analysis of variancP, infiltration rates Source of Variation d.f. Between treatment areas . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Within treatment area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Total 9 00 Highly significant at P(F) 0.01 ~LS. 2,932.222.50 128.505.00 F 22.899°0 Table 2.-M cans of the physical, chemical, and hydrological properties of surface soils from the two treatment areas compared, using t-test Soil Properties Infiltration rate, l./hr. Percolation rate, l./hr. Bulk density ............................. . Total pore space, % ...................... . Retention or capillary pore space at 60-cm. . ...................... . Detention or noncapillary pore space at 20-cm. . ................. . at 60-cm ................... . Aggregate + mech. fraction at this size, % at 10-mesh ............................ . 20-mesh 40-mesh 80-mesh Organic matter, % ....................... . Protected Grazed t-Computed 1 Area Area 1.576 0.493 4.785 0.609 0.095 2.061 1.15 1.26 ~'3.667 56.68 52.40 3 .. '370 44.20 48.29 -2.691 8.87 4.50 3.553 13.31 8.51 4.138 82.70 70.91 2.002 9.28 10.36 -0.460 1.90 5.91 -2.253 2.16 5.83 -2.718 5.02 4.22 3.636 Negative sign before t-computed indicates t.05=1.860 t.01=2.896 property restricting water entry into the soil. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Page 45 ;,o ~ ""' C' "lj 0 = t'l (fl ...., = ~ t"" tr'l > ~ tr'l (fl Table 3a.-Correlation coefficients1 among certain properties of the surface soil PerC'ola- Bulk % Total % Aggre- % Aggre- % Aggre- % Aggre- % Orlion rate Density Pore Spact gation at .gation at gation at gation at ganie lO-Mesh 20-Mesh 40-Mesh 80-Mesh Matter Infiltration rate ......... .495 -.880 .804 .687 -.404 -.70!-) -.738 .505 Percolation rate ......... -.800 .605 .096 .219 -.243 -.221 ,4().'3 Bulk density ............ -.000 -.690 .313 .OGO .5.'35 --.408 % Total pore space ...... .469 -.140 -.537 -.5.'38 .548 % Aggregation at IO-mesh --.804 -.813 -.957 .4fl6 % Aggregation at 20-mesh .722 .74D -.3.'38 % Aggregation at 40-mesh .94D -.572 % Aggregation at 80-mesh -.545 % Organic matter ...... Detention pore space at 20-cm. r.05=.632 r.01 = .705 Detention Detention Pore Space at G0-0.I at 20-CM. Pore Spae1 .622 .770 .954 .794 -.839 .-737 .639 .802 .229 .594 .144 -.150 - .. '348 -.543 -.355 -.670 .444 .667 .814 Table :3b.--Corrdatirm cnrfficients' among certain properties of the subsnil. % Aggre-, gation at ' 10-\lesh 1 ~ _Aggre1 ! % AggreI % Aggre- ct. 0 . gallon at , gation at I gation at , 10 rgamc 20 'I I 1 ··o 'I h '·so-', lesh j' \latter -_, es 1 .. - -' es ,, Infiltration rate .660 --.558 --.626 --.717 .719 % Aggregation at IO-mesh ....... --1.000 --.985 --.916 .711 % Aggregation at 20-mesh ....... 1.000 1.000 .120 % Aggregation at 40-mesh ....... .874 --.668 c; Aggregation at 80-mesh --.625 /0 ....... r.05=.632 r.01 =.765 Table 4.--Summary of the relationships of soil factors and infiltration rates ( l./hr.). Regression equations and test of significance of b for surface soil Soil Variate lr/B.D .......................... . Ir/%P.S. Ir/ A80 lr/Det20 lr/Det60 t.05= 1.860 t.01=2.787 where, Ir= Infiltration rate, Y B.D. =Bulk density P.S.=o/o Total pore space. Regression Equation y = --7.150 x + 9.686 y 0.160 x -- 7.685 y 0.042 x -- 2.212 y --0.126 x + 1.526 y = -0.175 x + 1.732 y 0.151 x -- 0.013 y 0.164 x -- 0.742 A10 = o/o Aggregation x mech. fractions at 10-mesh sieve A40 = o/o Aggregation x mech. fractions at 40-mesh sieve A80 = o/o Aggregation x mech. fractions at 480-mesh sieve Det20 = Dentention pore space at 20-cm. water tension Det60 = Dentention pore space at 60-cm. water tension Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue b t-computed 1 --7.150 -4.049 0.160 3.829 0.042 2.674 --0.126 --2.839 --0.175 -3.089 0.151 2.251 0.164 3.410 Page 4i Figure I. Typical grassland watersheds in northern Nueva Ecija. Figure 2. lnfiltrometer set-up in use. Page 48 FORESTRY LEA YE 4/) ... Q) ..... ~ :z ~ ~ !:J .... z. w > ~ _J :::::> ':i ::::> u 8 4 Infiltration rate (protected area> 5 CUMULATIVE lllfl\.TR.11.TIOl'I <protected areal 0.-----Infiltration rate <grazed area) 21\,) CUMULATIVE INFILTRATION cqrazed area) ' ', s ---- - -_-..::: -- --c.-::::. --:..-_ -_-_ - - - - - - -120 80 40 o.._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 0 120 5 15 50 60 TIME, 11-1 MINUTES FIG.3. CUMULATIVE WET INFILTRATION RUNS ANO RATES ON THE TWO ARf'AS, 50 1.5 .5 1.: E .s: ~ ':- ....... E 1.0 wi w ~~ :z ;z oo ~~ a: .5 !:=; !:::i ;:;: L:;: z: :z -. % PO\lE SPACE 52 0 % PORE SPACE •X Y • O.l6X-7.68 r • o.s04•• M H 0 0 0 56 .. .. • BULK DENSITY• X Y:z-7.15X-+- 9.0B r•-0.880 .... ~ 0 Y = INFILTRATION RATE 0 K 1.00 1.\0 1.20 1.30 BULK DENSITY FiG.4. RELATION BETWEEN RATE ANO BULK DENSITY, ANO, RATE ANO~.TOTAL PORE SPACE. ~8 .. IC 1.40 °' ...,. "' bf, " c.. "' :l ::l ...... ~· 0 ~· "' ., .... 0 ...... J ., ., ~ .... 0 ..Q .... "'f. ..:. ~ '-:-... Ill ~ a! % 0 5 ~ ~ u. % % AGGREGATION AT 80-MESH +MECH. FRACTIONS AT 1 3 THIS SIZ.E 5 r >C 0 >< 0 ,. lliO 0 ~. o.o~n - 2.2.12 1.51 ""' r• o.&67,. Y• ln,iltr&tion l"at• :v; ><• %A~r.at 10-me~h I ~ 1,01 " A 0 0 • K 0 / /{/ -0.IT!SX -t \.7!52 .5 -o.15s• ll'lflltra~ion r&te •1. A~~r. a+ QO·tne6V1 0 0 .. .. .... • .. 0 60 70 80 90 % AGGREGATION AT IO-MES14 + Mtt.H. FRACTIONS Al n-11s s1zE. FIG.5. RELATION BETWEEN % AGGR. AT 10-MESH, i'. A GGR. A1 80-MESH ANO INFILTRA\ION R~IE. • • 0 • 1.5 \'.. ..c -:-- ,.. w ~ 'f: Ool6?1X-0.7o42. D c::: 1.01 0 t= 0.110"" z: 0 ~ 0:: ~ ...... :z ·'5 0 I 0 ~. ll'!~ilha.tion 1-«te ""' l'ioncap. po'"e space / 00 0 6 10 14 18 NONCAPILLARY Oil. DETENTION PORE SPACE AT SO-CM. W~TER TENSION FIG. 6. RELATION BETWEEN INFILTR. RATE AND ~ONCAPILLARY PORES AT 60- CM. TENSION. lfJ w ~ ~ w .... ;... i:i::: ..... lfJ w i:i::: 0 ""' 0 .,.., ., !:ii; '" Q... The Question Box Wood Preservation-Its Importance This is a reproduction of the radio interview with Prof. Rosario T. Cortes, Chief, Wood Preservation Division, FPRI, conducted by Prof. Domingo V. Jacalne over station DZBB in connection with regular radio program entitled "Forest Build the Nation" every Sunday evening 9:30-10:00 o'clock. 1. Q.- What is wood preservation? A.- \Vood preservation is the impregnation of wood with chemical preservatives. The method adopted depends upon the degree of protection wanted by the end user. 2. Q.- What are the purposes or advantages of wood preservation? A.- Wood preservatives increase the durability of the wood and therefore lengthen its service. This is achieved by controlling or preventing the destmctive effect on wood of biological agencies such as termites, bokbok or powderpost beetles. fungi and marineborers; minimizing the effects of weathering and mechanical abrasion in wood; and sometimes by making the wood more resistant to fire and chemical attack. In short, wood preservation aims to improve wood by impregnation with chemicals to make it more suitable for various uses. 3. Q.- Generally speaking, what are the different processes of preserving wood? A.- Most of the wood-preserving processes now employed are classified either as non-pressure process . or pressure processes. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Under the non-pressure processes, those that are now being used in the Philippines are: (I) brushing method in which the preservative is merely brushed over the surface of the wood but better results are obtained on dried or seasoned wood; ( 2) spray method; and ( 3) brief dipping or steeping method. The spray method requires seasoned wood. Brief dipping may be applied either to green or seasoned wood. In the steeping method. a salt preservative is applied to green wood in the same manner as in salting fish. The wood is stacked solidly before drying. Under the pressure process, the wood is impregnated with the preservative in a treating cylinder or retort using a pressure of 200 psi or more. This process requires seasoned wood before treatment. If the preservative to be used is oil-borne. it must be preheated to about 180°F ( 82.2°C) and maintained at this temperature while the pressure is being applied. For water-borne preservative, ambient temperature is all that is needed. Heating waterborne preservative is not recommended. 4. Q.- Can the different methods be applied generally to all kinds of trnod? Page 51 A.- );'o. Unfortunately, only a few of the Philippine species commonly sold in the market ha,·e been found to be amenable to treatment. These species which can be treated with preservatives include the apitong group. almon, bagtikan, white lauan, malaanonang and mayapis. Other species available in the market such as tangile, red lauan, guijo, yakal, molave, ipil and others, except their sapwood, cannot be treated by any of the above mentioned processes. Species that are seldom found in the market but can also be treated are bolon, balobo, kamatog, and lanutan-bagyo. 5. Q.- Is it only in wood that chemical preservative treatment can be applied? A.- No. If I understand the question correctly, either salt or sugar is applied to preserve meat or fish, tannin to presen·e leather. fish nets, etc. 6. Q.- What other forest products need preservative treatments? :\ .. - All hardboard, plywood, bamboo, rattan products. etc., require preservative treatment in special cases primarily to protect them from the attack of bokbok, etc. 7. Q.- Specificallu, how can one prevent or control the attack of termite ( anay) in a house post or wall? A.- There are two groups of termites ( anay) : ( 1) the subterranean termite and ( 2) the drywood termite. Pa;:e 52 The subterranean termite is the more destructive of the two. To prevent the subterranean termite from attacking house posts or walls, pressure-treated lumber should be used. If this is not possible, the following measures should be taken to control its attack: ( 1 ) The area under and around the house should be cleaned of all debris that may furnish food to termites. In short, "good housekeeping" under and around the house should be observed. ( 2) All termite tunnels and media of access to the house should be cleaned or destroyed with termite. This is to keep termites already in the house from having any access to the ground where they obtain moisture for their existence. For bungalow-type houses, ( 1) the crawl space under the house should be cleared of debris attractive to termites, and the soil space at both sides of the foundation wall should be loosened a foot wide and sprayed with termicide. Soil poisoning, applied before erecting foundation walls and footings, will work well for such type of houses or for factory structure, followed by a thorough cleaning of the surrounding area after construction. To prevent the attack of drywood termites. ( 1 ) new houses should be screened or pressuretreated wood should be used. ( 2) Whenever fine spherical pellets are noticed, the piece of lumber found to contain the causal insect should be punctured and flooded with termicide, using a syringe to inject the solution. This is only a palliative, not a cure. 8. Q.- How can bokbok (powder-post beetles) be controlled? FORESTRY LEAVES A.- If the presence of bokbok is suspected (as evidenced by fine powder falling on the floor or clinging around a hole made by this beetle), then it is hard to control the infestation because each hole will have to be injected with insecticides. The most practical and, in the long run, the most economical preventive measure is the use of treated wood. The application of insecticides only after infestation is considered impractical and uneconomical. Drying wood at temperatures ranging from 150°F. to 180°F., as used in dry kilns, will sterilize wood but kiln-drying does not immunize it from subsequent infestation unless it is treated with an insecticide or a wood preservative. 9. Q.- Are there other insects that cause destruction in wood? A.- Yes, there are. These are the carpenter ants and the carpenter bees, but they are seldom of economic importance. 10. Q.- What is the nature of the destruction of fungi to wood and other forest products? A.- During the early stages of decay (incipient decay), the fungus forms microscopic threadlike structures, known individually as hypha (plural, hyphae) and collectively known as mycelium 1 2 3 , which grows through checks and 1 Baechler. R.H. 1954. Wood in chemical engineering construction. Forest Products Research Society Paper No. 566 (Reprint). 2 Hunt. G.M. and G.A. Garratt. 1953. Wood pre~en·ation. :\fcGraw Hill Book Co., New York and London, Revised. 3 Sarnry, J.G. 1954. Breakdm\'n of timbers or ascomvcetes and fungi Imperfecti. Am. Applied Biology 41 ( 2): 336-347. Arhor Week-Forestry Day Issue other avenues of access to the cells of the wood. The mycelium spreads through all directions in the infected \vood until the wood structure crumbles into powdered or cubical forms depending upon the natme of the pathogen. Early stages of fungus infection on surf ace-dry wood is seldom noticed by the naked eye, but the presence of such infection on the surface of wet-\vood is evidenced by closely woven strands or rootlike structures, usually white in color, spreading all over the surf ace of the wood. According to Hunt and Garratt2, once the decay has progressed beyond the incipient stage, the cell walls of the wood become definitely disintegrated. The wood changes in color from russet brown to light gray and becomes punky, stringy, or crumbly, and even spongy if wet. depending upon the nature and species of the attacking fungus. 11. Q.- Does the Forest Products Research Institute at College, Laguna give out free pamphlets or any form of information on how to treat wood or other forest products against these destructive agencies mentioned? A.- Yes. We have publications on this information. Copies of these publications are available free of charge upon request. PREVENTION "Help make the open lands of the country green with trees and preserve fl"hater;er forest ire have on hand today." -TOM BINL"A Page 53 GREETINGS: JCA LUMBER & GENERAL MERCHANDISE Exporter of Best Philippine Mahogany JOSE c. AQl'INO :-.rns. MARCELINA S. AQUINO Proprietor/General Manager Treasurer Concessions: O.T. No. 6-"64 Bayugan, Agusan 0. T. No. 717-"62 Agusan & Bukidnon Office: 412 Quisumbing Bldg. Dasmarinas, Manila Concepcion St., Butuan City JCA Sawmill Bayugan, Agusan JCA Rubber Plantation Nagas, Bayugan, Agusan JCA Veneer & Plywood Magallanes, Butuan City Cable Address: JALU'.\fER '.\lanila-Butuan SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Butuan City, Philippines Exporter of High Quality Philippine Lauan Logs Registered Dealer in Logs Cable Address : SOPHIDECO MANILA SOPHIDECO BUTUAN Shipping Office: Baan, Butuan City, P. I. GREETINGS: STANDARD PLYWOOD CORPORATION Factory: Butuan City GREETINGS: Main Office : Manufacturers and Exporters of Philippine Mahogany Plywood and Veneers 10th Floor Equitable Bank Bldg. Juan Luan St., Manila Cable Address : STANPLY ~1ANILA A. P. V. MERCHANDISING Registered Dealer in Logs and Exporter of Philippine Lauan & Apitong Logs Manila Office : Butuan City, Philippines Cable Address: R-505 A & T Bldg. Escolta, Manila AP.\IER ~IANILA AP.MER BUTUAN Page 54 FORESTRY LEA YES Plants With Edible Fruits in the Philippines BY CONRADO B. TADEO Senior Research Forester Los Banos Forest Experiment Station Bureau of Forestry The following compilation is a sequel to the article, '·Edible Fruit-Bearing Trees m the Philippines" by Asst. Professor Domingo V. Jacalne of the College of Forestry, U.P .. which appeared in the Forestry Leaves, Vol. XII, No. 1. The present paper and the aforementioned article, do not complete the list of edible fruit-bearing trees or plants in this country. There are thousands of endemic and introduced plants in the Philippines ·which yield edible fruits and. in some cases, poisonous ones. Therefore, other writers are enjoined to list down the names of other plants not mentioned in these two articles so that our literature on fruit-bearing plants or trees could be up-dated and he a valuable source of information for the public. It can be noted, however, that in addition to the main objective of the previous articles which is to fill the void of the fruitgrowing industry for its development in the Philippines, this sequel-paper aims to fill the needs, not only of the public but also the Army of the Philippines. Having learned a lot from the near starvation and unpleasant experiences during the last war, the post-war Army of the country has launched an aggressive educational campaign among its soldiers to know the edible fruit-bearing trees and edible plants in order to survi\·e in cases of emergency. For the general public particularly the Boy Scouts, etc., on one hand, this dictum of surdval whether in time of peace or war, calls for a sufficient knowledge of plants and edihle fruits of the country. Hence, the good saying '"Be Prepared" to meet these emergencies justifies the preparation of this partial list of trees and plants that follows: PLANTS WITH EDIBLE FRUITS IN THE PHILIPPINES Common Scientific Name and Name Family Achuete or Bixa orellana L. Annatto (BIXACEAE) Agbab V anoverberghia sepulchrei l\ferr. (ZINGIBERACEAE) Agusahis or Setaria palmifolia Ayas-as ( Koen.) Stapf. (GRAMINAE) Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Brief Notes A tree which is 4 to 6 meters in height and which grows abundantly throughout the Philippines. Seeds are used locally for coloring food such as butter. An erect plant which reaches a height of 4 meters. It is found only in Bontoc and Capiz. The fruits have anise-like odor. They are used for flavoring food stuff. A grass which grows up to 3 meters in height. It is common and widely distributed from Luzon to !vlindanao. In times of scarcity, the grains are used as substitute for rice in Camarines and Ilocos rePage 55 0 Alagadisso 0 Amoras or Mulberry 0 Ampalaya or Amargoso Anahau Anibong Anonang Api-api 0 Bael Page 56 A.1w1w spinescens '.\fart. (ANONACEAE) M orus alba L. (MORACEAE) M omordica charantia L. ( CPCURBITACEAE) Livistonia rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart. var. Luzonensis Becc. ( PALMAE) Oncosperma fil,amentosum Blume (PALMAE) Cordia dichotoma Forst. ( Bor.) ( EHRETIACEAE) Avicennia otficinalis L. (VERBENACEAE) Aegle marmelos Corr. (RUTACEAE) gions. The han·ested grains are roasted. husked by pounding. freed from the glumes by winnowing. cooked with sugar and eaten. A spiny and ungainly shrub. A natiw of Brazil, it has been reported from Lanao and Bataan in 1920. It grows up to 3.5 meters high. The leaves are small, roundish to oblong. and leathery. The fmits are 7 cm. long. heartshaped, tuberculate. and bright orange in color. The fleshy pulp is sweetened to make it edible. A moderate-sized plant. which is widely distributed and cultivated in the Philippines. The leaws are reddish or yellowish brown. The bark is smooth except with the presence of some long horizontal lenticels. The fruit is dark purple or nearly black when ripe, fleshy, and 1.5 to 3 cm. long. A freshing drink can be made from its juice as well as jam from its fruit. An herbaceous annual vine which climbs by tendrils. grows in thickets and backyards throughout the Philippines. It is extensively cultirnted. The fruit is oblong cylindrical, pointed at both ends, ribbed and wrinkled. Both fruits and young lea\·es are boiled and eaten with meat and other ,·egetables. A widely distributed palm which grows naturally in forested areas. The young fruits are edible when made into sweets or mixed in "halo-halo" or milk-shake. A tall slender palm which grows subgregariously in favorable habitats. in ravines and in lowlands bordering mangro\·e swamps. The fruits are sometimes used as substitute for areca nuts commonly preferred in "Buyo" chewing. It is found in secondary forest and thickets. It is a deciduous tree which grows to about 10 meters. The fruit is yellowish-white or pinkish, ovoid, and with sweet and edible scanty pulp. A mangrove swamp species which grows to about 8 meters tall. The fruit is ornid and contains a single seed in a capsule 2.5 to 4 meters long. Both fruits and seeds are edible. A deciduous small tree introduced into the Philippines. It has straight spines. The fruits are small with orange-colored, sweet. thick. aromatic and edible gelatinous pulp. The best preparation is marmalade ·which is FORESTRY LEA YES Bago Bai no Bakauanbabae 0 Balanoi or Sweet Basil Balonsaging or Ulagak Banana or Plantain Banauak Bangkoro 0 Batau or Lablah Beach Pandan Betel Nut palm or Bufiga Bitofigol or Tukam Gnet11m gnemon L. (GNETACEAE) N elwnbium nelumbo ( L.) Dmce ( NYMPHAEACEAE) Rhizophora mucranata Lam. ( RHIZOPHORACEAE) Ocimum basilicum L. (LABIATAE) U varia sorzogonensis Presl. (ANONACEAE) Musa paradisiaca L. (MUSACEAE) Uvaria purpurea Blume (ANONACEAE) M orinda citrifolia L. (RUBIACEAE) Dolichos lablab L. ( LEGUMINOSAE) Pandanus tectorius Solander (PANDANACEAE) Arcea catechu L. (PALMAE) made from the full-grmvn tender f mit in thin slices. A native tree of the Philippines. The kernel of the fruit is either boiled or roasted and eaten. The young leaves are cooked with fish or meat, and eaten. A perennial acquatic herb reportedly ,-ery common in some parts of Laguna de Bay. Cagayan, Albay, Camarines and Cotabato. The leaves are round and large and the flowers are either pink, red or white. The matured seeds are eaten either raw or roasted. A mangrorn swamp species. The outside portion of the fruit is scraped before it is eaten. An erect, branched underbrush found in low and medium altitudes. The seeds are steeped in water and eaten. A large woody vine with large leaves found in thickets. The edible fruit is aromatic and with prominent trans\·erse grm·es. Most common and extensively cultivated throughout the Philippines which has many varieties. The Lakatan excels as a dessert fruit. Other varieties may be eaten raw, fried, roasted or cooked with relish. A woody \"ine. It is distributed from Luzon to Palawan. The edible aromatic fruits are borne in cluster from a diskshaped stmcture. A shrub or small tree found along the seashore. The fruits which smells like a decaying cheese is eaten with salt. A twining smooth vine cultivated in settled areas. The oblong flattened pods contain 3 to 5 seeds. The tender young pods and seeds are excellent for vegetables. A species most commonly found in the seashore, forming a stand immediately back of the beach. The lower part of the mature fruit is cO\·ered by a yellowish red pulp which can be eaten. A cultivated palm. The nut mixed with lime is wrapped with the leaf of buyo (pepper bettle) and used for chewing. Flacourtia rukam Zoel. & A medium-sized tree distributed from Merr. ( FLACOURTIACEAE) Benguet to the southern archipelago. The small and fleshy fruits are edible. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Page 57 Bufiga de China or Oring-oring Buri or Silag Busain Boyokbuyok or Tabogok °Cacao °Calabasa or Squash °Carandas °Canistel or Toesa Cayenne pepper or Larang-haba °Champeden or Tsempedak Champoi Page 58 Adonidia merrillii Becc. (PALMAE) Corypha elata Roxb. (PALMAE) Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ( L.) Lam. ( RHIZOPHORACEAE) M omordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. (CUCURBITACEAE) Theobroma cacao L. ( STERCULIACEAE) Cucurbita maxima Duchne (CUCURBITACEAE) Carisea carandas L. (APOCYNACEAE) Lucuma nervosa A. DC. ( SAPOT ACEAE) Capsicum frutescens L. var longum ( D.C.) Bailey (SOLANACEAE) Artocarpus integer (Thumb.) Merr. ( MORACEAE) M yrica rubra S. & Z. (MYRICACEAE) A palm almost resembling the betel palm, but it is not so tall. Its leaves are strongly arched. The fruits are sometimes used as substitute for the betel nut for chewing. The largest and most stately member of the palm family. The young fruits are made into sweets. An erect tree that grows in mangrove swamps. The thick-ridged, very dark to almost black bark contains many large, bro\\·n corky postules. After two boilings the fruit is eaten in coconut milk. The whole fruit is first boiled and the outer part scraped away during the second boiling. A course vine, reaching 15 meters, climbs by means of tendrils. The young leafy shoots are cooked as vegetables. The edible seeds contain sweet oil which is obtained after compression. A small tree scattered and cultivated in low and medium altitudes. It is cultivated for its seeds which are used in the manufacturing of chocolate, cacao butter, etc. The pulp of the young fruit can be eaten raw. A coarse herbaceous vine cultivated in the Philippines. The flesh of the yellow squash is largely used as a vegetable. It can be baked, boiled, and stewed. It is an excellent substitute for pumpkin in making pies. This large thorny shrub is a native of India. The green fruits make good pickles and the ripe ones may be eaten or made into jelly. The species is a native of \Vest Indies and introduced to the Philippines from America. The edible flesh of the fruit is yellow, dry, sweet and aromatic. An annual herb which is widely distributed in the Philippines. It is about 40 cm. tall and with angled branches. The fruits long, bright red and pungent are used for seasoning. A tree introduced into the Philippines. The thick rind of the fruit is juicy and turns black when ripe. The young or mature fruits is boiled and eaten as vegetables. An evergreen tree, reportedly found in the mountains of Zambales and Palawan. The fruit which is sub-acid, is eaten both the raw and cooked conditions. FORESTRY LEAVES Chayote Coconut palm Coffee °Culantro or Ungasi Dalinas "Damoro Daua or Italian millet Dayopodmabolo Duhatmatsing Dukep Du tung Edkoyan °Fennel Gingging Sechium edule ( Sw.) ( CVCURBITACEAE) Cocos nucifera L. (PALMAE) Coffea spp. ( R UBIACEAE) Coriandrum sativum L. ( UMBELLIFERAE) Cyathocalyx globossus Merr. (ANONACEAE) Carum copticum L. Benth. ( UMBELLIFERAE) Setaria etalica ( L.) Beam-. (GRAMINAE) Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ai ti) Hassk. ( !vIYRTACEAE) Syzygium cinnamomeum ( Vid. ) Merr. (MYRTACEAE) Telosma procumbens (Blanco) Merr. ( ASCLEPIADACEAE) Rubus rolfei Viel. (ROSACEAE) :\fadhuca leerii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Merr. ( SAPOT ACEAE) F oeniculum vulgare Mill. ( UMBELLIFERAE) Glycosmis plentaphylla (Retz.) Corr. (RUTACEAE) Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue A large, trellis-supported vine introduced into the Philippines. It has proven as a \·ery popular vegetable. The fruits are cooked and eaten in the same manner as squash. Universaly distributed from the standpoint of food. The fruit is edible. A small tree with shiny, smooth elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong leaves. The pulp of the ripe fruit is edible. An annual plant cultivated in the lowlands. The fruits are rounded and ribbed. The ripe ones are used for seasoning food and also mixed with rice in preparing yeast. A tree reaching a height of about 30 meters and a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The fruits are chewed with buyo. An herb introduced into the Philippines, grows to a height of about 90 centimeters. The fruit is chewed with buyo. An erect grass cultivated in scattered areas of the Philippines. In Asia, the seeds are cooked for food but in the United States it is used for fodder. A shrub found only in northern Luzon and the Babuyan Islands. The leaves are opposite, pointed at the tip and hairy beneath. The pulp surrounding the fruit is edible and made into jelly. A shrub or small tree found in thickets at low and medium altitudes in Luzon and in Mindanao. The ovoid fleshy fruits are edible. A woody vine widely distributed in thickets at low altitude. The branches are slightly hairy. The immature fruits are cooked and eaten as a vegetables. A shrub commonlv found in the mountains of Benguet, Laguna, and Negros Occidental. It is not cultivated. The fleshv and ,,·ell-fla,·ored berries are eaten by Filipino children. A medium-sized tree, grows in low altitudes of primary forests. The flowers are similar to chico. The flesh of the f mit is edible. An erect and smooth herb that reaches a height of one (I ) meter or more. The seeds are used for fla,·oring. A shrub that grows in thickets and secondary forests, at low and medium altiPai:e 59 Iboli 0 India bitongol 0 Japanese persimmon 0 Javanese kulis °Kobiki Card es siguidillas or Cajan pea Kalabua Kalios Kali so Kamansi Kamitbagkau Page 60 Suphoria nephelioides ( Radlk. ( SAPINDACEAE) Flacourtia indica L. (FLACOURTIACEAE) Diospyros koki L. £. (EBENACEAE) Memecylon caeruleum Jack ( MELASTO MAT ACEAE) Mimusops elengi L. ( SAPOT ACEAE) Ca;anus ca;an ( L.) Millsp. ( LEGUMINOSAE) Ottelia alismoides ( L.) Pers. (HYDROCHARITACEAE) Streblus asper Lour. (MORACEAE) Areca caliso Becc. (PALMAE) Artocarpus camansi Blanco (MORACEAE) T oddalia asiatica ( L.) Lam. (RUTACEAE) tude. It is found from northern Luzon to Palawan and also in Mindanao. The round f mit is fleshy and sweet. A tree, about 25 meters tall and 40 cm. in diameter is reported found in Basilan. The lea\·es are alternate and compound. The leaflets are leathery and pointed at both ends. The pulp around the seed is edible. An introduced deciduous tree that grows to 10 meters. The leaves are alternate, large, broadly lanceolate. toothed at the margins and about 20 to 30 cm. long. The fruit may be made into jam or used to flavor curries. A native tree of China and Japan, grows in the Philippines at high altitudes. The fruit is similar to santol. The well-riped fruits possess a pleasant sweetish taste. A shrub or a small tree. The leaves which are oval in general outline are opposite, smooth, and leathery. The bunchy edible fruits are borne in stalks at the axils of the leaves. A native tree of India introduced into the Philippines. It grows to a height of 15 meters. The mature fruits are made into preserves and pickles. A branchy erect shrub 1 to 2 meters tall. It is cultivated in settled areas. The young pods and seeds are cooked and eaten as vegetables. An herb found in shallow lakes and slow running streams. The oblong fruit 2.5 to 4 cm. long, is eaten by Filipino children. A medium-sized tree found in thickets at low altitudes. It is very common in regions with a long dry season. Fully ripe fruits can be eaten. A slender palm reaching a height of about 6 meters or more. It is found growing on mountain slopes, and in dense humid forest. The fruit is substitute for betelnut. A big tree with large lobed leaves. The fruits are covered by stiff projections. It is distinguished from rimas which has smooth fruit. The young or mature fruit is boiled and eaten as vegetable. A spiny and woody vine. The leaves are alternate and trif oliate. It is common in FORESTRY LEAVES Kara Kapuk-kapuk or Dukep °Kondol or Waxgourd Syzygium cordatilimbum ( Merr.) Merr. (MYRTACEAE) T elosma procumbens (Blanco) Merr. ( ASCLEPIADACEAE) Beniacasa hispida (Thumb.) Cogn. ( CUCURBITACEAE) Kunti or Black Solanus nigrum L. night shade ( SOLANACEAE) Ku pang · Labusei Lagundi 0 Lantana 0 Limoncito Malabar gourd Malakabuyau or Kabuyok Parkia ;avanica (Lam.) ( Merr.) ( LEGUMINOSAE) Excavatia littoralis ( Merr.) Markgr. (APOCYNACEAE) Vitex negundo L. (VERBENACEAE) Lantana camara L. (VERBENACEAE) Trisphasia trifolia (Burm.£.) P. Wils. (RUTACEAE) Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche ( CUClTRBJT ACEAE) Stcinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. (RUTACEAE) Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue the seco_nd growth and virgin forests. The fruits are used to flavor many dishes. A tree widely distributed in the Philippines. The oval fmits are scarlet red or purple color. The iuicy pulp which surrounds a single large seed is edible. A woody vine with hairy branches. It is founcJ in thickets at low altitudes. The fruits are long and contain flat seeds. The covering of immature fruits has the same consistency and taste of string beans. They are cooked and eaten as vegetables. A nath·e of tropical Asia but is introduced into the Philippines. It is an annual vine. The unripe fruits are boiled and eaten as a vegetable. The ripe fruits are peeled and made into candy of excellent delicacy. An erect herb about a meter tall. It is widely distributed in waste places both of low and high altitudes. The green stems are three-angled. The black fruits are known as buckle-berries and are used in making jams and other sweets. A large tree, 25 to 40 meters tall, found in low and medium altitudes. The thin pulp of the pod is golden yellow with sweetish taste. The young pods are edible. A tree \'vhich is widely distributed from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. The fruits are united at the base. Seeds are edible. A large branching shrub found in water places, thickets, and medium altitudes. The seeds are boiled and eaten. A gregarious shrub. erect or self-climbing. The leaves are hairy and aromatic. The fleshy fruits are eaten raw and can be used for flavoring. A shrub widely distributed in settled areas. The fleshy fruit can be eaten raw or cooked for dessert. This stout vine has large leaves with fine-rounded lobes. It is grown in Baguio. The fleshy fruits are rougher than upo, have good flavor and are edible. A small tree with spiny branches. It is found in thickets or secondary forest at low and medium altitudes of Isabela and Quezon province. The acidic fruit is extensively used for flavoring food. Page 61 Mamoko Melon or Katimon 0 Mirim Monggo or Bala tong Mino or Halon Okra or Gumbo Pagatpat Pakuan or Water melon Paiiguiigan or Tallowwood Piaiiga Palasan Patalsik 0 Papaya Page 62 Hedyachras philippinensis ( SAPINDACEAE) Cucumis melo L. ( CUCURBITACEAE) Rollinia emarginata Schlechtd. (ANONACEAE) Phaseolus aureus Roxb. ( LEGUMINOSAE) }/ orinda umbellata L. (RUBIACEAE) Abelmaschus esculentus ( L.) Meench ( MALV ACEAE) Sonneratia alba J. Sm. ( SONNERATIACEAE) Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ( CUCURBITACEAE) Ximenia americana L. (OLACACEAE) . '1adhuca obovotifolia Merr. (SAPOTACEAE) Calamus maximus Blanco (PALMAE) Descaspermum fruticosum Forst. ( MYRT ACEAE) Garica papaya L. ( CARICACEAE) A tree about 15 meters tall. It is cultivated in the College of Agriculture, College, Laguna. The peach-like fruit is about 5 to 6 cm. in diameter. It is yellow, fleshy, and sub-acidic, slightly astringent. Edible. A crawling vine that is grown in the Philippines. The fleshy fruit is eaten with sugar. A slender native shrub or small tree of Brazil and Paraguay and introduced into the Philippines. The flesh of the custard apple-like fruit is edible. An erect annual herb cultivated throughout the Philippines. The linear pods contain seeds which are extensively eaten as a viand after thev are boiled and stewed. Also, an excellent soup can be prepared from them. A large diffuse shrub found in thickets and forests at low altitude. The fruits are eaten with curries while green, or eaten uncooked when ripe. An erect herb widely cultivated. The fruit is an elongated capsule. The immature ones are succulent -and eaten in various forms. A mangrove species found mostly in the outer part of mangrove swamps and in exposed reefs. The ripe fruits have a cheese-· like taste and is eaten raw or cooked. A natirn \-ine of tropical Africa now widely cultivated in temperate and tropical countries. The fruits are edible. A spiny shrub about 3 meters tall. The f mi ts taste like sour apples but are eaten fresh or pickled. Cooked nuts in powder form are mixed with Sago to make bread . Reported only from Camarines. This tree grows about 20 meters high. The fruit resembles like that of chico but twice as large and rough. Edible. A sylvan palm found in the virgin forest at low and medium altitudes but is occasionally found in the second growth forest. The gelatinous pulp surrounding the seeds are edible. A small tree found in thickets located from sea le,·el to an altitudes of 2,000 meters. The round fruit when ripe turns red. The black berries are sweet and eaten. Sometimes called "mellow tree", it is widely cultivated. The large fruit is obFORESTRY LEAVES 0 Patani or Lima-bean Patola Pejibaye Palm Phalsa or Bariuangulod Philippine Blueberry or Alimani 0 Pineapple or pifia 0 Pipino or Cucumber Ponche or Marcgravsweetsop Pototan Phaseolus lunatus L. (LEGUMINOSAE) Luff a acutangula ( L.) Roxb. ( CUCURBITACEAE) Bactris utilis J acq. (PALMAE) Grewia asiatica L. (TILIACEAE) V accinium myrtoides (Blume) Miq. (ERICACEAE) Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ( BROMELIACEAE) Cucumis sativus L. (CUCURBITACEAE) Anona marcgravii Mart. (ANONACEAE) long. It is used extensi,·ely as a succulent \·egetable when green but is a popular delicacy during breakfast when ripe. An annual herbaceous vine reaching a length of 4 meters or more. It is widely cultivated and common in thickets. The green pods and young seeds are used as vegetables. An annual vine generally cultivated throughout the Philippines. The green fruit is oblong-lanceolate and has 10 prominent longitudinal sharp angles. The fruits are used as vegetables. A species introduced into the Philippines. The ovoid fruits are 1 to 2 inches long and deep orange or reddish-orange color. The fleshy fruits are boiled for 3 hours in salted water and eaten after removing the skin. The seeds with their enclosed kernels are edible like coconut. A small tree growing at low altitude in Cagayan, Bataan, and the Ilocos regions. The small fruit is round, dark blue to almost black when ripe, sweetish or somewhat acidic but with a fairly good flavor. A shrub distributed from Luzon to Mindanao in open places at high altitudes. It is common in Benguet. The alternate leaves have pointed tips. The fruit makes fine preserves and pies. Several types of pineapples are now extensively grO\vn in the Islands. The small variety which has been growing locally for many years is known as the "native variety". The big variety is named "Hawaiian". Others are the ''Spanish" and several crosses. All varieties are excellently delicious fruits. A climbing vine. It is a native of tropical Asia but it is now generally cultivated in temperate and tropical countries, particularly throughout the Philippines. The fruits are peeled, sliced, and served with vinegar. It is commonly used for dressing and as an ingredient of salads. Also, it is of ten times boiled and eaten as a vegetable. A small tree of vigorous growth. The leaves are dark-green and pointed. The fruits resemble gua_vabano in general characteristics but is inferior in quality. It was recently introduced in Lamao, Bataan. Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) A tree found in mangrove swamps. The Foir. (RHIZOPHORACEAE) fruits are similar to those of Bruguiera conArbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Page 63 Pugahan or fish-tailed palm Pu tat Pin it Red pepper or Silt Sagisi Raspberry 0 Sea grape Serpent or Snake gourd Sesame or Liiiga Sierra leone peach 0 Soncoya Page 64 Caryota cumingii Lodd. (PALMAE) Barringtonia racemosa ( L.) Blume ( LECYTHIDACEAE) Rubus copelandii Merr. (ROSACEAE) Capsicum frutescens (Annum) L. (SOLANACEAE) H eterosphathe elata Scheff. (PALMAE) Rubus rosaefolius Sm. (ROSACEAE) Coccoloba uvifera L. (POLYGONACEAE) Trichosantes anguina L. ( CUCURBITACEAE) Sesamum indicum L. ( PEDELIACEAE) N auclea esculenta ( Afzel.) Merr. (RUBIACEAE) Ano-na purpurca Moc. and Sesse (ANONACEAE) ;ugata except that the germinating roots are shorter. The embryo of the fruit is soaked all night, cooked, and eaten. A palm \Videly distributed in the Philippines. The mature seeds are used as substitute for the areca nut for chewing with buyo lea,·es . . -\ small tree found throughout the Philippines in open lowlands and in thickets near the seashore and along streams. The fruits are pounded to allow the starch to settle. \Vithout stirring the sediments, the liquor is pour-off gently. The starch produced is made into cakes. A scrambling shrub that grows in Benguet. The orange-colored berries are nearly 2 cm. in diameter. They are fairly juicy and eaten but not well-flavored. A shrub-like herb found occasionally in waste places in the Philippines. The red fruit is oblong and 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long. It is pungent and extensively used as a condiment. A tall slender palm with pinnate leaves 3 to 4 meters long. The numerous, small and globous fruits are in stalks. The ripe ones are sometimes chewed as a substitute for areca nuts. A spiny spreading shrub found in thickets and forests at low altitudes. The red conically-elongated juicy fruits are eaten both raw or cooked. A nath·e tree of tropical America and recently introduced into the Philippines. The small fruits which have sweetish-acidic taste are eaten. A slender vine found to a limited extent. at low and median altitudes. The leaves are circular in outline. Like other gourds, the fruit is eaten in the immature stage. An erect annual herb. The seeds of the black variety are utilized for making cakes. A vigorous climbing shrub introduced into the Philippines. The leaves are opposite and elliptical. The pulp of the fruit is edible. A native tree of Central America which is introduced inlo the Philippines. The aromatic fruits which are much larger than the custard apple have good flavor. FORESTRY LEA YES Prof. EUGENIO DELA CRUZ, first director of the Forest Products Research lnslitute, re· tired on July 2, 1962. Asst. Dir. Manuel Momalnd was appointed to bead the FPRI after the retirement of Dir. E. dela Cruz. EUGENIO DE LA CRVZ 1st DIRECTOR., P.P.R.I J,- AVY.1•51'u"lirrT cf' /ti# d£dfcaVd ~,.-,-,. a'td ~ r•da,..-n{T'~r-n7rilvill'~P' Wl/,,, ,e.,/a/-6~ - '17>.l"'nT; cf,,~,,.~,,.,,.7';,: ?u«k l'Jf".D1'ta' (cr,,,.f«c,"liLr. ,ry ~ru/,rn"1'hrffpYJ.Ui?'f' N'.>rn,.r/; /'""?"'"' ,-{lh 1'.~:.1/~"' .~J!',zl,,dvri> -1t'cjC(l;J"o{'ff ;'ro/:-t;,r,. 71';,J !Pl"ao1-1r f ... fra1rfol7y /''"<.>O•tcd. ' """ rt,.- 5,.,. . .,- i'"s,v,. .. £,,..,~ ~rd' <YCy'l'a,,d :o;,-A.,,.,.1nv .. ynN· ~y '-1·<Vlud') .:l?e.Ha,d: 1lnJ,f(/;,1.J'; -"'<" 2 -002 Dean Dioscoro L. Umali, U.P. Vice President for Agricultural and Forestry A ff airs, read the inscription on plaque awarded to there tired FPRI director. Picture shows the members of the panel which answered and discussed questions on ··Qualitv control in paprr making" in a symposium durini: the anniversary cdehration of the FPRI, July, 1962. ARBOR WEEK CELEBRATION-Forestry students sweat it out planting mahogany teed· lings on a kaingin area at the Puting-lupa block near the Mudspring on July 28, 1962. A group of forestry boys led by the SBO Adviser and the SBO President took time for a picture after they have planted with mahogany seedlings a whole kaingin. La linion Cooperative Demonstration NurseryHere the forestry stu· dents were gi\'en infor· mation about the estah· lishment and operation of a cooperative nursery by the officer-in-charge or the project. Santa Sub-'.\urscry, I.S. - The picture shows the forestry students being briefed by for. T. Ba· lanza. officer-in-charge, on nursery and plantation practices in the project. Benguet Ref. Project - The group who joined the field trip listened to for. Juan '.\labrsa, officer-in-charge, who explained the technique of gcnninating pine and other fine seeds. The audience sing the Pamb01Ua11g .41oit ns Pilipina11. The Fores! Songbirds thrill dte audience with their choral prrsentation of a medlry of Filipino folk son~s. Miss Myrla Mendres, soprano of the U.P. Conservatory of Mu~ic accompanied on the pia· no by Miss Edna Orlino, render.i a vocal selection. Dr. Francisco :"J. Tamo· Ian it, As~t. Director, FPRI, opens the Forestry DR~' convocation program. Dean Gre~orio Zamuco of the U.P. College of Forestry introduces the guest speaker. "Let the chips rail where they may" . . . were the in troductory words of Bon. Vicente L. Pimentel. Chairman, Committee an Forests. House of Rt>rm~sent~tives, as he addresses the audience durin!f the 21st Forestry Day. Golden Juhilarians, Rt·gent Florencio Tamesis and Forester Felix Franco rttei\'e their respectiw plaque for their endurinir contributions to fort"~try and for estry education from Forester Carlos S11li1, prl"~ident of the U.P. College or Forestry Alumni As,ociation. FPRI Technical Notes AGRIClJLTlJRAL FIBERS AND GRASSES FOR THE PCLP _\"\'D PAPER I:'\DuSTRY The Philippine has a large s11pph- of potential papermaking materials in its agricultural wastes and grasses. Good examples are rice stra\\-. cogon grass. sugar cane bagassP. abaca waste. ramie waste, tobacco stalks. etc. \lost of these \;-astes ::>re burm•d in the fields or allO\,·ed to deca,- for soil impmYement. Only a relatin·h- small portion is utilized as in the case of s11gar cane bagasse fnr p11lping. These materials art' e>;enerally lO\\. in clcnsit~-. ha,·e an open struetw·e. are lower in li<>:nin content in comparison to \\-ood. and are comparatiYely easy to pulp. Their higher hemi-cellulose content indicates easy-beating properties. \Vhen blended with long-fibered pulps. the short fibers of rice straw. grass. or sugar cane bagasse pulps. can be made into fine-grade paper. The addition of long-fibered abaca or ramie pulps impro,·es the tParing resistanc-e of paper made from short-fibered pulps. Sugar cane bagas,·p \\'hile it is possible to use the who!e bagasse in pulping. the production of higher qi;ality paper requires the remO\ al of the pith which constitutes about 2-'5 percent of the dry material. Pith may be remm·ed by wet or dry process. The soda-chlorine ( Celdecor) process. which is continuously carried out at atmospheric pressure, is t!sed to pulp bagasse in the Philippines and in India. The soda or sulfate process is utilized to pulp bagasse either in com·entional digesters or in hydrapulpers (mechano -chemical process) in Cuba, Egypt. Taiwan, \Iexico. Italy, and the Cnited StatPs. :\ ne\•: de,·elopment is the rapid continuous alkaline pulping of bagasse and other agricultural fibers under pressure ( Pandia continuous digestion) which uses a cooking time of 5 to l.'5 minutes. Bagasse can also be digested by the neutral sulfite method. Cnbleached bagasse pulps from these ,·arious processes are suitable for making structural board, corrugating medium. solid fiber shipping container board, folding box board, linerboard. and wrapping paper. Grease-proof and glassine paper may be made from the bleached neutral sulfite pulp. Bleached bagasse pulps from these Yarious processes, usually blended with long-fibered pulps, are used for making \\Tiling bond. tablet. ledger. and book papers. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Processes cle,eloped by de la Rosa and by the Crom1 ZellPrbach Corporation in the C nited States are claimed to produce sugar cane bagasse pulp that can be used for the entire composition of newsprint. Rice strarc Rice ( Onjza satirn \ straw is a papennaking material in Ceylon. China. Taiwan. Egypt. Hungary. Japan, Indonesia. and Thailand. Baled rice straw contains a great deal of extranPous matters such as nodes, lea,·es, residual grain, debris and fines. These extraneous matters may be remm·ed by cutting the straw into 1- to 3-inch lengths followed by passing through cyclones or screens or by \\·ashing. Rice straw has an unusually high ash content ( 14 to 20%) <lue to its high silica which may cause difficulty in chemical reco,·ery. As with sugar cane bagasse. soda. sulfate. soda-chlorine and neutral sulfite processes are applicable in pulping rice straw. The use of caustic soda liquor in the mechano-chemical process produces a pulp with lower ash content. higher lignin content, and greater strength (except for tear) than pulps from alkaline digestions in conwntional digesters or from the mechano-chC'mical process using kraft liquor. Because of the lower lignin content of com entionally-cooked pulps in either soda or kraft liquors. they are easier to bleach. Like sugar cane bagasse. rice straw pulp is a shortfibered material lo\\· in tearing strength and opacity. The uses of rice pulps are similar to those of sugar cane bagasse pulps. Grasses Grasses like sabai ( Eulaliopsis binata) in India and Psparto ( Stipa tenacissima and Lygeum spartum) in Spain, France, Italy. and espPcially Great BriPa!(e 65 tain haYe long been used for papermaking. Sodacooked esparto pulp has such unique properties th'.lt it is used for fine writing and printing papers, )n mixture "'ith long-fibered pulps, to impart flatness, bulk, opacity, and resistance to dimensional changes. \Vhile the soda process is commonly employed for grasses, the sulfate, mechano-chemical, the continuous Pandia, and the soda-chlorine processes are also feasible. In the Philippines, cogon (Imperato cylindrica) is a common grass in open lands and is difficult to eradicate either by burning or cutting. Before pulping, the roots, dust, and other extraneous matters must be removed. The grass may be charged to the digester either uncut or cut. However, it is preferable to cut it into about %-inch lengths. Low grade wrapping paper can be produced from unbleached cogon pulp. The uses of bleached cogon pulps are similar to the uses of sugar cane bagasse and rice stra\v pulps. Abaca u·astes The processing of abaca stalks, to produce the fibers used for rope-making, causes an enormous amoent of plantation and stripping wastes. Plantation waste is the residue of the leaf sheaths (after the outer portion containing most of the fibers ls remoYed) and short lengths of the whole stalk. Stripping; waste consists mainly of short fibers mixed with pithy material which is the residue in fiber extraction either by hand or by a machine. Abaca product manufacturing wastes (refuse materials from high-grade strands not suitable for the manufacture of slippers, floor mats, etc.) and old ropes are excellent papermaking materials because of their comparative cleanliness. They are thus used in such expensive paper specialities as cigarette paper, banknotes, condenser tissue, etc. Plantation and stripping wastes produce papers that cannot compare in quality with those made from waste fibers and old ropes. Unbleached coarse paper from abaca waste in admixture with other fibers is made in Japan and a kraft type is manufactured in Costa Rica. The pulping of these wastes with sulfate or soda liquors in either the conYentional digester er hydrapulper has been tried at this Institute. The unbleached sulfate pulps are suitable for strong bag and "'Tapping papers. The bleached pulps, with and without blending with other pulps, can be used for making bond, book, tissue and mimeographing papers. Banana stalks Banana (Musa sapientum L. ) is grown everywhere in the Philippines for its fruit. Unlike ahaPage 66 ca, there is no organized large size banana plantation. The stalk of banana is similar to that of abaca but has less fibers. Although it can be used to produce good quality paper, there is not enough material for commerc:al production of pulp and paper, since it is raised mainly for its fruit. Trials made at this Institute show that banana stalks can be pulped by the sulfate process and made into wrapping paper of good quality. Ramie 1caste Ramie ( Baehmeria nivea) is grown in plantations in \findanao. It possesses Yery long fibers. The sulfate pulping of ramie waste at the Institute followed by grinding in a disk mill resulted in pulp suitable for wrapping and bag papers. The bleached pulp has properties indicating its possible use for onionskin, bond, and diploma papers. Tobacco stalks and midribs Tobacco ( -:Vicotiana tabacum) is one of the principal crops in Northern and Northwestern Luzon. \lost of the stalks are used for fuel and the rest are burned in the fields. Studies at the Institute show that the midribs are suitable for low quality sulfate pulp. The stalks, howewr, produce better quality pulp which is favorably responsive to the conventional three-stage bleaching process. The results indicate that low grade wrapping paper can be produced from the unbleached sulfate pulp of the stalks and that the bleached pulp might be used in fine papers like tissues, onionskin, bond, book, and other types of printing papers. REFERENCES 1. Anonymoi;s. 1953. Raw materials for more paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. 2. . 1953. Pulp and paper industry in the Philippines. Industrial DeYelopment Center. Manila. 3. Atchison, J. E. 1954. The mechano-chemical process gives new impetus to production of pulp from straw, bagasse and other vegetable fibers. Paper Trade Journal 138 ( 33) : 22-29. 4. Collinge, H. K. 1955. The development of pulp and paper industry in the Philippines. Technical Annex No. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, New York. 5. Ernst, A. J., Fouad, Y. and T. F. Clark. 1960. Rice straw for bleached pulps TAPPI 43( 1): 49-53. 6. Grant, J. 1958. Cellulose pulp and allied products. Leonard Hill Limited. London. FORESTRY LEAVES i. Lathorp, E. C .. Aronovsky, S. I., and T. R. Naffziger. 1951 Increased profits from cane sugar by-products. Sugar Journal 14(1):10-33 8. McGovern, J. N. 1960. Pulping of fibrous materials. Paper '.\fill News ( March 28) . 9. Monsalud, ~I. R. and P. M. Nicolas. 1958. Proximate chemical analyses of some Philippine barks, woods and bamboos. The Phil. Jour. Sci. 8i(2) :119-141. 10. Peel, J. D. 1960. Malayan rice straw as a raw material for paper. For. Res. Inst. For. Dept., Federation of ~lalaya (No. 33). 11. Podder, V. 1960. ~fanufacture of pulp and paper on small scale. Indian Pulp and Paper 15( 1) :51-55. RECOMMENDED MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD FOR USE IN SOME PARTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Wood is a hygroscopic material. It has the capacity either to absorb moisture from damp air or to give up some of its moisture to relatively dry air. As wood dries belO\v the fi0er saturation point, 1 it shrinks and as it absorbs moisture up to the fiber saturation point, it swells. If the temperature and relative humidity of the air are kept constant, the moisture content of green lumber decreases until it becomes approximately constant. This condition is commonly referred to ;ts the equilibrium moisture content (E'.\fC) of wood. Since the temperature and relath·e humidity generally fluctuate, the moisture content of the exposed wood varies continuously in attempting to keep in equilibrium with the changing surrounding conditions. In so doing, its dimensions also chanae continuously because lt swells or shrinks in p;,portion to the amount of water it absorbs or gives off to the surrounding atmosphere. This behavior will vary in different parts of the country because of the variation in the amount of rainfall. According to the Weather Bureau, the Philippine archipelago is dh·ided into four climate regions based on the presence or absence of a dry seas~n and the amount of rainfall. The location and characteristics of the four types are described as follO"ws: First Type.-This type is characterized by two pronounced seasons. A dry season occurs during the months of November, December, January, February, '.\larch, and April. The wet season occurs during the months of :\fay, June, July, August, September, and October. All regions on the western part of the Islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, and western Panay Island belong to this type. 1 The conditon in which the cell cavities are empty but the cell walls are still saturated with water. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Second Type.-This type of climate has no dry season but has a very pronounced maximum rain period during the months of November, December, and January. Catanduanes Island, Sorsogon and the eastern part of Albay, the eastern and northern part of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, a great portion of the eastern part of Quezon, Samar, the eastern part of Leyte, and a large portion of eastern '.\findanao belong to this climatic type. Third Type.-This climatic type has no very pronounced maximum rain period but has a short dry season which lasts only from one to three months. The regions with this type of climate are the western part of Cagayan (Luzon), lsabela, Nueva Vizcaya, the eastern portion of the Mountain Pro\·ince, southern Quezon, the Bondoc Peninsula, ~fasbate, Romblon, northern Panay, eastern Negros, central and southern Cebu, part of northern Mindanao, and most of eastern Palawan. Fourth Type.-This type has no dry season and no ,-ery pronounced maximum rain period. The regions representing this climatic type are the Batanes province, northern Luzon, western Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, Albay, eastern Mindoro, Marinduque, western Leyte, northern Cebu, northern Negros, and most of central, southeastern and southern Mindanao. The differences in weather conditions throughout the year Vl<ithin and among these regions would cause a very wide variation in the equilibrium moisture content ( EMC) of wood in use in these regions. Bearing this in mind, and remembering too, that changes in EMC below the fiber saturation point (FSP) is the main cause of dimension:tl changes in wood, it is not feasible to select a single moisture content value and to season all lumber accordingly. In order to minimize the shrinking and swelling of wood, due to its hygroscopic nature, it should be seasoned or dried to a moisture content value consistent with the climatic conditions of the region in which it shall be installed. Lumber should be dried to a moisture content close to the midpoint of the range between the high and low extremes expected to be attained in service. In some cases, where moderate swelling is generally not objectionable, 1 or 2 percent below the midpoint nh:e is advantageous. A knowledge of the range of moisture content variations of lumber under normal conditions in different localities (ailing under the four climatic regions of the country is, therefore, imperath·e. The accompanying table gives the EMC likely to be attained by wood in use in some parts of the Philippines. The values in this table were calculated by means of (a) the average monthly ternPage 67 "'C ., 11<1 .,. ~ ~ rn --:i ~ t:"" t'1 > ~ t'1 {fl TABLE: ESTIMATED EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD IN SOME PARTS OF THE PIIILIPPINES AND RECOMMENDED VALUE FOR SEASONING OF LUMBER FOR OUTDOOR USE LOCATION Jan. Albay, Legaspi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Butanes, Basco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Batangas, Tanauan . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Bukidnon, Malaybalay Cagayan, Aparri Cagayan, Calayan Cagayan, Tuguegarao Camarincs Norte, Dact Capiz, Roxas City Catanduanes 17 li 18 17 18 17 Hi Cebu, Cebu City . . . . . . . . . . . l!j Cotahato, Cotabato City . . . . . . Hi Cotabato, General Santos . . . . . . 16 Davao, Davao City 17 Ilocos Norte, Laog 13 Ilocos Sur, Vigan 13 Iloilo, Iloilo City Lcytc, Tacloban City Manila, Port Area Manila, M. I. A. Masbate, Masbate Oriental Mindoro, Calapan .... 16 18 15 15 18 18 Feb. 17 Hi 1,1 17 17 18 l.'5 18 16 16 14 15 15 16 13 14 l.'5 18 14 14 16 Hi Mar. 16 16 13 16 16 16 14 17 15 16 1 ·I 15 16 15 13 14 l.') 17 13 12 16 l.'5 Apr. 15 17 13 15 15 17 13 17 }!j }.5 rn 1.5 17 15 13 1-1 }.j 16 12 12 15 IS PERCENT EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT May. 16 17 J.I 17 };'j 15 13 17 1.5 Hi l ·1 17 18 16 J.l 14 15 17 H 13 15 15 Jun. 17 17 17 19 15 }!j 14 17 17 16 15 17 19 18 16 16 16 17 16 16 16 17 Jul. 17 18 17 19 16 17 1.5 15 17 16 15 18 18 18 18 17 17 Hi 17 17 16 17 Aug. 17 18 18 19 17 18 16 17 17 lG 15 18 19 17 18 18 17 15 17 18 17 17 Sc11t. 18 18 18 19 17 19 16 18 17 17 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 17 18 18 17 18 Oct. 18 17 18 18 17 18 17 18 17 17 15 17 18 17 15 16 17 17 17 18 17 17 Nov. 17 16 17 w 18 18 18 18 17 17 15 17 18 17 }!j 15 17 18 17 17 17 17 Jlec. 18 Hi Hi lU 18 19 18 18 17 17 15 17 17 17 14 14 17 18 16 17 18 18 ?tilini- I Maxi- 1 l~ccom· mum mum mended l:J Hi 13 l!J l;'j 15 1,, •) 1:; 1;) I !J 1,, . •) 1.5 15 }!j 13 13 H 15 12 12 }.') 15 18 18 18 19 18 19 18 18 17 17 I:; 18 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 16 17 15 17 Hi 17 15 Hi lG Hi }.( Hi 17 16 15 1 i5 Hi 1G 15 1.5 16 16 > g... ~ ~ ~ f "l 0 ~ "' ·~ t::! ., '< - ~ = ~ 'ti ., •• ~ $ Oriental Misamis, Cagayan de Oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lG Mt. Province, Baguio City . . . lG Oriental Negros Dumaguete City . . . . . . . . . lG Nueva Ecija, Cabanatuan City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Palawan, Coron . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 l'alawan, Cuyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 l'alawan, Puerto Princesa . . . . . 18 Pangasinan, Dagupan City . . . 1,1 Quezon, Aurora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Quezon, Baler Quezon, Casiguran Quezon, Infanta Quezon, Lucena Homblon, Rombon Samar, Borongan 17 20 19 18 17 18 Samar, Catarman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Samar, Catbalogan 17 Sulu, Jolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Surigao, Hinatuan Surigao, Surigao Zambales, Iba 21 19 15 Zamboanga de! N. Dipolog . . 17 Zamboanga de! S. Zamboanga City . . . . . . . . 17 15 lG 15 13 15 16 18 H 15 17 19 19 17 lG 18 19 17 18 21 18 I.'3 l.') 17 15 lG 15 12 14 lG 17 13 1.5 18 19 18 16 15 18 18 IG 19 20 18 14 lG 17 14 17 1.5 12 14 15 lG 13 l .') 18 18 18 15 15 17 18 lG 18 19 18 14 1.5 18 15 19 1.5 13 1.5 lG 17 14 J.1 17 18 17 1:) 15 18 19 Hi 18 19 18 15 17 18 lG 21 15 lG 18 17 18 lG 14 17 18 17 17 lG 18 19 17 18 19 18 17 18 18 15 22 15 17 19 18 19 17 15 Hl 18 17 Hl 17 18 18 lG 18 18 lG 18 18 18 15 24 IS 17 17 17 19 18 1:) 1.5 18 17 17 17 17 18 lG 18 18 1.5 19 18 18 lG 23 lG 17 19 18 19 18 15 17 19 17 18 17 17 19 17 18 18 lG 18 18 18 lG 20 lG lG 19 18 19 17 1.5 17 20 18 18 17 18 18 17 18 18 18 17 18 18 lG 17 lG 15 17 17 19 15 15 18 19 18 17 17 18 20 18 18 19 19 lG 18 18 17 lG 17 14 Hi 17 19 15 Hi 17 20 19 18 17 18 21 18 18 21 20 l:'J 18 16 14 lG 1.5 12 J.I J.5 Hi 13 I I 15 18 17 1.5 1.5 17 18 Hi 18 18 J.5 14 J.5 Hi 17 24 17 17 19 18 19 18 w 18 20 19 18 17 18 21 18 19 21 20 19 18 18 l .'J 19 16 14 rn w 17 l:') l.) Hi 19 18 lG lG 17 19 17 18 19 17 In 16 17 peratures and normal relath·e humidity values given in the Annual Climatological Review for 1956 of the \Veather Bureau, and (b) wood equilibrium moisture content diagrams. The values given are approximate, bi:t they could be used to advantage until more adequate data, upon which more accurate values could be based, shall have been gathered from wood samples actually exposed in the localities mentioned. A study now being conducted by the Forest Products Research Institute in 10 localities representative of the four climatic regions of the country will check the accuracy of the values in this table. Wood for interior ,,·oodwork or wood which will be exposed to indoor atmosphere should be seasoned to a moisture content value 1 or 2 percent lower than the midpoint between the minimum and maximum values attained throughout the year. In contrast, wood that \\ill ce exposed to outdoor conditions should be seasoned to a moisture content approximately equal to the midpoint rnlue. However, these values are not applicable to wood for use in air-conditioned rooms and offices, as the optimum moisture content of wood to be used .is dictated by the temperature and relatirn humidity maintained for air-conditioning comfort. REFERENCES Anonymous .. 1951. Properties of wood related to drying. l1. S. Forest Products Laboratory Report No. 1900-1. -----. l1 ndated. Climate of the Philippines. Weather Bureau, Department of Commerce and Indt:stry. 1956. Annual climatological review. Weather Bureau, Department of Commerce and Industry. -----. 1959 . .\Ioisture content of wood in relation to air humidity. For. Prod. Res. Inst. Technical Note No. 1. Nov. -----. 1960. The fiber saturation point of wood. For. Prod. Res. Inst. Technical Note No. 3. Jan. THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF WOOD-WHAT THEY ARE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN SELECTING SPECIES FOR CERTAIN USES The strength or mechanical properties of wood indicate its ability to resist external forces applied to it. Consequently, they are the most important Page 70 indicators of the relative suitability of different species of wood for various uses. Knowledge of strength and related properties of wood are obtained in either of two ways: ( 1) snvice testing and ( 2) laboratory testing. The former invokes the use of materials of actual sizes under prevailing conditions met in service. The latter requires laboratory experimentation on standard size specimens and standardized methods of testing using special testing apparatus. The laboratory test has the advantage over the results expressed in comparable units, so that it is possible to compare the strength properties of different species. It also provides a means of segregating the structural species from the non- structural species. Tests on small clear pieces of wood to determine the different strength properties of a species are time consuming, but they are necessary in obtaining the basic data needed in calculating safe working stresses for the use of architects and engineers in designing buildings and other load-bearing members. The Forest Products Research Institute has :i.s one of its major projects a study on the strength and related properties of Philippine woods. This is necessary to bring into commercial exploitation the different Philippine wood species and to promote their economical and wise utilization. The strength properties of wood that most concern the artisan. the engineer, the architect and other users are bending strength, stiffness, compressh·e strength, shearing strength, hardness, and toughness. Bending strength is a measure of the flexural capability of a piece of wood to determine its fitness for use as a beam as in the case of rafters, stringers, girders, floor joists and scaffold platforms. The load that any member can sustain is dependent on its span and cross-sectional area. Low bending strength can be overcome by increasing the size l)f the member but in some instances this is not always possible because of headroom and architectural limitations. Stiffness is also considered in selecting suitable wood material for joists, beams, columns and other similar purposes. It is the ability of a material to resist bending or deflection under transverse loads and deformation under compressive and tensile loads. In some instanc~s stiffness assumes greater importance than bending, compressive or tensile strength. In structural members supporting heavy loads like concrete floor slabs in the kitchen, toilet and bath rooms, for example, lack of stiffness in these members may result in vibrating floors that will induce cracks and cause leaks. High stiffness is also reFORESTRY LEAVES quired in ladders, struts, and long slender columns. Low stiffness may also be compensated by the use of bigger sizes and Vlith adequate bridging and bracings where they are not objectionable. Compressio;e strengtl1 of wood is a measure of its abilitv to resist load in a direction that tends to crush th~ member. When the direction of the load is perpendicular to the grain, the property is called compression-perpendicular-to-the-grain and when it is parallel, it is compression-parallel-to-the-grain. High strength in compression perpendicular to the grain is essential for wood used as railroad ties, bearing plates or rollers and the like. High strength in compression parallel to the grain is essential for wood used as posts, columns and props. High compressive strength is not important in fence posts as they do not support loads. Low strength in compression can be overcome in some instances by using bigger members. Shearing strength is a measure of the ability of wood to resist forces that tend to cause one part of the material to slide or slip on another part adjacent to it. The shearing strength of wood parallel to the grain is put to use in beams used as joists of short spans in relation to their depths. Deficiency in shearing strength may be overcome by the use of bigger shearing area. Toughness is the ability of wood to withstand suddenly applied loads which exceed the limits of proportionality. Tough woods will withstand repeated loads or jolts, usually break gradually and give warning of failure. Toughness in wood is most essential for handles of striking tools like hammer and axe and for several types of athletic equipment. Low toughness is quite difficult to compensate in service because weight is often an essential factor in the manufacture of articles where it is required. Hardness is a measure of the resistance to indention, wear or scratch. Hardness in combination Vlith toughness is a good indicator of the desirability of a species for use as floors, paving blocks, bearings, rollers and similar other uses. Hardness values may be used also to describe the resistance to cutting and may be influenced by such factors as the deposit of silica in the storage tissue and the interlocking of the fibers. Tensile strength and cleavage resistance are also strength properties of wood. They are not, however, considerecl important enough to cause much concern except perhaps in highly specialized uses. Tensile strength is the resistance of a body ti> forces that tend to pull one section apart from the other. It is the reverse of compression. \Vhen the Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue load acts perpendicular to the grain there is tension perpendicular to the grain and, when parallel, it is tension parallel to the grain. The tensile strength of wood parallel to the grain is the greatest of all strength properties so that it is not ordinarily a determining factor in structural design. Failure of wood in tension parallel to the grain occurs almost always in d1y wood near fasteners and connections. Tensile strength perpendicular to the grain and resistance to cleavage are very closely related. They assume no importance in ordinary use of wood except perhaps in wood caning and other special uses. Because of the complex nature and structure of wood, no constant value representing a certain strength property can be obtained from tests even if there is no error made in testing and the pieces tested came from the same tree. Figures representing strength properties, therefore, are only approximations of average values applicable to a large number of pieces. Satisfactory service performance of wood depends on the selection of the right species for a given purpose. The first point to consider in the selection of species is to determine exactly the requirements of the service desired. One should ask first, whether bending strength, hardness, compressive strength, toughness, etc., or a combination of these properties is needed. Having determined the service requirements, a knowledge of the strength properties of the different species comes in handy for the selection of the right kind of wood to be used. a would be just a matter of finding the species th:it has the best combination of the desired properties. The most ideal species may not be a,·ailable from a limited selection but, having in hand the service requirements and knowledge of the strength properties, it is always possible to find the most suitable and economical for the purpose among the species a vaila hie. Different species have different strengths. LikeVlise, they command different prices. Ordinarily wood of higher strength commands higher prices. Jt would be wasteful to use wood of high strength that commands higher prices where high strength is not nece$ar}'. Therefore, selecting wood for a certain purpose should be for attaining the service required that is consistent as much as possible with economy. Wood, like any other material, may deteriorate in service. This could be caused by decay and insect attack. For this reason, in some instances, durability or resistance to decay is considered more important than actual strength. High durability is especially required for wood used in damp places or Page 71 where it is exposed to conditions favorable to decay and biological factors like decay fungi and termites as in the case of railroad ties, power and communication poles and fence posts. Railroad ties should be highly durable with sufficient compressive strength perpendicular to grain to resist crushing loads. Power and communication poles are subjected to bending and deterioration due to weather so that a certain minimum amount of bending strength and durability are required. In fence posts, though high strength is not important. as in railroad ties and power and communication poles. they are in direct contact with the ground and exposed to all weathering conditions the year round. Unless they are chemically treated or naturally durable species they will not last long in service. In the selection of species for these purposes, therefore, durability is the first consideration. If naturally durable species are not a\·ailable, other less durable species may be used provided they are treated \\ith preservath·es. Pressure-treated wood is the best, but items like fence posts or house posts similarly exposed may be made to last longer by presen'ative treatment in bath or by other superficial means such as brushing or soaking. Selection of the right species and obsen·ance of good construction practices are the best assurances for the desired service performance of wood. These explain to the wood user the importance of knowing the different strength properties of this material. The average strength and related properties of some commercial species of Philippine woods are listed in the following table. Each species is represented by five trees. These values are not working stresses but are for defect-free material of the species grown in the respective locality indicated. GREETINGS: REFERENCES l. Anon)mous. 1949. Some terms used in the mechanical testing of timber. Trade Circular No. 26, CSIRO. ~1elbourne, Australia. " . 1955. Wood Handbook No. 72. U. S. D. A. Gm-'t. Printing Office Washington. 3. Armstrong, F. H. 1960. The strength properties of timber. For. Prod. Res. Bull. No. 45. Dept. of Sci. and Ind. Res. Her '.\lajesty's Stationary Office, London. 4. Desch, H. E. 1947. Timber, its structure and properties. '.\lacmillan, London. (2nd edition). .5. Johnson, R. P. A. and E. ~I. DaYis. 1939. Cse and abuse of wood in house construction. '.\lisc. Pub. No. 358. U. S. D. A. 6. '.\larkwardt, L. J. and T. R. C. Wilson. 193.5. Strength and related properties of woods grown in the Cnited States. Tech. Bull. No. 479. U. S. D. A. 1. Pearson, R. G., Kloot, N. H. and J. D. Boyd. 1958. Timber Engineering Design Handbook. CSIRO and Melb. Univ. Press. 8. \1 1lakefiled, W. E. 1957. Determination of thP. strength properties and physical characteristics of Canadian woods. Dept. of Northern Affairs, Canada. 9. Wangaard, F. F. 1950. The mechanical properties of Wood. Wiley and Sons, New York. N. Y. DONGALLO'S ENTERPRISES IN CORPORA TED ADGAWAN TIMBER INCORPORATED Page 72 Timber Producers 0 Exporters Concession Areas : Langasian, La Paz, Agusan Esperanza, Agusan Main Office : Magallanes St., Butuan City Manila Office : R-503 Burke Bldg. Escolta, Manila Cable Address : "DONGALLO" MANILA "DONGALLO" BUTUAN FORESTRY LEA YES Campus AUSSIE FORESTER VISITS COLLEGE Forester Alf Leslie, senior Forest '.\lanagement lecturer at the University of Melbourne school of forestry was a visitor of the College from September 7 to September 9, 1962. He was on his way for a scheduled conference in Hongkong when he dropped by the Philippines. Dean Zamt:co met him at the airport. During his brief sojourn in the College campus, Forester Leslie, accompanied by the dean, visited the picnic site near the '.\fudspring, the Administration Building, and the newly erected Forest Technology Building. Director '.\:lanuel Monsalud of the Forest Products Research Institute, after showing the Australian guest around the FPRI laboratories, saw him off at the '.\lanila International Airport last Sunday, September 9, 1962. FORESTRY HOOPSTERS BEAT ILOCOS SUR DANREA, BOW TO BAGUIO TECH, ST. LOUIS FIVE Despite the fatigue of traveling the whole night from college eampus to Vigan, Ilocos Sur, the ll.P. Los Banos intramural basketball champion proved their worth by trimming the l.S. Danrea five with a 56 to 37 defeat last August 18 at the Colegio dela Immaculada Concepcion court in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Powered by Koko Clemente and Larry Morales as forwards, the ,·isiting goldies started an early lead which the Danrea team failed to overthrow. Skipper "Mac" '.\lacumbal drew applause from the fans for his downy act but effecth·e guarding. Reboton, Gulmatico and Hilario shared honors in putting to a stop the rampage of the DANR pride of the Ilocos region throughout the game with their rebounding and beautiful passing and accurate shooting. But the honor garnered by the Lumberjacks easily faded when they bowed to the BAA defending champion Baguio Tech five to the tune of 72 to {!9 defeat. Acclimatization must have been the reason at such a refrigerated atmosphere for once more the Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Notes touring forestry quintet failed to drop the Saint Louis College blue and white team with a final score of 91 to 83 despite the presence of the beauteous cheering squads of our sister college, the U.P. Baguio and the lovely co-eds from the different colleges who v.itnessed the opening of the Baguio Educational Meet. Both games were played at the SLC gym. Here's how they scored in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Forestry .'56 Ilocos Sur Danrea .,.. 01 Hilario . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Villaluz ........... 10 Morales . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Guererro .......... 10 Gulmatico . . . . . . . . . lO Tejada . ........... g Abugan . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ferraren .......... 6 Clemente . . . ... . . . . G Batin ............. 2 Hamada . . . . . . . . . . G Pimentel .......... 0 Reboton . . . . ... . . . . 2 Villegas .......... 0 Simbulan . . . . . . ... . 2 Almazan .......... 0 Camello . . . . . ... . . . 2 Salvador .......... 0 By Jaime L .-Ubay <> <> <> BETA SIGMA WILL PRESENT "CLOSE-UP II" "Close-up the second" a musical show, is the next presentation of the Beta Sigma Fraternity and Sigma Beta Sorority of the College of Agriculture and Forestry scheduled on September 11 and 12, 1962 at the Baker Hall. Maning Arejola, the owr-all director of the affair is the busiest Betan and for his efforts he is receiving praises from his brods and sis. Notes of appreciation is also due to Frankie Gorres who had patiently cultivated the harmony of the choral voices. Joy Viernes a talented pianist will fascinate you when she takes control of the piano. The Betans and their sis are busy leaving no stone unturned to insure the success of the "Second." BF AWARDS SCHOLARSHIP TO THREE The Bureau of Forestry recently awarded scholarship grants to three more College of Forestry students. Recipients are Pedro V. Calixto, Anacleto Duldulao, and Oscar Gulmatico who increased this sePage 73 mester's BF scholars to thirty. They are to receh·e a monthly stipend of Pl20.00 each and will also have the privilege to borrow textbooks provided by the bureau. Calixto and Duldalao are in their junior year of the BSF curriculum while Gulmatico is a freshman who graduated as salutatorian from the Los Baiios High School. 0 0 0 CF GARAGE COMPLETED The newest addition in building improvement in the campus is an 85' x 90' streamline garage constructed in the old forestry nursery site adjacent to the swimming pool. The L-shaped building which was completed on August 19, 1962 with an estimated cost of 1"15,000 will house twelve vehicles of the college. The need for a garage has been felt long ago but the fund for its construction had not been included in earlier appropriations for the college. It was only this year that the project met its completion under the joint effort of the Philippine government and the US AID. '.\leanwhile, a Willy's station wagon acquired through the US AID and NEC was added to the transportation ·facilities of the college this year. 0 0 0 FACULTY HOUSING PROJECT BARED Bright hopes for a new twist from "simple living" found new horizons among the faculty when the news spread that the United States government has granted the University of the Philippines 1"5,000,000 to finance its housing program for the next five years. The College of Forestry has submitted a program to the authorities concerned for the approval of 1"231,000 to finance its faculty housing project. According to estimates, probable monthly rentals for these houses once constructed and completely furnished may range from P70.00 to !"80.00 The house plans and a site map for the housing project are on display at the lobby near the library. In a faculty meeting held on September 5, 1962, Prof. Andres P. Aglibut, director of business affairs for U.P. Los Banos, disclosed that the project would possibly get underway this year or next year as the U.P. Diliman housing project has started already. 0 0 0 STUDENTS BACK FROM 4-DAY NORTHERN LUZON TOUR and Nurseries and Plantations headed by Prof. Teodoro Delizo returned in the evening of August 21 from a four-day educational field trip in Ilocos Sur, La Union and Mountain Province. The trip to these northern Luzon provinces was conceived to provide the forestry students first hand information on forest protection and silvicultural techniques employed by the different reforestation projects. The factor which spurred on the groups' decision to visit the Ilocos region was its forest conditions representative of a typical situation existing throughout the Philippines. In Ilocos Sur, the students were shown around the Canniaw Reforestation Project to observe nursery practices there. They visited the IS-year old pine plantation there which was intended for protecting the region's watershed. The district office personnel of the Bureau of Forestry at Vigan entertained the students with a program and open forum. Here, they were apprised of the forest protection problems of the district. On the way to the Pines City, the group dropped at the Santa Sub-Nursery and at the Bilis Reforestation Project and had their two o'clock lunch at Burgos, La Union. At the Bilis Coperative Nursery, the students, for the first time, were enlightened on the operation of a new type of nursery. This nursery is said to be the first of its kind established in the Philippines. In Baguio City, at the Bureau of Forestry Regional Office, the group was lectured by the office personnel on forest administration and protection. The students visited the Research Experiment Station at Km. 21, Atok Mountain Trail and the Pacdal Nursery where the regional office of the Reforestation Administration is located. The reforestation personnel at Pacdal welcomed the group with a short program and open forum with City Mayor Luis Lardizabal as guest speaker. The energetic and forest conservation-conscious Pines City Chief Executive expressed his full support- for the forest conservation program of the government. On their way back to Los Banos, the students dropped at the Kennon Road Reforestation Project and observed the manmade pine forest. Forester-in-charge Juan Mabesa of the project gave a lecture on the techniques of germinating pine seeds. The success of the field trip was accredited lo Prof. Teodoro Delizo, Messrs. Mauricio and Leonardo Angeles who were in charge of monitoring it efficiently, and to BF Regional Director Rufino Sabado and RA Regional Supervisor Primo Andres who saw to it that the students were entertained well in the Exhausted but wiser by field experience, the 129 several units visited. forestry students taking Silviculture, Forest Protection, O Page 74 FORESTRY LEAVES FORESTRY SLAMMERS ROUT AGGIE FR ES HIES As we expected, the Forestry volleyball team did it again ! ! ! .\fore determined and sturdy than ever, they let loose their wallops and deadly kills on the U.P. College of Agriculture freshman team to a straight set victory of 21-5, 21-5, 21-16 score in a game played on August 31, 1962 at the Baker Memorial Hall. Still undeafeated with one more game to play, the foresters were confident of running away with the 1962-1963 Intramural pennant for volleyball. Three members of the team missed action due to an scheduled Math 2 exam and coach Juanito D. Lamanilao had to trust his boys to Pete .\funez to attend an urgent faculty committee meeting. Pete \fonez. coach of the Forestry Basketball team champion this year gave the tossers that same magic touch as he gave his basketeers. Though incomplete, the eight forestry boys who played took the court in high spirit with Munez behind them. The "new rule" was invoked during the game in which after the flip of the coin the forestry boys served the ball for the first score. A fumble made the score even but immediately after the foresters gained possession of the ball for the second time they piled up points after points until they changed court at 11-1 score in their favor. Beato Felias carted away 10 straight points with his orbiting balloons supported on the front line by the calculated tossing of Sergio Balilia and deadly kills of George Peria. The coach of the freshman team kept changing his boys but he was not able to find the right combination to match the hitting power of the forestry boys. The foresters, anxious to finish the game delivered successive Alindayu-Balilia-.\facaraeg combinations which kept the opposing team more confused. A freshie seemed to click after a long search but his power was not strong enough to destroy the defenses put up by Lopez, Villegas and Dy. On the second set the forestry boys repeated the score, 21-5. In the last set the forestry team, already confident of winning the game, played over-confidently until their opponents got ahead \\;th a score pf 14-10. Peria didn't seem to like the idea that he let his left hand loose with fury against the spheroid. It was all good-bye to the Aggie Freshies in 15 minutes and another victory for the Forestry Tossers. ¢- ¢- ¢BALLS AND INDUCTIONS Victory Ball For Champs. The monotony of the College campus was broken when the students paused Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue a while to shake their legs and twist their hips in a ,;ctory ball held in honor of the forestry athletes for representing the college in the 1962-1963 Los Banos Intramurals. The dance was held at the Forestry Pavilion on September 7, 1962 under the auspices of the whole forestry student body organization. Highlights of the affair were the presentation of the members of the Basketball team which copped the intrammal championship this year, the members of the volleyball team, probable champion, and the members of the soccer-football team. A pennant donated by the Reforestation Administration pensionados was awarded to the basketball champion team. Freshmen Induction And Barn Dance. The freshmen Class Organization inducted its officers \\;th a barn dance and a short program in the evening of Saturday, September 8. Due to inclement weather, the affair which was originally scheduled to be held at the forestry swimming pool pavilion was held at the Forestry Mess Hall. The program was featured with contest in dancing the twist, watusi, off-beat and the tango. A spot dance, the last feature of the contest, pro,·ided the greatest excitement to the group. Zeta Beta Rho Induction Ball. The officers of the Zeta Beta Rho fraternity were inducted into office by the Fellow adviser, Dr. Artemio V. Manza, alongside with the pinning of new members at the Lake View Family Pavilion on August 25, 1962. In a solemn ceremony, the officers pledged to uphold the dignity and the constitution and by-laws of the frat and to discharge their duties faithfully. The oath taking of the officers and the pinning ceremony for the new members were witnessed by the alumni fellows, resident fellows and some guests. Among the guests present were: Dr. & Mrs. \Villiam \Vebb, Dr. & Mrs. Francisco Tamolang, Sr., and Dean & Mrs. Gregorio Zamuco. ~ew members pinned by their respective partners were: Dan Borja, Honesto Clemente, Marcelino D::ilmacio, Anacleto Duldulao, William Dy, Rainer Ecang, Gayred Esber, Rodolfo Fernandez, Ely Francisco, Brigido Gendrano, Juan Perez, George Peria, Alberto Picardo, Valerio Rabanal, Teotimo Redulla, Herminio Sambajon, Lamberto Suaverdez and Generoso Valiente. Honored in the same party were three faculty fellows who recently left for the United States on a study grant. Alpha Phi Omega Frat Ball. The Theta Chapter of Alpha Phi Omega fraternity held its annual Frat Ball on September 8, 1962 at the Senior's Social Garden. Chito Piansay, Grand Chancellor of the Page 75 organization, delivered a short talk welcoming Omegan brads and Kappa Phi Omegan sisters from Diliman and enjoined all his brads to uphold the dignity of their frat. Following are the new members pinned at the affair: Onie Azaula, Gene Agbisit, Hugo Atienza, Louie Bautista, Roger Cantuba, Hermie Custodio, Bet Felias, Viddie Gonzales, Dave Llacuna, Nonoy Liana, Fred Madrid, Ernie Ordinario, Chico Pastor, Edward Pecson, Dan Seri!, Vic Serrano, Alex Sori:ino, Joe TaYita, Nards Tugade and Dadong ~larfil all from the College of Forestry, and Willie Anday, Rudy Apostol, Joe Bagwan, Steve Baltazar, Julius Buyante, George Castillo, Manny Damasco, Manny Garchitorena, Freddie Garcia, Nonoy Jacela, Teddy Lopez, Ernie ~landapat, Gerry Rana, Kiko Rodriguez, Ed Roquia, Warmie Sales, Johnny Soriano, Rally Virtucio, and Teddy Virtucio from the College of Agriculture. <> <> 8 RA SCHOLARSHIPS AT ST AKE Another great encouragement for students in the College of Forestry to strive harder in their studies is the recent disclosure from the Reforestation Administration. It is going to award eight scholarship grants in the form of financial assistance to deserving students this coming semester. The RA plans to award two scholarships each for one class, e.g., two freshmen, two sophomores, etc. The first batch of eight scholars sent by the Reforestation Administration for the first time this semester are all RA personnel. <> <> <> MLC SPONSORS WEEKLY FACULTYUPPERCLASSMEN INFORMAL SEMINAR To provide a closer faculty-student relation, the ~lakiling Literary Club has initiated a weekly faculty-upperclassmen informal seminar which started last Friday, September 14, 1962 with Messrs. Rosalia B. Goze and Anastacio Sison as seminar speakers treating on the work of the Bureau of Forestry in the forest districts. The seminar endeavors to gather the faculty members and upperclassmen to discuss forestry and other important subjects. It emphasizes development of rational thinking among students thru guided discussions and forums besides supplementing the information imparted to them in the classrooms. Originally conceived by Messrs. Florencio Mauricio and Leonardo Angeles of the Silvicultural staff, the plan of the seminar was indorsed to the MLC president who in turn took up the matter to the Page 76 club adviser and the Dean after securing the nod of the different speakers. The plan was designed after Messrs. Mauricio and Angeles' observations in the United States and it was found to have received a good response from the upperclassmen who realized its importance in connection with their future goals. The two-hour seminar held last Friday was attended by some forty upperclassmen and faculty members. The sweet stereophonic music which preceded the seminar plus the coffee served "a!a canteen" kept the room alive with the discussion and pleasant exchange of ideas among the audience. <> <> <> MISS ALCANTARA IS NEW LIBRARIAN A charming lady caught the students' attention when she first appeared on the campus on September 1, 1962. She is the new librarian of the Coilege substituting Mrs. Pertona Sta. Iglesia who is on a three-month maternity leave. Miss Nenita Alcantara hails from Negros Oriental but at present her family is in Da,·ao City where her father works as supervisor of the Bureau of Public schools. The new librarian is an alumna of the l'niversity of the Philippines who graduated with a B. S. in library science in 1955. She had been the librarian of the Pharmacy-~1edicine library of the l:niversity of the Philippines since she finished her course. Asked how she felt about her new position, she said she was impressed by the behavior of the forestry students. She said they were quite, reserved and they behaved well in the library. She commented however, that the students don't have enough access to the reading materials kept in the library. For the three months that she will stay here, she expects to improve the U.P. College of Forestry Library. According to her, the latest acquisitions of the library from donations are: FAO publications on forestry from the Serial Section of the U.P. College of Agriculture, two copies of Philippine Land Surveyors Manual from the Certeza Surveying Company, Inc., and two copies of David A. Kribs' Commercial Foreign Woods On the American Market from the SCNY Project. <> <> <> CAMPUS OFFICERS REVIEW (By Elpidio S. Padre) The flurry generated by the current semester's registration is just one phase of the start of a new school year. After it came a more lively and exFORESTRY LEAVES hilarating commotion- the sewral campus elections. The CFSBO (College of Forestry Student Body Organization) for instance, assumed the rule of a miniature political community-that of witnessing a rigorous political campaign characterized by our budding politicos' heartwarming speeches, smiles and handshakes, their colorful posters and streamers and other articles of trade they had in store, and that of going to the poll to decide once and for all the candidates' fate. The other campus organizations followed suit. Well, when typhoon "Politico" subsided, the following proved to be tougher, sturdier and more resilient than the rest : Senior Class: President, Claudio Guerrero; VicePresident, Gayred Esber; Secretary, Alberto Picardo; Treasurer, Eddie Quintana; Auditor, Oscar Suguitan; Business Manager, Ignacio Patague; Athletic Manager, Segundo Burgos; PRO, Lamberto Sua,·erdez; Representative to the SBO, Macorro :\facumbal; Sergeants-at-Arms, Tanciano Felias and Arsenio Bucsit; Faculty Adviser, Mr. Juanito Lamanilao. Junior Class: President, Oscar Gendrano; VicePresident, Anacleto Duldulao; Secretary, Ester Vergara; Treasurer, Pedro Calixto; Auditor, Virgilio Basa; Representative to the SBO, Rogelio dela Rosa; PRO, Agustin Pastor; Sergeants-at-Arms, Felix Eslava and Luis Manaig; Faculty Adviser, :\fr. Filiberto Pollisco. Sophomore Class: President, \Villiam Dy; VicePresident, George Peria; Secretary, Marcelino Dalmacio; Treasurer, Herminia Sambajon; Auditor, Elmo Valera; Business Manager, Generoso Valiente; PRO, Eufemia Tamolang; Representative to the SBO, Teotimo Redulla; Sergeants-at-Arms, Honesto Clemente and Peter Osbucan. Freshmen Class: President, Crisostomo Vilar; Vice-President, Cesar Rondilla; Secretary, Aurora Resuma; Treasurer, Lita Duenas; Auditor, Guillermo Cuenca; Business Manager, Luis Tanogan; Athletic :\fanager, Primitivo Galinato, Jr.; PRO, Leonardo Buendia; Representative to the SBO, Cornelio Abergas; Sergeants-at-arms, Amado Ramos and Romeo Ausan; Faculty Adviser, Dr. Artemio V. Manza Ranger Class: President, Sergio Balilia; Vice-President, Faustino Sunico; Secretary, George Ladrillono; Treasurer, Wilfredo Simbulan; Auditor, Josefino Tavita; PRO, Florante Catan; Business Manager, Pablo Garcia; Representative to the SBO, Albino Sajor; Sergeants-at-Arms, Heracleo Basas and Velerio Rabanal. Zeta Beta Rho Fraternity: Supreme Fellow, Al Rashid Ishmael; Vice-Supreme Fellow, Oscar A. Gendrano; Fellow Scribe, Macorro Macumbal; Fellow Bursar, Jose Gonzales; Fellow Charge d'affaires, Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Lope Reyes; Fellow Herald, Claudio Guerrero; Fellow Fiscalizer, Virgilio Fernandez; Fellow Whips, Eddie Quintana and Pedro Calixto; Fellow Adviser, Dr. Artemio V. Manza. Alpha Phi Omega International Fraternity, Theta Chapter ( Forestnj-Aggie) : Grand Chancellor, Pacito Piansay (CF); Prime Chancellor, Agustin :\fejia, Jr., Auxilliary Chancellor, Manuel Bandong (CF); Keeper of the Rolls, Agustin Pastor (CF); Guardian of the Treasury, Federico Garcia; Assistant Guardian of the Treasury, Federico Garcia; Wielders of the Whip, Ernesto Leproso (CF) and Wendell Dancel; Adivsers, Messrs. Jesus Melgar, Jose Malabuyoc and Dr. Fabian Tiongson. M akiling Literary Club: President. Rosalio Goze; Vice-President, Anastacio Sison; Secretary, Angel Mariano; Treasurer, Bienvenido Paragas; Auditor, Gayred Esber; Business Manager, Al Rashid Ishmael; Press Relation Officer, Romulo Casilla; Representative to the SBO, Alberto Picardo; Club Adivser, Prof. Jose B. Blando. BF Pensionado Club: President, Jose Rayos; Vice-President, Bienvenido Paragas; Secretary, Angel Mariano; Treasurer, Florentino Ferrer; Auditor, Pedro Salazar; PRO, Rosalio Goze; Sergeants-at-Arms, Jose Cabanayan and David Rojas. UPSCA-Forestry Chapter: Chairman, Policarpio Cayabyab; Vice-Chairman, Juan Perez; Secretary, Romeo Briones; Treasurer, Agustin Pastor; Auditor, Rogelio Ragasa; Press Relation Officer, Alfredo Madrid; Business Manager, Jesus Bengson; Representatives to the Central Council, Rogelio Cantuba and Ben Malto; Faculty Adviser, Mr. Juanito Lamanilao; Spiritual Adviser, Rev. Fr. Romeo Dimaano. <> <> <> FRESHMEN WELCOMED AT SMOKERS' RALLY The college auditorium was literarily filled with smokes as the College of Forestry faculty and student body presented a unique way of welcoming its freshmen to its fold in the celebration of the traditional Smokers' Rally last June 21. The well attended celebration sponsored by the SBO despite the heavy downpour caused by the raging typhoon "Kate'', featured different contests in skit and singing presentation after the induction of the incoming elected SBO officers, members of the Vigilantes Committee and the Freshmen class, were made. The winner in the singing contest declared by Chairman Juanito Lamanilao were: for vocal solo, Honesto Clemente and Ely Francisco, first and second prize respectively. For group singing: first place, duet by B. Gendrano and H. Clemente; second place, UPSCA; and third p!ace, Ranger Class. Page 77 The freshmen class romped away with the extra prize for having the best performer in its skit while the special prize went to the Zeta Beta Rho quartet for rendering an encore number. "Study hard and strive for excellence" is the parting word of advise by Dean Gregorio Zamuco in his closing remarks. Refreshments and smokes were served during the program. -Jaime L A/bay AMERICAN FORESTER UNDERSCORES IMPORTANCE OF COLLEGE OF FORESTRY "The future of Forestry in the Philippines depends almost entirely upon developing a strong selfsufficient college of forestry in the Philippines, observed Dr. Hardy L. Shirley, dean of the State University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse University, during a radio interview last Sundav evening in "Forests Build the Nation" program over DZBB in Quezon City. Dr. Shirley further stated that if the Philippines is to maintain the forest industries which were responsible for providing 19 percent of the total foreign exchange of the country in 1960 topped only by sugar and copra, the government should exert all efforts to promote public understanding and support by training sufficient technical men in the field of forestry. Dr. Shirley was greatly impressed by the high quality operations and the very highly developed technology of the forest industries in the southern part of the Philippines which he was able to "\isit when he first came in 1960. Among them were Nasipit, Bislig, and Insular Lumber Companies. "To my knmvledge," he stated, "your country has one of the best tropical forests in the world both in the stand composition and in the growth rate which appear to respond very well to forest management. In Europe, a forest such as yours which has a growth rate of 10 cubic meters per hectare per year is considered highly producth·e." Dr. Shirley, who left July 22, was interviewed by Prof. Domingo V. Jacalne of the U.P. College of Forestry.--GV L FORESTRY ECONOMIC EXPERT DEPARTS Dr. Charles C. Larson, a visiting Professor of Forestry Economic at the University of the Philippines College of Forestry and outgoing Project LeadPage 78 er of the U.P.-State l'niversity of New York contract in Forestry, left recently with his wife for New York where he will resume his work at the State University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Dr. Larson came to the Philippines in 1959 under the U.P.-Cornell University contract and for sometime he handled courses in Forest Economics and Forest Policy and History at the College of Forestry. Upon the termination of the U.P.-Cornell contract, he was appointed the Project Leader of the U.P.S.U.N.Y. contract in Forestry ,a joint project of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the National Economic Council which aims to rehabilitate, expand and modernize the U.P. College of Forestry in its program of research, training of foresters and forestry extension. During his stay in the College of Forestry, Dr. Larson was instrumental in the acquisition of much needed laboratory equipment, transportation units; construction of a students' Forestry Residence Hall; improvement of the Forestry campus water system; and the construction and equipping of a modem Forestry Technology Laboratory.--GLV 0 0 0 4 FORESTRY INSTRUCTORS OFF TO US Four faculty members of the U.P. College of Forestry at College, Laguna wil.l be leaving at the end of September for a year advanced forestry training under the NEC-AID Type A Training Program. The participants are Fernando L. Viray, Edilberto Z. Cajucom, Bienvenido R. Rola and Florentino 0. Tesoro. Viray will work for an MS degree in Timber Engineering at the University of Wisconsin while the other three "\Vill enroll at the University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse to work, each for a master's degree in Forest Recreation, Forestry Economics and Wood Preservation, respectively. These participants are graduates of the University of the Philippines, the first at the College of Engineering ('60) and the rest from the College of Forestry at College, Laguna. 0 0 0 FORESTRY EXTENSION A department of. Public Information and Education in Forestry will be established soon at the College of Forestry. This is the result of an agreement in principle to centralize at the College public forestry information and education work by six government agencies namely: College of Forestry, Bureau of Forestry, Reforestation Administration, Forest Products FORESTRY LEA YES Research Institute, Parks and Wildlife Office, and the Agricultural Information Division, DANH. Two hundred thousand pesos has been earmarked during the first year for the purpose and will come from the unalloted balance of the Reforestation fund. The Dean of the College is working earnestly for the release of the money in order to start the implementation of the program. <> <> <> DR. WEBB SPEAKS AT CONVOCATION Dr. William L. Webb of the State University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse was the guest speaker at a convocation sponsored by the :\fakiling Literary Club held last August 17 at the College Auditorium. The new project leader replacing Dr. Charles Larson who has alreadv left for home assignment, defined the "Responsibilities of Foresters" in his speech. Among other things, the forester-biologist emphasized on the development of knowledge and skill in basic sciences especially forestry and how to work for a change based on the knowledge of the past and present practices. Based on his experiences and world-wide travel, the American professor urged his student-audience to learn the fundamentals of how to do things in researches and to have the general idea on how to improve them. The convocation designed by the MLC to give the students the information outside of the knowledge from the books by presenting prominent :::areer-men included the induction of the elected officers of the Club for the school year. The opening remarks was delivered by the club adviser, Professor Jose B. Blando, who introduced the faculty members to the visiting professor and guest speaker and appealed to the facultv and various student organizations for assistance i~ raising of funds for new curtains for the auditorium. (Incidentallv, the old curtains and the piano were donated by the old members of the Makiling Literary Club.) A new talent from the Freshman class, Oscar Gulmatico rendered a piano selection and accompanied Honesto Clemente in his rendition of a vocal solo. Dean Gregorio Zamuco in his closing remarks appealed to the student body to go slow on the use of electricity; to use lights only when necessary. Reason : appropriation for light and water for the fiscal year amounts only to '1"'5,000.00 whereas the bill last month alone has reached '1"'982.00 The elected officers of the Makiling Literary Club who were inducted during the program were: President, Rosalio Goze; vice-president, Anastacio Sison; secretary, Angel Mariano; treasurer, Ben Paragas; auditor, Gayred Esber; business manager, Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Al Rashid Ismael; press relation officer, Romulo Casilla and representative to the SBO. Alberto Picardo. Ad\iser of the club is Professor Jose B. Blando. By Jaime L. Albay <> NORTHERN LUZON TRAVELOGUE (By Oscar Gendrano and Teogenes Agbisit) In any field trip, especially when the group is big, what are easily remembered and happily recalled are the sidelights. The real ends are sometimes relegated to the back of one's mind and the little incidents along the way, happy or otherwise, are recalled very readily. The Silviculture, Forest Protection, and Nurseries and Plantation classes' trip is no exception. It had its fair dose of happy incidents and disappointments. Here are retold some of those happenings which, if taken seriously may cause indigestion, and if considered lightly will make one think that after all a forestry career is not hard work everytime but also high adventure. 0 "How do you know it's asucena?"' whispered a Laguna-born student to his friend. The friend retorted. "How d'ya know it isn't?" and patted his belly signifying that he's ready for anything. It was breakfast time at Canniaw Reforestation Project and everyone lined up for his share of what the nursery people had to offer. The night-long trip has made the boys half-asleep and weary; it was a relief, though, that no one made the mistake of washing his face on the steaming cauldron of soup. However, one can be quite sure that many mistook pork for asucena and vice versa. 0 The DANREA basketeers of Vigan, Ilocos Sur should ha,·e known that the team (minus some stalwarts, of course) they were pitted against holds the 1962 Los Baiios intram crown. They would ham enlisted the help of better and taller Vigan dribblers to at least get to a closed margin than 56-37. Well, the 19-point spread over them told more than an advice to study better teamwork and to train a cheering squad that can outshout the crack Forestry Cheerers. 0 On the other hand, the Baguio Tech and St. Louis shooters should not know that the Forestry team is the present intramural champion. Otheriwse, the banner headline about our defeats on their school newspaper might even be made multi-colored. 0 One most unhappy incident was the loss of clothes and personal belongings of some members of the group. Unidentified person ( s) broke into one of the Patria Hotel rooms where the students were lodged in the night of August 20, 1962. The burglar (s) carted away two jackets, some pants and cash money. Even the Ang Ti bay shoes of the L TB Page 79 bus driver wlio slept in his vehicle using these same shoes as his pillows, were stolen. "The driver must have dreamed of bartering his pair of footgears for a beautiful lgorota that cool evening," so was the comment. The polices was informed of the theft but the subsequent investigations did not yield even only a button of a shirt lost. 0 Dance, dance dance to the music of the barrio Paing Sound System; ladies are very alluring, reserved but friendly; speak pure Ilocano, may neither understand English nor Tagalog but readily understand the language of your wallet, e.g., Mabini, M. H. de! Pilar, Bonifacio and Jacinto "as you dance across the ground floor." The dance was at first thought of by the students uninitiated to the custom of the place, to be a pleasant gesture of courtesy. It turned out, though, to be a benefit or fund raising affair! Dance, dance, dance at Pl.00, P5.00, or !"20.00 apiece. Boy, wanna lady"s choice? One after another, the students retreated to their buses. Those with extra pesos to spare stayed; several of them, however, felt robbed of their dough the next morning. 0 The sumptuous meals offered the travel party by the reforestation projects visited seemed to confirm the idea that the shortest way to a man's heart is thru his stomach. However, the Baguio Forest District office seemed to have propounded another equally agreeable idea: that the real shortcut to a man's heart is thru a jam session V1.ith a full complement of charming young ladies. "Orchids," that's what the bunch of Baguio belles call themselves. And orchids they really are in full perfumy bloom. The varied charm of the city lasses made many of forestry gentleman's eyes moonsized. The sturdy, kindly mien of the boys left many an orchid starry-eyed. The affairs' highlights: Magnificently obsessed Roger sang himself to the heart of a sweet-voiced senorita known only as a Juliet. Tony mashed Baguio Potatoes on the District Office's dance floor and captivated almond-eyed Lita. Chico boogiewoogied it with the cream-complexioned Jane. Edward did a Valentino-inspired tango number with an equally graceful lady. Some of the boys simply waltzed it easy-some shyly trying to spark a conversation with their partners, some thriftily whispering compliments, probably sweet nothings, whi!e others resorted to quietly finding their ways in the maze of their romantic imaginations. Even those who preferred to stay in the background and acquaint themselves with Baguio mosquitoes enjoyed seeing the frolic. Page 80 Before the session was called a night, best poses and smiles were given and pictures were taken. 0 The speech of Baguio City Mayor Lardizabal before the members of the trip could make the audience believe that the city mountains will forever be green. And Hermie Custodio's afternoon snack of "caldereta" and "puto", Federico Garcia's canful of "basi", and Tranquilino Cachero's luscious "suman" treats for the group, can very well convince anyone of the heartwarming hospitality of the people of the region. True, their hospitality stays "green", too, as that which your eyes would meet the moment you enter a green pasture. THIS SEMESTER'S SCHOLARS AND PENSIONADOS A total of sixty-two students holding various scholarships and pensionadoships are presently enrolled this semester according to the College Secretary's record. The Reforestation Administration, for the first time, has sent eight of its personnel to pursue various courses in forestry. The scholars and pensionados are as follows : Bureau of Forestry scholars: Celso P. Diaz, Arturo F. Formento, Elpidio S. Padre (college scholar), Roberto L. Rosales, Angel U. Soriano. Generoso C. Valientte, Crisostomo B. Vilar, Marcelino V. Dalmacio, Reynaldo E. de la Cruz, Rodolfo A. Fernandez, Ely L. Francisco, Honesto A. Clemente, Brigido A. Gendrano, George V. Peria, Herminio 13. Sambajon, Cenon N. Castillo, Rogelio M. de la Rosa, Virgilio A. Fernandez, Oscar A. Gendrano, Antonio V. Glori, Ester T. Vergara, Honorio F. Cariiio, Romulo C. Casilla (college scholar), Claudio C. Guerrero, Eddie I. Quintana, and Pablito A. Medenilla, Jr. Bureau of Forestry Personnel: Jaime L. Albay, Modesto 0. Canave, Cresenciano Q. Dacumos, Damaso de la Cruz, Gayred Esber, Rosalio B. Goze, Florentino I. Ferrer, Jose Gonzales, Andres C. Lubrin, Angel Mariano, Conrado P. Padrones, Bienvenido Paragas, Juan Perez, Alberto Picardo, David !\I. Rojas, Cesar S. Rondilla, Anastacio B. Sison, Juanito R. Ugalino, and Carlos L. Wandisan. Reforestation Administration Personnel : Cornelio C. Abergas, Severino T. Ancheta, Tomas M. Binua, Jose A. Cabanayan, Sotero D. Luis, Jose A. Rayos, Pedro C. Salazar, and Luis M. Tanogan. Commission on National Integration scholars: Alonzo P. Cariaga, Noe L. lngosan, Al Rashid H. Ishmael, Odin M. Kalim, Aligan D. Lucop, l\facorro L. Macumbal, Peter Osbucan, and Pangaga P. Pangcoga. FORESTRY LEA YES COLLEGE OF FORESTRY OBSERVED ARBOR WEEK Despite the threatening inclement weather in the early morning of Saturday, July 28, the students and members of the faculty of the College of Forestry donned their working clothes, all ready to plant 4550 timber tree seedlings on patches in the Makiling area where trees had been wantonly cut down by kaingineros. The students were assembled at the college auditorium at sewn o'clock in the morning during which they were giwn a pep talk by Dean Gregorio Zamuco regarding the essence of the arbor week celebrations as well as the student responsibilities as future foresters. The dean also recalled with the students a brief history of the college and the Makiling National Park. Prof. Teodoro Delizo gave some tips on the proper way of handling and planting seedlings while Prof. Lucio Quimbo, the SBO adYiser, made the final crew assignments. Sites within the forest reserve such as those of the Puting-lupa block near the mudspring were planted to mahogany and some parcels above the Boys Scout Jamboree site were planted to ipil, banuyo amugis, tindalo, and narra. With the able guidance of the faculty members and the initiatiYe of the appointed crew leaders combined by the cooperative effort of the students, the arbor day planting activity lasted till noon only, timely enough for the tired planters to rest and have a picnic on their cold baons. 0 0 ¢. FORESTRY FIVE SHADES JUNIORS, 65. 61 Some 500 a,·id basketball fans saw the defending champion, Forestry Goldies, vanquish the Aggie Juniors in the crucial game played at the Baker Memorial Hall last Tuesday, July 3, 1962. In the opening canto, Hamada, Dy, and "Big Boy" Reboton combined to give at 12-2. Later, Junior's Clemente, Abaya and Dienzo retaliated, tying the score at 12-all, and then stealing a shot to give the lead to the Juniors at 14-12. Again the game was deadlocked at 14-all and 16-all. But the Juniors, getting hotter and hotter, widened the lead and clinched the first half with a score of 30-22. In the second half, Hilario, Hamada and Reboton scored four hits, narrowing the gap at 34-30, but Dienzo, proving his mastery of the keyhole connected twice, spreading the lead at 38-30. At the score 48-38, Willie Dy, Alcomendras and Clemente rallied to make the score stand at 48-44. At this Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue point, the game started to be more exciting. The Big Three of the Goldies, Hilario, Hamada and Reboton tied the score at 56-all after 36 minutes of play on the hard court. A clicking Abaya-Dienzo combination chalked up the tally to 56-57. The crowd roared when Simbulan and Dy tied the score at 61-all. With exactly two minutes to go, score at 61-all, team captain Manny Hilario of the Goldies, intercepted a bad pass and jumped shot giving the team the winning shot. Oca Hamada beat the gun by making a lay-up shot deciding the game for the defending champs. This is how they scored : ForestnJ Juniors Hamada 16 Dienzo Reboton lO Abaya Hilario 8 Lejano Dy 6 Clemente Alcomendras 6 Ramirez Clemente 6 Ayson Morales 5 Simbulan 4 135 DEAN UNDERSCORES HIGH SCHOLARSHIP, EXCELLENCE Cites Lack Of Scholars 14 12 12 11 10 2 61 Dean Gregorio Zamuco underscored two ideals that a student should strive for in his closing speech before the student body on the occasion of the Smokers' Rally held Saturday, July 21. Recapitulating the salient points of an address by UP president Carlos P. Romulo, the dean underscored "excellence and high scholarship" as the two most important things that students should aspire after in order to have a successful college training and to cope with the high scholarship standard .:if the unh·ersity. "Excellence and high scholarship" means essentially competence or proficiency in the various fields of study. The forestry course, for instance, requires of the students a fair mental vigor balanced by physical stamina. The dean cited further that forestry scholarship grants in the form of financial assistance from government and private entities such as the Bureau of Forestry, Reforestation Administration, Nasipit Lumber Company, Insular Lumber Company, are at stake for students who could meet the scholarship requirements stipulated by said entities. Aside from these scholarships, there are also university and college scholarships. Page 81 In this connection, the dean mentioned the lack of enough students who can qualify for the aforementioned scholarship grants. Hence, at present the financial assistane appropriated for the unclaimed scholarships remains unutilized. To meet the high scholarship requirements, you should strive for excellence and high scholarship, the dean concluded. <> <> <> BIENVENIDA . DESPEDIDA FOR SHIRLEY, SUNY GROUP A bienvenida - despidida party and program 'n honor of Dean and Mrs. Hardy L. Shirley and the State l'niversity of New York ( SUNY) contract was tendered by the UP College of Forestry Faculty last June 7 at College, Laguna. Dr. Shirely, the dean of the College of Forestry, State University of New York at Syracuse, was here for a threeweek visit. The departing ,·isiting professor are: Dr. Charles C. Larson, Professor of Forestry Economics and outgoing project leader; Floyd E. Carlson, Professor of Forestry Information; and John C. Sammi, Professor of Forest Management. Each of them were giYen souvenir gifts of salacots, walking canes, flower bases made of coconut shell, ash trays made of bamboo, and a tape record of the songs of the "Forestry Songbirds", a choral group which includes the wives of the \isiting professors. Dr. William Webb, the incoming project leader, is a professor of Forest Zoology at the State University of New York College of Forestry prior to his assignment as SUNY project leader. The affair was held at the newly constructed, three-storey Forestry Technology building-one of the many accomplishments of the UP College of Forestry-State University of New York contract. <> <> <> CF ENROLLMENT HITS 424 After the little confusions generated by the current semester's registration, the record of the Secretary's Office revealed a slight increase in the number of students enrolled which is 424 as compared to that of the first semester of last school-year which was only 394. Of the 424 students, there are 66 lowerclassmen and 20 upperclassmen taking the ranger course; 136 freshmen, 62 sophomores, 77 juniors, 39 seniors and one special student pursuing the Bachelor of Science in Forestry (BSF) course; three graduate students and twenty-one cross-registrants from the College of Agriculture. Page 82 The first ten prO\inces which have the largest number of students registered as freshmen are :is follows: Cagayan-16, Pangasinan-15, Laguna14, Nueva Vizcaya-11, Isabela-9, Ilocos Sur-7, Quezon-7, Tarlac--6, Nuern Ecija-5, ~lanila4. It is interesting to note that of the 403 students taking the forestry course, seYen are females. One freshman is pursuing the ranger course. The other six-two freshmen, three sophomores, and one junior -are all enrolled in the BSF professional course. There are also three Thai nationals-two classified as junior and one, a candidate for graduation from the BSF course this coming October. <> <> <> TWO FORESTRY STUDENTS JOIN UPSILON SIGMA PHI Two Ilocanos, both active and very resourceful students of the UP College of Forestry, recently joined the Upsilon Sigma Phi (Los Bafios Chapter), a university fraternity, after undergoing their final initiation rites held on July 29, 1962. Aside from the two, there are six other students who joined the fraternity this year and who will be formally inducted in a fitting ceremony to be held sometime this semester. The two forestry boys newly admitted to the fraternity increased the number of forestry resident Upsilonians to five which includes Rose B. Goze'53 Angie Mariano--'54, and Toti Blando--'59. <> <> <> GOZE ELECTED SBO PREXY Rigorous house-to-house campaign, colorful posters, and an Ilocano "nationality" elevated Studen~s' Party standard bearer, Rosalia B. Goze to the student body organization presidency in an election held at the College of Forestry Administration building on Friday, June 29, 1962. Student voters gaYe him a safe margin of 76 votes O\·er his rival. Ben Paragas, who garnered only 88 out of the total 225 votes cast. It was nearly a winner-takes-all victory as the SP captured seven out of the eight positions failing only in the 'ice-preidential berth. Pedro Salazar, the Duty-Above-All Party, vice-presidential bet, edged his SP opponent by a close 25 margin. Mr. Rosalia Goze, a Bureau of Forestry pensionado, was slightly confident of winning although the DAAP presidential bet, Ben Paragas, was an equally able and very friendly person. He ( Goze) had the reputedly loyal support of the Ilocano students who form the majority of the college population, while Paragas, though he could perhaps utter only "Wen (Continued on page 88) FORESTRY LEAVES B. F. AN ACT TO AMEND CERTAIN SECTIONS OF THE REVISED .\.DMINJSTRATIVE CODE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Reprl: sentatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: SECTION I. Section eighteen hundred twentysix of Act Numbered Twenty-seven hundred eleven, otherwise known as the Administratirn Code, is unended to read as follows: "SEC. 1826. Regulation setting apart forest reserves-permanencv of same-Uoon the recommendation of the Director of Forestry. with the approval of the Department Head, the President of the Philippines shall set apart forest reserves which shall include denuded forest lands from the public lands and he shall bv proclamation declare thP establishment of such forest reserves and the boundaries thereof, and thereafter such forest reserves shall not be entered, or othef"ise disposed of, but shall remain indefinitely as such for forest uses. The President of the Philippines may, in like manner upon the recommendation of the Director of Forestry, with the approval of the Department head, by proclamation modify the boundaries of any such forest reserve to conform vlith subsequent precise survey but not to exclude any portion thereof, except ~ith the concurrence of Congress. SEC. 2. Section twenty-seven hundred and fiftyone of the Administrative Code i~ hereby amended to read as folio "·s : "SEC. 2751. Vnlawful occupation or destruction of public forest-Without the ~Titten permission of the Director of Forestry or his duly authorized representative, it shall be unlawful for any person willfully to enter upon any public forest, proclaimed timberland, communal forest, communal pasture, and forest reserve and occupy the same, or to make "caingin" therein or in any manner destroy such forest or part thereof, or to cause any damage to the timber standard and other forest products and forest growth found therein, or to assist, aid or abet any other person so to do. It Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue shall also ht, unlawful for any person negligently to permit a fire which has been set upon his own premises to be communicated, with destructive results, to any of the public forests herein-above ie<cribed. Any person violating thh· section shall suffer" (a) If the offense is committed ~ithin a proclaimed timberland or a communal forest or communal pasture, a fine of three times the regular gm·emment charges upon the timber or other forest products so 1mlawfully destroyed, and in addition thereto, imprisonment for not less than four months and not more than six months: " ( b) If the offense is committed within a fore5t reserve, a fine of four times the regular goverr• ment charges on the timber or other forest products so unlawfully destroyed, and in addition thereto, imprisonment for not less than six months and not more than eight month~; " ( c) If the offense is committed in any of the public forest, other than those mentioned under subsections (a) and (b) hereof, a fine equivalent to twice the regular government charges upon the timber or other forest products so unlawfully destroyed, and in addition thereto. imprisonment for not less th::.n two months and not more than four months. "In all cases falling under this section, the court shall upon conviction, order the eviction of the offender from the land, and the forfeiture to the government of any construction or impriscnment made thereon. If the area is reforested or under reforestation, the court shall, in addition to the penalties herein provided, sentence the accused to pay to the government double the actual damage~ sustained as determined by the value of plantings and imprm·ements destroy"d .md the detriment to the land and vegetation thereof. "If the forest areas the subject of this section have been given under license, permit or authorization for exploitation to a private party, said party shall be responsible for the payment of the pecuniary penalties prescribed in this Act and shall defray the expenses for the reforestation, or replanting of any area that is cut or cleared in violation of law. Page 83 "No person who has occupied any portion of these forest in good faith for more than five years prior to June 8, 1939 shall be subject to the penalty prescribed herein and should the area so occupied be found more fitted for agricultural than for timber purposes, the same may be disposed of in favor of the actual occupant or occupants under the provisions of Commonwealth Act Numbered One hundred and forty-one." SEC. 3 Any provision of any law, rule or regulation inconsistent with this Act shall be considered repealed or amended. SEC. 4 This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved: June 17, 1961. Published by: Forestry Information Section Bureau of Forestry, \fanila 0 0 0 EXPLANATORY NOTE (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3092) Forest reserves are permanent forest lands set aside for definite and specific uses in the national interest. These reserves should not be revoked or diminished except in very rare exceptional cases. This is the intention of Section 1826 of the Administrative Code. However, in the past years, the reclassification and sometimes revocation of forest reserves had been done to the extent that the forest resen;es are unstable as any other public forest. !t is unwise and uneconomical to spend such time and effort protecting and reforesting forest lands intended for permanent forest uses if such forest lands will later on become alienable. The U. S. and other progressive countries are keeping portions of their domains permanently for forest purposes and their people respect their national forest as they do to private property. The enactment of this bill will give security of status to public forests that have been classified and designated for specific forests purposes. Such security of status will strengthen the Government in its vigorous and effective enforcement of forest laws and regulations against forest destruction and illegal occupation. Permanency of status is a pre-requisite to a systematic management of the forests for specific purposes, such as for timber production, protection, etc. With virgin commercial forest diminishing, the lumber and allied industries which rank fourth among our major industries are getting apprehensive of the wood supply for their stability. The protecPage 84 tion and consen·ation of watersheds of important rivers are becoming more imperati»e. The Bureau of Forestry is now expediting the classification of the public forests with the object of establishing those portions needed for forest purposes as permanent forests through their proclamation as forest reserve. This bill if enacted will gh·e force and effect to the policy expressed in Section 1826 of the Administrative Code that, "The public forests of the Philippine Islands shall be held and administered for the protection of the public interests, the utility and safety of the forests and the perpetuation thereof in productive condition by wise use" and with the President's State-of-the Nation Message to Congress: "It is our sacred obligation to conserve our national patrimony and transmit it to our posterity undiminished until time is no more." This bill is also in line with the Recommendation on General Policy in Reorganizational Plan No. 30A of the Reorganization Commission. The approval of this bill will assure sufficient forest lands for future generation and enhance the protection, conservation and ~ise utilization of our resen'e. Published by: Forestry Information Section Bureau of Forestry, l\fanila 9-1-61 0 0 0 BOND Forestry Director Mateo S. Pecson issued the other day a circular requiring forest concessionaires to submit additional proofs on the validity of surety bonds posted in connection ~ith their operations. The requirements are as follows: ( 1 ) A certificate from the bonding firm showing(a) The concessionaire is up to date in the payment of his annual premiums. (b) He is in good standing with the company. ( c) The surety bond is duly backed up by a collateral sufficient enough to cover the money value of his surety. ( 2) A certificate from the Securities and Exchange Commission attesting to the solvency of the bonding company. Pecson said the deadline for the compliance of his circular is December 31, 1962. He warned concessionaires with temporary termination of their licenses, leases or permits for violations. The circuFORESTRY LEAVES Jar, he said, is one of the sewral mm·es he ~ill adopt to make concessionaires follow faithfully the terms and conditions of their licenses. The circular was prepared with the assistance of Antonio Quejado, accounting services dhision chief and after consultation with Pecson's staff. <> <> <> A PROGRAM FOR FORESTRY The bureau of forestry faces a task that is more challenging and demanding in the light of President Macapagal's socio-economic program. Our forests can play a vital role in the success of the President's program if their protection and conservation is effectively pursued and their commercial exploitation is done under a scientific management program. From the economic point of view, forest is a factor to be reckoned with. The forest industries, especially the lumber industry, provide employment to thousands of people aside from the fact that they boost the dollar reserves of the country and the pesos in the national treasury. More than this, the forest exerts favorable influence upon agriculture, streamflow and climate. It provides habitat for ~ild life and beauty for the landscape and recreational opportunities for the people. Problems.-There are three problems. that must be solved if we are to achieve our objectives: {I) Insufficient appropriation; {2) Inadequate number of personnel; and { 3) Negath·e attitude of the people toward forest conservation. The first two, I ha,·e been told, are perennial problems. Representations ~ith the proper authorities will be made. In the meantime, we will have to do our verv best with what little we have. The solution to th; third problem is not difficult. The press and radio people, including the Agricultural Information Division of the DANR, the Joint Committee on Public Education and Information in Forestry, and other information agencies of the government, have been actively generating public interest in forest conservation. If only these three particular problems can be soh-ed the solution to all other forestry problems will eventually follow. Plans.-1 have drawn up the following plans the implementation of which is still under study : {I ) Gradual reshuffle of personnel in the interest of the service. It will be the right man for the right job. I will try to minimize over-fraternization between forestry man and forest concession~ aires. Too much fraternization tends to influence official decisions. { 2) Disposition of cases within 72 hours as a general rule. The objective here is to arnid influence Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue peddling and to save on the part of 'isitors dealing with the bureau time, money and effort in commuting back and forth to the office. { 3) Investigation into the report that majority of forest concessionaires are dummies of aliens and that unusually large areas have been granted to a few indh·iduals. { 4) Determination of the timber stand in the public forests. For effective forest management program, there is a need to know how much, what kind and where our timber stand is. { 5) Implementation of the Permanent Forest Law {Republic Act No. 3092). Land classification will be speeded up. The possibility of using aerial photogrammetry in timber inventory ~ill also be considered. {6) Extensive enforcement of the selectiw logging system as a tool of forest management program. The success of the system will redound to the benefit of the lumber and other forest industries. {7) Intensification of forest protection work. The protection and conservation of forests will be given utmost consideration along with forest utilization. { 8) Strict enforcement of all laws, rules and regulations. For the protection not only of the government but of the licensees as well, respect for laws and compliance with requirements will be rigidly required. {9) Moral Regeneration. The President's moral regeneration program will be carried out in the bureau. This is not to mean that there is moral degeneration in the bureau. I will reiterate to e,·ery forestry employee his duty to serve the public well without expectation of any material reward except the satisfaction of the people they serve. '.\fy staff and I are still studying ways and means of improving the forestry service of the country. \Ve pledge to do our utmost so that all generations will enjoy the blessings of the forest. <> <> <> FORESTRY PICTORIAL SURVEY Forestry director Mateo S. Pecson said the other day that a ·photographic record of forestry conditions in the country today is vital in the preparation of a long range program on forest management. He said that for effective planning, implementation and evaluation, what forestry is today as recorded by photography should be compared with what forestry is tomorrow. Through pictures, Pecson said, the people can realize the effects of forest conservation or forest Page 85 destruction. There will be photographic evidence that once upon a time a particular area was forested, he added. The forestry director noted the inadequacy of photographs of the present forest conditions of the country. These pictures are also needed, he said, in the preparation of brochures, pamphlets and other forestry materials on forest conservation for dissemination to the public. He added that some of them could be given lo interested parties especially newspapers and magazines cooperating '\\ith the bureau in its conservation campaign. Meanwhile. Pecson directed his information section chief Amador J. Evangelista and forestry photographer Edilberto Santos to start the pictorial survey in Northern Luzon particularly the '.\fountain Province and Zambales. Forestry Information Section Bureau of Forestry, '.\fanila 0 0 0 FORESTRY POLICIES Forestry director Mateo S. Pecson told the district foresters the other day to redouble efforts in forest protection work in their respective provinces to perpetuate the benefits the people get from the country's natural wealth. Speaking at the closing program of the district foresters convention. Pecson said that for the sake of all generations the forces destroying our forests must be stopped at once. He will ask, he said, the cooperation of the law enforcement agencies, fiscals and judges in the speedy apprehension, prosecution and disposition of forest ,·iolation cases. All forestry lawyers in Manila, he said. will be assigned in the regional offices to assist in this task. Pecson asked the district foresters to remO\·e public suspicion on the character of government employees. The people's impression that a public official is presumed crook should be corrected, he said. \Vhen he assumed office he said he presumed all forest officers to be honest. He warned, however, that no mercy will be given to guilty one. Although not all complaints are valid, he reminded the foresters that where there is smoke there is fire. Stressing the necessity of protecting the remaining forests, Pecson said he will work on the following: ( 1) Increase annual budget for the bureau which is one of the biggest income producing government agencies. Page 86 (2) Ghing licensees greater responsibility in the protection of forest areas leased to them. ( 3) Suspension of processing of applications for new forest concession until the backlog of old cases are disposed. ( 4) Decent office buildings for the field service. ( 5) Coordinated other forest agencies. 0 information campaign with 0 0 Fieldmen who ha,·e stayed long in one district \\ill be reassigned to other provinces to prevent too much fraternization between forest officers and timber concessionaires, forestry director '.\[ateo S. Pecson announced yesterday. The new director said over-fraternization tends to influence official decisions often to the prejudice of the public. The personnel reshuffle in the central and field offices of the forestry bureau '\\ill start in the new fiscal year next month, Pecson said. Secretary Benjamin Gozon of agriculture and natural resources detailed forestry domain use division chief Juan L. Utleg with the Office of Director Pecson. The detail of Utleg, Pecson explained, sets the tone of the coming revamp. Forestry obsen·ers said tTtleg is a disciplinarian and honest public official. AMADOR J. EVANGELISTA Chief, Forestry Information Section 0 0 0 BUREAU OF FORESTRY STAFFERS RESHUFFLED Director '.\fateo S. Pecson started the revamp i>f the forestry bureau with the shifting of key officials from one dhision to another. The reshuffle. the director said, has been made in the interest of the senice and does not involve demotion in rank and pay. As reorganized, the staff is composed of the following Florencio Asiddao, project coordinator; Juan L. Vtleg, division chief, detailed with the director's office; Segundo P. Fernandez, administrative services division acting chief; Marciano B. Basconcillo, acting chief, forest management dhision; Severino U. Nahlo, chief, domain use division; Vicente Marababol, chief, forest land uses division; ·Gregorio Poblacion, chief, sawmills & licenses division; '.\fartin Guerrero, chief, forest research division; Antonio Quejado, chief, accounting division; Cecilio Diegor, chief, budget & fiscal division; Vicente Leonor, Sr., assistant chief, administrative serFORESTRY LEAVES \ices division; Martin R. Reyes, assistant chief, forest management division; Ramon Rondilla, assistant chief, sa\\:mills & licenses division; Timoteo Quimpo, assistant chief, forest land uses division; Tomas '.\lanalo, assistant chief, domain use division; Juan Daproza, assistant chief, forest research division; Ramon Fernandez, assistant chief, budget & fiscal dh·ision; and Gaudencio Ferrera, assistant chief, accounting dh·ision. Pecson directed his superv1smg information officer Amador J. Evangelista to undertake an information campaign against forest destruction in critical areas in coordination with regional directors, district foresters, other forestry agencies and provincial and municipal official. 0 0 0 DUMMIES ATIMONAN, QUEZON, June 21-Forestry director Mateo S. Pecson said he will look into the report that about 95% of forest concessionaires are dummies and that unusually big concession areas have been granted to a few privileged licensees. Speaking at the forest management conference held at the social hall of the Quezon national park here, Pecson said he will resort to outright cancellation of licenses if the report is found true. He bewailed the fact that small Filipino capitalists are deprived of opportunity to legally exploit our public forests because moneyed-groups are favored in timber concession grant. Pecson urged licensees to bring to his attention any known anomaly. Forestry cases, including boundary conflicts, will be settled within 72 hours to a\"Oid outside influence. Gov Claro Robles, on the other hand, lashed at some concessionaires who cheat the government by using the same auxiliary invoice several times. Jn some northern towns of Quezon, he said, some log export boats are checked only by representatives of the Bureau of Customs and PC without any forestry man. Robles asked leniency for kaiiigineros who commit violations because they do not know the boundaries between agricultural and forest lands. He said he will do this utmost to cooperate with the forestry bureau in the forest conservation campaign. Lt. Col. Artemio Espidol, PC pro\incial commander, pledged to go after forest violators. The PC, he said, will help the forestry men enforce the forest laws in the province. Forestry Information Section Bureau of Forestry, Manila 0 0 0 Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue FOREST WASTE MINDANAO (Special to The Manila Times) ZAMBOANGA CITY, June 24-Forestry director '.\lateo S Pecson said utilization of forest waste products will provide ample employment opportunities to the people. Pecson and Customs Commissioner Cesar Climaco were guests in the inauguration of the multimillion chipboard factory of (a local lumber company) (Timex) here. The new factory. said to be the first of its kind in the country, will produce for the commercial market chipboards out of logs and lumber waste which usually is throVl'Jl away. German experts assisted by Filipino technicians of Zamboanga built the complicated processing machine. They said no waste will be left unused in the process. Lauding the Tansengco family of this city for their courage in investing millions of pesos in a new industry, Director Pecson urged the licensees to practice scientific management to perpetuate the manifold benefits derived from the forests. Pecson was accompanied by Forester Segundo P. Fernandez, Amador J. Evangelista, J. Valencia and M. Suarez. Forestry Information Section Bureau of Forestry, l\fanila 0 0 0 ARBOR WEEK NORTHERN LUZON (Special to The Manila Times) IBA, ZAMBALES, July 15-Provincial and municipal officials of Zambales will join the national celebration of Arbor Week July 22-28 in collaboration with forestry bureau, reforestation administration and parks and wildlife office, district forester Deogracias Juni said yesterday. Forestry director Mateo S. Pecson urged his fieldmen to coordinate their Arbor Week activities with other forestry agencies particularly the reforestation administration. His bureau, he said, has adopted as its slogan "Protecting Our Forests Is a National Necessity." Pecson directed his supeTVIsmg information officer Amador J. Evangelista to prepare forestry literature for distribution throughout the country. Evangelista conferred with Juni, Baguio district and city forester Cornelio Luczon, Tarlac correspondent Guillermo Mamuyac. Page 87 CAMPUS NOTES ... (Continued from page 82) Manong", hoped to win with his amiable smile and heartwarming handshakes. When the prm·erbial smoke of battle had cleared solid. Rosalio vanquishes his opponent. Other officers elected are: Pedro Salazar, vicepresident; Romulo Casilla, secretary; Juan Perez, treasurer: Victor Dotimas, Jr., auditor; William Dy, athletic manager; Jaime Albay, press relations officer: Pedro Calixto and Valerio Rabanal, sergeantsat-arms. MLC SET TO SPONSOR CONVOCATIONS The Makiling Literary Club unanimously agreed to sponsor a series of convocations before the forestry student body starting this month during a joint meeting of its members and the Forestry Leaves and Leaflets staff members at Prof. Blando's residence last Ti:esday, July 17, 1962. Mr. Rosalio Goze. the club president and concurrently SBO president, asserted that the holdincr of convocations is a means of implementing on: of his SBO policies- the stimulation of social and cultural consciousness on the part of the students. It will also provide for the students a fresh nook wherein they could share with the mind of resource persons who \\;II be invited to speak at the convocations. Also, under the auspices of the club, the sho\\fog of free educational films at the college auditorium every Friday has been made possible. For the current semester, the officers of the Makiling Literary Club are: Rosalio Goze, president; Anastacio Sison, vice-president; Angel !\lariano, secretary; Ben Paragas, treasurer; Gayred Esber, auditor; Al Rashid Ishmael, business manager; Romulo Casilla, press relations officer; and Alberto Picardo, representative to the SBO. Professor Jose B. Blando is the club adviser. RA GIVES P200,000 AID TO CF To assist in the forestry information and education campaign of the College of Forestry, the Reforestation Administration has once again extended its generosity by giving to the College a sum of 1"200,000. This amount is a part of the savings of the Reforestation Administration in its 1961-1962 fund and is included in the special provision of the present reforestation budget as a rider. At present. the Reforestation Administration is maintaining eight scholarship grants in the College of Forestry-a manifestation of its sincere interest in promoting forestry education. Meanwhile, Secretary of Agriculture Benjamin Gozon agreed to submit a proposal to add another 1"200,000 to the Reforestation Administration's manna to the college. The sum, according to the report, \\ill come from the Emergency Employment Administration. LIBRARY GETS NEW READING MATERIALS The UP College of Forestry library acquired recently through purchase and donations from faculty members and some American friends a total of 4,321 reading materials consisting of 621 volumes of books, 3,522 periodicals. 136 pamphlets, 28 theses of students, 7 leaflets and 7 paintings. These new materials were handed to Mrs. Petrona D. Sta. Iglesia. the college librarian. !\ leanwhile, to facilitate more efficient service to the reading public the library hall was renovated. The counter was lowered, the doors were provid!!d with screened shutters to give better ventilation, and the narra tables were varnished. One student assistant was also added to the library staff to meet the need of an expanding population of the college. ANNOUNCEMENT Page 88 \fr. Businessman: Be sure your business is included in the Economic Census now going on. If you have not received a questionnaire, write to the Bureau of Census and Statistics, Manila, NOW. The Economic Census is not a tax census. \fail back your accomplished questionnaire now. FORESTRY LEA YES REFORESTATIO ADMINISTRATION PB ~HLLION YK\RL Y OUTLAY ASKED FOR REFORESTATION \Vith the present rate of reforestation at 12,000 hectares annually, it will take the Reforestation Administration about 100 years to reclaim the country's 14 million hectares of denuded lands set aside by the bureau of forestry as needing immediate reforestation, according to Administrator Jose Yiado. The mission can be accomplished in 25 years, Viado said, if this government agency should receiYe a consistent appropriation of around PS million a year. Speaking before members of the Philippine Association of Log Producers and Exporters at Davao City recently, Viado revealed that if the pace of reforestation has become faster these years, it is mainly due to the illegal acth·ities of fly-by-night loggers and cut-and-leave operators. It is also in these small licensed areas where kaingineros and squatters abound, he said. Holders of big concessions and licenses, on the other hand, have enormous capital im·estments and their desired end of exploitation is the sustained yield of the forest, according to the Administrator. Hence, he said, instead of e\·en entertaining the practice of indiscriminate cutting of timber, they implement forest conservation measures to protect their big im·estrnents on concessions. One of such conservation steps, Viado said, is the felling of matured trees in such a way as to cause the least destruction to the remaining timber stands. Folio" ing this measure religiously will enable the lumberman to come back and log where he is logging today, he said. l:sers of forest products, according to him, also help in the government's forest conservation drive through an efficient utilization of the raw materials taken from forests. Among others, they can prolong the usefulness of any forest products by applying fungicides and insecticides on the wood products and furniture.-Reforestation Neu:sletter May, 1962 <> <> <> Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue EXTENSIVE FOREST PROTECTION DRIVE STRESSED The need for a more ,·igorous and extensh·e forest protection program especially in the \It. Provin~e was underscored by Administrator Jose Viado recently fo'lowing his inspection tour of the reforestation projects in the northern Luzon area. Administratcr \'ia<lo stres~ed such a drh·e as will perpetuate the country's timber vegetation becomes urgent in the face of the unprecedented rise in forest destruction in the said area. Forest fires have continued to hit the \lountain Pro,·ince more freq1·ently wiping out large areas of pine forests and plantations which feed raw materials to the wood-using industries of the \fountain Province and its suburbs and which insures the continous flow of water for the smooth operation of the Ambuklao and Binga dams, according to the Administrator. Unless the government take effective and immediate measures to curb not only forest fires but also kaifigin-making, timber smuggling, squatting, and other forms of forest destruction, the forest area in the \lountain Province 'Aili continue to recede, he warned. The Reforestation Administration chief pointed out that his office has already girnn top priority to the reclamation of the barren areas in and around the watersheds of the Binga-Ambuklao complex as well as those denuded watersheds of rivers that can be harnessed for hydro-electric power, irrigation system and domestic use. Once completely reforested and given adequate protection, these watersheds will not only lengthen the life-span of the existing dams but will also insure the continous flow of water for the various industries in the lowlands, he said. Administrator Viado's inspection tour was in connection with the new administration's desire to push through its socio-economic program via the on-thespot-solution of problems encountered by fieldmen in the different reforestation projects.-Reforestation Neu·sletter May, 1962 <> <> <> Page 89 REFORESTATION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SOON Jose Viado, reforestation administrator of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, has disclosed that a separate building of his office would be constructed soon within the compound of the DANR in Diliman, Quezon City. Viado said the proposed P500,000 reforestation edifice would be a three-story affair. At present, he said, his office is housed at the third floor of the DANR edifice. According to Viado, the Department of Public Works & Communication has assured him that the amount of P200,000 was now available for the initial construction. He revealed that the first floor of the proposed building would be occupied by the different divisions. The administrator's office will be on the second floor. The conference room and the technical divi5lon will also be housed on the second floor. YIADO UNDERSCORES IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS The role of the forest in minimizing the more frequent occurence of floods was underscored by Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation Administration in a paper read before the annual general convention of the Society of Filipino Foresters recently. The forest, he said, is a great factor in protecting the soil from getting a direct beating from rains that may otherwise flow in torrents down the lowlands if the mountains lay bare of trees. Because of this fact, raindrops are absorbed more effectively and in a greater volume by the ground made porous by the roots of the trees and the leaf-litter formation on the surface. The stored water is then released in a steady stream in the form of springs and into the air in the process of Yapor transpiration. If all the precipation could only be absorbed in this way, then there would be no floods since all the water could be contained in the natural channels of the rivers, Administrator Viado stressed. The Reforestation Administration chief pointed out that where floods occur in spite of forests, the immediate causes may be attributed to continuous heavy rains that induce excessive run-off, dam failures and high tides. Floods may also occur where the terrain within the watershed is very steep resulting in a much faster Page 90 flow of water dO\\TI below; when the rh·ers flow against the direction of the \\fod or gales thereby slowing the river currents; and when the exposed rocks in the subsoil are not permeated by rainwater so that instead of being retained it runs dO\rnhill and into the lowlands. In the overall picture, the forest, aside from helping minimize the intensity of floods, prevents erosion or reduces its effect upon the siltation and deposition of soil and gravel into the riverbeds, according to the Administrator.-Reforestation Ne1csletter, April, 1962 RA GEARS FOR MASSIVE REFORESTATION GOAL IS 46,000 HECT ARES The Reforestation Administration will start its massive reforestation program this July to boost the new administration's 5-year integrated socio-economic development. The entity will undertake the reforestation of around 46,000 hectares of critically denuded areas out of its 1962-63 appropriation of about Pi million. A labor force totalling 15,000 will thus be harnessed to hasten the achievement of its goal. These laborers will be distributed among the 58 reforestation projects scattered all over the country. According to Administrator Jose Viado, the agency will intensify its campaign for more cooperafo·e reforestation projects with communities, schools and other organizations interested in forest conserYation. Presently the entity has joint projects with the National Power Corporation, Armed Forces of the Philippines, Boy Scouts of the Philippines, provincial governments as well as with other groups, private and public. All these organizations are assisted by the Reforestation Administration Yia seedlings furnished at minimum cost and free technical advice given them as they help reforest the bald countrysides and beautify their municipalities. On the extension phase of the program, the press, radio, and other communications media will be utilized more vigorously to popularize the cause of reforestation. Pamphlets, brochures, posters and other publications stressing the importance of reforestation will be produced especially for the consumption of the provincial and rural folks. After all, it is these people from the hinterlands whose operation and sympathy for forest conservation we are trying to win. Once they are educated, forest destruction estimated at 50,000 hectares a year will be minimized if not totally stopped, according to AdFORESTRY LEAVES ministrator Viado. Reforestation Vl<ill thus proceed more smoothly and Vl<ithin a shorter period since yearly denudations will come to a halt, he said. ~fore scholars and trainees on reforestation and "elated fields will also be sent to the l'.P. College of Forestry to staff the agency mth personnel technically trained for the Administration's bold development program, he stated. Scientific investigations on tree diseases, better silvicultural practices and other studies will be stepped up to facilitate reforestation and meet the demands of the country's wood-using industries. Along this line the agency is looking forward to a closer cooperation with the National Science Development Board, U.P., Bureau of Soils, Bureau of Plant Industry, Atomic Center and other entities undertaking research activities, the Administrator concluded.-Reforestation Neu·sletter June, 1962 RA BOOSTS BEAUTIFICATION DRIVE The Reforestation Administration will boost the Petroleum Institute's community beautification drive by furnishing 1,500 and 1,000 seedlings of fire tree and narra respectively. In a conference attended by DANR Secretary Benjamin ~I. Gozon, Administrator Jose Viado and representatives of the Petroleum Institute headed by Gregorio B. Tengco at the DANR building, Diliman, Quezon City, recently, it was agreed upon that the seedlings will be planted in two pilot projects, one in Laguna and the other, in Bulacan. Administrator Viado said that cooperative reforestation projects such as the Petroleum Institute's should always be supported and encouraged by the government. They are one of the best ways of promoting trre-consciousness among the people. Cooperative planting undoubtedly mil help the Reforestation Administration reforest the Philippines, according to him. The Administrator also mentioned during the meeting projects the agency has with the Boy Scouts of the Philippines; and other civic and religious organizations. He said that in all undertakings the government always helps in the procurement of needed planting materials.-Reforestation Neu:sletter June, 1962 BSP CITED ON REFORESTATION The role of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines on the government's reforestation program becomes so Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue paramount in the face of rampant deforestation at the rate of 50,000 hectares a year added to the country's backlog of 1.4 million hectares of critically denuded areas that need immendiate reclamation according to Deputy Administrator Carlos Cunanan. Speaking at the 23rd BSP annual national council meeting in Baguio City recently, Cunanan lauded the scouters' 5-year reforestation program aimed at 3 million lh"ing trees by 1965. Most likely, the BSP will succerd in the venture because it has the needed manpower ( 230,000 scouts), seedlings and sites allotted for planting and the united spirit to see the project through, he stated. The deputy administrator also mentioned that, geared to the Administration's socio-economic program, the Reforestation Administration's plans and forthcoming activities involve the planting of rawmaterial producing trees for the country's various industries and the hiring of 12,000 emergency laborers. These projects, once implemented, will not only hike the government's fund for reforestation via the sale of the raw materials but Vl<ill also accelerate reforestation and help solve the country's unemployment problem, he concluded.-Reforestation Ne1nletter June, 1962 REFOREST AGNO WATERSHED The reforestation of the Agno watershed at Mt. Data, Mountain Province mil be undertaken jointly by the Reforestation Administration and the National Power Corporation. The denuded watershed is considered very vital in the conservation of water for the Binga-Ambuklao dam complex. According to Administrator Jose Viado, the Reforestation Administration will supply the manpower while the National Power Corporation will take care of the payrolls and vouchers of the workers up lo P50,000. The agreement was reached following a series of conferences between authorities of the two government entities at Ambuklao. They all expressed alarm at the critical situation in which the two giant hydro-electric dams were placed as a result of the deforestation of the surrounding watersheds. They warned that if nothing is done by way of placing these bald areas under forest cover, the dams will dry up in 10 to 20 years to the detriment of the country's economic life. Administrator Viado also said that t h e r e are about five reforestation projects that are now established in the Mountain Province. They are CaPage 91 bunagan, Kennon, Itogon, Baguio and Arnbuklao reforestation projects. These projects are presently taking care of the reclamation of the province's barren areas. More such projects will be created depending upon how much fund the government can afford for reforestation purposes, he said.-Reforestation Neu;sletter June, 1962 0 0 GROWING ~IONEY ON TREES This is no wistful thinking. The Reforestation Administration will soon grow money on trees. The peso-sign will be stamped on choice reforestation projects of this fo~estry agency by the trees that "\\-ill populate them. Rubber trees, lurnbang, benguet pines and other raw material-producing trees. They will do the trick. Corne fiscal year 1962-1963, the Reforestation Administration will implement the conversion of the ~lindanao Reforestation Projects into production projects. Denuded areas that are not suitable for growing rubber trees will be grown to benguet pines. The raw products of these forest trees like rubber sap, pulpwood, turpentine, oil and others-in demand as they are by our infant industries will be marketed and the proceeds channeled to the dwindling reforestation fund. Dwindling in the sense that the fees collected from the timber cut from our forests do not pour into the government coffers as punctually and as fast as they should annually. As contemplated in the ornr-all scheme, Mindanao received the nod of Administrator Jose Viado as the most ideal site for testing the projected experiment. Several factors accounted for the choice. The raw materials that shall be extracted from the selected species have excellent commercial possibilities even in the region itself. Likewise, the climatic and soil conditions prevailing in Mindanao are far more suitable for the growing of these economic trees compared to that of Luzon and the Visayas. ~fost of the barren lands in this Southernmost region are composed of logged-over areas. Which means that the soil is richer and damper. An ideal place, indeed for tree-growing. Seedlings needed for this venture are now being raised by the Reforestation Administration to meet the challenge. And the hectares that "\\-ill receive them are being prepared. Already, the Amas and Dinaig Reforestation Projects at Cotabato have gone one step ahead of the blueprint by already making use of the lurnbang and rubber trees for reforestation. No use to start, therefore, but to continue. Page 92 Confronted about the project, :\drninistrator Viado pointed out that if pushed through, the government will be hitting two birds \·dth one stone. For aside from restoring the bald mountains to forest trees, thus neutralizing if not totally checking the worst effects of deforestation, it will also increase its income from the sale of products that spring from the projects. \Vith the Reforestation fund hiked, the Reforestation Administration, the government agency charged by the country to reclaim 1.4 million hectares of critically denuded lands, shall ham been a little closer to its avowed goal of financially supporting itself. until then, more dependence upon other sources or funds shall have to be resorted to by this entity. 0 0 0 IMPORTANCE OF REFORESTATION TO NATION'S ECONOMY STRESSED The country needs a more effective forestry extension campaign aimed at making the people accept and appreciate forestry and reforestation as vital factors in their struggle for socio-economic development. Unless the citizens are convinced of the importance of forests in their daily lives, the pace of forest destruction will become faster thereby undermining the nation's economy. These was disclosed bv Administrator Jose Viado of the reforestation administration in his recent conference with Dean Gregorio Zarnuco of the Cniversity of the Philippines, College of Forestry and Dean Hardy Shirley of the state college of forestry at Syracuse University, New York as well as with officials of the local Agency for International Development composed of Drs. William Webb, Charles Larson and William Tucker. During the said conference, Viado also lauded the work of American forester Floyd E. Carlson whose two year contract as visiting professor of public information and education at the local forestry agencies lead towards a well-coordinated forestry extension. Commonly referred to as "The father of forestry information and education in th Philippines," Carlson had always headed a team of information of - ficers from the reforestation administration, bureau of forestry, college of forestry, parks and wildlife office, Forest Products Research Institute, and the agricultuaral information division as they tra,·eled around the Philippines campaigning for forest conservation, he pointed out. FORESTRY LEAVES The job started by Professor Carlson should be continued until we have driven home our point. \Ve cannot possibly stop now because forestry education and information are still very much behind deforestation in the race, Viado concluded. <> <> <> FORESTRY PLAN CITED Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation Administration said that if the bureau of forestry could turn over portions of logged--0ver areas not included under timber management for the agency to reforest, it will be able to finance its own reforestation acthites ~ithout depending so much on reforestation charges and direct appropriations. The Reforestation Administration is at present sustained mainly by the Reforestation Fund as per Republic Act No. 115. Logged--0ver areas are fertile and unlike barren cogon lands. can be easily established as plantations for economic trees. Planted to commercial and raw material-producing trees, these logged--0ver areas shall be providing the entity with that much needed income for forest reclamation in ten years or less, he said. Private concessionaries and licensees will also be less bothered by increased forest taxes arising from the country's need for more funds for reforestation, according to him. <> <> <> REFORESTATION IMPORT STRESSED The social and economic security of the Philippines depends in no mean way upon the rate of forest reclamation undertaken by the reforestation administration and upon the varying degrees of support and cooperation extended to it by the people, according to Undersecretary Jacinto Montilla of agriculture and natural resources. Speaking during the eighth convocation of the reforestation administration, held at the DANH Building, Diliman, Quezon City, recently, the undersecretary for natural resources deplored that as a result of the wasting of the country's forests, some of the rivers that used to be harnessed for irrigation, navigation and for other purposes have become so shallow that they run dry during summer. These rivers must be reinvigorated for the sake of nation-building by speeding up the reforestation of their barren watersheds, he urged. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Stressing the important role of the reforestation administration in the successful implementation of the administration s fo·e-year socio-economic dewlopment program, \lontilla said that the people's confidence in the ability of the agency to hasten the reforestation of the country ·s 1.-t million hectares of critically denuded areas is clearly expressed by the government's grant of f"7 million for the 196263 reforestation expenses. This trust must be reciprocated with impressh·e results, according to him. Administrator Jose Viado assmed \lontilla that folio-wing the sizeable financial aid gh·en his agency, reforestation work will certainly be accelerated. He said that whereas before only about 10,000 hectares could be reforested yearly. approximately 46, 000 hectares had been scheduled to be restored to forest cm·er for the present fiscal year. The accomplishment is also expected to b~ hiked considerably because of the Emergency Employment Administration's program of harnessing the sen·ices of out-ofschool youths for the reforestation of denuded lands which grow bigger by 50,000 hectares a year, he concluded. <> <> <> GIVE FREE SEEDLINGS ON ARBOR WEEK The Reforestation Administration -will distribute free seedlings and furnish technical advice to all schools, public and private entities as well as civic religious groups whose "Arbor Week" programs included mass planting of trees, it was announced yesterday. This year's nationwide celebration of Arbor Week falls on the last week of July. In a memorandum released recently, the Reforestation Administration, Administrator Jose Viado enjoined all fieldmen from the agency's reforestation projects to actively participate whenever possible in every community's commemoration of Arbor Week. This is essential in gaining the fullest confidence and cooperation of the citizens in the implementation of the government's forest reclamation job, he said. In the procurement of seedlings for the occasion, Viado said, the participating organizations must contact the forester in charge of the project nearest to their municipality or prm·ince for the necessary reservations. It was also learned that during the week, the Reforestation Administration will gh·e out simplified pamphlets, brochures and other publications designed to inform the people on the progress of the country's reforestation "vork and the evils of forest dePage 93 nudation. These reading materials will be made available through the agency's projec.-t headquarters. B.S.P. NATIONAL DIRECTOR R.A. CONVOCATION SPEAKER If we do not join hands in the common effort and gigantic task of stopping the wanton destruction and misuse of our forests now, I do not knm.v what kind of country our children and the next g~neration will be in. Thus National Director Godofredo P. Neric of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines warned in a convocation sponsored recently by the Reforestation Administration at the DANR Building, Diliman, Quezon City Neric mentioned several factors that threaten to destroy the social and economic sun.ival of the country. Among these are: 1) the profitable and lucrative trade with Japan particularly in logs which has led to an m·er-exploitation of the country's timber resources; 2) the unauthorized and illegal operations of the kaingineros resulting in the wanton destruction of our forests; 3) increased demand for forest products as a result of greater home-building activity, more domestic need for firewood and fuel; 4) apathy of public officials towards the enforcement of fore5t conservation measures; 5) lack of interest of the general public in the consen·ation and reforestation drive and 6) the lack of teeth in implementing the country's conservation laws. It is true that there ham been many pieces of newspaper accounts and speeches raising indignations against kaingineros, squatters, illegal loggers, indifferent officials and lazy foresters. But the abundance of our foresters coupled with our ignorance and love of ease have made us more careless and wanton, destroying our resources "·ith greed and over-exp1oitation to the point of depletion, according to the scout executive. The result of the people's irresponsibility, Neric said, is an accelerated destruction of forests in logging without the corresponding reforestation program. Indiscriminate cutting of forest trees has brought about floods, soil erosion. changes in climate, receding underground water tables, and rapid silting of water resen·oirs in our hydro-electric power projects, he pointed out. Neric revealed that the Boy Scouts of the Philippines have undertaken several steps for a more positive approach to the prob!ems besetting the Page 94 gO\·ernmenfs reforestation program. Ile said that the BSP has thrown its manpower of over 300,000 scouts and lPaders to the Reforestation Administration in its attempt to plant and grow 3.5 million trees ''ithin a fh·e-year period starting this year. It is encouraging the senior scouts to take up forestry courses aside from having a program for the proper utilization of the forest resources. Also, it has launched a massive forestry information and education campaign especially in the rural areas. he pointed out. Administrator Jose Viado acknowledged the help being extended to the Reforestation Administration by the BSP. He assured that the reforestation program of the gornrnment "ill be relentlessly pursued until there appears a brighter hope for the succeeding generations to enjoy the blessings of a cooler climate, bountiful harvest, lesser destructh·e floods, and more timber for the nation's economic stability. A SEED A SEEDLING A TREE Plant a seed For Mother Nature to tend; Faster that a "ink Out sprouts a seedling - Pale green, but alive and hale! No sooner than a babe turns a teener This infinity blooms forth into a tree; Foliage, flower, fmit, and all To find its course onto eternity. -pacita a. mabalot FORESTRY LEA YES P.W.O. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PARKS AND WILDLIFE OFFICE The Commission on Parks and Wildlife (now Parks and Wildlife Office) was organized under the Office of the President on July 20, 19.53. by ,·irtue of Republic Act No. 826. It was reorganized and renamed Parks and Wildlife Office on January 16, 1957, and placed under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources upon the implementation of Reorganization Plan No. 30-A of the Government Survey and Reorganization Commission. It has two distinct phases of activity, namely: national parks maintenance and wildlife consen·ation. The national park movement in the Philippines started in 1930 when two high government officials, Director of Forestry Arthur F. Fischer and Senator Camilo Osias, after observing the abundance of natural wonders and scenic beauty on their way to Baguio resolved to explore the country for more wonderlands and set them aside for the use and enjoyment of the people instead of allowing them to pass to private ownership. Foresters and rangers in the field reported places containing objects of unusual interest like springs, geysers, scenic waterfalls, historical relics, outstanding rnlcanic phenomena and other works of art which abound in the forests and other parts of the archipelago. These reports gave momentum for the national parks idea and hastened the enactment of Act :-llo. 3915 on February l, 1932, known as the National Park Law which empowered the Governor General upon recommendation of the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources to reserve any portion of the public domain which because of its panoramic, historic, scientific or aesthetic value should be dedicated and set aside as national park for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the Philippines. ~It. Makiling National Park was the first to be established in 1933 and other national parks were subsequently proclaimed. Originally, the national parks were administered by the Bureau of Forestry. Upon the enactment of Rep. Act 826 on August 14, 1952, the administration of the national parks was transferred to the Commission on Parks and Wildlife, thus, placing Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue national parks and Vl<ildlife under a definite agency that will devote its time and efforts on national parks and \\ildlife matters alone and nothing more. On September 26, 1900, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 1396 l"Tiown as the Special PrO\"incial Government Act to protect from extinction, the fast disappearing birds, mammals and fishes. On October 11, 1907, Act No. 1769 amended Act No. 1396 making punishable the collection of edible birds' nest without licenses by fine of not exceeding 1"100.00 or an imprisonment not exceeding thirty (30) days, or both. Act No. 1798 passed on October 12, 1907 authorizing the Secretary of Interior subject to the approval of the Governor General to declare and publish close seasons for any bird and mammal. The chief ,.,£ the Philippine Constabulary was made the guardian of wildlife resources. The wildlife service in the Philippines was placed under the Department of Agriculture and :-llatural Resources by virtue of Act No. 2590 passed on February 4, 1916. Members of the Philippine Constabulary, members of the ~lunicipal and Township Police; Foresters. Rangers, Forest Guards of the Bureau of Forestry; Land Inspectors, Surveyors of the Bureau of Lands; Agricultural Extension agents of the Bureau of Plant Industry; and other persons designated in writing by the Secretary of tlle Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources were made Deputy Game \Vardens. Wildlife administration had been transferred from one agency to another, the order being: first, The Bureau of Forestry (Forest Fauna and Grazing Division;) second, The Bureau of Science; third, The Fish and Game Administration, Special Division in the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources; fourth, Back to tlle Bureau of Forestry (Division of Grazings and Wildlife) ; fifth, The Commission on Parks and Wildlife; and lastly, The Parks and Wildlife Office. Page 95 Starting from a scratch with 19 employees occup}ing a small space as an office quarter in the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Building on Taft A ,·enue, the Parks and Wildlife Office has steadily expanded both in personnel and in actiYity. After nine years of existence it counts with 19.5 employees. Five regional offices and 22 parks and wildlife stations haYe been organized. Nine of the 40 national parks are now developed and 5,000,000 Yisitors have entered the national parks in nine years with 780,000 in Fiscal Year 1961-62. P.W.O. OBSERVED ITS 9TH ANNIVERSARY The employees of the Parks and Wildlife Office, headed by Director Vicente de la Cruz, celebrated its 9th Annh·ersary at the Mt. Arayat National Park, Pampanga, last August 5, 1962. Highlighting the celebration was a program with Ambassador Amelito R. Mutuc as guest speaker, a lunch, and a dance. Vice Governor Amado Castillo of Pampanga introduced the guest of honor. The Ambassador was sentimental when he said, "it is remarkable that one of my last public appearances before I leave for my new assignment would be in my birth place." He went on to state that the present administration has done much for the improvement of !\It. Arayat National Park. He made cracks which threw the crowd into laughter making the program lirnly. The recreational facilities and conveniences in the park were made a\·ailable to the public and the guests have their fill of the interesting sites inside the park such as the sparkling waterfalls that flows directly into the natural s"'imming pool and the beautiful panorama of Arayat mountain and numerous springs. Those who \Vent for swimming, especially children, had the fun of their lives frolicking in the clear cool waters of the swimming pool. The dancing pavilion was full to the brim where everybody danced and had a good time. Aside from the main course, favorites like the luscious boiled bananas, camotes, and com on the cob were evervwhere to be found on the picnic tables which the guests heartily partook. The progarm was so animated that Ambassador Mutuc was inspired to lead the !\lalacaiiang Glee Club and contributed songs to the delight of the audience. No less than .500 people attended the affair. Two buses, more than 30 automobiles, numerous jeepneys and carritelas brought the celebrants and guests to the park. Among the guests were Ambassador and Mrs. Amelita Mutuc, Board Member and !\frs. ArnaPage 96 do Castillo, Mayor and ~!rs. Espino of Arayat, Director and !\frs. Nicanor Jorge of the Bureau of Lands, Director and Mrs. Elpidio ~lunsayac of the Bureau of Agricultural Extension, Director and ~Irs. Anacleto Coronel of the Bureau of Animal Industry. !\fr. and Mrs. Mauro Lamagna, Col. and Mrs. Korberto Nolasco, !\fr. and Mrs. Tomas Cloma, Jr., and many others. The affair was spirited and a success. MT. ARAYAT NATIONAL PARK IMPRESSES MUTUC Ambassador Amelita R. !\[utuc in his speech on the occasion of the 9th Anniversary of the Parks and Wildlife Office at Mt. Arayat National Park singled out the Parks and Wildlife Office as the only gm·emment agency that is directly concerned with the socio-economic program of President Macapagal. The Parks and Wildlife Office undertakes both social and economic activities. The recreation phase of the work of the office is clearly social and the consen·ation phase is economic. Impressed by the improvements, recreational facilities, and conveniences in the park, Ambassador Mutuc lauded the office for translating the dreams and ideas of late President Quezon and his wife to conserve !\ft. Arayat and offer its charm to the people for their use and enjoyment. He assured his hearers that both in his official and private capacity, he will give his full support in the development of Arayat National Park and other national parks. PERMANENT TRUSTEESHIP OF NATIONAL PARKS RECOMMENDED The First World Conference on National Parks which took place in Seattle, Wahington, from June 30 to July i, 1962, passed the following resolutions: "\VHEREAS the principles of National Parks and equivalent reserves concern ethical and aesthetic values and must always remain separated from political expediencies "WHEREAS continuity of purpose is necessary to put such policies into effect, "TH.f. FIRST WORLD CONFERENCE ON NATIONAL PARKS recommends that, wherever appropriate. the administration and control of National Parks and equivalent reserve~ be vested in an autonomous governmental organization charged with the duty of permanent trusteeship." FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI FPRI First Director Retires From Eugenio de la Cruz, who has lh·ed the greater part of his life in the sen-ice of the gm·ernment, these words came with a lump in the throat: "Today as I approach the concluding phase of my service to the government and I am about to lay dov.TJ my worldng tools, I do so in the belief that I have used these tools for the benefit of the Institution we built together . . . . I served onlv as your coach. Continue the team work and wi~ more honors for this Institute." One could literally hear a pin drop as the founder and first Director of the Institute keynoted his address with these words, which he delivered on July 1, 1962, during the program given in his honor upon his retirement from the government sen-ice. The program was highlighted by the presentation of an appreciation plaque to the retiring Director by l'. P. Vice President for Agricultural and Forestry Affairs, Dr. Dioscoro L. Umali of the College of Agriculture. In presenting the plaque to the Director, Vice President Umali said, "Our world has been made richer by this molave tree of the FPRI. I feel very proud of being assigned to present this plaque to you." But prouder still are the FPRI staff and personnel who have had the opportunity of having the molave tree in their midst. And true to its name, this tree will leave their midst unruffled, unstooped by the rough weather it has had as founder and organizer of the Institute. As a further gesture of appreciation, the research staff of the Institute drafted a resolution to recommend to the Forest Products Research Board that it grant \fr. de la Cruz the title Emeritus Direct::ir and to appoint him as Technical Adviser to the Institute. The resolution has been submitted to the Forest Products Research Board for its consideration. Fifth Anniversary Celebrations All has not been quiet in the FPRI front-for a while the research staff and personnel of the Institute buzzed with activity paving the way for its fifth anniversary celebrations. The whole week affair, \vhich took place from July 2 to 6 at the Forestry campus, featured a daily open-house with demonstrations on the various operations involved in veneer, gluing and plywood making, pulp and papermaking, charcoal briquetting, wood seasoning and Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Highlights presen-ation, pest control and timber testing. ( Pdp and papermaking demonstrations easily drew the attention and interest of those who came to visit the Institue.) To climax the occasion, a symposium on three different subjects of current interest was held at the College of Forestry auditorium. Im·ited to speak were: Pancrasio Bawagan of thP Clwmical Inwstigations Division, FPRI, on "Quality Control in Papermaking", \fr. C. J. Leedam of the Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Co., .Manila, Inc., on ''\lood Preservation", and Emilio Jaranilla of the Industrial Investigations Division, FPRI, on "Some Developments in Veneer and Plywood :Manufacture". Following the presentation of each technical paper was an open forum. Those who formed the panel of discussants were then Acting Director Manuel R. Monsalud of the FPRI, Mr. Roy B. Rivers of Bataan Pulp and Paper Mills, Inc., Dr. \[ariano Ramiro of the National Economic Council, Prof. Alfred H. Bishop, visiting professor from the College of Forestry at Syracuse University, and \Ir. Aurelio Lagman, General Manager of Sta. Clara Lumber Co. and President 0f the Plywood \Ianufacturers Association in the Philippines. The symposium closed with guest speaker Eugenio de la Cruz once again stressing the importance of basic research to industry and the availability of the FPRl's services to anyone needing its assistance. The symposium over, the audience and the speakers were treated to a luncheon which \Yas made possible through the courtesy of Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Co. (Manila), Inc. and through the able chairmanship of Mr. Rosario T. Cortes. FPRI Welcomes Neu• Director and Assistant Director There was a general air of anxiety as everybody awaited the selection of a new Director for the Institute. When it finally came, the research staff and personnel found themseh-es trooping dov.TJ to the office of Acting Director ~Ianuel R. Monsalud and Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang, Chief of the Wood Technology Division, to offer congratulations and best wishes. The latter was chosen to succeed Mr. ~lonsalud as Assistant Director. Mr. Monsalud and Dr. Tamolang have been with the Institute since its inception. Both ham trained and traveled widely abroad and have prO\·ed their capacity for administrative as well as research work. Page 97 The FPRI staff are one in the belief that both will carry on the good work laid do"Wn by ~lessrs. Cruz and Hunt, founders of the Institute, and reap more laurels for it. Publications The Institute continues to be conscious of the fact that the results of its work are useless unless th•'Y are published or presented for public consumption. Several articles contributed by members of the staff appeared in the local journals of The Lumberman. Forestry Leaves, and Philippine Exchange ?lle1t·s these past few months. In the Lumberman, February~larch 1962 issue, the follo"Wing articles appeared: "Proposed plant species for reforestation in the Philippines" by Manuel R. Monsalud; Industrial Report No. 1-A: "Veneer cutting, drying and gluing properties of Manggasinoro"; and "Recommended moisture content of wood for use in some parts of the Philippines" by Emmanuel D. Bello. Industrial Report No. 3-A: "Veneer cutting, drying and gluing properties of Mayapis" appeared in the April-May 1962 issue of The Lumberman. "Forest Conservation in the Philippines" appeared in the first quarter issue of the Philippine Exchange Ne1cs and "Forest conservation must be taught in public schools" was published in the Forestry Leaves, vol. 13, no. 3. The last two articles were authored by Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang. Meetings and conventions of technical nature were also actively participated in by the members of the staff. Reynaldo Adriano and Pablo Nicolas presented the results of their work at separate meetings d the Los Bafios Biological Club. Mr. Adriano read a portion of his work entitled "Comparative effects of molds and bacteria on the performance of some commonly used plywood glues" while Mr. Nicolas presented the results of his work on the sulfate pulping of white lauan. Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang was also invited to speak on new developments in forestry at the annual convention of the Society of Filipino Foresters. In addition to all these, the Institute continues to distribute free of charge monthly issues of the Technical Notes. Meanwhile, 21 reports have been filed in the Library from April to July 1962. Nineteen of these were progress reports; two were final reports and recommendations of Mr. Earl R. Schafer, consultant to the Chemical Investigations Division. Big Plans for the Future The FPRI is bent on expanding its research program, particularly in the direction of pulp and papermaking. Proof: the new Director is hot on the heels of the people who hold the purse which contains Page 98 the appropriated amount for a new pulp and paper building for the Institute. The chemical engineers of the pulping and papermaking sections and the chi! engineers of the limber Physics and Engineering Division are likewise sparing no effort to help in speeding up the design of the building. It is hoped that the new building will not only provide for expansion in pulp and paper research but also pave the way for the Philippines, particularly Los Bafios, to become the site of a pulp and paper research center for the whole southeast Asia. In the meantime, the Philippine Coconut Administration, the Abaca Development Board, and the Institute are planning a joint project to study the development of potential dollar-saving uses of coconut coir and abaca stripping waste. Philcoa General ~lanager Domingo C. Abadilla and Abaca Development Board Chairman Teodoro de Vera visited the Institute to discuss the plan with Director Manuel R. Monsalud and Mr. Lauro Ynalvez, Chief of the Chemical Investigations Division. The Director demonstrated to them the manufacture of paper from 40 per cent coconut coir and 60 per cent abaca stripping wastes. The Director said that bond and bondpaper may also be produced from these raw materials. Former Senator de Vera recalled that one of the problems of the private and public schools was the lack of textbooks for the students. He said that we could make these textbooks right here by using pulps from coconut and abaca wastes. This is a worthwhile venture aimed at converting agricultural wastes into useful products and sa"ing dollars for the country. We quote hereunder a resolution of the Philcoa Board of Administrators passed on July 31, 1962: RESOLUTION NO. 40 The Board hereby conveys its sincere thanks to the officials of the Forest Products Research Institute, Los Bafios, Laguna, particularly Mr. Manuel R. Monsalud, Director; Mr. Eugenio dela Cruz, Consultant; Mr. Lauro Ynalvez, Chief, Chemical Investigation Division; and Mr. Francisco N. Tamolang, Chief, Wood Technology Division, for the kind cooperation and accommodation extended to the Board of Administrators and its party in connection with the observation of the operation of the paper making machine and the hammer mill, and the opportunity to see the different products made out of coconut fiber and coir dust at the said Institute. Coming and Going Two F AO consultants to the Institute finished their one-year tour of duty during the month of (Continued on page 114) FORESTRY LEAVES Forestry in the News UTLEG NAMED FORESTRY EXEC Juan L. Utleg, a former division chief, has been appointed assistant director of forestry by President Macapagal. Utleg was sworn in by Forestry Director :\fateo S. Pecson. The assistant director was detailed with Pecson's office upon the latter's appoinbnent last May. A natirn of Solana Cagayan, l'tleg joined the government in 1927. He was appointed a forest ranger in 1932. Utleg is a war veteran and holder of a bachelor of science degree (forestry) from the UP. Meanwhile, unemployed high school graduates \\ill be recruited to provide round-the-clock security of the nation's forest wealth. This was disclosed by Pecson after a conference with technical planners of the Emergency Employment Administration. He said 700 forest guards and 360 scalers will be augmented with the hiring of the unemployed youths out of school. They \\ill be rigidly trained before they are sent to the field, Pecson said. The director said that a three-shift patrol work will be a deterent to forest destruction. He pointed out that preventing forest destruction was much cheaper and practical than reforestation. <> <> <> "SIMPLE LIVING" NOT A NOVELTY TO UP FORESTRY COLLEGE MENTORS BAGUIO, Aug. 3-To the faculty of the UP College of Forestry, in Los Baiios, Laguna, "simple living" as preached by the New Era is not a new thing. The faculty members have been living it true to form and style long before President :\facapagal conceived of the program. Here is why: The site of the college of forestry at the base of Mt. Makiling is a forest by itself. Essentially, it is rural. It is a man-made forest, and the cicadas sing all day. Being settled permanently in a rural community, the faculty members have resigned themselves to a life of simplicity, fully engrossed in their job of making young boy and girl foresters, and affected by the sophistications in cities and urban communities. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Take their living quarters, which the government has provided for them and their families. Their cottages would easily pass for "squatters" shacks dotting the heavily-wooded forest along badly-maintained roads. The only difference between the occupants and the real squatters is that the former had not made any clearing in the forest in which they have learned to Jim and protect. Forestry means wood and lumber, yet the cottages are walled by sawali in stage of dilapidation. An old building, which was once used as storage for empty cans for potting seedlings was converted into a residential cottage in which two big families are living. It seemed that nobody had bothered before to bat for this small group of loyal men, or if there were people, who tried to help them, their efforts were never rewarded by concrete results. Yet, these forestry savants are uncomplaining. Rather than sulk or gripe, they forget about getting better housing facilities, and learned to live on what could be given to them. When one meets these forestry instructors and professors in the college, he will not know they are in the faculty of the college. Aside from leading a simple life, they are nationalistic. The "blue seal" cigaret is a luxury to them.-The Manila Times, August 4, 1962. <> <> <> PALPE SCORES REQUISITES ON TIMBER LEASE RENEW AL The Philippine Association of Log Producers and Exporters yesterday disagreed with a bureau of forestry announcement on requirements for the renewal of ordinary timber licenses and leases. The announcement, as released to the press by Director Mateo S. Pecson, stated that henceforth concessionaires will be required the following: 1. Certificate from the bonding firm showing that the concessionaire is up to date in the payment of his annual premiums; 2. That he is of good standing with the bonding company; 3. That the surety bond was duly backed up by a collateral sufficient to cover the money value of his surety; and Page 99 4. Certificates from the Securities and Exchange Commission attesting to the solvency of the bonding company. The PALPE observed that the new requirements cover transactions no longer within the province of the bureau of forestry. It explained that the acquisition of bonds is a matter between the applicant for a bond and the bonding company. The P ALPE stressed that a bond will not be issued if the applicant is not in good standing with a bonding company concerned; that the matter of collateral is purely a matter of policy and practice of the bonding company and not a business of the bureau of forestry; that the matter of up to date payment is again a business between the bonded and the bonding company; and, that the matter of solwncy of a bonding company can be attended to by a certification from the SEC. The association proposed the following, in order for the bureau of forestry to be certain that the bonding companies make this list its guide in the adjudication of bonds presented to it by licensees; and Require concessionaires to get from bonding companies certified to as highly reliable and solvent.-The August 21, 1962. bonds only by the SEC Daily Mirror, TIMBER OPERA TORS FACE GOV'T ACTION Revocation of a forestry order which granted timber licenses to operators of non-existent wood processing plants was recommended by Forestry Director Mateo S. Pecson. Pecson said forestry administrative order 11-13 issued by former Agriculture Secretary Juan de G. Rodriguez in 1958 was more honored in the breach than in its compliance. He said unscrupulous operators obtained timber licenses covering areas not exceeding 50,000 hectares for each application on the promise that they would set up the plants. Pecson said since he took over the bureau last May 1962 he received reports that licensees have failed to put up the required processing plants in · the manufacture of veneer, plywood, wall-board, pulpwood and wood paper. The director also ordered the investigation of the violators of the administrative order with the view of cancelling their licenses. Page 100 Pecson also recommended to Agriculture Secretary Benjamin M. Gozon the following New Era policies concerning timber exploitation: 1. Setting a ceiling on the grant of forested area to 25,000 hectares; 2. Requiring applicants for pasture, fishpond, timber licenses and other forms of forest concessions to deposit the necessary amount for field investigation work expenses if the bureau has no funds for the purpose; 3. Suspending the grant of additional cut. The existing licenses will be provided minimum and maximum allowable cut a year. The minimum allowable cut will be the basis of 60 per cent required of licensees for the current fiscal year; 4. Eliminating deductions and defects from exportable log and lumber to protect the reputation of Philippine wood abroad.-The Sunday Times, August 12, 1962. P. I. MUST MAKE ST AND ON FORESTS NOW, PROFESSOR SAYS "The time has come for the Philippines to make a decision on what to do with its forests!" This was the grim warning given by Mr. Floyd Carlson, visiting professor of the College of Forestry of the Syracuse University in New York who was here recently. Mr. Carlson was with the "Joint Committee on Public Education and Information in Forestry" which made a 10-day field trip to Mindanao. He was adviser to the committee. The educational committee was headed by !\fr. Domingo V. Jacalne, assistant professor of Forestry Information at the U.P. College of Forestry, chairman; Mr. Felipe B. Chicano, Jr., public relations officer of the bureau of forestry in Manila, and !\Ir. Andres C. Garalza Jr., staff writer of the Forestry Information Section of the bureau of forestry. "A country moves to a time in history when it has to make a decision on what to do with its forests." Mr. Carlson said. "The time has come for the Philippines to make that decision .. , Already, this decision is too late in Cebu, the Ilocos provinces, and Bohol, he pointed out. "Let us not forget all these provinces had fine forests at one time." FORESTRY LEAVES He named Spain. Italy and Korea as having realized too late that they had lost their forests. Finland which is like the Philippines in size, Sweden, Norway, France, Germany, Switzerland, decided just on time to save their dwindling forests, the American professor said. "I am the son of a man who pioneered in \Vashington when that state was in the stage that Cotabato is now," he told the Mindanao Cross during a breakfast tendered for the committee by the Juliano Trading Company, log exporters. "The forests then were still in the mountainsides. Suddenly they were gone." "It's the same tragic thing repeating itself in Cotabato," the American visitor said. "Families going to the mountain slopes where only trees should be; families moving out, leaving only poor soil and rocks." In reply to a question, he was told by :\fr. Rogelio Juliano that the timber industry is just beginning in the province. Commenting on the announced .Mindanao De\·elopment Program of the President "'ith Cotabato as the center, Mr. Carlson said a real development program should take in all the land including the forested areas. "Forests build the nation." he said, quoting from a poster prepared and distributed by their committee. "Professional foresters should sit in on the 5year planning for Cotabato," he said. He also proposed that the President proclaim permanent forests. He was obviously referring to timber areas being released for agricultural purposes. "A permanent forest law will encourage those who are already in the timber industry to put in more investments to improve the industry," Carlson pointed out. The visiting professor pointed to kaingins as the greatest danger to public forests. "We see the kaingins, when taken individually, as very little. They are nothing, negligible. But put them together and you will see the terriffic impact," he declared. "The kainginero problem is big, a giant," he said. "And we just do not talk about it. \Ve have got to organize and do something about it." Carlson proposed a national committee of dedicated men who will work on a voluntary basis. Such a committee will have 3 objectives, Carlson said : 1) Research on kaingins; 2) strong pubArbor Week-Forestry Day Issue lie education on the destructh;e forces of kaingins; 3) study on how kaingineros can possibly employed in the forests. Carlson believed that if the kainginero is to he licked, his simple needs must have to be solved first. The American visitor is on a 2-year assignment in the Philippines under the AID. His 2 years is ending next month.-The Mindanao Cross, June 23, 1962. LARDIZABAL SEEKS PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR FORESTRY INFORMATION DRIVE BAGUIO, July IO-Public support of the current revitalized drh·e on public information and education in forestry was enjoined recently by Mayor Luis L. Lardizabal in a radio broadcast at a local station on Harrison Road this city. The mayor called the drive significant because it proves the firm determination of the bureau of forestry and other government agencies concerned with forest conservation to press on the drive in spite of the apparent indifference of the masses and the lack of appreciation of the value of forest in the country's economy. The city chief executive lauded the joint committee on public information and education in forestry headed by Prof. Domingo V. Jacalne, of the college of forestry, UP for creating a local counterpart group which will undertake the information drive to conserve the pine forest of Baguio and :\fountain Province. The address of the mayor, which was read by Domingo :\fasadao, PRO and confidential secretary of the mayor, is as follows: "The inauguration of this five-minute radio program under the sponsorship of the Baguio committee on public information in forestry is, indeed, both significant and timely! "Significant, because it puts in bold relief the firm determination and relentless struggle of the bureau of forestry to promote national consciousness on forest conservation, in spite of the apparrent indifference of our people to realize the importance of the reforestation program being intensively carried out by the government, and inspite of our seeming refusal to appreciate similar governmental programs all of which are designed to make us understand the \•alue and significance of our forests to the national economic life. "While it is admitted that our forest resources are definitely exhaustible, they are nevertheless rePage 101 newable and replaceable . . . and the time to begin doing so is now. That makes this occasion very timely. "Fully aware that we just don't seem to realize our fortunes until we shall have lost them. the Baguio committee on public information and education in forestry was created only recently to redeem the residents of this city-before it is too late-from disinterest and unconcern over the efforts of the government to inculcate among our people desirable traits on IO\·e and care for our forest resources. "To this end, the said committee has decided lo carry on this radio program regularly . . . with the end in view of inviting the public to lend a helping hand to whatever measures the committee may deem appropriate in its venture to disseminate public information on the importance of forest-conservation and reforestation of dem:ded areas hereabouts. This, then, is our program . . . yours and mine! "Note should be made that industries supported by our forests are among the major bulwarks of our economic existence. Included in the five leading export items of our country are "logs" and "lumber" -both of which are primary products. The need, themselves, for a program on public information and education in forestry cannot be over-emphasized! "One cause for alarm among many of our people is the much-publicized claim that our forest are rapidly vanishing. It is our conviction, howe,·er, that instead of being a matter of alarm. the reportedly accelerated denudation of our forests should rather call for a concerted move to pursue posith·e measures calculated to minimize whate,·er unnecessary drain there may have been, and will be, on our forest wealth. Far from being alarmed. the traces cannot fail to see, if we only bothered ourselves a little bit, should serve as grim reminders to prod us to immediate action. "Careless exhaustion of our forest reserves, without a corresponding attempt to replenish the same, will surely redound to our detriment. or the pattern of natural logic is such that whatever is used up must necessarily be exhausted! "But neither can it be denied that "forests can be conserved. It is simply for this reason that I feel optimistic in having taken the liberty to enjoin one and all to extend their whole-hearted support to whatever program on forest-conservation the Baguio Committee on Public Information and Education in Forestry may adopt from time to time. "Nomithstanding certain difficulties, the bureau of forestry has spared no efforts to make our forests continually productive. But the bureau of forestry, Page 102 unless it is accorded public cooperation, indispensable, all these, gO\·emmental efforts are futile. "Inspired by all these thoughts, we trust you \\ill not fail us!"-The Manila Times, July 11, 1962. <> <> <> BUREAU OF FORESTRY ROW SETTLED: PECSON GETS JOB Newly appointed Director :\fateo S. Pecson took over the Bureau of Forestry Friday vice Tiburcio S. Sere,·o who was detailed in :\falacafiang ending a two-week controversy. Serevo yielded the post after a conference in Malacafiang with presidential advisers. Pecson's appointment became controversial when Serevo was confirmed director of forestry by the NP-controlled commission on appointments. Malacafiang said Severo will be detailed to the Palace as technical assistant and presidential adviser on forestry pending his retirement from the sef\"ice. Pecson formally met his staff at the bureau offices on Juan Luna, Binondo. Serevo was also present at the meeting. The new director announced that he will reorganize the bureau to eliminate irregularities in the processing and granting of lumber concessions. Reshuffle of personnel in sensitiw divisions is also slated, Pecson said. A former governor and congressman of :\lasbate, Pecson was drafted to the New Era by President Macapagal who is refurbishing different bureaus and corporations with loyal partymen. The new director is a physician by profession. Pecson faces enormous problems in the bureau. He will have to: I. Break up the so-called monopolies of timber concessions; 2. Discourage the granting of concessions to aliens through their Filipino dummies; 3. Bolster the forestry field organizations to curb deleterious practice of kaingin; and 4. Increase national revenue by intensifying collection of forestry fees and charges. The rash of forest fires in Mountain Province has alarmed the reforestation administration. Jose Viado, reforestation administrator, returned from an inspection trip of the fire-dernstated areas in Mt. Province. FORESTRY LEAVES Viado said forest fires have hit the prm-ince frequently, wiping out large areas of the pine forest and plantation which feed raw materials to woodusing industries. Top priority was given to the reclamation of the barren areas around the watersheds of the BingaAmbuklao complex, Viado said. The bureau of forestry has classified 191,876 hectares of public lands out of which 34,938 hectares were alienable or disposable and 156,938 hectares as forest lands. Certified to the bureau of lands for agricultural purposes were 16,440 hectares in the following provinces: Samar, 8,775; Mt. Province, 2,736; Surigao de! Sur, 1,793; Leyte, 1,714; and Quezon, 1,422. Last month, 98,259 hectares were classified out of which 21,419 hectares were found alienable or disposable and 76,840 as forest lands.-The Manila Times, June 3, 1962. <> <> <> THE ARNEDO DIKE The breaching of the Arnedo dike-a makeshift levee with no reenforcing of any sort-brings up the question of creating a stronger dike that can withstand the pressure from heavy rains and a river swollen from the overflow coming from northeast of Pampanga. No one seems to have realized the importance of planting, say, deep-rooted ipil-ipil trees along the ridges of the Arnedo dike. For years, plain earth and sand have been used to contain floods. Breaches are plugged with sandbags, which are useless when waters rise to flood proportions. In the absence of adequate appropriations to build a concrete-walled dike, community leaders should take the initiative in planting trees along the embankment. So small a project ought to pay off in adequate protection in the years to come. Any such move-including the possible building of stronger reenforced earthworks-should involve the widening of the river itself and tributary streams, and the restoration to the public domain of river boundaries preempted by landowners. The annual floods are costing the government millions of pesos in destroyed private and public property. A makeshift plan should at least be better than a weak, grass-covered dike which doesn't protect when protection is essential to the safety of neighboring towns.-Editorial, The Manila Times, July 27, 1962. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue 15 BOY SCOUTS SA VE FOREST FROM BIG FIRE 2 NEARLY LOSE LIVES IN :\IT. PROVINCE BLAZE BAGUIO CITY, July I-Fifteen boy scouts saved the public forest in Tadian, Mt. Province from total destruction, but two of them nearly lost their lives in the venture. The rnlunteer firefighters who narrowly escaped death in the forest blaze were Ambrosio Icca and Sotero Dolaycan, members of the Tadian central school boy scout troop. Scoutmaster Manuel T. \Vacan and another teacher, Rodolfo Paulo, led the boys in rushing to the fire which was threatening all of Tadian mountains. While fighting the fire, Icca and Dolaycan found themselves trapped by a ring of fire, with a deep precipice behind them. In a few more seconds the two would have burned to death or fallen down the precipice. However, both braved the fire and heavy smoke to dash to safety on the opposite side of the mountain. Neither was seriously hurt. Icca's hair caught fire and other parts of his body were slightly burned, while Dolaycan almost collapsed from suffocation before reaching safety. The whole Tadian community expressed their gratitude to the young firefighters for saving the mountain, which is the principal source of their timber and frrewood. As a result of the blaze, Tadian officials hired a town crier to warn residents against fires.-The Manila Times, July 2, 1962. <> <> <> MUSEUM LENDS DIGNITY TO BIG PLANT EXHIBIT ON ARBOR WEEK ARE PLANTS NECESSARY? Arbor Week will no longer be just for garden clubs and schoolchildren. We can see how, at last, it will be given governmental recognition - the National Museum is all set to sponsor, from July 20 to 28, a unique botanical exhibition. Theme of the display which opens at 5 p.m. on July 20, Friday next week, is the prosaic-sounding one of "The role of plants in everyday life." Actually, the exhibit will co,·er practically all phases of botany which affects man. Those who have no Page 103 time to see it on a weekday are advised that the National Museum ~ill be open Sunday. July 22 and on the Saturday on which the exhibit ends, July 28. Forming the bulk of the exhibit will be charts, panels, diagrams and ricker mounts plus actual specimens and preserved samples. The two sections of the exhibition will be pure and applied botany, which, in tum, will be subdh·ided into major fields as follows: systematic botany or plant taxonomy, a sun·ey of the plant kingdom; morphology and anatomy: genetics and embryology, pathology, ecology. paleobotany and economic botany. But let not these technical terms dismay the layman. A plant is a plant-it has beauty and it has uses and it's life-giving. Let this exhibit be a refresher to us who have forgotten or have taken for granted what plants mean in our daily lives. This ~ill be the third in a series of cultural presentations initiated by the new .t-luseum director, Galo B. Ocampo. The first was on Vietnamese musical instruments, the third will be on zoology and man. Participating in the Arbor Week exhibit at the National Museum are not only government, but also private firms, especially in the field of economic botany. These are the UP College of Arts and Sciences, Philippine College of Arts and Trades, Philippine Coconut Administration, the l'P College of Forestry, the UP College of Agriculture, Forest P r o d u ct s R e s e a r c h Institute, Bureau of Forestry, Bureau of Plant Industry, Home Industries Division of the Bureau of Public Schools, Bulacan's municipality of Paombong, the National Institute of Science and Technology's medical center, Far Eastern l'niversity, Philippine ~fanufacturing Company, Commonwealth Foods Company, Manila Cordage Company, Alhambra Cigar & Cigarette ~fa nufacturing Company, Philippine Packing Corporation, La Tondeiia, Inc., Siker Swan Manufacturing Co., Lirag Textile Mills, San Miguel Brewery, Hans Arber Micro-Biological Supply, and Philippine Handicraft Industries.-The Manila Times, July 13, 1962. QC SET FOR ARBOR DAY RITES All is set for the Arbor Day program at the site of the Children's Park on East Avenue, Quezon City, July 28. The program of activities was prepared by the special committee of the Children's Museum and Library with the cooperation of public and other youth welfare agencies. Page 104 ~lrs. Conrada V. Ong, C~IL board member, is chairman of the special committee of the C~ILI in charge of the celebration. The tree planting rites, one of the main features of the obsen·ance, mil be participated in by school delegations' public agencies, donors among garden clubs individual plant enthusiasts who had been requested to bring in donations of trees and ornamental plants to the Children's Park. Theme of the affair is "Plant and Consen·e Trees to Build a Strong Nation." A 1"100 check was sent in by Chris A. Larsen, general manager, ESSO Standard Eastern Inc., who was the first to respond to the request for prize ro be awarded to winners in the on-the-spot composition writing contest in connection with the Arbor Week Celebration. The other members of the committee are ~fari quita Castelo, literary musical program; Director Jose Viado, tree planting; Lt. Col. Florencio Bernardo, and Capt. Jorge de los Angeles, preparation of holes for tree planting: Architect Mel V. Calderon, landscaping; Benedicto Leaiio, and Lourdes Caruncho, plant shower. Teofilo Asuncion, composition writing contest; Federico Mangahas, prizes; Miss Lourdes Caruncho, refreshments; Ricardo Morelos and Mariano Alcid, first aid and shelter; Director Conrado V. Pedroroche, publicity.-The Manila Times, July 23. 1962. <> <> <> LET US PLANT MORE TREES IN OBSERVANCE OF ARBOR WEEK Dear Editor: The story of life and death is the ston· of men and trees. On creation's third day, God cre;ted herbs and fruit trees, all of which He gave Adam and Eve to be their food. Then the Lord planted the garden of Eden, "whose soil produced all such trees as charm the eye and satisfy the taste." God placed man in this garden of delight so that he and his descendants might enjoy the delights of keeping the Lord's garden in perfect innocence. In Eden were the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. As long as they ate of the tree of life, they were never to die. God forbade Adam and Eve to eat of. the other tree, for this would mean death for all men. There were fruit trees of all kinds in Eden, but our first parents ate of the tree that brought death to all. In fear they hid among trees, and ;n shame they covered their naked bodies with leaves of trees. God deprived them of the tree of life. FORESTRY LEAVES But if a tree brought man in damnation, the wooden ark saved him from deluge and the tree of the Cross opened hearnn for him. Still man is to be a gardener and the earth is to be his garden. But his no longer are the pure joys of gardening. For guilty man must wage war against thorns and thistles, typhoons and floods, droughts and plant pests; and be subject to hunger and thirst, fatigue, sickness and death. Our beloved Philippines is another paradise where all kinds of fruit trees grow in abundance. Ours is a land of coconut palms, of succulent bamboo shoots, of sweet cane and oranges, of bananas of all kinds, of delicious mangoes and atis, of star apple and avocado. Big trees grew in Eden; our fruit trees. too, must have come from that garden of delights. Our share of Eden's fruit trees we must culth·ate and keep. Let us take care that our yards, parks, and highways abound with trees that satisfy the taste and charm the eye. Arbor Week is here; let t:s plant our trees. More trees, more food. More trees. more beauty and more poets. More trees, less floods.-ARSENIO ESPIRITU, 383 St. Paul rd., Makati, Rizal.-The Manila Times, July 26, 1962. <> <> <> BAGUIO ARBOR RITES LAUNCHED BAGUIO, July 30-Mass planting of trees by public and private schools and chic organizations here marked the observance of the National Arbor Week which started last Sunday under the auspices of the Baguio City forestry council. Among the civic organizations, which participated in the mass planting were the Rotary Club d Baguio, Baguio Lions Club, Knights of Columbus, Boy and Girl Scouts of the Philippines, Knights of Rizal, Elks Organization; Young Knights of Andres Bonifacio, DANREA, BIBAK, Filipino Nurses Association, Philippine Mental Health Association, Baguio-Mountain Province ~fedical Society, Baguio Dental Society, Orchids Club, and many others. The participating schools, were Brent School, Baguio College, Eastern Philippine Colleges, Philippine Military Academy, Baguio Military Institute, UP College, and all public elementary schools within the city. The planting materials were furnished free of charge by the Reforestation Administration and the office of the city forester through its Pacdal forest nursery.-The Manila Times, July 31, 1962. <> <> <> Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue PERMANENT FORESTS IN COUNTRY BACKED The speedy establishment of permanent forests underscored in the forestry program of President Macapagal has been urged by the Society of Filipino Foresters. "l'nless the reservation of such areas is done fast." Nicolas B. Lansigan, head of the forestry association pointed out, "we will see much of our valuable timber destroyed and lose to squatters and kaingineros lands needed for timber production and waterflow management. It is fortunate that the ~facapagal program calls for the acceleration of this activity. He explained that every year around 50.000 hectares of forest lands are needlessly destroyed. Only prompt action by the government will save the remaining forests and ensure for the country that enough lands are being set aside as forest reserves. Lansigan suggested that the bureau of forestry should give top priority to this work and ha\·e all such areas promptly proclaimed by the President as reservations. Without concurrence of Congress, even the President cannot reduce or disestablish a forest reserve. Lansigan said it is for this purpose that a new permanent forest law was passed by Congress. Experience had shO\vn that pressures could be brought to bear upon Presidents leading to the loss of lands previously set aside as resen·ations. \Vith the new law which requires a President to secure Congressional approval, tampering of forest reserves would be difficult. Of the end goal of 12.5 million hectares to be eventually set aside for forest purposes, after almost 40 years of effort only 3.3 million hectares have been proclaimed so far.-The Manila Times. June 10, 1962. <> <> TIMBER LICENSE HOLDERS WARNED KALIBO, Aklan, Aug. 6-Victoriano Tan, provincial revenue officer, and Norberto Orbigo. district forestry officer, warned holders of ordinary timber licenses against non-compliance with all conditions covering their licenses. The warning was issued as revenue collectors reported that shipments of timber are sent to the coastal to\\--ns every month \\-ithout the necessary papers accompanying them as required by the bureau of internal revenue and the bureau of forestry. Page 105 At the same time, Tan and Orbigo appealed to municipal mayors and policemen to help them enforce the laws covering the traffic of forest products. They took exception to municipalities along the coast where shipments of lumber from the province of Romblon are being discharged.-The Manila Times, August 7, 1962. 0 0 0 TIMBER OPERATORS FACE GOV'T ACTION Revocation of a forestry order which granted timber licenses to operators of non-existent wood processing plants was recommended by Forestry Director ~fateo S. Pecson. Pecson said forestry administrative order 11-13 issued by former Agriculture Secretary Juan de G. Rodriguez in 1958 was more honored in the breach than in its compliance. He said unscrupulous operators obtained timber licenses covering areas not exceeding 50,000 hectares for each application on the promise that they would set up the plants. Pecson said since he took over the bureau last May 1962 he received reports that licensees have failed to put up the required processing plants in the manufacture of veneer, plywood, wall-board, pulpwood and wood paper. The director also ordered the investigation of the violators of the administrative order wlth the 'iew of cancelling their licenses. Pecson also recommended to Agriculture Secretary Benjamin M. Gozon the following New Era policies concerning timber exploitation : 1. Setting a ceiling on the grant of forested area to 25,000 hectares; 2. Requiring applicants for pasture, fishpond, timber licenses and other forms of forest concessions to deposit the necessary amount for field investigation work expenses if the bureau has no funds for the purposes; 3.Suspending the grant of additional cut. The existing licenses will be provided minimum and maximum allowable cut a year. The minimum allowable cut will be the basis of 60 per cent required of licensees for the current fiscal year; 4. Eliminating deductions and defects from exportable log and lumber to protect the reputation of Philippine wood abroad.-The Sunday Times, August 12, 1962. Page 106 GOZON FORMS HIGH-POWERED FORESTRY INORMATION GROUP A high powered information team to spread the gospel of forest conservation was created by Agriculture Secretary Benjamin ~I Gozon. Gozon said the team will be composed of experts from the DANR, UP College of Forestry, PACD and representatives of the press and radio-TV. Now completing training at the College of Forestry, the forest corps will be divided into two groups. One group uill organize information materials and activities at the central office. The other uill fan out to the countryside to spearhead the drive at the barrio level. Gozon said '1"200,000 has been earmarked to finance the information campaign this year. Meanwhile Gozon urged large scale manufacture of sack out of native burl. In his speech before the graduating class of the Occidental Negros rural improvement club at Bacolod City Gozon pointed out that such a move would save the country some f"9 million in jute imports. He explained that the country today imports nine million jute sacks a year. At Pl a sack it would reach up to 'l"9 million savings, he said. Gozon said that burl fiber is now being tested for its tensile strength. Should results pro,·e satisfactory, he said, he will recommend to the officials of the RICOB and the NARIC the use of buri bags. Accompanying Gozon were Directors Eugenio E. Cruz and Anacleto Coronel of plant and animal industries respectively, Magdaleno Cortes, private secretary, Jose S. Antonio, press officer and Crotatas Dandan, DANR. Gozon asked agricultural extension home demonstrators and RIC graduates to improve on the making of the native foods instead of specializing on cakes pastries conceive abroad. He enjoined the women on making full use of their ingenuity in exploiting nath·e raw materials.-The Sunday Times, July 22, 0 0 0 PORAC, Pamp., June 18--Through the efforts of the President, this town was given a substantial financial aid to stop the destructive effects of erosion. Mayor Agapito Lansang of this town was advised that this town will shortly receive the amount of 1"50,000 to help the local authorities in stopping FORESTRY LEAVES gradual erosion blamed on the acti\"ities of "kaingineros" who indiscriminately destroy forest grounds. The municipal council had passed a resolution, making an urgent appeal to the department of public works for the immediate release of 1"'300,000 from whatever funds the works department could spare for flood control projects. Town officials headed by :\layor Lansang said unless a flood control system is constructed in this to\\n, destructi\"e floods will continue to pose a threat. Due to the effects of deforestation, this agricultural to\\n is faced with two threats, floods and drought, it was pointed out. During the hot season, the river is almost dry depriving local farmers of water. During the rainy season on the other hand, the river overflows its banks, causing floods in the surrounding barrios. To\\n officials also noted that the area around the Porac river is fast being eroded. Thus expressed fears that unless erosion is checked and soon, these agricultural lands will be swallowed by th Porac river. Local officials said that one of the best ways to stop erosion is to construct the enbankments of the river with reinforced concrete raised several feet above the river 1evel.-The Manila Times, June 19, 1962. DEFEND US IMPORTATION OF HARDWOOD PLYWOOD WASHINGTON, Aug. 3 (AP) - Walter A. Stilley, Jr., president of Stilley Plywood Company appearing for hardwood plywood and veneer manufacturers told the senate finance committee Thursday his industry had been faced with a deluge of lowpriced foreign imports. In 1951 foreign companies accounted for only 7 per cent of the sales of hardwood in the U. S. market, but by last year their share had climbed to 55 per cent, he testified. On the other hand, Myron Solter, Washington attorney appearing for the Imported Hardwood Plywood Association, said the shipments of this product to the U.S. contribute "substancial benefits to American industry and labor." The greater part of hardwood plywood imports consist of Philippine mahogany, he said, adding that this is priced reasonably so it can be used even in small homes. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue "A whole new domestic industry was created when many small door manufacturers sprang softwood lumber frames with imported plywood doorskins," he said.-The Manila Chronicle, August 4. 1962. PROFESSOR OFF TO US Dr. Charles C. Larson. a visiting professor of forestry economics at the Cniwrsity of the Philppines College of Forestry and outgoing project leader of the UP-State contract in forestry. left recently \\ith his wife for New York where he will resume his work at the State l.'niversity of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Dr. Larson came to the Philippines in 1959 under the U.P.-Comell Cniversity contract and for sometime he handled courses in forest economics and forest policy and history at the College of Forestry. Upon the termination of the U.P.-Comell contract, he was appointed the project leader of the UP-SUNY contract in forestry. a joint project of the US Agency for International Development and National Economic Council which aims to rehabilitate, expand and modernize the UP College of Forestry in its program of research, training of foresters and forestry extension.-The Manila Chronicle, July 26. DM FORESTRY PLAN SUPPORTED The Forester's Association of the Philippines has lauded President ~facapagal's fourpoint forestry program. Details of the timber plan were underscored in the primer of the New Era five-year socio-economic program. The plan embraces four aspects: effective forest protection; logging on substained yield basis; practical and massive reforestation; and a vigorous educational campaign to win the people to forest conservation. Highlights of the program call for timber licensees to share in the responsibility of protecting the areas covered by their license, pegging the timber output to a level within the capacity of the forest; requiring large timber operators to put up woodprocessing plants, accelerating the setting of permanent forests and including forest conservation in school curricula.-The Sunday Times, August 5, 1962. Page 107 FORESTRY MEN LACK REVEALED CALAMBA, Laguna, April 16---The Bureau of Forestry has a very limited personnel and inadequate funds to enable it to perform its functions effectively. It is physically impossible for the bureau to cover the huge territory in protecting forest from being destroyed. This was revealed in a bill presented in Congress by Rep. Joaquin Chipeco. The bill also seeks a special fund for the protection of the forest. The Laguna solon said. "The forest situation ;n the Philippines has deteriorated to a point where any further failure to institute effective protection measure would be tantamount to criminal neglect. Already the forest lands are dwindling very fast, mostly because of the inability to control illegal kaingin making and destructive logging." The Bureau of Forestry is trying its best to protect the forest but with its limited personnel and funds it is asking it to do the impossible. It simply does not have resources to enable it to do a good job, he added. Chipeco said the bureau has at present so few forest officers that each one of them has to take care of a forest area of around 20,000 hectares. It ls physically impossible for one man to cover this huge territory, much less expect him to protect it well. Even funds for equipments are so limited that even basic surveying instruments are not sufficient to go around. And for lack of travelling funds, many of the men have to be grounded in office work most of the year instead of being in the field patrolling the forests or supervising logging operations. -The Manila Times, April 17, 1962. 0 0 0 PARKS AND WILDLIFE OFFICE OBSERVES ITS 8TH YEAR TODAY The Parks and Wildlife Office will celebrate its eighth annniversary today, Saturday, July 22 with a whole day picnic, a program and dance at Arayat National Park. Featuring the program are native folk dances to be staged by the employees of the office. Secretary Fortich, Undersecretary Cunanan, directors of bureau offices and corporations under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, members of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Information Circle (DANRIC), members of the Blue Ladies, provincial officials of Pampanga, town officials of Arayat, Congressman Emilio Cortez, Virginio Talusan, Federico Manabat, Dr. Rafael Tan, Dr. Hemani Esteban, Prof. Floyd Carlson, Prof. Domingo Jacalne, Ulpiano de Leon, Pedro Page 108 :\fartinez and other government officials are invited to join in the celebration of the annh·ersary. Sofronio Quimson will be the guest of honor. The Commission on Parks and \Vildlife was established on July 20, 1953. It was later reorganized and its name was changed to Parks and Wildlife Office on Januray 16, 1957, implementing reorganization plan No. 30-A of the government survey and reorganization commission. Its objectives are : 1) To conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and \\ildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such a manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations; and 2) To promote the effectual planning, development, conservation and maintenance of national parks and monuments, and of provincial, city, and municipal public parks as well as the conservation nf wildlife. Charged with the duties to establish and administer national parks so as to provide the people with recreational centers and resorts for their use, observation, pleasure and inspiration, the Parks and Wildlife Office devote its time to parks and \\ildlife affairs and has taken upon itself the responsibility of consening the natural scenery, geologic features of considerable extent and natural curiosities such as waterfalls, springs, gorges, areas of prehistoric and historic value and of devising effective methods for improving the accessibility and usefulness of national parks as well as the conservation and protection of wildlife. Starting from scratch and despite insurmountable handicap due to inadequate funds, the Parks and Wildlife office has accomplished remarkable achievements during the 8 years of its existence. Ten of the 39 national parks of the Philippines are accessible to the public. Outstanding among the developed national parks which are ideal health resorts and recreation centers now frequented by tourists and residents during weekends, especially in summer are: Mt. Arayat National Park in Pampanga, Bulusan Volcano National Park in Sorsogon, Mayon Volcano National Park and Tiwi Hot Spring National Park in Albay, Quezon National Park in Quezon Province, Hundred Island National Park in Pangasinan, Pagsanjan Gorge National Park in Laguna. Mt. Data National Park in Mountain Province, Rizal National Park in Zamboanga de! Norte, Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park in Samar and Bicol National Park in Camarines Sur.-The Manila Times, July 22, 1962. FORESTRY LEAVES ILLEGAL LOGGERS CLOSELY WATCHED CABANATUAN CITY, July 29- Nuern Ecija district forester Ambrosio Juinio has mapped out plans for more rigid supervision of logging activities of concessionaires in the province and the subprm·ince of Aurora. He said he had taken the initiative of revising the supervision of logging in this district shortly after attending the recent confab of district foresters in :\fanila convened by the director of forestry. Juinio reiterated his belief that there is no smuggling in forest areas in his district. In spite of the lack of personnel, he said, he has been trying his best to visit logging concessions to enforce forestry mies and regulations. The Nueva Ecija forester said he has issued instruction to his inspectors, to make ocular inspections of cut timber logs to determine whether concessionaires are under-invoicing their cargo or not. The system of under-invoicing, he explained, involves the deflating of cut logs to avoid pa}ment of the required forestry fees.-The ,\Janita Times, July 30, 1962. FORESTRY BUREAU SEEKS DAT A FROM CONCESSIONAIRES QUEZON CITY, Aug. 3- (CNS) -Director :\fateo S. Pecson of the Bureau of Forestry issued a circular requiring all forest concessionaires additional requirements as proofs that the surety bonds posted by them in connection with their operations, is in accordance with the terms and conditions of their licenses. The circular which was prepared after consultation with the forestry staff is as folows: I) A certificate from the bonding firm showing that the concessionaire is up to date in the payment of his annual premiums; 2. That he is of good standing with the bonding company; 3. The surety bond is duly backed up by a collateral which would be sufficient enough to cover the money value of the surety; and 4. A certificate from the Securities and Exchange Commission attesting to the solvency of the bonding company. Pecson warned the concessionaires that failure to comply with the requirements will cause the termination of their licenses, leases or permits, and has set the deadline as December 31. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue USE OF WOOD BY-PRODUCTS PROPOSED ZA:\fBOANGA CITY, June 26- Forestry director Mateo S. Pecson said utilization of forest waste products will provide ample employment opportunities to the people. Pecson and Customs Commissioner Cesar Climaco were guests in the inauguration of the multi-million peso chipboard factory of a local lumber company (Timex) here. The new factory, said to be the first of its kind in the country, will produce for the commercial market chipboards out of logs and lumber waste which are usually thro"'>vn away. German experts assisted by Filipino technicians of Zamboanga built the complicated processing machine. They said no waste will be left unused in the process. Lauding the Tansengco family of this city for their courage in investing million of pesos in a new industry, Director Pecson urged the licensees to practice scientific management to perpetuate the manifold benefits derived from the forests. Pecson was accompanied by Forester Segundo P. Fernandez, Amador J. Evangelista, J. V. Valencia and M. Suarez.-The Manila Chronicle, June 27, 1962. <> <> <> FOREST BOSS HAILED ON CONCESSIONS RULE The Philippine Association of Log Producers and Exporters yesterday commended Bureau of Forestry Director Mateo S. Pecson for recommending the cancellation of licenses of those granted concessions but did not operate them according to the requirements of BF 11-13. Pablo S. Sarmiento, acting P ALPE president, said the plan to cancel the licenses as announced by Pecson will lead to better exploitation of forest resources for the good of the economy. "Concessions should be granted to those who can operate them economically and provide forest conser\"ing methods in the process," he said. Sarmiento observed that there are Filipino loggers and lumbennen who have the capital necessary and the desire to observe carefully forest management in the operation but are not given the chance to go into the industry nor to undertake expanded operations because most areas have already been granted to absentee and non-operating forest concessionaires. Page 109 "It is these people that should be given the chance to receive concession grants because they are the people that are in a position to fully exploit the awards on the most productive basis and on the sustained yield system which conserve forests," he said. Sarmiento obserwd that the 2.5.000 hectares ceiling proposed by Pecson is big enough but that for the operation on a forest conserving method of veneer and plywood factories, an area of from :30 to 40 thousand hectares will be adequate.-The Daily Mirror. 1\ugust 14. 1962. <> <> <> SR. FORESTER MAXIMO ORO Sr. Forester ~laximo Oro, 67 years old, a native of Sapian, Capiz died of coronary thrombosis on April 23, 1962 in Iloilo City after a brief illness. Necrological services were held by his brother masons at the local masonic temple in the evening of April 27, 1962. On the following day his mortal remains was brought to Passi, Iloilo for burial on April 29th. Sr. Forester Oro graduated under the 2-yr. Ranger curriculum in the school (now College) of Forestry, U.P. in 1913. He finished his B.S.F. degree course in the same institution after World War II. He has been with the Bureau of Forestry from 1913 until his forced retirement in ~lay, 19e0, having held positions Ranger, Sr. Ranger, Forest Supervisor, Forester, Sr. Forester and Asst. Chief of Reforestation and Reclamation Division. He is survived by his wife, the former Miss Josefina Trumfeta, a professor of the Philippine Normal College, and son, who is in the U.S. <> <> <> VISITING FORESTRY STUDENTS HEAR PINES CITY MAYOR ~layor Luis L. Lardizabal of Baguio City, exhorted forest officers to go about with their assigned duties honestly in order that the forest resources of the country may be properly protected and conserved. The city mayor was the guest speaker at an open forum, which climaxed the three-day observation tour of some 140 students of the College of Forestry, U.P., from August 19-21, in Baguio and neighboring areas. The concluding program, which was held at the regional office of the Reforestation Administration in Pacdal, was under the auspices of the RA personnel headed by Sr. Forester Primo P. Andres, regional supervisor. Page 110 Lardizabal, who is chairman of the Baguio Forestry Council, took to task certain forest officers in this city, who, instead of protecting and conserving the pine forest of Baguio, became "agents" of forest destruction. For a typical example, Lardizabal cited the case of tree farm leases within Baguio, where the supposed lessees, instead of planting coffee trees on the areas leased to them "put nightclub". This could have not happened if local forest officers were vigilant and honest in their duties. The guest speaker recalled that shortly after he was inducted into office as mayor of Baguio in 1960, he had the occasion to visit Olongapo, where on the way, he noticed the extensh·e destruction \vrought upon the forest in that area. This same pattern of destruction was also observed by him in La Cnion and in his home province of Ilocos Sur. "It was in these obeservations that I acquired the low for trees, and I promised myself that as long as I am the city mayor of Baguio, all possible efforts will be exerted to conserve the remaining forest of the city and reforest the barren areas, particularly the watersheds and forest reseT\'es, where the city draws its water supply," Lardizabal said. Lardizabal said he had not gone to college to study the intricacies of forestry as a science, but he believes that as long as the forest vegetation of Baguio is not restored, no amount of efforts or planning would be able to solve the recurring water shortage problem of the city. To the forestry students, Lardizabal exhorted: "When you shall have finished with your studies in the College of Forestry, you will be assigned in the different parts of the country as custodians d the forest. "You will meet ''ith so many risks. Your job will be hazardous. You will be influenced in your decisions by politicians, who can make it hard for you if you do not cooperate with them. But, with or without pressure from politicians, you should always strive to be guided in your work by what you think is for the best interest of the public." Stressing the importance of honesty and loyalty as desirable qualities for forest officers, Lardizabal said that as long as· the guardians of our forests are wanting in these ,·irtues, there is little hope for us to see our forest resources really conserved for this and many more generations to come. Lardizabal deplored the attitude of certain forestry offiicals, who have joined the service for "selfish interest." FORESTRY LEAVES Earlier Prof. Teodoro C. Delizo, who led the ,j_ siting students, and Sr. Forester Rufino A. Sabado, regional forestry director, delivered brief remarks, Delizo referred to Lardizabal as a "forestry-conscious" city mayor. Closing remarks were gh·en by ~Ir. Andres, who served as moderator in the open forum. Local forestry personnel led by District Forester Cornelio Luczon, looked after the needs of the 'isiting students during their Baguio stint. The basketball team of the visiting group played with the Baguio Tech and Saint Louis College, losing both games by slight margin. For social of the students, the Orchids Club held an informal dance in their honor in the evening of August 19, at the forestry headquarters. BAGUIO-The municipal council of Makayan, Benguet, :Mt. Province, adopted recently Resolution No. 16, authorizing the appointment of the members of the municipal council of that town as municipal firewardens with their salaries to be paid out of town coffers. Approved by the provincial board of the ~It. Province under its Resolution No. 698, ~lankayan Mayor James D. Guanso appointed Vice Mayor Agosto Santos, and Councilors Pablo Ambas, Guindaoan S. Sayud, Ricardo Sab-it, Dalmacio Lawana, Bonifacio Likigan, Gaspar Cayetano, Miguel Motes, and Antonio Pacsi, municipal firewardens during the period from January 1 to June 30, 1962, at the rate of P24 per month, each. Copies of the appointments of the municipal firewardens were furnished in the forestry district office in this city. In acknowledging receipt of the copies of the appointments of the municipal firewardens, District Forester Cornelio Luczon wrote to Mayor Guanzo: "The appointment of municipal firewardens, even if they cover only their respective districts in Mankayan, is indeed significant in the field of forest conservation, taking into consideration that the initiative came from the municipal council ,and that the funds for their salaries are defrayed by the municipality. "In other words, the appointment of municipal firewardens under the above-recited circumstances is a novelty by itself, and worthy of emulation by other municipalities not only in the ~1t. Province, but also throughout the Philippines. "It may seem needless to point out here that the move taken by the municipal council of that town Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue is unique and marks the sign of progressive and sound forestry movement, which gives full foc11s to the importance of forest and forestry, the benefits of which would accrue for generations of our people yet unborn to enjoy. "In behalf, therefore, of the Director of Forestry, please allow us to extend on you and the Municipal Council of Mankayan, our utmost appreciation and commendation for this novelty, which you initiated in forest protection and conservation." 0 0 0 USING WOOD TO GREATER ADVANTAGE Rome, July 3-Nine working groups will meet here from 16-18 July to discuss developments in the field of wood technology, and to start preparations for the Fifth Conference on Wood Technology. This will be held by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) during late 1963 at the United States Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin. This series of meetings will be followed, from 19-20 July, by the first technical session of the newly-formed International Wood Research Society ( IWRS). This international body was launched in Paris in May 1960, under the auspices of FAO. "The F AO Conference series and the IWRS both have as their ultimate aim the more efficient and cheaper use of forest resources, as well as expanding the number of wood and wood-based products," said Dr. Egon Glesinger, Director of F AO's Forestry and Forest Products Division. "Obtaining information on the structure and chemical and physical properties of wood are essential steps towards this aim, as are new methods of wood conversion and the development of products based on low-grade or smalldimensions wood, non-commercial species, or factory and forest residues." The nine working groups will cover the following fields : testing of mechanical properties of timber; physical problems of wood and wood-based materials; testing methods for fibreboard and particle board; testing methods for veneer plywood and other glued veneer constructions, structural grading; fire-test methods for wood and wood-based materials; sawing and machining; classification of wood-based materials, and wood preservation. IWRS meeting will have two technical sessions: rheology of wood (with discussion leader Dr. F. Kollmann, Director of the Wood Research Institute, Universtiy of Munich); and dielectric heating and its use in wood glueing and drying (with discussion leader Dr. J. Collardet, Director of Centre Technique du Bois, Paris). Authors from France, Germany, Poland, Sweden, U. K., Israel and Canada will present papers. Page 111 AGUSAN CHIPS A floating log is a floating gold. Like in the old Western stories, watchman or guard cm:ld be riddled with lead in his defiant stand to protect his employer's goods. ~lany lh·es had been wasted and death in all its dastrady way will continue to take its toll in the flight for the possession or protection of this commodity, unless something is done to curb or minimize it. This is the unfortunate situation of the lumber industry in Agusan. "Frogman" who are caught hijacking rafted log:s may be shot without mercy by logpond guards or brought before the courts of justice. Launches towing logs in the open sea or river are held ''P and sometimes the logs pirated. Export logs ready for loading are sometimes forcibly taken at gun point from the guard. A single log when sold in the backmarket as "Blue Seal Log'' may run into several hundred bucks ready to be squandered in the cockpit. gambling joints or flesh mart. No timber concessionaire is immuned from these obnoxious practices of timber thieves. That is business. The local counterpart of the PLEl'SP (BF, BIR, PC, and representative of the Governor's Office) thru the initiative of Governor D. 0. Plaza and the respective heads of the office members have formed several teams, each team represented by each office, who are bent on running after timber thieves, smugglers, hFackers and violators of forest license regulations. Another object is to break the network of a syndicate that is plying its nefarious trade in the ac1uisition of logs taken from all kinds of questionable transactions and sources which is becoming a growing menace to the lumber industry in Agusan. Governor Plaza staked his political career when he launched this movement of curbing once and for all timber thieveries. Being a progressive and successful licensee, he has been a victim for manv times of log piracy. All the legitimate licensees m~ ny of whom are his political opponents are in full support with this movement. These licensees have pledged to donate funds for the purchase of additional two outboard motors, fuel and oil for the use of the local PLEUSP in order that the objectives set forth may be attained. Logs found to have been cut in violations of the terms of the license or illegally gathered are either fined or confiscated in accordance "ith previous Presidential Directive. Page 112 Special mention is given to ~Ir. Jose C. Aguino, a progressive licensee and log exporter who is donating one complete water patrol craft equipped with radio, including fuel and oil for the continuous operation of the team, aside from the proposed other two radio walkie-talkies which he will donate to be used by the other teams in their 24 hours duty. Another team of the PLEl!SP is inspecting the different forest concessions to determine those undesirable licensees who ha,·e little or no operations but were able to manifest big volumes of timber. Such timber manifested are cut outside the license by licensees who are already overcut in their quotas or from illegal sources. These questionable licensees have been made the willing tool of smugglers and fly-by-night operators in the invoicing of pirated or hijacked logs, as well as those cut without license. The only sure way to this unhappy situation is employment of competent and reliable scalers in every license area who are to be closely and strictly supervised. The forest management work in Agusan would be a total failure if this type of operation of some smart licensees or exporters are not put to an end. Overcuts are invoiced in other licenses where there is little or no operations. The volume of timber and lumber exports of the last fiscal year in this province was 326,900, 870 board feet with a value of 1"28,038,802.27 as compaired with 1961 exports of 318,224,400 board feet "ith a ,-alue of 1"34,136,879.20. Agusan maintains to be the premier province in the lumber industry in the country up to this time. There is nothing holier, in this life of ours, than the first consciousness of looe-the first fluttering of its silken u;ings. ~ LoNGFELLOW. Every man, has freedom to do all that he wills, prooided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man. -HERBERT SPENCER FORESTRY LEAVES Compiled bv ROSS B. GOZE Very Important Scaler: "Sir, I've been trying all week to see you; may I have an appointment?" '.\tanager: (busy going over some paper): "'.\fy boy, can't you see I'm busy? Just make a date with my daughter, she's my secretary." Scaler: "That I did sir, and we had a nice and grand time together but I still want to see you. It's very important!" '.\[anager: "Important, what?'" Scaler: "You see sir, your secretary requested me to tell you that we are getting married." Collect the Remains In a remote section of the country an elderly native died. Word of his passing reached the country seat. The coroner, a tall, strapping young fellow, got his car and drove out to the deceased's house. "Did Sam Williams live here?" he asked the weeping young widow who opened the door. "Yes", replied the woman between sobs. "Well'', said the coroner, "I've come for the remains". The woman's crying died down as she slowly sized up the handsome young fellow standing in the doorway. "Well'', she explained, "I am the remains, but you'll have to wait until I pack my clothes." Statistics An instructor in Statistics 11 was explaining to his class some fundamental operations in statistics after which he told his class his system of grading his students. Said he, "You must get an average of 60% in all your quizzes in order to pass this course." Al, after computing the average of his quizzes with a borrowed slide rule, stood up. "Sir", he said, "with your system of grading if you follow it strictly, I must confess I vdll not graduate in the second semester, however, if you employ what we have just learned from you about the degrees of freedom, I am certain I will pass. You see sir, I got an a\·erage of 55% for 5 quizzes and if you will divide the sum of my 5 quizzes by 4, that is with the degree of freedom, under type I error and 99% probability, I vdll pass with an average of 63 plus or minus 2 standard deviation." Lumbering 2 Professor (pointing to a student wearing colored Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue glasses) : "You, there, Vlill you give me an example of a labor union?" Student (just awakened from his sleep): "In union there is strength!" Exams in P. E. la Instructor (writing questions on the board) : (a) Differentiate corn from callous. (b) Anopheles mosquito from Culex mosquito. Student (writing his answers on a bluebook): (a) Com is something we can plant while callous we can not. ( b) Annapolis mosquito is a species of mosquito which caused the malaria epidemic in the navy while ... Culex ........... . Right Auntie: "And what will you do, my little darling, when you grow up to be a great big girl?'' Child: "Reduce". Pleasure not Business A motorcycle cop pulled up beside a car parked on a road outside the college campus in the wee small hours of the morning. "Hey!" he yelled. "What business haw you got to be out this hour of the morning?" "This isn't business," came a voice from \Yithin, "it's a pleasure!" Speak Up Judge: "Are you the defendant in this case?" Negro: "No, suh. I'se got a lawyer to do my defendi'. l'se de genfman Vl·hat stole de chickens." Biased "Why don't you like girls?" "They're too biased." "Biased?" "Yeh-buy us this, buy us that, until I am broke." Good Bye A Rhoan visited his girl friend, a luscious coed in a nearby village. Their conversation went on pleasantly that when the girl saw the clock it indicated past midnight. "It's after midnight and your place is a little bit far," said Lyd. "You'd better get started." Page 113 "All right", agreed Al. "Turn off the light~., Smart Guy A 'Nise guy stepping up to a bus as it stopped the the other morning said to the driver: "Well Noah, you've got here. Is the Ark full?" The motorman answered back: "Nope, we need one more monkey, Come in." Modern Chief Sitting Bull visited an Indian tribe in one of the national reservations. \[eeting him was a chieftain. "I am Brave Eagle," said the Indian chief to the former. "This is my son, Fighting Bird". "And here," he added, "is my grandson Friendhip j", Fore and Four Jones is a devoted golf player and his wife is equally fond of auction sales. They both talk in their sleep. The other night the people in the next apartment heard him shout "Fore!" and immediatelv his wife yelled, "four and a quarter!" . Perfect Understanding "Who's calling?" was the answer to the telephone. "Watt" "What is your name, please?" "Watt's my name." "That's what I asked you. What's your name?" After a long pause, and then from Watt, "Is this Joe Brown?" FPRI HIGHLIGHTS . (Continued from page 98) June. Dr. Lee W. Crandall, expert in timber physics and engineering, and Mr. Earl R. Schafer, adviser to the Chemical Investigations Division, left on June '"j and June 17, respectively. Enrique Arnio, Senior Forest Products Technologist of the Chemical Investigations Division, left for Japan early in June to specialize in Forest Products Processing for six months. Ricardo Casin departed July 12 for \lelbournt>, Australia for a one-year training in wood seasoning at the CSIRO. Expected to leave soon are \felencio Laxamana of the Wood Preservation Division and Exequiel \[endoza of the Industrial Investigations Division. Mr. Laxamana has accepted a one-year scholarship to train in Germany on wood preservation while ~fr. '.'vlendoza will go to England to specialize in wood processing for one year. Reynaldo Adriano, Junior Forest Products Technologist, returned to the Philippines after completing one year of training in veneer cutting at the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin. Justino B. Seguerra, Jr., Senior Forest Products Technologist, arrived from Sweden after attending a three month course in wood drying and preservation. Miscellaneous Dean and \frs. Hardy Shirley of the College of Forestry at Syracuse University graced the list of Page 114 "No, this is Knott." "Please tell me your name." '"Will Knott." Whereupon they both hung up. Chaser Fratman : I went in that bar twice and got me two straight whiskey without paying. Sorority coed: What did you have for a chaser? Fratman: The bartender. Course for Sadness Johnny found Bert in a depressed mood under one of the \lahogany trees on the forestry campus. The former saw Bert threw a piece of crumpled paper nearby. He picked it up and found terms translated in Tagalog-Halt! ...... Hinto!. fire! .. . ... sunog!. At ease ....... Easy Jang padre; right shoulder arms ..... Sa kanang balikat ang baril; order arms ...... magutos ka ng kamay. Johnny asked Bert what was he lamenting about and the latter pointed the bottom portion of the paper which read . . . . . . Pamantasan ng Pilipinas, Kolehiyo ng Kagubatan . . . . . . . (University of the Philippines, College of Forestry) ..... Kumusta ka (Greetings) . . . . . . naghirapily makatapos ... (satisfactorily passed) . . . Binata ng . . . . . . atb .. (B.S.F.) ...... "See what I mean Johnny! "It's no longer U. P.'' guests who were present at the retirement and birthday party for Eugenio de la Cruz. Dr. F. N. Tamolang was recently interviewed by a USIS representative. Subject of the interview, which was broadcast over the radio, was the Institute's contribution to forest consen-ation. "Tf-e Versatile Forest'', which appeared in the July 28, 1962 issue of the News Digest, paid tribute to the work of the FPRI as valuable in the field of forest research. The article discussed the work of the Institute, making particular mention of the research studies now being conducted on pulp and paper making and charcoal briquetting. It also pointed out the concern of the administration and responsible leaders of the country over the rapid depletion nf our forests. We welcome this as another healthy sign of our growing consciousness and appreciation of our forest, which has long been a victim of our passive attitude or of our ignorance. In keeping with the Government policy of maintaining a high level of effective performance among government employees, Dr. Bienvenido Gesmundo, Training Officer of the Institute, initiated an in-service training course on "Management Supervision" to which recommended personnel from each division were invited. The course, which started in June, was designed to last from three to four weeks. The first batch to attend the course sat for the exams on July 24th. And we thought we were done with exams at this stage of the game! FORESTRY LEAVES t1Mm~I Dean Gregorio Zamuco College of Forestry Cnh·ersity of the Philiippines College, Laguna Philippine Islands Dear Dean Zamuco: June 8, 1962 The arrival at my desk of the last issue of "Forestry Leaves" has caused a complete cessation of work while I went through it from cover to cover. For the past hour I have been vicariously revisiting the College. the Laboratory and my many friends of the period Dick and I spent with you. A few days ago the last progress reports came from Charlie Larson and I have been through these also. The changes, the developments, the growth and the vigor of the College are all so very impressh·e. It is difficult to believe that so many things have happened in the three short years Dick and I have been away. It is most gratifying to know that the program of growth and development is proceeding, even though there are of course, periods of frustration and there are still problems to be solved. It speaks well for the sustained efforts of you and your staff and I feel sure the future "'ill continue to reveal the strong progress of the past few years. Please find enclosed my personal check for $10.00. I apologize that it is in dollars rather tlian in pesos, but over here dollars are easier to get. \Viii you please use the money in support of Forestry Leaves? Your suggestion on page 1.5 caused me to decide to send the check along. I hope it will be possible to enter a subscriptjon for me and that you will calculate the cost of postage in determining the rate. Frances and I plan to spend a considerable time in Europe this summer. Frances is in Copenhagen now, and I will leave tomorrow to join her. We will then travel to Italy and eventually visit England before coming home. \Ve wish we were coming as far as the Philippines, but that must wait for some other time. This year Dean Shirley "'ill do the visiting for all of us. Our best wishes to you, your family and to our many friends in the Philippines. Sincerely, C. Eugene Fanrsworth Campus Coordinator Philippine Program <> <> <> Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue ~fr. Eugenio de la Cruz 129 Bascom Place Madison 5, Wis. June 6, 1962 Forest Products Research Institute College, Laguna Philippines Dear Cruz: At last retirement has overtaken yon after nearly 10 years as Director of the Forest Products Laboratory and its successor, the Forest Products Research Institute. There have been very fmitful years for forest products research and development in the Philippines, thanks to your leadership and guidance. You sho11ld have great satisfaction in your part as tl1e leader who by foresight, dedication and hard work has developed the Institute from nothing to it5 present large staff and high state of competence, effectiveness and prestige. You have been indefatigable in your efforts to increase the size and usefulness of the Institute year by year and to increase the knowledge and competence of its individual members through training abroad. Having worked closely "-ith you during seven of these years, I know of the many obstacles and frustrations vou encountered during that time bnt I have ne,·~r seen you discouraged. You bounced back from every temporary defeat and overcame e,·en' obstacles and frustration. Now you leave to yom ~uccessor a wellorganized and smoothly running machine for serving the Philippine people. May it ever continue to grow and be more useful. I salute your great accomplishments. I hope the coming years "'ill be kind to yon and your family and that you may have many more opportunities to the senice of the Philippines as the years go by. Congratulations and best regards. Yours most sincerely, (Sgd) George ~I. Hunt To be acceptable as scientific knou;ledge a truth must be a deduction from other truths. - ARISTOTLE. Pa~e 115 ,Literar11 Attempts My Mountain Canticle Green things over the mountain. \Vhat grandeur they possess-Silver threads of fou11tains And zephyrs that caress. Green cover of the mountain; I salute thee tdth reverence. For without thee never again Shall I knou: men to be friends. Thy art, the food of my vision, Thy art. the seclusion of my soul. .\I y energy is for thy protection And thy protection is my goal. It is in loving that the virtue of giving Has softened the hearts of men, And the green things over the mountains Has inspired the hearts of men. Erica T. Enriquez The Sylvan Redeemer His fa bric is made of steel molded to feature the fierceness of a mechanical tiger. He is fanatic to his devotion to a icay of life: rugged, wanting. and lonely beyond glamour and excitements. . . . this morning. his dozer bogged down, the su:ivel in his boom refused to give tray ;ust as he was ready to load, and late this afternoon, a downpour washed out tlw gravel from his main ... The brilliant flash that flicked some seconds late ivas gold ncvn gained. almost lost. Deliberation took its form in the luxury of the moment, that is tchy he despises luxury. He will distort only to recreate. and nature loves him for the way he is devotedly unselfish to keep the cycle moving. Page 116 ... tonight, he will shape his bottle to form the missing pin for the boom and he will blacken his wine to ooze its way to his dozer. From his tray, he will scoop all the gravel for his much needed main ... He fights a lonely battle and will always stay fighting. And he will commit anything ungodly to gather all the sand from the bottom of the seas to dump it in the upper aperture. ... a bearded face sighed complete resignation. And if only the day teas his last, he could have whisphered to his last breath of life, "Ah, rest at last." -Eddie Dizon FORESTRY LEAVES FORESTRY LEAVES Organ of the Student Body and Alumni of the College of Fore.~try, College, Laguna ROSALIO B. GOZE Editor RoMULO C. CASILLA hn1E L. ALBA Y OSCAR A. GE'.'IDRANO ANGEL A. MARIANO Associate Editors Staff Writers: A. B. Sison, E. S. Padre, A. C. Picardo, T. M. Binua, G. Esber, E. Enriquez, T. Agbisit, C. \ilar, A. M. Blando. Circulation: AL RASHID H. Is11MAEL Circulation iUanager BE'.'I MALTO DEMETRIO BARTOLAZO Assistants Editorials: Business Staff: IGNACIO PATAGUE Business M a11ager ANTONIO MENDOZA Asst. Business Manager Prof. JOSE B. BLANDO Adl'iser Arbor Week and Forest Conservation This year almost all the local dailies carry articles about our receding and decreasing forest resources. Editorials, news items and comments in any form grace the papers in bold expression of sentiments in the way our forest are being mismanaged due to our irresponsibility. Years ago forestry experts warned us about the way we are heading-towards forest destruction and a possible timber famine. Yet we seem to keep our ears deaf and our eyes closed to the truth about forests. We havemet the problem only with cold indifference not with zeal and concern. Arbor week comes but once a vear. In its observance various interpretations and activities are made. Some people pla.nt trees for the sake of planting, others take it for granted. 1£ we give the occasion some reflection perhaps we may find the truth, its essence and purpose. What we need and must do to conserve our forests, not only during Arbor Week, should be our utmost concern. Forest utilization goes throughout the year: forest conservation should be given better attention and should not be merely a "palahas" during Arbor Week.-RBG A Case for the Kainginero Kaingin-making, a malpractice that cuts against the grain of every forester, is truly one of the big threats to the nation's fast dwindling forest reserves. It is a problem which has become so serious that unless effective measures are applied to combat it the future of Philippine forestry will remain ominously bleak. Recent data show that there are about 65,000 families engaged in mountain farming. This is roughly composed of 400,000 people thoughtlessly cutting trees year in and year out on forested areas. This menacing multitude cuts 30,000 hectares of public forest lands and destroys timber worth Pl5,000,000 annually. Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Page 117 The destruction being done is really alarming, more so because our laws do not seem to provide an effective curb. We have legislations that specifically prohibit the cutting of trees from public forests; they sound drastic, but the poor "kainginero's" dire need of food defies all risks, nay, respects no prohibition. A closer look at the problem suggests that the solution does not necessarily depend on a more strict enforcement of existing laws. These people are usually those who are in need of better agricultural land to raise crops therein and earn their family's livelihood. However, they are unable to acquire a piece of land more suitable for planting. Most of the more desirable ones are owned by imperious "hacienderos" and politically influential persons who do not need them as badly as the poor farmers do. These less fortunate farmers have no recourse but to clear forested mountain slopes and even mountain tops. If the predicament of these misplaced people is well seen, at least one immediate solution can be suggested. And this solution can only be carried out best by the government which should find in its domain the right places to be settled agriculturally that should be distributed to them. This cannot he a difficult thing to do if wisdom is exercised so that those who are really landless are the only ones given the land. They will then forget the idea of clearing and tilling forest areas. What more can a poor farmer desire but a piece of land to earn his living from and establish a firm footing for his family.-OAG. Forestry Day This year's traditional celebration of Forestry Day was remm1scent of past celebrations. Highlights of the Day's activities were the open house, convocation at the auditorium, luncheon for the guests, the hall games and climaxing the affair, the evening ball. \Vhile the occasion had all the atmosphere and color of a town fiesta, still the Day was something more than merry- making. \ Behind the open house was the justifiable pride of the students in "belonging" to a good school as the} showed guests around their neat campus and buildings. The convocation was a fitting opportunity for awards to golden jubilarians in forestry. While ostensibly lending excitement and color to the celebration, the athletic activities and the evening hall were occasions for displaying the sportsmanship and social graces which the profession demands. Unlike most fiestas and celebrations where the main concern is on enjoyment and fun, the annual Forestry Day Celebration is a unique blending of solemn moments and excitement, of fun and quiet retrospection. It is a day for renewing efforts towards greater goals, for rededication to the cause of forestry, whether academic, government or industrial forestry. Also, it is a day for clean fun and relaxation. For the students, faculty, alumni and guests it is their Day. We look forward for more to come. - BCA Page ll8 FORESTRY LEA YES Dear Fellow Alumni, LTniversity of the Philippines COLLEGE OF FORESTRY College, Laguna ,,.e are in quandary, faced as we are with a difficult task. We then thought of appealing to you for your kind help, knowing, as we do, that you have the interest and welfare of our Alma Mater at heart. Here in the College, the )fakiling Literary Club is doing the yeoman's job of raising funds for the purpose of purchasin5 new stage curtains and a piano for our auditorium. Our College curtains bought during the early years of liberation are now faded and frayed at the edges. Our old piano, too, needs replacement. Every Forestry Day and .'.\foving Up Day, the piano tuner has called our attention to the fact that many of its essential parts are so deteriorated that there will be a need for continual repairs and replacements, and that in the long run, it will be more economical to buy a new one. January 11, 1963 has been set as the starting date for the drive by the MLC by presenting under its auspices a benefit show-a play "'\Valking Canes and Fans" by the U.P. Speech Association at the Baker Hall. This may be followed by a series of other shows until the goal has been reached before our Moving Up Day, sometime in the last week of March 1963. This date has also been set as the Inauguration Day Jf the Forestry Technology Building, latest addition to the new buildings on the forestry campus. \\'e wish to have a presentable auditorium with new curtains and a new piano during the Moving Up Day Celebration and the Alumni Reunion. We were able to buy the curtains, the piano and other equipment through benefit shows and contributions from the alumni. We expect, with God's help, yours and friends' to be able to raise the necessary funds again for our needs. May we solicit your most kind help and cooperation and your men's in this laudable project? Any amount you may wish to send ,..,-ill go a long way towards ittaining our goal. Please make all remittances to the Dean, College of Forestry not later than February 15, 1963, for which please accept our heartfelt thanks. APPROVED: (Sgd.) JOSE B. BLANDO A.dviser, Makiling Literary Club Arbor Week-Forestry Day Issue Very sincerely yours, ROSALIO B. GOZE President Makiling Literary Club Pa~e 119 Our heart felt thanks for their contributions;* (PATRONS to "Walking Canes & Fans" presentation Jan. 11, '63) Pres. & Mrs. CARLOS P. ROMULO ........................... . Forester & Mrs. GUILLERMO PONCE ....................... . Forester & Mrs. JOSE RAYOS ................................ . Forester LAUREANO LABASAY & PERSONNEL (District No. 7) Forester & Mrs. MACARIO MARIANO ........ , .............. . Forester & Mrs. HIGINIO REBOSURA ( & District No. 46) ...... . Forester ALEJANDRO TREMOR & PERSONNEL (District No. 2) Forester & Mrs. FERNANDO PAGADUAN .................... . Forester & Mrs. GAUDENCIO P. JUAN ....................... . Atty. & Mrs. SEGUNDO FERNANDEZ ........................ . Forester & Mrs. MARTIN GUERRERO ........................ . Forester & Mrs. FELICIANO GAUTANE ..................... . Forester & Mrs. NICOLAS LANSIGAN ........................ . Prof. & Mrs. ALFRED H. BISHOP ............................ . Forester SAM PHERN KITTINANDA ......................... . Forester SOMPHONG PACHOTIKARN ........................ . Forester TRAKARN SUBMANEE .............................. . Forester SUTHI HARNSONGKRAM .......................... . Forester LIKIT PRAKONGSAI ................................ . Forester SA-NGA NAT HIN ................................... . Forester AMPHOL UTTHUNGKERN .......................... . Forester SANSERN CHARERNSRI ............................ . Forester NARONG GRITTANUGULYA ........................ . Forester UDOM KRACHANGROS ............................. . Forester KASPA AGANIDAD ................................. . Forester JUDHA KRISNAMARA ............................... . Asst. Director & Mrs. JU AN UTLEG ......................... . Forester & Mrs. FLORENCIO ASSIDDAO ...................... . Forester & Mrs. MARTIN REYt.S ............................. . Forester & Mrs. EDMUNDO V. CORTES ..................... . Atty. & Mrs. JUAN ACOGIDO ............................... . Forester & Mrs. CATALINO FERRERI.;\ ...................... . Forester & Mrs. MODESTO TOBIAS .......................... . Forester & Mrs. PRIMITIVO GALINATO ...................... . Forester & Mrs. DELFIN GANAPIN .......................... . Forester & Mrs. ANSELMO GARCIA ......................... . Forester & Mrs. FELICIANO BARRER ........................ . Forester & Mrs. MARCIANO GULLE ......................... . Forester & Mrs. SANTOS DUENAS ........................... . Forester & Mrs. DOMINGO RAMOS ......................... . Prof. & Mrs. FROILAN ROSQUET A .......................... . Forester & Mrs. PRUDENCIO SUPNET ........................ . Forester & Mrs. PAULINO COLLADO ........................ . Forester & Mrs. LORENZO DIAZ ............................. . Forester ALEJANDRO IREMOR & PERSONNEL (District No. 2) Forester & Mrs. DAMASO DE LA CRUZ ...................... . 0 As of January .5, 1963 'P100.00 100.00 100.00 70.00 80.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 20.00 5.00 Page 120 FORESTRY LEA YES Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Communications BUREAU OF POSTS Manila SWORN STATEMENT (Required by Act 2580) The undersigned, IGNACIO G. PATAGUE, Business Manager of FORESTRY LEAVES published quarterly in English at College, Laguna, after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, hereby submits the following statement of ownership, management, circulation, etc., which is required by Act 2580, as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 201: Name Address Editor ROSALIO B. GOZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College, Laguna Managing Editor ROMULO CASILLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College, Laguna Business Manager IGNACIO G. PATAGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College, Laguna Ownrr U. P. COLLEGE OF FORESTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College, Laguna Publisher STUDENT BODY & ALUMNI, Cot.LEl:F. OF FORESTRY • • College, Laguna Printer JMC PRESS INC. . ...... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Quezon Boulevard, Quezon City Office of Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College, Laguna IC publication is owned by a corporation, stockholders owning one per cent or more of the total amount of stocks: NOT APPLICABLE Bondholders, mortgages, or other security holders owning one per cent or more of total amount of security: NOT APPLICABLE In case of daily publication, average number of copies printed and circulated of each issue during the preceding month of NONE, 19 ...... ; I. Sent to paid subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NONE 2. Sent to others than paid subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NONE Tot a I .......................................................... NONE In case of publication other than daily, total number of copies printed and circulated of the last issue dated MARCH, 1962; I. Sent to paid subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 2. Sent to others than paid subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Tot al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000. IGNACIO G. PATAGUE Business Manager SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me this 19th day of November, 1962, at Los Baiio!I, Laguna, the affiant exhibiting his Residence Certificate No. A-4060567 issued at Los Banos, Laguna on February 28, 1962. (SGo.) GENARO V. CATALAN Mayor, Los Bairos Laguna NOTE: This form is exempt from the payment of docnmentay stamp tax. ACT 2580 REQUIRES THAT THIS SWORN STATEMENT BE FILED WITH THE BUREAU OF POSTS ON APRIL I AND OCTOBER I OF EACH YEAR. GREETINGS: REPUBLIC TIMBER CORPORATION TRENTO TIMBER CORPORATION Butuan City, Philippines Timber Producer-Exporter Concession Sites: Esperanza, Agusan Trento, Agusan Manila Office : R-409 Alliance Bldg. Rosario St., Manila Cable Addresses : "TRENTO" Manila-Butuan "RETIMCO" Manila-Butuan GREETINGS: ROBACO CORPORATION Butuan City, Philippines Timber Producer-Exporter Concession Site: Prosperidad, Guadalupe and Talacogon, Agusan • SJ-7R COMBINATION YARDER-LOADER Coif, write or , .. us FOR YOUR EVERY LOGGING NEED e ROHLING ROYAL ILUE WIRE ROPE • YOUNG BLOCKS & RIGGING EQUIPMENT e RIMINGfON POWER CHAIN SAWS A fast dual- purpose, machine that Is chang. Ing the logging picture. One machine now does both YARDING and LOADING. When working with CAT Tractors, the SJ7R offers a production team that is hard to beat. usl U.S. INDUSTRIES PHILIPPiNES INC . Compliments of NASIPIT LUMBER COMPANY, INC. ANAKAN LUMBER COMPANY AGUSAN TIMBER CORPORATION ASSOCIATED PULP AND PAPER CO., INC. NASIPIT VENEER & PLYWOOD CO., INC. PRODUCERS 0 MANUFACTURERS 0 EXPORTERS Philippine Mahogany logs and lumber creosoted lumber poles and pilings KILN-DRIED & Pressure treated lumber Nasipit Tilewood Parquet Main Offices: 3rd Floor Member: Philippine Lumber Producers' Association, Inc. Fernandez Hnos. Bldg. 20.5 Juan Luna, Manila AND Tels. 4-99-31 4-99-51 PHILIPPINE WALLBOARD CORPORATION MANUFACTURER 0 EXPORTER LA WA NIT Main Ofiice: Hard Wood Board Sales Division: R-311 Maritima Bldg. 117 Dasmarifias, Manila Tels. 4-99-51 L-24 4-99-31 GT-22-02-15 Sales Information Service Jordan Pacific Co. 444 Market Street San Francisco II California, U.S.A. R-2Q3 · Maritima Bldg. 117 Dasmarifias, Manila Tels. 4-99-33 L-31 Cable Addresses: "NASIPIT MANILA" "ANAKAN MANILA" "LA WANIT MANILA"