Forestry Leaves

Media

Part of Forestry Leaves

Title: Forestry Leaves
Issue Date: Volume XV (Issue No. 2) 1964
Identifier: Arbor Week Issue
Year: 1964
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: FaRESTRY LEAVES Official Publication of the Alumni and Student Body • U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna - IN THIS ISSUE Messages ,Management of Our Forests By M. P. Manahan •....•.............. /The Need for a Coordinated Socio-Economic Approach to the Kaingin Problem By C. Balmaceda .....................•• Forest Resources Problems Resulting from Kaingin Practices ...••... By A. de las Alas Water Resources Problems Resulting from Kaingin Practice .......•. By G. A. Daza Soil Resources Problems Resulting from Kaingin Practice ........... . By R. T. Marfori The Case for the Kaingineros By R. S. Kearns •••.......•.......•.•. The Role of the Pulp and Paper Industries in the Control of Kaingin By S. Araneta ...•••................••••...•• Research on Forest Products, Its Importance in our National Economy By M. R. Monsalud .•..................•.......• Problems of the Economics of Logging and Wood Processing Industry By G. Ponce ................ : ..............• Waste Wood - A Potential Source of Revenue .........•........•..• By N. A. Avanzado A Study on the Survival of Wild-Bare-Root Dalingdingan (Hopea Foxworthyi Eml.) Seedlings Stored in Sawdust .....•••.•. By ]. A. Rayos Effects of Pre-showing Treatment of Germination of Bitaog (Callophyllum lnophyllum L,) Seeds ..........•......••...... By I. L. Domingo & C. V. Glori Machining Properties of Eight Philippine Hardwoods ............... . By E. M. Davis & D. G. Faustino, Sr. Scientific Wood Collection; Its Role in Forest Research and Industry .. By F. N. Tamolang & R. R. Valbuena Papermaking Qualities of White Lauan ............................ . By ]. 0. Escolano, P. M. Nicolas & E. P. Villanueva Relationship Between Veneer Contents as Determined by Moisture Meter and that by Oven-drying Method ..............•..... By F. B. Tamolang Jr., E. B. Tamolang & R. P. Saraos The Role of Forest Rangers in Forest Conservation .............•.•... By L. S. Sarmiento 1 5 7 9 15 19 21 25 31 35 37 43 49 57 63 71 75 FPRI Technical Notes & Highlights . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 79-87 Campus Notes •....................................•..•.......... , . 91 Reforestation Administration Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 93 Forestry in the News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 95 From the Mailbag • . • . . • . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . • • . • • . . . • . . . • . • • • • . • . • . . • . • . 99 EDITORIALS . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . • • . . • . . • . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ARBOR WEEK ISSUE Vol. XV No. 2 ( Compliments of: LIANGA BAY LOGGING CO., INC. Producer - Manufacturer - Exporters Philippine Mahogany Logs, Lumber & Veneer First to Establish Continuous Forest Inventory Plots MAIN OFFICE: 2nd Floor Makati Bldg. Ayala Ave., Makati Rizal CABLE ADDRESS: "LIANGABAY MANILA" "LIANGABAY LIANGA" CONCESSION: Lianga, Marihatag, Oteiza & San Miguel Surigao del Sur Wbat is Wortb Wbile? LET US LAY hold of frienship. In the eternal life shall we not have friends forevermore? I used to think that friendship meant happiness: I have learned that it means discipline. Seek how we may, we shall never find a friend without faults, imperfections, traits and ways that vex, grieve or annoy us. Strive as we will, we ourselves can never fully fulfill the ideal of us that is in our friend's mind: we inevitably come short of it. Yet let us not give U!J friendship, though we have found this true. To have a friend is to have a solemn and tender education of. soul from day to day. A friend gives us confidence for life. A friend makes us outdo ourselves. A friend remembers us when we have forgotten ourselves, or neglected ourselves; he takes loving heed of our health, our worlc, our aims, our plans. A friend may praise us, aiul we are not embarrassed; he may rebuke us, aiul we are not angered. If he be silent, we understaiul. It takes a great soul to be a true friend - a larse, catholic, steadfast aiul loving spirit. One must forgi";e much, forget much, forbear much. It costs to he a friend, or to have a friend: there is nothing else in life, except motherhood, that costs so much. 11 not only costs time, ajjection, strength, patience, love,-sometimes a man must even lay down his life for his friends. There is no true friendship withou: self-abnegation, self-sacrifice. Let us be slow to make friends, but, having once made them, let us pray that neither life nor death, misunderstanding, distance nor doubt may ever come between us, let us be self-possessed in friendship. There are so many ways of grieving a friend,-shall we not walk softly before him? Let us be true to friends, and then believe that they are aiul ever will be true to us. True love never nags it trusts. One of the dearest thoughts to me is this,-that a real friend will nei•er get away from me, or try to. Love does not have to be tethered, either in time or eternity. -ANNA R. BROWN LINDSAY in "What Is Worth While?" President Diosdado Macapagal plants a golden sh'.J1t·er (Cassia fistulal'during the Tree Planting Actfoities at Malacariang grounds highlighting the recent Arbor Week Celebration. Administrator Viado and personnel of the Reforestation Administration look on. ,4d'11ini.<trator Jose Viado plants a balitbitan ( Cynometra ramiflora L) during the Arbor Week Program sponsored by the Commission 011 Aerfcultural Production July 22, 1961. The First Ludy Em Ma· r-n.1mgal. plnnting n memo· rial tree ( Saraca lodiastn) at M alacaiiang Grounds. Photo shows Administrator Viado (extreme right) and RA personnel witnessing the ceremonies. Gloria Macapa$al does her bit in the tree plant· ing while the 1"irst Lady ( e xt r e m e left\ and Administrator V i a d o (partly covered by Gloria\ and other RA 0 'ficials a n d employees look on. emu of tlfe 'rnibent of t11e 'lplippinn This year's observance of Arbor Week provides us with an excellent opportunity to bring into focus the value of trees to our daily lives and the urgent need of preserving our nation's forest wealth. Our forests constitute one of the greatest natural treasures of our nation, a treasure we '• a ........ can translate into economic benefits for our people. Among others, they help provide food, fuel and shelter for our people. For this reason, I appeal to our people to take the steps necessary for conserving this treasae of ours in order that we and those to come after us will always be able to avail of the blessings offered by our forests. tQ(I I . , j ""~ -/ @ffice of t~e Jiu freaihent of tip Jltflippi118 Jftal•n&itaits I convey greetings to the alumni and student body of the U. P. College of' Porestry on the occasion of the publication of the, Arbor ,foek issue of the .t'Lil..C:::.>'f<O'. Lh;aV.i:;.'), The importance of the properly trained Fbrester in our nation~l life cannot he over-emphasized. lluring t;ese past few years, we have beeh witness to the alarning depletion of the wealth that is in our co;.,ntry' s timberlands. \le have seen the wanton destruction of our forests and the calamities and disasters that have come as a conse~uence. I would, therefore, avail myself of this opportunity to inject a sense of urgency into the minds of those who have passed through the portals of the U. P. College of Forestry, as well as those who are still within its halls. They have a mission. The}- have a task - the conservati'on of this country's patrimony, the preservation of the vast wealth of fts forests. ~ hl L.AK u .c.L l'.c. A£,: Vice President of the Philippines ~ublit of tqt JqUippine.s @ffice of fqe Jresih.eut of tqe ~.emtfe Yarmeat congratulations and personal regard• to the editorial board and staff members of the Forestry Leaves, together with the alumni and student body of the U.P. College of Poreltry during the celebration of Arbor Yeek this year. The publication of Poreatry leaves ia something that baa filled the crying need of a record setting publication that ia solely designed to concentrate in one of the most important aapect of Philippine progreas and deTelopaent - our natural reaources, the wver-green forest. It is indeed a timely venture at this ti•• vhen a lot of our petty farmers destroy acre• of forest to enhance their , unacientific ways. Poreat conservation in our country would likely be encouraged thru uaeful information diaaeminated to our people by this medium of comaunication. It ia noteworthy also that more and more of our youth are getting interested in this field of endeaTor if only to preser Te major source of our groas national income necesaary to stabilize our economy. Best wiahea and more power to you on .Arbor Yeek. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES QuEzoN CrrY MESSAGE It is a pleasure to greet the staff and readers of Forestry Leaves on the occasion of Arbor Week. The occasion should recall the pertinence of the proper means of guaranteeing the natural resources of the nation through scJ.entific techniques and attitudes. The wealth of the nation needs conservation, development, and exploitation; and these tasks are for all generations to assume since we must maintain the national independence through economic strength that is both progressive and consistent. Consequently, we need a vehicle that could disseminate valid attitudes towards our national wealth, in this particular instance, the national wealth that is to be derived from the reserve, as it were, of our natural resources. It is a happy fact that the College of Forestry, University of the Philippines, has precisely this vehicle in the Forestry Leaves. Its mission is to continue to function as a medium of thoughtful discussion of the proper means of increasing our national wealth. As tar as I remember, Arbor Week which used to be observed only tor one day has been celebrated since I was a little boy. And I do not recall any single celeoration which is worthwhile reaeabering. !his is a sad commentary on the attitude of the bulk ot our citizenry towards the importance ot forest resources in the national economy. We mark Arbor Week with gestures thnt are empty. Liter&r7 programs are held in public schools which usually turn out to be occasions for showing off histrionic abilities, Some government officials and civic organizations sponsor tree planting rites with eyes not on the seedling being planted but on the camera. Instead ot looking after the seedlings planted, they look long with utmost delight at the pictures published in the IIl!Wspapers. !he obsession of the administration under President Macapagal is the achievement of positive results. Our President himself has strongly advocated the effective protection, proper conservation and wise utilization of the forests. Porest conservation and reforestation are among the five projects under his socio-economic program. In the Bureau of Porestry, I have started a massive program of accelerating action on forest protection and conservation anchored on active public cooperation. No effort on the part of the government can succeed if there is no support and cooperation on the part of the public. Let us, therefore, aake this year's Arbor Week more meaningful by making every day a forest protection and conservation day. Let us make it a life-time concern. It is everybody's concern. ___}.,~~.;o ~ Acting Director of Porestry - \ In reply. address: REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES l>EPABTMERT OF AGBICULTtJBE AND NATUll.AL REsoUBCES REFORESTATION ADMINISTRATION VISAYAS AVE., DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY P. 0. Box 2363, MANILA TEL. Nos. (GTS): 55-53 55-52 55-51 MESSAGE Arbor Week observance which falls from July 19 to 25 this year, has always been an occasion to inculcate upon the minds of the youth the love of trees and to remind the adults that trees are essential to the well-being of the nation. No matter for what purpose - whether for aesthetic, comfort, protection or economic, trees are sound investment. The country has now a backlog of more than 1. 4 million hectares and every year thousands of hectares of virgin forests are made bare by kaifigin-making, indiscriminate logging and other illegal clearings in the forests. Reforestation, due to lack of funds, cannot even catch up with the annual forest destruction; and because of this, the people should help the government stop the rampant forest destruction and plant the idle lands with trees to minimize the occurrence of floods and erosion during rainy season and lack of water during dry season. Forested mountainsides do not only enhance the growth of agriculture and industries but also make the Philippines a healthier and better place to live in. In this year's Arbor Week, I appeal to the people especially to those residing near forest lands to rally behind the government's efforts to conserve the forests and restore the utility of bare lands through reforestation. ~E·~~..;: Administrator ARDCR if.i!:ZK ~IESSAGZ Trees are the greatest and the most indispensable friend and protector or man, without which man cannot live. From the day a man is born he lives, crawls and walks in houses, rides in automobiles, boats and airplanee, made of lumber. At his death, he is laid in a coffin made of wood. Trees make the forests which :;ive us beautiful landscapes, ~egulate rainfall, stabilize the climate and economy of the nation as ,yell as the sanity of the people. Forest has been, and will forever be a provider in time of hun~r and a refuge in time of danger. The w~ek endin6 with the last Saturday of July each year is declared Arbor ~leek, dedicated to t!1e 0 love, ap;.>reciation and care or trees. ;!;very citizen, the schools, :;overnr.1ent offices and civic or .;nnizations are enjoined to observe tilis week with appropriate pro:;r•rn• and the actual plnntin:; of trees in the yards, parlts, public plazas and denuded areas. :>.irin~ this week, we pay tribute, and reiterate our pled:;e of love and appreciation, to these mute and silent companion and friend, the tree. I-lay Arbor Jeek this year remind us a.;ain with rene,ved enthusiasm to our great responsibility in the conservation of our natural re.sources -- the wildlife. ~sand the / . / ~" ~~~fr:r~--'Jirector .Parks and ~fildlife Office ~niuersitu nf tqe Jqilippint• COLLEGE OF FORESTRY COLLEG•, LAGUNA My dear Fellow Alumni, Om long felt need for a MEMORABILIA to record the eeents and achievements of our Alma Mater and the accomplishments of the alumni for the past fifty years will soon be rea!ized. You will recall that the idea of the MEMORABILIA to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of the College of Forestry teas conceived in 1960. The plan was to pubUsh the MEMORABILIA within a year's time. Advertisements tcere secured and endorsements and commitments were made by many alumni. In fact, there is <iready a standing fund of P'7,174.00 for the publication. The one stumbling block to the realization of the MEMORABILIA then was the failure of many alumni to send in their bio-data and bust pictures. Tinw and time again appeals were made but up to this time on!y about 42% of the alumni have sent in their biodata. Unless other unheard of alumni cooperate with us, we shall find it very difficult to concretize our dreams of having a permanent record of the very important milestones in the history of our Alma Mater and the achievements of the Alumni since they left College. The plan is to put out the MEMORABILIA like an annual or the PHILil'PINESIAN. It wil! be 400 pages thick of reading matter, pictorials, and the individual pictures of almost 1,600 forestry alumni. It is a big ;ob doing this but with your cooperation, the ;ob can be done. You remember the historic GOLDEN FORESTRY BOOK OF 1950? Maybe your copy is still intact. This was published during the go!den anniversary of forestry. It is a memorable book - with the pictures of alumni. The MEMORABILIA should prove itself much better - we expect. The plan is to finance the MEMORABILIA mostly from aduertisements. This will enable to make copies available as cheaply as possible to the a!umni. We figure each copy can be had for only P20.00 (the PHILIPPINESIAN costs P30.00). But never mind the cost. We know it will be a worthtchile book, one you tcould like to keep - and with the me!lowing of years to thumb through every now and then. What is important now is to see to it that every alumnus is included in it. This is why we are sending this last appeal to e We request you to: 1. Fill in the attached Personal Information Sheet. (we will extract your bio-data from this. We will disregard the previous one you sent. We need the latest data about you). 2. Send us your latest bust picture (a black and white print if possib~e. and be sure to write on the back your full name and the year you graduated). 3. Request the other alumni working in your office, in your station or your district to send in t1ieir information sheet and pictures; and 4. Pass the request ti.so to the other alumni not now connected with the Government but whom you may have some contact. Deadline is N0t;ember 31, 1964. But do not wait fOI' the deadline. Submit your personal sheet and picture now. Do your share and we a1S11re you we u;ill do ours. Thank you. Very truly yours, ~E~R;~Muco .. " Dean Management Of Our Forest* by SEI'\ATOR MA1'UEL P. MANAHAN From the four corners of the world, the descendants of the Wandering Jew have come back to a land which fittingly illustrates the words of the Bible as the abomination of desolation. This was the land that the scouts of Moses had described as a land flowing with milk and honey. The Hebrews overran the land of Canaan forsaking their stark old desert way of life and setting in fertile growing land and with wealth establish new standards of social distinctions sharpened by the craving for luxuries. And so from a hardy simple people whose morals were correspondingly stern, the new fashions they adopted made them lax as a people, natural preys to succeeding waves of conquerors whose armies trampled down this 'natural bridge situated between Europe, Asia and Africa. The modern Jew guided by the lessons of history has transformed deserts into orchards in an area described as a mere crumb of a homeland no larger than the province of Samar. The world toda.s witnessed a series of modern miracles in the land of ancient miracles. From desert land, orchards now produce a yearly. Hills that had been barren for thousands of years, today have been aforested. Skeptics who have considered miracles as the swaddling clothes of infant churches could also interpret the miracles of modern Israel as the inspiration for many of today's emerging nations. I had the opportunity to tour Israel when I attended the Second Rehovoth Conference last August. An inspiring sight in Jerusalem is the immense green belt that covers its mountains. 0 Speech delivered by Senator Manuel P. Manahan before the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem on March 12-13, 1964, at the Philippine Columbian Club. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Six million trees were planted by the army in commemoration of the six million Jews killed by the Nazis in Germany. I noticed the trees grow even on rocky terrain. The physical effect of such a tremendous project was the lowering of the temperature to several degrees. The moral effect on the world was another affirmation of the Miracle of Faith-the accomplishment of the impossible. I was reminded of the contrast prevailing in our country today. After seeing the aforested area of Jerusalem I asked our guide: "What is the penalty for cutting down a tree?" Our guide was shocked by my question. Our driver who was listening practically turned to stare at us. But our guide soon recovered and said: "But that is unthinkable. No one would ever think of cutting down a tree here." With this remark, I remembered our denuded forests knowing how careless and thoughtless we are as a people with regard to our national patrimony. A kainginero will not even bat an eyelash cutting down forests trees which four men can hardly embrace. For that matter neither do our millionaire loggers bat an eyelash in their haste to overload Japanese ships to enrich themselves at the expense of denuded forests - the direct causes of desolation. I have long considered the situation of our forests a problem as serious as the other matters of state that are, at the moment, occupying the attention of our national leaders. Your conference must serve to focus public attention on the general state of our forests. I hope that it will move our government and our people to act against a pracPage 1 tice that has already laid waste five and a half million hectares of our forests, and is still going on at an alarming rate of more than 40,000 hectares every year. But the kaingin problem, I believe, is only one aspect of the wasteful mismanagement of Philippine forestry. Our forestry practices, as I see it, seem to be based on a policy of abundance. Year after year, the Philippines ranks among the top exporters of timber to the international market. We allow indiscriminate logging and kaingin to level an annual average of 172,000 hectares, of which only 35,000 are being reforested. As a nation, have we really appreciated our national patrimony of forest wealth? We have presumed all along that our natural resources are inexhaustible. We are still laboring from that colonial mentality of letting the colonizer extract the wealth of our land only to be sent to the markets of the world. Madariaga has said that we are colonies of our government and in the same view we can add that we are colonies of some of our present type of businessmen and entrepreneurs who are busy creating millions for themselves at the expense of our national patrimony. Before we attained statehood, the colonizers extracted wealth from our natural resources and sent these to the mother country to be processed into finished products thereby giving employment to the colonizer's labor force. Today, in spite of our sovereign status, our businessmen and entreneurs have inherited the same colonial mentality of extracting the wealth of the national patrimony to be exported to other nations and to be processed by alien laborers at the expense of our industrialists and our ever increasing unemployed. Let us take a stock of our forest resources. According to the Bureau of Forestry, as of last year, we have a total forest land area of 13,171,000 hectares. For a populaPage ;! tion of around 30 million, this would give less than half a hectare of forest land for every Filipino. For a developing country that is only on the take off stage towards industrialization, it is tragic that the Philippines has fallen way below the world average of 1.6 hectares per capita. Consider the following. Japan has nearly 1 hectare per capita, more than twice as much as the Philippines. The United States has a little less than 2 hectares per capita, around four times as much as the Philippines. Yet the tragedy is that we continue exporting raw lumber and timber of these countries. Already nature has been giving us distinct warnings of the disaster that follows deforestation. Five years ago, a renowned forestry expert, Tom Gill, issued the warning that our forests are being destroyed faster than any country in the world. As Tom Gill prognosticated: "Throughout the world, history has amply proved that the removal of forests from non-agricultural lands is usually followed by soil deterioration, erosion, silting, and floods and, if spread over sufficiently wide areas, renders the land unsuitable for human occupancy." According to surveys conducted by the Bureau of Public Works, the annual average denuded caused by floods due to deforestation and other causes has jumped within the last five years from P40 million to P50 million. In the Pampanga river basin alone, the yearly damage is P8.5 million; in Agno Valley and in Cotabato, floods claim an annual toll of P2.5 million. Floods in Agusan and Davao occur with frightening regularity and destruction every year. These property losses do not include the tremendous human suffering inflicted on the flood victims. Neither can they now reflect in terms of pesos the erosion that diminishes the productivity of the land. FORESTRY LEAVES Droughts, on the other hand, have been blamed for our perennial rice crisis. This year, the National Economic Council in certifying a rice shortage gave as the main reason the drought in the rice granaries of Central Luzon. So this year we are again spending hundreds of millions of pesos for rice importations. In the meanwhile, it may be asked, what is the government doing about all these? In the pending budget for the current year, the Executive proposed only Pl2 million for the Bureau of Forestry, P14 million for the Reforestation Administration, and a little less than Pl million for the Parks and Wildlife Office. These amount to only P27 million proposed for forestry management and reforestation. And yet last year a Calamity Fund amounting to Pl4 million was spent for the relief and rehabilitation of flood victims in Mindanao as well as the repair and reconstruction of damaged public works, as a result of the floods due to deforestation. Some quarters have centered the blame on the kaingin and the kaingineros. But let's face it. There are loggers who turn out worse than the kaingineros. In their desire to get rich quickly, they do not bother to put up adequate equipment, but instead practice indiscriminate cutting to acquire the most profit with the least investment. The genuine kaingineros take to the forest to eke out a living. These loggers destroy the forests to amass fortunes at the expense of our national wealth. Worse, many of them are absentee loggers. After acquiring a license, they let unqualified persons, usually aliens, make use of their concessions for a consideration. As for loggers who observe selective cutting, they must take it their responsibility to guard their concessions even after cutting the trees to pre.vent kaingineros from destroying what they left behind. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 I do not agree that the responsibility is the government's alone-that huge amount of money should be appropriated to maintain enough guards to protect all our forest areas. I believe that the responsibilty in guarding the forest must be shared by the concessionaries. It is they who derive tremendous wealth from the national heritage of every Filipino - man, woman and child of this generation and generations yet unborn. Under the selective cutting regulations enforced, only trees of at least 80 centimeters in diameter plus one-third of those of between 60 and 70 centimeters are cut. The rest of the woods are preserved to grow for subsequent cuttings. Usually the loggers find it more profitable to get a new concession, rather than wait for a second cutting. Somehow they always manage to acquire new ones so they move out of their previous concession. This is where the kaingineros almost always come in. They enter the loggedover area with the way already cleared for them by the trail left by loggers' trucks and tractors. Gentlemen, I think we should not be too hasty in casting most of the blame on the kaingineros. To many of them, that is the only way they know to make a living. On our logged-over lands, may I propose a remedy to this particular problem. The responsibility for preventing kaingin must be squarely placed on the loggers. It is only fair since the concessionnaires derive the benefits from these lands. The Bureau must see to it that all forest grantees guard their areas from kaingin. Those who fail to comply with his measure should be barred from renewing their grants. Some progressive loggers are already setting the example. The problem is that the Bureau of Forestry and the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources have been so liberal in granting logging concessions that it seems we are following a Forest policy of abundance of forest resources. Page 3 As of June 30, 1963, according to the Bureau, the government has disposed of a total of 1,189 concessions, of which 29 are license agreements and 1,160 are ordinary timber licenses. These grants cover 6.6 million hectares, an area that is more than 80 per cent of our remaining 8.2 million hectares of commercial forests. Many of these outstanding licenses are renewals. You will get an idea of the prodigality of the government in doling out licenses by just considering what happened in the oneyear period between 1962 and 1963. According to the figures of the Bureau of Forestry, as of June 30, 1962, the area covered by licenses and agreements amounted to 6.6 million hectares of our then 9.3 million commercial forests. It may be noted that in one year the area opened to loggers even increased by some 40,00 hectares as against a decrease of over 1 million hectares of commercial forests in that year. In one year alone, mismanagement of our forests caused an incalculable loss of over 1 million hectares of commercial forests. What accounts for the rapid depletion of our commercial forests? The answer is the fact that we are consistently exporting our timber and lumber materials to Japan, the United States and other countries almost all of which have many times more forest resources per capita than the Philippines. Lately our wood exports have shown fantastic increases. In fiscal year 1962, the total was 'P'500 million. In the face of our rapid deforestation, it is high time we ask: are these huge exportations truly economic? It is significant to note that the United States, Japan and Germany - the most forest-conscious nations of the world - would rather import than topple their own trees. It may also be proper to ask: Who are really profiting from these exportations? Page ~ There are over one thousand holders of forest grants, but those in the business on a big-scale are few in number. Among them is a new batch of millionaires who are really the ones profiting from the rampant destruction of our forests. Their only investment is political influence-through which they are able to get fabulous releases of thousands of hectares of precious forests. And with their increasing millions, they succeed in further consolidating their political hold over our forestry agencies. Already some of them are entrenched in high government circles, even sitting in official deliberations that lay down forest policy. More than the kaingineros, these privileged few are the ones responsible for the merciless squandering of our timber wealth. They are the ones who, even in the face of an already critical shortage of forest lands, are badgering the government to open more forests to their destructive exploitation. Unless we put an immediate stop to this wasteful mismanagement of our forests, we would be bequeathing a wasteland to our future generations. In view of the desolate state of our forests today, it is imperative that we consider our entire forest practices. The speakers who have preceded me have concentrated on that aspect of the problem involving kaingin and kaingineros. I have focused your attention tonight on the other aspect of the problem, that involving the loggers, to give you the entire picture. With this perspective in mind, it is my sincere hope that this conference would come up with recommendations to solve our forest crisis. I am sure Congress will be very eager to consider whatever remedial legislation you may propose along with the other bills on forestry now pending in the Senate. For my part, I would like to submit the following for your consideration: First, the Bureau of Forestry should stop issuing new concessions while we re-examine the entire problem; (Continued on page 6) FORESTRY LEAVES PAPER INDUSTRIES CORPORATION OF THE PHILIPPINES GENERAL MANAGERS: A. SORIANO Y CIA. SORIANO BLDG.,PASEO DE ROXAS, MAKATI, RIZAL P.O. BOX- 942-MANI LA !-----------~--- ---- -- - -- -- -----------------------Compliments of: Borre Logging Enterprises Davao City -------- -- - -~-- - - - - - - - Compliments ofBOSQUIT LOGGING ENTERPRISES Davao City Compliments ofPULANGI TIMBER CORPORATION Cotabato Compliments of: Desiderio Dalisay Investments, Inc. OFFICES: Juan P. Cabaguio Avenue Agdao, Davao City MANILA OFFICES: 704 Don Santiago Building Taft Avenue, Manila Compliments ofNORTH MOUNTAIN SAWMILL Pansian, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte Producer of quality lumber JUAN TANPOCO, SR. Manager Compliments of - EL CID SAWMILL CO., LTD. Pasaleng, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte Timber Producer - Exporter RIZAL A. TIU CID Manager The Need for a Coordinated Socio-Economic Approach to by the Kaingin Problem Dean Zamuco, Delegates to the Conference, Ladies and Gentlemen: I appreciate the opportunity afforded me by this conference to participate in the discussion of an important national problem. At the outset, I wish to congratulate the General Forestry Committee for its initiative in calling this conference in order to stimulate thinking and a free exchange of ideas on the kaingin problem. The deliberations in the two-day meetings will no doubt serve to focus public attention on the dangers arising from the kaingin practices and can lead to the adoption of appropriate measures to solve the problem. It is well known that kaingin is causing immense destruction of our public forests with great loss to the national wealth and natural resources. It is estimated that around 60,000 kaingineros in the country are denuding our forests at the annual rate of 172,000 hectares representing an annual loss of around ?35 million. Even more serious than this loss in the national wealth are the destructive results of kaingin: the destructive floods that have plagued the denuded areas, destroying crops as well as homes and properties and threatening the lives of the people living in the vicinity. An attendant effect of deforestation is soil erosion which destroys our watersheds exposing our rich agricultural lands to 0 Speech delivered at the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem held at the FilOil Auditorium, Manila, on March 12, 1964. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 CORNELIO BALMACEDA Secretary of Commerce & Industry 0 droughts that render them barren and useless. The wanton cutting of trees in our forests can only lead to the eventual exhaustion of our forest resources unless the proper steps are taken in time to stop the practice. There have been anti-kaingin campaigns launched in the past. Some measures have been adopted to protect and conserve our forests, as for instance, the enactment of Republic Act No. 3701 which prohibits any form of destruction of public forest areas. Moreover, the government, through its forestry agencies, has launched campaigns for the preservation of our forests and adopted punitive measures against illegal kaingin and other forms of forest destruction. The Bureau of Public Schools has likewise assisted by disseminating continuously information and educational literature against the havoc of kaingin. The Philippine ARMY and constabulary have cooperated with forest officers in apprehending illegal kaingineros. Our courts have also cooperated in the prosecution of forest offenders in deciding as soon as practicable cases filed by forest officers. Simultaneously, the government has undertaken a reforestation program designed primarily to restore forests that have been denuded. But, despite all these measures, kaingin still exists and continues to pose a serious problem to the country. It is therefore timely that we 5hould consider the various aspects of this problem. Page 5 In general the measures adopted by the government to solve the kaingin problem have been purely punitive and remedial. It has been mainly a haphazard attempt by one or two government agencies when what is required is no less than the coordinated efforts of the entire government machinery and the people. We have laws to protect our timberlands and several anti-kaingin measures what we lack is an effective enforcement of these laws and a public appreciation and realization of the seriousness of the kaingin problem. It should be realized and considered that kaingin is to the kainginero an occupation and a means of livelihod for himself and his family. This impelling necessity leads the kainginero to ignore the laws and to disregard the punitive action, or educational campaigns being launched. He views it evidently as a matter of survival. It is such a situation affecting not less than 60,000 kaingineros that has to be met with the proper solution. Some assistance is necessary to bring the kainginero as a law-abiding citizen. One way is to utilize his pioneering spirit and MANAGEMENT OF OUR . . . . (Continued from page 4) Second, renewals of existing licenses should be extended only to loggers who comply with all regulations, particularly those on forest conservation and kaingin prevention; Third, forestry education must be extended to our people. This is essential, for as a distinguished forester, Greeley, has said and I quote: Page 6 to help him to settle 1"h with other kaingineros in a settlement project where he and his group will be able to live with their families and pursue a peaceful and productive occupation. This can be made a part of the government's resettlement program which may be re-examined wtih the view to providing the settlers not only with lands on which to build their homes and the tools and equipment to produce, but also with some technical guidance to enable them to utilize their lands more fully and scientifically. Roads, schools, churches and other essential requirements of a community should also be provided to induce the settlen to stay in the settlement. Adequate and liberal financing assistance should be afforded them so that eveniually they can own the properties which they have acquired by paying them on easy deferred payments. The success of similar settlements in other countries should be studied and such methods as are adopted to local conditions may be introduced. I hope that the deliberations of this Conference will bring about a clearer understanding of the kaingin problem in all its aspects and that effective solutions to the problem will result your deliberations. "Forest history has repeated itself many times in the methods and devices adopted by one nation after another. But the forest policy of every country is something of its own making, hammered out by the dominant forces in its own environment, incentives, and disciplines. It is often an expression of national character." In our case, my friends, what is at stake is not only national character but national survival. FORESTRY LEAVES Forest Resources Problem Resulting by from Kaingin Practices* A~TONIO DE LAS ALAS Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Perhaps kaingin is the most serious problem confronting our forest resources today. Howe,·er, my cursory impression was that the problem is not big and broad enough to justify a conference lasting two days. As there are many speakers I fear that there would be quite a great deal of overlapping and repetition in the papers of the different speakers. The theme assigned to me is "FOREST RESOURCES PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM KAINGIN PRACTICES". This seems to be broad enough for me to be able to develop a fairly lengthy dissertation but then after me two other speakers will follow and their subjects are "WATER RESOURCES RESULTING FROM KAINGIN PRACTICES" and "SOIL RESOURCES PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM KAINGIN PRACTICES." These two subjects cover the two principal ramifications 0f problems resulting from kaingin practices. I must confess that I am not so sure as to what other important problems might arise resulting from kaingin practices. I will, however, endeavour to touch on what could be such other problems without trespassing upon the subjects of the speakers scheduled for this afternoon and taking into account the multifarious problems and incidents I had to deal with since I became President of the Philippine Lumber Producers' Association about fifteen years ago. 0 Speech delivered by Hon. Antonio de las Alas at the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem held at the FILOIL Auditorium, Manila on March 12, 1964. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 I shall begin by repeating what perhaps other speakers would probably touch or what might be considered obvious. Our forest resources constitute the greatest known heritage of the Filipinos notwithstanding serious depletion caused by kaingin practices and illegal or wasteful logging. This fabulous wealth is still estimated to be about 962,997,792 cubic meters or about 408,311,946,848 board feet. At the present rate the forest charges therefrom can amount to 'P'l,348,196.852.00. The conservative valuation of this timber is estimated to be way over thirty-two billion pesos. This vast wealth is now the source of exports constituting the third largest among the Philippine exports, bringing a great amount of dollars so essential to the maintenance and stabilization of our dollar reserve. The preservation of such wealth is the unavoidable duty of each and every Filipino citizen. This is the reason why the Philippine Lumber Producers' Association has actively and consistently supported measures calculated to protect our forest resources or to rehabilitate or reforest areas which had been denuded. This is the motive why we have given unstinted support to the campign against kaingin which no doubt has been the most destructive to all the enemies of our forests. When a scientific research on kaingin was undertaken by the College of Forestry, we did not hesitate in contributing though in an insignificant way to the support of that worthy project. The policy of the Administration on kaingin has not always been definite and consistent. There is the policy of land for the landless advocated very strongly by the late President Magsaysay. This is indeed an ideal Page 7 policy as land ownership breeds conservatism which rejects discontent and subversion. But the implementation of this policy even went beyond legal bounds. Some persons had decided to just occupy the forest lands and clean or burn the trees thereon. Nah1rally as they had violated the law, they were arrested and accused. In some cases the complaints against them were not only ordered dismissed but the land cleared by them was ordered given to them. Kaingin practices were thus given official sanction. This caused deep concern and general demoralization among the forest officials and among the lumber people. For quite sometime the destruction of forests by kaingin practices continued unabated. Fortunately the policy of land for the landless no longer authorizes the kaingin method of acquiring land. There was also a practice which is similar to kaingin consisting of persons squatting on forest land. Some of the areas affected had been planted and cared for by the Bureau of Forestry officials as a reforestation project. This also caused untold discouragement on the part of the forest officials and lumbermen. Fortunately such practice is no longer tolerated. In discussing kaingin what should be most important is to consider methods to suppress such pernicious practice. The best means of course is for the government to guard the forest lands. This is a most difficult task as the areas involved are quite large and far apart. The Bureau of Forestrv does not have enough guards for the pu;pose. The services of the Constabulary and of the local and police officials have been enlisted, but generally speaking this has not been a success. The Constabulary people are too few and on the other hand the local and police officials are more or less influenced by the politicians and by personal and local considerations. This is, however, a most important function of the government. Taking into consideration the value of the wealth to be protected a large appropriation for guards is fully justified, especially in view Page 8 of the fact that the government derives considerable revenues from the forests. In the allocation of government funds I certainly would give this service top priority. I know that the Bureau of Forestry has been consistently asking for more money to protect our forests resources. I do hope that the Congress will not hesitate to appropriate adequate funds for the purpose. In view of the immensity of the areas involved one of the most effective means would be the use of helicopter or helicopters to be able to watch the forests more effectively. There is one thing that the government can do in this connection. Our association has been maintaining that what should be done first is to delimit the forest areas. A law for this purpose was approved but its implementation has been rather slow. The work of delimitation must be finished as soon as possible. Once the forest areas are well defined their guarding would be less complicated. Our association has offered to help in this work by cooperating in the delimitation of forest areas covered by their respective concessions. In this work of protection of forest areas the lumber people can contribute to a great extent. The concessionaires themselves can take care of the guarding of their respective areas but for this purpose certain fundamenLal changes should be made in granting forest concessions. The present practice of granting the forests for short periods of time ranging from one to five years is not conducive to more effective participation on the part of the concessionaires in this work of protection. The concessions must be for a much longer period, say twenty-five years. If a concessionaire is assured of the possession of the forest lands for a good number of years, he certainly will do his best to protect the forest covered by his concession. Concessionaires of one or two years are not interested at all in protecting the forests in their areas. (Continued on page 24) FORESTRY LEAVES SAN~ ~IJ.:.1:1.:.~ PLYWOOD . . . preferred by tlw discriminating a n d the practical. throuµ:h the vears . . . guaranteed. to last 1i1e life of Your home and offic~. -- ----- --------------- ----- ---------------- - - - - - - The Forestry Technology Building Compliments of: Santiago Rafael 0. T. Licensee Address: Angat, Bulacan Location of Area - Bagabag, Diffun Nueva Vizcaya Compliments of: Mountain Sawmill Co. Diffun, Nueva Vizcaya Location of Area: Diffun, N. Vizcaya Compliments of: Sarmiento Enterprises Inc. R. Magsaysay Avenue, Davao City General Manager of: L. S. Sarmiento & Co., Inc. SARBRO & Co., Inc. Plaridel Lumber Co., Inc. Vitarich Feed Mill Telephone Nos. 388-R 0 1210 ° 169 ° 739-J Compliments of: Maddela Sawmill Co. San Agustin JULIAN TIEU Manager Isa be la Water Resources Problems Resulting from Kaingin by G. A. DAZA National Power Board President and Chief Scout Scouts of the Philippinnes Practice When your committee came to invite me to this conference and later disclosed my assigned theme on the program, my first reaction was of a mild surprise and wonder, by what chain of circumstances the committee has come to honor me, professionally incompetent as I feel, I am, to sit with a group of our top technologists in forest conservation. After recovering from the initial surprise, and on second thought, I felt flattered at the distinction, and my deep personal interest in the problem compelled me to accept the invitation, because of an inner urge in my curious mind to expose myself to any remedial methods and procedures that I may pick up from more competent authorities on the subject, to help us in the National Power Corporation to find an expedient solution in protecting the watershed of the Agno river, where we operate at present two hydro-electric plants, and because in our scheduled power program, we intend to further utilize its water potentials with additional plants down stream. The National Power has a total investment of the people's money in the plants of Ambuklao and Binga, in the stupendous sum of 237 million pesos, installed at the favorable rate of 2 pesos to a dollar. Converted this amount to the current rate of exchange, both plants are now worth 95 million pesos more in our books, or a total of 332 million pesos. You will therefore understand how gravely the water potentials of the Agno from all elements that may adversely affect the conservation of its waARBOfi WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Boy tershed. Better said, and more specifically stated, we want to arrest from further damage the green areas of the watershed, and at the same time undertake to replace with new trees the denudation that has played a criminal havoc in this section of our forests. And the problem in capital letters, is the KAINGIN. I am not going to delve on the damaging effects of kaingin in the conservation of our forests, and its direct resultant effect of erosion that brings flood, and washes away the valuable fertile top soil; but I will discuss the very important element to us in the corporation in the resulting silting in our lake reservoirs that feed our turbines with water. Silting will eventually reduce the water reserve capacity in our lakes, thus jeopardizing the energy . load factor of our turbines during the dry season. With an extensive open areas burned by kaingin in the watershed, "run off" waters will necessarily cause less water flow on the tributary springs that discharge its waters to the river. All these facts, I am sure, constitute a famili~r subject of mental tribulation to us all, and I fervently hope that during this conference we can arrive at a concrete concentrated and coordinated conclusions that will result in a long range educational program to arrest and cure this evil curse directed to the very heart of our national pattrimony. We, at the National Power, offer in this paper, a suggestion to minimize the principal social cause of what we think is a Page 9 way of life reflecting the mental attitude of the primitive people in the forest areas. In my personal experience over the years that the National Power Board has taken a very serious outlook at the problem of kaingin, and in that Board, I have found myself constituted as a Committee of one, a sort of a knight errant, to plan and propulse our efforts to save the watershed of Agno, I found out that in this particular area, and this might also hold true in other areas, the kaingin constitutes a manifestation of a serious social problem among our inhabitants of the forest areas, and must be approached with sympathy and understanding by our government, through a sensible and realistic program of education and possible resettlements. In the Agno, I am told very few are the cases of itenerant gypsy-like farmers that burn, cultivate and move on from one area to another after they find out that the land is not productive. What we predominantly have in this watershed are the families that in addition to their truck garden patches, they raise a few heads of cattle and goats as part of their home economy, an important element to them that provide the family till with seasonal cash with which to meet the necessities of life, such as the clothes of the children, etc. To provide these small herds with grassing fields, they burn the underbrush before the advent of the rains in order to provide a rich carpet of fresh grass and cogon for the animals, and in the process, burn also the young trees. Characteristic of my experience, I do not usually ask your field boys for the number of seedlings planted in one season in our yearly schedules of planting, but, instead, I prefer to ask how many seedlings are growing and were saved during the year. In going to Binga and Ambuklao during the late summer months, I have often felt a certain tinge of frustration when I see from the road extensive fires burning in the disPage IO tant mountains and ranges, and by the color of the smoke, imagine the damage caused to living trees. Our concern in this regard has led us to investigate the possibility of using chemicals to be dropped from the air to kill these fires, and we have written to investigate a large chemical company in the United States to supply us with the necessary information. The Agno watershed of our two installations of Ambuklao and Binga, is estimated to comprise of some 950 square kilometers, and our closest information is that about 40% of this extension, is what you may classify as critical area - or about 380 square kilometers, or 38,000 hectares. To get a close factual information of this territory that must receive the highest priority of reforestation work, we requested the services of our air force for a photogrammetry aerial survey, but the resultant pictures taken were not satisfactory for our purpose when we laid out the mosaic, because of the defficient technique caused perhaps by the variations in course and altitude of the aircraft. This was to be expected because of the type of plane and equipment used in the survey. We have recently contracted a firm that specializes in such aerial surveys, but our application is being held in the Army for "security reasons." In the absence of a more reliable information, we are proceeding with the assumption that the total critical area of the Agno waters of Ambuklao and Binga is 38,00 hectares, and our program of work in cooperation with the Reforestation Administration is geared to this objective. Our plan in the Corporation with the cooperation of the R.A. is to undertake this program with a target of reforesting 10,000 hectares per year, for a period of four ( 4) years, to fully cover the entire 38,000 hectares with 285 million seedlings; or an average yearly planting program of 71 million FORESTRY LEAVES seedlings. (One hectare = 7500 seedlings; 10,000 hectares = 75 million seedlings. But in undertaking this project, my Board wishes to emphasize the fact that we are in this projects as a contributory agency only, and that the main responsibility of carrying out the total project should be pursued by the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, with special funds for the purpose. In my own modest and lay interest in discovering available practical solution to undertake a permanent method of reforesting this vast area of the Agno watershed, and confronted by the big obstacle that the seasonal fires causes, I directed my attention in searching for a possible cause - and laid my problem before some friends who are authorities in social sciences. From these conversations and deductions, I evolved a project study which I submitted to the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources in June 1962, by which, seedlings that are planted for reforestation will be cared for until they have attained a growth of five years, and at the same time provide a moderate livelihood for the families that will care for these plants and therefore protect them from being burned in a kaingin. The Family-Planting-Project as suggested in this plan, consist in enlisting and assigning to a family a plot of 15 hectares0 where they will plant 112,500 potted seedlings ( 7,500 per hectare) to be provided by the Reforestation Administration. During the first year, after they had planted 22,500 seedlings of the total ( 112,500) assigned to them, the family will immediately receive a monthly living allowance as follows: Lit:ing allowance per family per plot 1st 12 months at P60.00/month-P 720.00 2nd 12 months at P'70.00/month- 840.00 3rd 12 months at P80.00/month- 960.00 4th 12 months at P90.00/month- 1,080.00 5th 12 months at PI00.00/month- 1,200.00 Total-P 4,200.00 ARBOH WEEK ISSUE-1964 At the end of the fifth year, we would have 112,500 trees at a total cost of PC).04 per tree, and at the same time the project would have supported the livelihood of a family with the important bonus of a reforested area of 15 hectares at the cost of P280.00 per hectare. Considering however, the average conditions of the topography of this area, one family may only clear and cultivate 3 hectares per year, and as the cleared and planted area increase from year to year, weeding around the first planted seedlings will need more attention of the family, in addition of course, to their domestic chores tending their own patches of camote, corn, etc. At the end of the 5-year period we would have, at least: 22,500 - 5-year old 22,500 - 4-year old 22,500 - 3-year old 22,500 - 2-year old 22,500 - I-year old But considering the severe denudation of some areas that I have seen, very little clearing will be needed, and one family may accelerate the number of seedlings planted per year to more than an average of 3 hectares. I was asked what happens to this family after their tour of duty of the 5-year period? The government should assign an agency to develop a program of training during the 5-year period with a practical line of cottage industries. In this region, for example, the mulberry tree thrives well, and it may be possible that this agency can teach them in the cultivation of cocoons to supply with silk a cooperative silk weaving industry that may be established in the area. In Thailand, we can obtain valuable information on this line. A good many items for the tourist trade could be produced by these families with materials in the region, say with bamboo. Japan has reached a perfection in producing with bamboo fancy variety of baskets, handPage 11 bags, domestic implements and utensils, by the simple aid of a hand or electrically operated machine to split and clean the bamboo. This equipment can easily be obtained from Reparations. Again, such a program must be well studied and manned by competent trained men and assured of financial support. In some of the areas of this project we may direct our attention to some of the fast growing species of recognized industrial value such as for match sticks, pulp fiber boards ( Albizzia f alcata-the puting bankal) etc. which yield substantial wood fiber in three to five years, and I am told would grow well in the altitude of this watershed, and are, in a sense ideal for holding the soil in the slopes because of its root system that grows its own suckers. Such species of trees can be developed to produced raw materials to feed a small industry by the installation of a plant close-by with the farmers serving as partners of a cooperative. You will please note that on the basis of 38,000 hectares of land of the critical area in this watershed, we would need the services of 2,533 families to care of an equal number of plots at 15 hectares each. In the structure of the average Filipino family in the rural areas, one family may perhaps take care of 2 or more contiguous plots. On the basis of 38,000 hectares, which in my study I presume uncommitted areas of public domain, this project if carried out in its entirety, there would be at the end of the 5-year period, a total of 285 million growing trees, at a total cost of P12,218,400 distributed yearly as follows: 1st year, 2,533 family plots X 'P 720.00 = P 1,823, 760.00 2nd year, 2,533 family plots X 'P 840.00 = P 2,127, 720.00 3rd year, 2,533 family plots X 'P 960.00 = P 2,491,680.00 4th year, 2,533 family plots X 'P'l,080.00 'P 2,735.640.00 5th year, 2,533 family plots x Pl,200.00 = 'P 3,039.600.00 Total in five years _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1"12,218,400.00 The five-year Family Planting Project would result on an average expenditure of P2,43,680 per year, which is less than onepercent of the total investment on both Ambuklao and Binga hydros of P332 million. Being a non-recuring expense, it fits and will enhance the implementation of the President's socio-economic program. And I would add, a more permanent improvement will accrue the people than many of our stray projects financed by pork-barrel funds. From the simple element of direct cost, an average of '.P280.00 per hectare plot, covered with 7,500 growing trees, is decidedly more economical than our averages of PlOO per hectare, by hiring laborers on the direct planting plan, from which we were lucky if we emerged with a casualty record of not more than 30% mortality of the seedlings planted the previous season. But the major Page 12 feature of this plan in addition to its low cost per hectare in five years, is the very raluable social contribution of providing a livelihood to 2,533 families during that period, from among which lurked the presence of a potential kainginero. During the five-year period of this project, an intensive sympathetic educational campaign should be patiently pursued to educate these families on the value of our national forests, and its importance of conserrntion with relation to the watersheds, and of the laws that govern the protection of these forests. Knowing as we all do, the strong ties that bind these people to the customs and traditions of the locality, there will still be a need of a degree of police supervision to protect these areas from possible "kaingin" and this police discipline must be firm, constant and continuous. FORESTRY LEAVES Stations of Constabulary detachments should be spotted along strategic locations in the reforested areas, not only for police purposes but for the psychological effect of conveying the message that the government will apply stern measures to enforce all safety regulations. Simultaneously, strong campaign of education program by means of a radio station in Baguio should be used to reach these inhabitants by means of transistor radio receivers provided for every community. Our Kaingin laws, if properly enforced are adequate to solve the evils resulting from the careless use of forests. But politics in our midst has nullified these laws to a point of becoming impotent; I am told of a case of three kaingineros in the cutting area of Basilan Lumber Co. who were arrested and brought to court. The lawyer of the kaingineros at the time of trial produced an order from Malacafiang that postponed the hearing indefinitely and ordered the Company to transport back the kaingineros to their respective clearings. The National Power Corporation is now engaged in the construction of Angat Hydroelectric plant which will have a total capacity of 218,000 kw., and we are not taking any chances in exposing the watershed of the waters of Angat river from possible destruction. We are requesting the authorities to transfer to the corporation the supervision and control of this area, because we feel that we must assume a greater responsibility in its conservation to protect the waters that will feed our turbines, in a plant that will cost, when completed, an estimated amount of 210 million pesos. Because of the favorable conditions in the Angat watershed we are also undertaking a project to establish an apitong farm to contain one million trees in order to make the Corporation self-sufficient in its future pole requirements, and at the same time to provide an export product of badly needed pole materials in many of the countries in the ECAFE region. I am ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 grateful to Mr. Viado for his assistance in securing the services of a technical man that will help me in the implementation of our reforestation and conservation undertakings, and in carrying out the development of the apitong farm. In the Boy Scout Movement, the conservation of our natural resources, particularly the plant and wildlife, are a continuous project pursued in our Program, and I pledge the human resources of our membership of 445,000 boys and scouters all over the Philippines to support a national coordinated plan of protection and conservation of our forests areas with all the means of our command. Specifically, I recommend to the Conference that we identify and recognize the following elements for a satisfactory solution of our conservation program of the Country's natural resources: a) That the problem of kaingin is not a cause per se, but a manifestation of a social problem among our less fortunate inhabitants in the hinderlands, who are possessed of the inherent human rights to existence and therefore, assistance from our Government. b) That all efforts to protect our forests and water sheds from kaingin must consider the need of educating, helping and supporting the inhabitants of these areas with a well planned program of self-help enterprises, to give them first, the dignity of human beings before we can demand the responsibilities of civic and patriotic duties to respect and preserve our forests. c) That we firmly implement our Kaingin laws and by removing these families away from forest reserves and water sheds, and gradually locate them in resettlement agricultural areas duly conditioned for the purpose, and provided with the necessary assistance to Page 13 permit them a decent livelihood for the first year. d) That in the execution of a reforestation program we consider the practical advantage of the Family Planting Project, suggested in this paper, which has a triple advantage of reducing the cause of kaingin in our forests and reforested areas, ensuring the growth of its trees and at the same time providing a livelihood to the inhabitants thereof. e) That we consider as a doubtful economy any disbursement of public funds for reforestation, unless a parallel program of social welfare is adopted to ensure the protection of reforested areas from the kaingin problem. Confronted as we all are, as a Nation, with the serious situation of seeing the destruction of our national patrimony in our forest resources by which the future welfare of our people is placed on grave jeopardy, we must take courage and draw deep into our individual patriotisms to protect the rich inheritance which the munificence of Divine Providence has endowed our land, and from its warm soil and the waters of our brooks, our forefathers found sustenance, and with faith and courage, built for us a nation, that we, of our present generation, may enjoy the fullness of sovereign people. An expedient and practical approach that would mobilize a nationwide interest in solving the problem of conservation free from shackles of political consideratons, was suggested by us in the Boy Scouts, three years ago. Our plan was to secure from Congress a legislation to create a National Commission of Conservation of National Resources, to be composed of fifteen of the top business executives, religious and civic leaders of the country, who will devise a plan and conduct an over-all long range program of conservation, and coordinate the work of all gove r n men t agencies and instrumentalities Page 14 charged with the work of conservation, and at the same time arouse a national consciousness of conservation and protection of our natural· resources. Members of the Commission will serve free and shall be appointed by the President for terms of one, two and three years, among three groups of the Commission. Only the Executive Secretary and small staff will be paid salaries, but the Commission will have to be provided with sufficient funds for its administrative operation, transportation, and particularly for its publicity and educational material. With the composition of a membership of top level volunteers in the commission, it is hoped that public opinion and Congress will be inclined to support its recommendations with funds, and the work of the government agencies identified in the program of conservation, will be enhanced and made into an efficient and productive enterprise protected from the political pressures that have plagued these offices with the burdensome load of excess of personnel. "Land for the landless" is a very wondrous political slogan and is indeed a verv christian principle supported by Papal e~ cyclicals, but our brothers in the hinderlands must be taught the rules of the game and our professional politicians should not confuse them with misdirected advice that would undermine the applications and enforcement of our laws. Under our existing methods of selective logging, (theoretically enforced, but oftentimes circumYented by small but fast operators enjoying political sanctuary) no particular consideration has been given by the government with regard to silvicultural method of cutting in forest concessions in watershed areas, on what the experts now call watershed management. I am referring particularly to studies related to the problem of erosion and sedimentation which pose a serious threat to the economic operation and (Continued on page 18) FORESTRY LEAVES Soil Resources from Kain9in Problems Practices Kaingin, the common term for shifting agriculture, is the practice of clearing up for cultivation virgin forests, by removing all the vegetation mostly by cutting them down and burning, for planting to annual crops generally rice or corn for two or three years, then abandoning the area for another virgin forest area. Some authorities define kaingin as fire farming because the primary tool used by kaingineros is fire. It is observed that during the dry months, kaingineros cut the trees and brushes, set them to fire in preparation for the coming planting season in the region. It is said that the primitive people started this system of farming in small patches clearing only the shrubs and small trees, leaving the big trees because at the early days they did not have tools and facilities to remove them. But with the development of better implements and with improved practice of clearing forests as now being adopted by civilized people, total destruction of the vegetation is done. The Philippines is no exception to the practice. Rather, it has been going on for centuries that approximately 5.46 million hectares of land had been left barren by the practice. It is known that in Southeast Asia, shifting cultivation of kaingin is generally practiced. WHY FILIPINO FARMERS PRACTICE KAINGIN Filipino farmers employ the kaingin system of cultivation chiefly because they need more land to cultivate to satisfy their econoARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Resulting by RICARDO T. MARFORI Director of Soils mic need .. \nd in trying to satisfy this need they wantonly destroy the land. No matter how justified the reason may be, it still remains a fact that kaingin cultivation is very destructive. WHY KAINGIN IS A VERY DESTRUCTIVE PRACTICE Some authorities and/or observers claim that through this practice, the country loses hundreds of millions of pesos in trees and other forest products destroyed by kaingineros. This is the money loss. If this is added, loss "due to soil erosion, decline of soil fertility, destruction of wildlife, flood and drought, and the cancellation of the many blessing that man derives from the forest,'' the total would be appalling. SOIL EROSION AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT At this point, allow me to quote the following about soil erosion and the factors affecting it: Soil erosion is defined as the process of soil detachment and transportation by either wind or water. There are two kinds of erosion; namely, normal or geologic and accelerated erosion. Normal or geologic erosion.: -Normal or geologic erosion takes place in a natural or undistrnrbed condition under the canopy of forest, grasses, ground litter, and in underground network of binding roots. Geologic erosion is a slow process; the removal of the soil by either water or wind balanced by the Page 15 formation of soil from the parent material underneath. This kind of erosion is beneficial in the sense that there is a constant renewal of the fertility of the soil. Accelerated erosion: -Accelerated erosion is the process brought about by man's activities on the land, thereby disturbing the equilibrum between soil building and soil removal. This kind of erosion is destructive as it removes soil particles very much faster than the formation of soils from the materials beneath. The loss of the surface soil which contains most of the fertility means also the decline in crop yields. Soil erosion in the Philippines is caused mainly by water. The different kinds of accelerated soil erosion are: sheet, rill, gully, and stream bank erosion." Factors affecting soil erosion.: -Soil erosion occurs when water runs over the surface of a sloping land. This water running over the surface is called runoff. The rate of soil erosion will depend upon the speed of surface runoff. The volume of runoff as well as its speed depends upon the soil, slope, vegetation, and intensity of rainfall in the area." ( B.C. Dagdah, et al, Soil Survey of Nueva Vizcaya Province) KAINGIN PROMOTES RAPID SOIL EROSION The following kaingin practices are the main contributing factors in rapid accelerated soil erosion leading not only to rapid depletion of soil fertility and total loss of soil but also to the destruction of wildlife, floods and drought: 1. Cultivation of lands that are unfit for cultivation due to slope and soil conditions. - Much of our virgin forest areas are not suited for agriculture mainly because of their soil slopes. Kaingineros, however, choose these areas for their kaingin site because of their rich fertile soil which had been built up through accumulation of decayed vegetation. The slope exposes the soil to rapid or accelerated erosion so that once these lands are Page 16 opened for cultivation, especially by kaingin practices, methods that induce accelerated soil erosion such as planting and cultivating up and down the slope are employed; and with the high intensity of rainfall in the Philippine soil erosion becomes very rapid. This practice of cultivating up and down the slopes easily removes the top soil so that after two or three years, when the area cannot give profitable produce any longer, the kainginero has no alternative but to abandon the area and look for another virgin forest area and start the practice all over again. 2. Removal of all vegetation.: - The vegetation itself, because of the roots, holds the soil together. The vegetation also absorbs some of the rain that falls on the area, thus minimizing the flow of rain or at least decreasing the intensity. The vegetation prevents the rain from falling directly on the surface of the soil which when allowed to happen loosens the soil hence it is carried by the water that flows on the surface. The forest litter as well as the decayed organic matter absorbed and stored a substantial part of the rain, while the roots of the forest trees lead into the bowels of the earth a greater portion of the rain which would come out later as spring water in the lower part of watershed feeding the live stream. The runoff is thus greatly minimized. What flows in the stream is more or less clear water and not muddy water. Therefore, when the vegetation is removed from the laud surface, it results in rapid accelerated soil erosion. 3. Burning of all the cut vegetation.: - In order that the area can be cleared and be planted to kaingin, it is a general practice to burn all the cut vegetation on the surface of the land. The burning of the vegetation completes the removal of whatever protection it could give toward protecting the soil from erosion. 4. Abandonment of the area after two or three years of cultivation.: - After the kaingineros have abandoned the area, generally no top soil is left and if there is some vegeFORESTRY LEAVES tation that will grow in this abandoned area, they will only be cogon and other grasses that dry JJP during the dry season and catch fire quickly. Frequent occurences of fire could prevent the natural reforestation of the denuded area. BAD EFFECTS OF KAINGIN ON WATER RESOURCES Vegetation promotes the storage of water as described above, and because of the ground litter and plant roots, holds the soil particles together. With the removal of the natural vegetation, primarily trees, and planting the area to annual crops without em?loying soil conservation measures and practices, rapid loss of water from the land takes place; so that in a kaingined area, all the rain that falls goes direct to all the depressions and eventually through creeks and rivers to the sea. It is a known fact that when vegetation is removed in the watershed areas, springs on waterways disapear. Hence, no water is stored in the kaingin area. All the water flow as runoff and soil erosion is accelerated. THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION IN THE COUNTRY - FLOODS AND DROUGHT The removal of vegetation principally in the watersheds causes all the rainfall to flow and drain direct into the river. When it rains, no water is stored in the area but all of 1t flows into the river and other drainage channel carrying with it soil and other foreign materials. The silt and sand that go with the water flow are depos.ited in the river beds and other deep channel decreasing their drainage capacity. The soil materials and other foreign matters increase the volume of the runoff and with the decrease in the carrying capacity of the river and other drainage channel, the runoff will flow the banks and cause floods on all the low areas. For this reason, floods occur in Central LUzon, Davao and Agusan provinces during the rainy season. During the dry season, there is ARBOI:. WEEK ISSUE - 1964 water shortage because runoff flows to the river and nothing is left in the watershed~. Most of the irrigation system in the Philippines is of the diversion type, not the storage type. This system makes use of the water from the river merely by diverting the water from the river. However, because of the absence of vegetation arising from kaingin practice, no water has been stored in the watershed, hence no water flows to the rivers during the dry season. We can see therefore, how the kaingin practice make:> our irrigation very ineffective. It makes the water flow in the irrigation system during the rainy season with accompanying floods, while during the dry season, when water is badly needed, there is practically none. }n extensive deforested areas, drought is the result. A very good example of the effect of proper care and management of watershed on irrigation system is that which is followed by the Igorots who are efficient in their irrigation system. They see to it that water is stored in the watersheds of their irrigation system and is well protected and well guarded. It is said that they will not hesitate to cut off the heads of those who destroy the vegetation of these watersheds. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE BAD EFFECTS OF KAINGIN ON SOIL RESOURCES It is estimated by Sanvictores ( 1962) that the area destroyed through kaingin is approximately 40,000 hectares of forest lands annually. He has made an estimate of approximately 240 million pesos on the destruction of forests annually. On soil resources considering only its fertility value, an approximate loss of one foot on top soil is a very conservative estimate considering the fact that the area is rendered useless after two or three years, and upland soils having an average of ( .15% N, .18% P2 0 5 and .17% of K2 ), this loss of soil on the 40,000 hectares will be approximately equivalent to 1,460,960 tons of ammonium sulfate (20%N), 1,836,000 tons Page 17 of superphosphate '20% P 2 0 5 (and 578,000 tons of muriate of potash ( 60% K20). These huge amounts of fertilizer will be sufficient to satisfy the fertilizer requirements of the Philippines for one year. In terms of loss due to flood, the amount would be tremendous. This also results in loss of lives and farming areas which are covered by the deposition of eroded materials. Remedial and Control Measures As agricultural workers, we fully understand that this kaingin practice is an evil one. It is destructive. It is an economic ill that brings havoc to our agricultural layout WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMS . . . ( Continued from page 14) life expectancy of a hydroelectric installation. In other words, in my limited information on the subject, I ask, what is the optimum balance of volumes that we should maintain in drawing from our forests the logs that we export and feed our local needs, yet, provide for natural regeneration and at the same time minimize the resultant elements of erosion and sedimentation? What are the laws of nature that govern these elements, that would balance their assigned functions that we must employ, to obtain the highest efficiency of the above objectives? Experts on the matter tell me that this is a difficult problem to solve, because of the many factors involved in determining specific treatment for specific result, of a formula to discover the relationship of watershed management and the flow of water that must reach our reservoirs, these factors being, among others, the soil, geology, topography and climate, and I would add a very important factor, the presence of "Mang Kainginero". Unfortunately for us, we cannot utilize the results of important experiments along Page 18 that will bring ruin to our lands if not given remedies in time. A very important recommendation is the classification of all public lands. All lands suited for agriculture may be released for the production of food and other crops. Lands that have been set aside for forest or for wildlife should be devoted entirely for those particular purposes. There should be rigid control of all areas set aside for permanent forest. And areas that had been worked by kaingineros should be reforested. As squatters in cities are now being relocated in suitable areas, it is believed that kaingineros, if the government is really determined, could also be relocated in suitable agricultural areas. this line conducted in Europe and in the United States, or even in Japan, because their forest management in watersheds have elements or factors that we do not have, such as the climate and the resultant seasonal bonus of waters from melting snow. It was therefore, with intimate personal jubilation that I welcome in our midst, the assignment in our government of a Watershed Expert, a Forestry Officer of FAQ, whom I had the great pleasure recently of meeting, in the amiable person of Mr. Macid Gulcur, who honored me with a visit in my office accompanied by our Mr. Meimban of the Bureau of Forestry. The outline of his program of experiments impressed me, and I am confident that with a full support of our government, we should be able, in time, to gather vital statistics and pertinent information with which to guide us evolve a balanced program of for est utilization, conservation and watershed management, not only for us in the Philippines but for the countries of the ECAFE region that are facing the same problem like us. If this project is judiciously pursued, once we know the rules of nature, with vigor and tenacity by our government and people, we (Continued on page 36) FORESTRY LEAVES The Case for the Kaingineros* It is indeed a pleasure to appear before you today, although admittedly I'd feel far more comfortable wearing my caulk boots - walking down a mountain spur road - and observing the never ending wonders of your beautiful tropical forests. And beautiful forests, they are, whether virgin, or cutovers commencing their early healing after the removal of the ripe and over-ripe wood fibre fruit so important in the sustenance of the Philippine economy. Yes, yours is a nation endowed with incomparable forest wealth; renewable, yet despoilable; valuable, yet at times wasted. The wide-angle video screen observable in that stroll down the mountain spur road - with pictures constantly changing in panoramic majesty induces a tranquility and serenity of thought that here in this wonderful country, forest growth is as beautiful as it is economically important and so expan· sive as to be everlasting. Then with almost tragic abruptness, the scene changes. Tranquility vanishes with the disappearing forest. Charred stumps and partially rotten logs center in on the screen. An eroded hillside with some sickly stalks of corn engulfs the picture's background. A small shack, dwarf chickens, unclothed youngsters, rib-showing pigs and a poorly clad woman and a worse clad man become evident in the picture's foreground. Who are these vicious despoilers of the forest? Born of humble parentage, living a " Speech deliYered by RICHARD S. KEARNS at the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem held at the FILOIL Auditorium, ~lanila on March 13, 1964. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 by RICHARDS S. KEARNS General Manager Insular Lumber Co. humble life, with few of life's pleasures, all of life's sorrows and none of life's opportunities - they are a part of God's people - just as are you and I. They have found a meager life in the forest when no opportunity for survival was offered elsewhere. The sanctity of their new home was spelled out in the words of a great leader - "Land for the landless". They have continued, they have continued, they have multiplied and their very numbers have brought them increasing political immunity from removal from their new homes and silent encouragement to continue to multiply and to despoil. People in any nation deserve an opportunity for existence beyond administered to assure that the country's resources are so utilized as to produce the greatest good to the greatest number of people. The kainginero has been offered neither of these modem day requisites of a responsible society. And so he has continued barely to exist, to beget ill-fed children and to despoil the nation's forest resources. Oftentimes he has served as the tool for the professional speculator to force opening of large segments of land only suited to the production of forest crops. His awesome monument for his unwitting acts is the ever-widening belt of an eroded or cogon covered land on most of the Islands of the Philippine and a deterioration of opportunity for the generations of Philippine people yet to come. Is the kainginero solely to blame for this willful, progressive, pseudo-regimented, catastrophic destruction? It is my conviction Page 19 that justice would be perverted if he were so convicted. It is my conviction that the real criminal is the lethargic attitude of all of us: leaders, congressman, businessmen, and professional foresters alike. I take heart that through meetings such as this, there is being generated a growing concern over the everlasting effect of the terrible waste and destruction that is occurring and can but have hope that together we have the tenacity of purpose of putting together a corrective program and the real public-spiritedness and courage to push that program to complete fulfillment. To date our progress seems to have been more imaginary than real and where real - more sporadic than enduring - more punitive than constructive. To give an example, at Fabrica, Negros Occidental, home of Insular Lumber Company, we have made conscientious efforts in the last years to bring about control of kaingin destruction. Cooperating in this effort has been the Provincial Governor, the Bureau of Forestry, the Philippine Constabulary and the Insular Lumber Company. Constant daily patrol of the concession area occurs by the team composed of Bureau, PC, and company personnel. Extension of existent farms is forbidden and charges are brought against those who extend the areas of clearings. The program has achieved moderate but, I gravely fear, only temporary and transitory success. An estimated population of 5000 people, illegally inhabiting portions of a forest totaling thirty thousand hectares, cannot be held in place over a long period of time, on lands unsuited to the production of agricultural crops. The pressures for food transcend the fear of punitive action - and the fear of punitive action becomes an attitude of cynicism when court proceedings are postponed or prolonged or when those charged, convicted, jailed and finally released, have no alternative but to return to their illegal farms. The program is basically negative satisfying only the criteria of "rules firmly administered". Page 20 It lacks the first and most important tenant of modern society's responsibility to offer a "living opportunity" to its citizens. How do we satisfy that tenant. Following are a few suggestions for a program that may offer that satisfaction: 1. Recognize that the kainginero must be relocated and be offered an opportunity to make a living. 2. Recognize that there are level, fertile, river bottom lands in many forest areas that may be best suited to agricultural use. So classify these lands so that the kaingineros occupying these areas today become the legal, respected owner-farmer tomorrow. But secure them against speculation by making ownership nontransferable for a period of year. 3. Recognize that just as monies taken from the forest in the form of fees, taxes, timber sales or licenses in many countries are largely reinvested in the forest, so should such monies be reinvested in the forest lands of the Philippines. 4. Recognize that such reinvestment should be a physical reinvestment with not less than 90% of the proceeds going to the relocated kaingineros who do the work and not over 10% allocated to administration. 5. Recognize that the job has become so big as to be almost overwhelming - that saving the 50% of the forest area least affected by the kainginero should be the first objective and that the work should only then proceed to areas already beyond hope of any rehabilitation except through massive programs requiring expensive artificial means. May I close my brief comments with the plea that the problem we are here discussing be not left at the conference table, for prompt remedial action is sorely needed to avoid economic retrogression in this wonderful country. May I thank you for your kindness in permitting this homely guest citizen to sit with you today on this important national problem of the Philippines. FORESTRY LEAVES The Coll. of Forestr:r Swimming Pool The Mahogany GroveForestry Campus GENERAL MANAGERS: A.SORIANO Y CIA. Soriono Building, Paseo de Roxas, Makari, Rizal MEMIER- PHILIPPINE LUMIER PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION The Coll. of Forestr)· Adm. Bldg. (Side Vie1t·) Forest Songbirds Compliments of: IGNACIO SABALLA 0. T. Licensee Location of Area: Sta. Fe, Aritao N ueva Vizcaya - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Compliments of: CARLOS D. LIM 0. T. Licensee Location of Area: Aglipay, N. Vizcaya Compliments of: NEW SAMSON SAWMILL & CO. Bascaran, Solano LIM SON Manager Compliments of: N. Vizcaya UNIVERSAL TIMBER CORPORATION Polilio. Quezon Compliments of: JUAN MERCADO 0. T. Licensee Address: Biadi, Bagabag, N. Vizcaya Location of Area: Bagabag, N Vizcaya Compliments of: WILSON SAWMILL Bascaran, Solano, MIKE ANG Manager N. Vizcaya Coll. of Forestry Adm. Bldg. The Role of the Pulp and Paper Industries to the Control of Kaingin by SALVADOR ARANETA Kaingin, or "shifting cultivation," is one of the prevalent causes of forest destruction. It is a pernicious practice not only in the Philippines but in many parts of the world. A kainginero is a shifting mountain-farmer who finds in the virgin land of the forest the only livelihood available to him. With his meager agricultural implements, mostly a bolo, an ax and a saw, he finds his livelihood in the virgin forest land, since no better agricultural land is available to him, and when the same has be~n exhausted, he abandons it and moves to another portion of the forest and destroys it. Before the war it was reliably estimated that kaingineros were destroying about 10,000 hectares a year. At this rate since liberation the total destruction would amount to about 180,00 hectares. I was in the forest of Kalinga a few weeks ago, and I noticed that many persons hold two inconsistent views. Firstly, they expressed great concern about the need of conserving the forest to preserve the water of their creeks which they use for irrigating their rice padies. Later these same people showed a desire to destroy the forest and convert them into rice paddies for the livelihood of their increasing population. Population explosion is most evident in Kalinga. I was pained to see so many dirty children roaming around, and I could understand the concern of some of those very people who saw the need of expanding further the rice paddies at the expense of the forest as the solution for the livelihood of their children and grandchildren. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Under present conditions the people of Kalinga are caught in a vicious circle of choosing whether to preserve the forest or to have more rice. A most vicious circle indeed, for they are involved in a self-liquidating principle whereby any alternative they choose would involve the liquidation of the other. The immediate needs of this mountain people who know no better, would obviously dictate rice at the expense of forest. And yet the depletion of the forest would result in the drying up of their irrigation sources, and consequently the loss of their rice crops, which ironically, they chose in the first place instead of the forest. \Vhat is the Remedy? The remedy is to have a large pulp and paper industry that will bring about the following: 1. Make reforestation attractive and a remunerative enterprise even to private initiative. In Norway and Sweden the pulp industry is processing wood with an average diameter of three inches and a minimum diameter of 1.5 inches. This to me is the key to the solution of the problem of reforestation. Many foreign experts have come to the Philippines and have told us that we have to reforest our hills and mountains. And their advice stops there. And generally, we are of the belief, that reforestation cannot be made an attractive economic enterprise, that we have to wait years before the tree that we have planted can provide some income. This is true if the tree has to attain the growth and diameter needed for the lumber and Page 21 plywood industry. But the secret is to plant trees very near each other, say one meter apart, and after eight to ten years, when the trees have reached a diameter of three to four inches, to cut some of the trees, to start thinning the forest - to allow the other trees to continue growing. Thus, by continuous thinning, we start to derive income from the forest in a short time while we allow the remaining trees to attain a large growth. This I learned from my good friend, Mr. Antonio Irala, while he was driving me in the Basque country in 1956. And my interest in the pulp and paper industry started then. Mr. lrala is now in Manila helping me in this project. 2. Because the branches and tops of trees are used in pulp making, we can salvage most of the waste wood that now is left in the forest in the logging operations, a waste that is equal in volume to the logs that is taken from the forest for commercial purposes. The pulp industry will also make use of much of the waste in a sawmill and veneer and plywood factory. What the pulp industry can do is being done already in Nasipit with a chipboard factory- which also uses wood wastes. By making full utilization of all the wood in a forest, we increase the value of the forest and reforestation becomes more profitable as an investment. 3. vVith reforestation in the forest areas, we create the employment needed in the mountain areas and offer the kaingineros a better livelihood than their present low-income kaingin way of life. 4. Thus, we save the forest from its further destruction and we even increase the area of our forests, providing a well-balanced forest-agricultural and industrial economy. I may say that our ancestors, ages past, knew how to terrace and preserve the soil, and they built the now famous Terraces of Banawe, instead of being kaingineros. Page 22 From my good friend, Mr. Antonio lrala, I got the best appreciation that I have ever heard of the rice terraces of Banawe. He thinks it is a more significant monument to civilization than the pyramids of Egypt, not only because of their beauty, but because of their utility and significance to human civilization. For whereas the pyramids were built at a great cost of human life and labor, just to be the ruler's mausoleum, the rice terraces, with less labor are just as impressive a monument and are the ever replenishing sources of life to thousands of our people for many, many, generations past, present and future, so unlike the barren symbol of the pyramids of Egypt which are nothing but palaces for dead deified kings. But the rice terraces of Banawe will not remain long as an agricultural land, if the forest areas in the vicinity are destroyed, and agriculture continue invading the forest. There must be a proper balance between agriculture and forest if water resources are to be maintained for afiticulture. In the past, we thought we could make people have a better appreciation of the need for conserving the forest and to undertake reforestation by educating them to the value of the forest for soil and water conservation. True enough, the soil and the forest have to be preserved together, and if forest areas have to be cut, they should not exceed the natural increment of the forest, and if the destruction exceeds such increment, it should be immmediately replaced with reforestation. But moral and patriotic considerations, and long-range values for the good of the country and future generations unfortunately are not compelling motives in many of our actions. These considerations are fortified and they acquire a new value, if they are supported by considerations of selfinterest. And fortunately, they can be supported with economic projects that make reforestation a good investment. With a pulp and paper factory ready to pay for young FORESTRY LEAVES trees and for the waste in logging operations, reforestation can become an attractive economic enterprise. The answer to the kaingin menace, the answer to the population growth in the mountain areas is not found in the destruction of more forest areas, but in reforestation and industrialization. Industrialization is needed to reduce the pressure on the land and agricultural areas. Industries have to be established to increase the productivity of the farms. For the Mountain Province, this should include the harnessing of hydroelectric power, fertilizer and insecticide plants, the development of the mineral wealth buried in our mountains. But as stated, the pulp and paper industry is one industry that has direct bearing to the problem of reforestation, because as already stated, it is the one industry that will stimulate and make practicable reforestation by private initiative. And this is the new aproach that we must give to our reforestation campaign to make them a reality in the Philippines. The slogan should be - Reforestation is an attractive economic enterprise if there are pulp mills and chipboard factories ready to buy young trees and waste wood. England produces paper even if it has to import wood for pulp. In our case, we have been importing pulp at a greater cost than had we imported wood. But we do not have to import pulp nor wood, because we have plenty of wood and waste wood that could be used to produce pulp and paper. But certainly better than importing pulp as the country is now doing is to produce our own pulp to a great extent from our own wood waste. In this way, we give full value to our forests. Reforestation will become a reality in the Philippines only if we use our forests to their maximum utility, with an integrated industry that will use the best logs for lumber and veneers, and for the manufacture of pulp and less valuable logs and the wastes of the forests and the waste from the lumber, veneer and plywood factories. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 The Philippine importation of pulp and paper amounts to more than P130 M per year. It is indeed a national crime that up to now, the Philippines is not manufacturing a single ton of pulp out of wood, when we have so much forests and wood wastes in the Philippines. Once we produce pulp in this country the consumption of paper will naturally increase, because the need today is much higher than our consumption, and our boys in the schools will be in a position to bu.v textbooks and obtain maximum benefits from their classes. Because of the need that the country has for pulp and paper, the need to encourage reforestation and to stop the heavy soil erosion now going on, pulp and paper mills must be erected. These pulp mills will use the waste and the thinnings from the forest will stimulate reforestation, and bring about soil conservation. But these mills to become a success must be big mills of about 300 tons daily capacity if they have to meet the competition of the big well established mills abroad. The pioneering spirit of those who plan to establish integrated pulp and paper mills in the Philippines must be given due support by the government. They are breaking the trail in industries that will create permanent employment opportunities, produce commodities that will be dollar-saving and dollar-earning. And most important of all, they will put to good use raw materials that are presently thrown away and which are even definite hazards in the forests and around the mill sites, and provide the necessary incentives needed for reforestation. The growing consciousness of the Filipinos to conserve its own land and resources, the healthy indignation that is spreading against our pernicious customs such as kaingin, and the wasteful habits and short-sighted selfishness of loggers and sawmills for immediate gains, indicate that our nation's economy will not be chained to the stagnant Page 23 level of a primary producer nor would rest content in being an underdeveloped nation. It is, in fact, a clear sign of our growing FOREST RESOURCES PROBLEM (Continued from page 8 ) The other fundamental change that should be made in this connection is instead of giving more concessions, the forests should be granted to the applicants in the form of a lease just as is done in the case of public lands. In the case of a lease the grantee is clothed with certain proprietary rights which will enable him to protect his areas in the same way that he could protect lands owned by him against trespassers and despoilers. This change is most important and its adoption should be approved by the government. I might add that it will not only be effective protection for the forests but it is also very effective in the conservation of the forests as concessionaires will practice religiously the selective logging method which, as all of us know, is the way forest areas can be made more or less perpetual. We have to admit that the destruction of forests and the cutting of trees have also been largely due to ignorance of the importance and necessity of forests and the value of trees. In many instances good forests are destroyed in the belief on the part of interested parties that they can get more income and more benefits if the lands were cleared. They must be convinced that if forests are properly developed, from the economic point of view they are as valuable if not more valuable than if they were to be converted into regular farm lands. In Finland I noticed that many farms are composed of two divisions, one clean and intended for regular farming and the other covered with forests or trees. Page 24 maturity as a nation, and a dynamism that would soon reach for the heights of progress. Love of trees should be incalcated in each and every citizen. You can see manifestations of lack of appreciation of the value of trees everywhere. The tendency in each municipality is to cut trees for fuel. In the City of Manila many trees grown to provide shade and ornamentation died because the children used them in their gymnastic exercises. On the other hand in some countries you can see clear indication of love for trees. In Scandinavian countries I noticed that there were some houses that seemed to have been built out of place. Upon inquiry I found that the owners de· liberately built those houses that way in order not to cut trees that would have been affected by a different location. We have an annual Arbor Week celebration. Instead of inviting prominent citizens to plant trees that a year later nobody could find, the people should be taught to respect and to love trees. I might add in this connection that there should be established more tree parks in our different cities and municipalities. This will be the best means of beautifying localities. These parks could also be made to help the coffers of charitable institutions. I remember that in Memphis, Tenessee, every year there was an auction for the cutting of matured trees on the parks and the streets and the proceeds were given to charity. Our Lumber Association can be depended upon to render any time such services and assistance that might be solicited in connection with the suppression of kaingin practices.# FORESTRY LEAVES by Research on Forest Products, Its Importance in Our MANUEL R. MoNSALUD National Economy1 Director Forest Products Research Institute Ladies and Gentlemen: mative for I consider it a great honor to address this distinguished group of university students and faculty members of the Institute of Science, Araneta University. Last time when we held a meeting of the SAR aboard the R.P.S. Roxas (formerly R.P.S. Lapu-lapu) on our way to Corregidor, Dr. de Leon of your Institute asked me if I could address a convocation of your student body and Faculty. I readily answered in the affirDr. De Leon has given me freedom to choose my subject and I decided to talk before you on "Research on Forest Products, its importance in our national economy". I. Total Land Area of the Philippines (Annual Report of the Bureau of Forestry, 1961-62) 1. Commercial Forests ____________ _ 2. Non-Commercial Forests _______ _ 3. Cogon, open land including brushland _________ _ 4. Swamps _____________ - - -- - -- ___ - 5. Cultivated and other lands _____ _ (31.37%) (12.92%) (18.42%) ( 2.41%) (34.88%) T o t a 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100.00% 9,329,280 ha. 3,842,120 ,, 5,480,090 ,, 716,260 ha. 10,373,540 ,, 29, 7 41,290 ha. II. Estimated Standing Timber in the Public Forests - 962,997,752 cu. m. ( 408,311,046,848 bd. ft.) III. (a) Value of this standing timber based on forests and reforestation charges _ _ _ _ _ _ _ P 1,348,196,852.00 ( b) Based on commercial value at P80/1000 bd. ft. ------------------------- P32,664,883,747.84 Above figures do not include the volume of young standing timber. (Sources - Annual Report of the Bureau of Forestry, 1961-62) For 1962, Total Log Production ___________ _ Exported ------------------------------Value of exported logs at $65.00/1000 bd. ft. - -- - - -- -- - - -- -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 2,871,120,500 1, 706, 792, 750 'P325,525,561.99 (Sources - The Lumberman, Dec. 1962-Jan. 1963) bd. ft. 1 Read before the com·ocation of the Student Body and Faculty, Institute of Science, Araneta University, March 18, 1964. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 25 Page 26 IV. For 1962, Total Lumber Production _______ _ 406,093,045 bd. ft. Lumber exported _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39,196,411 Value of exported lumber _________________ 'P' 15,718,571.20 (Sources - The Lumberman, Dec. 1962-Jan. 1963). V. Wood Wastes are classified under the following categories: 1. Logging (forest) wastes - (Usable tops and branches, log trims, and stumps etc.) 15% based on the standing timber. 2. Sawmill wastes - (sawdust, edgings, trims, slabs, barks, etc.) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50% The waste items mentioned above are broken down into: a. Sawdust ________________ _ b. edgings _________________ _ c. trims d. slabs ___________________ _ e. bark ____________________ _ (Source - FPRI's studies) 47% 24% 11% 11% 7% 3. Veneer mill waste - bucking waste, cutting waste and clipping waste. These are broken down into: a. Bucking waste ___________ _ b. Rounding waste __________ _ c. Cutting waste ___________ _ d. Clipping waste ___________ _ e. Drying waste ____________ _ (Source - FPRI's studies) 10.23 15.6% 12.0% 3.2% 3 % VI. Based on the 1962 Log Production, the different waste categories and their corresponding volumes are as follows: 1. Forest residues 2. Sawmill wastes 506,668,230 bd. ft. - 55% 230,701,478 25% 3. Veneer mill wastes ________ _ 4. Plywood mill wastes ______ _ 5. Furniture plants and other secondary processing plants __ _ Total residues ________ _ 33,244,000 118,775,503 24,646,433 914,035,644 5% 12% 3% 100% FORESTRY LEAVES It must be clearly understood that these wastes are not all in one place. Neither are they all available economically. Oftentimes, their costs of handling, transportation and storage become prohibitive. Assuming that 50 percent of these wastes are valued as live timber at ~0.00/1000 bd. ft., the monetary equivalence of these wastes is about P36,561,425. WEED SPECIES It is reported that there are 3,800 wood species, more or less, found scattered all over the archipelago. Less than 100 of these species are heretofore handled or dealt with by the log producers or lumbermen. The rest, so called weed species, more than 3700 of them, are not cut for commercial purpose, primarily because of lack of knowledge about their chemical, physical, mechanical and other characteristics. It has been estimated that from 1/4 to 1/3 of the volume of a standing, matured timber reaches the end-user. The rest ordinarily goes to wastes, as pointed out earlier, to rot or decay in the forest or to be incinerated by big sawmills and veneer plants. The so-called weed species and the wood residues in the logging area and processing plants are potential raw materials for secondary industries, such as in the manufacture of hardboard, charcoal and particleboard, for pulp and papermaking and in wood distillation industry, etc. Need for Forest Products Research In view of the great potentiality of these tremendous wood residues in our nationa] economy, the Bell Mission reported in 1950, among other things, "that the lack of a forestry laboratory to test the quality and usefulness of forest products retards the developments of the forestry industry. x x x A forest products laboratory should be established to test and develop uses for forest products ,, xx x. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Before 1952, the only research work on forest products was done by a limited staff of the Bureau of Forestry, the Philippine Bureau of Science, the U.P. College of Forestry, and a few independent workers. The work was not coordinated, discontinuous, very limited, and inadequately financed. The results, although useful, did not have much effect to encourage wise and wide use of fo1 est products. In 1953, the Forest Products Research Laboratory was set up as a division of the Bureau of Forestry, DANH. This laboratory, a joint project of MSA-PHILCUSA cooperative program, was devoted entirely to forest products research and industry development. In 1954, the Forest Products Laboratory Building was erected on the Forestry Campus, at Los Banos, Laguna at a cost of '.P'350,000, which was shouldered by the Philippine government. The U.S. Foreign Operations Administration provided the laboratory equipment, which came in several installments. A small staff was assembled and in 1955 more new equipment arrived and were installed. The staff was increased and research work started in earnest. Several members of the research staff were sent under the sponsorship of FOA, now AID, and F AO to the U.S. to undertake technical training in pulp and paper, timber physics and engineering, entomological researches, etc. These fellows were also allowed to register in American Universities to upgrade their competence. \Vhen this batch, and others later, came back they installed and manned precision research equipment and conducted planned research projects on wood and other forest products. Later several researchers of the Institute were sent to Australia, England, Japan, Canada, and India under the Colombo Plan. The Forest Products Research Institute On July, 5, 1957, the President of the Philippines issued Executive Order 257, implementing Reorganization Plan 77, creating the Forest Products Research Institute, a semiPage 27 autonomous, research agency solely devoted to forest products research. The Institute is attached to the University of the Philippines for policy coordination. At present, less than 7 years after its creation, the Institute has seven divisions and a staff of about 230. Its researchers come from different professional groups, namely, foresters, chemists, electrical, mechanical, civil, and chemical engineers in addition to pathologists, entomologists, etc. The main objective of the Institute is to aid manufacturers, wood users, and the general public by way of digging up and disseminating useful information for the most profitable and maximum utilization of wood such as: 1. eliminating wastes 2. reducing cost of manufacture 3. increasing serviceability of wood and other forest products 4. introducing new and profitable products from wood The Institute has five technical divisions: 1. The Chemical Investigations Division studies the chemical compositi.on of wood and-' other forest products, their processing and their uses in pulp and papermaking, charcoal and charcoal briquette production, tannin extraction, fiberboard making, etc. 2. The Timber Physics and Engineering Division determines the mechanical and physical properties of wood, studies the various factors affecting its strength, and investigates the potentialities of Philippine woods for engineering uses. 3. The Industrial Investigations Division undertakes research activities on primary and secondary conversion of forest raw materials into useful articles. 4. The Wood Preservation Division studies the preservative treatment of wood and other forest products, their seasoning Page 28 properties, fire resistance, destructive insect pests and fungi, and the biology, ecology, identification of and control measures for these organisms. 5. The Wood Technology Division supplies the other research divisions with logs and other forest products for use in their research projects, plus basic information essential to the successful operation of the Institute's integrated forest products research studies, e.g., the fiber characteristics, structure, identification, structure-property relationship of wood. In addition to the afon:mentioned five technical divisions, there is the Administrative Management Division that services all the the divisions of the Institute. This division runs the business, general operation, recruitment of employees, procurement of supplies and materials needed by the Institute and takes care of the maintainance of equipment, etc. Lastly, the Institute has the Publications and Information Division that disseminates the results of the Institutes' research studies to the wood-using industries or to the general public. In other words, the Forest Products Research Institute seeks ways and means by which wood and other forest products and the wastes arising therefrom can be utilized for maximum benefit in our national economy. Creating new or improving present forest products industries that will give employment to the unemployed or underemployed Filipinos is the Institute's chief concern. This will ultimately lead to new or increased direct or indirect taxes that will augment the Nation's coffers. The Forest Products Research Institute has helped many wood-using enterprises both old and new such as the veneer and plywood, pulp and paper, sawmills, wood preserving plants, tool handle manufacturers, construction enterprises, to mention some. FORESTRY LEAVES The Local Pulp and Paper Industry We have right now in this country two integrated pulp and paper mills. One is established in Bais, Negros Oriental which utilizes sugar cane bagasse as its principal raw material in pulping. Another one is located in Bataan which uses buho (a species of bamboo) as its main cellulosic raw material for pulping. So far we have no pulp mill that uses wood. There are two or three companies intending to put up, a few years from now, pulp mills using hardwood and pines. Presently, we have ten or so small paper mills located in Manila or suburbs producing cardboard and different grades of paper such as toilet tissue, bond, bag, mimeograph papers, and others. These paper mills use pulp imported from the U.S., Canada, Scandinavian countries, Japan, Taiwan, etc., or waste papers collected locally. We have also a big factory producing hardboard, "Lawanit", located in Nasipit, Agusan province. This particular hardboard factory uses principally sawmill wastes. There is also a particleboard plant in Zamboanga using wood wastes. Recent estimates place our pulp and paper importation at about PI00,000,000.00 annually, and our pulp and paper consumption per capita per year at 12 pounds. We are the third largest users of pulp and paper in Asia, the first being Japan and the second, Malaya. Considering the per capita per year pulp and paper consumption of i_ndustrially adYanced countries such as the U.S., Australia, England, Canada, etc., (more than 420 pounds for the U.S.), there is a lot of room for improvement in this country. It is said that the industrial development of a given country is generally gauged by the pulp and paper con· sumption of its people. There is no doubt that as literacy, sanitation, and industrialization advance in the Philippines our pulp and paper consumption inevitably will also go upwards. We have sufARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 ficient local cellulosic raw material for this purpose, namely, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, ramie and abaca wastes, wood residues, bamboos, etc. What we lack is capital with which to purchase machinery and the technical know-how. To determine for instance what specific wood species or what pulping process to employ to produce specific products, research is a must. We are often told, and justifiably at that, that research is the key to industrial progress. People with money to invest (capitalist or entrepreneurs) will not just sink hundreds of thousand or millions of pesos of their own in a venture they do not know much about to start with. Ordinarily before they invest sizeable sums, they conduct, or they let competent agencies conduct for them, research or project studies, or experiments to determine whether or not the enterprise they are about to engage in is feasible and profitable under conditions obtaining locally. All factors bearing on the proposed venture should be studied. Hence, the importance or significance of a research agency such as the Forest Products Research Institute. Concerning pulp and paper production, it should be our aim not only to produce to supply local needs but also to manufacture adequate quantities for export to foreign countries, utilizing our tremendous quantities of wood residues and agricultural fibrous wastes found in many regions of this country. Imagine for a moment a situation in which, as if by magic, paper disappears from the face of this earth. What will happen to the present civilization that we know? We will go back to the dark ages, I'm sure. Observations and Suggestions Permit me to digress from my main discourse for whenever I have occasion to address a gathering such as this, comprising mostly of young students, the "hope of our Fatherland" as Rizal said, I could not help Page 29 but mention a few observations and make some suggestions. It is not, however, my intention to criticize or cast aspersion on anybody. The following observations or suggestions are therefore placed at your disposal for you to take or leave them with no hard feeling between us, I hope. For most of you, perhaps this will be your first and last time to attend the University. After this you will go out into the world to earn a living. Therefore it is incumbent upon you to make the most of your stay in this University. Prepare yourselves theoretically and practically, therefore, for your future role in our society. Be ready to answer the call of duty that may sooner or later knock at your door. Whether your services will be needed in the field of battle, in the farms, factories, or offices, be prepared always. Right now most of you may not know where the trail will lead you. Nevertheless always prepare yourself for that opportunity, for it may come sooner than you expect. Work hard, study conscientiously, practice in your daily lives the good things that you have learned in school. Engage in moderate body-building exercises and eat balance diet so as to keep your body healthy and strong. There is no reason why Filipinos should look frail and sickly, compared to Americans, Japanese, or Australians. Abstain from harmful vices such as smoking, drinking intoxicating liquors, gambling, and going to nightclubs. All of these are expensive vices and, more often than not, lead ultimately to immorality, illegal acts, or plain unsuccessful life. I address this advice especially to students wholly or partly dependent on their parents for support; students who are not yet earning their upkeep. Probably most of your parents sweat it out under the rain and sun in the fields, or they work in factories, offices or stores just to earn extra money to send to you so that you can, they hope, finish your University course. It is really a pity if you are not conscientiously doing your share and that you while away Page 30 your time on frivolities and waste your parents' hard-earned money on non-essentials. Whether these are the so-called status- symbols or not, discard them. Be frugal and soend only on essentials. The Philippines is the only country God has given us. Let us therefore do everything possible to make her strong economically and respected in the concert of nations. Mentally and despite our broW'n color, we are not inferior to any race. Our country is rich in natural resources. It is up to us to use our knowledge of the sciences and technologies that we have acquired in schools to exploit and utilize our God-given wealth - those in our seas, mountains, rivers, forests, lakes, etc. Let us harness them to enhance cur national economy. Our climate is better than the climates of many industrially advanced countries. We have no winter here unlike countries situated in the frigid and temperate zones. In this country, plants grow throughout the year. The aforementioned zones have winter; that means snow or ice blanketing their fields, mountains, rivers and lakes part of the year with only a few months in which plants grow actively. It is always better to live within one's means. Cultivate the habit of saving a little from whatever income you may be receiving for the so-called rainy day, which may come sooner or later. Also, savings enable you to accumulate capital for future undertakings. Let us all avoid extravagant fiestas. Instead let us earmark such money intended for fiestas for worthwhile or enduring ventures. Read widely and voraciously. Use your library to the fullest extent possible. Read current events to keep yourself posted on what is happening here and abroad. Other things being equal, a well-informed person is always a better citizen of the Republic. (Continued on page 94) FORESTRY LEAVES Problems of the Economics of Lo99in9 and Wood Processing Industry* by G. PONCE I. First Step. When one goes to business in the logging industry, he has to get an area from the Bureau of Forestry. The hardest problem of a prospective logger today is to get a timber area. The area maybe 2,000 hectares and may reach 50,000. The chances are that there are no more big areas available. As soon as one has secured a timber area, the next thing to do is to conduct a preliminary survey over the area to determine: 1. Possible outlet of the timber 2. Quality and quantity of timber found in the area. 3. Climatic conditions 4. Topography and soil conditions. This survey should be conducted by an experienced logger, who had been in the logging operations for at least five years or better yet a forester-logger who had the technical training in forestry and actual operation experience in bringing logs from the forest to market. Beware of employing a newly graduated engineer or for that matter G. Ponce - Forester - Logging Engineer A graduate of UP and Oregon State University 18 years in the lumber business. Worked 16 years in Bu. of Forestry Owns and Manages the Sta. Ines Veneer & Plywood, Inc. which operates a. Plywood Factory b. Sawmill c. Box Factory d. Logging Operation on the Agusan River Valley 0 This paper was read in the Convention of Log Producers and Log Processors, Manila Hotel, April 20-22, 1964. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 a new graduate forester. This job is very delicate and very important, because the result of this preliminary survey will determine whether it would pay to operate the area. The writer knows of specific instances where preliminary surveys of timber areas were made by men with no actual training and experience in logging operations. In one case, the report of an investigating engineer stated that there were plenty of trees. The company went to construct expensive roads and bridges only to find, upon reaching the timber that the predominating species are Balete trees and non-commercial species. The company went broke. In another case an investigating engineer reported that the area is big and there is enormous amount of timber. The licensee went to buy equipment and proceeded to operate. It was found that there were plenty of trees but were all of small diameters. The timber are in patches requiring plenty of road construction. The climatic condition is bad. There is practically no dry season. Gravel is not available. The company discontinued operation. This survey must be done quickly and must cover the whole area. It is necessary to use planes to conduct an aerial survey. With this survey, you could determine the topography and see as to whether the timber is solid, or contains patches of clearings and second growth areas. We must not rely on this aerial survey alone. Next, the investigator must proceed to the ground to determine quality and quantity of timber. Timber estimates must be made. This will show stand per hectare and species available. These Page :n timber estimates maybe made in sample plots in different places over the whole area. If the investigator finds that there is enough timber of commercial species he may proceed in his preliminary survey, otherwise, there would be no need to proceed further. Timber found to be commercial, the investigator may proceed to determine timber outlets, topography, soil condition, and climatic condition. If the area is near the sea, near a navigable river or crossed by a provincial road even the timber stand is only 50 cu. m. per hectare and the area is only I,000 hectares the licensee may proceed to operate because he will still make money. Under these conditions, there is not much problem to solve. Areas which are far from roads, navigable rivers or sea, say IO kilometers or more, the area must at least be 10,000 hectares and stand per hectare of at least 75 cu. m. This minimum requirements are necessary to enable the investor to recover his big investment in equipment and roads and logging camp constructions. II. Second Step. a. Granting the area is small say, 2,000 hectares to 5,000 hectares and located near a government road or near a navigable river or near the sea, the licensee can start with a tractor or carabaos and yard logs to the river or road. From there, he can float his logs to market or contract the trucking on the provincial road. He may start with 8 carabaos which cost only 'PS,200. With falling saws and axes he may begin with P5,000 to P-10,000 capital. b. Nowadays, however, timber areas are now far from roads, river and the sea. Under this condition, the entrepreneur must have bigger capital. At least he must have PI,000,000 in order that he can start logging operation. This maybe M50,000 for equipment and P200,000 to construct his 10 kilometer roads, working capital '.P'50,000. The equipment may consist of: Page 32 I-bulldozer '.P' 50,000 new I-grader 275,000 new 2-dump trucks 50,000 surplus converted I-truck loader 96,000 new 2-logging trucks I00,000 surplus converted 2-second hand I60,000 second truck hand reconditioned III. Third Step. It is necessary to make a good logging plan before any operation is started. In order to make one, a more intensive surYey of the area, must be made to determine the best outlet for the timber. Preliminary road location to and inside the area is made. This logging plan contains among other things plan for road location and more accurate timber estimates. Kind of equipment needed that will fit the area is also decided. Organization of men to run the show must be included in this plan. IV. Fourth Step. Problem of the logger in this case is to get his financing. He may look for capitalists and form a corporation. He may not like this and may borrow money from the bank using his personal properties as collaterals. V. Fifth Step. Choosing his equipment and his logging men to run the show is his fifth step. If he could afford, he must buy all new equipment. The economics of low financing using second hand equipment against bigger investment for new equipment is a problem for the logger to consider. It has been found in many existing operations that using new equipment is the better business proposition. Continuous operations of new equipment give higher productions because there is less down time and less maintenance costs. If the operation is big, and the area is far, to be logged on private road, the choice over trucks and tractors is in favor of the bigger trucks and bigFORESTRY LEAVES ger tractors. Less men are employed to dri\·e the trucks and tractors. Less men are used to maintain these equipment. The biggest problem in actual operations today in big areas is the production of logs in a continuous basis to feed a factory or to fill monthly commitments. Rain is the worst enemy of the logger. He is forced to build all-weather roads in order that he can truck logs the year-round. Gravelling the mainline is the only economical thing to do with plenty of skylines to bring logs to this road. Spar roads can only be used during the dry weather. The modern trend today is the use of power saws in falling and bucking. The faller makes more money and the logger needs less men. Cost of falling and bucking is lower than the old system of using hand saws. In yarding, the highlead system in addition to skylines are still the prevailing systems used in rough areas. The triple drum yarders found universal use specially among small loggers. This kind of yarder is very versatile and easy to move from place to place. The skagits are more advantageous for skyline yarding because these yarders have longer able capacities and higher horse powers. In level areas, loggers should use tractor ground yarding to minimize destruction of young trees. Tractor yarding is more economical than highlead and skyline system. In trucking over long private roads, bigger trucks with trailers are in general use. Trucks without trailers must only be used to feed the bigger trucks. In Davao and Cotabato where areas are near government roads, contract trucking with commercial trucks had been found profitable. This is advantageous to the small logger because he does not invest big capital in trucks. To run these mechanized logging operations technical knowhow is very necessary. There are plenty of experienced loggers in the Philipipnes today and all efforts should be used to utilize these expert loggers. TrainARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 ed mechanics are also very important to maintain and repair modern logging equipment. Experienced loggers although without high scholastic attainments are more desired than new college graduates. College graduates, however, if he must be efficient should be willing to learn and his experience besides his scholastic attainment should qualify him the best logging superintendent because he knows how to figure costs and use modern techniques which he gets in his constant reading and contact with more qualified men in logging. The present impression that a Jogger always turns a millionaire is not true. Logging is not an easy business. It is only when a Jogger gets a license area under a navigable river, near a government road and near the sea, and happens to get a big capital to buy modern equipment that he maybe lucky to make money. But my friends, he has still to sweat it out to earn his profit. The logger who gets an area far from natural facilities like roads, rivers or the sea may Jose all what he has if he is not careful, if he has not enough capital and does not employ technical knowhow. Most areas today are already far. All the help that the government can give must be given to the logger so that he could make money and help other people and our government. All Joggers must pray that the 20% retention on April 25th be discontinued and the export tax be disapproved in Congress so that these loggers may be more able to continue in their operations. Problems of the Economics of Processing First of all, let us consider the advantages and disadvantages of processing. Advantages: 1. The biggest advantage in processing is--one gets a higher return if he processes logs into finished products instead of selling the logs. To illustrate in the case of plywood. From one cubic meter of logs we can get 30 panels of plywood, which has an average sale of 'P6.00 per panel or Pl80 for 30 paPage 33 nels. The average sale of a cubic meter of logs today based on Agusan price is P76. Deducting cost of labor, glue, flour and crating, we get a net sale of 1"132 on the plywood. And Pl32 less M6 we get an advantage of P52 per cubic meter by processing the log into plywood. If a log producer does not have a processing plant of any kind and he operates where there is no buyer for his rejected and low grade logs, he stands to lose sales of his sawmill logs and rejected logs. In this case he may just leave these unexportable logs in the forest. The processor may install a sawmill to produce lumber from logs that are unfit for plywood manufacture. All the waste including barks, waste in sawmilling and veneer waste in plywood manufacture maybe used for fuel to generate electricity. Your extra power maybe sold in adjacent towns for lighting the people's homes or for the use of small cottage industries. Log trimmings maybe sawn into boxes for soft drinks and beer. 2. Manufacturing plants give employment to many people. A plywood factory producing 8 - 10,000 panels a day employ 500 men and women. 3. The presence of processing plants in the rural areas stimulates, other industries give work to more people. Industries like poultry, hog raising, fishing, vegetable farming, trading in different articles develop around the factory. 4. Because of higher returns, the processor pays higher taxes to the government besides paying additional taxes like sales tax, business tax and real estate tax. Men employed also pay income taxes. 5. Men employed in a plywood factory receive high salaries and wages. This gives them higher purchasing power. They obtain a higher standard of living. 6. Various industries that are benefited are overseas and coastwise shipping which carry wood products to foreign as well as local markets. Fuel industries are other inPage 34 dustries that are directly enriched by wood processors. Disadvantages: 1. However, to go into processing is not easy. A big capital is needed to put up a factory. A plywood factory of 8-10,000 panels capacity per day requires M,000,000 for the purchase of machineries, buildings an<l land. And today, it is hard to get a capital. Most of our commercial banks give only short term loans, 2 years the longest. The rates of interest are high. Our development banks resources are not sufficient to finance our fast developing industrial plants. The reparation from Japan should be handy for this purpose, but again it is also very hard to get accomodation from the government. Getting equity capital from the public, unlike in other countries, is still not obtainable in the Philippines. More people who have money should be encouraged by our government to invest their money into processing rather than investing in real estate. 2. The turn-over of money from logs to finished products is long. Processing the logs into plywood, lumber hardboard or pulp and paper is long and requires technical knowhow, efficient management and modern machineries. 3. The factory, in order to earn money, must always be supplied with raw materials like logs, glue, flour, etc. Sometimes it is not always easy to get supply of logs to keep the factory running. This applies to factories that do not have concession areas. Standby periods caused by lack of raw materials and breakdown of equipment may cause losses. 4. There is a big risk in big investment caused by fire, flood, earthquakes and sabbotage of troublesome labor. 5. Plywood and lumber which are also produced out of our Philippine logs, are also produced in Japan and Formosa. These coun( Continued on page 98) FORESTRY LEAVES WasteWood--A Potential Source of Revenue by NORMA ABIGANIA-AVANZADO College, Laguna Floods are becoming rampant and in their wake are destruction and calamity. Mindanao, the e\·er land of promise, is slowly impoverished by the rather too frequent occurrence of floods and the tolls paid are not only millions of pesos worth of properties, but also lives of people who have braved the dangers of the frontiers. One of the reasons expounded for flood occurrences is the denudation of forests due to indiscriminate 101?;ging and illegal cutting of trees. What are the causes of the wanton forest destruction? Why is illegal cutting of trees so rampant? Is it due to the evils of the kaingin system or is it due to indiscriminate cutting of trees for log exportation? Whatever may be the real cause, our forests must be conserved by selective logging, wise and full utilization of wood, wood wastes, and residues. There are other reasons to which this flood calamity has been attributed, but we shall not deal with them here. We shall discuss the conservation of forests through wise utilization. At the Forest Products Research Institute in College, Laguna, scientists and technologists are conducting research in utilizing wood to the maximum. This is their share, their job, their contribution to our country and people. One of the studies being conducted at the Institute is the possibility of converting veneer and plywood wastes, forest residues, and sawmill wastes into pulp and paper. Present findings show that these wastes are potential sources of raw materials for papermaking. These wastes are estimated to be ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 around 1,060,270 metric tons (bone dry basis), for 1962. Assuming that only half of these wastes can be converted into usable chips, and subsequently into pulp for papermaking, it is estimated that these wastes would yield about 265,000 metric tons of dry chemical pulp with an estimated value of Pll2,625,000. The quantity of paper and paper products that can be produced from these wastes is estimated to be more than twice the yearly output of all the existing pulp and paper mills in the country today. This quantity is fabulous, in spite of the fact that only 41 percent of the total log production is consumed locally. If the log exportation is reduced and the reduction converted by local processing plants into articles salable locally and abroad, it will enhance proportionately our national economy. Another study undertaken at the Institute is the manufacture of particleboard and fiberboard from these wood wastes. These researches may be the needed break for veneer and plywood mills and log producers, to increase wood utilization and production. Consequently, there will be more income for the country and its people. These are incentives to process locally more logs, and eventually log exportation would be decreased, if not totally eliminated. This will mean less logs consumed or less trees to be cut thus conserving the forest. The Philippine log production in 1961-1962, according to the Philippine Lumber Producers' Association, amounted to 2,871,120,000 board feet and 59 percent of this was exported. Page 35 The exported logs are processed in foreign countries, (like Japan, the heaviest log importer), into valuable wood products such as veneer and plywood, which compete with the locally processed veneer and plywood in foreign markets, notably in the United States. It is obvious that foreign countries profit from processing our logs, otherwise the demand would not be as great as it is today. Why can't we process our own logs so that our country gets the maximum return for its products? Is it because log producers found that log exportation is very much more profitable? If only wood wastes command a good price as raw materials for papermaking, such that the aggregate profits in local processing of logs becomes profitable, log exportation can be greatly reduced and the competition suffered by our locally process~d wood products would also be greatly minimized. On the other hand, the Philippines imported 240,000 tons 1 of pulp in 1962. But we have bountiful raw materials locally, particularly wood wastes and residues, which could be converted into pulps to sufficiently meet our needs. One can just imagine, the benefits that would accrue in producing sufficient paper and paper products for our consumption. The importance of these possibilities must not be underestimated - socially and economically. An assurance of a good return of profits on investments would spark incentives, followed by addition and expansion of veneer and plywood plants, pulp and paper mills, sawmills and other wood processing 1 This includes finished paper and paper board products that were imported. WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMS (Continued from page 18) may, in our present generation, honorably discharge our duty to ensure the future of our country with an equal abundance of the patrimony of our rich natural resources that will sustain the well-being of our descenPage 36 plants, creating jobs for more people, thus contributing to the social and economic de,·elopment of the country. Our scientists and technologists believe that wood waste utilization for pulp and papermaking, particleboard and wallboard manufacture would be profitable in the Philippines. The wood residues left in the forest to rot, or are a problem for waste disposal in sawmills, can be the raw materials for diversified wood products. Proof of this are the Times Timber Exports Incorporated, which is successfully producing particleboard, and the Nasipit Lumber Company, which manufactures the famous "LAW ANIT" hardboard. So far, there is no pulp and paper company in the Philippines which utilizes wood wastes as raw materials. Eastern Canada and the United States, however, have been successfully and profitably utilizing their waste wood for pulp and papermaking, including softboard and hardboard manufacture. There is no reason why the Philippines can not or should not transform its wood wastes into usable products. Our forests are dwindling very fast, while some countries import logs and wood products to preserve their forests. Let us conserve our forests, before it is too late; what we conserve today will be the forests of our children tomorrow. The Forest Products Research Institute is trying to find ways and means of profitably producing new wood products; to improve present techniques, or to devise new ones, of wood processing in order to reduce cost of production. The Institute is helping woodproducts manufacturers to effect maximum utilization of this important raw materials, wood. dants, and transmit to them the enjoyment of our democratic way of life, under the munificent providence of God. Thank you for the pleasure and honor which you so kindly have given me - to be with you in this conference. FORESTRY LEAVES Veneer and plywood plant wood waste ,,_ - Sawmill Residue~ Experimental Fourdrinier paper machine of the Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna Forest Residues , :JI a ... 0 II .. li a • "' i 8 n I ,... ' • ~ ,... • ft I J I I ~ t ~ I w I ,., Cll s GI ! I I ~ AVrRAGI: PrRCl:NT SURVIVAL / / / v I / / v / i / i M v e / / z .. /v -i i / 0 ---·- ----- ---·-- - - · v z ~ c !; ' ' PERCENT SURVIVAL I / I / ~ v--I I ~ ./ I v I / I / J I / I / I 1· "' / - ; i I I I I I I I~ I ~ ' v .,, i· I ~ ~ ' Q .. I • I ~ z .. i n E • Ill "' "' I I I i ! i ! i A Study on the Survival of Wild Bare-Root Dalin9din9an ( Hopea Foxworthyi EML) by Seedlings Stored in Sawdust1 FORESTER JosE A. RAYos2 INTRODUCTION Numerous attempts have been made in the Philippines to raise planting stocks of dipterocarp species from seeds by artificial methods but without any marked success. The species are comparatively difficult to handle, even under favorable conditions in a nursery and with the aid of treatments that are known to produce good results in other species. The difficulty lies not so much in inducing a high percentage of germination but in setting out the seedlings in the field. The percentage of survival among nurserygrown stocks in the field has not been very satisfactory. That the wild seedlings of the species may not survive any better seems obvious. However, wild seedlings have seldom been tried in field planting, but this does not really mean that this is all there is to it. Dipterocarp seedlings are easy to procure and they have the advantage of growing naturally. If a practical method could be worked out in transplanting them, a bold step forward shall have been taken in the right direction. This paper discusses the effect of sawdust as a packing medium and the influence 1 Revised text of a paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna. 2 Chief, Planting Stock Section, Technical SerYices Division, Reforestation Administration, Diliman, Quezon City. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 of various lengths of storage on the survival of wild bare-root dalingdifigan (Hope a fox1rnrthyi Elm.) seedlings. MATERIALS AND METHODS ;\Jaterials - '!'he planting stock which was used in this study consisted of 900 natural reproductions or seedlings of dalingdifigan that were gathered from the Quezon National Park, Quezon (formerly Ta ya bas) at an elevation of about 1,000 feet above sea level. These seedlings were about one year old, from 10 to 60 cm. in height, and these were in groups some distance around their mother tree. 3 Only healthy and vigorous seedlings were selected and gathered during a rainy day, August 19, 1939, by lifting them with the aid of a bolo. Soil that clung to the root 5ystem of the seedlings was gently removed. Also, their leaves were trimmed off by means of a sharp knife to minimize transpiration. Afterwards, the 900 seedlings were divided into three groups of 300 seedlings each. Great care was employed so as to include in each group distribution of seedlings as to height classes. These three groups were bundled temporarily and then weighed (Table 1 ). The sawdust used in packing and storing the seedlings, was taken from a sawmill which was located about six kilometers from the park. 3 These trees were healthy and had an average heights of 12 meters and an average diameter of 50 centinteters. Page 37 Packing of seedlings - On one-half the surface area of a piece of gunny sack, about one meter square ,moist sawdust was spread evenly, about an inch thick as the first layer. On this layer, the seedlings were placed flat, side by side, following the length of the portion co\'ered with sawdust. Only the roots were allowed to rest on top of this layer while the stems of the seedlings above the root collar were exposed outside the gunny sack. Another layer of sawdust of the same thickness was spread on top of the roots. Thus, the roots were "sandwiched" between the two layers of the packing medium. The other half of the sack was folded over the medium to envelop the whole set. Finally, from one end of the sack, parallel to the seedlings the folded gunny sack, with the seedlings inside was rolled to form a cylindrical shape. The rolled sack of seedlings was bundled and secured with abaca twine. Three bundles of seedlings in all were made and properly labelled, 1, 2, and 3. These bundles were bought to the Makiling National Park, Los Bafi.os, Laguna on the same day they were collected for storage and trial planting. Upon arrival at the Makiling National Park, bundle No. 1 was immediately planted at the experimental plots of the Division of Forest Investigation, Makiling National Park, at an elevation of about 500 feet. Storage - Bundles No. 2 and 3 were stored in a petroleum can which had perforated sides for aeration. In setting the bundles, a sufficient layer of sawdust was first placed inside the can. The two bundles were placed over this layer and more sawdust were filled in to keep them firm. Bundle No. 2 was stored for a week and bundle No. 3, for two weeks. Field Planting Operation - The weight of each bundle, before and after removing the sawdust, was first taken before planting. This was done to calculate the loss of moisture or the weight of both seedlings and sawdust (Table 2). Then, the seedlings were Page 38 segregated according to height classes. FiYe height classes, ranging from 10 cm. to 60 cm., were noted (Table 3-a). The seedlings in each class were counted. The seedlings in the five height classes were properly labelled with tags and planted, 5 to 10 cm. apart, in the designated plots by the dibble method. Partial shade was provided to the plants during the first 20 days with kaong Arenga pinnata Wurmb leaves to protect them from intense heat. Three plots, each 1 x 10 meters, were previously prepared to accomodate the seedlings from the three bundles. These plots were partly under the shades of Vidal's lanutan ( Bombycidendron vidalianum (Naves) Merr. & Rolfe) and teak (Tectona grandis L.F.). As previously mentioned, the seedlings in bundle No. 1 were planted immediately upon arrival. This bundle served as the control. After one week, bundle No. 2 was opened and the seedlings were weighed, sorted into height classes, and planted in the same manner as the seedlings in bundle No. 1. After two weeks, the same procedure was followed with bundle No. 3. The plots were visited occasionally, during which the weeds were removed from the plots. Seventy three days after, the seedlings . that survived in each plot were counted and recorded. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Table 1 shows the original weight of the seedlings and the sawdust in each bundle. It can be seen that the difference in their respective weights is not much. This shows that there is an even distribution of sizes and an almost equal amount of sawdust in each bundle. Table 2 shows the losses of weight of the seedlings and sawdust during transit and during storage. It can be seen from this table that the seedlings in bundle No. 1 lost FORESTRY LEAVES only 5.9 per cent of moisture; bundle No. 2 which was stored for one week, lost 20.0 per cent; and bundle No. 3 stored for two weeks lost 34.l per cent. These losses may be considered small considering the transit of about 100 kilometers from Quezon National Park to the Makiling National Park and the length of storage. Table 3-a, 3-b, and 3-c show the results of the experiment used upon the percentage of survival as to height classes. The seedlings in the control group gave a survival of 54.0 per cent; those planted after one week of storage, 26.0 per cent; and those stored for two weeks, 9.33 per cent. The percentage of survival are apparently low, but this is to be expected in view of the fact that the seedlings used are wild stock seedlings. Working on wild reproduction of baguilumbang ( Aleurites trisperma Blanco), Viado (1938) obtained comparatively low survival; 40.5 per cent for control, 37.0 per cent for six days storage, 31.0 per cent for 12-day storage, and 7.0 per cent for 24-day storage. Using apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco) and tiaong ( Shorea teysmaniana Dyer) seedlings, Lantion ( 1938) got an average of 9.5 per cent for mud-puddled seedlings and 2.9 per cent for the unpuddled. This confirms the common observation that dipterocarp seedlings are hard to handle, whether nursery-grown or naturally grown. Furthermore, it will be noted that the seedlings used originated from a region of much higher elevation, and that in their natural condition they grew under a dense canopy. Naturally, their vitality was affected when they were planted in the experimental plot in the Makiling National Park, where entirely different conditions exist. Unlike transplants, the seedlings did not also have numerous lateral rootlets necessary to the life of young plants. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 The survival irrespective of length of storage is greatest in the height class 10 to 20 cm. This points to the possibility that dalingdiiigan should be transplanted before they got beyond 20 cm. in height. In each of the three cases, the percentages of survival tends to decrease as the seedlings become higher than 20 centimeters. Rainfall was very favorable during the early phase of the experiment. SUMMARY From the results obtained in this study, the following may be considered: 1. That ordinarily dalingdiiigan seedlings are hard to handle much more so when the seedlings are natural of wild reproductions. 2. Under the bare-root system of planting and with the method of treatment, packing and storage as described in this report, naturally grown dalingdiiigan seedlings give a fair percentage of survival. The average per cent survival for the control is 54.0 per cent; one week storage, 26.0 per cent; two weeks storage, 9.33 per cent. 3. The capacity of sawdust as packing medium to retain moisture influences greatly the survival of wild dalingdiiigan seedlings; the greater the moisture retention the higher was the percentage of survival. 4. The proper height in which to plant dalingdiiigan wildlings when bare-rooted ranges from 10 to 20 cm. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to convey his heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang, Prof. Jose B. Blando and Foresters Isidro D. Esteban and Carlos V. Glori for going over the manuscript and to all those who in one way or another have made this investigation possible. ---oOo--Page 39 REFERENCES 1. Kumel, J. F. (1925) "Relative water-holding capacity of sphagnum and tree moss," American Journal of Forestry, p. 181. 3. Newcome, F. R. "Moisture-absorbing and retaining capacities of various tree packing materials", Journal For., p. 413. 2. Lantion, D. C. ( 1938) "Wild forest seedlings as planting stock", Philippine Journal of Forestry, pp. 199-210. 4. Viado, J. ( 1938) "The survival of baguilumbang seedlings under varying lengths of storage, Philippine Journal of Forestry (1), pp. 275282. Table I - Original Weight of Dalingdingan Seedlings and the Packing Material used before Storage. Bundle Number I-Control 2 - I week storage 3 - 2 weeks storage Tot al Number of seedlings in the bundle 300 300 300 900 Weight of seedlings and sawdust in the bundle (grams) 5,000 5,200 5,500 I5,700 We1ihtof Weight of see lings sawdust per bundle (grams) (grams) 2,100 2,900 2,000 3,200 2,200 3,300 6,300 9,400 Table 2 - Loss of Weight of Dalingdingan Seedlings and Sawdust Immediately Prior to Planting. I I I Weight Losses of weight Weight Length Weight seed- of Sawdust Seedlings Bundle Number of of lings sawdust Storage bundle per per bundle bundle I (grams) (grams) (grams) I Per Grams cent I Per Grams cent Page 40 I-Control None 2-I week storage I week 3-2 weeks storage 2 weeks 4, 730 1,980 2, 750 4,160 1,600 2,560 3,400 1,450 1,950 150 640 1,359 5.2 120 20.00 400 40.9 750 5.9 20.0 34.1 Table 3-a - Survival by Height Classes of Dalingdingan Seedlings in Bundle No. I (Seedlings Planted without Storage.) 10-20 2I-30 31-40 41-50 5I-60 Height Class (cm.) Tot al ------------Number of seedlings in the class 154 72 24 39 ll 300 Number of Percentage survival of survival lll 72.07 33 45.83 8 33.33 8 20.51 2 18.18 162 Ave. 54.00 FORESTRY LEAVES Table 3-b - Survival by Height Classes of Dalingdifigan Seedlings in Bundle No. 2 (Stored for One Week before Planting). 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 Height Class (cm.) Numl:-er of seedlings in the class 79 101 65 43 Number of Percentage survival of survival 27 34.17 28 27.72 16 24.61 6 13.95 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---·-- - - - - - - - Total ____________ _ 300 78 Ave. 26.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Table 3-c - Survival by Height Classes of Dalingdifigan Seedlings in Bundle No. 3 (with Two Weeks Storage before Planting). 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 Height Class (cm.) Tot a I - - - - - - - - ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Number of seedlings in the class 84 112 55 31 18 300 Number of survival 10 12 4 2 0 28 Percentage of survival 11.91 10.71 7.27 6.45 Ave. 9.33 Page 41 Table 4 - Daily Distribution of Rainfall in the lv!akiling National Park, Laguna, during the Months of August, September, and October, 1939." Days 1 ------------------2 3 ------------------4 ------------------5 6 ------------------7 ------------------8 9 ------------------10 11 ------------------12 ------------------13 ------------------14 15 16 17 ------------------18 19 20 ------------------21 22 ------------------23 ------------------24 ------------------25 ------------------26 27 28 29 30 31 ------------------T o t a I Inches 3.00 1.00 .73 1.90 0 .07 1.26 1.25 0 0 .45 .24 10.60 - - - ----Rainfall by Months September October Inches Inches .20 .25 0 .51 0 .11 0 .22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .08 2.80 .29 .20 0 1.99 .34 .15 .09 .26 .08 0 .20 .15 .51 .16 .29 0 0 0 .18 0 3.71 .16 .11 .18 0 .24 0 .12 .08 0 0 .20 .18 0 0 0 0 0 0 .33 6.80 7.56 -" Data furnished by Forester Vicente Caguioa, Chief Statistics & Extension Division. Reforestation Administration. Formerly Asst. Forester of the Division of Forest Investigation, Bureau of Forestry. Page 42 FORESTRY LEAVES Effects of Pre-sowing Treatment on Germination of Bitaog (Callophyllum by Inophyllum L) Seeds IsENEod~fo~M~~~~0~~ Introduction Seed coat dormancy is the inability of a seed to germinate even with favorable conditions due to the nature of the seed coat. Seeds having seed coat dormancy often fail to germinate or, if they do, they take some time to germinate. These characteristics are regarded as disadvantageous to the nurseryman because they involve unnecessary extra expenses in terms of more seeds needed for sowing, more time for handling of nursery beds, and in terms of lesser quality of seedlings. A delay in germination after sowing in the nursery may be the difference between success and failure of a crop of seedlings. Bitaog ( Callophyllum inophyllum L. ), is an important timber species belonging to the family Guttiferae. This species exhibits seed coat dormancy. This study was conducted in an effort to find means of making bitaog seeds germinate faster and in greater percentage. Specifically, the objective of the study was to compare the efficiency of different treatments applied to bitaog seeds in terms of germination percentage, germination and pre-germination periods, and evenness of germination. Revieu; of Literature Studies on the methods of hastening germination of dormant seeds are quite numerous. However, there has been only one study that was conducted on bitaog seeds (Par¢Jfr. Domingo is an Instructor in Siluiculture at the U.P. College of Forestry. Mr. Glori is a Forester of the Reforestation Administration. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 ras, 1935) . In this study, three treatments were tested against untreated seeds, namely, cracking of the seed coat, mulching with cogon, and removing the shell or seed coat from the seed. The treatment where the shell was completely removed gave the highest germination, followed by the cracking treatment, mulching, and control. It was not stated, however, whether the differences were significant enough to have a definite conclusion. Methods and Materials Materials a_ Seeds. - The seeds used in the study were collected on the ground under bitaog trees on the Forestry Campus. The seeds were hard coated, spherical, and measured about three to four centimeters in diameter. The viability of the seeds were tested by individually cutting and examining the cotyledons of the sample seeds which were taken at random from the lot. b. Equipment.-Spades and rakes were used in the preparation of seed beds where the seeds were sown. And improvised sprinkling can was used for watering the seed beds. A scout knife was used in nicking seeds and a carpenters' hammer was used in cracking seed coats. Methods a. Experimental Design.-The study was conducted on a randomized complete block design with five replications. Nursery beds served as blocks or replications. The treatments used were the following: Page 43 1. Seed coat removed completely 2. Seed coat nicked at one end 3. Seed coat cracked 4. No treatment (control) b. Seed preparation.-Seeds used for the "cracked" treatment were prepared by putting the seed on a cement floor and giving 1t a light downward blow with a carpenter's hammer. The same procedure was followed for the seeds used in the "removed" treatment but then the seed coat was completely removed by the hand after being cracked. For the "nicked' treatment, seeds used were prepared by cutting the end of the seed coat opposite the micropyle until a portion of the cotyledons is exposed. No treatment was done to the control seeds. c. Seed bed preparation.-In accordance with the experimental design, five 1 m. x 4 m. seeds beds were prepared. The seed beds were laid out by erecting pegs in each proposed corner and stretching a string between the opposite pegs. The soil was dug with the use of a spade to about eight to twelve inches deep. The soil was pulverized and formed into raised ( 5 to 8 centimeters high) plots with the use of a rake. Each seed bed or plot was sub-divided into four 1 m. x 1 m. sub-plots. d. Randomization.-To avoid bias in the allocation of treatments to sub-plots, randomization was carried out by the folowing procedure: Four slips of paper, marked "removed", "cracked'', "nicked'', and "control", respectively, were prepared, rolled, and placed in a box. These slips of paper were drawn one at a time. The treatment indicated on the first paper drawn was alloted to the first sub-plot; the treatment indicated on the second paper drawn was alloted to the second sub-plot; and so on. This drawing of lots was for the first plot or seed bed. The same procedure was followed for each of the other four plots. Page 44 e. Sowing.-The seeds were sown about five centimeters deep and about eight to ten centimeters apart along five rows in a subplot. Fifty seeds were sown to each sub-plot or for each treatment in a plot, or a sum of 250 seeds per treatment in five replications, 200 seeds per plot or a total of 1000 seeds. f. Data collection.-The seeds germinated in each sub-plot every time the plots were inspected were counted and recorded. In order to avoid duplication of counting, toothpicks were staked beside the counted seedlings to signify that those marked seedlings have been tallied and recorded. This recording of germinations was done in every three to five days and continued until there was no more germination in any sub-plot. The total germination percentage in each sub-plot was computed by the following formula: where: G n N n G = -- x 100 N germination percentage per sub-plot number of seeds germinated in a sub-plot number of seeds sown in a sub-plot Germination and pre-germination periods and evenness of germination were determined in the following manner: Germination period = Number of days between date of sowing and date of last germination Pre-germination period = Number of days between date of sowing and date of first germination Evenness of germination= Number of days between date of first germination and date of last germination. g. Analyses of data.-AII data on germination percentages, germination and pre-germination periods, and evenness of germination were analyzed by the analysis of variance FORESTRY LEAVES method. Where significant differences were found, treatment means were compared by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Results The results of the study are summarized in tables 1, 3, 5, and 7. The analyses of these data are, respectively, summarized in tables 2, 4, 6, and 8. a. Germination percentage.-Completely removing the shell gave a germination percentage ( 80.8%) that was significantly better at the 1 percent level of significance than the germination percentage under the control ( 47.2%) or under the two other treatments. Means for the "nicked" ( 62.0%) and "cracked" ( 56.4%) treatments are not significantly different from each other but both are significantly better at the 1 percent level than the mean for the control (Tables 1 and 2). In other words the percentage of germination increased with greater exposure of the cotyledons. Table !.-Germination percentages based on fifty seeds sown per replicat3 in each treatment T~eatments 1 Replicates All I Treatments I Re Ni Cr Con 1 86 60 54 50 62.5 2 82 60 52 46 60.0 3 68 60 56 44 57.0 4 82 54 50 42 57.0 5 86 76 70 54 71.5 All Replicates 80.8 62.0 56.4 47.2 61.6 1 For this and succeeding tables, "Re'', "Ni", "Cr", and "Con" refer, respectively, to treatments where the shell was removed, nicked, cracked, and control. Table 2.-Analysis of variance of germination percentage data in Table 1 Source oi variation Replicates Treatments Error Total Ranked Means d.f. 4 3 12 19 Duncan's Con 47.2 "" Signilicant at the 1 percent level. SS MS F 574.80 143.70 6.58°0 3016.00 1005.33 46.05°0 262.00 21.83 3852.80 Multiple Range Test000 Cr Ni Re 56.4 62.0 80.8 ----------""° For this and succeeding tables, means above a continuous solid line are not significantly different at the 5 percent level and means above a continuous broken line are not significantly different at the 1 percent Jew!. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 45 b. Germination period.-The period between the date of sowing and date of the last germinaiton and the period between the date of sowing and date of first germination were both determined and analyzed sepa0rately. The former is the germination period and the latter, for convenience and for lack of a definite term, is called the pregermination period. Germination period for the control ( 81.8 days) was significantly longer than the germination period for the "removed" treatment (62.2 days) and "cracked" (82.2 days) treatments (Tables 3 and 4). In other words simply cracking or nicking the shell did not seem to make the germination period shorter than the control. Removing completely the shell, however, definitely made the germination faster than the untreated seeds. Table 3.-Number of days from date of sowing to date of last germination Replicates Re Ni Cr Con All Treabnents l 59 76 90 90 78.75 1 63 90 90 90 8.'3.25 3 63 65 90 63 70.25 4 63 65 76 76 70.00 5 63 65 65 90 70.75 AH Replicates 62.2 72.2 82.2 81.8 74.60 Table 4.-Analysis of variance for the number of days from date of sowing to date of last germination --------Source oi variation d.f. SS MS F Replicates 4 587.80 146.95 1.73 n.s. Treatments 3 1'345.60 448.53 5.29° Error 12 1017.40 84.78 Total 19 2950.80 ------Duncan's Multiple Range Test Ranked Re Means 62.2 " Significant at the 5 percent level. c. Pre-germination period. - Pre-germination period for the "removed" treatment ( 26.0 days) was significantly shorter at the 1 percent level than the pre-germination period under the control ( 41-2 days) or under the other treatments. Pre-germination period Pa;:e 46 Ni Con Cr 72.2 81.8 82.2 for the "nicked" treatment ( 32.4 days) was significantly shorter at the 1 percent level than for the "cracked" treatment ( 38.4 days) and for the control. Pre-germination period for the latter two treatments were not significantly different (Tables 5 and 6). FORESTRY LEAVES Table 5.-Number of days from date of sowing to date of first germination Meciplicates Re Ni Cr Con All Treabnents I 26 32 40 43 35.25 2 26 32 40 40 34.50 3 26 26 32 40 31.00 4 26 32 40 40 34.50 5 26 40 40 43 37.25 All Replicates 26.00 32.40 38.40 41.20 34.50 Table 6.-Analysis of variance for the number of days from date of sowing to date of first germination Source of variation d.f. SS MS F Replicates 4 81.50 20.38 3.07 n.:s. Treatments 3 683.80 227.93 34.3300 Error 12 79.70 6.64 Total 19 845.00 Duncan's Multiple Range Test Ranked Re Ni Cr Con Means 26.00 32.40 38.40 41.20 --------d. Evenness of germination.-The evenness all treatments including the control. The of germination, i.e., the period between the means for all the treatments were not signidate of the first germination and the date of ficantly different from each other (Tables 7 the last germination, is about the same for and 8). Table 1.-Number of days between date of first germination and the date of last germination -------- -- --·-·Meciplicates Re Ni Cr Con All Treatments 1 33 44 50 47 43.50 2 37 58 50 50 48.75 3 37 37 58 23 38.75 4 37 33 36 36 35.50 5 37 25 25 47 33.50 ---·· All Reciplicates 36.2 39.4 43.8 40.6 40.00 ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 47 Table 8.-Analysis of variance for the number of days from date of first germination to date of last germination · - - · - · - -------------- - ------- - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - variation d.f. SS MS F Replicates 4 611.50 152.88 1.51 D.S. Treatments 3 148.00 49.33 0.49 D.S. Error 12 1216.50 101.38 Total 19 1976.00 Discussion It is of significance to note that the percentage of germination of bitaog seeds increased with greater exposure of the cotyledons. The germination and pre-germination periods were, on the other hand, shortened by removing the shell or seed coat. These results confirm the presence of dormancy in bitaog seeds in so far as the seed coat is concerned. The seed coat may not be permeable to allow the passage of gases and water into the seed which are needed by the seed to carry on its metabolic processes. Another possibility is that there mav be no question on the permeability of the seed coat but the seed coat may just be too strong, providing a mechanical limitation to the swelling of the developing embryo. Seed coat dormancy may also be due to a combination of the two cases mentioned (Crocker and Barton, 1957) . The mean germination percentage for each of the "nicked" ( 62.0%) and "cracked" ( 56.4%) treatments may be worthwhile noting. Since a nicked seed coat is mechanically stronger than a cracked seed coat for obvious reason, it is expected that there should be a lesser germination percentage if the dormancy was due to mechanical restriction of the developing embryo. The fact that the mean for the "nicked" treatment was higher, therefore, should descredit the mechanical restriction theory. Since the passage of gases and water to the seed treated by nicking the seed coat is greater because the entrance is larger than in the "cracked" treatment, it is expected that there should be a lesser germination percentage in the latter method. The fact that the mean Page 48 germination for the "cracked treatment is lesser than in the "nicked" treatment gives a good reason to suspect that dormancy of bitaog seeds is due to non-permeability of the seed coat to gases and/or water. Despite this, however, it cannot be definitely established whether or not non-permeability is the real reason for the dormancy because the difference is not big enough to be statistically significant. Nevertheless, although it cannot be definitely established in this study which of the cases mentioned is the real reason for the seed coat dormancy of bitaog seeds, the results of this study show definitely that the dormancy of bitaog seeds is due to the nature of the seed coat. By knowing this, delay and incomplete germination may now be remedied by completely removing the seed coat as has been demonstrated in this study. This method is economical, because it requires no machine nor any chemical that is expensive. The design used in this study was good as evidenced by the highly significant variation due to replicates in Table 2. Significant differences in replicates means that the experimental area was not homogenous and that, had a completely randomized design been used, the effects of the different treatments would have not been properly isolated. By blocking the experimental area, the effect of the non-homogeneity of the area was eliminated. The results of this study supports the findings of Parras (1935) that the more the exposure of the cotyledons of the seed the faster and greater is the germination. (Continued on page 89) FORESTRY LEAVES Formal transfer of original wood collection from the ~earl o/ Forestry to the FPRI. Forester Nablo, representing Acting Director A. Rivera, is handing to Asst. Director FPRI, Dr. Tamolang the document of transfer. The original wood collection arrives at the FPRJ. Dr. William L. Stem, looks with appreciation at the priceless collection for the lnstitute's Scientific Wood Collection of the Philippines. .. •· The Forest Products Research ln•itute has always been servicing the public. Photo above shows three FPRJ wood experts giving technical assistance to a tootpick Jactory in Manila. The three are, left to right Engr. Ramon P. Saroos, Ramon V illarama a11d llD Chief Dominador G. Faustino. it I•.'!~ F.P.R.I. Board of Directors meet at the U.P. Conference Room (L. • r.). Denn Gregorio Zamuco, FPRI Dir. Ma· nuel Monsalud, B.F. Director Apolonio F. RivEra, U.P. Pres. Carlos P. Romulo, Santos Lantican (FPRI Stenographer), former FPRI Director Eugenio de la Cruz, Hon. 1<1se G. Sanvictores, and Engr. Dominador Cepeda. Machining Properties of Eight by Philippine Hardwoods SUMMARY OF RESULTS Several years ago, data were published on the machining properties of some 20 hardwoods of the United States. Based on the tests here reported, the eight Philippine woods appear to be about equal with the better of the native United States hardwoods. This is not surprising, since these native woods included some species that machine poorly, and those Philippine woods chosen for export would hardly include any species that are inadequate in that respect. Three of the eight Philippine woods, apitong, tangile, and manggasinoro, were consistently better than average in all or most of the tests. At the other extreme, mayapis, almon, and white lauan were consistently below average in all or most of the tests. Red lauan and bagtikan were intermediate. NEED FOR THE INVESTIGATION We have now reached a point where the native hardwood forests of the United States have been pretty well cut over, or at least culled over for the best trees and the most desirable species. As a result, native hardwood lumber in top grades and large sizes has become increasingly scarce. This situation has aroused considerable interest in tropical hardwoods as possible substitutes for native hardwoods. In response to demand, numerous hardwoods that are relatively new to the United States have been 1 Technologist, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, \Visconsin, U. S. A., retired. 2 Chief Forest Products Technologist & Chief, Industrial Investigations Division, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 EDWARD M. DAVIS1 and DoMINADOR G.· FAUSTINO, SR.2 reported in increasing volume from Asia, Africa, and South America. True mahogany, the species impmted in biggest volume, i5 too well known to be considered new. Next in amount comes "Philippine Mahogany". This term includes at least a half-dozen botanical species, all different in their properties. Imports from the Philippines include a smaller volume of hardwoods that are not classed as Philippine mahogany. To a large degree, the Philippine lumber that is imported into the United States consists of species and grades that are suitable for cabinet work, interior trim, or other exacting uses. In determining the suitability of any wood for such uses, its machining properties are an important consideration. OBJECT AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH The main object of this work was to evaluate the more important machining properties of certain Philippine hardwoods. The machining tests described here include planing, shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding. In the case of the most important operation, planing, some of the factors that affect the results were explored. In each of the other tests, one fairly typical set of operating conditions was adopted, and all species were treated similarly. TEST MATERIAL Table I shows the botanical name, commercial name, weight per cubic foot, and number of samples for each species tested. The commercial names in the second column are those usually used in United States marPage 49 kets and are as classified in the rule book of the National Hardwood Lumber Association. The heaviest wood, apitong, weighs about the same as oak. The lightest two, mayapis and manggasinoro, are about equal to yellow-poplar, while the remaining five are similar to sweetgun in weight. The Philippine woods correspond closely to familiar native hardwoods in density. These woods varied noticeably in texture, although none of them could be considered fine-textured woods. Almon has the coarsest texture. White lauan and apitong were the finest, and the other five were intermediate. Most of these woods contained more or less interlocked grain that yielded a ribbon-stripe figure when quarter-sawed. Because of the small number of samples, the results should be considered only as indicative. Figures 1, 2, and 3 illustrate the grain and texture of three of these woods. MACHINING TESTS A. Planing. - Next to sawing, planing is the most common woodworking operation. Where high-class finish is required, as in furniture, good planing is especially important to minimize subsequent finishing work. In general, the Philippine hardwoods planed about as well as the better native hardwoods. Table 2 which is based on an average of two runs under the most favorable conditions, shows the results. The chief defect in these runs was raised grain of a type that would be sanded off easily. Some of the factors that influence results are discussed in the following pages. Torn grain came next in frequency of occurrence. These defects are illustrated in figure 4. A.I. Cutting angles. - Cutting angles (tho angle between the cutting edge of the knife and a radial line in the end of the cutterPage 50 head) often have an important influence on planing. Four cutting angles were investigated (table 3). For six of the eight woods, the 20-degree angle proved to be the best, and the 30-degree angle was a close second. The IO-degree angle produced considerably more raised grain than the 20-degree and 30degree angles, and the 40-degree angle produced much more torn grain. A.2 Number of knife cuts per inch. - In planing, much depends upon the number of knife cuts per inch. Although eight cuts may be adequate for common-grade construction lumber, it does not produce firstclass planing. For cabinet use, 20 cuts would produce three times as many defect-free pieces on the average (see table 4), and 16 cuts would be considered about the minimum. To a large degree, torn grain accounted for the difference in results, as it was much more prevalent at 8 and 12 knife cuts per inch than at 16 and 20. A.3 Moisture content. - In this test, the same set of samples was planed at four different moisture conditions. The results varied all the way from 0 percent of defectfree pieces for green material up to 83 per cent for material at 6 percent moisture content, as shown in table 5. The drier the material, the better the results, although there was little difference between 6 percent and 12 percent moisture content on the average. In all conditions, except the green, which was uniformly poor, the quality of the planing varied widely between different species as might be expected. Raised grain and fuzzy grain were the most common defects by far, especially at the higher moisture contents. A.4. Depth of cut. - Depth of cut also influences the quality of planing. Four runs were made with cuts 1/32 inch, 2/32 inch, 3/32 inch, and 4/32 inch deep. On the average, the results grew progressively worse in going from the shallowest cut which yielded 93 percent defect-free pieces, to the deepest cut, which yielded 58 percent, as shown in FORESTRY LEAVES table 6. As to the mechanics of planing, it is practical to remove 1/8 inch or more in one cut. From the quality standpoint, however, two thinner cuts are preferable. A.5. Sharpness. - Even when all other operating conditions are favorable, the use of dull knives can result in poor planing. The remedy is to watch the work, and grind or joint the knives as soon as the quality of the work deteriorates noticeably. Jointing can be overdone if it is carried to a point where a pronounced heel develops. The jointed portion of the blade has no clearance, and if it is allowed to become too wide, the quality of the work suffers. B. Shaping. - In the shaping test, the yield of defect-free pieces in different species is usually too small to permit effective comparison. Accordingly, comparison is based on percentage of good-to-excellent pieces. Good, in this instance, means pieces that are only very slightly defective, and would require only a small amount of sanding to be acceptable. On this basis, the yields ranged from 47 percent for bagtikan up to 80 percent for manggasinoro (table 7) . These figures compare with 53 percent for yellow birch, 62 percent for hard maple, and 68 percent for Central American mahogany. Figure 5 shows two of the finished test samples, tangile and almon. These samples are so designed as to cut all angles from parallel to perpendicular to the grain. (The round and square holes were made as part of the boring and mortising tests that will be discussed later). As with other hardwoods, little or no difficulty was encountered with cuts parallel or approximately parallel to the grain. Endgrain cuts usually showed varying degrees of roughness in different species, and in the softer woods occasional small tear-outs occurred. C. Boring. - Smoothly cut, true-to-size holes made stronger glue joints in doweled construction. The bit used in this test was ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 the I-inch, single-twist type with solid center and brad point. It was operated at 2,800 revolutions per minute. The percentage of good-to-excellent holes, from the smoothness of cut standpoint, ranged from 70 to 100, as shown in table 8. This is about the same range found in native hardwoods. Figure 6 shows the appearance of the bored surfaces, both side grain and end grain in tangile, heavy almon, and light almon. Little difference is evident on the sidegrain cuts. On the end grain, however, the rough cutting on the light almon is very noticeable. In determining trueness to size, the holes were measured both parallel to the grain and across the grain by means of a plug gauge. Although the holes proved to be larger than the bit in all species, the amount of oversize was not enough to be objectionable as far as the strength of doweled joints is concerned. D. Mortising. - Mortising is another operation in which smooth cuts and true-to-size holes are essential for the best glue joints. In this test, mortises 1/2-inch square were made with the hollow-chisel mortiser at 2,800 revolutions per minute. The appearance of the inside of these holes is shown in figure 6 for tangile, heavy almon, and light almon. Side-grain cuts were reasonably smooth in all three. The end-grain cut in the light almon showed pronounced crushing and tearing, which is fairly typical of soft light wood in such cases. For the group as a whole, the results shown in table 9 were as good as for the better native hardwoods. Similarly, in the amount of offsize, the mortises were about on a par with the better native species. E. Turning. - Turning, like shaping, was based on percentage of good-to-excellent samples, and, as in the former case, those rated as good were only slightly defective. The results naturally varied in different spe· cies, but in general the Philippine woods showed about the same range of quality as our native hardwods (table 10). Turnings Page 51 were made with a modified back-knife lathe at 2,200 revolutions per minute and with the wood at two moisture contents, 6 percent and 20 percent. Results at the 6 percent level were substantially better in every instance, although moisture content affected some species more than others. Figure 7 shows a definite difference in smoothness of cut. Freedom from fuzzing also may be noted in the different species. In tangile and almon, two samples are shown, one heavy for the species and one light. In both of these woods, the heavy sample turned more smoothly than the light one, which is typical of woods in general. F. Sanding. - Limited sanding tests with these Philippine woods indicate that scratching is not a serious factor. The pores are coarse enough to obscure completely any scratches made by No. 80 (or 2/0) ccated abrasive, a size commonly used on drum sanders for final sanding. Grit of this size produced only traces of fuzz on any of the species tested. Occasional pieces in a shipment may contain gelatinous fibers, an abnormal type of wood that tends to fuzz badly. Table 1. - The test material. Weight No. of Botanical name Commercial name per samples cu. ft. 1 Philippine mahogany dark red group Shorea negrosensis Red lauan 38 10 Shorea polysperma Tangile 36 20 Philippine mahogany light red group Shorea almon Almon 36 9 Parashorea plicata Bagtikan 40 15 Shorea squamata Maya pis 31 20 Pentacme contorta White lauan 35 20 Other Philippine hardwoods Dipterocarpus spp. A pi tong 48 20 Shorea philippinensis Manggasinoro 30 5 Total 119 Average 15 1 Material air-dried to 15 to 17 percent moisture content. Page 52 FORESTRY LEAVES .. s., WOOD MACHINING Dlll'ICT-ll'REE PLANING TUT IAMPl.11 ::'-J;~L, 1.;;:-ri.~~1ililt1Jf:dPJfPll?l1jIIIII11111ii1111111111~1111111q111111w-1 FIGURE 2. Red lauan, /lat grain above and quarter IO"ain below. This species is classed as dark red "Philippine mahogany". 2 -- WOOD MACHINING 1 ---7~ll'RH PLANING TUT SAMPLU '_jli.j1L!plq!rw:rir14tiii41L4I.IP+L' iii! 11111µ1: ]I l w11iIIIpn11ra1 FIGURE 1. Mayapi11, /lat grain above and quarter grain below. This 11pecies is classed as light red "Philippine mahogany". WOOD MACHINING OErECTS THAT DEVELOP IN PLA>l!HG TESTS MAYAPIS (SHOWING RAd[o GRAJW) TANGILE llHOWIN; TOllN GM!Nl FIGURE 3 Chief planing defects: raised grain in mayapis (above) and tom grain in tangile (below). WOOD MACHINING KIUMOfl Of' IOMI MLll'PINI WOOOI M SIU.PING TllT FIGT:RE 4 Type of sample u.<ed in shaping test. Above. ta . .,gile and helou·, a/mon. the left illustrates in each instance the end-grain cut, 1chich is the critical cut. almon gives a rougher cut on the end-grain. The small cross section at Note that t.'1e lighter, softer .~ 1 ..... WOOD MACH IN I NG KHAY'°" OF SOME PHILIPPINE WOOOS IN IOftlNG &. MORTISING TESTS TANGILE . ·~·.' .,. Y' :-·~~ • " ' ~ ~~ 'I! ~ TANGILE ) :.,.~ r· ~.., ... it DENSE ALMON i'IG •, DENSE ALMON -~ r-" • ,. __ , ~ r r '"\ < ~"""""~~ .... -:..,,~~"'....._,~ "'"''"" _ _.WI _______________ _ t LIGHT ALMON .! I LIGHT ALM.O_i~ N··· .. ':-.··.·.·:·I··. .-!!'"< """'!llMi!i'• ~ .... "'· g":, , \"!_-_;·. RJJJ,l' I j I I I lllijilll I I I j I I I I I I kl 11111111111111 l1111111111111111111111111111111 t111111111 m pr FIGURE 5 \..' Quality o/ boring and mortising. Specimens I, 2, and 3 were bored, and specimens 4, 5, and 6 were mortised, the upper piece in each case being a side cut and the lower an end cut. Species were: I and 4, tangile; 2 and 5, dense almon; 3 and 6, light almon. ,. AllllTONG DENSE TANGI LE WOOD MACHINING BEHAVIOR C6 SOME PHILIPPINE WOODS IN TURNING TtST LIGHT TANGILE IAGTIKAN MAYAPIS FIGURE 6 WHITE LAUAM DENSE ALMON LIGHT ALMON Type oJ sample used in turning test, showing variation oJ quality in diJJerent spec:ies No. I is apitonf!, No.•. 2 and 3 are dense and light langile respectit>ely, No. 4 is bagtikan, No. 5 is mayapi.•, No. 6 is white lauan, and 7 and 8 arc dense and liMht almon. respectively. Species Almon Apitong Bagtikan Manggasinoro Maya pis Red lauan Tangile White lauan Table 2. - Planing1 qualities of eight Philippine hardwoods'. Specie• Percent of defect-free pieces Almon 89 A pi tong 95 Bagtikan 90 Manggasinoro 100 Maya pis 90 Red lauan 100 Tangile 70 White lauan 75 Average 86 1 Based on average of 20-degree and 30-degree cutting angles, a 1/16-inch cut, and 20 knife marks per inch on the molder. The moisture content of the wood was 6 percent. Table 3.-Effect of cutting angles on planing'. Cutting Angles 10 degrees 20 degrees 30 degrees Percent of defect-free picees 45 89 90 90 100 80 100 80 100 25 100 80 100 50 80 60 80 80 70 61 93 80 1 Tests made with a molder at a 1/16-inch cut, 3,600 revolutions per minute, 60 feet per minute, and 20 knife marks per inch. The moisture content of the wood was 6 percent. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 40 degrees 22 80 30 37 30 20 51 Page 53 Table 4. - Effect of number of knife cuts per inch on planing' Number of knife ·cuts per inch Species 8 12 16 A pi tong 70 80 90 Bagtikan 10 60 80 Manggasinoro 20 80 100 Maya pis 30 70 70 Red lauan 0 60 90 Tangile 20 60 70 White lauan 60 70 70 Average 30 69 81 1 Tests made with a molder at a 30-degree cutting angle, 3,600 revolutions per minute, a 1/16-inch cut, and feed rates adjusted to give desired number of cuts. The moisture content of the wood was 6 percent. 1 Tests made with a 30-inch cabinet planer at a 30-degree cutting angle, 3,600 revolutions per minute, 54 feet per minute, and 1/16-inch cut. · 20 90 100 100 100 100 80 80 93 Page 54 FORESTRY LEAVES MACHINING PROPERTIES ... (Cont'd from page 56) Table 6. - Effect of depth of cut on planing'. No. of Dept of Cut Species oieces I l/32 inch I 2 /32 inch I 3/32 inch 4/32 inch Percent of defect-free pieces Almon 9 100 89 89 A pi tong 10 100 100 70 Bagtikan 5 100 80 80 Maya pis 10 100 80 80 Tangile 10 80 70 40 White lauan 10 80 70 70 Average 93 81 71 1 Tests made with a 30-inch cabinet planer at a 30-degree cutting angle, at 3,600 revolutions per minute, 54 feet per minute, and a 1/16-inch cut. Table 7. - Shaping properties of Table 8. - Smoothness of cut some Philippine hardwods1 boring Philippine hardwods 78 70 80 60 30 30 58 in Percent good Percent good Species to excellent Manggasinoro 80 A pi tong 70 Tangile 65 White lauan 65 Almon 55 Maya pis 55 Red lauan 50 Bagtikan 47 1 The work was done with spindle shaper at 5,400 revolutions per minute. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Species to excellent A pi tong 100 Bagtikan 100 Tangile 100 Red lauan 95 Manggasinoro 80 Almon 72 White lauan 70 Maya pis 70 Page 55 A pi tong Tangile Bagtikan Manggasinoro Red lauan White lauan Almon Maya pis AveragP Table 9. - Smoothness of cut in mortising Philippine hardwoods Species Apitong Tangile Red lauan Manggasinoro Bagtikan Almon Maya pis White lauan Percent fitir to excellent mortises 100 100 100 100 93 78 70 60 Table 10. - Turning properties of Philippine woods'. Percent of good to excellent turnings 6 per cent 20 per cent moisture content moisture content Percent Percent 100 80 100 75 100 60 100 90 50 80 50 78 50 72 32 90 57 1 Turnings were made on modified back-knife lathe at 2,200 revolutions per minute. Page 56 FORESTRY LEAVES Scientific Wood Collection: Its Role in Forest Products Research by and Industry The Scientific Wood Collection of the Philippines, now in the custody of the Forest Products Research Institute, consists of the old collections of the Bureau of Forestry and those of the Institute. These are authentic wood specimens, supported by herbarium rnuchers that were filed with the former Bureau of Science, presently the Philippine National ~Iuseum and Herbarium. Many people, however, are not aware of the existence of this invaluable collection, which has been rendering its humble services to the country. These services can always be a\'ailed of if only people know the circumstances why it exists. This paper presents a brief history of the present scientific wood collection and its role in forest products research and industry in the Philippines. Brief History of the Scientific Wood Collection One of the major acti\'ities of the Bureau of Forestry, after its organization in 1902, was the survey and evaluation of the forests of the Philippines. It was and still is necessary to know the species of woods in our forests and their corresponding scientific names. Filipino foresters, rangers and forest guards, in collaboration with American foresters ( 8), 2 1 \Vood Technologists, F.P.R.I. Dr. Tamolang, member of the National Research Council of the Philippines, read this paper in its anniversary in February, 1964. 2 Numbers in parentheses refer to References :it the end of this paper. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 F. N. TAMOLANG and R. R. V ALBUENA1 were committed to this great task and they collected, throughout the archipelago, wood specimens and their corresponding herbarium materials from trees in various types of forests. Accordingly, the herbarium materials were lodged in the former Bureau of Science' while the wood specimens, bearing their corresponding herbarium numbers, were kept in the Bureau of Forestry, A "Register of Specimens" in eight volumes, now preserved in the Forest Products Research Institute, shows that t.he first collection of wood Sl\mples was carried out from 1903 to 1938, or a duration of about 35 years of wood collection ( 11). The wood collection consisted of hand specimens ( 1 cm. x 10 cm. x 15 cm.), floor samples, and museum samples or planks. These were properly labeled with their corresponding B.F. or M.S. numbers, common names, scientific names,4 collector's name, and locality of collection. There was close liaison between the Bureau of Forestry and the Bureau of Science, regarding the identification of herbarium specimens' and the compilation of their common names in various dialects. This made it possible to update the identification of the wood specimens. 3 Unfortunatelv, the Bureau of Science building was burned in 1945. 4 Scientific name was entered upon receipt of the specimen's identification from the Bureau of Science. 5 Identified by present and former botanists of the Bureau of Science ( Drs. E.D. Merrill, C.B. Robinson, E. Quisumbing) and by foreign systematists working on special families ( 10). Page 57 The first bombing of Manila in December, 1941 prompted the Director of Forestry, Florencio Tamesis, to transfer to the Division of Forest Investigation at College, Laguna, a set of duplicates of the wood collection for safety, leaving the original set in the vault of the Bureau of Forestry in Manila unnoticed by most foresters. For this, vye thank Director Tamesis for his foresight in anticipating the fire that gutted the Bureau of Forestry building during the Liberation in 1945; otherwise, there should have been no prospective hope of saving any set of wood specimens. When the Forest Products Laboratory, forerunner of the Forest Products Research Institute, occupied its new building in November, 1954, the duplicate set of wood samples which was spared by the fire in the forestry campus in 1945 found its proper place in the Wood Technology Section, now a division. Some wood specimens, however, were attacked by termites and Lyctus borers and, consequently, were a total loss to the collection. Despite this setback, the old collection has been augmented by new collections0 of the Laboratory, now the Forest Products Research Institute, in connection with its forest products research. The new wood specimens bear the letters FPRI ( 1,16). · In 1958, it was learned that the original set of wood specimens was safe in the Bureau of Forestry vault in Manila. Attempts were made for its transfer to the Institute but these efforts failed. Another attempt was made in November, 1963 and, fortunately on January 25, 1964, Acting Director of Forestry Apolonio F. Rivera approved the transfer of the original collection to the Forest Products Research Institute. The new acquisition is priceless. It is a monumental contribution of those who pains6 Most of the identifications were made by the Philippine National Museum and Herbarium (Dr. Quisumbing, Mendoza) and Dr. Salvosa of FPRI. Page 58 takingly and unselfishly devoted themselves for long years of dedicated service to Philippine botany. As of now, the Scientific Wood Collection of the Philippines (Table 1) is undergoing indexing, checking and verification of the status of each specimen. We are indeed fortunate to have our FAO Consultant in Wood Technology, Dr. William L. Stern, Curator, Plant Anatomy Division of the Smithsonian Institution, who is helping us in these efforts so that it can be as good as those in other countries. Role of Scientific \\lood Collection in Forest Products Research and Industry Forest Products Research The scientific wood collection has been useful to basic and applied research in forest products. As early as 1907, the first original work in English on Philippine woods, covering brief descriptions of 75 species, belonging to 54 genera and 27 families, was published ( 5). Two years, later, in his "Indo-Malayan Woods", Foxworthy described 193 Philippine wood species (6). ·subsequently in 1916, Schneider (12), the wood expert of the Bureau of Forestry, published the results of his studies on commercial Philippine woods in Bulletin No. 14. This was followed in 1923 by one of the most detailed studies on wood anatomy of the Dipterocarpacae ( 9). In 1932, followed also one of the most detailed treatises.on the ana~omy of littoral species of the Philippines ( 7). Six years later, results of studies by Reyes on 264 important or noteworthy Phffippine timber species and about 200 additional species of minor importance were published in Technical Bulletin No. 7, the most extensive of them all (IO). Wood samples, used in all these studies, were those from the old Bureau of Forestry Collection. Unfortunately, all of these publications are now out of print. Realizing their importance to the forest and wood-using industries and of the pressing demands for them by foresFORESTHY LEAVES ters, students and others, the Institute is revising and enlarging Reyes' publication ( 10). The present wood collection is the main source of research materials for this revision and for a contemplated "Encyclopedia of Philippine Woods." In most researches of the Institute, it is the policy to have the trees selected in the forests and felled under the supervision of a competent observer ( 1). The authenticity of the species is checked and established through careful study and frequent use of the scientific wood collection and herbarium. This is necessary because forest products research is time consuming and costly and it is important that the time and money be spent on well-considered projects and on test materials of unquestioned authenticity that are fully representative. These projects are those being undertaken by the five technical divisions of the Institute: Chemical Investigations, Industrial Investigations, Timber Physics and Engineering, Wood Preservation, and Wood Technology. The result of these studies have been envisioned to bolster the development of wood industries such as veneer and plywood, pulp and paper, bobbins, wood lamination, seasoning, wood preservation and others, including new ones. As early as 1956, some results were published in reputable technical journals and magazines, FPRI technical and industrial notes, and others ( 2,3). The salient information therefrom have been disseminated to the industries and the public concerned. Forest Products Industries Most of the individual problems of woodusing industries brought to the Institute, particularly new and small ones, haw been the need of possible substitute for American hickory, so far the best wood for the manufacture of tool handles. The Institute searched its scientific wood collection for woods, the structure, grain and other properties of which are comparable or similar to those of hickory. Logs of these prospective species were collected and processed, tested at the ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 laboratory for strength properties, especially toughness. As a result, binggas ( T erminalia citrina ( Gaertn.) Roxb.) was found promising. The wood was tried in the factory for tool-handle manufacture and was found suitable for the purpose. For some time, this industry flourished in its business but, several years later, it had the problem of limited supply of the binggas woods. And so, the Instute looked for other species, following the same procedure, and was able to recommend other species such as agoho, katilma, ataata, ulaian, dalingdingan, narig, bolong-eta, and panglomboien ( 11). Other wood-using industries with similar problems, helped by the Institute, are given in Table 2. In the lucrative building-construction industry, the Institute has been consulted on verification and identification of wood species used or specified for certain structural members. On several occasions, fraudulent substitution of other wood species has been revealed. This has been true also in the purchase of railroad ties by the ~fanila Rialroad Company where substitution, for molave and yakal by other species, has been rampant. In these cases, the scientific wood collection has been an indispensable tool in wood identification, which compels the unscrupulous individuals to comply with the specifications or pay for damages. Informally, the Forest Products Research Institute is the official wood-identification agency of our government. It receives daily many requests for identification from the ir:dustry, other branches of the government, the general public and sometimes from abroad ( 15). In all these consultations, our scientific wood collection has significantly demonstrated its vital function. An important case to cite is the expert testimony rendered in a civil case of a certain tobacco firm. The consignee for a shipment of tobacco, exported by the firm, refused to pay for the shipment on the ground that the cigars were attacked by borers. Verification of the crates and boxes of the inPage 59 fcsted cigars revealed that the crates were made of Cuban woods and not of Philippine woods. On this basis, the local company was fully paid for its shipment in question. Th·J success of the identification in this case was largely due to our scientific wood collection, which also includes some foreign woods. Important Considerations Our scientific wood collection, as an indispensable tool in forest products research and industry, must grow in its holdings of local and foreign woods. By all means, it must conform with international standards followed by institutions, such as the Division of Plant Anatomy of the Smithsonian Institution, Samuel Record Memorial Wood Collection at Yale University, and others. These are "must" considerations which have to be implemented in order to make our wood collection essentially a reliable means for research and a distinctly useful wood library. In this connection, we have recently launched a vigorous program of exchange of woods with foreign scientific institutions and we have been receiving encouraging response. This, however, has to be pursued for many more years. Although all our wood collections are supported by herbarium vouchers, we are dismayed by the non-availability of vouchers of the old collections from the local National Museum and Herbarium because they were burned during the Liberation. This situation limits us in checking our wood collection with these vouchers. However, our F AO Consultant in Wood Technology has proposed three ways of ameliorating the situation. Of these three ways, deemed the best method is presented here for our serious consideration. A competent dendrologist will be sent to the three main overseas depositories of herbarium vouchers, i.e., University of California, Berkeley; U.S. National Museum, Washington; and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He Page 60 will take along with him the 8-rnlume "Hegister of Specimens" previously checked against our woods. Comparisons will then be made between the names of our woods and those on the rnuchers. This plan would require several years and probably outside financial assistance such as F AO, UNESCO, AID and perhaps the National Research Council of the Philippines. But, the returns would be highly valuable in that we would be assured, at least for many years, of the accuracy of identification of all woods in the Scientific Wood Collection of the Philippines. As tools in research, therefore, more substantial benefits can be had anci the frontiers of knowledge in wood technology can be pushed back for the economic and industrial development of our country. References 1. Forest Products Research Institute. 1956. Instructions for the selection and collection of authentic timber samples for forest products research. FPRI Library, College, Laguna. 2. ----. 1961. List of publications of the Forest Products Research Institute as of December 31, 1961. FPRI Library, College, Laguna. 3. . 1963. Annual report of accomplishment for FY 1962-63. FPRI Library, College, Laguna. 5. Fm..worthy, F.W. 1907. Philippine woods. Phil. Jour. Sci. 11( 5). 6. Foxworthy, F. W. 1909 as cited in Mabesa, C. 1953. The progress of wood studies in the Philippines. Proc. 8th Pac. Sci. Cong. 5: 221-230. 7. Panshin, A.J. 1932. An anatomical study of woods of the Philippine mangrove swamps. Phil. Jour. Sci. 48. 8. Quisumbing, E. 1963. Flora of the Philippines. Div. of Doc., NSDB. Manila. 9. Reyes, L.J. 1923. Woods of the Philippine dipterocarps. Phil. lour. Sci. 22(3). FORESTRY LEAVES 10. . 1938. Philippine woods. Tech. Bull. 7. DANR. Bur. Print., Manila. 11. Salrnsa, F.M. 1963. Lexicon of Philippine trees. Bull. 1. FPRI Library, College, Laguna. 12. Schneider, E.E. 1916. Commercial woods of the Philippines: Their properties and uses. B.F. Bull. No. 14. Bur. Print., Manila. l.'3. Tamesis, F. and L. Aguilar. 1953. The "Philippine l\fahogany" and other dipterocarp woods. Pop. Bull. 44. DANR. Bur. Print., Manila 14. -----. 1953. Commercial timbers of the Philippines: Their properties and uses. Pop. Bull. 32. DANR. Bur. Print., Manila. 15. Tamolang, F.N. and R. Valbuena. 1958. How much do you know about wood? Bull. Sci. Found. Phil. 2( 8): 23-28. lG. - - - , Salrnsa, F.M. and M. Lagrimas. 1957. The development of the Forest Products Research Institute herbarium. Working plan and general instructions. FPRI Library, College, Laguna. Table l.-Current stock of hand specimens in the Scientific Wood Collection of the Philippines, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. I t e m s Old Bureau of Forestry Collection (Duplicates) Old Bureau of Forestry Collection (Originals) Number of families 100 88 Number of genera 493 Number Number of of species specimens 1,202 6,626 5,648 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Forest Products Research Institute Foreign Woods Collection ( 67 countries) Institute Collection ., Still undergoing inventory. 57 116 12 138 141 849 3,477 24 28 49 Table 2.-.Some wood-using industries assisted by Forest Products Research Institute. Using the scientific wood collection, local wood species have been found to be good substitute for foreign tcood species used by these industries in the past. Industries Pencil ARBOR WEEK i:5SUE - 1964 Principal Material (Foreign Woods) Pencil cedar Local Wood Substitutes (11) Cubas, loktob, almaciga, white nato Page 61 Page Bobbins Bowling pins Baseball bats Shuttles Pickersticks Cigar molds Artificial limbs Veneer and plywood Venetian blinds Matches Piano parts Gunstocks Fans Rulers & yardsticks Striking tool handles Toothpicks Popsicle sticks & ice cream spoons 62 Hard maple, oak, birch Hard maple American ash Dogwood, birch, hard maple, Persimon Hickory Maple, birch, beech Black willow, buckeye Douglas fir, walnut, maple, poplar, red gum, basswood Ramin, pencil cedar, white cedar, basswood, white pine Radiata pine, W estem pine Oak, black cherry Black walnut Ramin Basswood Hickory Karaksan, lanete, balobo, salisi, taingang-babui, tamayuan, malakape, mamalis Karaksan, magabuyo, hangilo, bolon Palosapis, balakat, Vidal lanutan, malugai, lumbayau, dao, dagang, bolon, bayok, guijo, bagtikan Binggas, guava, ulaian N arig, dalingdingan, bolongeta, ulaian, binggas, malabayabas Guijo, magabuyo, Vidal lanutan, raintree Almaciga Dao, toog, Philippine mahogany, narra, dagang, lanipau, magabuyo, Kaatoan bangkal Lanutan-bagyo, anongo Cubas, taluto, malapapaya, lumbang, malabuho Kalantas, karaksan, marrango, tangile, ulaian, white nato, malakauayan, supa, Benguet pine Malambingan, lumbayau, dao, akle, akleng-parang, balu, banuyo, raintree Lanete, mamalis, kalantas, lanutan-bagyo, Kaatoan bangkal Almaciga, Benguet pine, katilma, malakauayan, malugai Binggas, ulaian, bolong-eta (sapwood) Cubas, mamalis, lanete Cubas, anongo FORESTRY LEAVES Papermaking Qualities of by M. NICOLAS VILLANUEVA1 Wh"t L JAIME O. EscoLANO, PABLO i e a uan AND EDUARDO P. ABSTRACT An investigation was undertaken to determine the papermaking qualities of white lauan. This wood was easily pulped by the sulfate process which gave a screened pulp yield ranging from 44.0 percent with a permanganate number of 12.8 to a yield of 48.3 percent with a permanganate number of 18.3 depending on the cooking conditions used. These pulps responded well to a standard three-stage bleaching process to a brightness of about 80 percent. The result of this study indicated that good quality bond, airmail bond, onionskin and offset book papers could be produced from white lauan bleached sulfate pulp. Satisfactory grades of wrapping papers were also made from white lauan sulfate pulp. A good quality kraft paper suitable for heavy-duty shipping sacks was produced from a mixture of an equal amount of white lauan and abaca sulfate pulp. INTRODUCTION White lauan ( Pentacme contorta ( Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe) is one of the most common and abundant commercial wood species in this country. A large amount is available for papermaking as logs from timber cuttings and also as culled lumber and waste or residue resulting from sawmill operations. This study, therefore, was undertaken to determine the suitability of this wood for pulp and papermaking. 1 Sr. Forest Products Technologist, Sr. Forest Products Technologist, and Forest Products Technologist, respectively, of the Forest Products Research Institute. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 The sulfate process was used because the pulp produced by this process is relatively high in strength, particularly in regards to tear, for any wood species( 3) 2 • This process has also been found suitable for most fibrous materials such as bamboo, bagasse, etc., and the pulps produced can be used for a wide variety of paper and paperboards. Papers made in this work included standard weight and airmail weight bond, onionskin, offset book and wrapping papers all made entirely from white lauan sulfate pulp. Data on the sample of bag paper produced from an equal amount of white lauan and abaca sulfate pulps are also presented. ~10RPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Reported data on the fiber dimensions of white lauan (9) and abaca (10) are given in Table I. The morphological properties or fiber dimensions of any material for pulping influence, to a large extent, the properties of the finished paper. In general, longer fiber gives higher tearing resistance. The tensile and bursting strengths are practically not affected by fiber length provided the fiber length is above 0.8 mm. Fiber length has also little effect on folding endurance ( 3) . Runkel (7) classified the relative papermaking quality of fibers into three groups based on the relationship between the cellwall thickness and lumen diameter. This is known as the Runkel ratio which is equal to twice the thickness of the cell-wall of the fiber divided by the lumen diameter. 2 Number in parenthesis refer to Literature cited at the end of this paper. Page 63 The Runkel classification is as follows: Ratio Group Volume Value 1 Less than unity 2 About equal to unity 3 More than unity Based on this classification, it appears that white lauan with a Runkel ratio of 0.42 (9) is a very good or promising raw material for pulp and papermaking. White lauan with a fiber length of 1.33 mm. belongs to the group of fibers of medium length and is typical of hardwoods in general. On the other hand, the fiber length of abaca is comparable to most softwoods used as pulping materials. The chemical analysis of white lauan ( 8), abaca and that of United States hardwoods ( 5) are shown in Table II. Compared with the average of 18 hardwoods used as pulpwoods in the United States, white lauan is relatively higher in ash and lignin but lower in holocellulose and pentosans. However, the chemical composition of wood does not give an indication of pulp quality ( 6). Compared with white lauan and U. S. hardwods, the abaca used in this study had higher ash, extractives, holocellulose and pentosans but was lower in lignin. EXPERIMENT AL WORK Raw material Sound white lauan logs, free from any appreciable defect and with an average bolt diameter of approximately 12 inches, were used in this study. The logs were debarked by hand and then passed through a semi-commercial .52" "Summner" chipper. The chips were passed through a Williams chip classifier to obtain uniformsized chips (approximately 5/8" in length Page 64 Relative Relative thickness papermaking of cell-wall quality of the pulp Thin Very good Medium Good Thick Poor along the grain direction) for pulping. These chips passed the sieve with l" -diameter holes and were retained on the sieve with ¥2" - diameter holes. The abaca used for pulping was the lowgrade fiber not suitable for ropemaking and discarded as waste. It was cut into approximately % to 1 inch lengths before pulping. Pulping The screened chips and the abaca were pulped separately in an 0.8 cu. ft. jacketed stainless steel digester which was indirectly heated with steam and operated to tumble at one revolution per minute. After digestion, the pulps were washed, disintegrated and passed through a flat screen. The screen plate was 8-cut, i.e., the slotted openings were 0.008 of an inch wide. The pulping data are given in Table III. At these cooking conditions, good quality bleachable pulps from white lauan were obtained with yields ranging from 44.0 percent to 48.3 percent and permanganate numbers of from 12.8 to 18.3, respectively. This table shows that the pulp digested with 15 percent sodium hydroxide and 5 percent sodium sulfide for 2% hours had the highest strength properties, yield and permanganate number. The low-grade abaca fibers were easily pulped with 12 percent total chemical and 33.9 percent sulfidity. A good screened pulp yield of 62.5 percent was obtained and screening rejects were 0.6 percent. The permanganate number of the pulp was 22.4. FORESTRY LEAVES Bleaching The unbleached sulfate pulps were light to dark brown in color and, in order to use them for the preparation of the fine gr~des of paper, they were bleached by a conventional three-stage process consisting of chlorination, caustic extraction and hypo-chlorite treatment. Seventy percent of the total available chlorine used was applied at the first stage and the remaining 30 percent at the last stage. All the chlorine was consumed in both stages. A pulp with a brightness of about 80 percent was produced. At this brightness, there was slight decrease in the strength properties of the pulp compared to the unbleached pulp. Papermaking \Vrapping papers were prepared from the unbleached pulps while the fine grades of paper were made from the bleached pulps. The pulps were placed in the 5-lb. beater and beaten to the freeness indicated in Table IV. Sulfuric acid solution was added to lower the pH of the pulp stock to about 6.0 to 6.5. Clay, titanium dioxide, rosin size and alum were subsequently added at sufficient intervals to assure thorough mixing. The stock was finally dumped into the machine chest and diluted to the desired consistency. The pH of the pulp was checked and adjusted to 5.0 with dilute sulfuric acid. The papers were made on the 8-%-inch wide experimental Fourdinier paper machine. The stock feed, paper machine speed, wet press and calendar pressures were adjusted to obtain the desired basis weight and thickness. Samples sheets of experimental papers were conditioned in a controlled humiditytemperature room maintained at a temperature of 73 deg. F. and a relative humidity of 50 percent. The paper samples were tested for strength and other physical characteristics in accordance with the standard methods of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry ( 11). ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 DISCUSSION The strength and other physical properties of the experimental papers made from bleached and unbleached sulfate pulps are given in Tables V and VL respectively. Bond Table V shows the physical characteristics of the experimental bond paper made from 100 percent white lauan bleached sulfate pulp. Compared with the commercial papers tested at the Institute and with U.S. Federal Specifications ( 1) for bond papers (Type IV, bleached chemical wood pulp), the experimental paper had much higher strength properties. The experimental paper was also slightly higher in brightness and opacity than those of the commercial papers. A No. 1 bond paper has a bursting strength of at least "a point to the pound" on a 17" x 22" 500-ream basis ( 4). This is equivalent to a burst factor of 18.7. The paper made from white lauan had a burst factor of 46.6. In addition to these good properties, the white lauan bond paper possessed good surface characteristics and formation. Airmail bond From the same table, it can be seen that the two samples of airmail bond paper made from white lauan had higher strength properties and opacity than similar paper made at the Institute from an imported commercial bleached sulfite pulp. However, it should be noted that, the paper made from machine run 501 was tinted with a blue dye, sufficient to mask the yellow tinge thus giving an extremely high opacity. Although the paper from machine run 495 was lower in brightness than the reference standard, it is still higher compared with the commercial standard weight bond paper. With burst factors of 31.0 and 32.7 respectively, these expreimental papers qualified for a No. 1 bond. Page 65 Onionskin Onionskin paper comparable to the average commercial onionskin papers in strength, brightness and opacity was made from white lauan bleached sulfate pulp. In addition, this sample exceeded the requirements of the U.S. Government paper specification standards for manifold paper ( 2) 2 Offset book Two samples of offset book papers were produced from white lauan bleached sulfate pulps. The table shows that the properties of the paper made from machine run 410 is comparable to the commercial papers tested and also meet the U.S. Federal Specification requirements for Type II, offset uncoated book paper ( 1). On the other hand, the sample from machine run 378 was weaker than the commercial papers, but higher in opacity and brightness. These runs indicate that good quality offset book papers can be made from white lauan by using the cooking, bleaching and processing conditions applied in the production of paper No. 410. Wrapping The physical properties of three experimental wrapping papers, made entirely from white lauan sulfate pulps differing in cooking conditions and yield are given in Table VI. Compared with the commercial papers tested, all the experimental papers produced can be considered good and satisfactory. The paper made from pulp cooked under pulping condition No. 1 gave the highest strength properties and confirmed the result of the tests conducted on the pulp handsheets. This sample gave higher values than the commercial papers in bursting, tearing and tensile strengths which are the most important properties for this kind of paper. However, the folding endurance, which is not so essential for wrapping, is lower than the commercial 2 Onionskin is a typical manifold paper. Page 66 papers. This experimental paper also exceeded the U.S. Federal Specifications for GradeB kraft wrapping ( 1). Bag A good quality bag paper was produced from a mixture of 50 percent each of white lauan and abaca sulfate pulps. The addition of abaca pulp improved the tearing resistance, which is one of the most important properties of bag papers. From Table VI, it can be seen that the experimental paper meets the U.S. Federal specifications for Class-A heavy-duty shipping sack kraft paper. This experiment has shown that white lauan can be used as part of the furnish in the production of high grade kraft papers. CONCLUSION The results of this investigation have shown that bond, airmail bond, offset book and onionskin papers with high strength properties and good finish and formation can be made from white lauan bleached sulfate pulps. The data also indicate that fair to good quality wrapping papers, depending upon the processing conditi0ns used, can be produced from sulfate pulps of white lauan. This study has also shown that white lauan sulfate pulps mixed with a certain percentage of long-fibered chemical pulp such as abaca can produce high quality bag papers. 1. Anonymous. 1954. UU-P-121F. Paper, bond and writing, white and colored; 1956, UU-P465a. Book paper; 1951, Ul'-P-268c. Paper, Kraft Wrapping. Federal Specifications, Superintendent of Documents. \Vashington 25, D.C., U.S.A. 2. . 1960. Chemical wood manifold, white and colored (manifold paper). JCP FIO, FSC 7530. Government Paper Specification Standards, Joint Committee on Printing, Congress of the United States. .J. . 19.53. Raw materials for more paper. FAO Forestry and Forest Products Stu<ly No. 6. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. FORESTRY LEA \'ES 4. Baird, P. K., Martin, J.S. and D.J. Fahey. 1955. Bond and magazine book papers and milkcarton paperboard from old-growth Douglas-fir and red alder pulps. Report No. 2042. U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. · 5. Chidester, G. H. and E. R. Schafer. 1961. Pulping of Asian and Australasian wood and plant fibers. Report No. 2211. U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. 6. Lauer, K. 1958. A study of tropical woods. III. Sulfate pulping of some tropical woods from the Amazon. TAPP! 41(7): 337-339. 7. Runkel, R. 0. H. 1949. Das Papier 3: 476-490. 8. Reyes, A. C. 1960. The proximate chemical analysis of some Philippine woods. The Lumberman 6 ( 1) : 18-22. 9. Tamolang, F.N., Mabesa, E.O., Eusebio, M.A., Sagrado, ~f .. and B. A. Lomibao. 1957. Fiber dimensions of certain Philippine broadleaved woods and bamboos. T APPi 40 ( 8) : 671-676. 10. Ibid., 1960. TAPP! 43 (6): 527-534. 11. TAPP! Standards and Suggested Methods, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, U.S.A. --oOo-Table I.-Average fiber dimensions and derived values of white lauan (Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe) and abaca (Musa textilis Nee). Fiber length _____________________ _ Fiber width _____________________ _ Lumen width -------------------Cell-wall thickness _______________ _ White lauan 1.33 mm. 0.027 mm. 0.019 mm. 0.004 Runkel's ratioa _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0.42 Specific gravityb _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0.46 Abaca 3.15 mm. 0.020 mm. o.ms mm. 0.0035 mm. a Twice thickness of cell-wall divided by the diameter (width) of the lumen. b Weight of moisture-free wood divided by volume of green wood. Table IL-Chemical analysis of white lauan ( Pentacme contorta ( Vid.) M err. & Rolfe), abaca (Musa textilis Nee) and United States hardwooM. White lauan Abaca U.S. hardwoodsd A s h ------------------------Solubility in alcohol-benzene ___ _ Solubility in hot-water (leached) ________________ _ Solubility in hot-water (unJeached) ______________ _ Solubility in 1% NaOH solution ___________________ _ Lignin ------------------------Holocellulose __________________ _ Pentosans ---------------------0.84 3.9 1.7 2.8 13.2 28.6 65.0 15.0 3.5 4.2 .'3.7 5.9 28.0 11.7 76.9 20.0 c All values are expressed as percentages of oven-dry ( 105 deg. C.) samples. d Average of 18 pulpwoods. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 0.5 2.8 3.5 14.0 22.0 75.0 19.0 Page 67 Table 111.-Sulf ate pulping of white lauan and abaca. White lauan I --2--~ 3 Abaca 4 Cook numbers Chemicals charged" Sodium hydroxide ______________ _ Sodium sulfide _________________ _ Sulfidity ___________________________ _ Cooking schedule: ' Time at maximum temperature __ Total cooking time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Chemicals consumed• _______________ _ Yield of screened pulp _____________ _ Screenings or rejects __________ _ Properties of unbleached pulp": Burst factor __________________ _ Tear factor ____________________ _ Double folds (MIT) ___________ _ Breaking length _______________ _ Permanganate number __________ _ Brightness of bleached pulp; _______ _ Total chloride consumption ____ _ percent percent percent hours hours percent percent percent meters percent percent 1111, 1133& 1135 15 5 25.5 1 2.5 83.3 48.3 0.3 87 124 1,100 10,800 18.3 76.0 9.1 625 & 654 15 5 25.5 1.5 3.0 87.7 47.3 0 100 102 850 10,350 15.6 82.0 7.8 ~1~20~6__ 11_4_2_&_ & 1143 1207 19.4 8 6.3 4 25.0 38.9 1.5 1.5 3.0 :3.0 80.5 83.2 44.0 62.5 0.1 0.6 71 124 600 12,000 12.8 79.5 6.4 78 186 1,000 11,450 22.4 e Percentage based on oven-dry weight of material. Liquor to material ratio was 4 to I for white Jauan and 6 to I for abaca. r Time to maximum temperature of 170 deg. C. was 1.5 hours. g Based on original chemicals charged. h Physical properties interpolated from beater test curves at 400 milliliter (Canadian Standard) freeness. Values are expressed on moisture-free basis i Conventional three-stage bleaching consisting of chlorination, caustic extraction and hypochlorite treatment. Table IV.-Data on stock preparation. Machine Freeness of Chemicals added at the beaterk Chest run no. Types of paper beaten pulp Titanium consistency Clay dioxide Rosin Alum ml percent percent percent percent percent 50 Bond 270 3 3 1.0 2.0 0.50 495 Airmail bond 285 4 8 1.0 2.0 0.45 501 -do- 300 4 8 1.0 2.0 0.45 480 Onionskin 200 1.0 2.0 0.45 378 Offset book 305 10 8 1.5 2.5 0.45 410 -do- 250 10 8 1.5 2.5 0.45 200 Wrapping 865 1.0 2.0 0.50 471 -do- 360 1.0 2.0 0.50 89 -do- 360 1.0 2.0 0.50 507 B a g 410 1.0 2.0 0.50 l Canadian Standard " Based on oven-dcy weight of pulp. 1 Surlace-sized with 4% starch solution at size press. m Tinted with 0.4% direct sky blue to mask the yellow and improve opacity. Page 68 FORESTRY LEAVES > :::0 °' 0 :::0 ~ trl ;i:'i ...... r:n r:n e trl I ...... -c ~ ~ .. (1> $ Table V.-Properties of experimental bond and off set bookpapers made from white lauan bleached sulfate pulp". Machine run no. 50 495 501 346 480 378 410 Test No. 55 477 486 347 457 369 404 Pulping condition used0 3 1 3 2 2 1 Type of paper Bond Commercial bond (average of 4 samples) P U.S. Federal specifications for bond papers (Type IV, Chemical wood) q Airmail bond -doAirmail bond experimental std. (made from imported bleached sulfite pulp) r Onionskin Commercial onionskin (average of 3 samples) P U.S. Government paper specification standards (Manifold paper, chemical wood) q Offset book -<loCommercial offset (average of 6 samples )r U.S. Federal specifications for Type II, offset uncoated book paper)'' Basis I Thick-1 DenI Burst "eight ness sity factor Tear IBreakinglFolding Bright- [Opacity j Porosity factor J length I endur- ness I( Gurley) gms/ sq. m.I mils lgm./cc . 60.2 55.1 60.l 45.9 42.7 44.4 34.1 32.3 33.8 75.4 77.6 81.2 74.0 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.2 2.3 1.6 2.0 4.5 3.9 4.2 3.7 0.70 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.84 0.64 0.66 0.79 0.71 I ance G.E. I I (MIT) double Per- Per- sec/100 1 meters folds cent I cent I cc. air 46.6 94.1 6650 14.6 51.6 3370 23.4 31.0 66.7 5970 32.7 56.5 5560 22.3 45.1 3450 32.9 41.l 6000 26.2 67.5 4190 14.6 17.6 66.4 3160 24.8 101 3870 19.0 7 4.2 3900 175 8 50 75.4 71.8 77.4 76.2 21 74.6 77.2 21 (Tinted with 95.6 14 18 31 7 28 37 8 blue dye) 82.0 75.0 65.7 79.0 80.0 75.8 76.0 77.0 67.2 62.3 93.3 91.5 88.7 88.0 35 81 35 39 48 45 118 37 59 34 n Samples were conditionrd in a room maintained at 73 deg. F. and 50% relative humidity before testing. Except as otherwise noted, all calculated values are expressrd on moisture-free basis. 0 Please refer to Table III for details. P These commercial papers were obtained from different sources and tested at the FPRI. QValues were converted to conform with units in the table and are expressed on conditioned basis. r Made at the FPRI from a bleached sulfite pulp imported from Japan and said to have been made from pine. "O ID (Jq (t .... Q I ~ > < f;l Machine run no. 200-A 471 89 507 Test No. 482 461 86 492 Table Vl.-Properties of experimental wrapping and bag papers made from white lauan and abaca unbleached sulfate pulps• Puxing con ition usedt 1 2 3 Type of paper Wrappingu -do-doCommercial kraft wrapping (average of 6 samBasis weight gms/ sq. m. 57.9 61.2 54.4 ples) v 60.2 U.S. Federal specifcation for Grade-B kraft wrapping)u 65.l Bag x U.S. Federal specifications for Class A, heavy-duty shipping sack kraft pa81.5 perw 81.4 Thickness mils 3.1 3.9 4.0 3.6 4.6 Density gm./cc 0.74 0.62 0.54 0.67 0.70 Burst factor 37.4 32.2 24.2 29.9 30.2 31.4 I fear factor 126 87.6 ll8 120 ll5 145 144 I Breaking length meters 6640 5170 48;30 4480 6400 5820 Folding I endurI 1r.~-) ! double folds lll 18 48 217 221 Porosity (Gurley) sec./100 cc. air 15 15 7 39 22 •Samples were conditioned in a room maintained at 73 deg. F. and 50% relative humidity before testing. Except otherwise noted, all calculated values are expressed on moisture-free basis. t Please refer to Table III for details. u All the experimental wrapping papers were made from lOOo/o white lauan sulfate pulps. v These commercial papers were obtained from diffel'C'nt sources and tested at the FPRI. w Values were converted to conform with units in the table and are expressed on conditioned basis. x Made from an equal amount of white lauan and abaca sulfate pulps. Pulping conditions I and 4 were used for the white lauan and abaca respectively. Relationships Between Veneer Moisture Content By as Determined by Moisture Meter and That by Oven-Drying Method FRA1'CJSCO B. TAMOLANG, JR., EUFEMIA B. TAMOLANG anrl RAMON P. SARAOS1 1. Introduction The moisture content of veneers should not be overlooked in plywood production. Before they enter the dryers, the moisture content of veneers must be known so that proper adjustments can be made on the drying schedule. The objective in drying is to produce veneers of the proper moisture content which is conducive to the production of good quality glue bond. Nearly ovendried veneers are produced at longer drying times, taking into consideration other dryer-conditions equal, which reduce drying capacity. These veneers absorb more glue than properly-dried ones and would obviously be more expensive in plywood manufacture because an increase in glue spread would be necessary. The increase in absorption of the glue film would result in starving glue joints after pressing. On the other hand, wet veneers with moisture contents above that prescribed for good gluing absorb lesser glue but induce the production of blistered-plywood panels which, at extremes, become total loss in production. However, panels with small blisters can be repaired but this incurs additional cost of production and ultimately, are channeled only to the local market instead of for profitable export. 1 F. B. Tamolang, Jr. and E. B. Tamolang are College of Forestry students who recently had their industrial experience at Alsons, Inc., from ~fay to July, 1964. They had also undergone some training and observations in various aspects of veneer and plywood manufacture, particularly quality control, at the F.P.R.I. R. P. Saraos is Chief, Veneer, Plywood and Gluing Section, Forest Products Research Institute (F.P.R.I.). ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Moisture content of veneers can be determined by the standard oven-drying method. However, this method is not convenient in veneer and plywood production, considering the fast movement of the veneers and plywood panels. Modern science, nevertheless, has brought forth moisture meters which could approximate the moisture contents of wood (blocks) and possibly veneers (thin sheets). Wet spots in veneers which are detrimental to uniformly good bonds of plywood panels can be detected conveniently with these meters. But, during some visits to veneer and plywood factories in Mindanao, it was observed that moisture contents of veneer, before and after drying, and finished plywood are seldom, if at all, being determined. If ever this is done, the empirical feel method of using the fingers has been employed to some extent especially on veneers. The reason for this, it has been confided, is the unreliable determination of the moisture content of veneers by a moisture meter. This is an unfortunate situation which needs study and solution. A preliminary study was attempted on the use of two sets of moisture meters 2 on veneers. Big differences between moisturemeter readings plus their corresponding correction factors, and their corresponding mois2 These are Japanese models of the electricalresistance type. One set of one instrument, Largesize Kett Model-SA, is bulkv, about 6" x 8" x 1:2''. The other set of two instruments, Compact Kett ~lodel-10 No. 56225, is very handy, small and light. Both types are provided with correction fac - tors for most Japanese wood species and only for upitong, and a vague mention of the lauans. ture contents calculated by the oven-drying method, were noted. It is suspected, then, that the correction factors of these moisture meters are solely intended for wood blocks and not for veneers or thin sheets. Different relationships between moisture-meter readings and moisture contents of veneers probably exist as an interesting hypothesis for study. The present study has been conducted along this new concept which has never been brought out before. It has been the objective of this investigation to prove this hypothesis and to determine these relationships which could provide the necessary remedy to approach as closely as possible the moisture contents of the veneers had they been determined by the oven-drying method. 2. Materials and Methods For each species, at least 7 to 10 pieces of veneers, 4" x 4", of two thicknesses, 1/7" and 1/18", conveniently being produced by Alsons, Inc., were used in the study. These veneers were taken at the green clipper prior to feeding them in the mechanical dryer. They were carefully placed in polythylene bags, tightly sealed, and brought to their Quality Control Laboratory. Using each set of moisture meters, moisture-content readings of each piece of veneer were taken and recorded. The veneers were dried in the oven at lOOo + 2°C. and the procedures used are as follows: Except for white lauan, the interval of drying periods was 10 minutes (in the oven) for 1/18" veneers and 20 to 40 minutes for 1/7" veneers. For white lauan which was used in the preliminary study, IO-minute drying interval was used for both 1/7" and 1/18" veneers. In the oven-drying method of determining the moisture content of veneers, a standard electric oven, torsion balance and dessicator were used. Page 72 3. Data for Analysis This study yielded the following data for analysis: I. Data for 1/7'' white lauan veneer. Moisture content was determined by the Compact Kett Model 10 No. 56225 moisture meter and by the oven-drying method. Time in Minutes 0 10 20 30 40 50 70 90 Average Moisture Meter Reading in % 24.26 21.77 19.93 17.66 15.50 11.30 7.88 5.70 I : Average Moisture I Content Based on Oven-dry Weight I in % I 66.23 50.10 37.30 26.11 17.91 9.56 4.63 2.74 II. Data for 1/18" white lauan veneer. Moisture content was determined by the Compact Kett Model 10 No. 56225 moisture meter and by the oven-drying method. Time in Meter Reading Average Moistt.re Content Based on Oven-dry Weight Minutes in % in % 0 22.54 61.47 10 20.71 43.04 20 15.09 18.30 30 7.03 5.97 40 5.70 1.36 50 5.51 0.00 FORESTRY LEAVES EIS~ J _. FOR DIETERIUlllQ llOllTUllE u COtfTENT OF 1/7• WHIT! ;LAUAN VE .... -'--+---:u':.:1'"'"1tte-TitE--~PACT KEllT - MOOEL-----j~-'--+---+------.....,...-.--+----0 JllO.i 151828 llOIJTuRE" METf1f; MOISTURE CONTENT BASED ON OVEN-ORV WEl8HT, PffHllt 39 ................................................................................... ... I I ' 0 --------+---~- ------+-----1---1-;-• ----- -- ---t : - ----.-.---+------ -- ~-------1 -----+------------------ -- -- - - -l i It> 20 30 4) ~ J eo MOISTURE CONTENT BASED ON OVEN• DRY WEIGHT, P•te11f 7) l 0 ----r--~,-----+,-----1..-----+,--r--,-----t---------- ~-·---FIG!.3. FOR. ~TERMINING 1MOISTUft£ I· . _ ----4-CON __ ,T __ E_N __ T ___ OF 11711 WHITE LAUAN VEN~ER, u11Ne THE-TliRe£=-s1i!-.crn- t.t00£4:.::,~A-+--1--+-.,.· .--"---+.-.. J-.7", -.--1 .. -_-=_,..._..-,,. MOl8TUQ' METER • ' : . I . --- • . : . I . _-- : - ----- -----J 20-.1--..,....--r'~-+---,..~-t-~~-+~......,,.r-9~r·--_-·-_··-~,--_·-·+.----'-.· ~:_··~·-+-~.....,'~+-~~-• -:-+ ~I• I . ' ~ : ~ !I -· V"'"" =-----r---~'--t-~·--~--~------1~-+-~E --~-- -/' , r ·-+-'- !I ~ ~ _JllL--.,-. ) . . i ----->----·----~-·I IO ~~:,i.-f- --~-~ -----t--'-- r ··~.973 i I ----i---t-...,.--;---_,..~__,r---"1----r- - i i/ ' . ' ,;~~-';_--':.:r~-;-' ---i_1r_·~..,...• -+-.-c-· _--+-L....,.-,_· .._-_,.!!-+-' ....,.-,_~-+--.-+·..,...·_---+i-=-._• --+-,....• ·-+,1......,.....--+--;--"!-.... . : 1 -... : .... -- --o-----r-1-·-· -r-l- ~-+-··- 0 IO i -----"----20 3) 40 6) MOISTURE CONTENT BASED ON DYEN-DRY WEl&YT, ......... ! 7:> 10 i I - ! 9_! ~ !20- ... ..;_;.;.;._~+--~---~·~-t--~-----~T_-~-----+--'-_._-:::;I""--~..........-:-~--~•-~+~_:~,-:_:'_=.-~~--~~·==·--+·~-+--+_,..._,...~ .... ,; ! r';;: j /~- -+,,.- -r---r-·-----t l~----;.;.;._i~~~/~_· ..;_· -+--..;_-_--~-_._--_._t 1 -+-~·-~-----~-+~+-,----; a--,.---+---- . / / • .... ... - - : : I m~~-,--·4~~,__;...~--~·~-~--~~'-•-----<~·-··_·-_~_ ... __ 4 ___ ~---.__.-_t-:+,-A_·:~_J_:_~_-~-~--~c ___ ·~;~--~:--~~---~---~-~--t--~ .. /I lJ-L. ! 0 I> i --·--·· r Zb ~ 40 !O i 0 MOlSTURE CONTENT BASED ON OVEN-DRY WEIGHT • Peroat 7 > 80 i " ... :. 1:i .... Z' 0 u w a:: ::. 1cn 0 ::I ' 6& I -M 50 4:1 40 3!5 30 2!5 I 20 1!5 10 !5 0 \ \ \ ,) ..... ...... 7":wHITE. L • I ~· .. P'IG •. liA~ll ~U ... LVINI! ,..egend : i i ; I = l M.C . , boid bn P.d. wJighJ . .--"<>-1-- M. c :-;11t1 --i;on 'po1n-·1~itf "' IV : ! No. 562251 Mpitl ~re; M~r. ' I ; \ .. \ I .. , 4~ I ' \ ' u \ ' - ~ ,, ..... ) ' ( \. - ... ~ ·~ '!" r-...._ ' -.... -~:') "' ._, '--10 20 30 40 !O EO ;b 80 90 TIME IN THE OYEN, Minutu ,..__ 11 0 10 I ..... t 60 • >, I I I r•G.2-!A. 111e" WHITE LAUAN VENEER. !50 - ; u i • 4'0 ! z 0 u = 30 ::. I• i 20 l i ' I ,: ~ :' ~ i • I ' , M.Cj, hosed 011 0. D. Weight. ·- -·M.d, usind C~ct Kett M-10 i No. ~6225 . Moittt• Meter. 10 I I I -...... I I I 0 50 TIME IN THE OYEN, MinutH 7 6' ) ..... -... -..--... -... -.. -...--...--.--.... - • 5--~-----~~-+-~-+~~+--~-+-~-+~~+-~-+-~-+~~6 - \ flG . a~ A . V1" WHITE LAUAN VENEER. ,__ ~ 5' i .. 46 i ... 4 : ... a 35 Ill 3• a: :> .... !! 2.5 0 :I 20 fO \ ~~: I I , • M.C,., based on 0.0. Welqht. \ ~ - -o-.,... - M.C., usln9 Lorq~-size ~ett ,__ M- $A Moisture Meter < I\ \ ' 4\ \ \ ,, )'..., ·J \ '..... . ~ .......... ~ '~ ...... , ~ ' : I -...... ~ t·~ ''"-'~~>, ··- ·~T--.....i. '1' 10 : 0 ~ 0 •lo Cb I 0 1 b ~ 0 S 0 I )( TIME IN THE OYEN, Mimda . i • .. l .... z Ill .... z 0 u Ill a: :> .... • 0 2 70 ,... 60 \ FIG . 4~A • 1/1811 WHITE L.AUAN VENEER • - Leoend': • M.C., based on 0.0. Weiqht - - -<>- - • M.C. , u1in11 Larae- size Kett M-8A Moisture Meter. 50 \. : ·I \; 30 \ "" ...... l·I ....... 20 '..J.) ~..... ~ ..... ~ ·~ ...... ...... IO : ~ ' ·~ ~L...... 0 10 20 30 40 50 TIME IN THE OVEN , Mia1tu III. Data for l/7" white lauan veneer. Moisture content was determined by the Large-size Kett Model BA moisture meter and by the oven-drying method. Time in Minutes Average Moisture ~Ieter Reading in % A wrage Moisture Content Based on Oven-dry Weight in % 0 23.63 66.23 IO 21.B4 50.IO 20 19.77 37.30 30 17.46 26.11 40 15.37 17.91 50 11.53 9.56 70 7.70 4.63 £() 0.00 2.74 IV. Data for l/lB" white lauan veneer. Moisture content was determined by the Large-size Kett Model BA moisture meter and by the oven-drying method. Average Moisture Average Moisture Time in Meter Reading Content Based on l\linutes in % Oven-dry Weight in % 0 23.31 61.47 IO 21.27 43.04 20 14.56 18.30 .'30 6.63 5.97 40 0.00 1.36 50 0.00 0.00 4. Analysis of Data In the analysis of data of species studied, the regression and/or best-curve-fit methods were used. The regression method is preferred to the use of spline in providing the curves necessary to estimate the moisture contents of Yeneers which could be used directly with moisture-meter readings. By regression analysis, precision of the curves and/ or values could be evaluated numerically and this provides confidence and reliability of the calculations being used. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 The regression curves so constructed are more convenient to use than the correction factors commonly provided with most moisture meters. The models of regression analysis are typically shown in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 for white lauan. In these figures, moisture-meter readings are plotted as ordinate and the corresponding moisture-content values calculated by the oven-drying method are plotted as qbscissa. Curves, as shown, are the desired curves from which the true moisture contents of the veneers can be directly read for every corresponding moisture-meter reading made. Figures 1-A, 2-A, 3-A and 4-A show the relationships between moisture content as determined by moisture meters and that calculated by the oven-drying method. It may be noted that the two curves in each figure or graph intersect. The relationships are inYerse with the use of the Compact Kett 1\1IO No. 56225 (Figs. 1-A and 2-A), i.e., moisture-meter readings underestimate moisture content above the intersection point and overestimate moisture content to a lesser degree below this intersection point. On the other hand, with the use of the Large-size Kett M-BA, moisture meter readings underestimate moisture content above intersection point but approximately equal moisture content based on oven-drying method (Figs. 3-A ·rnd 4-A). It is interesting to note that in both moisture meters, the intersection point for 1 17'' veneers of white lauan approximates 13 percent (Figs. 1-A and 3-A) but, for 1/18" veneers, this intersection point approximates IO percent (Figs. 2-A and 4-A). 5. How to Use the Graph or Curve As already stated, the desired graph 01 curve is that one given in either Figures 1, 2, 3 or 4 for each moisture meter and for each thickness of veneer of white lauan. Similar graphs for other species could be prepared. Instructions regarding their use are as follows: Page 73 ( 1) Moisture meters should be used on cold and/or cooled veneers because hot temperature affects moisture-meter readings. ( 2) Before using any moisture meter, say the Large-size Kett M-BA, 4-needle type, push the electrical switch to "on" position and let it stand for two minutes with the sensing needles exposed to the atmosphere. Push zeroing button and turn knob B until the pointer is on B on the scale. Release button and turn knob A until pointer is on A on the lower part of the scale. The zeroing should be repeated and any difference that the pointer makes should indicate weak batteries or the instrument is out of order. Replicated zeroing shows that the instrument is now ready for use. When inserting the sensing needles through the veneer thickness, care should be exercised on the proper orientation of the needles with respect to grain direction to produce the representative meter reading, i.e., insulator between pairs of needles should be parallel to the grain of the veneer. ( 3) In using the Compact Kett Model 10, No. 56225, 2-needle type, switch the electrical bridge to "W" (wet) or "D" (dry) when working with veneers above or below 12 percent moisture contents, respectively. When switched to "W" position, push the two small buttons above the scale and turn knob at right side of the instrument until pointer is on the red line on the top scale. Now the instrument is ready for use with veneers of expected moisture content above 12 percent. In the "D" position, repeat the zeroing except that the pointer should coincide with the red line on the bottom scale. The needles can now be inserted through the thickness of the veneer with the needle insulator parallel to the grain of the wood. ( 4) Take the moisture meter reading carefully, for example 10 percent. ( 5) Using the right graph or curve as in Figure 1 for say 1/7" veneer of white lauan, run your forefinger along the ordinate and stop at 10 percent. Then run your forefinger horizontally until it intersects the Page 74 cun·e. From this point, run your forefinger vertically downward until it reaches the abscissa. Read the corresponding moisture content in percent as indicated, i.e., 8 percent. This is the moisture content of the veneer under test. 6. Comments a. The series of tests conducted in this study show that the Compact Kett M-10 No. 56225 would be more appropriate to use in commercial veneer and plywood production than the other Large-size Kett Model-BA. It is simple, light, handy, easier to operate, and more accurate. In its use, however, a regression or curve as shown in either Figures 1, 2, 3 or 4 for each veneer thickness and species should be available in order to provide the corresponding veneer moisture content of any moisture-meter reading inade or taken. b. It is recommended that this study be extended to all species being handled in the Veneer and Plywood Factory. 7. Acknowledgment The authors wish to express their thanks and gratitude to Alsons, Inc., particularly to Mr. Conrado Alcantara, Engineer Crisostomo Tiongson, Messrs. S. M. Bautista, J. Legaspi and R. Montemayor, and also to the whole staff, for their wholehearted cooperation in making this study successful and for the free use of the laboratory and factory facilities. Thanks are also due to Director Manuel R. Monsalud for the assistance of the FPRI technical staff; to Forester Dominador G. Faustino, Chief of the Industrial Investigations Division, Engineer Romulo Eala of the Plywood and Gluing Section, and Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang, Assistant Director, all of the Forest Products Research Institute, for some advice, suggestions, and assistance relevant to this study. Acknowledgments are specially due to Dean Gregorio Zamuco, Profs. Rodolfo Yaptengco and Armando Villaflor, and Dr. Domingo Lantican for our successful, memorable, and fruitful industrial experience. FORESTRY LEAVES The Role of Forest Rangers in Forest Conservation1 My Friends: Among the main sources of income of our country today is our forest. Wealth produced from our forest resources constitute over half billion pesos of our total gross national income. The conservation and protection of our forest resources, therefore, is a cardinal national responsibility. Forest rangers are expected to play important role in this tremendous job. It is, therefore, a source of great pleasure for me to have been invited to address you today. I feel that this occasion provides me the singular opportunity to express, if humbly, certain views pertinent to forest conservation, protection and wise utilization. For this distinct privilege, I wish to express to you my most sincere appreciation. I am expected to discuss the role of forest raugers in forest conservation. It is my considered opinion that the subject has been thoroughly studied in your classes. There is little I can add to what your distinguished professors and instructors have already imparted to you on this subject. It is, therefore, my intention to pose your role as forest rangers against the national interest in forest resources. I propose to underscore the facts and figures which make the forest a basic and primary factor to national progress and prospe1 Speech delivered by Engr. Lorenzo S. Sarmiento, President of the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries at the graduation-convocation of Graduating Forest Rangers on Saturday, April 18, 1964, at the College of Forestry, UP, Laguna. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 rity. I also intend to emphasize the significance of your future work by driving home the importance of our forest resources. From exports alone, the wood industries, for FY 1962-1003, earned no less than P504.5 million pesos. If loan consumption were valued as much, these industries produced a total income for the same fiscal year of no less than a billion i:;esos. That constitute one per cent of our gross national product set at 'P'll billion. Not included in this total \vealth are those produced through indirect services, such as income from the utilization of facilities and salaries and wages. It should be revealing, for example, to mention that no less than 840 thousand people are dependent on these industries. That is, roughly, 9 per cent of our total employables of 9 milion. Furtheremore, it should be said that no less than P236.3 million are invest,ed in these industries. I have, in a nutshell, presented to you the value and significance of wood industries, primarily dependent on our forest, to our national life. What I have given you are the actual facts and figures. I have not touched on the potential of these industries. THE POTENTIAL There are in the country today 19 plywood plants and 9 veneer mills. Together, they have a total investment of PlOO million. They employ about 21 thousand people. Page 75 And their dependents are tagged at 100 thousand. For the fiscal year mentioned earlier, \·eneer and plywood production amounted to 1.1 billion square feet. Of this total, 5.'31 million square feet were exported, 'valued at 1"'58 million. Plywood alone earned P33.6 million, while veneer turned in 'P'24.4 million. If you asked all logging operators what their future plans are, they would all say they \\°ish to go into processing. Some of them are now actually engaged in band mill operations, producing lumber not only for local consumption but also for export. Others have concrete programs for the setting up of veneer or plywood plants and and chipboard or pre-finishing factories. Not mentioned here are serious efforts now being exerted for the manufacture of pulp from wood. Consider plywood alone. In the next five years, there should be no less than 50 plywood plants in full operation. This trebles existing plywood manufacturing capacity. It should increase income to almost a billion pesos. And this from plywood alone. The wood industries in the country carries a potential of no less than five times their present income generating strength. Simply, this means some 'P'S billion and 4 million dependents. THE LOCAL MARKET An optimistic view of our economic growth should lay the vast countrysides open for increased consumption in the next decade. Overall rural consumption of plywood and prefinished products for housing hardly amounts to 3 per cent of our total production. If and when that time comes that our rural dv.-ellers \Vill be in a position income wise to use plywood and prefinished proPage i6 ducts for housiug, ply\vood production for the local market alone will increase by no !ess than 20 times its present capacity or no less than 20 billion square feet. These are ,-ery conservative projections of the i~otential of our wood industries. Their promise brightens the prospect of economic stability for our country. That promise. I believe, is a major responsibility of forest rangers. For it is only from our forest, as the only source of raw materials for the manufacturing activities of our wood industries, that these industries can contribute fully to the realization of that promise. MAGNITUDE OF THE WORK The Bureau of Forestry has jurisdiction over 11 million hectares of our country's 29-million hectare area. In order for the bureau properly to police that area, it makes as its goal one forest guard for every 2,000 hectares. In order words, the bureau needs 5,500 forest guards. It does not have that many and it counts only 917 rangers in its employ. I have been made to understand that the function of forest rangers are, among other things, to take charge of stations and smaller experiment units, gather statistical data, scaling, detect dolations of forest rules and regulations in the field, pah·ol, do minor surveys, land classification and participate in the implementation of selective logging. This, I believe, to quote a common phrase, is a whale of a job. Under handicap of personnel, the bureau assigns rangers according to the volume of activities in certain area. Thus, it may happen that a good number of the rangers may be in Mindanao at one time and in Luzon at another. A cursory study of the functions of forest rangers as enumerated shows rangers occupy themseh·es with forest conservaFORESTRY LEA VF.S Members of tlae General F oresfry Committee deliberate on and approve this year's Arbor Week Program proposed by Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation Administration. L - r. Dean Zamuco Adm. Viado, Fore8ter Lansigan, Mr. F. de los Reyes, Prof. W. Davies, Prof. D. Jacalne and Mr. T. Vi bar. Hon. lmay Peeson, Chairman of the U,N ES CO guest of honor of the Parks a n d Wildlife Office at the closing of the seminar for park officials on the office's 11th anniversary speaks on the importance of national parks and wildlife to the eccnomic, s o c ia l and health life of the people. From left: Mr. Mauro Lamagna, Dir. Vicente de la Crw:, Dr. Lee Talbot (partly visible), Mrs. Pecson (speaking), Mrs. Martha H. Talbot, Mrs. Erlinda d!! la Crw: and Judge Patro· cinio Pecson. A group of Filipinos in Sydney, AU8tralia. FA 0 Fellow Director M. R. /l.lonsalud of the Forest Products Research Institute is third from right front row. To his right are Consul and Mrs. Calvo. The rest are Filipino musicians and two Qant~s Filjp!~o engineers undergoing train· ing in Syd11ey. Dean Zamuco and .some Faculty members, Board a/ lruJsa, OJJicers oJ the Ma· quilins Literary Club and winners in the M.L.C. Literary Musical Provam. , President Carlos P. Ro· mulo oJ the University o/ the Philippines administer· ing oath to Regent Flo· rencio Tamesis as member of the Forest Products Research Board oJ the Forest Products Researcla Institute. - ; 'jJ;,..j i.l.J 1 l~iltl'~lliilf: \ U.P. President Carlos P. Romulo at the center presiding over the Forest Pro· ducts Research Board meet· ing at the Forest Products Research Institute. Director Manuel R. Monsalud is standing e::r:plaining some items oJ the agenda to the members o/ the Board. / Governor Carmen P. Crisologo, YiceGov. Alejandra Samonte, Mayor Francisco Crisologo and D. Fo1esier Alejandri> r. Tremor and Forestry Personnel at the Fair. The Personnel of the l.S. District OJ!ice and the Ca11iaw Reforestation Project, RA, Banta,.·, /locos Sllr pllt up a "Bahay Kllho" and a display of ornamental, fruit and forest tree seedlings at the recent Red Cross Festiv'll and Fa;r, sponsored by the Philippin~ National Red Cross llocos Sur Chapter. Proceeds from sale were turned ,, over to the Red Cross 1.5. Chapter, Dist. Forester Bernabe Zllmel and Personnel of Forest District l, Laoag, llocos Norte. Engr. Lorenzo S. Sarmiento, President of the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries, Guest Speaker at tlie 23nl Moving Up Day College of Forestry. Part oj the audience. The Passing of the Key Ceremony enacted by the Junior and Senior Classes, on the eve of Moving Up Day, as a special number oj the Makiling Liie·ary Club Program. The muse, Miss Fe B. Ta"nolang holds the torch while the key she handed to the Se iiors Class Presidellt is being passed from Mariano Cac to Antonio Glori, members of the Senior Class. tion, protection, utilization, and revenue raising. From this, I propose to pinpoint in general the role of forest rangers; one as government men and another as aids to private enterprise. Before I discuss these aspects of their role in our national life, I would like to provide as background the stigma of deforestation on the forehead of the logging operators of our country. The logger is accused of having denuded our forestlands. Come rains and highwater, floods and drought, the logger is blamed for losses in life and property. The unreasonable persistence of this accusation has become morbid almost. The stigma eJi.cites agitation in policy quarters, like Congress, for example, for measures that will not only cripple the logs and lumber industry of the country but also, if allowed to go to extremes, bring that industry to bankruptcy. For examples, I wish to bring to your attention certain bills now in Congress such as the following: 1. A bill that, again, proposes total banning of the exportation of Philippine logs; 2. A bill that seeks to suspend for 5 years the entire logging operations in Mindanao; and, 3. A bill that would arbitrarily limit the exportation of Philippine logs. We need not mention here the fact that Congress also proposes to increase forest charges and reforestation fees and to impose a tax on exports. I submit Lbat every forester or ranger who can appreciate the stake of the wood industries in our forest can see the unreasonableness of these proposals. I also submit that these proposals are a result of misinformation, the responsibility for which ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 may be assigned to agencies of the department of agriculture directly charged with the conservation, protection, reforestation and utilization of our forest and the entire wood industries sector. It is this responsibility of ours that we, if late, are now trying to serve by providing policy makers adequate information on wood industries. It seems never to have occurred to policy makers that Kaingin farming, perpetrated in logged-over areas and forest reserves, is among the main causes of deforestation. Also, it seems never to have strn~k policy makers that illegal timber cutkrs there are and that, too, they are among the main despoilers of our forest. As of the latest report of the Bure:m of Forestry, 1,728 cases of illegal kaingin, covering no less than 1 million hectares, have been apprehended by its agents, a good number of which has been taken up in courts of justice. On the other hand, it seems never to have dawned upon policy makers responsible logging operators observe selective logging under forest management rules and regulations. Apparently, it is necessary to make known to them that in selective logging only mature trees, properly marked by the bureau, are cut and that residual and young trees are left to grow in order to have them ready for continuing harvest. Indeed, I submit that the stigma attached to the logger must be erased. And this can only be done by providing policy makers with adequate and reliable information on logging activities vis-a-vis Bureau of Forestry regulations and rules. For, in the final analysis, if blame must be made for deforestation, that blame must be heaped upon government agencies that fail to enforce effectively forestry rules and regulations. Page 77 For, I contend that alleged large-scale deforestation in our country has been substantially a problem of enforcement. And I submit that the government has failed to meet adequately this problem. Auspiciously, this should usher in a discussion of the role of forest rangers. AS GOVERNMENT MEN The success of forest rangers, as government men, in fulfilling their responsibilities will hinge primarily on morality. For as government men, forest rangers as enforcers of forest rules regulations and laws. As law enforcers, the objectives of your activities will be, necessarily, forest conservation, protection and wise utilization. Forest rangers can only serve these ends faithfully if they, without fear or favor, enforce forestry rules, regulations and laws strictly. In the very recent past, violations of forestry rules, regulations and laws have been said to be rampant destroying 50,000 hectares every Kaingin season. If this is true, then somewhere law enforcers have been lax, somewhere that have fallen before the pressure of politics and compromise. Consider the case of illegal kaingin. Kaingin farmers doing illegal kaingin have been apprehended and even brought to court again and again. And yet, politics and the pressure it exerts either have freed those apprehended or, if convicted, brought out of jail only to do illegal kaingin again. Here, the forest rangers or the forest guards may have the integrity of action necessary, but they fall victim to the might of political czars. Indeed here, without fear, the law enforcer must win the understanding of pressure groups to see to it justice is not mocked and its majesty insured. Then, perhaps, ililegal kaingin can be minimized if not totally eliminated. Paite 78 The ways of compromise, bluntly terms as "put" sometimes, present themselves in the face of illegal timber cutters. By illegal timber cutters here is meant not only those that forage the public forest without license but also those who are licensed but also those who are licensed but fell trees beyond what is allowed in their licenses. I submit that a morality backed firmness on the part of law enforces should not allow these practices. Furthermore the practitioneers of illegal timber cutting should be sent to jail. Never should an under the table "exchange" be allowed to weaken the resolve of law enforcers not yet aHow violators to go unpunished. I know that such an attitude may affect adversely certain licenses and operators. But if rangers must fulfill their task as law enforcers satisfactorily, compromise on the "put" line must be totally eliminated. The operators of our wood industries are as anxious to help the government meet its revenue requirements. Under fair conditions, they are 'Nilling to meet every centavo due the government from them in fees, dues, charges and taxes. It is for the law enforcers to make them believe those fair conditions exist and are honestly implemented. I submit that all these can be brought only if law enforcers base their actions on the firm foundation of high morality and integrity. Then and only then also will forest conservation, protection, wise utilization and revenue raising be truly served. And the problem of deforestation will be solved. And the stigma on the forehead of loggers in this country will be completely erased. AS-AIDS TO PRIVATE ENTERPRISE The wood industries in our country are a multi-million-peso enterprise. The weight (Continued on page 90) FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Technical Notes COMMON DEFECTS IN WOOD AND THEIR EFFECT ON STRENGTH There are various defects in wood that affect the strength of a piece of lumber in many ways and in varying degree. Some of these defects are inherent, while others are caused or developed during handling, or in the process of manufacture and during seasoning. Most common of the inherent defects are knots, cross grain, brittle heart or brash wood, shake, and reaction wood. The non-inherent ones are wane, splits, checks, insect holes, and decay. Knowledge of these defects and of their influence on the strength of wood is essential in order to be able to take proper safeguards against their effect when designing a structure. They are herein defined and discussed in detail. I. Knots Knots, as they appear on the surfaces of sa'\\n h;mber, are portions of branches or limbs that have been surrounded by subsequent growth of the wcod of the tree. Depending upon the nature of growth, cutting, and appearance, knots in lumber are classified into various categories as round, oval, spike, sound, decayed, loose, encased, intergrown, etc. For example, when a knot is sawed at right angles to its length, a round knot usually results; when cut diagonally, an oval knot appears on the surface; and when sawed lengthwise, a spike knot is produced. When there is a continuous growth at a junction of the limb and the trunk of the tree, the resulting knot is called intergrown. When additional growth on the trunk enclosed the limb which has ceased to live, an encased knot results. The strength-reducing effect of a knot is brought about by the localized distortion in the orientation of the wood fibers around it. It is determined on the basis of the location of the knot and its area uf projection on the surface of the lumber. Measurements of knot sizes are made to give the best approximation of this influence. Depending upon the <tructural use of lumber, practical considerations are applied in restricting the sizes and location of knots. For instance, larger sizes of knots may be allowed in compression members such as columns and upper chord members in timber trusses, but not in tension members such as lower chord members m timber trusses, because knots reduce the tensile strength more than the compression strength. No ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 restriction, however, is made on its location in either compression or tension member because of the uniformity of stress distribution along the entire length of the member. In beams or members subjected to bending, where stresses are generally greatest at the top and bottom edges of the middle third portion of the span, knots may be allowed at the outer third portions and along the neutral axis c,f the beam. The effect of knots is much less on stiffness and shear than on flexural strength. In round timbers such as poles and piles, tl1e strength-reducing effect of knots is less than in sawn timbers. 2. Cross-grain Cross-grain is that common defect in wood ·wherein the fibers lie at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the piece. In general, when the crossgrain is caused by the natural spiralling, or '\\inding gro'\\th of the fibers about the bole of the tree, it is called spiral grain, and when caused by the sawing of tapered logs parallel to the pith instead of to the bark, as is commonly practised in sawmills, it is called diagonal grain. Other less important types of cross-grain are wavy, dipped, interlocked, and curly-grain. In practice, the extent of cross-grain is generally measured in terms of the slope of grain. For instance, cross grain with a slope of I in 20 would mean that the direction of fibers deviates l cm. from the longitudinal axis or edge of the piece over a distance of 20 cm. For a good approximation, measurement of the slope of the grain is made over an optimum length representative of the piece, disregarding localized grain distortion that may be caused by knots. Where both spiral and diagonal grains are contained in one face of a piece, the combined slope of grain must be considered instead of the greater of the two slopes. The combined slope is obtained by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the slopes of the two types of crossgrain. The strength-reducing effect of cross-grain in structural lumber is brought about by the fact that wood is stronger when sustaining load applied parallel to its grain than perpendicular to its grain. In general, structural-size timber are more critically affected by cross-grain than smaller-size pieces on account of the greater shrinkage stresses brought Page i9 about during the seasoning of wood. Its strength effect may be considered negligible up to a slope of I cm. in 40 cm., and is less in compression members than in members subjected to bending and tension. 3. Split, check, and shake Split is a common defect in lumber, indicating lengthwise the separation of wood. When the separation extends across the growth rings of the tree, the split is specifically called check, and when the separation occurs between the growth rings, it is called shake. In practice, shake and check are generally evaluated for their strength-reducing effect on the same basis. Their presence requires a downward adjustment in strength of lumber against shear action. Because of this, restriction is more critical in beams than in tension and compression members. In this case, limitations are made for the sake of appearance and to reduce moisture entry into the wood that may induce the formation of decay rather than on a strength basis. The strength-reducing effects of ·shakes and checks are more serious at the outer ends and middle half of the depth of the lumber. They are determined in direct proportion to the ratio of their projection across the width to the ""'idth itself. 4. Decay Decay is the decomposition of wood resulting from fungal attack. The extent of reduction in strength caused by decay, especially in shock resistance, is difficult to evaluate. Hence, it is necessary to discard structural lumber with any form of decay, incipient or advanced, except in certain cases where strength is a minor consideration. 5. Brash wood Brash wood is common in lumber cut from the inner core of the log. It is characterized by its relatively lightweight and low strength properties, especially in bending and shock resistance. When used to carry bending load, it is liable to fail abruptly without splintering at a comparatively small deflection. On account of the difficulty in establishing visually the zone of demarcation between brash wood and sound wood in lumber, the strength reduction caused by its presence is generally hard to evaluate. For structural use, it is a good practice to exclude pieces of lumber which contain brash wood except in cases where strength is of minor consideration. 6. Reaction wood This is an abnormal portion of the wood formed in limbs and inclined trunks of trees as they seek to straighten. It is characterized by the formation Page 80 of "\\<ide growth rings that are usually eccentric with respect to the pith of the tree. Reaction wood :s usually denser than normal wood and is prone to shrink excessively in the longitudinal direction. Specifically, reaction wood that develops in softwood species is called "compression wood," and that in hardwood species, "tension wood." Compression wood is weaker than normal wood in strength than would be expected for its density. On the other hand, tension wood, which is easily distinguishable in sawn lumber by the presence of projecting abnormal fibers, is stronger than normal wood in tensile strength and toughness but weaker in compression parallel to the grain. Both compression wood and tension wood are liable to fail abruptly. Because of the above abnormal characteristics of reaction wood, it is a good practice to account for its presence especially in members which require strength-graded parts. 7. Compression failures Compression failures are localized wrinkles which extend more or less perpendicularly to the grain direction of wood. Except in extreme cases, traces of compression failures are seen only under the microscope. As a rule, compression failures are associated with an overstressed condition of the wood, either during its active life as may be caused by strong severe wind storm, or during the handling process of manufactured lumber. Its strength-reducing effect 1s most critical in toughness and tensile strength. In beams, its reducing effect becomes serious when they are located on the tension side. 8. Cross breaks Cross breaks are tension failures representing separations of wood cells across the grain, In general appearance, they resemble compression failures. They are generally developed as a result of localized abnormal shrinkage in wood, although they may sometimes be caused by externally applied forces. Like in compression failures, cross breaks reduce the shock resisting ability of wood seriously causing brash or brittle failures. In beams, the strength effect of cross breaks is serious when they are located on the tension side. 9. Wane ·wane indicates the lack of wood in lumber cut from the outer periphery of the log. Restriction as to the extent of occurrence is usually made on the basis of bearing and nailing surface requirement and for the sake of appearance rather than on its strength effect. \Vane is measured at the point of its maximum width on any face of lumber. FORESTRY LEAVES 10. Holes Holes are voids which may be caused by the removal of a loose knot from the wood, by insect and worm attack, or by tools used in handling logs or lumber. The strength effect of knot holes may be considered as similar to that of knots. For holes, resulting from other causes, like insects and worm attack, etc., the strength-reducing effect is generally less since there is no localized-fiber distortion. 11. Pitch pockets Pitch pockets are gaps occurring between the annual growth rings, usually containing pitch either in solid or liquid form. While they do not necessarily affect the strength of lumber, they sometimes indicate general weakness or lack of bond. 12. Bow, ticist, and cup These are defects caused by improper drying of lumber. Restriction of their presence is generally made for the sake of appearance and other reasons rather than of their strength effect. There are other minor defects including bark pocket, gum spots, barks, black streaks, ring distortion, etc., which normally do not require serious consideration from the standpoint of the strength of wood. In certain cases, however, it may be worthwhile to note that such minor defects may be indicative of the presence of some major defects like splits, cross-grain, etc. As a rule, pieces of lumber containing defects need not be entirely limited to non-structural utilization. What is more important, in the selection of structural wood for any specific use, is that the various defects must be properly limited in accordance with lumber grades. Also, their strength-reducing effect be properly accounted for in the derivation of workable strength values for design purposes. BIBLIOGRAPHY l. Anonymous. 1957. Establishing structural 12:rades of lumber. D 245-575, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. 2. 1959. Grading rules: Inspection and measurements of Philippine Lumber. Fore~try Yearbook, General Information Service, Marula. 3. 1955. Wood Handbook. Prepared by the US Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Washington, D.C. 4. Dadswell, H.E. and A.B. Wardrop. 1949. What is reaction wood? Reprint from Australian Forestry. XIII ( 1 ) . ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 5. Markwardt, L.J. and L.W. Wood. 1953. Strength studies of timber and the development of structural timber grades in the United States. Published by the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors, 75 Eaton Place, London. 6. Wangaard, F.F. 1950. The mechanical properties of wood. John Wiley and Sons lnc., New York. • • • TREATED WOOD, ITS USES AND ADVANTAGES Wood is regarded as the most economical and suitable material for practically all types of construction. Its many desirable properties are kno"\\-n. Despite modem development and discoveries of substitute materials, it is still the ranking material in the construction field. However, many realized that its reputation has suffered a great deal because of the manner in which it has been used or misused. It is \veil known that wood decays and is vulnerable to attack by fungi and insects. Despite this awareness, proper steps to minimize or prevent these hazards have constantly been ignored. One only has to look around and observe the many early wood failures due to improper use or faulty construction. Furthermore, people frequently use naturally nondurable timber species in place of durable ones because of the comparatively high cost and the difficulty in obtaining the latter. It is no wonder, therefore, that prospective wood users, who require durability in their construction, become prejudiced against the use of wood and would prefer to use substitute materials for it, such as steel, concrete, etc. But, even steel has some undesirable properties in its use. Corrosion is one of them. To protect steel from corrosion, surface treatment must be applied on it such as paints, rust-proofing materials, etc. The steel industry has gone further by developing corrosion resistant alloys, such as stainless steel, to solve this problem of corrosion. The wood industry is not lagging behind the steel industry. Similarly, aware of the undesirable properties of wood, it has developed chemical treatment to make wood either more durable, more resistant to fire or chemical action, water-repellant, stronger or harder, or a combination of any any of these qualities in order to make it more resistant to its natural enemies. The development of chemical treatment of wood (such as creosoting or treating wood with borax, etc.) has been responsible, to a large part, in opening a wider field of wood utilization. Where wood has been considered of limited usefulness in some Page 81 fields of construction a few years ago, it has now been regarded by many as one of the more permanent construction materials. Wood can now be satisfactorily protected from whatever hazard it is likely to encounter in service by proper chemical treatment. The field of application, therefore, to which wood is used in the Philippines at present may 1.ie further extended. The following are some of the uses of treated wood which have been found economically adYantageous in many countries: Poles for power and telecommunication lines Railway ties Piles for bridge and marine structures Bridge, mine, and marine timbers Posts and railings Road signs and highway guard rails House and building timbers Boat framing and planking Sheds and warehouse construction Retaining walls Foot bridges and board walks Cooling towers Advertising signs Trucks and rail car construction Cul vets Crossarms and anchor logs Feed troughs Greenhouse and seed boxes Wood boxes for packaging Fall-out shelters Seats and platforms in open athletic fields Some of the advantages that may be derived in the extensive use of treated wood may be stated a~ follows: 1. The annual cost of the material is redi.:ced. -Without resorting to the use of the more accurate and complex amortization formula, this may be explained by this simple example. If untreated wood lasts 5 years in service and the structure costs 1"500.00, the average annual cost equals (1"500/5) :P'I00.00. On the other hand, if treated wood is used and lasts 10 years in service and costs, 1"800.00, the average annual cost equals (1"800110) 1"80.00 or a savings of :1"20.00 per year. 2. Cost of replacement is reduced.-Using the data from the previous example, if the structure is expected to serve for 30 years, then it would involve 6(3015) replacements for the untreated structure, while the treated structure ·would require (30/ 10) 3 replacements. Assuming further that cost of labor and materials within the next 30 years are the same, the total cost of the untreated structure equals 1"3,000.00 (:1"500 x 6), while the treated structure Page 82 equals 1"2,400.00 (1"800 x 3). It should also be realized that replacement generally costs more than the original structure, considering the added time and labor spent in removing the materials to be replaced before replacements can be effected. 3. Cost of maintenance is reduced.-Treated wood generally requires less maintenance than untreated wood since the initial condition of the wood is maintained for a considerably longer period. 4. Treated wood helps in our forest conservation program. - Reduction in wood replacements would reduce the drain from our forest timber resources. The timbers cut for replacement can be channeled to other useful enterprises. 5. Provides market for acceptable species.-The increase in service life of wood afforded by preservative treatment can provide a market for acceptable species not now commercially exploited due merely to their low durability. With the increasing difficulty in obtaining durable timber species, it is but natural that non-durable timber species will come into use and, if properly treated, will eventually gain public acceptance. 6. Provides better wood utilization.-Acceptance by the public of a variety of wood species will effect a fuller utilization of our timber resources. This \Viii increase our lumber production at generally a lower cost. Hence, cost of the product is reduced. In general, if efforts are directed towards the increased use of treated wood, there is bound to be financial savings on the part of the users. At the ,-ame time, it will effect an improvement in our socio-economic development. REFERENCES 1. Anonymous. 1953. How Florida State Road Dept. extends life of old timber bridges. Wood Preserving News, January, pp. 8-10. 2. 1960. Cooling tower timber preservation. Prog. Rept. Hickson's Timber Impregnation Co. (G.B.) Ltd., Semi-Tech. Bui. No. 17, Castleford, Yorkshire, England, March. 3. 1961. Timber poles in good conditions after 32 years. Wood Preserving News, March, p. 8. 4. 5. 6. ----1961. Service records show how to rebuild piers. Wood Preserving News, January, pp. 20-21. 1962. Report of Highway Research Board ~eatures advantages of timber piles. Wood Preservmg News, October, pp. 8-10. - - - - 1962. Treated wood --osts for Wisconsin roads. Forest Products Journal, Vol. XII, No. 4, April, pp. 200-201. FORESTRY LEAVES 7. 1963. Alaska's seven timber bridges. Wood Preserving News, February, pp. 6-8, 16. 8. Baechler, R.H., E. Conway and H.G. Roth. 1959. Treating hardwood posts by double-diffusion method. Forest Products Journal, Vol. IX, No. 7, July, pp. 216-220. 9. Becker, G. 1958. Protection of wood against marine borers. F AO Report to the Government of India, FA0/5812/1449, Rome. 10. Blew, Jr., J.O. 1961. What can be expected from treated wood in highway construction. U.S. Dept. of Agr., Forest Service, Forest Products Lab. Rept. No. 2235, November. 11. Burpee, C.M. 1959. Pressure of competing materials. Why some wood products hold their own. Forest Products Journal, Vol. IX, No. 5, May, pp. 29A-33A. 12. Dale, F.A. 1961. The timber preservation industry in Australia. Part IL The uses of treated ed timber. C.S.I.R.O., Forest Products Newsletter No. 279, October. 13. GaYin. E.J. 194R. Use of treated wood in lightload home building. Proc. Am. Wood Preservers Assoc., pp. 224-234. 14. Hunt, G.M. and G.A. Garatt. 1953. Wood preservation. 2nd Ed., New York, Toronto, London. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. 15. Kaufert, F.H. and K.A. Leorch. 1955. Treated lumber for greenhouse use. Minnesota Forestry Notes No . .'36, January 15. 16. Kimbrell, M.R. 1939. Poles for power lines. Proc. Am. Wood Preservers' Assoc., pp. 208230. 17. Locke, E.G. 1962. Fifteen years of forest products research-and a look ahead at the next fifteen. Forest Products Journal, Vol. XII, No. 9, September, pp. 393-399. IS. Mann, R.H. 1955. New uses for wood. Forest Products Journal, Vol. V, No. 3, June pp. 161162. 19. McNary, J.V. 1959. Treated timbers in hea\.}'duty highway bridge structures. Proc. Am. Wood Preservers' Assoc. pp. 253-267. 20. Patterson, D. 1958. How to design pole-type buildings. 2nd Ed. Wood Preservers Inst., III West Washington St., Chicago 2, Illinois, U.S.A. 21. Prettie, R.J. 1957. New applications for preservative treated woods. Forest Products Journal, Vol. VII, No. 9, September, p. 22A. 22. Reese, H.L. 1942. The use of preserved wood in home construction. Proc. Am. Wood Preservers' Assoc., pp. 263-27f.l. 23. Reynolds, W.E. 1939. Field of treated timber in the construction of public buildin"'s. Proc. Am. Wood Preservers' Assoc., pp. 145-148. 24. Silcox, F.A. 1939. Significance of wood preservation in the management of private and public forests. Proc. Am. \Vood Preservers' Assoc., pp. 142-145. 25. Verra!!, A.F. 1953. Decay prevention in woOllen steps and porches through proper design and protective treatments. Journal of the Forest Products Research Society, Vol. III, No. 4, November, pp. 54-60. 26. Walters, N.E.M. 1961. Soft rot in timbers. Part II. C.S.I.R.O., Forest Prdoucts Newsletter No. 274. May. * * * RED LAUAN Industrial Report 5-A Veneer cutting, drying and gluing properties of - Red lauan (Shorea negrosensis Foxw.) is an important Philippine commercial wood species. Trees of this species attain diameters up to 200 centimeters ( 80 inches) and heights of about 50 meters (165 feet). They generally have strong buttresses with average bole lengths of 20 meters ( 6.5 feet). Red lauan is primarily a low-altitude species found in regions where there is an abundance of rain with short or no dry seasons.1 It is estimated that this species constitutes about 10 percent af the total commercial timber stand. Logs and Lumber The materials used in the investigations were collected from several regions of the Philippines. The sources and descriptions of the logs are presented in Table 1. All these logs were peeler grades. Sapwood or brashy materials were excluded from the test samples but slightly crossed and interlocked grain were allowed. ' Tamesis, F. and A~uilar, J. 1963. The "Philippine Mahogany" and other Dipterocarp Woods. Popular Bulletin No. 44 (DANR) Bureau of Printing, Manila. TABLE 1. Sources and description of the test logs. Phase of Log study origin Veneer Tagkawayan, cutting Quezon Butuan, Agusan Veneer Claveria drying Cagayan Veneer Tagkawayan gluing Quezon Lumber Butuan, laminating Agusan •Based on oven-dry weight diivded ARBOR WEEK !ISSUE - 1964 No. of logs 3 2 1 1 by green volume. Ave. specifie gravity a 0.56 0.39 0.49 0.56 0.40 General appearance of the specimens peeler grade contained numerous pin knots and scars peeler grade straight-grain lumber Page 83 Veneer Cutting Rotary-cutting test were conducted on 3.15 mm. (1/8-in.), 2.54 mm. (1/10-in.), 1.57 mm. (1/16in.) and 1.27 mm. ( 1 /20-in.) thick veneers. Two series of cutting tests were made on bolts fro'Il Quezon province. One series was on unheated bolts and the other on bolts that were preheated in water to 71°C. (160°F.) for about 24 hours. The cutting series on Agusan logs were confined to unheated bolts. The tests were conducted on a 54 by 56-inch veneer lathe. The sharpness angle of the 5/8-inch knife was 21 degrees, ground to a concavity of 0.002-inch, and the 5/8-inch nosebar was set at 75 degrees. Veneer quality was evaluated in terms of: a. Thickness uniformity as influenced by the knife angle, b. Surface smoothness, actual thickness, and depth of lathe checks as influenced by the horizontal-nosebar opening. c. Depth of lathe checks as influenced by the vertical-nosebar opening, and d. Tensile strength across the grain of veneer as influenced by heating the bolts before peeling. The ranges of lathe settings found suitable for producing acceptable quality veneers from unheated bolts of red lauan from both sources, are presented in Table 2. Generally, a wider range of lathe settings was found suitable in cutting acceptable veneers from the Agusan logs. Comparatively, the quality of veneers from both the unheated and heated bolts did not show any significant diHerence, except that tensile strength across the grain of veneers from heated bolts was significantly improved. TABLE 2. Acceptable ranges of lathe settings for rotary-cut veneers from unheated red lauan bolts. Veneer thickness mm. (in.) 3.15mm. (1/8 in.) 2.54mm. (1/10 in.) l.57mm. (1/16 in.) l.27 mm. (1/20 in.) Knife nagle degree 89o3Q' to 90000 90°15' 90°00' to 90°15' 90°30' Veneer Drying The drying times for red lauan heartwood veneers, 1.27-mm. (1/20-in.) and 2.54-mm. (1/10-in.) thick, were determined at the drying. temperatures of 121, 140 and 160 degrees C. (250, 285 and 320 degrees F.) . Green moisture content of the test veneers ranged from 7 4 to 92 percent with an average of 81 percent. The veneer-drying test was performed in a steamheated, single-deck, roller-type mechanical dryer. Internal air velocity was maintained at about 365 Vertical-nosebar opening mm. (in.) 0.762 (0.030) 0.508 (0.020) 0.381 (0.015) 0.254 (0.010) Horizontal-nosebar opening mm. (in.) 2.20 to 2.47 ( 0.0868 to 0.097 4) 1.981 (0.0780) 1.102to1.20 (0.0434 to 0.0474) 0.965 ( 0.0380) meters per inch ( 1200 feet per minute) with closed venting stack. Dry-veneer quality was evaluated in terms of the extent of splitting, checking, endwaviness, and buckling. Tangential and radial shrinkages were also determined. The drying schedules used are tabulated in Table 3. Within these test conditions, the extent of drying defects on dried veneers was within acceptable limits. There was no serious drying degrade in the veneers at any of the temperature and thickness combinations tested. TABLE 3. Veneer-drying schedule for red lauan. Veneer Drying Drying Average dry Drying shrinkage b thickness temperature time moisture content Tangential Radial mm. (in.) oF (oC) min. percent percent percent 1.27 ( 1/20) 121 (250) 4.6 9 140 (285) 3.4 8 5 4 160 (320) 2.7 8 2.54 (1/10) 121 (250) 12.6 7 140 (285) 9.2 7 5 4 160 (320) 7.1 6 b Average of 6 specimens and computed from green dimensions. PAGE 84 FORESTRY LEAVES Plyu:ood Gluing Panels of 6.2 mm. (1/4 in.) 3-ply plywood were pressed at three levels each of pressing variables, namely, pressure, temperature, and pressing time.2 Panel construction consisted of 1.67-mm. (1/16 in.) for faces and backs, and 3.15 mm. ( 1/8 in.) for cores with moisture content of about 8 percent. A hot-press urea-formaldehyde resin, extended 50 percent with wheat flour, was used as the adhesiYe. Glue spread was about 195 gr./M 2 ( 40 lbs./Msq. ft.) and the assembly time was 10 roinutes. The compression of the panels and the resulting compression-set were measured. The bond quality was evaluated by the 15-cycle delamination test, dry shear test, 48~hour cold-soak shear test, and the hot-and-cold-soak shear test. Results showed that the bond quality of red lauan panels, produced at any of the level combination of variables tested, passed the requireroents for type II bond. On the other hand, statistical analysis revealed the following : (a) The extent of coropression-set was controlled by the amount of pressure applied and by the levels of temperature at which the pressure was applied. This was also influenced, to some degree, by the time-temperature interaction. (b) The bond quality was affected by the acttion of individual variables and their interactions. From these results, the best corobination of levels of the variables tested on the basis of bond quality and compression-set is: Specific pressure - 7.03 (g./cm.2 (100 lbs./sq.in.); Pressing temperature - 121 degrees C ( 250 degrees F. ) ; and Pressing time - 2 to 4 roinutes. Solid-Wood Lamination Red lauan lumber was investigated for ease in laminating and durability of the resulting bonds under exposure conditions. Vrea-formaldehyde and resorcinol-phenol formaldehyde resin were the binders used. Thirsty glue-block assemblies of 3.8 by 5 by 29.85 cm. ( 1 ¥2 by 2 by 11 % in.) were laminated with each adhesive. The moisture content of the wood was about 15 percent at the time of gluing. 2 The levels of variables were: pressure-7.03, 10.54, 14.06 Kg./cm.2 (JOO, 150, 200 psi); temperature-104, 121, 138 deg. C. (220, 250, 280 deg. F.); and pressing time---2, 4, 6, minutes. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE--1964 A glue spread of about 268 and 292 gr./M2 ( 50 and 60 lb. MSGL) was applied with the urea and resorcinol-phenol, respectively, and an assembly time of 20 to 25 minutes each was alloted. A retaining pressure of 12.65 Kg./cm2 (180 psi) was maintained for 24 hours at rooro temperature. The bond quality produced was tested in accordance with : (a) Glued-block shear test, as described in Sections 65 to 67 of ASTM D 805-53 specifications; (b) Vacuum-pressure delamination test described in Procedure A, USDA Tech. Bui. No. 1068 p. 85; and ( c) Exposure test. The block shear test showed that the initial bond strengths produced by both adhesives, were slightly lower than those of solid red lauan at 15 percent rooisture content. Coroparison in bond quality produced by the two resins, revealed the relatively higher shear values but lower wood failures developed by resorcinol-phenol glue. The resorcinolphenol-glued specimens withstood the vacuum-pressure delamination test. In test (c), the urea-glued specimens were placed indoors while those glued with the resorcinol-phenol adhesive were exposed to exterior conditions. The exposure test showed durable glue joints with resorcinol-phenol glues. The shear strength retained was about 88 percent after 30 roonths of outdoor exposure. The extent of delamination after this period was less than 10 percent. However, wood failure followed an upward trend. Urea-glued specimens exposed indoors, showed a fast decline in shear srtength and wood failure. After 30 roonths of exposure, only about 20 percent of the original strength was retained. Wood failures dropped to zero after 12-month exposure. The extent of delamination was about 17 percent of the total end-grain glue line. * * * NOTES ON DECAY OF MINE TIMBERS The use of wood for timbering in mines dates back to antiquity. Wood has roany advantages. Among them are: timber is relatively abundant and inexpensive; weight for weight, compared with other materials, wood possesses great strength; it can be cut and framed easily; it tends to bend and "talk" before it collapses, and thus enable one to detect dangerous roof conditions. It is believed that no adequate substitute has been found so far for wooden cross ties in rail haulage, either in mines or on railroads. Page 85 However, one great disadvantage of using timber in mines is its susceptibility to decay. In the mines, the conditions are ahnost universally fa\'orable to decay. Untreated mine timber will generally fail within 3 years due to decay. Under severe conditions, failure may take place in 6 months. Decayed timber in mines is a hazard not only to life and property, due to roof collapse, but also to fire. Decayed timbers when dry not only ignite readily but also burn rapidly. Timber used in seven metal mines of Mt. Province is estimated to amount to 31,167,300 bd. ft. per year. Of this volume, 40 to 45 percent is used in "permanent" timberings with an estimated service life ranging from 6 to 18 months. It has been reported that replacPrnents were made several times during the entire period of operation due to early failure caused by wood-decaying fungi. Conditions in the mines Underground conditions in mines vary considerably. Some mine works are wet and very cold. Others are very warm and humid, and still others are very warm and dry. Decay is more of a problem in warm and humid areas than in cool and wet mine or in very warm and dry mine works. Cross ties which are generally covered with wet soil last for several years. This is probably due to the insufficient supply of oxygen in the watersaturated wciod, making the conditions unfavorable to the growth of decay fungi. However, ties used in relatively dry locations are reported to be readily attacked by decay fungi. In Philippine mines, particularly in Mt. Province, where Benguet pine ( Pinus insularis) is the only species used and generally without any preservative treatment, the service life is very short, resulting in enormous losses due to frequent replacements. The first reaction of some mine operators to effect delay in replacements due to decay, is to use larger timbers than are necessary, or to use durable species or pre-stressed concrete units which are all very expensive. This is particularly true to "permanent" tirnberings, because the costs of both timber and labor are much higher than for temporary work. The frequent removal of decayed timber and replacements due to high decay hazards in "permanent" works are very costly and time consuming. Fungi causing decay The fungal flora of mines has interested several mycologists because many species form abnormal fructifications in the dark under conditions of high humidity. Page 86 Fungi are low forms of plants devoid of chlorophyll. Unlike green plants, they do not ha.-e defined roots, sterns, or leaves. Fungi, therefore, are not capable of manufacturing their own food through photosynthesis so that they have to depend on other form of plants or substrates either as parasites or as saprophytes. In the form of microscopic filaments ( hyphae) they secrete enzymes that convert the cell walls into a form that can be readily absorbed as food through the hyphae. Under damp and warm conditions, most of these fungi produce reproductive structures which contain enormous number of microscopic spores (seed-like bodies), each of which is a potential new organism. These spores and even fragments of hyphae are widely dispersed by air currents, rain, and insects. Once they lodge on wood or substrate under favorable conditions, they begin to grow and develop. Most of the fungi causing decay in mine timbers belong to the saprophytic group of the class Basidiornycetes. It has been reported that white rots as well as brown rots are found in mine timbers, but the white rotting fungi are more prevalent. In the mines of Great Britain, Poria vaillantii had been reported as the most common destructive fungus on coniferous wood. Other wood-destroying fungi such as Coniophora cerebella, Lentinus lepideus, .Eames annosus, Paxillus panuoides, Armillaria mellea, Polyporus versicolor, Stereum hirsutum, and probably many others, which escape recognition, as they remain sterile and fail to form normal fructifications, have been reported. In the U.S., some of the wood-destroying fungi reported destroying mine timbers are Armillaria mellea, Coprinus sp., Pleurotus ulmarius, Fornes roseus, I..enzites sp., Merulius lacrymans, Polyporus alboluteus, P. pargamenus, P. versicolor, and Poria sp. In the Philippines, collection from decayed wood from the mines of Mt. Province composed mostly of fungi belonging to the following genera: Lentinus, Polyporus, Poria, Fornes and Daedalea. General recommendations Because of the considerable amount of wood being used, mine operators in Mt. Province are confronted with the problem of supply. The use of pressure-treated wood in "permanent" workings underground must be seriously considered. The advantage of treating timber are: l. The useful life of treated timber outlast several times the normal life of untreated timber because the growth of fungi in treated wood is inhibited, depending on the prevailing service conditions and the preservatives used. This in turn minimizes the amount of retimbering_ (Continued on page 98) FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI DR. TAMOLANG IS NEW SAR PRESIDENT Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang, currently assistant director of the Forest Products Research Institute, is the 31st president of the Philippine Society for Advancement of Research. He was sworn in recently in fitting ceremonies held at the U.P. College of Forestry Auditorium with Senator Manuel P. Manahan as guest speaker. Dr. Tarnolang is a forestry graduate of the University of the Philippines and an outstanding alumnus of Yale University where he finished his doctorate degree in wood technology. He has always been an exponent of scientific research, particularly in forestry and forest products utilization, and a seasoned delegate to scientific meetings, here and abroad, representing the Philippines. He has authored treatises and technical papers. In cooperation "ith the Forestry Primer Committee, Society of Filipino Foresters, he drafted a proposed book entitiled "Forestry in Everyday Life", a forestry primer for grade school training, which contains the basic facts about the mighty tree and the forest, of which, this perennial is a vital part. This perhaps explains his being a forester through and through, and his ardent love for anything which concerns forestry. Besides this affection, however, Dr. Tarnolang has another love of which he feels very proud to tell about. It is his dutiful wife, the former Amparo Blando and his brood of strong ten-all considered fine timbers. And just to prove further his deep concern in preserving the patrimony of the nation, his first two children are presently students at the U.P. College of Forestry. The SAR constituents really did justice in putting Dr. Tarnolang at the helm of this worthwhile organization. • • * FPRI PLAYED HOST TO REP ARA TIO NS BRASS The Philippine Reparations Commission headed by Hon. Benedicto Padilla visited the Institute. Director-Emeritus and Consultant Eugenio de la Cruz, Asst. Dir. Francisco N. Tarnolang and the division ARBOR WEEK ISSUF~l964 Highlights chiefs welcomed the group and briefed the reparations chief on the activities of the FPRI particularly along forest products utilization and its machinery and equipment needs which may possibly be procured through reparations. The group were treated to lunch at IRRI. • • • WOOD QUALITY CONTROL EYED Quality control of lumber was discussed in a paper read by Dr. Agustin N. Ramos Jr., assistant chief forest products technologist, Timber Physics and Engineering Division, Forest Products Research Institute, before the Society for the Advancement of Research ( S.A.R.) recently. • • • FPRI PARTICIPATES IN MANILA FLOWER-GARDEN SHOW The Forest Products Research Institute participated in the recent successful flower and garden show of the Manila Garden Club at the Old Paco Cemetery. "For rneritorius efforts and participation", the Institute was awarded a Bronze plaque and another special ribbon for "tne best San Francisco plant". • • • PERSONNEL CHIEF COPPED FIRST HONOR AW ARDS FPRI personnel chief Valente B. Elchico was graduated valedictorian in the recent commencement exercises of the Seminar for Position Classification and Salary Administration held at the Aristocrat Restaurant, Quezon City. Sponsored by the W APCO, the seminar was conducted for personnel officers, senior personnel aides and personnel aides of bureaus and offices under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Horne Financing Corporation and the FPRI. For being the first honor recipient, Mr. Elchico received a certificate of accomplishment, a ribbon of merit and a personal gift from the Budget Commissioner, Hon. Faustino Sychangco, which consists of a book entitled "Public Personnel Administration". • • • Page 87 TAMOLANG HEADS FPRI LANDSCAPE BODY In line with the beautification plan of the historical and legendary Mt. Makiling where the Forest Products Research Institute stands, Dir. Monsalud designated an FPRI Landscape Committee with Asst. Dir. Francisco N. Tamolang as chairman. Members are Forester D. G. Faustino, Dr. A. N. Ramos Jr. and AMD Chief F. V. Oamar. The group are plotting out plans to tum out the Institute into a real visitors' haven. * * * URGE FPRI NONINCLUSION IN FORESTRY COMMISSION The honorable members of the Congress of the Philippines have strongly endorsed the exclusion of the Forest Products Research Institute from the proposed Forestry Commission. The proposal is currently embodied in H.B. No. .5798 which is designed to regroup together the Bureau of Forestry, Reforestation Administration, :->arks & Wildlife Office and the Forest Products Research Institute. FPRI Director Monsalud in his defense of tl1e exclusion move, said: "xxxx Remarkably, no anomalies, graft and corruption have been perpetrated in the FPRI xxxx. It has rendered prompt, courteous, and efficient service to the wood-using industries as well as to the general public. This has been made possible largely by its semi-autonomous status, which is desirable and vital in the life of a scientific research organization". * * * FPRI ~AN INDIAN AW ARDEE Toradio G. Cuaresma, (in photo) forest products technologist of the Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna, returned recently from India where he finished a certificate course on seasoning and preservation of timber from the Forest Research Institute & Colleges, Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh, India. Cuaresma topped his class including seven Indians, having graduated with distinction and was awarded the Timber Dryers and Wood Preservers Association (India) Silver Medal, which is the highest award for the course. Incidentally, he is the first foreign student-recipient in India of such an award. * * * Page 88 FIRST NEWSPRINT MAKING HAILED What could probably be the first newsprint made in the Philippines was successfully produced recently at the Forest Products Research Institute chemical laboratories. Pulp and paper companies in the country hailed the very successful attempt for it significantly marked a new era in pulp and paper manufacture in the country. What is interesting to note is that the newsprint was derived from local materials consisting of 80% Benguet pine ground wood and 20% semi-bleached Benguet pine suphate pulp. * * * FPRI BADE ADIEU TO ANDERSONS AND STERNS A barrio fiesta was celebrated last May 7 at the FPRI grounds. It was held as a 'despedida' for the 2 F AO consultants of the Institute, Drs. Arthur B. Anderson and William L. Stem and their families. There were games like Juego de Anillo, 'pintakasi' and exihibition of typical Philippine folkdances. A rondalla completed the picture. Dir. Monsalud in a brief talk expressed the Institute's gratefulness to the advisers and appreciation of the services rendered by them to the Instititute. When the Stems left last May 14, the whole personnel of the Wood Technology Division and some FPRI staff were at the MIA to see them off. Over the period of stay in the FPRI, Dr. Anderson was forestry advisor in chemistry and Dr. Stem in wood technology. * * * MORE REFERENCE MATERIALS The FPRI library received last week from Singapore, Malaysia, 9 volumes of the Garden's Bulletin and 21 volumes of the U.S. Botanical .Herbarium pamphlets consisting of 77 parts. The acquisition is a part of the library exchange program that we have been maintaining with other technical libraries and made possible through the suggestion of Dr. W.L. Stem, erstwhile FAO Forestry Advisor at the Institute. What is interesting to note is that the different volumes consist of back issues of the scientific magazines dating as early as 1901 for the USNH and 1924 for the Garden's Bulletin. * * * VIPS VISIT INSTITUTE Director Monsalud led the FPRI staff in welcoming Ambassador Shmuel Shelef of Israel and his party last May 15. Mr. Shelef was briefed on the FORESTRY LEAVES researches on forest products utilization being conducted in the laboratories of the Institute. Forestry professor Dr. Theodore Hoenninger of the University of Saigon and Mr. Macid Gulcur, F AO forestry technical adviser of the Bureau of Forestry, Manila, visited the Institute accompanied by FPRI Board Chairman and Forestry Director Apolonio F. Rivera. Drs. B.R. Thomas and C.R. Enrell of the Chemistry Division, DSIR of New Zealand and Stockholm, Sweden, respectively, also came. Dr. Kurt Gerstle, professor of structural engineering at the SEATO Graduate School of Engineering visited the FPRI laboratories last March 24. Mr. Harry J. Robinson, researcher at the Stanford Research Institute, California, U.S.A., now detailed as Consultant in the Mindanao Development Authority, accompanied by Messers. M.O. Manalaysay and D.J. Santos of MDA, also visited the FPRI. Others were Mr. Claude Fouchard of Paris, France; Dr. & Mrs. Higuchi, Japanese professor at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin; Messrs. Justus G. Landgrebe, Jacques Brussier of International Bank, Washington, D.C.; Mohammed Ibrahim Wais, Ministry of Education, Kabul, AfghaEFFECTS OF ... (Continued from page 48) Summary This study was conducted to test some methods of hastening and increasing the germination of bitaog seeds which have been .ibserved to possess dormancy. Seeds of the species were gathered in the Forestry campus, sown in complete block design with four treatments (including control) and five replications. The treatments were (I) shell removed, ( 2) shell nicked and ( 3 \ shell cracked. Untreated seeds served as controls. Data on (I) germination percentage, ( 2) germination period, ( 3) pre-germination ARBOR WEEK IISSUE - 1964 nistan; Messrs. J.C. Zandsche and J. Brussich of the World Bank; Mr. Folkhart Dinkier of Germany; German Trade Mission: Dr. Daniel, Chief of Subdivision of West Germany Ministry of Economic Affairs; Dr. Endmann, Counsellor 1st Class, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Schultze, 1st Secretary; Mr. Hassdorf, 2nd Secretary; Mr. Newpert, Counsellor 1st Class, Ministry of Transportation; Mr. Rolland, District Judge, Ministry of Justice; Mr. Grossman, 1st Secretary Ministry, of Economic Cooperation; Miss Burre, Interpreter; and Mrs. Steldern, Secretary. * * * FPRI STAFF VISITS PULP AND PAPER MILLS Director Monsalud and his staff of pulp and paper technologists of the FPRI were invited on May 29, 1964 by the Primier Pulp and Paper Mills' Management, headed by Dr. Salvador Araneta, to visit said mill situated in Pasig, Rizal, to observe factory operations and to make suggestions to improve them, if possible. Engineers E.C. Arnio, J. Escolano, J. Zerrudo, and J. Navarro of the CID accompanied Dir. Monsalud in this visit. * * * period, and ( 4) evenness of germination were taken and analyzed separately by the analysis of variance method. The statistical analysis showed that germination percentage increased with greater exposure of the cotyledons of the seed. On the other hand, germination and pre-germination periods decreased with greater exposure of the cotyledons of the seed. Evenness of germination was not affected by the treatments. Literature Cited 1. Crocker, W. and L. V. Barton. 1957. Physiology of Seeds. Chronica Botanica Co. Waltham, Mass. 2. Parras, V. 1935. Comparison of different methods of germinating bitaog. Makiling Echo.15: 105. Page 89 THE ROLE OF FOREST . . . (Continued from page 78) of their investments anchors them to longrange operations. The only source of the raw material for their activities in our forest. Naturally, they place a premium on forest conservation and protection. Loggers and wood processors would look forward to the following: 1. That Philippine wood remains the finest specie in the world market; 2. That the concept of perpetual harvest become a reality; 3. That recovery from every standing timber ripe for cutting is raised to th•i very maximum possible; 4. That processing finally replaces raw material production; · 5. That profits from the industries allow adequate revenue returns and profits for the entrepreneurs; and, 6. That profits from the industries enable ever growing adjustments in wages and salaries. Forest rangers, by nature of their work and qualification, can help private enterprise maintain the quality of wood specie and the perpetuation of timber harvest. I contend that, through experiments and strict enforcement of forest management, forest rangers can render advice on: 1. Preservation and protection of residual and young trees; 2. Methods of preserving the quality of felled trees; 3. \Vays of preserving lumber, veneer and plywood stocks; 4. Practices for higher and higher recovery; 5. Utilization of statistical data for longrange planning and programming; 6. Preparation of logged-over areas for second growth; and, 7. Higher efficiency and least waste not only through production but also through documentation. Page 90 The need for efficiency, economy and higher recovery in the wood industries is made urgent by increasing competition in the world market, not only on quality and supply but also on technology which virtually makes fiction of quality itself. Advances in profinishing and printing have made of Philippine lauan claim to quality almost a myth. Already, Philippine logs exported to Japan, their main market, are encountering tremendous slumps in prices. Logs from the south sea countries, the United States and Russia are filling up logs ponds in Japan to the price disadvantage of Philippine exports. These are realities policymakers as well as law enforcers must awaken to, least one day we find Philippine wood industries so weak they can no longer stand competition from other sources. Any effort, therefore, forest rangers make to aid private enterprise along lines I have already mentioned will be highly appreciated by private enterpreneurs in the wood sector. To the extent they render such aids, to that extent also will Philippine wood industries be strong, sound, and profitable. To as much extent will they be contributing to the overall stability and prosperity in our country. My friends, you graduate as forest rangers in the face of a young nation awakening to the full potential of its economics. The realities of the next decade will be shaped by either the apathy and inaction of our people or their enthusiasm and vigor. The former can bring about disenchantment and discontent; the latter can secure for the nation prosperity and happiness. As you join the everyday activities of your respective communities, you have to choose from either. I would like to believe that you would place your stake on the latter. And that you will succeed in your noble profession as custodian of the country's 3rd dollar earning industry, our forest resources. FORESTRY LEAVES Campus UPCF VISITING PROFESSORS LEFT FOR HOME Dr. Savel Silverborg and Dr. John Hugo Kraemer finished their tour of duty in the Philippines. Dr. and Mrs. Silverborg left on July 16, while Dr. Kraemer left on the eighteenth. Both the Silverborgs and Kraemer were accompanied by the faculty members to the MIA to see them off. Dr. Silverborg left with a heavy heart. He expressed his gratitude to the members of the faculty and his friends for their hospitality. So far he was the only visiting professor who went around looking for faculty members and friends just to shake hands with them and bid them good bye. The faculty are very grateful to him for the ser· vices he rendered to the College and to Philippine forestry. * * * FORESTRY EDUCATION SUPPORTED Forestry education got a big support from two private companies, the Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines and the Bislig Bay Lumber Co., Inc. The two companies which have recognized the need for more forestry trained men sent one scholar each to the U.P. College of Forestry. Each grantee will receive P2,000.00 annually which "'ill cover everything for his studies and living allowances. The grant will be continuous for 4 years. It "'ill begin in the first semester of the school year 1964-19€5. * * * TROPHY FOR UPCF ALUMNI A beautiful trophy was won by the UPCF alumni for the biggest representation at the UP Alumni homecoming held in Diliman last May 2. The trophy was donated by Senator Gerardo Roxas the Executfoe Chairman of the U.P. Alumni Association. Professors Florencio P. Mauricio and Filiberto PoJlisco also won door prizes. * * * THREE NEW GRADS JOIN EXTENSION DEPARTMENT The need for extension workers was partially solved when Dean Gregorio Zamuco approved the appoinbnent of Anacleto Duldulao, Rogelio Camero ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Notes and Felix Eslava, Jrj As Graduate Assistants in F. E. effective May 7, 1964. - The three new extension workers are presently undergoing orientation and training in the various aspects of Forestry Extension and Information work. * * * UNIVERSITY COUNCIL APPROVES F.E. COURSES Four courses in Forestry Extension were approved by the University Council during its meeting April 28. 1964. The new courses are FE 100, 101, 102 and 103. FE 100 is an introductory course in forestry extension work to better equip foresters to deal with the public in the course of their duties. FE 101 deals with the communication process including studies of communication components and the psychological and sociological aspects of mass communication. FE 102 is the fundamentals of forestry extension work and processes; methods for program planning implementation and evaluation. FE 103 deals with the development and use of forestry extension media and methods. These courses give 3 units of credit each. They will be offered as electives beginning the second semester of the fiscal year 1964-1965. * * * KAINGIN MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM Forest specialist Dr. John Hugo Kraemer of the State University of New York said "that all forest management measures and researches are of no avail if the forests are rapidly destroyed." Dr. Kraemer still considers kaingin as the most seriou~ problem of Philippine forestry. As a solution to the problem, Kraemer proposed the resf·ttlement of kaingineros on lands suited to permanent agriculture. He also believes that the existing forest laws are adequate and urged rigid enforcement. He said that the cause of forest conservation to be successful must have the support of all officials concerned and the public at large. Dr. Kraemer has been a visiting professor and advisor to the Forest Resources Management Department at the U.P. College of Forestry for almost two years now. Asked about his observations in Philippine forestry, he said "the Filipinos are Page 91 r.ot practicing intensive forestry. And it is even probable that intensive foresty cannot be practiced as long as logging companies do not own the forest land." (Intensive forestry is a practice of putting the forest land into two or more uses at the same time without impairment to its productive capacity). However, he said that companies with large concessions are beginning to practice it and have shown the way. Dr. Kraemer believes that selective logging being implemented by the Bureau of Forestry, is the best for Philippine forests. He added however, that other systems should be tried. These are his answers in a recent interview over DZBB. Dr. Kraemer finished his tour of duty and enplaned for the United States on July 18, 1964. * * * FACULTY TO TAKE POST GRADUATE WORK. Seven faculty members of the U.P. College 0f Forestry will leave for abroad to pursue post-graduate work under the NEC-AID contract. Three of them will get their Ph.D and four will obtain their Master's degrees. This was announced recently by Dean Gregorio Zamuco. Those who will get their Ph D are Professors Lucio L. Quimbo, Rodolfo C. Yaptenco, and Romulo de! Castillo. Messrs. Guillermo L. Valefia, Francisco Lozano, Gil Urgino, and Neptale Zabala will obtain their Master's degree. Prof. Quimbo will get his doctorate in wood anatomy, Prof. de! Castillo in forestry statistics, and Prof. Quimbo wlil get his doctorate in wood anatomy, Prof. de! Castillo in forestry statistics, and Prof. Y aptenco in production management of wood-using industries. Mr. Valenia will get a Master's degree in Mass Communication, Mr. Urgino in Logging Engineering, Mr. Lozano in Watershed Management and Forest Influences, and Mr. Zabala in Forest Range Management. Under the NEC-AID sponsored by U.P. College of Forestry-State University of New York contract which began in 1957, the U.P. College of Forestry has the privilege of sending its faculty members for a post-graduate study in the different univerROMULO C. CASILLA, GRANTEE Mr. Romulo C. Castilla was granted a local faculty fellowship to pursue graduate work in Natural Science effective July 27, 1964 to June 6, 1965. The grant covers free tuition and all other Page 92 sities in the United States. Some faculty members of the State University of New York are also sent to the Philippines to assist the Dean in the administration of the College of Forestry. Since the beginning of the contract the College has already sent 28 of its faculty members for their ~faster's degree. At the end of the contract on June 30, 1965 it is hoped that there will soon be adequate, well trained faculty who are capable of developing the College into a " . major center of forestry education and research." * * * D.M. LANTICAN, ADMINISTRATIVE ASSIST ANT FOR ACADEMIC & RESEARCH AFFAIRS Dr. Domingo M. Lantican, Department Head of the U.P. College of Forestry was appointed to the new post of Administrative Assistant for Academic and Research Affairs. This was learned in a memorandum release recently by Dean Gregorio Zamuco of the College. In his new assignment, Dr. Lantican will serve as the principal adviser and executive assistant to the Dean. He will be concerned with representation and assistance to the functions of the Dean in matters of curriculum development and improvement for both undergraduate graduate, course content, raising of academic standards, student recruitment, student discipline, scholarships, student admissions, development of research programs, research funds, professional development of faculty, promotion of active interest by College Alumni, and other responsibilities that may be assigned by the Dean. He will ad'oise also in the preparation l)f Departmental and College budgets and expenditure of funds appropriated to the College. Dr. Lantican finished his B. S. F. degree in the U.P. College of Forestry in 1951. After graduation he was taken as instructor in the same College. In 1957, he went abroad to take his Masters degree in the State University of New York after which he returned to resume his teaching job. Four years later, he went again to SUNY for his Ph. D. degree. Now he is back to his new post. * * * fees, a book allowance of 'P200.00 per semester, and a stipend equivalent to his present salary. A considerable part will be given by the fellowship and the balance will be paid by his item in the University. FORESTRY LEAVES REFORESTATIO ADMINISTRATION Reforestation Administration Dilirnan, Quezon City Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation Administration recently announced this year's activities in connection "\\ith the obserYance of Arbor Week from July 19 to July 25. He said that the Arbor Week committee headed by the Reforestation Administration with the Bureau of Forestry, College of Forestry, Parks and Wildlife Office, Forest Products Research Institute. Agriculutral Information Division ( DANR), and the Society of Filipino Foresters as members have slated July 19, Sunday, for Thanksgiving Masses sponsored by religious groups in all churches. On July 20, there "\\ill be mass tree planting by civic organizations throughout the country. The seedlings will be given free to all Arbor Week participating groups, according to Administrator Viado. The parent-teachers associations "\\ill have their day on July 21 when they converge to private and public school premises to plant forest trees. They will in the meantime do the jobs of their children who, this July, are still out of school for vacation, he explained. .Meanwhile, the barrio councils will take over the task of reforesting barren and denuded watersheds on July 22. They will be closely assisted and supervised by the fieldmen of the Reforestation Administration. July 23 is reserved for national, city, provincial, and municipal officials who will plant trees on national parks and public grounds, while July 24 is for literary musical programs and seminars led by the cooperating forestry agencies. On the last day of Arbor Week, the sponsoring agencies will follow up the progress on tree planting activities and then report to the nation via the radio and the newspapers on whatever has been accomplished for the week, Administrator concluded. 0 0 0 SEEDLINGS FOR A-W PLANTING Administrtor Jose Viado of the Reforestation Administration assured all participating groups during the forthcoming Arbor Week celebrations that all seedlings needed for mass tree planting activities "\\ill be furnished by his agency. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Administrtor Viado, this year's chairrnan-desigr,ate for all Arbor Week fetes, said that the Reforestation Administrations 62 reforestation projects located strategically throughout the country will be ready to give out seedlings of mahogany, agoho, Benguet pines, rnolave, and other species appropriate for shade and ornamental purposes. Those desiring to plant trees on public plazas, parks, and other public lands may contact any of the regional supervisors or foresters-in-charge based in the provinces. Region I with headquarters at Pacclal in Baguio City has 16 reforestation projects covering the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union, and Mountain Province, according to him. Region II will service Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Cabanatuan City through its 7 reforestation projects, while Region III will contribute not only forest tree seedlings but also African tulips to Arbor Week participants in Quezon City, .Manila, Rizal, Tagaytay, and oher places under the jurisdictin of its 9 reforestation projects. Meanwhile, Quezon, Carnarines Norte, Albay, Sorsogon, and the rest of the Bicol region may get their planting materials from either of Region IV's five reforestation stations located in the area. In Western Visayas, the II reforestation projects of Region IV will extend help to Rornblou, Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Palawan, and the cities of Roxas, Iloilo, and Bacolod. Eastern Visayas, on the other hand, will receive their tree seedlings from the Bohol, Osrnefia, Danao, Lu-· hoc, Sarnar, and Talinis reforestation projects. Finally, the two regions in Mindanao will cater to the planting needs of the participants through eight reforestation projects found in the southernmost region, Administrator Viado pointed out. "I trust that all cooperators asd Arbor Week participants will at least avail of this opportunity to serve the nation by assisting the government in planting forest trees not only inside the town but also on the barren mountains surrounding them, Likewise, I appeal that those young trees planted be never abandoned after Arbor Week is over. They should be protected by fences and watered occasionally so that they wil live t ntifeebo and the corning generations," Administrator Viado concluded. Page 93 The ipil ipil trees you plant today will assure you of continuous income three years after. Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation Administration says that people who have followed this advice are now earning upwards of '1"15.00 per day. From Ilocos Norte in the north to Nueva Ecija in the south, disciples of the ipil ipil project are now supplying the more than 33,000 tobacco fluecuring barns with firewood conservatively valued at 'rlO million a year, according to the administrato.r An added beauty to the project is the complete lack of marketing problems. Firewood business is brisk business and at 1"'8.00 per cubic meter, the bundle is sold before the wood gatherer can say "ipil-ipil.,, Administrator Viado explains that planting ipil ipil involves very little effort and a minimal sum of money. After cutting the thick grasses like cogon. the prospective investor can start spreading the seeds which now cost around 'r.50 per liter. Ordinarily, a hectare of barren land needs about onehalf cavan of ipil ipil seeds. Consequently, the investment thrown into the project amounts to a little more than '1"18.00, according to him. The growing ipil ipil trees can be left entireiy to nature in so far as care is concerned. After all they can survive in the most severe climatic conditions obtaining in any region. However, they mu~t be protected from stray animals like the caraba:is and goats since the leaves are too delicious to be ignored by them, Administrator Viado warns. Three years and the trees are ready for initial cutting. Every year hence, all the investor will do is to cut and sell and bag the money for the ec.•nomic and social comfort of his family. the Administrator says. RESEARCH ON FOREST .. (Cont'd from page 30) Avoid bad company; be self-reliant as much as possible in your studies, work, money matters, etc. It is never god to be mendicant or to begging. Don't envy the "haves" if you happen, for the present, to belong to the "have-nots". Rather work hard, study well, save, and watch for an opportunity. Through sheer merit, legally and morally, you will soon thus possess some, if not all, the things that the rich presently possess. We know that many of the present "haves" started once upon a time as "have-nots". By diliPage 94 Ilocos Sur governor Carmeling Crisologo led a group of municipal mayors in demanding bigger allotments for an all-out reforestation program of her province. In a recent conference with Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation Administration, the local executives also briefed the administrator about the presence of communal forests in several communities. Many of these communal forests have already become denuded and barren because of kainginmaking and other forms of forest decimation, hence they must be reforested by the government at once, they urged. Upon being told that such communal forests cannot be reforested because they are under the administrative jurisdiction of the Bureua of Forestry, not of the Reforestation Administration, the town mayors pledged that their respective municipal councils will pass individual resolutions disestablishing the communal forest and turning them over to the Reforestation Administration which will reclaim them back to forest trees. During the same occasion, Gov. Crisologo informed Administrator Viado that the Sto. Domin~•l, Bessang Pass, Caniaw, and Santa refore~tation projects which are all located in her province are all doing a very fine job within their limited funds. However, they must be given bigger appropriations so that they can expand their reforestation activit'.es to larger lands that remain idle throughout the year, she said. Administrator Viado in turn assured the local officials that as soon as the national govern ment releases more funds for intensified forest reclamation work, Ilocos Sur and all those provinces which are needing immediate reforestation will Ix• punctually attended to. gence, hard work, burning the midnight oil, thriftiness, wise investment, and good planning, they are now where they rightfully belong - in the category of the "haves". Of course there are those who became rich overnight through influence peddling bribery graft and corruption or committing immoralities. If you can help it, I am sure you don't want to be rich someday through the later processes. In conclusion, I sincerely hope that the aforementioned observations or suggestions will serve as foods for thought to guide you in the years ahead, and that you will become worthy citizens of our young Republic. FORESTRY LEAVES Forestry in the News KAINGINERO MAY QUALIFY AS VICTIM OF NATIONAL NEGLECT The foresters, lumbermen and organizations dedicated to the preservation of our forests are holding a convention on the problems of the kaingin. As expected, there has been no official interest generated by the conference, and perhaps out of a feeling of guilt. If the truth must be told, the kaingin method of destroying our national forests and watersheds can never be eradicated as long as our politicians remain as callous as they do towards our forest conservation efforts. The kainginero has been painted as evil although he may well qualify as a victim of national neglect. We prefer to rehabilitate the squatters who are non-productive instead of helping the kainginero channel his energies to productive endeavors instead of the destructive. - Manila Times 3-15-64 * * * USE OF HELICOPTER FOR LOGGING STUDIED Loggers now want to transport logs by helicopters - and they are as excited as missile launchers over the prospect. To Angelo Mordeno, logging instructor of the UP college of forestry, "for sheer drama and thrill in the space era, helicopter logging tops all other methods." The technique is simple, convenient and fast. Logs are vertically lifted and transported to the point of landing. Actual helicopter logging has been tried during the summer of 1962 at Stratford, Connecticut, with a Sikorsky S-58 plane. The results impressed foresters who witnessed the demonstration from world over. In helicopter logging, logging roads that cost hundreds of thousand pesos need not be built anymore. And in areas where it is literally impossible to build roads, helicopter logging seems to be the only answer. Although the use of helicopters for logging is not yet well recognized, "it appears that the whirly bird is well on its way to revolutionize the logging industry," Mordeno said. Mordeno, plans to undertakes research of such nature to find out the necessary operating data. - Sunday Times 3-1--04 * * * ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-196i BARK OF TREE HAS MANY USES FOR MAN TODAY The tree's equivalent of a skin, its bark, has :i hundred and one uses. According to technicians of the UP coilege of forestry, the bark itself can be made into various products. But the fiber from the bark offers better promise in the manufacture of household articles. If chipped or pulverized, wood bark makes an excellent medium for growing certain plants. It can also be used as a protective mulch for raw crops. When mixed "';th suitable chemicals, finely ground wood bark may be a useful fertilizer. In some tree species, the bark yields oils, resins, tannins, waxes, and volatile substances used in making certain chemical and medicinal products. Fiber extracted from the bark of some trees has proved versatile. In most cases, bark fiber is processed into baskets, hats, mats, handbags and other household items. The stronger bark fibers are made into fish lines, ropes, twines, and rice sacks The finer fibers are well suited for cloth making, such as the bark fiber of upas-tree (Antiaris toxi'.:aria). The fiber from salago ( Wikstroemia spp.) and malabuho (Sterculia oblongata) are exceptionally good. Salago fibers can be made into tear-resistant paper such as those used for paper bills, bank notes and checks. The silky, strong fiber of malabuho makes for elegant bags, wallets and hats. In the Philippines, there are just a few establishments engaged in extracting wood fiber for export. However, college of forestry extension specialists think the possibilities for expanding this home industry are great. In one year alone, much of the 400,000 cubic meters of wood bark removed from our forests is merely wasted. - Sunday Times 3-29--04 * * * BLAME EXPORTS FOR WOOD DECLINE Dr. Domingo Lantican, professor of forest utilization engineering, U.P. college of forestry, said that the timber export industry has crippled the wood industries. Page 95 Lantican indicated that under the present setup, the best timber was being shipped out of the country, leaving logs of poorer quality for the domestic lumber and plywood producers. The home market is left with poorer quality plywood and the surplus and unexportable grade lumber, according to the timber expert, resulting in the average consumer using ungraded, unseasoned and improperly machined lumber. However, Lantican said, the situation could be remedied. One way could be the present policy in the export of lumber. "The processing of logs both for export and domestic needs cannot remain neglected forever. With the depletion of logs of exportable quality, some ,,f our timber producers might inevitably close down and those who decide to remain in the business must necessarily go into primary conversion and remanufacturing," Lantican said. Another remedy, according to Lantican, would be "sales promotion, product development through research, the utilization of new design and engineering skills, and the employment of highly trained technologists," in the wood industries. He said that the timber export boom though now the third biggest dollar earner of the counrty, would not last long. But wood industry may replace the dollar earning capacity of timber if properly developed. * * * SAVE RP FORESTS, INDUSTRY URGED Leaders of the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries yesterday were urged to aid the government in policing all logging to prevent the rapid despoliation of the country's forest resources. The appeal was sounded by Speaker Cornelio T. Villareal and Jose K. Villanueva, member of the Board of Industries, at the opening day of the wood industries' convention at the Manila Hotel. Villareal asked the chamber to institute a "thorough housecleaning" of its membership by expelling wildcat operators. Villanueva said the industry must find a way to divorce itseU from politics and learn to stand on its own feet. Villareal said unchecked kaingin farming, overlogging by unscrupulous operators, and the dismal failure of the government to enforce forestry rules are the main factors for the "alarming depletion of timber lands." Page 96 "Self-policing on the part of the loggers would go a long way toward helping the government prevent forest destruction,' he said. He cited Cebu, Bohol, Masbate, Pangasinan, Bataan, Zambales, Negros, Cotabato, Zamboanga and Davao as among the provinces victimized by illegal forest operations. The Board of Industries has given priority to applications for tax exemptions from the logging and timber sector, Villanueva said. Wood industries filed a total of 126 applications for tax exemptions as of Dec. 31, 1963, amounting to $49,200,451.15. Of the first 22 applicant firms granted exemption, eight belonged to the wood industries category, he said. Villanueva said the board has cut down on redtape to meet an expanding industry. He said on Spet. 30, 1963, the board resolved that plywood and veneer manufacturers without logging concessions would not be required to submit log supply contracts to cover their applications to import equipment. - Sunday Times 4-26-64 * * * WANT FOREST COMMISSION The Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries proposed anew yesterday the creation of a forest commission. Lorenzo S. Sarmiento, chamber president, sai1l the establishment of a forest commission would lead to the solution of problems in the administration of forest resources. The chamber president said such a commission should be composed of the bureau of forestry, bureau of parks and wild life, and the reforestation administration. He added : "There is a great deal of overlapping in the present set-up, not only in functions but also in policies of the three government agencies. This overlapping can be overcome by the establishment of the forest commission." Sarmiento stressed such a commission would, performing on an integrated basis, bring about economy and efficiency. "It would also eliminate substantially certain sources of graft and corruption," he said. Sarmiento pointed out that simplification of documentation alone would result not only in efficiency on the part of the government agencies concerned but also in greater and expanding acth-ities in the wood industries. FORESTRY LEAVES He said "the establishment of the conumss10n on forest would make policy-making less complicated and more realistic. This will be welcome to the private sector and therefore conducive to expanding investment in the wood sector of the economy." - Bulletin 2-19-64 * * * THE PHILIPPINE LUMBER INDUSTRY The lumber industry, almost completely destroyed during the last world war, has progressed rapidly in post-war years and today plays a significant role in the economic development of the Fhilippines. Such an enviable position now enjoyed by the industry in the local economy is reflected by an enormous investment, estimated at P-236,382,133 as of June 1963, toward its continued growth and expansion. Logs and lumber, according to available figures, have consistently maintained their position as third ranking export products of the country, behind sugar and fiber. Some 840,000 souls derive their livelihood from the industry. Additionally, it can be safely said that the Philippines holds the distinction, among Southeast Asia countries, as having the most advanced lumber industry, in point of production, mechanization and efficiency, developed by the men involved in it. The Philippines has an abundant forest resources. Approximately 27.76 per cent of the country's total land area is covered with commercial forests. The standing timber is estimated at 962,997,752 cubic meters or 408,311,046,848 board feet. This represents a "total value of Pl,340,196,852 in forest charges and reforestation fees or !"32,664,88.3,747.84, based on 1"80 per thousand board feet. Statistics prepared by the Bureau of Forestry show a marked increase every year in timber production. During the pre-war years, production reached its peak in 1937 when 1,093,218,704 board feet was produced. Export for the same year was 251,694,880 board feet. As of June 30, 1963, timber production was up at 3,251,265,131 board feet while export totaled 1,947,637,609 board feet. The figures show that the country recently evported more timber than was produced in 1937. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 The rapid strides, bolstered by government efforts to provide a forest products through wise conservation, is also reflected by an ever-increasing number of sawmills, plywood and veneer mills, described as among the most modem in the world. Today, there are 488 sawmills, 19 plywood mills and 9 veneer mills operating with a combined investment of 1"172,000,000. Although foreign markets like the U.S., Japan and South Africa generally offer better prices, the life of the lumber industry depends on the local market which absorbs about 85 per cent of the lumber and timber disposed of annually. With a good portion of capitalization invested in machinery and equipment, Filipino lumbermen are looking forward to increased production of quality woods and a wide range of wood by-products which has helped achieve world recognition for the Philippines. - Manila Bulletin, 4-20-64 * * * LOGGERS ARE WARNED ON RUIN OF FORESTS Speaker Cornelio T. Villareal called on the Cham her of Log Producers and Wood Processors yesterday to drive out "wildcat operators" from the forests. Appearing before the fourth national convention of loggers, the house chief warned that unless indiscriminate timber cutting was checked, the Philippines would lose its forest reserves and become a wood importer within 25 years. The chamber, Villareal said, "is in the best position to help the government 'police' logging activities." The speaker called attention to unchecked kaingin farming, over-logging and failure of the government to enforce strictly the forestry laws, as the three main factors responsible for the alarming speed with which the country's timberlands were being depleted. "Your chamber is composed of the most reputable men in the logging industries," the speaker said. "Needless, to say, a few in your trade are spoiling the good name of your industry, and all of you are paying the price for it. "I would like to call on your chamber, therefore, to help police, along with government rangers, all logging activities, so that hereafter no more con( Continued on page 101) Page 97 NOTES ON DECAY ... (Continued from page 86) 2. This also reduces the hazard from occasional fire due to highly inflammable decayed wood. 3. Ilecause of the favorable set of conditions for decay of timber in mines, the best method of protection against decay should be given to the wood. It is, therefore, highly recommended to use pressuretreated wood with effective preservati\'eS such as creosote, pentachlorphenol, zinc chloride 1 and other water-home preservatives. Non-leachable preservatives are preferable. 4. \Vhere, for one reason or another, our local mine operators can not use pressure treated timber, the following are suggested to minimize decay development: (a) The wood should be gi\'en a dip-treatment or two full-brush treatments Vl<ith a suitable wood preservative. It should be remembered, however, that surface treatment is not a substitute for pressure-treatment and can not render a good protection in locations where decay hazards are considerably less intense, such treatments may successfully delay the onset of decay thereby, to some extent, prolonging the service life of timberings. (b) The humidity of the air surrounding the props should be reduced with proper ventilation so that the timber will dry out sufficiently to retard decay. This, of course, has a limited applicability 'n locations where appreciable amount of water finds its way into the mine works and where it :s almost impossible to keep the air dry. 1 Used under relatively dry conditions. PROBLEMS OF THE .. (Continued from page 34) tries are giving the Philippines processors in the world market keen competition. Because of cheaper labor, cheaper freight rates, more efficient labor, cheaper power (Japan uses hydro-electric power), more bottoms, more outlet of their low-grade products in their domestic market, easier and cheaper credit facilities, the Japanese and Formosans are better able to compete in the world markets. By and large, however, the advantages in processing are more for the benefit of the entrepreneur, the government and the people. Therefore, prClcessing of our logs must be encouraged by all means. The government must give all the incentives, facilities and encouragement in order that more loggers may go into processing. The 203 retention on dollar receipts which robs the processorexporter Po.40 per dollar he makes must be abolished. The export tax under consideration should Page 98 ( c) Only sound wood, preferably heartwood, '.hould be used. Timbers with incipient stage of decay should be discarded because fungal growth and activities will be favored by underground conditions, and will facilitate early timber deterioration. One or two coatings of a suitable presen·ati e as suggested under letter (a) above, applied to the ground wood before using, may prolong its service life. REFERENCES 1. Bray, J.M. 1949. Treated mine timber - an economic nf'cessity. Proc. Am. Wood-Preservers' Assoc., 45: 313-320. 2. Cartwright, K. St. G. and W.P.K. Findlay. 1958. Decay of timbers and its prevention. 2nd ed., William Clowes & Sons, Ltd., London and Beccles, Wr. w918. K 24. 332p. 3. Cowling, E.B. 1959. A partial list of fungi associated with decav of wood products in the U.S. Plant Disease Reporter. 41: 10, pp. 894-89fl. 4. Fritz, C.W. 1942. Does decay influences rate of decay in the mine timbers? Canad. Mining Jour. 62:719-720. , 5. Harrington, D. 1921. Ventilation in metal mines. Dept. of Interior, Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper. 251. 6. Horner, R.R. and H.E. Tufft. 1925. Mine timber: its selection, Sl'·''"age, trf'atment. and utilization, U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 235. 7. Humphrey, C.J. 1922. Decay of minf' timber. Proc. Am. Wood Preservers' Assn., 8th annual meeting, 213-222. 8. Hunt, G.M. 1922. Why preserve mine timbers? AWPA Proc. 9. Keeley, D.E. 1949. The preservation of timber by chemical treatment at Mcintyre Mines, Proe. Am. Wood-Preservers' Assoc. 45: 323-331. 10. Maize E.R., Scheffer, T.C. and H.P. Greenwald. '1949. A study of timber decay in crucible mine of the Crucible Fuel Co. not be passed in Congress. Taxing exports arbitrarily does not consider whether a processor-exporter makes money or not. Taxation should be based on the profit that a businessman makes. Supposed a processor-exporter loses money in his business, is it fair to tax him on his exports? If he makes money, there is already the income tax which is levied proportionately on his profits. Plywood and lumber which are at present the best finished products that are demanded in world market are highly competitive. The continuance of the 203 retention on dollar income or the levying of taxes on exports reduces the ability of our wood processors to compete in the world market because these weakens his financial ability to compete. Instead of the retention of 203 on dollar receipts or the levying of export tax, the government should subsidize processors to insure that those processors will not lose money. More profit in processing is the best incentive to loggers who are now exporting their logs and all help should be extended to them by our government. FORESTRY LEAVES UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF FORESTRY COLLEGE, LAGUNA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY EXTENSION The Editor Forestry Leaves College of Forestry College, Laguna S i r : I respectfully request that you kindly publish in the next issue of the FORESTY LEAVES for the information of the Director,. Forest Products Research Institute, his constituents and the readers, the attached original copy of a news release made by our Information Off;N>r pubH,hed in the Manila Chronicle issue of February 25, 1964. The said news release was the subject of the letter of Director Manuel Monsalud to Vice President Dioscoro L. Umali which was printed in your ForestrJ Leaves issue on Moving Up Day, Vol. XV, No. 1 pages 119-120. It is hoped that a comparison of the published news item and the original copy sent to the press will remove the impression that we are unfair or unethical in our information "·ork and also the foreboding fear of a situation that "misunderstanding or ill feeling may result". Very truly yours, (Sgd.) DOMINr.O V. JACALINE Acting Chairman U.P. College of Forestry College, Laguna Forestry extension specialists of the U.P. College of Forestry say that many kinds of farm wastes can be made into valuable pulp and paper products. Large amounts of agricultural wastes that are burned or thrown away each year are potential paper-making materials, according to the specialists. Take the case of rice straw. Every harvest season, big piles of unused rice straw are burned in the fields. Yet, the rice straw fiber when blended with long-fibered pulp can be made into fine-grade paper. ARBOR WEEK ISSuE-1964 Sugarcane bagasse, too, can produce pulp that makes for high quality paper. A new process developed in the states can make newsprints entirely out of sugarcane bagasse. Abaca wastes in the plantation and from ropemaking can be processed into sturdy paper bags and wrapping paper. Bleached abaca pulp can be used for making bond paper, book paper, tissue and mimeographing papers. Other farm wastes that can be made into pulp and paper products are banana stalks, ramie wastes, and tobacco stalks and midribs. College technicians say that even grasses can be used for pulp and paper making. Certain grasses have long been used for papermaking in Spain, France, Italy, India, and Great Britain. In the Philippines, cogon - a tough grass weed has possibilities as a papermaking material. Researchers of the Forest Products Research Institute have tried many processes in testing all sorts of materials for papermaking. In the future, it is possible that an entirely different industry will make valuable products out of what we now consider as wastes. Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources BUREAU OF FORESTRY Office of the District Forester Office of the District Forester Vigan, Ilocos Sur D-2, Public Relations April 13, 1964 The Director of Forestry Manila S i r : I have the honor to inform that this District participated in every way possible in the 1964 Ilocos Sur Commercial and Industrial Fair which was sponsored by the Municipal Council of Vigan, Ilocos Sur held from January 21 to 26, 1964. The theme of the fair was "PEACE FOR PROGRESS". The Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Employees Association of Ilocos Sur put up a DANR Booth depicting the role of each bureau Page 99 or office under the Deparbnent in the socio-economic program of the President. Its theme was "PRODUCE MORE FOOD FOR PEACE". This office exhibited different species of wood and minor forest products labeled with their names and uses and charts showing the progress of the Lumber Industry and the role it is playing in the economic progress of the nation. The members of th~ Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Employees Association of llocos Sur also participated in the inaugural parade with a DANH Float depicting "THE FARMER"'. Highlights of the fair were sideshows, rides, fireworks, Combo, oRndalla and singing contests, demon'trations on the different methods of preserving food, making cigar, etc. and stage and floor shows by Manila artists in the auditorium. Copies of the pictures taken of the DANH Booth are enclosed for information. Encl: Very truly yours, ALEJANDRO T. TREMOR District Forester COPY FURNISHED: The Manager, Forestry Leaves, College, Laguna • • • June 16, 1964 The Dean College of Forestry TJniversity of the Philippines College, Laguna Dear Sir: We understand from the Bureau of Forestry, Manila, that a glossary of forestry and logging terms as published in an issue of "Forestry Leaves," an unofficial publication of the student body of your college. If this information is correct, we would highly appreciate it if you could secure a copy of said issue and send it to us at your earliest convenience, expenses for our account. If not, could you kindly advise us as to where we can obtain an authoritative glossary of forestry and logging terms? Thank you in advance for your kindness. * Page 100 Very truly yours, ANGEL C. MALLONGA Tech. Assistant on Forestry * • OFFICE OF THE DEAN Srta. Ilda Balza Viloria Encargada de la Biblioteca Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Ciencia Forestales Merida-Venezuela M uy Estimada Srta: 9 de Marzo de 1964 Mucho nos complace recibir su grata en la cual nos pide informes tocante las condiciones requeridas ~n el envio de nuestra revista FORESTRY LEAVES. La suscripcion annual al FORESTRY LEAVES es !'7.00 (Siete Pesos mondeda Filipina) pero a las differentes universidades de los Estados Unidos y organizaciones forestales en el extranjero, se envian copias de nuestra revista gratuitamente en cambio de la revista que dichas instituciones publican, bajo nuestro "Exchange Service". Si es posible hacer este arreglo entre la biblioteca de su universida y la nuestra, encargare al Circulation Manger del Forestry Leaves para que les envie diferentes numeros disponibles para el uso de los tecnicos y estudiantes de su Facultad. Estamos muy deseosos de iniciar este arreglo y nos sera muy grato enviarles los numeros proximo~ del FORESTRY LEAVES. Siempre a sus ordenes, creanos de Vd. Afmos. y atentos s.s. JBB:ms • GREGORIO ZAMUCO Decano, Colegio Foresta! Universidad de Filipinas • • Republic of the Philippines Deparbnent of Education Manila BUREAU OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES July 14, 1904 Forestry Leaves College of Forestry College, Laguna S i r: Because of the numerous inquiries we are receiviny from abroad as well as from local librarians and the general public, we have decided to publish a directory of Philippine newspapers and periodicals. We made an attempt two years ago to prepare a FORESTRY LEAVES similar publication but a good number of publishers failed to cooperate with us by not sending us the sample copies of their publications we requested. The directory we have in mind is similar to most foreign publications on the same subject. It shall contain the following data Title A dress Date of Entry Frequency Rate of Subscription Measurement Issues Examined Features: Editor Language Circulation Established Columns No. of Pages One of the main reaS<ms why we have decided to publish the directory is our belief that it will go :i long way in acquainting foreign countries of the LOGGERS ARE WARNED . . . (Continued from page 97) cessionaires can despoil the country's forest resources so that no more forest rangers may be bought off by the fly-by-night forest operators." Tracing the ravages of illegal cutting, the speaker said the Ilocos provinces and the islands of Cebu, Bohol and Masbate "are in a very bad shape." Pangasinan, Bataan, Zambales, Negros, Cotabato, Zamboanga and Davao are not any better off he added. · "We can still vally to the second prospect, in which our timber drain may be kept at a safe level, with a shift having been affected from log exporting to its local processing and manufacture into commodities suitable for export," the speaker said. "On this score, our foreign trade will no longer depend largely 011 traditional primary exports subject to fluctuations in demand and price in the international market; it will consist of a wide variety of finished and semi-finished products as foundation of a dynamic, fast-growing export policy for any trading nation," he said. - Manila Bulletin 4-21-64 • • * FOUR-POINT FOREST PLAN PRESENTED A four-point program for the conservation of the country's forest resources was presented March 12 by Defense Undersecretary Alberto R. de Joya. At the opening of the First Regional Conference on Forest Conservation Problems in Manila. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 present state of our civilization. As we all know, a peoples cultural progress can be gauged by the number and quality of its newspapers and periodicals. At the present moment, the Philippines is very little known abroad. The directory, which will be distributed free of charge to foreign as well as loc-al libraries will promote a wider world distribution of our local publications. In view of the foregoing, we write to request that you please furnish us with two free copies of the two latest issues of your publication prior to the receipt of this letter. Very truly yours, SEVERINO I. VELASCO Officer-in-Charge • * • The program calls for: 1 . Legislative action aimed at putting more teeth to the forestry laws by prescribing stiffer penalties for violators. 2. Adequate logistical support to forest rangers, military men and other government personnel engaged in the enforcement of forest laws. 3. A workable program of reforestation to be carried out with more dedication and vigor. 4. Launching of an educational information campaign among the masses aimed at disseminating information on how to conserve the country's forests and to preserve parks and wildlife. "In the pursuit of this crusade to save our forest resources, inadequacy of our resources and men surely would derail our efforts; lack of support from governmental arms would doom our forests to extinction," De Joya said. The defense undersecretary offered the use of constabulary soldiers as forestry officers or conservation officers. De Joya deplored the alleged collusion between concessionaires and kaingineros who denude forests by frequent shifting of their agricultural activities. The concessionaires should be required to report to the forest administors the presence of kaingineros within their concession, De Joya said. The defense official warned that unless the wanton destruction of forests were checked, the country's forests would soon disappear. De Joya said some 40,000 hectares of forest land were being denuded annually. - Manila Bul1$tin, 3-17-64 * * • Page 101 DONKEY OR MULE? Parson Jones phoned the local Board of Health to ask that a dead mule be removed from in front of his house. The young clerk thought he'd be smart. "I thought you ministers took care of the dead," he remarked. "We do," answered the cleric, "but first we get in touch with the relatives." WHAT A MAN! The little boy strayed away from his father at the zoo and got lost. A policeman found him, and the kid tearfully explained the situation. "What's your father like?" asked the officer. "Beer and women." I. Q. PEAKS Any parent will confirm that youngsters are at their mental peaks at ages 4 and 17. At 4 they know all the questions and at 17 they know all the answers. HOT STUFF A visitor to the Tennessee mountains had made a precarious trip up an almost impassable trail when he came to a tumble-down one-room shack. See'ng the grizzled occupant, he panted, "Old funer, it must be tough getting the necessities of life way up here, eh?" "Yep," agreed the old fellow, shooting a squirt of tobacco juice. "And when you get 'em, most ,:if the time they ain't fit to drink." REST IN PIECES A rough-looking man was charged with disorderly conduct. After the evidence had been heard, the magistrate asked him sternly: "And you tell me you are a lover of peace?" "I certainly do," replied the defendant. "And yet,' continued the magistrate, "you were seen to drop a brick on top of the constable's head." "That's right," returned the man in the dock. "And what's more, your worship, I ain't never seen anyone more peaceful than he was after I'd dropped that brick on his napper." Page 102 ARF! ... ARF! Visitor: "Tell me, why does your dog just sit there and watch me like that?" Host: "You're eating out of his plate." BTCU A kiss is like lighting a stove. It doesn't prove that you can cook. NEXT? Dad: "My, you certainly are one for asking questions, son, I wonder what should have happened if I would have asked all those questions when I was young?" Boy: "You probably would be able to answer some of mine." TEED-OFF After a month of married life, the glamor wore off and the young couple went to a psychiatrist. "Yes,' said the doctor," this is what she needs!" With that he swept her in his arms and kissed her. "That is the treatment you must give her Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays." "Very good, doc," the hubby said. "On Mondays and Wednesdays, I can bring her here, but on Fridays I play golf." QUICK COMEBACK "Laugh all you want," one sailor told his buddy, "but I'll bet you that within 20 minutes of landing in port I'll have one gal on each arm." "Don't kid me," the other guy said, "there isn't a tatoo artist that can work that fast." INSPECTRESS Peddler: "Do you want to buy a letter opener?" Husband: "Buy one! I married one!" AND I DON'T MEAN MAYBE The elevator was extremely crowded. Suddenly a sweet young thing cried out: "Take your hands off me, you cad! No, not you! YOU!" FORESTRY LEAVES Editorials: Gioe Arbor Day Its True Meaning Every year we celebrate Arbor Day. Whoever initiated it must have been moved by his sense of responsibility to conserve the nation's most valuable resources, the forest. Arbor Day is very significant. It is a day set aside, dedicated by the nation to instill into the minds of the youths of the land the indispensable role which trees play in the comfort, prosperity, progress and existence of our people. But it seems that its significance has not yet reached the understanding of the masses. We have been com memorating Arbor Day since 1906 but we ftai:e not yet succeeded in inculcating in the people's mind the essence of the day. Proof of this is the growing rate of forest destruction. There is a need to intensify our campaign to generate forest consciousness among the masses. Arbor Day is the best time to do this for it is on this day when people become somewhat aware of our trees. That little flame of awareness must be made bright· er immediately and its light never allowed to dim so that we can succeed in our goal of disseminating forest consciousness among the people. The main features o.f the annual celebration are the planting of trees and programs which will feature multiple benefits rendered by them as well as our obligations to them. But, let us not confine ourselves to this features alone. The celebration of Arbor Dav must serve as a nucleus for a greater and more intensive program to arouse the interest of the people in the conservation and utilization o_f our forests. Arbor Day comes only once a year. In celebrating this year's Arbor Day let us not lose sight of its scope and significance. Let us give this year's Arbor Day its true meaning. Let us not only plan! trees but also give them the care and the love that they badly need from day to day. - A Duldulao SAVE THE TREES About one-third of the ornamental trees along the streets of Greater Manila u:ere downed by the typhoon. The loss would be complete were it not for the efforts being made to replant the uprooted trees. The authorities are to be commended for this salvaging operation. It is hoped that as many trees as possible can be saved in this way. The product of many years of care would be wasted if the job is not done fast enough. Almost unnoticed, the tree-planting program has been going on for some years not only in the Manila area but also along the highways leading out of the city to the provinces. Perhaps the destruction o_f so many trees by the typhoon has made enough people conscious of their value to make the puhlic feel more concerned about trees from now on. Certainlv. the authorities themselves could show more interest in trees. Then the vandalism th~t has resulted in the disfiguring of ornamental trees along the Central Luzon highway to Baguio would be easier to stop. Many motorists ond commuters have noticed the destruction caused by wood gatherers tvho break of.f whole branches without the least compunction. Some of the destruction also is caused by mischief makers who gash tree trunks for the dubious fun of it. The coming celebration of Arbor Week, July 19-25, should be a time for arousing public consciousness against such senseless destruction. If civic persuasion fails, it will be time to take sterner measures. (Editorial -- Manila Times July 3, '64) ARBOR WEEK ISSUE--1964 Page 103 THIS KAINGIN PROBLEM When soil erodes, flood comes and drought waits - and all wildlife, the trees and all the blessings man derives from the forest are in danger. In the Philippines, a form of shifting agriculture known as kaingin is causing destruction to the forest at an almost unbelievable rate of 60,000 hectares a year. Kaingin was justified only during the early pre-Spanish days when people had to hack through the forest in the plains to make space with which planting of crops can be made. But with this practice persisting up to this day, its effects are destructive because lands not suited for agriculture are denuded. Whatever good it can give the kainginero is negligible compared to the suffering it causes to people living today and to the future generations. Without forests, we won't have enough wildlife with which to sustain at leas! a significant number of our rural population; without forest watersheds multi-purpose dams would be useless as in a few years, silting will set in; without forests, there won't be the trees from which a great percen!age of our national income comes, without fores ts, the plains and cities will be inundated causing unimaginable destruction to life and p roperty. The problem is na!ional in scope. b involves not only the government but every citizen of the country. The problem cannot be ignored because everyone, whe!her he be in the city or in the farm would be adv. ersely affected if our forests are des!royed. Numerous solutions to the problem have been offered. Some people and some organizations have already implemented meas'Lres that u:ould, even in a limited way, conserve the remaining forests and regenerate the denuded ones. The first concerted effort towards find:ng and executing solutions to the kaingin problem was made in the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem attended by no less than high governmen! officials, logging businessmen and forestry experts. The conference had a set of goals, which even if only half of them are fulfilled, would go a long way towards finally solving this problem. What is significant wirh the conference is that for the first time men directly involved with the forest have banded together to seek a common front and a common set of solutions with 1chich the problem could be tackled. At this stage, it cannot be said vet 1chether the conference had been a suc~ess or not. To be sure, the people who at.tended the conference never even imagined that with them meeting tof!ether, the problem could be finally solved. Kaingin is a practice that antedates even the Spanish "discovery" of the Philippines. Certainly it need not take as long a time to solve it, for then we won't have any fores! to save. But this must be considered inasmuch as it had already been ingrained in the mind of the kainginero that the forest is not a public preserve but a commodity open to everyone. Kaingin persists because those who pra~tice it are not conscious or unable to find. any other way of making a living. The kainginero, most often is invincibly ignorant of the crime he does to the country and to the future generations when he cuts or burns an apparently insignificant tree. He must be taught that the forest is not good for agricultural crops; he must be guided as to how to make use of the forest - properly; he must be helped improve his status so that he won't resort to destroying the forest to keep his stomach full. Reprint from ARAS Ne1cs, March 1964 agb/6/6/64 Page 104 FORESTRY LEAVES ' .,:l. 'l l''l·· ;'''"· ' ', \I;·.·.· Carlos P. Romulo, President oj the U.P., .recewmg a check Jor P2,000, Jrom PICOP Vice President Pedro M. Picornell, as initial contribution to Jinance a }our-year study grant in the U.P. College oj Forestry, L. to r. Forester Nicolas P. Lansigan, Dean Gregorio Zamuco, President Romulo, and Messers. P. Picornell and A. de la Vega, PICOP ojjicials. BISLIG FIRMS PUT UP FORESTRY SCHOLARSHIPS The setting up of forestry scholarships is one wholesome development now noticeable among forestry entrepreneurs, according to Nicolas P. Lansigan, President of the Society of Filipino Foresters and Executive Forester of A. Soriano y Cia. Where before such grants were given mostly by government entities only, like the Bureau of Forestry and the Reforestation Administration, there is a trend among lumber companies to set up such grants. Recently, two such grants were put up. Lansigan pointed out, by the two forestry companies managed by A. Soria y Cia., a firm handling companies dealing in mining, fishing, publishing, fertilizers, ranching, insurance, forestry and others. The grants are intended to enable two deserving young men to finish the four-year course at the College of Forestry. ARBOR WEEK ISSGE - 1964 According to Lansigan, the grants had long been under consideration by the company management. However, the rules were put in final form only recently. These were prepared jointly by the University Committee on Scholarships and officials of the company. Each grant is for :P2,000 a year to cowr tuition fees, books and school equipment, and a monthly allowance of P120. One of the grants was set up by the Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines (PICOP). This firm holds a forest concession located in Surigao del Sur and Agusan and is putting up one of the largest pulp and paper mills in the Far East. The mill costing P230 million will salvage wood ·wastes from logging and manufacturing operations and use these for raw materials. It will produce 400 tons of newsprint and conPage 105 tainerboard daily. This will supply most of the newsprints needed in the Philippines, all of which are presently imported. The PICOP study grant is open for national competition. For this school year, the grantee will be selected after a competitive written examination given to all forestry freshmen and personai interview by a committee headed by the Dean of the College of Forestry. The second grant was put up by Bislig Bay Lumber Company ( BBLC) which operates a forest concession located in Surigao de! Sur, Agusan and Davao. It also runs a sawmill and wneer plant located at Bislig, Surigao delSur. The .company, Lansigan said, is one of the pioneers in the Philippines in the use of selective logging. The BBLC grant is open to competition among children ~nd relatives of personriel of the company. The present grantee, Jose .Garduque, was chosen after a rigid written examination and interview. The grantee, explained Lansigan, is the son of Bernardo Garduque, a forestry alumnus, and presently the chief log grader of the company. For both grants, each recipient is required to maintain an average of "2" in all subjects taken without any grade below "3". Nasipit Study Grantees Enrolled at U.P. Carlos P. Fernandez, executive vicepresident of the Nasipit Lumber Co., Inc. and its affiliated enterprises, bared the recipients of the company's scholarship-study grantees at the University of the Philippines for academic year 1964-65. The awardees, chosen from several applicants among children of company employees, are Abraham Mantilla and Mateo Saagundo both of Nasipit, Agusan. Mantilla and Saagundo are entitled to an annual scholarship fund covering matriculation and other legitimate fees plus cost of officially-prescribed textbooks. An additional monthly stipend of P120.00 will be given after their first two years with satisfactory grades in all subjects at the University. Mantilla, 18, who is taking chemical engineering, graduated 1st honorable mention from the Pacifican Institute of Agusan in 1962. He is the son of Salvador Mantilla, an accountant of the company assigned at Nasipit (Mindanao) office. Page 106 Saagundo, 20, who is likewise 1st honorable mention graduate from the Pacifican Institute of Agusan in 1963, is at the College of Forestry in Los Banos, College, Laguna. He is the son of Patrocinio Saagundo, a debarker (log pond department) of the Company. The NALCO scholarship-study grants, which have been instituted since 1957, are of three categories: a private grant to the University of the Philippines (in the field of forestry) with a semestral stipend of P750.00 and fully administered by the University, is open to all interested students who are "seniors with an average of 1.75"; a company administered study grant solely for deserving employees in the field of their actual work in the company - Celestino Baliling, a company employee, is now 3rd year at the College of Forestry under this category; and another company-administered scholarship solely for children of present company employees to which category this year's grantees belong.-/ nb. /. FORESTRY LEAVES , Compliments of NASIPIT ·LUMBER COMPANY, INC ANAKAN LUMBER COMPANY AGUSAN TIMBER CORPORATION ASSOCIATED PULP AND PAPER CO., INC. PHILIPPINE WALLBOARD CORP. PRODUCERS • MANUFACTURERS • EXPORTERS PHIL. MAHOGANY LOGS & LUMBER CREOSOTED LUMBER POLES & PILINGS KILN DRIED & PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER NASIPIT TILEWOOD LAWANIT MEMBERS: Philippine Lumber Producers Association Main Offices: 5th Floor Maritima Bldg. 117 Dasmariii.as, Manila Cable Address: "NASIPIT MANILA" "ANAKAN MANILA" "LAW ANIT MANILA" FORESTRY LEAVES Tels. 4-99-31 4-99-51 GT-22-02-15 Organ of the Student Body and Alumni of the College of Forestry, U.P. CRISOSTOMO VII.AR ANACLETO DULDULAO Managing Editor DIOSDADO MARFIL Associate Editors IIERMINIO SAMBAJON" Narciso Mindajao, Literary; Virgilio Basa, Paquito Caliva, Sports, Mariano Macbacon, Campus Notes; Francis Mabanag, FPRI, BF, & RA News. SALGAOOR MAI.BOG CELSO DIAZ Business Manager Circulation PROF. JOSE B. BLANDO Adviser BARTOLOME REYES Whol mokes the difference between p1ofit ond loss in. logging? To a large extent, it's the machines you use . . their durability, productivity, economy Joint studies by CATERPILLAR, forest product companies and govern· mental agencies have produced better mechanical har· vesting methods and techniques. CATERPILLAR specializ· es in the lagging mechanization that help• loggers in· creaH profits. CATERPILLAR Calcrp~ IM Cal 111 lepslnl T"'-'b 11 Catllpiltir Tracler Ct. RES£ARCt4 Tt4£ Flf.'-0 EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT DIES& ENGINES • TRACTORS e MOTOR GRADERS • LOADERS n11· enram 1 1 I U.S. INDUSTRIES PHILIPPINES INC. IUENOIA AVL Cor. P. MEDINA ST. MAKATt, RIZAL ras 88-93-51, 18-84-11 llANClf.IS: 'Dano, Cotabalo, Zllmbo1.11p, 8utaan, Gtn. Santos, Bacolod, llollo, Ceba. lligan • Cauayan, tsabefa DIALEllS: BAUTISTA A CHU7. - Cabanai.uan CilJ YOIJH~'S AUTO SUPPLY I HARDWARE - Nara Clt7 e Datt, Ootarlnet Norte e lepspl Cltr