The Young Citizen : the magazine for young people

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Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: The Young Citizen : the magazine for young people
Issue Date: Volume 5 (Issue No. 6) June 1939
Year: 1939
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: r Announcement to Teachers: We Will Pay You for wril:ing articles of merit for publication in THE YOUNG CITIZEN. We want interesting children's stories from 200 .to 500 words in length; also games, reading devices, puzzles, jokes, poems, llnd playlets. We also wish to buy several good i!'C'rial stories. Interesting stories less t.han 200 wo1·ds in length are desired for Little Peopl~. Primary Teachers: We especially desire various kinds of interesting material suitable for First, Second. and Third Grade Pupils. We will pay teachers and others for material which we can use. Each article should (.p written in clear, easy, correct English, on one side of th,e paper, typewritten if p-:.ssible, or written by hand neatJy and legibly. The article should be submitted with a self-addressed stamped envelope, otherwise the oublishers will not return it to the writer in case it cannot be used. Address all communications to: The Managing Editor The Young Citizen Care of Community Publishers, Inc. P. 0. Box 685, Manila, Philippines 9 3 9 • FOR FIRST GRADERS Learning Thmgs-Gervacw Guarm • FOR SECOND GRADERS l\!Iy Happv Bird . . ............... . My Pictuie Spelling Book ............... . The Work Room . . ... , ... , . , , .. • FOR THIRD GRADERS Hands and Feet-Doris I. Bateman . . . . . . Some Animal Riddles-.Mrs. Josefina Arquiza-Sm1Los Sing.a Song of Workshops-Frederick Manley .. A Help in English . • STORIES Why Rosa Felt Glad-]. Saez Pablo . A Vacation Story . . . . , . , . , . , ... , .. The Legend of Lake Balinsasarao--A11ge/ T'. Campo3• Little \Yung Foo • POEMS The Good Ship "Vacation" . . . .. l\1aking Four-T'Jce11te S. A1ag/afang , • CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP To School Again-Dr. /. Panlasigui . . The Road to Success-.Maxi1110 Ureviflo, Jr. • ELEMENTARY SCIENCE Cats Dogs ..... . • MUSIC APPRECIATION 188 190 190 191 192 192 193 193 195 196 198 199 186 209 206 207 The Instruments of the String Section-Bert Paul Osbon 202 Tip-toe l\larch-Frn11z Joseph Hardn . 205 • HISTORY The Old Wall of lHanila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 The Story of the Philippine Anthem-Donato Sadsad 204 Some Important Birth·:fays and Events of June 216 • HEALTH AND SAFETY How to Have Good Teeth . • • WORK AND PLAY Some Pie Recipes . . .... The Whirling Jar-Alice Crowell Hoffman King of the Ring-Pablo Moreno . . . .. Improving Your English-Mrs. P11z ]. Eugenio Cross-Word Puzzle-B. Hill Canova The Animal Tourists Return Home The \Vhat-Are-You-Uoing? Club Chats with the Editor Publbhe<t mnnlhly hy the Community Publi~hern, Inc., 122 Cry~tal Arcade, E~coll:i. M:inila. Philip°pincs. Entered as Second Class Mail Matter at the Manila Po~t Office on May 16, 1935. Editorial Director: JottC E. Romero; Manap:ing Editor: Bert Paul Ottbcm; Contributing' Editors: Dr. I. Panlasisrui and Q1-1iric:o A. Cr1-1z; Starr Artist: Pedro Pagv.ia; Business Manager: Emi!iana Garcia Rosales. Subscdption Price: 7'3.00 for one year of 12 is.sues: $2.00 in the United Statc:i> and foreign countries. Single copy, 30 centavos. Suliscriptions are to be paid to Co•"munitu Pu1>1;,,h,.·,.,1. 1 .. ~ Tl-IE; MAGAZIN!; !=OR YOUNG PI;OPLI; 186 THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 c=~!1r~2ffi'LM~:~~:=~ ~ TO SCHOOL AGAIN ~ ~ In the month of June the schools open. ~ And why do children go to school? ~M Children go back to school. One day I saw two little boys playing. They were b11ilding· ~ 'j) a little sand-hill. One of the boys put a handful of sand on the ~ ~ ground. The other 'boy put down another handful. Little by lit! ~ tie the two 'boys built the sand-hill higher and higher by each put~ ting on the pile handful after handful of sand. Soon the hill was ~ high and the two boys were very happy. But that W'!.S not enough. They put some grass and plants on their sand-hill to make it look like a real hill. They also ·put some ~ 'il small stones on it. Then the sand-hill became like a real hill with [ ~ grass, plants, and stones. And the little boys were very happy be- J ! cause of the hill which they had built. ~ Children who go to school are like the two boys building a hill. Of course they are not building a hill, but they are building them~~vn~~ ~n~~d~;~ ~~~ww~:~~· men and women without going to ~ ~ school? Certainly they do, but they just grow iike animals. They ~~ don't learn much to make them g.ood citizens. The school is building men and women out of school children. Every day in school a boy learns many things to make him become a man, and a girl learns many things to make her become a woman. They learn how to read and write. They learn arithmetic. They learn about their country and their people. They learn about other people. They learn how to love the beautiful such as music and painting and other things. They learn how to live with other people. Those things they learn every day in school. But they cannot learn them in one day, one week, one month, nor one year. It takes them many years to learn those things that make them men and women. Why do children go to school? They go to school to make out of themselves men and women who will become good citizens. The month of June should make all children happy because they are going back to school. The school is making children into useful men and women. -DR. !. PANLASIGUI lune, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE GOOD SHIP''vACATION" - ~ liME, bee~ to mount~in, plain. and dal~, ~, ff. We ve smled the brn~y, tossm~ mam; ;,__ P,nd now our Good Sh1p steers for home ~ =-- And happy days oj school a~ain. · ~~ ~ ~~--....-~ ~ ~~_:..I ~ "'~ ~~~~~~- ~"i'· ~I ~~~~~~~~~-~ 188 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ]1111e, 1939 FOR FIRST GRADERS Learning Things By GERVACIA GUARIN* I. Learning to Read Names Look at all the pictures on the next page. What do yoti see in each picture? These are the names of the things you see: birds tops fish pigs · fan cats flowers ·n. Learning to Count books chickens baskets Again look at all the pictures on.the next page. In the square below each picture write the number which is the answer to each of the following questions: · 1. How many birds do 6. How many fish? you see? 7. How many cats? 2. How many pigs? 8. How many books? 3. How many flowers? 9. How many chickens? 4. How many tops? 10. How m~ny baskets? 5. How many fans? Count them again. III. Learning to Draw and Color Get a thin sheet of paper without lines. Place it over the pictures on the next page. Get your colored cayons. 1. Trace the birds. 4. Trace the tops. Color them yellow. Color them pink. 2. Trace the fan. 5. Trace the pigs. Color it blue. Color some brown. 3. Trace- the flowers. Color them red. *Teacher, Arayat Elementary School, Arnyat, Pampanga. Color some green. How funI).y. A green pig. Pigs are not green. I never saw a green pig. Did you? June, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 189 FOR FIRST GRADERS 190 THE YOUNG CITIZEN June, 19J9 FOR SECOND GRADERS -~~~" My Happy Bird Mv happy bird is brown and white; He's on the branch soon as it's light. He hops and skips from morn 'till night, And chirps and sings with all his might. My happy bird is always gay; He works and sings, and that's his way. But still he finds some time for playHe works and sings and plays each day. My Picture Spelling Book V. CLOTHING This is the fifth page of your picture spelling book. The pictures tell what the words are. Write each word two times on the lines. 1. 2. 3. 4. m m \ m trousers coat suit shirt lune, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 191 FOR SECOND GRADERS The Work Room THE corner of our school room is a work room. There is a low table. There are low chairs. There are scissors. There is colored paper. There are books with pictures. There are nails, a small saw, and a small hammer. There are pieces of wood. There are crayons. There are paints and an easel. There is modeling clay. There is a printing set. There is a sewing-basket. The boys and girls work there every day. They make picture books. They paint big pictures. They make signs like these: All on Time Today. Please Work Quietly. Rosa made a doll's dress. Eduardo colored a picture. Francisco made a little wagon. Lilia made paper dolls. Maria made a vegetable book. Ana made a big black dog. Juan made a cow for the farm. Josefa made a picture of a little pig. Felipe made a picture of a sail-boat. P at painted a picture •of his goat. All the boys and girls say: "We like our work room very much." Answer These 1. What things are in the work room? 2. What signs did the boys and girls make? 3. What things did they make at school? -Adapted from The Grade T.eacher. 192 THE YOUNG CITIZEN June, 1939 FOR THIRD GRADERS Hands and Feet By DORIS I. BATEMAN HANDS can be so helpful throug:R the busy day, Washing dinner dishes and putting things away; Sweeping floors and scrubbing, making rooms so clean, Always. helJ?ing mother hands and feet are seen. Feet can have their duties in running errands, too; Hands and feet are happy then, when the day is through. Some Animal Riddles By MRS. JOSEFINA ARQU!ZA-SANTOS * I. I can run fast. I love my master. I guard his house from thieves. I like to eat bones. When I am ashamed my tail droops and I hang my head. I am a faithful friend. What am I? II. I am a big animal. The color of my skin is gray. My skin is thick. I do not walk very fast, but I can pull a heavy load. I like to lie in the mud and water. I am very strong. What am I? Ill. I am a great eater. I will eat any food, but I like corn. the best. I have a short curly tail. My nose is tough and strong. I use it for digging in the ground. My eyes are small. I squeal and grunt. What am I? (Please turn lo paqe 218 for the answers.} •Teacher, Isabcla Elementary School, Isabela, Zamboanga City. lunt', 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 11l FOR THIRD GRADERS Sing a Song of Workshops By FREDERICK ~!ANLEY SING a song of workshops. Busy men and things: Blacksmiths at the forges · where the anvil rings, Ploughmen in the meadows furrowing the soil, Nature· and her showers blessing all their toil. Sing a song of workshops. Busy men and boys; Daily honest labor brings to us its joys. A Help in English Read each question carefully. Underline the correct answer: 1. Who makes our bread? 4. Who teaches boys and girls sailor baker butcher 2. Who digs coal used as fuel? doctor lawyer miner 3. Whom do we call when we get sick? doctor merchant teacher in school? miner teacher fisherman 5. Who takes care of sick people? farmer grocer · nurse 6. Who sells things to eat? dentist grocer blacksmith 194 THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 ~~:1:11.::~t 1~~ JhEst four mm will kach us morE: clhis lime \Va~s of mak11~Q_ four. · 2 and 1. are JI. ~ou seE- ; ~nd 4' ~ou · ~t \vith I and j. If and 0 makt only If ; C£rlainly could noi b£ mon. J+j='f u.......-.....-,,._...,.,...... ~hat is all then: is to lf:arn ~)'l~':#"fi::;:t ~rom lhts£ jolly liHle men. ltme, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 195 A LITTLE STORY FOR LITTLE PEOPLE Why Rosa Felt Glad By J. SAEZ PABLO • RosA, a sweet-faced little girl of nine, was walking happily along on her way to school. Suddenly her foot struck something that rolled with a jingling sound. She looked do\Vn. To her surprise it was a peseta. She hurriedly picked it up. While she walked the rest of the way to school she kept thinking of her good luck. She was thinking of the many things she could buy with a peseta. "No one saw me pick it up, so I shall keep it," thought Rosa. Presently she was seated i n h e r class. While she was sitting there, a question came to her mind. Should she not try to find out who had lost the peseta? No, she would keep that peseta. She had found it, and after all, no one knew she had found it. But her conscience kept troubling her. "It is not yours, it is not *Gregorio del Pilar Elementary School, l\Ianila. yours" kept coming to her mind. Finally she drew forth the peseta and handed it to her teacher. "I found this peseta on the way to school. Perhaps some one in this class lost it," she said to her teacher. "Rosa found a peseta. Did any one in this class lose a peseta?" the. teacher asked. No hand was raised. Finally Guillermo held up his hand. "Did you lose a peseta, Guillermo?" asked the teacher. "No, Miss Blanco, b u t I know someone who did. The little girl who lives over in that old house near the railroad track lost a peseta. Her mother had sent her to buy rice with it. The little girl cried very much when she could not find it, for she said her mother had no more money. Her mother is a widow, you know. Shall I take the (Please turn to page 218.) 196 THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 READING TIME FOR YOUNG FOLKS A Vacation Story IT was the first day of school and the children in one of the grades of Central School had a new teacher. "What is her name?" Josefa asked Salud. "Miss Benitez," answered Salud. "And I think we are going to like her very much." By that time many of the pupils were in the room. Soon Miss Benitez entered. She had some p a c k a g e s which she placed on her desk. "Come, boys and girls," said Miss Benitez in a pleasant voice. "I have brought some t h i n g s for . our room. During vacation I visited a number of places, a n d wherever I went, I thought of our school room. So I have some things w h i c h I think you will like." Many of the children had gathered around the desk of their new teacher. "Please, Miss Benitez, will you show us the things you have brought?" asked little Maria. "Yes, indeed," replied Miss Benitez. "We shall unpack some of them right now." "Miss Benitez," said Romualdo, "where did you go during your vacation?" "l went to a number 0£ interesting places. First I went down to see the southern islands in the Philippines. We people who live up in Luzon do not get down there very often. I have brought you some articles from Mindanao and J olo and N egros and other places in the southern islands. I spent some of my vacation in Teachers Camp up at Baguio. I have brought something from the Mountain Province which I think will interest you." "What a splendid vacation you must have h.o.d!" said Roberto. "Yes, I did," replied Miss Benitez. "I have not yet told you that I also . was in Hongkong for several '''eeks visiting friends. Of course I got some interesting articles in Hongkong for our r o o m . But now, let -us open these packages and see what I have." First Miss Benitez showed them several wood carvings which she had brought from Baguio. One was a carving of a carabao with a boy sitting on his back. It was very cleverly cut out of black wood. From J olo there was a bright colored piece of cloth to be used as a cover for the reading table in the corner. "Here is something else I got at J olo. Some large mother-of-pearl shells. ButJune, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 197 tons are made from shells like these, and magnificent pearls are found in some of them. See how beautiful they are on the inside," Miss Benitez said to the interested children. "These faces came from Zamboanga," she said as she showed some large coco' nuts, the husks of which were carved into grotesque masks. "I got these in N egros," Miss Benitez went on as she showed a basketful of interesting shells of many kinds. Juliana held one of ·the largest to her ear, and heard something which sounded like the faint roar of the sea. "But look at this lovely little Chinese painting," continued Miss Be.nitez. "It is from Hongkong, and is painted on rice parer. And here are some curious Chinese locks from Hongkong. They will inter2st the boys.". ' The children were delighted with w:rnt they had seen. "I will show you the rest of the things and tell you about them later on," said Miss Benitez. The next day tl;o lessons of the class be~an. It was easy to see that alrcad) the c:1ildren liked Miss Benitez very much. After classes were dismissed in t'1e afternoon a group of the pupils of this room got together under a large acacia tree out in the school yard. They were talking about Miss Benitez. "She is just lovely," announced Josefa. "I like her fine," said Valeriano. "Let's do something nice for her),, suggested Eustaquia. "What will it be?" asked Salud. "I'll tell you what would be nice," said Francisca. "Suppose we make her a scrapbook. I will get a suitable book from my father's store, and each one of us will put something in it which will tell of our vacation." So the children met after school the next day, and began at the work table to make a vacation scrapbook for their new teacher. Each pu pi! was to have a page in the book to show something done during vacation days. With scissors and paste they were very busy for several days. Miss Benitez never guessed even once that her pupils were making a present for her. By and hy t'1e book was done. Maria had painted a picture o( a farm house and a large mango tree nearby to show .wher,e she had spent her vacation. J uani to had pasted on his page some small photographs he had made with his kodak. There was a picture of Mayon Volcano which he had visited, and a picture of a sailboat in which he had gone fishing. Down in one corner of the page was a picture of J uanito himself in a boy scout uniform. Josefa wrote on her page about her trip to Antipolo, and illustrated her story with a picture of the famous church there. Francisca fastened to her page some pressed flowers which she had collected on a trip to the waterfalls at Pagsanjan. There was a page of pictures of vegetables cut from a magazine to show what Pedro had done during vacation. There was also a page of sketches of birds which J u_liana had studied about in her spare time. Under each sketch was written the name of the bird. Tomas had a page of postage stamps from the collection he had made during (Plmu turn to page 217.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 c1 The Legend of Lake Balinsasayao (A Visnynn Folk-Tale) By ANGEL V. CAMPOY• A LONG time ago, on the top of one of the mountains in the island of Negros where Lake Balinsasayao is today, there was a broad, fertile plateau. This plateau was the home of a warlike tribe of Negritos who were under the leadership of Chief Guinatab. Chief Guinatab was a daring and ruthless warrior who ruled the members of his tribe because of his skill and bravery in war. His tribe of Negritos was hated by the people who lived on the lowlands, for these savage hillsmen sometimes stole the carabaos, pigs, goats, and chickens of the peaceful plainsmen, and carried away the corn and the bananas when they were ready to be harvested. These savage mountain people swarmed upon the lowlanders with spears and bows and arrows, and killed any who resisted or did not take to flight. •Head Teacher, Maslog Primary School, SibuJan, Oriental Negros. One day in June the warriors of Chief Guinatab carried away one of the most attractive of the lowland girls. They wanted her for the wife of their chieftain. Resentment and sorrow were felt by all the people of the nearby plain, but upon the mountain there was great rejoicing and merrymaking in celebration of the wedding of their chief and a beautiful lowland maiden, The people danced to the noisy music of drums, flutes, and gongs. The dancing and feasting continued throughout the day and far into the night. All were happy except the kidnapped bride, who wept and prayed for deliverance. While the merrymaking and feasting was at its height, suddenly there was a blinding flash and a deafening roar. The ·rain began to fall in torrents. Peal after peal of thunder followed the continuous flashes of lightning. The very mountain began to shake. There was a great wind-a hurricane was upon the frightened mountain tribe. Suddenly there was another deafening roar and a blinding flash of unusual intensity. The earth shook. A great opening appeared on the mountain side, and amid indescribable terror and confusion the huts and the people of the village were swallowed by the earth. Everything disappeared. The crevice closed, and the village of Chief Guinatab and his people was no more. · The village was gone. The rain continued all the night in a torrential downpour. When the morn(Pltau turn to page 222.) lune, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 199 Little Wung Foo WHEN Wung Foo was a boy - which was 30 or 40 years ago - he studied very hard at school, and if he learned as many as twenty-five new sign words h i s grandmother told Little Wung F.~o him stories in the evening. His father was a rich silk merchant in Canton. His ·grandmother was a little old lady who wore such rich clothes, painted her face so carefully, and had so many jewelled pins and flowers in her hair, that she looked quite young. Wung Foo was proud to have her lean on his shoulder when she wanted to cross the room. Her little crippled feet were only four inches long, and she had hard work walking without someone to he! p her. Chinese stories for children were the scariest kind. They were all about witches and dragons. But they did not scare Wung Foo. Wung Foo looked very fat in the winter time because he had to wear thick quilted cotton clothing. There were no stoves to keep the house warm. And there were no soft mats on the cold brick floors.; so his gold-trimmed red cloth shoes had thick white felt soles. He wore loose trousers of red silk, folded around his ankles, and a wadded blue silk coat. He kept his round cap on, even in the house, and was a small copy of his father. His head was shaven, all but a thick black lock on top. Wung Foo's home had a wall around it. It stood in a garden with a lily and fish pond, a bridge, and a curly-roofed tea-house. The women's sitting-room was very pretty. It had stools and tables of ,carved black wood, inlaid with pearl flowers. On the w~lls were hung pictures embroidered on red satin or ·painted on rice paper. There were vases and jars of red and gold, and blue and white. The tea trays were of silver _with gold birds on them. The ladies opened and shut scented fans. They spun flax, embroidered on silk and linen, and played dominoes. They had pet goldfish and singing birds. They ate a great many sweet things. When they visited the other ladies they went in sedan chairs, which were cushioned and curtained boxes with doors and windows. The tops resembled Chinese roofs. Men servants carried the sedan Wung Foo's Father (Please turn to page 222.) •00 THE YOUNG CITIZEN June, 1939 HISTORY SECTION ,The Old Wall of Manila ON the front cover .of this issue of The Young Citizen is shown a picture of what, to every resident of Manila, is a commonplace s i g h t. A cochero has stopped his horse and ca· lesa under. the shade of a great tree to give the tough little pony a rest. But the interesting part of this picture is shown in the background on the left. Here we have a glimpse of a section of the old wall of Manila, a wall which has stood more than 300 years. Let us 1 earn something a bout this old wall, for its history is most interesting. F i r s t we shall have some information about the building of this very historical old wall. Its construction extended over many years - several centuries, in fact ~and it was the work of many engineers. The plans were changed from time to time, a n d the last changes, authorized some 65 or 70 years ago, were never completed. In 1571 a wall made of logs was erected where the present structure stands. This log wall was the protection of Manila during the Chinese attack of Limahong and his men in 1574. The log wall was replaced by one made of stone which is ~till standing. The Spanish governorgeneral Dasmarinas began A Corner of the Old Wall building the present wall in 1590. In 1609 de Silva resumed its conHruction; work was. continued by de Tabora in 1620, and again by de Fajardo in 1644. Between each of these periods of constructi.on there were intermissions when no work was done on the wall. In 1672 the British attacked Manila. Cannon shots made a breach in the wall through which British troops entered.· They marched up the street which is now named Calle General Luna. After a short period. of British occupation in Manila; Spain was again left in complete control of the Islands. The British siege hacl shown weaknesses in the wall, so improvements were planned and made. The old Puerta Real (Royal Gate) was moved to its pres·ent location. More changes were made -in 1797, at which time it was strengthened. The entire wall is less than three miles in length, and the old section . of Manila within the wallsknown as Intramuros cir the Walled City-is not quite one square mile in extent. At present about 50.000 inhabitants live within that section of Manila, but in times of danger during the centurie~ past it is said that 150,000 people found refuge within the Walled City. The wall was surrounded by a moat filled l1111e, 1939 J Wntrh Tower of tlu Old Wall with water. At first there were seven gates, but in later times there were' only five, the other two having been closed up. A drawbridge at each gate was raised and lowered by a windlass. These gates were closed at night and opened each morning until 1852. At the time of the early. American occupation the moats were mudholes filled with slimy water, the breeding place of millions of . mosquitoes. Later the moats were drained, filled in, and converted into parks and playgrounds. A limited portion of the wall is. now used as an aquarium and small zoological park which is well worth a visit. Old Fort Santiago occuTHE YOUNG CITIZEN pies a place in a corner of the wall. Construction on this fort was begun with the work on the wall in 1590. The structure was used as a fortification until 1901, when its use for that purpose was abandoned, and it became the headquarters for the Philippine Division of the United States Army. Gruesome stories a r e told about the dungeons and prison cells with.in the old wall, especially that part where Fort Santiago is located. It is said that some of the prison cells were built below water level, and when desired, a Aood-gate .was opened to admit water to drown the unfortunate pr is oner s. Skeletons of human beings have been found, it is claimed, in some of the chambers, as well as instruments of torture used during the Inquisition. One can readily imagine what agonizing groans and cries have echoed within those terrible chambers. There is no building or masonry in the Orient which is of greater interest than the old wall of Manila, except, of course, the Great Wall of China. Manila has been served well by this protecting structure, ,01 and now that its usefulness as a defence is over, we should look upon it as a splendid memorial of ·the past. If they could speak, every stone in the ~Id wall would have an interesting story. Some day a great Filipino historian, perhaps, will write for us .the stories - or some of them, at least-which these stones could tell. The old wall of Manila is associated with the greater part of all the events of the Philippines which arc of historical interest. Cannon shots have :whizzed over the parapets, and terrible deeds have been enacted behind the gates. In (Turn to page 218.) A Gau of th; Old Wall 202 THE YOUNG CITIZEN l1111e, 1939 MUSIC APPRECIATION SECTION The Symphony Orchestra By BERT PAUL OSBON* (Continued from the Ma)' number) VI. THE INSTRCMENTS OF THE STRING SECTION First Violin Second Violin Harp WE have learned about each of the four sections of the instruments of the symphony orchestra. Now we are ready to learn at least a little about each of the instruments of these different groups. First let us examine each instrument in the most important section-the string section. In doing so we shall use the illustration of the instruments of the strinz section which appeared in the Jan·uary number of The Young Citizen: Tiu Violin The violin has four strings and is played by a bow. It is the most important instrument of the symphony orchestra and has to do the most playing. •Formerly Supervisor of Public School Music, Mount Lebanon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Doubfc-brm Viola flioloncello If you will refer to the September, 1938, and the October, 1938, issue of The Young Citizen, you will find a history of the development of the violin. It is suggested that you read those articles again if poss'.':lle. The invention of the violin offered great oppcrtunities to music composers. Violin solos were first written in the seventeenth century. One of the greatest players of the violin was Paganini. (born 1782, died 1840) who showed the tremendous technical possibilities of the instrument by playing the most difficult compositions. · At the present time the standard of violin playing is very high. The players of this instrument in a symphony archesl1111e, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 201 tra must be exceedingly skillful performers. The violins of the symphony orc~estra are Civided into two groups-first violins and second violins. The players in each group use the same kind of instrument, but play different music. Notice the pictures of the first violin and the second in the illustration on page 202. The Viola Look carefully at the picture of the viola (pronounced vee-o-la) on page 202. This instrument has the same·shape and appearance as the violin. It has four strings and is played by a bow. If you place a violin and a viola side by side you will find that the· viola is larger than the violin. It is one-fifth larger. Therefore the viola can play tones lower than those. of. the violin. The tone of the viola is a little heavier than that of the violin-"more gloomy" as it is often described. It is not so useful as the violin as a solo instrument because it cannot play in so many different ways-"colors"-as the violin. In the music of the orchestra it plays tenor or alto, and thus is one of the most valuable instruments for filling in the harmony. The Violoncello Notice the picture of the violoncello (pronounced vee-o-lohn-chel-lo) in the illustration on page 202. T_his is a large instrument and the player must always sit while playing it. It has four strings and is played by a bow. This instrument is often called the 'cello (pronounced chel-lo). It plays tenor or nigh bass (baritone) in the orchestra. The 'cello is better liked as a solo instrumeni than the viola and its tone has more possibilities. So far as can be discovered, Amati (born in 1540, died in 1600) was the first maker of the violoncello. He also made violas, as well as violins. The 'cello has a characteristic and very beautiful quality of tone. It is an excellent instrument for a boy or a girl to learn to play. The Double-bass By looking at the picture of the double-bass on page 202 you will notice what a large instrument it is. It is often called the contrabass or string bass. It usually has four strings and is played by a bow. The player must always stand while ·playing it. · The tone of the double-bass is much hea.vier and the instrument itself is much more clumsy to handle than the other members of the group. Therefore it is almost never used as a solo instrument. It is excellent, however, to play a deep bass part in the orchestra, The boy or girl who wishes to learn ·to play a double-bass in the school ·orchestra should have large, strong hands. The Harp The harp is one of the oldest musical instruments (dating back over six thousand years), yet it became one of the regular members of the sympbony orchestra less than three-quarters of a century ago. Now look at the picture of the harp on page 202. Notice the position of the harp player, who always sits while playing. The harp is pictured in Egyptian wallpaintings of three thousand years ago. It was also used by the ancient Greeks, and by the Hebrews in Bible times. In medieval centuries it was used in Europe, (Please turn to page 218.) 20-1 THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 !The Story of the Philippine Anthem By DONATO SADSAD * THERE is a story connected with the music of the Philippine Anthem and another story connected with the words. Ffrst let us hear the interesting story of the music whic.h .is sometimes called the Philippine National Hymn. It is also known as the J\.lag"dalo March and is occasionally referred to ~s Aguinaldo's March. It is called the M agdalo March because Magdaia was the name which General Emilio Aguinaldo used when he was a member ~f 'the Katipunan. It was General Aguinaldo who requested the writing of the music which was composed by Julian Felipe, a local music teacher and composer. When the Battle of Manila Bay was fought between the A.mericans and the Spaniards, Julian Felipe and his family went to live temporarily at San Francisco del Monte, Cavite. He lived for a while in the house of General Mariano Trias who pres~nt ed him to General Aguinaldo. Learning of· Mr. Felipe's knowledge of music, General Aguinaldo at once requested the composer to write music for the celebration· of a declaration •of i!ldependence. The composer accepted the commission. On June 11, 1898, in the house at Cavite in•the presence of General Trias and others, the composition of Mr. Felipe was played. It wa. approved by all who heard it. Mr. Felipe then taught the music to the band at San Francisco del Monte, and the following day, June 12, 1898, this band played the music at the *'Teacher, Camiling, Tarlac. dedaration of Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite. Now let us hear ihe story of the words: The words were first written by Jose Palma, a Philippine soldier who ~as also a writer. When the Katipunan was organized, Mr. Palma joined the revolutionary forces. He was also on the staff of the newspaper La lndependencia as the editor of the Tagalog section. When the newspaper was transferre'd to San Fernando, Pampanga, the Tagalog sectio,n was discontinued, so again Mr. Palma went to the revolutionary forces as a private soldier. Later he joined the newspaper at Bautista, Pangasinan. It was there that he wrote the words for the Magdalo J'\llarch or Aguinaldo March, composed by Julian Felipe. The poem in Spanish was published in La lndependencia sometime in August or September of 1899. With the singing of the Magdalo March the Philippine national flag was unfurled for the first time. This song is now called the Philippine Hymn and is ·published in the text-books in music in use in the Philippine public schools. It is often referred to as the Philippine National Anthem, although as yet the Philippine Assembly has not adopted the song officially. Such is the story of the Philippine Anthem. The music of this song and a free English translation of the words .by the Hon. Camilo Osias and M. A. L. Lane will be found in Book Two of the Philippine Editio.n of the Pt"ogressive Music Series. Every Filipino boy and girl should memorize this song. ]uni', 1939 THE YOU~G CITIZEN 205 TIPTOE MARCH Allewello fRANz Jo~E?H HA'<'ON _.=.p • cresc." I 206 THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 Cats THE next time you play with your pet cat examine her carefully and learn some things in elementary science. N C?tice especially her large, roundish head, the long slender body, the rather short but muscular legs, and the long, tapering, graceful tail. Examine her feet ·and see how they are shod with soft pads so that her footsteps cannot be heard. Do not overlook her sharp, strong claws, which may be drawn back so as to be out of sight and not easily felt. You may also notice that your cat can extend her claws whenever she wishes to do so, in order to use them in catching and holding her prey. Then examine your cat's eyes. The shape of the pupils of her eyes is elliptical, that is, curving, but not in the form of a circle. In bright sunlight, the pupils of the cat's eyes are narrow slits, but when it is dark they are large to admit more light. This enables her to see at night when she does most of her hunting. The long, stiff hairs on either side of the cat's nose are commonly called whiskers. Really, they are feelers and are very useful to the cat. Without them she could not hunt her prey in the dark. They give her warning if there is anything in her path. The senses of sight, touch, and hearing are very well developed in the cat. Her ears arc so sensitive that she can hear the creeping of a mouse at a distance of many yards. All cats are good climbers. They all prefer to hunt at night: They like to creep upon their prey, or lie in wait and spring upon it unawares. This is true of all cat-like animals. (Please turn to page 220.) lune, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN Dogs A DOG is man's oldest and most faithful friend. A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer. '¥hen all other friends desert, he remains. Of no other animals can this be said. Among the many animals which man uses, the dog stands first of all. Long before there were any pictured records of man's history, the dog was his tamed companion; his bones have even been found with those of Stone Age man. Scicnists say that early men developed dogs for hunting purposes from the wild wolves of their particular regions. These were wolf-like dogs such as the Eskimos use today, or such as arc shown in Egyptian pictures more than 5,000 years old. Most of dogs that we know, however, have been developed within the last few centuries to meet man's needs or his whims. But our dog friends of today still have many queer little ways of reminding us of their wolfish ancestors. The hunting dog bays-a reminder of hunting wolves baying to keep the pack together. The dog howls at night-the habit of his forefathers of calling the pack. He turns around before lying down because his ancestors had to do so in tramping down a flat sheltered bed of grass or leaves. And he still buries bones just as his wild forefathers buri-ed theirs in the wilderness in order to prevent their enemies from sharing them. The dog has to thank his ancestors, too, for his wonderful sense of smell, his keen hearing, his marvellous eyes, sharp teeth, 207 208 THE YOUNG CITIZEN his great endurance, his man and his dog were rescourage in the face of dan- cued. ger, his strong legs for run- Another dog, without ning, his lean muscular any help, dragged his masbody covered with coarse ter-left for dead-back to protective hair - all of the trenches. A great sheep which fit him for the ac- dog from time to time tive life of a hunter. saved the lives of a hunIn the World War dogs dred French soldiers lying were used as rat killers, as wounded. Many other stoRed Cross dogs for feeding ries could be told of how and aiding the wounded, as dogs helped in the Great sentinels, and as messen- World War. gers. About 10,000 of these In times of peace the dog dogs were "doing their bit" proves himself a useful when the armistice was friend in many ways. The signed. Scotch collie som.etimes has During the Great War, charge of a flock of sheep. dogs were sent out with Then he lives wi'th them, . first-aid kits strapped to gathers them from the distheir collars to hunt dut the tant pastures, brings them wounded; they carried cans to the fold when they are of soup through front line needed, and will let no trenches to c h e e r and prowler meddle with them. strengthen the fighting It is a wond,erful sight to men. They mounted guard see one of these dogs going at dangerous listening posts over hill and valley getting because their keen sense of his flock together, separathearing was better than that ing a sheep from other of man; they carried mes.. sheep, guarding the flock, sages through barbed wire keeping them from runand showers of bullets. ning away, and finally Some dogs were heroes, bringing them home. Beand received medals for cause of his remarkable June, 1939 Canada and Alaska. The sleds and the dogs to draw them make possible an expedition in the interior in the dead of winter. Many oJ our ·barking four-footed friends serve as sentinels or guards of honor for their masters. Mastiffs, those large, brave fellows, were once used in warfare and hunting, and in Roman ·times, for fighting in the amphitheater. The great Dane dogs are used in Northern Europe for hunting. Bulldogs are remarkable for their courage and their ability to "hold on." Today mastiff, <lane, and bulldog are all excellent watch dogs. bravery. There was a little black and white setter, whO, when his master was buried by a shell explosion, partially dug the soldier out of the earth, and then faithfully remained by his side for three days and nights, until finally the The bloodhound has a most astonishing keen scent. Like their wild ancestors they learned the trick of following the scent of one animal throuv,h the 1 confusion of many other smells, and learned, too, even to pick up a trail on the iarther shore of running water. Bloodhounds are used by police in tracking down criminals. So remarkable sense of smell, the collie is their scent, it is said, that and other shepherd dogs they can follow a trail 30 can trace and find lost hours after it is made. sheep in. snow storms. Some very useful dogs are those which draw the sledges w h i c h furnish transportation in the frozen parts of North AmericaOne of the swiftest running dogs .is the slender . greyhound. He h a r d I y seems to touch the ground ground as he darts along. (Turn to page 220.) Ju11e, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 209 CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION The Road to Success THERE are two qualities which help one very much in travdling the r o a d which leads to success. These are patience and perseverance. I believe very firmly that in order to become successful one must have th-ese two qualifications-one must be patient and persevering. What is pat i e n c e ? It is, I think, the ability to wait and wait, hoping and tr y i n g to a c h i e v e success. One who is not patient becomes discouraged in a little while if his plans are not successful, but the one who is patient is willing to wait for success. He is not discouraged if success does not come immediately. And what is perseverance? That is the ability -to keep on trying-to continue on and on) and never give up. The world's great men •Student, University of Santo Tomas, Manila. By MAXIMO OREVILLO, JR.• have had patience and perseverance to a marked degree. Lincoln, for example, became a great man partly, I think, because he had those two qualities, patience and perseverance. When a boy Lincoln was poor and could not obtain Lincoln was 011e of the world's most successful men. a good education. He was taught elementary reading by his mother. He continued studying until he could read good books. He learned arithmetic by the light from the log cabin fire-place. To acquire this elementary education required patience and perseverance. You, too, cait achieve at least some degree of success if you are willing to keep working -and waiting-in other words, if you have patience and perseverance. I once knew of a boy who failed in his s u b j e c t s in school. When his father asked him why he had failed, he said, "I do not like to continue a long time in preparing my lesson in one subject. I like to change to something e 1 s e . " His father answered, "I think your trouble can be remedied. W h e n you return to school next ] une, have more patience and persevefance in preparing your lessons, and you will get along much 1 better. '1 The boy followed the advice of his father, and gradually acquired the habits of patience and perse(Pfrase turn to page 219.) 210 ONE of the favorite dishes the world o v e r is pie, which consists of a pastry crust with any of various kinds of filling. There are all sorts of pies: beef pies and pork pies, chicken pies and pigeon pies, lamb pies and kidney pies, fruit pies and cream pies, et cetera. Of course, those pies in which meat or fowl is the filling are served as the main dish of a meal. Pies in which fruit is used as a filling are usually served as the dessert of a meal. For many years fruit or cream pies have been popular as a dessert, especially in the United States, from which country this delicious cookery has been introduced into most European countries, and, of course, into the Philippines. All pies have a lower crust of pastry, and many pies have an upper crust also. The crust should be about one-eighth of an inch thick, and large enough to lap over the edges of the THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE YOUNG CITIZEN PANTRY S0~1E PIE RECIPES dish in which it is baked for about half an inch. If the pie has a top crust perforate the top crust in the center to allow the steam to escape. The perforations may be made by using the tines, that is, the prongs, of a fork. A well-made pie has ·a tender crust, is well seasoned, and is baked to a light golden brown. Making the Pie First, line the dish with' the lower crust. After the top crust has been rolled, put in the filling of the pie. Wet the edges of the lower crust, place the top crust over the pie, and press the top and lower crust together between the fingers. Trim off the surplus dough, and press the edges more firmly with the tines of a fork. It is not necessary to grease a pie dish. When rolling out the dough, dust the rolling pin and pastry board with flour, using as lune, 1939 little flour as possible. It requires from thirty minutes to an hour to bake a pie, and it should be turned around several times while baking in the oven. • Pie Pastry Sift one and a half cups of flour with one-half of a teaspoon of salt, and add 8 tablespoons of shortening. Chop until the shortening is blended well with the flour, and add enough cold water to make a stiff dough. I_f the dough is too wet, it will be sticky, hard to handle, and tough. Chill the dough and roll it with a rolling pin. When fitting dough into. the pie dish, do not stretch it, as it shrinks in baking. In this article we shall give recipes for fruit pies. Apple pie and cherry- pie seem to be the favorites, so we shall give those recipe~ first. Apple Pie Line the pie plate with pastry. Then fill the lined lune, 1939 plate with thinly sliced tart apple. Strew generously with sugar, using about half a cup of sugar to each pie. Sprinkle with cinnamon or nutmeg, and dot with bits of butter, using about one tablespoon of butter to each pie. If the apples are dry, add 2 tablespoons of water. Cover with the top crust, and place in a hot 'oven for five minutes. Reduce the temperature to a moderate h e a t , and bake about 40 minutes. If the crust is nicely browned, if the apples are soft (test with a fork), and if the juice that c.ooks out of the top of the pie is thick, the pie is done. Cherry Pie Remove the seeds from t w o cups of canned sour cherries. Add one cup of sugar. Sprinkle the bottom crust with one tablespoon of flour, put the cherries in the pie, and sprinkle one tablespoon of flour over the top. Cover with the top crust and bake. Apricot Pie Drain a can of apricots and mash them. Sweeten to taste, and add sufficient flour to thicken them as THE YOUNG CITIZEN much as is necessary. Put in a lined pie dish, cover with the top crust, and bake. Peach Pie Make peach pie the same as apricot pie, except do not mash the peaches. When you are successful in making apple, cherry, apricot, and peach pies, perhaps you will want to be able to make some other 211 of sugar, one-half of a teaspoon of salt, and one tablespoon of flour. Add one teaspoon of butter. Cover with a top crust. Bake about 45 minutes in a moderate oven. Pineapple Pie Mix one can of grated pineapple which has been cooked with one cup of sugar and one tablespoon of soft butter. Beat the yolks of "two eggs, mix with one teaspoon of starch, and add to the pineapple. Serve with whipped cream. Prune Pie Soak the prunes over night, boil until soft, remove the seeds, and mash. Sweeten with oneNothiug is better than a well-made pie. half of a cup of sugar, and flavor with two tablekinds of pies. Followjng spoons of lemon juice. are more pie recipes. Bake between two cru~ts. Berry Pies Blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, and other berry pies are successfully made if enough flour is added to make the berries of proper firmness. Line a pie plate with pastry and fill it with three cups of berries. Sprinkle over the berries two-thirds of a cup Rhuba1:b Pie Stew slowly one can of rhubarb. When thoroughly cooked, mash it fine, and add a small piece of butter. When cold, sweeten to taste, and spriakle over it a little cinnamon or nutmeg. Bake between two crusts. (Ta be continued.) 212 THE YOUNG CITIZEN June, 1939 WORK AND PLAY SECTION The Whirling Jar By ALICE CROWELL HOFFMAN Ce11tri.f11ga/ .Furre kaps the wat~r in the jar. TIE a jar in the middle of a piece of string about eight feet long. Pour some water into the jar. Take hold of the two ends of the string and revolve the jar (which is tied to the string) in a vertical circle in front of you. None of the water will be spilled from the jar. As you spin it swiftly about, you will be able to keep the water in the jar through the help of centrifugal force. By centrifugal force is meant a force which is directed outward when a body is made to move in a circular path. King of the Ring By PABLO MORENO A CIRCLE is drawn on the ground. The players stand shoulder to shoulder inside the circle with arms folded either on the chest or behind the back. At a signal the game begins. It consists of trying to push one's neighbor out of the circle with the shoulders. Anyone pushed out, or anyone who falls out, is out of the game. The· one who remains longest in the circle is the "King of the Ring." Of course this game is played only by boys, for it is quite too rough for girls. It can be played out of doors or in a gymnasium. As many can play the game as can find room in the circle. lP'ho will be "King of the Ring"? lune, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 213 IMPROVING YOUR ENGLISH By ~IRS. PAZ J. EUGENIO* IF I were to ask you what sound the thunder makes, you would not be using a good choioe of English words if you told me that the thunder cries or shouts. It would be better to say, "The thunder roars," because roars is a colorful word. A colorful word is a word that implies the sound made by a person, an animal, or a thing. In the foll0wing sentences the colorful words are prin~ed in Italics: I. The happy boy whistles. 2. The bee buzzed among the flowers. 3. The auto bumped against a post. An Exercise In these sentences choose the colorful word or expression from those that are in parentheses; then draw a line through the words or expressions which are NOT colorful: I. The frog (calls, croaks, makes a noise). 2. The water (splash,ed, dashed, spattered). 3. The hen (sounds, clucks, calls). 4. The rain (falls, patters, drops) on the window pane. 5. The wolf (ho.wls, calls, cries). 6. The rooster (crows, calls, sounds). 7. The earth (moved, trembled, was not quiet). 8. The blacksmith ( us•es, works with, strikes with) his hammer. 9. They (shot, fired, boomed) the cannon. IO. Th e d o o r (opened, moved creaked) when the wind blew. ~Please turn to page 219.) •Teacher, Cecilio Apostol Elementary School, Manila. CROSS-WORD PUZZLE By B. HILL CANOVA CROSSWISE: I. A town at the mouth of the Cagayan River. 2. A volcano in the Bicol Peninsula. 3. An island in the center of the Visayas. UP AND DOWN: 2. A small island west of the city of Cebu. 4. A section of Manila. 5. A town on the Cagayan River in the province of Isabela. 6. The island separated from Samar by San Juanico Strait. 7. A town near the city of Iloilo. (Answers oti page 217) 214 THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION How to Have Good Teeth* Brush _rour tecfh ta·ice 11 daJ'• Ix the April number and the May number of The Young Citizen an explanation of the growth and structure of the temporary teeth and the permanent teeth was made. The artide in this issue of The Young Citizen will give careful instructions as to th e proper method o f brushing the teeth. If you will follow these instructions all your life, have a dentist examine your teeth once ,every six months, and do what is necessary to put them in good condition, you will always have good teeth. Good teeth will help vou very much to have good health. • Adapted from an article prepared by the Office of the Surgeon General, U. S. Public Health Service. (Continued from tlie May number) How to Brush the Teeth Many boys and girlsand adults, too-do not know how to brush their teeth properly. Let us try an •experiment which will show you the proper method of brushing the teeth: Smear a little earth or clay on the finger-nails of all the fingers on y9ur left hand. Then take an old tooth brush to clean the earth off your nails. First, brush across your nails, back and forth. That is the way most people brush their teeth. After brushing you~ nails that way, you will notice that although much of the earth or clay has been brushed off there is still some left alo~g the sides of each nail. When you brush your teeth that way, there are still left some of the food particles, just as some of the earth was left on your nails. When these food particles remain each day, decay -may result. Again brush your nails up and down. You will notice that some of the earth or clay still remains near the root of the nail. In the same way, if you brush your teeth only. up a~d down, food parttdes will remain, and decay may result. Now brush your nails in a rotary manner; that is, keep the brush turningback and forth, up and down, aro~nd and aroundso that you make a sinall circle. It will be found that all the earth or clay will be removed from e<1ch nail. None will be left at the sides or at the roots of the nails. That is the way you should brush your teeth. A rotary (turning) motion is to be recommended in brushing one's teeth upon the surface next to the lips and cheeks. For the inner or tongue sid·e of the teeth one cannot use this· rotary motion. No too!IU1cl1e for him! lune, 1939 Therefore, use the toothbrush in a different way on the inside surface of the teeth. Place the brush· on the gums,.and move it up, that is, toward the tip or chewing surface o f t h •e teeth. Do not push downward with the brush, because in such a way food particles and germs will be pushed beneath the gum margins, and that is one of the things most to be avoided. For brushing the masticating surface of the tooth - that is, the tip or the chewing surface -n pulling and pushing motion bncl<wnrd an d forward is ·recommended. If the gums bleed when the teeth are brushed, something is wrong, and a good dentist should at once be consulted. A healthy gum is not easily injured. After brushing the teeth -using all these three methods according to the part to be brushed-you should rinse the mouth thoroughly in order to remove any· material which has been dislodged by the previous brushing. THE YOUNG CITIZEN Cleaning Between the Teeth Generally, it is not good to use a toothpick, because in using a toothpick many persons injure the delicate gum tissue which extends in a crescent-shaped mass between the teeth. The preservation of this tissue is very desirable. Dental floss (which can Teaching Dl'ntaf Hygiene* be bought ·;t any good drug store) is very good for cleansing the surfaces between the teeth, but care should be taken in its use. It should not be held tight between the fingers and forced through between the teeth. Such a method allows the floss to snap through with much force somewhat like the action of a bowstring when released. If 215 used thus, dental floss will cause serious injury to the gums. To use floss properly and with benefit, draw it carefully through betwee~ the teeth with a pulling motion, and when it is freely movable draw it carefully back and forth over all the surfaces between the teeth, but do not force it beneath the gum margin. Cleansing the Gums The gums may also be cleansed with the brush, but not with as hard usage as when polishing the teeth. Regula,- brushing of the gums will not injure them unless they are diseased. If the gums bleed it 'may be caused by a disease known as pyorrhea which causes inflammation of the gums and loosening of the teeth. This disease will be discussed in a later article. (To be co11ti11ued) • l11farmation f?r securing free a large dental chart for the school room will be furnished ta teachers upon request. Address the Managing Editor of the Younp Citizen. 216 THE YOUNG CITIZEN June, 1939 Some Important Birthdays and Events of June Check the five which interest you most; then go to the library and read about each of the five which you have checked. I : A Visayan revolt against Spain began at Palapag, Leyte, 1649. 2: Alexander Bell completed the invention of the telephone, 1875. 3: Manila was founded by Legaspi, 1571. Manila's most devastating earthquake occurred, 1863. 4: Assemblyman Francisco Celebrado was ·born, 190 I. 5: Datu Sinsuat, assemblyman, was born, 1878. Assemblyman Norberto Roque was born, 1892. 6: Manila-Baguio long distance telephone service began, 1929. J ustice Norberto Romualdez was born, 1875. 7: A peace and disarmament treaty to last IO years was signed at Rome by representatives of England, Italy, France, . and Germany, 1933. 8: Robert Schumann, German music composer, was born, 1810. 9: Charles Dickens, English author, died, 1870. 10: Assemblymen Jose Uy was born, 1910. 11 : Richard Strauss, German music composer and conductor, was born, 1864. 12: Secretary Ramon Torf'es was born, 1891. 13: St. Anthony's Day. 14: Flag Day in the United States, marking the adoption of the American flag, 1777. 15: The Magna Carta (Great Charter), was signed, 1215, by King John at Runnymeade. 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 2 I: 22: 23: 24: 25: Attorney Francisco Ventura was born, 1893. Ass·emblyman Jose Fuentebella was born, 1883. The Battle of Waterloo, marking the turning point of Napoleon's conquest, was fought, 1815. Jose Rizal was born in Calamba, 1861. For the first time in history, a woman, Miss Alice Robertson, United States Representative from Oklahoma, presided over the House of Representatives, 1921. Jose Rizal left Hongkong for Manila, 1892. Assemblyman Claudio Sandoval was born, 1900. The Duke of Windsor was born, 1894. Marcela de Agoncilla, who. made the first Philippine flag, was born, 1860. Guillermo Dy ·Buncio, PhilippineChinese businessman, was born1 1905. 26: Pablo Amor solo, artist, was born, 1898. 27: Rebellion in Mindanao was crushed with the loss of many lives, 1893. 28: The assaosination of the Archduke of Austria, provoking the World War, occurred, 1914. 29: Assemblyman Pedro Vera was born, 1897. 30: French troops. numbering 36,000, the last Allied forces to occupy• portions of Germany, were withdrawn in 1930, eleven and a half years after the World War ended. lune, 1939 A VACATION STORY (Co11ti11ued. from page 197) vacation, and on her page Dorotea had pasted some post cards received from frieiids who went away while she stayed holhe. Urbana had drawn a picture of herself taking care of her Ii ttle baby sister. There were many more pages, and each one told a story of what some- pupil had done during the vacation. Dorotea's mother gave them some red silk cord with which to fasten the book together after holes had been punched in the leaves. How surprised Miss Benitez was when the children ga.,-e her the beautiful book. She put it on the reading table in the corp.er where every one could see it. "Thank you, boys and girls, for this lovely book," said Miss Benitez. "Thank you, Miss Benitez," said the boys and girls, "for the interesting gifts you ·.brought us, and for being such a. nice, kind teacher. We will do our best to be good pupils." Do you think the new teacher liked her new class? A REVIEW 1. Did you like this story? Why? 2. Do you think Miss Benitez is the kind of teacher you would like? Why? 3. What shows that Miss Benitez was interested in her class? 1 4. What three trips did Miss Benitez make during her vacation? 5. Name the impcntant southern islands of the Philippines. THE YOUNG CITIZEN Fine them on the map. 6. Where is Baguio? Find it on the map. 7. Where is Hongkong? Find it on the map. 8. What did Miss Benitez bring from Baguio for her class? 9. Have you seen a carving like the one described in this story? 10. Are many of the Filipinos who live near Baguio skillful at carving? 11. What two things did Mjss Ber,itez bring from Jolo? 12. How do you think the cloth was woven which she brought? I 3. Are mother-of-pearl shells which come fiom Jdlo valuable? Why? 1 4. What things are made from mother-of-pearl shells? 15. What valuable jewels are sometimes found in motherCROSS-WORD PUZZLE (Answers to puzzle on page 213) 217 of-pearl shells? I 6. Have you ever seen grotesque faces cut from coconut husks? 17. Would you be interested in a collection of shells sUch as l\fiss Benitez brought from Negros? 18. Did you ever put a shell to your ear and hear a ·sound like the faint roar of the sea? 19. Have you ever seen a Chinese painting on rice paper? 20. Have you ever seen any Chinese puzzle locks? 21. Why do yo_u think the boys and girls wanted to make a "vacation scrapbook" for their teacher? 22. What was their plan? 23. What was on Maria's page? 24. What was on Juanita's page? 25. How did Josefa make her page? 26. What did Francisca do with her page? 27. How did Pedro show what he had done during vacation? 28. What was on Juliana's page? 29. What did Tomas put on his page? 30. What did Urbana place on her page? 3 I. Can you think of some other ways of making pages in the "vacation scrapbook" which are not mentioned in this story? 32. Do you think your teacher would like to have rou and your classmates make her a "vacation scrapbook"? 32. WhJ• not plan to do it, and surprise her? 34. Would it make her happy? Try it and see. 35. Tell one thing which you can do to make your school a happy school. 218 THE YOUNG CITIZEN lune, 1939 SOME ANIMAL RIDDLES I. A dog THE OLD WALL (Continued from page 201) the plot of ground enclosed by these walls, more events of Philippine historr have occurred th.1n in all the rest of the Islands put together. Imffiediately before his execution, Rizal was confined in one of the cells of Fort Santiago. VVhen one thinks of all the fighting: and bloodshed which have taken place within this enclosure, or of the schemes of politicians and church officials which have been planned within it, or of the grandeur and pomp of official d:splays within these walls, there comes the realization that it would be hard to find elsewhere a spot of the same size which is of more interest. There are things of historical value here which can be found nowhere else on earth. Although the old wall is no longer of any great value in the defense of Manila, yet there is nothing in the city which offers a more picturesque sight. As shown in the illustration of a corner of the wall (page 200) the old stones in many places are covered with moss and occasional small shrubb.ery. How quaint the picture of the old (Answers to riddles 011 page i92) II. A carabao WHY ROSA FELT GLAD (Continued from page 195) How glad Rosa was that she had given the p~seta tO her teach"Perhaps that poor little girl would have gone hungry if you had not returned her peseta," said the teacher. "I am glad, Rosa, that you are an honest girl." "So am I," thought Rosa all the rest of the da}r. watch-tower on one corner of the ,.,·all (page 201 ). Spanish sentries have stood there on guard in centuries past. And what an artistic scene is presented in the view through one of the old gates (page 201 ). The old wall of Manila should never be destroyed, for nothing in the city or in the entire Philippines is of greater interest to the tourist. These walls are more conspicuous than anything else l\1anila has to offer. Over the fort at the head of the old wall-Fort Santiago-three flags have floated: the. Spanish flag, the British flag, and the flag of the United States. The (Turn to page 219.) III. A pig SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA (Continued from page 203) especially in Ireland and Wales. The harp was a favorite instrument in Ireland, and even at the present time is an Irish emblem. The player of the harp uses both hands to pluck the 47 strings. (The number of strings may vary.) The harp is used in the symphony orchestra usually for playing accompaniments or passages characteristic of the instrument. The piano--more correctly called the pianoforte-is never used in the symphony orchestra as an orchestral instrument. Sometimes a pianist plays a solo on a piano, and the entire orchestra plays the accompaniment. Next month we shall discuss each of the instruments of the wood-wind section. REVIEW QUESTIONS I. Into how many sections are the instruments of the orchestra divided? 2. Can you name the sections? 3. Which is the most important section? 4. Can you name the instruments of the string section? (T11rn to page 2~2.) June, 1939 THE OLD WALL (Continued from page 218) fourth flag to be added to these is the flag of the Philippinesthe flag "•'hich today floats side by side with the American banner, as a sign of local government by the Filipinos and national protection by the United States. Probably i@w of the many people who pass these walls every day stop to think of the history which has been made within them, but a little reflection will bring to mind some of these events. When one rCmembers that a part of the wall now standing was erected before the first settlement in the United States had been thought of, the historical significance of this old memorial will be realized. All in all, the old wall of 1':-Ianila, is, perhaps, the most interesting thing in the Philippines from a historical standpoint, although, to be sure, there are other things of great interest in 1\ilanila and elsewhere in the Islands. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE OLD WALL I. Have you ever seen the old wall of Manila? 2. Did the article about the old wall cause you to become interested in it? 3. Would you like to examine the old wall carefully? Why? 4. Do you think Filipinos should know about the history of the old wall? Why? 5. How long has the old wall been standing? 6. In what year did the Spaniards begin to build this wall? 7. What army made holes in the wall and entered the city through them? When? How were the holes made? THE YOUNG CITIZEN IMPROVING ENGLISH (Continued from page 213) 1 1. T h e windows (rattled, moved, were not quiet) when the wind blew. 12. The clock on the mantel (runs, ticks, .goes) . 13. The cat (sounds, calls, meows). '14. The bell (rang, pealed, sounded). 15. The cow (mooed, called, made a noise). 16. The dynamite (burst noisily, went off, exploded). 17. Her teeth (moved, chattered, touched each other in rapid succession) as she spoke. 18. The bird (fluttered, moved, was not quiet) on the grass. r 9. The leaves of the trees (moved, were not still, rustled). 20. The ocean (sounds, is heard, roars). Check. your choice of words with the following key: I. Croaks I 1 •• Rattled 2. Splashed 12. Ticks 3. Clucks 13. Meows 4. Patters 14. Pealed 5. Howls 15. Mooed 6. Crows 16. Exploded 7. Trembled 17. Chattered 8. Strikes with 18. Fluttered 9. Bo~med 19. Rustled 10. Creaked 20. Roars 8. How long is the entire wall? 9. What is the area of the Walled City? IO. How many people are living in the Walled·City? 1 I. In centuries past how many people found refuge at one time within the walls? 12. Do you think the old wall should always be left standing? Why? THE ROAD TO SUCCESS (Conti11ued from page 209) verance. He completed his course. Here are some rules which may help you on th.e road to success: 1. Form the habit of contin. uing at a thing you have begun no matter how hard it is. 2. Do your best to finish what you begin, even though it is done slowly-little by little. 3. Continue at your task, no matter if you have failed many times. In other w9r.ds, have patience and perseverance. The heights, by great men reached and kept, Were not attained by sudden f/;ght, But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward, through the night. QUESTIONS I. What two qualities help one to become successful? 2. What is patience? 3. What is perseverance? 4. Have the great men of the world been patient and persevering? 5. Who is named in this ar~ tide as an example? 6. Tell something about Lincoln's early life. 7. Did Lincoln become one of the world's most successful men? 8. Can you name another example? 9. Give the first rule for becoming successful. IO. Give the second rule. II. Give the third rule. 12. Do you agree with the thought of the stanza? This would be an excellent poem for you to memorize. 220 CATS (Continued from page 206) Scientists do not agree on the question of the origin of domestic cats. The earliest records on the subject are found in Egypt. We know that Egyptian cats were tame more than 31 000 years ago. · The ancient Egyptians regarded the cat with superstitious awe, and treated it. as a member of their families. When a cat died in ancient Egypt, it was embalmed and buried l\ke ~ human being, and the members of the family Went into mourning. In ancient Egypt if any one purposely killed a cat, he was punished by death. The mummies of cats are often found among the ruins of ancient Egypt.. The bodies have been well preserved for centuries. The cat was seldom, if at all, kept by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and until long after the Christian era, cats were not common in some parts of Europe. The early Christians associated cats with witches, and the devil was often depicted in the form of a black cat. Superstitions about cats survive among many peoples even in civilized countries. The domestic cat will eat many kinds of food, but prefers meat or fish. Sometimes a cat will aetU.ally catch a fish, but usually it does not like to get wet. I ts fur is easily injured by water, because there is no oil in the hair. The cat is a good companion and is liked almost as well as the dog. It is a pretty, graceful animal. It is very cleanly and does not like to step in any kind of filth.. It always keeps its fur neat and clean. Cats like to be petted, and with gentle treatment a cat becomes greatly attached to its keeper, disTHE YOUNG CITIZEN playing its affection in many ways. Cats are very intelligent animals, and are useful in destroying rats and mice. They have the bad habit, however, of destroying birds. The cats that we commonly see and own today ar~ divided into two general classes, the shorthaired and the long-haired species. The various kinds of short-haired cats differ chiefly in their colors. The "long-haired cats came originally from Asia, and the best known varieties are Angora and Persian cats. They are closely related. The Angora cat comes from. the province of Angora in Western Asia. Many owners of a long-haired cat cannot tell· whether it is an Angora or a Persian. The head and body of a Persian cat are usually larger than the head and body of the Angora. Everyone knows, of course, that kittens are blind when they are born, and are quite helpless. It is bad for thetn to be handled until they are old enough to walk.· Cats should not be kept ·in the house too much. They need fresh air, and grass and other green things that they find growing form part of their necessary diet. • Cats are very independent by nature, and do not like to obey; when they do they take their own time about it. It is much harder to . teach them tricks than dogs. A curious cat comes from the Isle of Man, an island located in the Irish Sea between England and Ireland. This . is the Manx cat which is always born without a tail. It is shown in illustration No. I on page 206. Illustration No. 2 is the picture of a shaded silver Persian cat. No. 3 is ·a "smoked" Persian. No. 4 is a blue lune, 1939 DOGS (Continued from page 208) Greyhounds are often used as racing dogs. Another graceful runner is the ·beautiful Russian wolf-hound, which alSo is tall and thin, and is noted fo his won-' derfully silky coat-usually white with tan markings. Such a dog is a very valuable aaimil. The affectionate setter, with his plumy tail and long silky coat, is also useful in setting birds. There are many other kinds of dogs used in hunting, such. as the foxhound, the beagle, and the pointer. The rat terrier is useful in killing rats. A single rat terrier was once let loose in a room where a hundred rats had been collected. .Like a streak of lightning he worked, and in seven minutes had killed every one of them. Each was killed with one hasty bite. There are many different breeds C?"f dogs, but whatever the breed, the dog is a smart, plucky playfellow and protector. In the illustration on page 207 tCn different kinds of dogs are shown. The list includes some of the breeds best known. No. I in the illustration is a picture of" the smart little dog known as a fox terrier. No. 2 is a Newfoundland dog. No. 3 is a Scotch terrier. No. 4 is a Scotch collie. No. 5 is a bulldog. No. 6 is a setter. No. 7 is a mastiff. No. 8 is a Russian wolf-hound. No. 9 is a bloodhound. No. 10 is a greyhound.-Adapted. Persian. No .. 5 is a Siamese cat. No. 6 is the common domestic cat. No. 7 is an orange Persian. No. 8 is a chinchilla. No. 9 is a black Persian. No. 10 is a long-haired Angora.-A dapted. lune, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 221 THE FUNNY PAGE THE ANIMAL TOURISTS RETURN HOME 222 LITTLE WUNG FOO (Continued from page 199) chairs by two poles extending out in front and behind. Once Wung Foo took a journey with his father on a boat. The river was so wide there was room for sailing-boats in the middle, and for lines of house-boats along the banks. Women washed and cooked on the decks of the houseboats. Children played there with little barrels tied to them. If _they fell into .the water the barrels kept them afloat until someone could pull them out. 'Vhen he went home, Wung Foo studied harder than ever. He was glad he was going to be a mandarin, or at least a silk· merchant like his father. Perhai>s he might go away to be a merchant in San Francisco in the United States, or to Manila in the 'Phi!~ ippine Islands. But when he got very· rich he would go back to China, and when he died his bones would be buried with those of his forefathers according to custom.-Condensed from Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia. REVIEW I. Did you like to read about little Wung Foo? 2. Tell about Wung Foo's grandmother. 3. How did Wung Foo dress in the winter time? 4. Tell about Wung Fob's home. 5. -Tell about the way the women lived. 6. Tell about Wung Foo's journey. 7. Tell about the Chinese house-boats. 8. \Vhat is a mandarin? (See the dictionary.) 9. Where is China? IO. Where is Canton? THE YOUNG CITIZEN SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA (Continued from page 218) 5. Have you examined the picture of each instrument? (See page 202.) 6. Tell about each of the following instruments: (a) violin, ( b) viola, ( c) violoncello, ( d) double-bass, ( e) harp. 7. Can you name the "bowed" instruments of the orchestra, that is, those which are played by a bow? 8. How many strings has each bowed instrument? 9. What is the position of each player in the string section? 10. Can you pronounce correctly: violin (vigh-o-lin), viola ( vee-o-la), violqncello, ( vee-olohn-chel-o), 'cello ( 'chel-o). 11. Which is the smallest bowed instrument? 12. Which is the largest bowed instrument? 13. Which is larger, the violin or the viola? 14. Which is larger, the 'cello or the double-bass? 15. Have you seen and heard all the instruments of the string section? 16. Which instrument of the lune; 1939 LAKE BALINSASAYAO (Continued from page 198) ing came, behold! instead of the fertile plateau there was a lake. The news soon spread to the lowland~rs through an -0ld man who had made the trip up the mountain. "God has punished the wicked Negritos for stealing our fogd and animals, and our beautiful maiden," the people said. The plainsmen ascended the mountain. Sure enough, there was the lake instead of the mountain village on the plateau. Of Chief Guinatab and his men they heard nothing. Perhaps they were all drowned fn the lake. As the lowlanders looked into the water and saw the shadows of the leaves blown by the wind, they thought that the}' could see the Negritos dancing down in the water. The people called the · lake "Balinsasayao" which means in the native dialect "too much dancing," because they said that the lake had been formed after there had been too much dancing and merriment among ·the mountain people. Today, if you climb the mountains of _Negros, you .will still find the beautiful lake almost at ihe string section can best play a solo? top of a mountain peak. The 17 · Which instrument of the highest peak near the lake has string section cannot play a solo? . been named Guinatabon to r~ 18. What large stringed instru- mind the people of th'e Negrito ment of the orchestra can play a warrior who was swallowed by solo very well? the mountain. 19. Which is the most ancient stringed instrument? 20. How do we know the harp do you think you like the best? was used in ancient times? 2+ Can you tell about the 21. In what country is the pie- string section of the orchestra? ture of the harp an emblem? 25. Can you write from mem22. How many strings has the ory a composition about the string modern harp? section? 23. Which stringed instrument (To be continued) lune, 1939 A Selected Composition FLOWERS FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT FIRST I placed a fence around a plot of ground in front of my house where I planned to have a flower garden. I raked it and I made it ready for the plants. After the sun was down I set out the seedlings. I watered each one after it was set out. I went to my garden before sunrise the next morning and watered the young plants and covered them with coconut leaves so they would not be burned by the heat of the sun. Each afternoon I cultivated and watered my plants. I pulled up the weeds, and cleaned and swept around the plot. After a while I was rewarded by beautiful flowers. Some of the flowers I sold in the market. Some I took to school for my teachers.-Nieves G. Infante ( 12 years old). THE YOUNG CITIZEN My Home Garden Prize Composition By LU FAT ( 15 years old) LAST year I made a home garden about 100 squ.are meters in area. I divided it into eight plots. In these plots I planted different kinds of vegetables such as cabbage, radishes, petchay, lettuce, egg-plants, tomatoes, peppers, and native onions. I took great pride in my garden and likea it very much. Early each morning, before going to school, I worked in my garden picking off worms and insects from the vegetables. On the days when there was no school I gathered those vegetables w h i c h were ready for the market, and sold them. At the end of the year I found that my total sales amounted to 8 pesos and 93 centavos. By following my father's advice regarding the use of my leisure time, not only did I become strong and Helping at Home Prize Composition By DELIA LAZARO ( 13 years old) 223 As soon as I am up in the morning I set the table and help my older sister get breakfast ready. After breakfast, I clear the table and wash the dishes. Then I get ready for school. After morning classes I go home and set the table for dinner. After dinner I wash the d is h e s again. Then I sweep the floor, and put my little nephew to sleep. Then I attend afternoon classes. When I come back home I cook the rice and help my older sister cook the other things for supper. After supper the dishes must be washed again. I wash them just as I have learned to do in my home economics class. After fixing the beds my work for the day is over, healthy, but I did work which was useful and which made me thrifty. It . pays to raise a garden. THE YOUNG CITIZEN Jun,, 1939 1 CHATS with the EDITOR 1 How quickly the weeks pass by! A short time ago -so it seems to the Editor -I was sitting at my desk writing the wish that every teacher and every school boy and girl might have a happy vacation. The copy is scarcely Off the press and the ink is hardly dry when I find it is time to write something like a welcomcback-to-school greeting. Yes, welcome back to school! I really cannot help but say it. We.lcome back to school, everybody! And I hope that this is going to be the best school year which you _have ever had. This is my wish for every teacher and every boy and every girl · in every school in the PI!ili ppines. Of course, each pupil in school who is the right kind of pupil will want to start j11.1t right in the work of the new school year, and then stay just right. That is the proper attitude to have when you reenter your classroom. We have always wanted to help you-through our magazine-to have that feeling, so for some time we have been publishing a page each month in The Young Citizen which will help you to start right and stay right. As many of you a·lready know, in each issue of The Young Citizen there is just such an article written by an expert in that line. I am referring now to the page written each month by Dr. I. Panlasigui under the tit 1 e The Message this i\I onth. This article is placed at the very heginning of our magazine, so you will easily fiud it. I hope you will read ·that page first of all when you turn to an issue of The Young Citizen for the first time. And read it carefully -not just once, but two or three times. Dr. Panlasigui always writes that page in easy words so that every pupil above the primary grades can read and undcr·stand his message. After you have read that page once or twice-after you have read it carefully and understand it thoroughly-then what? I think the thing to do, boys and girls, is to try your best to follow the suggestions of Dr. Panlasigui i01 his message. I honestly believe that if you will do your best to follow the advice given in that article, you will be a better boy or a better girl, you will do better work in school, your teachers will be pleased with your good work, and your parents will be very happy over the results. You see, boys and girls, Dr. Panlasigui is an expert in what we educators call school psychology. Never mind if . you can't pronounce that big worq or if you do not know its meaning. Let me explain: A school psychologist is a person who has been trained so that he knows all about the best ways to secure good results in school; and he is therefore just the person to give the best possible advice on matters of that kind. Such an educator, I believe, is Dr. Panlasigui. You will find his page most helpful. Although Dr. Panlasigui is a very busy man-he is a professor in the University of the Philippines-still he finds time each month to write a page very much worth while for you boys and girls. When you see the next new copy of The Y f.JlW!f Citiz:en1 if you do not read anything else, read The :1Iesrnge this 1vlonth by Dr. Panlasigui, and then -do as that message suggests.-The Editor. YOUNG FRIENDS: Did you ever do something interesting and worth while? Have you had any experience in doing any of the following: (1) Collecting Philippine Shells, (2) Hunting Turtles, (3) Exploring a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (5) Making an Aquarium, (6) Collecting Postage Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the Philippines, (8) Making a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers~ (10) Making Candies, (11) Buil~ing a Sail Boat, (12) Hunting for Wild Animals, (13) Baking Bread or Cakes, (14) .Making Articles of Clothing, (15) Making Articles of F"urniture, (16) Visiting the Aquarium in Manila, (17) Collecting Moths and Butterflies, (18) Collecting Interesting Botanical Specimens, (19) Raising Orchids, (20) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the Philippines, or doing many other interesting thing!. WRITE ABOUT IT IN A SHORT COMPOSITION. Send your composition to The Young Citizen. Each of the writers of the Two Best Compositions received during the month will be awarded a Prize. The Prizes: An Ink-D-.Cator. Fountain Pen An Interesting Book Each month the Editor of The Young Citizen will publish as many of the best compGsitions as space will permit, even if they are not prize \Vinners. Any Boy or Girl, whether a subscriber or not, may become a Member of The What-Are-Yo~-Doing? Club. The rules for securing membership are simple. OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES: 1. Write about something interesting which you have done, such as the above titles suggest. Do not. write a story which is not true. If your story is accepted, you are a member of the Club. 2. On your composition write your name and address VERY PLAINLY. 3. State your age. 4. Tell what articles or article you liked best in recent issues or the last issue of The Young Citizen.. Address all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of Community Publishers, Inc. Publishers of The Young Citizen P. 0. Box 685. Manila, Philippines