Young Citizen

Media

Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: Young Citizen
Issue Date: Volume 5 (Issue No. 7) July 1939
Year: 1939
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: Tm; YOUN(] CITIZEN THE MAGAZINE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE /(P)()1 '/. ~ }ULY, 1939 l'b W().1 30 Centavos ll Announcement to All Write~s: We Will Pay You for writing articles of merit for publication in THE YOUNG. CITIZEN. We want interesting children's stories from 200 to 500 ·w~rds in length; also games, reading devices, articles of historical interest, elementary science and health articles, puzzles, joke3, and playlets. We also wish to buy several good serial storieti. Interesting stories less than 200 words in length are deiiired for Little Pe;ple. You can add to your income by writing for us. Primary Teachers: We especially desire various kinds of interesting material suitable for First. Second. and 'I'hird Grade Pupils. We will pay teachers and others for material which we can use. Each article should be written in clear, easy, correct English, on one side of the paper, typewritten if possible, or written by hand neatly and legibly. The article should be submitted with a self~addressed stamped envelope, other.; wise the publishers will not return it to the writer in case it cannot be used. Address all communications to: The Managing Editor The Young Citizen Care of Community Publishers, Inc. P. 0. Box 685, Manila, Philippines • For First Graders Roi;a and Pedro-Quirfro .-I. Cruz ... Y/hich h. the Wonl?-iUaximo M. Munoz • For Second Graders A-Hunting We Will Go . Draw the Missing Part My Dog My Picture Spelling Book • For Third Graders I Like 'the Rain . What ls the Work of Each? Can You Name the Parts of Your Body? Weather Questions .. • Stories 9 3 The Reward of Kindness-Alicia P. Lopn:. ... When the Scouts Went Hiking-Dolores A. l1tga1ti • Poems The Mango Tre~Angel /I. Campo7 ... Making Three and ri.·wo-Piuntt S. Maglalang Frog> at School-George Cooper . • Character and Citizenship "They Should Let Me Alone"-Dr. /, Panlnsigui The Story of a Failure-Jose Sugui • Elementary Science 228 229 230 230 231 231 232 232 233 233 237 "' 227 236 _261 226 249 Coffee . • . . . . . . . . . 246 The 'even \\'onder11 of the Modern World-George .T. Odell . 247 • Music Appreciation A-Hunting We Will Go (A Song) .... , . . . . 234 The Instruments of the Woodwind Section-Bert Paul Os/um 243 Processional March-/lenry Parker . 2S4 • History The Oldest Church in the Philippines . . . . . . . 241 Some Important Birrhdays and Events of July . 2SS • Health and Safety How to Have Good Teeth . 24-S • Work and Play A Maisie Game for Little Children Chongca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Teaching Your Dog to Do Tricks More Pie Recipes ............ . The V\'hat-Are-You-Doing? Club Chats wi[h the Editor . 235 2SI 252 2S3 261 264 Published monthly by the Community Publishcn. Inc., I:?:? Cryst11L Arend(.', Esmlta. Man:~11.. Phili1>pines. Entered as Second Clnss Mail Matter at the Manila Post Ortlce on Mny 16. J9al',, Editorial Dil·ector: Jos<i E. llo>11c1·0; Mann:::-in::: Editor: B«•'t l'a11I 01hon: C.:1mtrihutinK Editors: Dr. I. P(l:niasig11i and Q"frico A. Cr11z: S111ff Arti!!l: Pedro Paauia: BusineH Mnnager: E ... iliana Garcia R0841~•. coun~~:~~ri~i~~lep!C:;. f 3300~e~~~v:~: J'e&.t of 12 issues; $2.00 in the Unit..-d S1nte8 and fo1·eign s • .i.~ .... ;,,,;,,.,,,," .. '" h, .,...;,, tn rn .......... ;,,, ,. .. ~·; •. T~i; MAGAZINI; !=OR YOUNG P~OPL!; 226 THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 ~'<?"0""1'~.....,,..d?~?'«!."'1?'"6«?«!.,,,,,..'6<0""'=<!?"16<6'..,,.<t?'<6.r"'b""""""""'Sl.! THE ·MESSAGE THIS MONTH "THEY SHOULD LET ME ALONE" Children do not like to be controlled. They want to do whatever they wish to do. Some parents allow their children to do as they please. They say, "Let them alone." Of course, children like to be "let alone." When I was a boy I liked very much to swim. Every day I liked to go to the river wi\h my friends. We used to swim and have a good time. We liked to stay in the water as long as we wished. But we could not. My mother. used to send for me to come from my swimming. Upon my arrival at home she would give me a whipping. She did not want me to go swimming. She wanted me to stay at home. · I used to like to do many things besides swimming. I liked to go fishing, hunting birds' nests, gathering fruits, playing and running around. But my parents did not "let me alone." They wanted me to do the things they liked to have me do. "Do this," they said, "or you'll be whipped; Don't do that, but -do thls." But "that" was what I wanted to do, and I did not want to do "this." So, many times I said to myself, "Why don't they let me alone?" I am sure many a child today asks the same question and wishes to be "let alone." "They should let me · alone." When I was a child I did not understand. Now, I know my mother did not "let me alone" because then I did not know how to be "let alone." I did not know how to take care of myself. Children who wish to be "let alone" should first learn how to take care of themselves. Our parents are happy to give us fceedom to do as we please as soon as we know how to be free. -DR. I. PANLASIGUI Jul)', 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 227 A POEM FOR THIS MONTH THE MANGO TREE By ANGEL V. CAMPOY• CLOSE by our hous~ is a mango tree: A pleasant sight it is to see; It spreads its branches low and greenA lovelier tree I ne'er have seen. In summer time it casts a shade: A happy place for play is made; 'Tis cool and fresh and pleasant there, A spot which bird and beast may . share. like to swing within its shadeHow oft beneath its boughs I've played! • Head Teacher, Masfog Primary School, Sibulan, Ori~tal N egros. like to hear the bird's sweet song, And green leaves' rustling all day long. Within its branches birds find room To build their nests 'mid fragrant bloom; Soon luscious yellow fruits we see: A gift to all is the mango tree . I love all trees for shade they give-They make a pleasant place to live; I love the most the mango tree, Because of fruits it gives to me. FOR FIRST GRADERS THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 ROSA AND PEDRO By QUIRICO A. CRUZ• Rosa is in the first grade. She is learning to read. She is learning to write. She is learning to sing. Rosa has a brother. His name is Pedro. He is in. the first grade, too. Pedro likes his school. Ro'sa and Pedro go to school together. They help their teacher clean the blackboard. Their teacher is Miss Rubio. They love their teacher. They help their teacher keep the room clean. FINDING THE RIGHT ANSWERS What is Rosa learning in school? Draw a line under each· correct answer. 1. Rosa is learning to read. 6. Rosa is learning to sing. 2. Rosa is learning to sleep. 7. Rosa is learning to swim. 3. Rosa is learning to write. 8. Rosa is learning to count. 4. Rosa is learning to cook. 9. Rosa is learning .to make s. Rosa ·is learning to help bread. her teacher. 10. Rosa is learning to be * Assist~nt Principal, Gregorio del Pilar Elementary School, Manila. a good girl. July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR FIRST GRADERS WHICH IS THE WORD? . By MAXIMO M. MUNOZ• Draw a line from the picture to its name. flower egg cup dress shoe hat banana eggplant squash knife spider spoon boat box bat •Principal, Malinao Elementary School, Malinao, Albay. kite kitten carabao boy bat ball book table leaf pig frog fan pail horse pencil 230 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR SECOND GRADERS •Sec pages 234 and 235. A-HUNTING WE WILL GO* O! A-hunting we will go, A-hunting we will go; We'll catch a fox And put him in a box, And then we'll let him go. DRAW THE MISSING PART Juli·, 1939 Here we see a picture of ::i bucket, a picture of a boat, and a picture of a rake. In each picture something is missing. Can you draw the missing part? bucket boat rake ··-...; July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR SECOND GRADERS MY DOG I have a dog all shaggy, His ears are rough and raggy; He loves me, too - that's what I thinkFor with his tongue, so soft and pink, He kisses me, quick as a wink. MY PICTURE SPELLING BOOK VI. PETS 231 This is the last page of your picture spelling book. The pictures tell what the words are. Write each word two times on the lines. L~---- 2.----- 3.----- 4.----,~ goat puppy lamb kitten 232 FOR THIRD GRADERS THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 I LIKE THE RAIN RAINY days are pleasant days: They bring relief from heat; Rain cools the thirsty town, And washes clean the street. Rainy days are happy days, For then we have "to use Our raincoats and umbrellas And rainy weather shoes. Rainy days are welcome days, For then we surely know · The seeds sown in our garden beds Into plants will grow. WHAT IS THE WORK OF EACH? Choose the correct group of words from the list below, and write each on the proper line. 1. A farmer 4. A fireman 2. A carpenter 5. A blacksmith 3. A merchant 6. A baker bakes bread keeps a store raises crops fights fires builds houses makes horseshoes Juli" 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 233 FOR THIRD GRADERS CAN YOU NAME THE PARTS OF YOUR BODY? Write the number on the lines: How many eyes have you? -_-How many ears? - - How many noses? - - How many mouths? - - How many lips? -How many chins? -· - How many fingers? - - :How many toes? - - How many hands? - - How many arms? -How many feet? tiow many legs? How many elbows? - - How many knees? - - WEATHER QUESTIONS Write Yes or No after each of the following questions: 1. Does much rain fall each year in the Philippines? 2. Is there much sunshine in the Philippines? --3. Does it ever snow in the Philippines? 4. Can you see the wind? --5. Can you feel the wind? --6. Is there vapor in the air? --7. Is fog damp? - - 8. Do the · rivers freeze in the Philippines? (Please turn to page 259 for the answers.) 234 " TllE YOU:\G C!TIZE:'I A·HUNTING WE WILL 60 Tempo <1 i marci.a --;-. lu!y, 1939 Old English go; A- hunt-ing we will e,o; We•ll r r ~ ~ ca~c:h a fox and put him in a box,And then wr'll Let him so· I I I 2. O! A-fishing we will go, A-fishing we will go; We'll catch a fish I And put him in a dish, And then we'll let him go. I r - 3. O! A-sailing we will go, A-sailing we will go; We'll catch a whale And put him in a pail, And then we'll let him go. This song may be used as an excellent music game for little children. See instructions on the next page. July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 235 A MUSIC GAME FOR LITTLE CHILDREN A-HUNTING WE WILL GO· THE song which is used in playing this game is on page 234. First, a group of children must learn to sing the song softly and lightly, but rapidly. Show the children the picture of the fox on page 230 and tell them that a fox is an animal which looks like a dog. (Later tell them about a whale-"a fish as large as a house.") After the children can sing the song they must memorize it. Then they are ready to play the game. When playing the game an inner and an ouier circle are formed by the children standi"n g back to back. The in-ner circle is the "box" or the "dish" or the "pail," according to the stanza being sung. The players in the outer circle are the "hunters" or the "fishers" or the ''sailors." A child is chosen to be the "fox" or the "fish" or the "whale," depending upon the verse of the song beil)g used. The "fox" runs, or the "fish" or the "whale"___:whichever it is-"swims" easily and lightly around the circle while .the childre11 are singing. At the word go in the last line of each' stanza the child nearest the "animal" captures him and puts him in the "box" or the "dish" or the "pail." · All the players will be i11terestCd in wondering just where the "animal" will be at the final word go in each stanza. The play is repeated until there are several prisoners. Then they are all fed pieoes of cake or candy and are set free. . A whole class may play this game, or all the small boys and girls near somebody's home may play it. The teacher at school may teach the. song. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS I. What does a fox look like? 2.. Can a fox run? 3. Does a fish run or swim? 4. Where does a whale live? 5. Can a whale swim? 6. Is a whale large or small? 7. Can you sing this · song from memory? 8. Do you sing it softly? 9. Do you like to play this game? JO. Were you a "prisoner"? 236 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 1"akin~ fh..-~~~~t~o ~ Vicq,n!!_~~a~alan«_ ~~ain tht littk mtn comt to you: 11."'°"'~ vro\V learn fo add \Vith fhrtt end two. 2 -and I arc only ' ; 'Jhats not hard you wilt a~re£. J'or makind 2 add I and I ; - I am sure lhaf~ quickly done. ~ and 0 art onl~ j , dn<i 2 and 0 art 2 you s££. Jfow thesE jolly 1HH£ mEn, rach monlh in THE YoUN(i CITIZ€N, lfav& ~ad<t it vtry plain lo you clust hO\v to add from JO lo 2. July, 1939 July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 237 A LITTLE STORY FOR LITTLE PEOPLE THE REWARD OF KINDNESS By ALICIA P. LOPEZ• IT was the birthday of Miss Gonzalez, a teacher in one of the elementary schools. The pupils had presents for this teacher whom they liked very much. The children were talking about their. presents. "I have a nice handkerchief which my sister embroidered for me. That will be my gift to Miss Gonzalez,'' said Marina. "My gift is th i s beautiful autograph album," Lilia said as she held up a green and pink book for autographs. nothing to show. In one comer of the yard stood a little, sad-faced, nine-year-old girl, little Rosario. She had no present for her teacher. Everyone passed by her, but no one spoke to her. She was timid, and did not want to join the other children. .Finally tender-hearted Nenita saw- the sadfaced little girl standing by herself, so she said, "What have you brought for our teacher?" "I have no gift for Miss Gonzalez,'' an - swered Rosario, and she burst into tears. "I think she will like this,'' said Rita as she showed a box of chocolates wrapped in bright red celFriendship is the reward of kind1less. Nenita was sorry for Rosario. She would like to help this lonely little girl lophane. Each one showed a gift for their teacher and . each one was happy thinking of the gladness which their presents would bring to her. Did I say each one showed a gift? There was one who had •Rizal Elementary School, Tondo, Manila. if she could. Suddenly an idea came to her. "Listen, Rosario. I have half a dozen handkerchiefs. We can divide them. You take three and I will keep three. We will each give Miss Gonzalez three handkerchiefs for a present." Rosario smiled and there was joy in her little heart. ·she could (Please turn to page 262.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN .July, 1939 READING TIME FOR YOUNG FOLKS WHEN THE SCOUTS WENT HIKING By DOLORES A. LEGASPI THE time for the siesta in the boy-scout camp was almost over. In the tents the boys were putting on their clothes and canvas shoes. Soon they heard the bugle call for assembly. When they were together the camp direFtor inspected them. Then each of the group leaders called the names of the five boys in his division. When each boy had found his and tall for his sixteen years-a cheerful, likable chap who had something about him which made him a leader. He was familiar with the mountain trails of that vicinity and knew a great deal about many things of nature, because he W'!S an experienced hiker. · In his group were Ciriaco, Felipe, Es,teban, Arturo, and Jose. As soon as they were well on their way the boys stopped singing, and each one began to ~eep his eyes open for interesting things about him. "Roland, do you see that beautiful flower?" said Ciriaco as he pointed to some violet co 1 or ed flowers growing in a tree a short ways ahead. . place in his group, the dir.ector said: " Yo u have four hours for a hike. Go wherever yo u r . leader takes you. T h e important thing on this hike is to observe things. You may see an interesting plant, an insect, a flower, a butterfly, a fruit-anything. Look for things which are of enough i·nterest that you will want Starting on the Hilu Rolando looked and then replied, "I think those are orchids, Coy." t<i bring a specimen ba<;k with you if possible. Tonight at the camp fire we shall hear of your experiences and see the things you have brought back with you.'' The song leader began the camp song, and the groups started on their hike with everybody singing. Rolando was the leader of one of the groups. He was a boy who was large "They certainly are beautiful. Mother would be glad to have a plant with such beautiful flowers," said Ciriaco. "She shall have it then,''. said Rolando. "We'll get it without injury to the plant." Ciriaco became very attentive. "Ready, boys," said Rolando. "We'll form a pyramid. Coy, you climb on top. Be sure you have your knife ready. Up July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 239 you go." "I've got it, Rola"nd," shouted Ciriaco in a few minutes. Rolando and ihe other scouts helped Ciriaco prepare the orchid plant so it would not be injured while it was being carried. "Well, that's a good start," said Rolando. "This orchid is somewhat rare,. and is certainly a beautiful specimen. Let me tell you something about orchids, boys. Just recently I was reading about them. Did you know that sometimes enormous prices have been paid for a single rare specimen of an orchid? "These flowers are so beautiful that they have become the favorites of many people. The demand for orchids in the United States and Europe is very great, so every year thousands of dollars' worth of orchids are sent from South America, the East Indies and0 the Philippines, and even from Australia. "Many an eager collector has climbed precipices, waded through swamps full of malaria, and endured all the dangers of a tropical forest to get these plants. The most valuable orchids are those which are airplants and grow on tree trunks. There are between 6,000 and 12,000 different species of orchids. Now let us continue our hike." The boys started on their way. They had hiked for perhaps half an hour. "What is that?" suddenly said Jose, the smallest boy in the group. "Where, Tiny?" asked Rolando. "On the limb of that small tree." "Get it and we'll see," said Rolando. Soon Jose brought something to Rolando which he recognized at once. "That," said Rolando, "is the chrysalis of a butterfly or a moth." "What is a chrysalis?" asked Tiny. "A chrysalis," explained Rolando, "''is the form which butterflies or moths take before becoming butterflies or moths. First the insect Jays eggs. From an egg comes a caterpillar. After a short time the caterpillar changes to a chrysalis. The chrysalis later .changes to a butterfly or a moth. Unless I am mistaken, Tiny, the chrysalis which you have here is a chrysalis of a giant moth.. Take this home with you and put it in a suitable place, and by and by it will become a giant moth with a wing-spread of perhaps 8 or IO inches." "What luck we ar-e having!" exclaimed Tiny. "First Coy finds an or-. chid and then I find a "chrysalis of a giant moth." After Tiny's chrysalis was neatly folded in his handkerchief the boys marched on. They had not gone far until something dropped on the ground just in front of Arturo. He picked it up. It was nothing but a. feather-a soft feather which looked as if it had come from the breast of ·some bitd, Arturo was about to· throw it away. "Looks as if this feather has blood on it. It is a white, downy feather, but it has a red blood-stain. on it. :Some bird nearby has just been wounded and is now· bleeding." "Let me see: that ·feather, Art,'' said Rolando. Arturo handed it to him. "There is no bl9od- on this feather,'' said Rolando. "The red which you see is not blood-it is the actual color of the feather. This belongs to a pigeon which is found here in the Philippines and which is called the bleeding-heart pigeon. Let us look carefully, boys, and we may find the bird from which this feather came. Scatter out a little and start to use your eyes." The boys began looking in the trees THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 "Anything can ha,len wlien a scout goes hiking," said Rotando. and the bushes. Rolando was the lucky finder. "Look, boys, there· are two of them on that branch." The boys looked and saw two pigeons sitting and cooing on a low limb of a tree. Sure enough, the breast of each was white with a red splotch, and had the appearan•e of blood-stained feathers. "Yes, those are bleeding-heart pigeons," said Rolando. "Sit down, boys, and right here I will tell you an interesting story." The boys promptly sat down on some Jar ge rocks. "You saw those pigeons. You saw the white breast with the crimson feathers which look like a blood stain. There is a legend about this pigeon-a story which, of course, is not true, but which is interesting. "According to the legend this pigeon, or dove, long, long ago had a white breast. The legend tells us that this innocent bird witnessed the crucifixion of Jesus when He was upon the cross. The dove saw the crown of thorns upon the brow of the Savior, and felt compassion. It flew to the sacred head and tried to remove the cr~wn of thorns. The thorns pierced the white breast of the pitying dove, and made it bleed. The story goes that ever since then this dove or pigeon has had feathers which look like a bloodstained white breast. Of course, this is only a story which never· happened, but nevertheless, it is a beautiful legend. "If you would like to examine the bleeding-he.art pigeon closely, the first time you are in Manila go to the Aqua.rium in the old wall. You will see there a number of excellent live specimens of this pigeon. Now, boys, let us continue our hike." "Wait a minute," said Felipe. He quickly ran over to one of the rocks upon which some of the boys had been sitting. He stooped 'down and picked up something between his thumb and forefinger. "Here's my interesting bit of nature to take back to camp." "Oh, what a curious looking bug!" exclaimed little Jose. "How did you happen to see it? You surely have good eyes, Felipe." · "This is not a bug," answered Felipe. "It is a beetle." - "What is the difference?" asked Jose. "Beetles are not true b'ugs," said Felipe. "Though many beetles are called 'bugs' they should not be confused with the true bugs with sucking beaks, which form a distinct order of insects. This i5 a beetle. And I think I know what kind, too, because only last week I was reading about beetles in the encyclopedia, and I read about a beetle which seems to have the appearance of this one." (Please turn to page 256.) July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN HISTORY SECTION v" THE OLDEST CHURCH IN THE PHilIPPINES A Cloister-St. Augustine Conwnt THE oldest church in the Philippines is in Manila, and is the Church of Saint Augustine at the intersection of Calle Real and Calle General Luna in the Walled City. This is really the Church of Saint Paul rather than the Church of Saint Augustine, although it is known by the latter name. Not only is a statue of Saint Paul prominent in a niche on the front of this church, but the statue of Saint Paul, we are told, is the only one on the high altar. If you . visit the Augustinian Church you will learn from a tablet near the entrance that the cornerstone of this building was laid in 1599 and the building was completed in 1606. The history of this church is of interest to all residents of the Islands. Shortly after the Spanish took possession of Manila, a plot of ground was assigned 'to the Augustinian fathers on which to erect a church and convent. Thie fathers lost no time in putting up a temporary building of nipa and bamboo. This was . destroyed when the Chinese under Limahong invaded the city in 1574. A later church of wooden ~truc ture was accidentally burned. It was then d.ecided to build an en' during edifice of stone. The transporta·1ion of material from Laguna was begun in 1584. Barges filled with stone and lime were brought down the Pasig River almost daily. But a period of more than twenty years was needed for the completion of the building from the time the assembling of the material was begun until the dedication 'of the church. In the photograph on the front cover of this issue of The Young Citizen is shown the facade-the principal frontof the building. This picn,ire shows only ohe bell tower. Originally there w.ere two towers on the church, but the one near Calle General Luna was removed by order of the Municipal Board of Manila after it had been cracked by earthquakes, because it was then thought to be dangerous. This tower contained an enormous bell weighing almost three and a half thousand kilos. This bell was rung only · upon the arrival of a governor-general or when there was an unusually great fire in Manila. After the bell was removed, it was placed at the entrance of the convent ·on the Aoor, and there it has remai.ned to this day. The church of Saint Augustine must have been well designed by the architect, and well constructed by the builders, for it has stood through many· storms and earthquakes. Iii fact, this church is the only building in Manila which has withstood all of the five severe earthquakes THE YOUNG CITIZEN lulJ, 1939. which have occurred within the lasi 300 years. The severest earthquakes on record are those of 1645, 175+, 1852, 1863, ~nd 1880. The disaster of 1863 was especially severe, and it was then that the great Roman Catholic Cathedral of Manila was destroyed. But the Augustinian Church was able to endure. even this violent upheaval. This was probably due to the ability of the architect Herrera, a close descendant of the great designer of that remarkable building at· Madrid, in Spain, known as the Escurial. The first thing that strikes the visitor to this oldest church of the Philippines is the wide span of its arches which reach from one end of the church to the other. Especially interesting is the fact that the arches are very low, and this, we are told, is the reason why this church has been able to stand against all the earthquakes. Low pilasters support the sides of the chapel, and anoth_er peculiarity of this church is that chapels displace the aisles. ' The interior of the building is always rather dim because there are no la.rge windows. The sun shines through small windows on only one side; on the other side is a cloister. The bones of Legaspi and Salcedo, as well as others prominent in the early history of Manila, rest in a niche in th~ wall of one of the chapels of this historical church. A mar:ble tablet marks the spot. · The sacristy or vestry of the church contains some interesting and valuable objects, one of which is an altar-piece which was in the church hundreds of years ago. There are ++ niches in this old altar-piece, which at one time contained treasures· of gold, silver, precious stones, and ivory. It is said that these '"ere carried away. as loot by the British in 1762, who, according to the custom of the times, carried away from the church anything of value. Even the tombs of the church were desecrated by the British in search of treasure at that time. In the sacristy are a number of beau-· tifully carved chests and caskets as well as elaborately engraved drawers and shelves for the v.estments. Many of the· treasured vestments and articles disappeared, it is said, during the British invasion. There still remains a mantle embroidered in gold which cost more than 3,000 pesos. Ther.e are also two gold clralices and a few other valuable articles. Having stood almost since the beginning .of Spanish rule in th·e Philippines, the Church of Saint Augustine has been a witness to many historical events. Important church councils have been held there. In the vestry of this building the official signing of the surrender of Manila to the American forces took place on August 13, 1898. A very interesting part of this church i.s the choir which has been called "a real jewel of art without rival in the Philippines." The choir contains 68 seats beautifully carved from mo/ave wood. In the center of the choir is a great lectern-reading desk-perhaps more artistic than the .choir itself. The entire lower part is. carved from one solid piece of wood. An organ, "designed for use with great orchestras," is also of inter.est, as are the thirty-odd old canto.-als or choir-books, made of parchment and dating from the 16th and 17th centuries. These· books c<mtain examples of the curious method of writing music in those days. A great stair-case of·++ granite steps ( Plrau tu,.,, to 'fJage 259.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN 2..j.J MUSIC APPRECIATION SECTION THE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA Hr BERT PAUL OSBON• (Cc111tin111'd fni111 tlir f1111r 1111111b1'r) VII. THE INSTRl'MENTS OF THE WOODWIND SECTION C<Jnfrabnssorm Bassoon /Ja.fS dt1ritll't C!ariurt f:11r1lisl1 /i1Jrn Oboe Flute Piccolo 1:--: the \\'oodwind section of the symphony orchestra the four ''voices" (soprano, alto, tenor, and bass) arc represented roughly by the flute, the ob"e· the clarinet, and the bassoon. Of course · these instruments do not sound like the voices singing in a chorus, but they are something like it. When the woodwind section of the orchestra is heard without other instruments, it sounds quite similar to a pipe organ. Now let us examine each instrument of this section. The Flute In the illustration at the top of this page you will see the picture of the flute. The flute is the coloratura soprano of the woodwind family of the orchestra. (Coloratura means capable of performing •Formerly Super\'i~or of Public School :Husic, Uount Lebanon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. runs, trills, etc.) It is an instrument of .~reat antiquity. Its origin may be traced to some of the instruments of ancient Greek mythology. Seu I ptures and paintings of ancient Egypt and Greece show that the instrument was used and liked by those peoples. Ability to play the flute was a required part iri the .education of a boy of ·ancient Greece. It was used to accompany the chorus in the Greek theatre, and skillful performers received high pay. The Romans adopted it in later times. Most of the flutes of those times were vertical instruments blown from the end. The present flute is a transverse instrument- that is, it is held sideways while being played. (See the illustration on this page.) It is a pipe, one end of which is closed, and is made of metal or wood. Although made of metal, it is THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 still called a woodwind instrument. The player of the flute blows across, not into, a hole in the side called the mouthpiece· or embouchur.e (pronounced om-booshur). · The remarkable agility and "speaking" powers of the flute bring it into constant use as· a melodic instrument. It is often given the melody in unison with the violins. Its upper tones are brilliant and birdlike, well suited to light, delicate passages. The effects of tenderness and melancholy are also within the powers of this instrument. Three flutes are generally used in a modern symphony orchestra, although one of them is some" times replaced by the piccolo. The Piccolo The piccolo is a little flute. It is often called the octave flute because it sounds an octave higher since it is only half as long as a flute. (See the illustration on page 243.) The tone of the piccolo is shrill and piercing, and far above the range of the human voice. The Oboe The oboe, English horn, bassoon, and contrabassoon are often referred to as the oboe family, since the method of playing and producing tone is the same in all four. The tone is produced by the vibration of two very thin pieces of bamboo or cane which are called a double-reed. These instruments are more difficult to play than other wind instruments, but players who can manage them are always in demand. Reed instruments of the oboe type have been found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, and are shown in ancient Greek sculptures and paintings. The oboe is one of the oldest instruments of the orchestra. The modern oboe (pronounced o-bo) is a ·double-reed instrument which is used as the lyric soprano· of the woodwind family. The oboe is especially valuable in the orchestra as a solo instrument, and its thin; nasal, penetrating but facinating·tones are suggestive of outdoor simplicity of ·country life. (See the illustration on page 243.) Only a very light breath pressure is requir.ed to play the oboe, so the player must partially hold his breath. This 'causes him to tire quickly. Therefore the music for this instrument must be written so as to give the player an occasicmal chance to rest. In the orchestra the oboe may often be heard in duets, speaking to and answering the flute, clarinet, bassoon, or another oboe. The modern symphony orchestra uses two or three oboes. This instrument always sounds the A from which the other instruments in the orchestra tune. The En_qlish Horn Compare the picture of the English horn (page 243) with that of the oboe. Notice tha: the English horn is much longer. It is really a large oboe; it h~s a double-reed; and is played like the dboe. In fact, it is one of the oboe players in the orchestra who plays the English horn. The name English horn is not a correct name; this instrument is not a horn at all, but is an alto obo~. The English horn often plays melancholy (sad) music, and sometimes suggests suffering to the listener. The rich tone quality of this instrument is well (Plf'flse t11r11 to page 257.) July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 245 HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION HOW TO HAVE GOOD TEETH* (Continued from the lune number) FIRST; we shall have something to say about the various tooth-pastes and toothpowders which are on the market. Tooth-Po'l.l:ders and Tooth-Pastes · The use of a tooth-powder, tooth-paste, or other dentifrice is desirable, and there is no particular choice in the selection of one except that it should not be gritty. A gritty tooth-paste has particles in it which feel like sand. Gritty tooth-paste would be too hard for continuous use. There are very few, if any, tooth-pastes or tooth- powders which are harmful. How Often Should Teeth Be Brushed? Tartar Deposits Tartar is a hardened substance which often covers a part of each tooth. It consists of mucus from the saliva, animal matter, .and lime. It is deposited on the teeth by the saliva. The first sign of tartar on the teeth is a slight roughness, felt usually on the inside. of the lower front teeth. If you find that your teeth have tartar deposits, go at once to your dentist and have him remove the deposits and give the teeth a thorough cleansing and polishing. The unclean condition of the mouth resulting from tartar deposits is a common cause of "bad· breath." The teeth should be carefully brushed after e a c h meal. When this cannot be done, the t e e t h should at least be brushed on getting up in the morning, Use us twice a day. · Pyorrhea Pyorrhea ·is the name of a very serious disease which sometimes affects the teeth. The atand before going to bed at night. A thorough rinsing of the mouth and gargling of the throat should be practiced after each meal. • Adapted from ail article prepared by the Office of the Surgeon General of the U. S. Public Health Service. cumulation of tartar where the teeth join the gums is one of the causes of this disease, but not the only cause. When one has pyorrhea the gums become irritated and infected by diseaseproducing germs, the tissues are broken down, and pus forms. (Pletllt turn to pa91 262.) 2+6 THE YOUNG CITIZEN Jul,•, 1939 ELEMENTARY SCIENCE SECTION COFFEE TOWARD the end of the third century some monks, fleeing from persecution, found refuge in the highlands of Abyssinia. This ancient country is in northeastern Africa across the Red Sea from Arabia. The monks supported themselves in Abyssinia by tilling the soil and raising floclts of sheep and goats. One night one of the good fathers whose turn it was to watch the herds and found that he, too, felt very much refreshed and was wakeful· that night. Thus coffee was discovered, according to one of the many kgends -which the Arabs tell. However fanciful the st9ry may be, the fact remains that Abyssinia and Arabia were the original homes of the coffee plant. We also know that by the 15th century pilgrims to Mecca, the holy city of Arabi~, used a drink made from the roasted came running to the monastery, pale and THE_ COFFE.E. DLRNT coffee bean in order to prevent sleepiness during the long religious services of the. Mohammedan religion. trembling. "The animals are bewitched," he panted-. "They jump and play as if it were a bright, cool morning." "Peace, my son; you have 1 been dreaming," said the father superior. "Rest here and I will gci and look at the flocks." But he, too, found the animals ju!)lping and playing in the i. flitwers and Leaves z. S12eds From Arabia the practice of drinking coffee passed to Constantinople (now called Istan~ul), a city in Turkey, then to Venice in Italy, and then to England, France, and other European countries. moonlight instead of sleeping as they should. Night after night this continued. By. observing what plants the animals fed on, the monks were at last convinced that the sleeplessness and the playing of the sheep and goats were due to their eating the leaves and fruit of a certain unfamiliar shrub which grew there in profusion. Picking some of the ripe fruits, one of the monks chewed the seeds, l' ntil the end of the 17th century all the coffee of commerce came from Arabia, being shipped· from the city cif Mocha on the Red Sea. The Dutch were the first to cultivate coffee in countries of which the plant is not native. In about 1690 coffee seeds were taken to Java, the most important island in the Dutch colonial possessions in the East Indies, These seeds were planted in Java and produced fruit. Soon cof(Please turn to page 257.) Julr, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 247 v THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE MODERN WORLD By GEORGE T. ODELL A~CIENT civilization produced seven wonders that have been handed down to us as marvels of what man can do. These seven wonders of ancient times were: (I) the pyramids of Egypt, (2) the pharos (lighthouse) of Egypt, (3) the hanging gardens of Babylon, ( 4) the temple of the Roman goddess Diana at Ephesus, (5) the statue of the Greek god Zeus by Phidias, a' sculptor of ancient times, ( 6) the mausoleum of Artemisia, an ancient queen, and (7) the colossus (enormous statue.) of Rhodes. In the middle ages the skill of man created seven .more wonders which were regarded with awe. The seven wonders of the middle ages were: ( 1) the Coliseum of Rome, (2) the catacombs of Alexandria, (3) the Great Wall of China, (4) Stonehenge, (5) the leaning tower of Pisa, ( 6) the porcelain tower of Nanking, and (7) the Mosque of St. Sophia at Constantinople. Looking at the world today we see that science has created seven modern wonders. A brief description of each is given herewith: I. The Telephone We are living in an age of speed. The· telephone has contributed more to speed than any other thing which science has produced. By lifting his telephone receiver a man in Manila may talk with someone in New York, and fifteen minutes later may be talking to another person in Australia. Wonderful! Yes. But most wonderful of all is the fact that this instrument has been perfected within the past 60 years. In 1875 the first words were sent by telephone, and today in 1939 there are 40 or 50 million telephones in the world. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell constructed a telephone line I 00 feet long in his house and talked to a man in another room. Forty years later he talked from New York to the same man in San Francisco over a telephone line 3,400 miles long. It is possible to talk to many parts of the Philippines by telephone, and to talk frbm the Philippines to the United States, Europe; or any other part of the civilized world. 2. The Radio 0 wonder of wonders! Although the invention of wireless telegraphy is generally given to Marconi, the principles were discovered by others. What Marconi did ~as to invent a method of using the principles. ·. The. radio industry now represents an industry valued at .billions of dollars. A rad-io audience frequently numbers millions of people. And televisionsending pictures by radio--is becoming. more and more successful. There are, perhaps, 1500 radio .broadcasting stations in the world. More than half of these are found in the United States. The pioneer station of the world is KDKA at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 3. The Airplane In Greek mythology there is a legend of how Icarus was fitted with wax wings by his father. He flew too near to the sun, so his wax wings were melted and he fell to the earth and was killed. Thus we see that long ago men were thinking THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 about flying. About the time of Columbus the famous Italian painter, sculptor, and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci, tried experiments of flying with wings, but his experiments were not successful. In 1900 the two American brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, began experimenting with machines for flying. In 1908 the Wright brothers. took their machines to Europe and gave exhibition flights. Then they began to teach the world to fly. In the last· 10 or 20 years great improvements have been made in airplanes. ] oumeys which used to require weeks of travel are now accomplished in a few hours. 4. Radium What is there so wonderful about radium? To reduce the. explanation to the simplest possible language, radium is a metal that contains the highest development of radio-activity so far known. Pierre Curie and his wife, Madame Curie, discovered radium in 1898. Radium. is so expensive that for a long time it cost $4,500,000 for just one ounce. Radium is perhaps the most precious metal of commerce. The principal use of radium is for the treatment of disease, but it is also used in the manufacture of luminous paints used on watch and clock dials. 5. Antiseptics and Antitoxins It is not so many years ago, as history records time, since there were great plagues which killed millions of people. Modern science has now made it possible that all the terrible plagues can be controlled before they hav·e a chance to spread. The twin wonders, antiseptics and antitoxins, have wrought this miracle. 6. X-Rays X is a symbol commonly used to indicate an unknown quantity. When Roentgen, a German scientist, discovered a new ray in 1895 he did not'know.what it was, so he called ir the X-ray. This ray of light is not visible to a person's eyes, but it enabies one to make a photograph of the skeleton of a living person. By means of the X-ray a doctor can watch the beating of the human heart while a person is alive. Surely such a ray of light can be classed as a modern wonder. 7. Spectrum Aniflysis Science has discovered what the sun is made of-and the stars, too-and how fast they turn. No one, of course, can get a piece of the sun or a star and test it to find out what it is made of. How then can it be found out? By spectrum analysis which is one of the seven wonders of the modern world. By means of analyzing the light scientists have determined what elements compose the sun and the stars. This analysis of light is called spectrum analysis. A List of the Seven Modern Wonders The seven wonders of the modern world, then, are these: ( 1) the telephone, (2) the radio, (3) the airplane, (4) radium, (5) antiseptics and antitoxins, ( 6) X-rays, and (7) spectrum analysis. All 6f these modern seven wonders have been developed within the last hundred years. Will the next century see additional wonders? The great scientists of the world are at present working on new and marvellous developments. There are still many achievements for science to accomplish. July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 249 CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION THE STORY OF A FAILURE ADAPTED BY JOSE SUGUJ THIS is the story of a young man who was never consider·ed a "success," but whose friends and neighbors respected him because he did his best and never committed any w r o n g knowingly. "And," said they, "that is all that can be expected of any man." This young man was a schoolteacher and a lawyer. He suffered physical pain, but he accepted with resignation whatever came to him. All his life he spoke little and thought much. his third year of what was then called the secondary course, he won a scholarship offered by a well-known college in the capital city. In Manila, he supported himself by teaching. He was then seventeen years old. During his second year in the city on account of a cholera epidemic all schools He was of medium height and s 1 i g h t physique. He had a sensitive face and a high forehead. His eyes w e r e penetrating but not lively. He carried his head a little to one side. He tried hard to secure ttn education. closed and he had to return home. In a near by town he was offered another teaching position, which he accepted. After two years of teaching, when he was twenty years old, he was able to return to the city to finish his secondary education. He obtained his former position, but during the year the founder and director of the school When he walked, he either looked straight ahead or gazed at the sky. It ~as the conviction of this man that first of all one must be good, and to be good, one must have knowledge. So he tried hard to secure an education. He left his home to study in the dementary school of. another town. He earned his board and lodging by working as a muchacho in the household of a tailor. In died and he had to leave the city again. He then taught in another town in his home province, staying for a period of two years. As a teach:er, he was exacting, but encouraging. He spoke slowly and distinctly, and only when necessary, striving to make the recitation the work of the pupil. He never gave up the idea of contin250 • THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 uing his education. Accordingly, he obtained a short leav.e of absence from his school and went to the city to take an examination for a degree, which he passed meritissimus-most deserving. He could now study law. During his iast two years as a teacher he had managed by strict economy to sa'le a small sum. A part of this he gave to his parents to spend on the improvement of their home and farm. The remainder he found was not enough to pay his first year's expenses. at the law school. His life at school was one long struggle against poverty and pride. He was too proud to accept help from anyone, for he felt that every man should be "sufficient unto himself." · He deprived himself of everything except the bare necessities of life, employing various means in order to make his way alone. He gave private lessons, assisted in preparing documents in law cases, and worked as a copyist in court. Having only one black coat, he was always shabbily dressed. Later he was an assistant to a clerk of the court, who befriended him. When his friend left this position, the new clerk of the court, unfavorably impressed by his silent assistant's shabby black coat, turned him out into the street. It was a happy day for him when· he graduated and was admitted to the bar. But fortune was still against him. He contracted a severe fever and became paralyzed~first in the right leg and then in the left. He bore his infirmity with calmness: he liad learned to accept life. Later his disability saved him from being shot, when he was arrested, together with some of his friends, on suspicion of inciting a revolt. Because of his paralysis he was detained in the hospital and later set free. The Filipipos wer.e struggling to se' cure their independence. When this man was thirty-four years old he planned a revolutionary government. He organ' ized and directed this government, and drafted a proposed constitution. He did this while he was in his invalid'.s chair, or was being carried from place to place in a hammock. It is little wonder that those of his countrymen who know the details of his life hold him in high esteem. , A year later he was captured, again r.eleased, and then exiled. A year or so after that he was informed that he would be _permitted to return to the Philippines if he would take the oath of allegiance to the sovereign nation "without mental reservations." Having 'become con - vinced that his dream of a Filipino nation could become a reality only through the help of that sovereign nation, he took the oath of allegianae. On his return he was offered a government position which he refused, fear' ing that his infirmity had unfitted him for efficient work. Perhaps his real reason was that he wanted to "hide" his shame and anguish, "not for having committed an unworthy act, but for. not having been able to do better service." He was consoled, however, in knowing that he had done his best, and that he had not committed any wrong· consciously. Soon afterwards, in his thirty-ninth y.ear' cholera again broke out in the city, and he was stricken. Did he still have regrets as he lay on his death bed? Did he look back on his life and still consider it a failure? Or did he finally realize the- sublimity in the knowledge of (Please turn to page 259:) July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 251 WORK AND PLAY SECTION CHONGCA ~ 8eol !I' '*'''""'' .4 . " #OMe~ Ployer2J BOAri..o r()p;-DLAYING- CttoNr:.cA: CHONGCA is a popular game among Filipinos and has been played in the Philippines for many years. Only two persons can play it at a time. The game is played on a board made as illustrated abov.e. In the board there are two rows of seven small holes arranged in parallel rows, and at each end a lar.ger hole. It is not difficult to make an attractive board, such as the one shown in the illustration. At the beginning of the game seven "men" (small stones or hard seeds) are placed. in each of the fourteen small holes. Each player will have "men" of a different color from those of his opponent; one play.er may have "red men" and the other player may have "white men." The two big holes are left empty. The large hole at the left end of the board is for player A to d.eposit his "winning men." This is called the ''.home" of player A. The large hole at the right end of the. board is for player B to deposit his "winning men." This is called the "home" of player B. The two players begin at the same time. Each picks all the seven "men" from any hole in the row of his "hoine." Then the player distributes his "men," dropping one stone in each hole, going in a clockwise direction and beginning· with the first hole to ihe right of the one from which he picked his seven "men." No player can drop a "man" into the large hole belonging to the rival player. When the last "man" of a player falls into an empty hole, it "dies" and the player stops playing. The other continues to play until his last· "man" also "dies." A player wins if he has more "men" in his "home" than his rival has. THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 TEACHING YOUR DOG TO DO TRICKS "Lie dow11." "Walk" TEACHING your dog a few simple trick will make you better acquainted with him, and will increase his intelligence. Remember, however, that at first he will not understan~ what· you wish him to do. Never whip your dog while you are teaching him. Be patient and keep on trying. As soon as he understands what you want, he will be glad to obey you. Reward him as soon as he learns to do a trick. Show him by petting-him and by kind words that you are pleased. Do not attempt to teach him immediately after he has eaten a meal. "Lie Down" The first thing to teach a dog is to "lie down." Get him in a corner of the room and place him in a sitting position facing you. Then gently draw out his forelegs, and pressing him on the shoulders say "lie down." Rep.eat this until he associates th.e words with the action. "Beg" Next, teach your dog to "beg." Make him sit down facing you, and hold his haunches. At the same time tap him "Beg" "_Say your prayers/~ under the chin and say "beg." Keep tapping until he rises to the desired position. Repeat until he understands and obeys you each time the command is given. Any simple reward held in the air is a help. "Walk" After the dog learns to "l>eg" teach . him to "wa.lk." Hold a reward just beyond his reach and move it slowly; at the same time say "up." He will have some difficulty in doing this at first, but after a few lessons will be able to walk around the room. Be sure to r0 eward him each time. "Dance" After your dog has learned to "walk" you can easily teach him to "dance." Tie a small piece of meat to the end of a long switch and tell him to "walk." You may be sure he will follow the meat. After a few minutes, reward him by . giving him the meat and petting him. Next time, use only the switch without the meat, but reward him afterwards just the same. Soon you will not ev.en need the switch-simply command "dance." (Please turn to page 262.) July, 1939 Our readers who are doing cooking seemed to like the pie recipes which were given. in the June issue of The Young Citizen. We are therefore including some more pie recipes in the July number. Raisin Pie Boil toget.her for ten minutes one cup of raisins, one cup of sugar, the juice and rind of one lemon, one ·cup of water, and one teaspoon of cornstarch. Bake between two crusts. Apple and Raisin Pie Make the same as apple pie (page 210, June issue of The Young Citizen) but use only one-fourth of a cup of sugar. Place thr·eefourths of a cup of washed seeded raisins over the top of the sliced apples, cover with the upper crust, and bake. Rhubarb and Raisin Pie Line a pie-plate with pastry, and fill with 2 cups of stewed rhubarb. Sprin, kle one cup of sugar over the rhubarb, and one-half THE YOUNG CITIZJ;N THE YOUNG CITIZEN PANTRY MORE PIE RECIPES of. a cup of washed seeded ramns. Cover the upper crust and bake in a moderately hot oven for 45 minutes. Plum Pie Remove the ·seeds· from t)VO cups of plums. Add one-half of a cup of sugar, sprinkle with flour, add 2 tablespoons of lemon juice, one tablespoon of butter, and bake between two crusts. Gum•a Pie . Witsh green guavas, cut them in halves, and remove the seeds. Cut the halves in slices and stew with sugar to taste. Place the stewed guavas between two crusts of pastry, being careful that there is not too much juice. Bake for 45 minutes. Banana Pie Mix togeiher one-third of a cup of sugar, twothirds of a teaspoon of flour, one-eighth of a teaspoon of salt, and then add the slightly beaten yolks of 2 eggs. Gradually pour into 253 this mixture one cup of scalded milk while stirring constantly. Cook for 15 minutes in a double-boiler, stirring continually until the mixture thickens. Cool, and then. add. one-fourth of a cup of thin cream, threefourths of a tablespoon of lemon juice, and one banana which has been peeled and cut into thin slices. Chill thoroughly and pour into a crust already baked. (When baking the· crust, puncture with the tines of a fork to prevent air bubbles from forming.) Just before serving, beat the whites of two eggs until stiff, beating in grad-· ually two teaspoons of powdered sugar. Ad d onefourth of a teaspoon · of lemon extract. Spread this over the pie and brown it lightl_y in the oven. Experimenting We have now given recipes for making most of the usual fruit pi.es. and you are now ready to do some ex. perimenting. Try using different fruit combinations. (To be continued) 254 THE YOUNG CITIZEN Ju/1, 1939 music FOR MAIKHING PROCESSIONAL MARCH HENRY PARKER /lffodeJ"ato ~!+H ;~ ; ~ ·: I :rt i : Ill : I 11!; ; ~;~~ i I (If ;J ~:i ~ ; ~ : :·: 1~1 U II : I July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 255 WHEN SCOUTS WENT ( Contin~ed from page 240) "What kind of beetle is this, Fil?" asked Arturo. "I think this is a hercules beetle. If it is, those long wicked-looking projections from its head and back are used by the male in carrying its mate. Curiously enough, this is one of the most harmless of all beetles. I am not sure that this is a hercules peetle, but I shall take it with me and at the first opportunity· I shall find out whether. or not I· am right." Felipe then placed his prize in his collector's jar. "Mr. Beetle, you wit! soon be dead, and then you will make a nice specimen for our. school museum _of elementary science." "Say, fellows! Why is it that everybody has had such good luck except me?" asked Esteban. "You have all found very interesting things, but I have found nothing." "Plenty of time yet, Steve," said Rolando. "We still have an hour and a half 'of our hiking time. Lots of things can happen in an hour and a half, you know. So come on, boys. All of you keep your eyes open, ~nd let's help Steve find something to take back to camp." THE YOUNG CITIZEN The boys started on. Everybody peered and looked, but no. one found anything of any particular interest. "I think Lady Luck has deserted us," said Esteban. "Say, boys, do you see that lovely little brook ahead of us? How pretty it is jrist there where it flows over those small stones. I wish I had my kodak with meI could. get a' fine picture. Let's go and look at the brook. May w~, Roland?" "Of course," said Rolando. "We will all go there. .It is a beautiful sIJot where we can sit down and eat our sandwiches. I guess we've found all the interesting things there are to be found on this hike, so we'll rest and eat, and then go back to camp." In a very short time six hungry boys were seated on the bank near the stonybedded little brook, and each was enjoying a large sandwich. Esteban finished his sandwich first. "You fellows are slow. You have not yet finished eati~g. But take your time. I'm going to poke around here. a little." "Go ahead, Steve. Maybe you'll find a knap-sackful of diamonds," said one of the boys. All the other boys laughed. July, 1939 Esteban wandered about, looking at the rocks and pebbles. Several he placed in his knap-sack. "These are not at all interesting," he said to himself, f'but I'll take two or three along anyway." "Come on, boys. It's time to start back," said Rolando. Soon the boys were on their way back to the camp. That night, by the light of the camp fire, each boy who had found anything of interest on the hike dis-. played his find and told about it. Ciriaco proudly showed his orchid and told what Rolando had said about orchids. ] ose showed his chrysalis of the giant moth. Arturo brought out his feather from the- breast of the bleeding-heart pigeon and told the legend about it. Felipe exhibited his beetle. Of Rolando's group Esteban was the only one who had nothing. to show. · Then the boys ·all turned in for the night. The next day they broke camp and _returned to. their homes. A day or so later Esteban happened to find the two or three rocks which he had picked up on the hike. "This one is all covered with clay/' he said. . He took his knife and.be(Please turn to page 26o.) July, 1939 SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA (Continued from page 244) suited to dreamy, melancholy music. It has all the reediness and tender expressiveness of the oboe. While it is sometimes used to express the joys of the pastoral life, th.ere is always a suggestion of sadness and loneliness in its voice. While playing the English horn, the player must hold his breath.under great cont r o I. This produces considerable tension in the lips, lungs, and chest. Ther.efore the Eng 1 is h horn, like the oboe, is a difficult instrument to play. Tlze Clm·inet The clarinet (illustrated on page 243) has been called "the queen of the woodwind" because it is capable of doing many. things. It is a single-reed instrument about two feet long. Much has been said in praise of the tone quality of the clarinet, which has been described as noble, refined, mellow, lonely, weird, and sornber. It is the dramatic soprano of the woodwind section. The modern symphony orchestra usually employs two clarinets, a 1 thou g h more are sometimes used. THE YOUNG CITIZEN T lze Bass CIMinet By looking carefully at the picture of the bass clarinet (page 243) you will notice that it is larger than the clarinet. For this rea257 COFFEE ( Ca11tilr11ed from p119e 2+6) fee was cultivated in other tropical countries of Asia and South America. The varieties of coffee son it can play lower tones which have been permitted than the clari.net can play. to grow wild are 20 feet or The bass clarinet looks more in height, but the culsomething 1 i k e a saxo- tivated bushes are kept phone, which is made of trimmed to 6 or IO feet, so metal and does not haye the berries may be picked such a good tone as the bass more readily. clarinet has. The leaves of the coffee Th e b a s s clarinet is made of wood, and its voice is powerful and reedy. It sounds lil<e the 1ower tones of a pipe organ. Tlze Bassoon The bassoon (illustrated on page 243) is a doubler e e d instrument which plays the bass (the lowest part) for the woodwind choir. It is a large instrument. It has been called "the clown" of the orchestra, because it can play in a grotesque manner. There are usually two bassoons in the orchestra, but sometimes more are used. Tlze Contrabassoon By looking at the picture of the contra bassoon (page 243) you will notice that it is larger than the bassoon. Because it is larger, it can play lower tones. Alplant are green and glossy on the upper surface. The flowers are · w h i t e and sweet-scented. The fruit is of an oval shape and of a da~k-red color when ripe. Each fruit contains two cells, and each cell has a, single seed which is the coffee as we see it before it is roasted. (See the illustration on page 246.) Gr.eat attention is paid to the culture of coffee, espec i a 1 1 y in Arabia. The· (Please turn to page 259.) though it has a different appearance, it is played like the bassoon. A bassoon player iA the orchestra usually plays the contrabassoon when it is needed. Next month we shall discuss each of the instruments of the brasswind section. (Please turn to page 260:) THE YOUNG CITIZEN Jul,·, 1939 SOME IMPORTANT BIRTHDAYS A~ EVENTS OF JULY Make a list of five or more of those which interest you most; then go to the library and read about each one on your list. 1 : Canadian Dominion Day. The Dominion of Canada was established, l 867. 2: Louis Pasteur proved the value of vaccination, I 88 l. 3: Assemblyman Jose Cojuangco was born, !896. +: The American colonies declared their independence from England, l 776. Independence Day, the greatest patriotic holiday in the· L'nited States. 5: Cecil Rhodes, empire builder in Africa, was born, l 853. 6: The first Philippine weekly paper, in English ~nd Spanish, was published, l 839. 7: A decree was published deporting Jose Rizal to Dapitan, l 892. 8: Father Valerio Malabanan, educator, was born, 1820. John D. Rockefeller, oil magnate and multi-millionaire philanthropist, was 'born, 1839. 9: Eriberto B. Misa, Director of Prisons, w·as born, I 889. IO: Jose Rizal arrived in exile in Dapitan, 1892. Whistler, the great artist, was born, l 834. l l: Assemblyman Pio Corpus was born, 1883. Assemblyman Anacleto Ramos was born, 189 l. 12: Thoreau, philosopher and author, was born, 1817. 13: r\nacleto de! Rosario, b r i I! i ant c!1emist, was born, l 860. ]J.· Bastille Day, French national holiday.· l 5: Rembrar.dt, famous artist, was born, 1606. l 6: The Panama Canal was first used, l 915. Barbara Stanwyck, actress, reported to have recently been married to Robert Tay!or, was born, l 907. 17: James Cagney, actor, was born, 1904. 18: William M. Thackeray, English author, was born, 1811. 19: C. S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt, now visiting the United States, was born,. 189!. 20: Margarita de Ayala, philanthropist, was born, 1826. Assemblyman Margarito E. Revilles was born, 1899. 21: Assemblyman Daniel Maramba was born, 1870. 22: Apolinario Mabini was born, l 864. 23: The first Nationalist Congress was held in Turkey, 1919. 24: Bolivar, the greatest South American patriot, was born, l 783. Guillermo E. Tolentino, sculptor, was born, -I 890. 25: Festival of St. James the Grea.ter. 26: George Bernard Shaw, playwright, was born, l 856. 27: Direct wireless communication was established between Japan and the United States, 1915. 28: Corot, famous artist, was born, 1796. 29: Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator, was born, 1883. 30: A general election was first held in the Philippines,· 1907. Henry Ford was born, 1863. Archbishop O'Doherty was born, 1874. 31: Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order, died, 1556. Jul)', 1939 THE OLDEST CHURCH (Continued from page 242) brought from China leads one to the second floor. The stair-case is worth seeing, as are also some of the numerous paintings which hang in the church and convent. In the upper part of the convent is a library. The British, durin~ the invasion of 1762, are charged with having carried away a number of the rarest books and the most. important documents and manuscripts, so that at present only a few valuable books and manuscripts remain in the library. There are numerous other rooms and corridors in ,the c_hurch and convent, such as the recreation hall, cloisters, a private chapel, the dining room, etc. One may descend by a curious circular stairway to the form.er dispensary and storehouse and the o Id dining room with its unique decorations on the ·ceiling. The convent was designed by the same great architect, Herrera, who d.esigned the church, but his plans wer.e not entirely followed, and many minor changes arid additions have been made during the intervening centuries. THE YOUNG CITIZEN COFFEE (Conti1111ed from page 257) shrubs are raised from seed sown in nurseries, and afterwards planted in moist and shady places on sloping ground. Care is taken to plant the shrubs so that at certain seasons the roots w i l l be constantly surrounded with moisture. When the fruit is ripe a cloth is placed under the tree and the fruits are shaken down. Then the berr-i.es are placed on mats and dried in the sun .. Th~ husk is later removed by heavy rollers. The best coffee comes from Mocha, but Java and Central America also produce large quantities of excellent coffee. Brazil in South Am er i c a grows abundant crops - m o r e than any other country. Coffee is also grown in the Philippines to some extent. It has been estimated that the world's supply of coffee is more than two billion pounds a year. The Anyone who will tak.e the ti me to be shown through this noble edifice by one of the accommodating fathers in charge will find a visit to the Church of Saint Augustine, o Ides t church in the Philippines," to be most interesting. 259 greatest coffee-consuming countries are the United States and the countries of northern Europe. The refreshing action of coffee is produced by a drug called caffeine (pronounced caf-een). The pleasant smell is produced by an oil which is largely developed by the roasting process. Coffee is an important article of commerce. The coffee expor~ed each year from Brazil alone is valued at more than 500 million pesos.-A.dapted frnm the Concise and the Compton Encyclopedia. STORY OF A FAILURE (Continued from page 250) having always followed the dictates of his conscience and of having always done his best? Thus lived and died Apolinario Mabini, a man. who considered himself a failure. Whether or not Mabini was a failu~e, you, reader, will d.ecide for yourself. -Adapted from Philippine P1·ose and Poetry. VVEATI-IER QL'ESTIONS (A11swers from' page 233) I. Yes 5 .. Yes 2. Yes 6. Yes 3. No 7. Yes 4. No. 8. No 260 WHEK SCOUTS \VEl\T ( C&11tim1ftl from pa gr 2 56) gan to scrape the clay off. "I wonder what kind of a stone this is. It's so shiny. Guess I'll show it to our high school principal." A few days later Esteban showed his rock specimen to Mr. Diaz, the principal of their school, who knew something of geology. Mr. Diaz"exam'ined it carefully. "Come with me, Esteban. We are going to have it examined by an expert," said Mr. Diaz in a few minutes. Soon they were at an assayer's office. The h~ad assayer looked at it. Then he made some tests. "Where did you find this, my boy?" the assayer asked. Esteban told him. "Do you know what this is?" "N: o, sir," said Esteban. "What is it?" "Well, young man, you found a gold nugget-a fairly large one. This nugget is worth, I should judge, about two thousand pesos. Leave this with me and we shall soon find exactly what it is worth." Esteban could hardly believe his ears. Two thousand pesos! That would put him through college. The news soon spread, and everybody was conTHE YOUNG CITIZEN gratulating the boy upon his discovery. One of the first was Rolando. "That afternoon we went hiking I was not so unlucky after all," said Esteban. "Coy found a flower, Fil found a bug-no, I mean a beetle, Jo found a chrysalis, and Art found a feather. But I found a college education!" "Anything can happen when a scout goes hiking," answered Rolando. REYIEU'. I. Did you find this story interesting? Why? 2. Tell something about orchids. Jul,·, 1939 SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA (Co111;,,t1td from page 257) REVIEW QUESTIONS I. Can you name. the instruments of the w.oodwind section? 2. Have you examined the picture of each instrument? (See page· 243.) 3. Can you tell about each of the following instruments: (a) flute, (b) piccolo, (c) oboe, (d) English horn, (e) clarinet, (f) bass clari.net, (g) bassoon, ( h) contrabassoon? 4. What is a reed? 5. Can you name the single-reed instruments of the woodwind section? The double-reed instruments? 6. Which ones hav.e no 3. Tell something about reed? the hercules . beetle. 7. Which is the smallest 4. What is a chrysalis? 5. Tell something about the giant moth. 6. Tdl something about the bleeding-heart pigeon. 7. What·is a legend? 8. Tell the legend of the bleeding-heart pigeon. 9. Has gold ever been mined in the Philippines? (Yes, and some gold nuggets have been found._...:T he Editor.) 10. What did Esteban mean when he said, "I found a college education"? woodwind instrument? 8. Which i s I a r g est woodwind instrument? 9. Which woodwind instruments have you seen and heard? IO. Which woodwind instruments can play a solo? (All except the contrabassoon.) 11. What are the most ancient types of woodwind instruments? (Flute, oboe) 12. What ancient nations had instruments of the oboe type? 13. How was the flute regarded by the ancient Gr.eeks? July, 1939 THE YOUNG CITIZEN F~~-a AT s,'"'~~L. by Gaorg~ Coopar -Tw1mly fro£!~1es wel\l to school .Down beside a rush~ pool ; 'Twenly liHle co~ls of Q'reeT\, Twel\l1j vesb a.11 while and clear\. "W . » e Tl\Usl be iT\ bme , said lheu; " ":I Firsl, we stud~, then we pla.':l ; Thal is how we keep lhe. rule, Whel\ we frost~ies .eo lo school." .LYlasler Bull-fro~, ftravr~ al\d slerl\, Called the classes in lheir lurT\ ; .Not OT\e dunce amons;! lhe lol, Nol one 1esSOT\ they for~ol . Polished t.o a hi~h de~ree , A~ e ~ch froQQi e ou~hl to be, Now they sit. OT\ other lo~s , Teachil'\s! olher lillle fro(s. TEACH~G YOUR DOG (Co11ti11ued from page 252) "lump the Rope" The best way to teach a dog to jump over a rope or through a hoop is as follows: Hang a rope just high enough so that he cannot step over it; place him on one side of the rope and you remain on the other with a piece of meat. Reach over' the rope, holding the meat out to him. As he reaches for it, gradually move it away from him, and then suddenly move it O\ler the rope, saying "over." He will want the meat, so he will. jump over. After a few lessons you can gradually raise the rope. Later use a hoop. "Dead" Teaching a dog to play "dead" is merely a matter of dbedi,ence, or making him stay in one position until' you say "get up.11 "Say Your Prayers" Another cute trick to teach your dog is to "say your prayers." Place the , dog in a standing position with his forepaws resting on the seat of a chair, and his head between his paws. Stroke his head and r.epeat the command "say your prayers" until he associates those words with the action. Teach him that he must stay in that position until you say "amen." THE YOUNG CITIZEN REWARD OF KINDNESS ( Canti1111ed from page 237) give her dear teacher a present just as the other children were doing. The two little girls divided the handkerchiefs as Nenita suggested, and at that moment a feeling of friendship sprang up between the two. "Oh, Nenita, you are so good and kind," said little Rosario, and her eyes shone. That night two mothers learned of the new friendship. "Mother,n· said Nen.ita, "that new little girl, Rosario, is just lovely, and we are good friends already. May I invite her to our home?" "Yes, ind.eedi'' said Nenita's mother.· "Mother/' said Rosari.o, "I think Nenita is the kindest, most unselfish liitle girl· I have ever met, and we are good friends already. May I invite her to visit me?" "Yes, indeed," said Rosario's mother. And that night the two littJ.e girls thought of each other and were happy. ANSWER THESE I. Did you like this story? Why? 2. If you are kind to 'a person, what will be your reward perhaps? What is the reward of kindness? July, 1939 GOOD TEETH ( Contittued from page 245) Cnless the pyorrhea sufferer immediately goes to the dentist for trptment, the infection continues, and the soft bone surrounding the teeth is rapidly dissolved. The attachment to the teeth of the soft gum tissues is ·destroyed. In severe cases of pyorrh'ea the teeth 'become loose and are finally lost. If a per_son has pyorrhea, it is very necessary to have treatment from a dentist. No medicine has ev,er been found which will cure pyorrhea. The only known remedy is removing all irritating substances,. the polishing of the exposed surface by a dentist, and afterward the proper use of a tooth-brush and tooth-paste to keep the teeth and gums in a healthy condition. Any one who has a tendency to have pyorrhea should VlSlt the dentist three or four times a year. A Rule for Good Teeth Remember this rule if you wish to have good ·teeth : Brush your teeth twice each day, and se.e your dentist twice each year. By observing this rule you will have good teeth all your life, and will not have any of the aches caused by decayed teeth. July, 1939 A Selected Composition GROWING CORN DURING our two months of vacation I planted some hills of corn in our back yard. After ·a week the small shoots appeared above the ground. I was happy, because I had some corn growing which was my very own. Each day I cultivated the soil around my corn, watered it if necessary, pulled up the weeds, and took good care of it. After a while some ears of corn appeared on my plants, and within a few weeks they were large enough to be gathePed. Then we picked the ears of corn, cooked them, and had a feast at our home. Some of the ears were boiled, a n d s o m e were roasted. I think any boy of my a ae will be repaid if he ~ll do the same thing which I did.-Jaime M. Dimapilia ( 12 years old). THE YOUNG CITIZEN Making Handkerchiefs Prize Composition By LYDIA S. GABRIEL ( 14 years old) SEARCHED through my mother's basket of remnants of cloth to find material for making handker"chiefs. For my first handkerchief I found some pieces of colored silk cloth. I sewed these together neatly in an attractive design. Then I bought some lace and trimnied the edges of my handkerchief with it. For my second handkerchief I used pieces of white dimity instead of silk. I placed a little piece of embroidery in one corner, and decorated the edges of the handkerchief with fancy stitches of colored thread. By and by both handkerchiefs were finished. Then I laundered and ironed th-em. I was surprised to find that I had made two nice handkerchiefs from scraps of waste materials which might have been thrown away. I wrapped the silk one in Earning My First Three Pesos Prize Composition By LUCENA DELIMA ( 14 years old) TH IS is how· I earned my first three pesos: There was a tambes tree growing near our house and it was loaded with large, ripe fruit. It was the only tambes tree in that vicinity. I asked the owner if I might pick the fruit, sell it, and d i v i d e t he money equally. To this plan the owner agreed. The next day the fruit was picked, and quickly sold for six pesos. It was not difficult. to sell the fruit. My share of the money was three pesos,. and with it I bought myself a present of a pair of new shoes which I wore to church the next morning. tissue paper, tied it with a ribbon and attached a card on which I had written a cheery little rhyme. That one I gave to my friend for a birthday present. The other one I kept. 26~ THE YOUNG CITIZEN July, 1939 j CHATS with the EDITOR l FIRST thing, the Editor wants to say a word to principals of high schools and .elementary schools. What we have in mind is this: Almost every school has several teachers whose. work is outstanding. Other teachers wou Id Ii ke to profit by th0e work of these o u ts tan d i n g instructors. Therefore it w o u Id be doing o the r schools i n other provinces a favor if you would ask· such teachers to prepare material for publication in The ¥ oung Citizen. There are some pr incipals who collect material from their teachers, and from time to time send us a package containing a number of artides. As soon as possible this work is read, passed upon, and accepted articles are published. Then payment is mailed to that principal, who, in turn, distributes the money. to the teachers whose articles wer·e accepted. A splendid plan. Try it, principals and head teachers. The Editor will copsider it a favor if you will mail a number of articles from your school. Butdon't forget to enclose return postage, "just in case." Next, a word to everybody: We are glad to receive suggestions which will help us make The Young Citizen a better, more useful, more intCresting magazine. .And if you like our magazine, we would appreciate having you write and tell us so. If there are certain ·se.ctions which you especially enjoy, write and tell us so. If you think soine particular articJ.e is especially good, write. and tell us so. That will help us judge as to whether or not our magazine is meeting the desires and needs of our readers. Now we have something to say to every writer and .would-be writer for The Young Citizen: It is a long time until Thanksgiving Day (November 30, 1939) and Christmas and New Years. Probably none of the readers of The Young Citizen are thinking about these holidays as yet. But the Ed it or is thinking about them; that is, already we are getting material prepared for the Thanksgiving issue, the Christmas issue, and the New Years issue of The Young Citizen. Writers, young and old, teachers, p u p i Is~ everybody: the Editor wants your help. Can you write a good Thanksgiving story, or a good Christmas or New Years story for little people? Or for. older boys and girls? Can you think of some clever holiday material for pupils in the primary grades? Now is the time to get it ready and send it in. If you wait until.Nov.ember or December and then send us your contribution, it is too late. Our magazine has to be planned weeks and months in advance. So, get to writing your holiday articles now, and earn some extra Christmas money. Don't delay! Remember, the Editor depends very much upon the excellent articles sent us by outstanding teachers, bright pupils, and others in order to make The Young Citizen an attractive and useful magazine for young people. Will you not give us your he! p, and thereby add a · few extra pesos to your salary?· With your help Tire Young Citizen will continue to be a splendid, high-class magazine-The Magazine for Young People.-T/ie Editor. Announcement to All Our Young Readers: Did you ever do something interesting and worth while? Have you had any exper!ence in doing any of the following: (1) Coliecting Philippine Shells, (2) Hunting TurUes, (3) Exploring a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (5) Making an Aquarium, (6) Collecting Postage Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the Philippines, (8) Maldng a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers, (10) :Making Candies, (11) Buil!fing a Sail Boat, (12) Hunting for Wild Animals, (13) Baking Bread or Caba, (14) Making A}'ticles of Clothing, (15) Making Articles of Furniture, (16) Visiting the Aquarium in Manila, (17) Collecting Moths and Butterflies, (18) Collecting Interesting Bot.anieal Specimens, (19) Rais,ing Orehids, (20) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the Philippines, or doing many other interesting things. WRITE ABOUT rr IN A SHORT COMPOSITION. Send your composition t<> The Young Citiz6". Each month the Editor of The Young Citizen will publish as man~· of the best . compositions QS sp~e will permit. If your composition is accepted for publication, you will become a member of The What-Are-You-Doing? Club. The rules for securing membership are simple. OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES: 1. Write about something interesting which you have done, such as th• above titles suggest. Do not write a story which is not true. I{ your story is accepted, you are a member ·of the Club. 2. On your composition write your name and address VERY PI,AINLY. 3. State your age. 4. Tell what you liked best in recent issues of The Young. Citizen. Address all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of Community Publishers, Inc. Publishers of The Young Citizen P. 0. Box 685. Manila, Philippines Principals, Teachers, Boys, and Girls! Earn Beautiful Premiums By Selling Copies of :the Young Citizen. Fountain Pens (3 kinds to choose from) Hundreds of Splendid Books Beautiful Boxes of Correspondence S:ta:tioneey · Glassware and Dishes Sell The Young Citizen in Spare Time On Saturdays or After School. The Plan i"B SimpleWrite for Information and List of Premiums. Copy, fill out, and mail us the following: The Young Citizen Premium Department Community Publishers, Inc. P. 0. Box 686, Manila, Philippines I want to earn a Good Fountain Pen, a Box of Correspondence Stationery, and some of your Splendid Books or other Premiums in my Spare time. Send me a List of the Premiums and information immediately, so I can get to work. Your Name (PLAINLY) .......................................... .