Forestry Leaves

Media

Part of Forestry Leaves

Title: Forestry Leaves
Issue Date: Volume XVII (Issue No. 1) 1966
Identifier: Moving-Up Day Issue
Year: 1966
Language: English
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extracted text: • FORESTRY LEAVES· Official Publication of the Alumni and Student Body U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna MOVING· UP DAY ISSUI! e VOL. XVII NO. t MESSAGES The Role of Science in Wood Industry Development M. R. Monsalud Forest Management and Conservation, A National Responsibilit)' D. M. Lantican Protection of Green Cubas Logs in the Forest M. A. Eusebio & C. V. Arenas Cold-Soda Pulping of White Lauan M. R. Monsalud, P. V. Bawagan, et al. 25 Progress Report on Taper Sawing Studies F. D. Virlucio & M. J. Sagrado 3 Sun.>ival and Growth of Moluccan Sau Seedlings Potted in Various Potting Media 1. L. Domingo 41 A Comparative Study of Impact Strength Between the Pendulum Impact and the Toughness Tests A. A. Villaflor 4 Wood Anatomy of "Philippine Mahogany" and their Indentification J. A. Meniado 57 Let Us Save Our Trees /. A. Rayos & C. V. Glori FPRI Technical Notes . . . FPRI Highlights Forestry in the News . . . Campus Notes . . . From the Mailbag . . . Sunshine Corner . . . Literary Attempts . . . Editorial . . . Pictorials. -~ "Go placidly amid the noise and the haste and remember what peace there may be in silence. As far as possible without surrender, be on good terms with all persons. Speak your truth quietly and clearly, and .listen to others, even to the dull and the ignorant; they too have their story. With aJl its sham,: ~dg~~ and broken dreams, it is still -a bea:Utiful world. -Max Ehrmamt t- -~• I come. ot ·~· 1~--ib .. 1 _, tfes flflliffht•• My warmest greetings to the Forestry Le!ves, and my congratulations to the graduating classes of the U.P. College of Forestry. As the graduates of the college •move up• to the wider world outside of the campus, it is my hope that they will apply their knowledge and skills not only in pursuit or their endeavors as foresters, but also in devoted vigilance against the despoilers or our forests. Our country has sutf ered from the wanton misuse or our forests and we urgently need to restore losses as well as preserve what remins. My heartiest wishes tor the success and happiness or your graduates l\epafllfc of tt.c •tR(pplaei ......... llSpfcaillmm~ • ...,.. '9ffiu of ttJe 6untarr ......... ,..cu, Mq s. 1966 This administration looks with great concern on the preservation and sustained stabilit7 or our wood industri.e s which ranks among our front line dollar earning industries. I believe tha.t to serve the best interests of both the nation and our voocl. industries. pr.eservation and wise utility of our forest should generously complement each other. Toward this end• I am sure. this ,..a.r's graduates of the University of the Philippines College of Forestl'7 could contribute a great deal. I would like· to advice this rear's graduates to alwa7s keep this in mind whether they find themselves in pr:fvate or government service. To earn utaost profit fran the industl'7 is not enough; we should maintain its providence for rears to come. drERNF.Noo· ~Piz~ Vice-President and concurrently Secretaey or Agriculture and Natural Resources Bepubltt of tbt .Jbilippints euict of tbt •resibtnt of tbt 6enatr I take pe.rti.cul.ar pri.de :Ln being abl.e to greet the students and alumni. of the UP College of Forestry. A UP alUlllDUS myself having been graduated from the UP College of Law, I know that the UP College of Forestry has a consi.stently meri.torious servi.ce for whi.ch our people and posteri.ty shall always be grateful. The proper a>nservation of our forests together with other natura1 resources, :Lnclw:ling our water supply, is one conti.nuous problem of any administration. In solving this, our nation calls upon you, the 1966 graduates to can.tribute thei.r talent and energy to a challenge which, I know, can be met and tackled by them with competence and honor. AB President of tbe senate and as a fellow UP Aluumus, I say to you - Go Forward, Move UP Ahead and contribute to the progress of our Republic, now :Ln need of your belp. ;t~~--, ,: -_~,:·) '·ii &BP08LlC OP TJIB PBJLIPPINU HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OFFICE OF THE Sl'EAICEll IUllJU dlou. {!q..ufio CJ. 'llillaual Sl'EAKIUt I welcome the opportunity to extend warm greetings and express best wishes to the members of the graduating class of the University of the Philippines College of Forestry on the ocaasion of their Graduation Day. We are a nation of many islands; but we are also a country of vast natural resources - untapped minerals, wide tracts of agricultural, and forest lands, inland seas teeming with all kinds of fish, - all waiting to be tapped to support a growing population. But while our country is endowed with abundant natural resources, we are still in the process of developing them. Starting from the ashes of war that saw our cities and towns levelled to the ground, our economy destroyed .. and our people demoralized by the cruelties of war, our nation has rehabilitated and rebuilt this country into the moat stable democracy in Southeast Asia. To you, therefore, the future offers a great challenge. To build this nation on the foundation of freedom, it is necessary that we should work together as one and united people, dedicated to the betterment of all and devoted to the cause of the advancement of freedom and demo94c:r in our land. . / .,LL. ----- ·- -+ .. - May Goel bless you! '- ,~ ·--<- ~CORNELIO T. VIL l REAL OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT UNIVERSITY OF 1HE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY MESSAGE Recent circumstances have impressed upon the national mind the necessity of the conservation of our natural resources, the patrimony of the Filipino people. Our country is a young nation. It is the privilege of this generation to be able to help shape its growth and its mature responsibilities. It is also our opportunity today that we can engage ourselves in conserving its wealth. As I greet the graduating class of the College of Forestry through this issue of The Forestry Leaves, I am happy in the thought that the 1966 graduating students shall be sharing their competence in the performance of the task of a growing republic. MEMBER REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES HOUSE OF IEPIESEllTATIYES MANILA CONClllllSSMAN MEMBER CGIHHTTU ON APPROPlllJTIONS CHAIRMAN: COMM.ITIU ON TRANSPORTATION • COMMUNICATION COMM.rm:• ON PllAllCNI .. CAFA CONMITn:I: ON POJlllSTS VICE•CHAIRMAN COlllllTTll• DN GAllD • AllUS•Mutrs llBSSAGB CDMlllTTEE ON L&eGR • INDUSTllMU. COMMITTE'IE ON RAILWAYS lly aincereet congratulations and best •ishea to all gra~uatea ot the College ot Fcrestl'J' ot the University ot the Pbilippinea, on the occasion ot their OOJlllBncement alCerciaes this 17th day ot Kay, 1966, at Loa Bailes, Laguna. Let me 8fq in passing that graduation does not necesarily mean parting •1th eorrovs from your Alma Mater. Bather it ie the auspicious beginning of a new life and a novel work in any chosen profession. So when you leave this colleee to start your jo'll in the face of an unknown future, do not be diahearta by the eo11pleld.t7 and enormit7 of your works. For the knowledge, training and philosophy J'OU have illbibed in this institution aball see you through so co-ndably. Bear in mind that while the University of the Philippine• will look torvard with·hi&h hope and fond solicitude towards ;your progreas while ;you puraue a noble endeavor, the whole world •ill judge ;you by your performance in the tield, by ;your aelflessness and by your concern tor others. But over and above these, think and act first and fore110st about the best interest and welfare of our COllJltr;r. She will be pinning great hope that you shall be the in.imitable champions to safeguard, protect and preserve the rich heritage and 11.llitless bount7 in natural resources of the Philippines against unwise utilisation and unscrupulous Hploitation. Let ua therefore join bands in carrying out the poliOJ' of conservation, and dedicate our lives and your less vorka of f orestl'J' for tbe well-being or our po OFFICE OF THE VICE-PRF.l'IDENT UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE, LAGUNA FOR AGRICULTURAL a: FORESTRY AFFAIRS April 18, 1966 MESSAGE Through this special issue of the Forestry Leaves, I wish to congratulate you all, members of Class 1966 of the College of Forestry. That you have weathered the exacting demands of the forestry curriculum is reason enough to make us all feel confident that each of you will add honor and glory to your Alma Mater. I would like to see each of you pass on your knowledge of the art, science and practice of forestry to other members of your community in preserving and managing our forests for aesthetic and economic reasons. ·Short of this role and responsibility, you will just be another college graduate. Your Alma Mater has managed to provide you with the facilities and opportunities necessary in preparing you to meet the challenges and responsibilities in forestry education. We trust that you will not fail because we know that you are each equal to the challenge inherent in your profession. Good luck and more power to you! REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES l>EPAllTMEllT OF AmlICULTUBE AJID NATlJRAL llEsoftc:Es REFORF.sTA TION ADMINISTRATION VISAYAS AVE., DWMAlf, Qul:zoH CITY In repiy. address: P. 0. Box 2363. MA!IILA TEL. Nos. (GTS): 5$-53 55-S2 Jll:l:lA.lil 55--51 l'or ba'ring 9lleceu1'all.7 •.and up" to a aw d'-1fon la tMir Clll'HI", t1U1 19G"'• BSI' and l'CllE'elt. lupr ip:'lldaatea or the U.P. Collep or l'oreet.17 d•wn oar 11.Botre1t. relic1tat.1on u vel1 u our m1t. abandant abort.at.ion tor them to bep on mriDg upl And or eoarn, to the l'grwtry 1.11.m goe1 our deep appreciation tor it. hu veatbsed throacb t.he J8111'• al.met ~ able odde la it.I _,. la orar to llOIUd ott t.h• pepel or toreet OODlm'fttioll. l'oreet collUllll"fttloa7 Let11 pt. into tbat. I 1IOIJld mt lib to llOUld lib llll a1arll1et '!:Gt, to UM s ol.1.eW, w are illdeed caught la th11 lddat of a arieie. What ar1e117 'l'HN11 th• preva1lJ.llg and var'leD1llg wter arie11 t.he 1'00t oaDH of tlhiob 1e t.he wutoa IJIO]J.atioa of oar tonete. n... 1e th• arie11 u a relUlt oft.he dvfw!UJIC -bar of Mltl ... , dedicated plb11c Ui"ftllt1. Ve are aleo 1D a 11sn1JIC17 mw11Hag ffnerhl erieie and 10 we haft the retnmabllent pollq ..-. the MW diepeuatioa. Qd. we haft a erie11 1D l..ar.hip. !'bat 'tr1llp u to th• mmietab.ble arie1e 1D toreet ea&o ...,.tioa. Tbe 1aek of a "9aclfut foreetr7 leadenhip tba\ oaa ettect.1"17 nll7 all l.nela of gow•wt - frm the ld.gbt7 top doVll to the grueroot.. - 'beh1lld llll unn1 ..... , .. fonat coa..-.atioa Cll'Ullll4e ahoalcl OODC_.. U alle I .. ooaff.dat, llov9Yw, tbat vith the aev orop of fm'elltere aid ruc-1, th• foreat.r1' toroe v1ll pt the rigor it Meda. With tbam, w hope to pron equal. to th• mu17 nnfol41llg chall ..... of oar U.. la t.he - _,. u we hope to aanin tho preemt ariaie - 11-48 up. .Moving-Up Dq 1966 U.P. College of Forestry April 29, 1966 MESSAGE --------As a non-forester Director ot Forestry, I wish to extend rq heartfelt greetings to the Dean, Faculty Member& and $tudent Body of the University of the Philippines College of Forestry on the occasion or their ¥..O]l'ing-Up Day this year. The beauty of democracy is that anyone can freeJ.¥ express his own opinion even if it happens to be adverse to another. Despite the fact that some people do not seem to have a very high regard for a director ot forestry who is not a graduate or a forestry school, I will try rq very best to prove that a good administrator can efficiently run the Bureau or Forestry with the cooperation of the forestera. Personally ani officially, I have the highest regard for forastry graduates in the fJPVemmer:it service whom I have . lmown .to be hardworking men whose dedication to tl::.eir jobs, loyalty, determination~ perseverance and self abnegation are virtues that distinguish them from the rest. Under rq administration in the Bureau or Forestry, I have given utmost importance to the role foreste2s can plq in ma.king this nation of ours greater. I believe that one ot the best wqs to achieve the ambition of President 1'Arcos for our country is to make the forests more productive, more lasting and more beneficial. I, therefore, congratulate all those in the U.P. College or Forestry, especially the 1 .graduates. ~irector of ?orestry ~niuirsUg al tlf_e If ~ilippin.ee CIOLLBllS OP PICIRSSTRY c:a&.Ln•. LACIUNA MESSAGE I am very proud and happy to convey my warmest congratulations to you - graduating students of the U, P, College of Forestry - through the pages of the FatESTRY LEAVES on this significant occasion - the Moving-Up Day, You have reached another milestone in your quest for knowledge after years of conscientious study and training. Indeed, you are an added asset to the nation. Your four years' stay in this College will be your source of strength, stamina and power in overcoming problems and exigencies of the hour, Graduation from college, however, does not necessarily mean the end of life's journey in search for better livelihood, success and fortune. New and greater challenges await you as you leave the portals of your dear Alma Mater. The real test of your college study and training will be your field performance and the role you will play in the growth and development of Philippine economy particularly in the exploitation, conservation and preservation of our valuable forest resources. I have high hopes though that you will all succeed in your chosen profession. The U,P, College of Forestry has prepared you well for this challenging task, As a parting reminder, permit me to exhort you on this significant occasion, For the Philippines to be "great again," she needs men who can probe into the unknown and bring new things to light: not just men who can apply stereotyped production methods but men who can spot problems and find means to correct them, Perhaps, these men are among you now, I, therefore, urge you to serve as the moving force in seeking more knowledge through research and in spreading the concepts of forestry in this country as well as help enrich the treasury of forestry literature and kn6wledge throughout the world, · Again, my congratulations and best wishes! ~~ Dean Log Producers and Wood Processors Convention The First Lady, Mrs. Imelda R. Marcos signs the guest hook at the FPRI exhibit booth. Flankin~ her are, left to right: Mrs. Cora L. Bondoc, FPRI PRO; PCWI President Gaudencio S. Mafialac aml Chief Dominador G. Faustino of the forest products industrial investigations division. Mr. Maiialac is shown explaining to the First Lady the FPRI glue-laminated arch on display at th,• entrance of the FPRI exhibit booth. Dean Zamuco welcomes the First Lady to the College of Forestry Information Department booth during the Log Producers and Wood Processors C.rnvention. Dean Zamuco explaining to the First Lady, some delegates and visitors the different logging operations by means of miniature logging equipment. FPRI Participates in the last PCWI Convention. The booth of the Forest Products Research Institutt> during the recently concluded industrial exhibit sponsored by the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries at the NSDB, Manila, is shown at right. In the foreground, the First Lady, l\lrs. Imelda R. Marcos, Second Lady, Mrs. Mariquit L. Lopez and some blue ladies, XSDB Chairman Juan Salcedo and PCWI Pres., Mr. Gaudencio Mafialac. ••• L. \l u 1 r l'lt N I af f de {f)(J!J. Director Manuel R. Monsalud of the Forest Products Research Institute, U.P., College, Laguna, poses with Senator Jose J. Roy at the entrance to the conference hall of the VIP Bldg., Roxas Blvd., during the recent PCWI convention in Manila. " .1i NATIONAL CONVENTION OF LOG PRODUCERStWOOD PROCfSSls_. ·-· • 16, I "Role of · .... . •king nn oho d W nod '--··•·· h lmmu'° ''L P<odn= m - - - Products ~esearcConvention of og f the Forest 6th Nauonal R Monsalud 0 ,, at the . Director Manuell d. stry Developmenht NSDB Pa vihon. . Wood n u 5 1966 at t e Science m held on April I • Processors IUN OF. ROlES I ;; { tr . . t r Jose1 Adm1rustra ? hi' Viado ~.;tmgRolel aper e · p Science m of DevelopForestry f the t" be ore men sesthird plenary 6th . of the s10n ual Convention Ann Producers of Log d Prod Woo an Sponsored cessors Ph 'lippine by the I d Chamber of Woo Industries, helpd ~l SD B av1t~e N April 13-16, hon, 1966. The Role of Science Industry • lil Wood by ~IANUEL R. MONSALUD Development 1 INTRODUCTION The dictionary defines science as systematized knowledge obtained from extensive and/or intensive experimentations, study, and observations conducted in order to determine the principles or nature of what is being studied. Research is careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge undertaken to establish facts or principles. Most people these days generally recognize scientific research as the key to industrial progress. The wood-using industries in a country like the Philippines, which is rich in timber resources, contribute a very substantial share to the industrial development and economic progress of the country. It can be said that each wood industry represents one phase of processing operation from the standing tree to the end product. There are a number of important problems connected with the industry. No doubt one of the problems facing our wood industries today and in the future is that of manufacturing end products of a quality equal to, if not better than, those which had been produced in the past from a raw material which is becoming inferior in quality and increasing in price. Manufacturing techniques must be developed and improved consistently in order to lower the costs of production, i Paper read at the 6th Annual Convention of the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries, held at the NSDB Pavilion, Herran, Manila on April 15, 1966. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 Director Forest Products Research Institute, U.P. increase percentage recovery and improve quality of the end products, reduce waste to the minimum, and develop m.es for manufacturing residues. To achieve all these, and more, needs persistent reseatch studies on wood and other products from the forest. Continually increasing logging costs, due to longer haul and rougher logging terrain, have made it necessary . to utilize the log more fully by fabricating from it products of the highest quality possible, and making good use of the wastes or residue therefrom. Again this demands that science performs its role in both its basic and applied aspects. THE MYSTERY OF WOOD Like other materials, the properties of which man is not fully cognizant, wood up to quite recently was a mystery to man. Man did not know much concerning the properties of wood. He just took wood for granted; found out that dry wood could easily be used for cooking his meal or for giving him warmth during cold times and that he could use it for shelter, as a tool for hunting animals or for self-protection. He did not know the reasons why wet wood does not burn readily; why improperly seasoned wood warps, bows, or cups when in use; why some woods sink in water while others float; why, at times, wood easily decays or is easily attacked by insects. He did not understand why some wood species are difficult to season or are refractory to preservative treatment and that some are Page I good for certain uses and not good for other purposes, etc. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE I!'< WOODINDCSTRY DEVELOPMENT It is only when wood scientists started deh-ing into the mystery of wood that little oy little man began to comprehend the anatomical, botanical, chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of wood. No sane businessman, for example. would invest a sizable fortune to cut and export logs of unknown species or quality for fear of losing his shirt in the \'enture. Man has now de\'eloped keys for identifying wood species. After having determined the properties of different wood species, man is enabled to select which ones are suitable, for instance, for the manufacture of pulp and paper, for building construction, production of veneer and pl}wood, tool handles, bobbins, shuttles, shoe lasts, musical instruments, wooden barrels, and others. The Chinese were the first to develop the art of papermaking in the 2nd century B.C. Centuries, later, this knowledge was passed unto the Arabs, then to the Europeans; and, many decades later, to the Americans and other peoples. Nowadays, even in our country it is no longer a mystery to manufacture pulp from cellulosic raw material, such as wood, and produce different types of paper for local use. The Russians were credited to ha,·e first prepared plywood, which, as we all know, is nothing but a board made of odd-numbered thin plies or veneers of wood glued together under high pressure and temperature with the aim of obtaining large sheets free from some of the natural defects and limitations of timber. Peeled or sliced veneers are sometimes joined edgewise to form each ply. Large, strong sheets with unbroken surfaces are thus obtained. Page 2 The \'eneers are sorted as to appearance, and the poor ones are used as cores or for the interior of the plywood leaving the best veneers for the face and back. The natural properties of wood to shrink, swell or warp are effectively neutralized, and the low tensile strength of wood along the grain direction is greatly improved upon by carefully cross-graining the plies. Plywood is used if and when a material is required to co,·er large unbroken spaces with light but strong and rigid sheeting, such as in cabinet-making, panelling, shipbuilding, boxmaking, etc. At least two types of hardboard, or reconstituted wood, are prepared by two different processes, dz., one by Mason (an American), the so-called Masonite process and the other by Asplund of Sweden (Asplund process). The local Lawanit hardboard is produced by the Asplund process using asplund defibrators. Particleboard, or composite wood, is another product of scientific research. It consists of small particles of wood or shavings mixed with a synthetic glue, such as ureaformaldehyde, and subjected to high pressure and temperature for sometime. In Europe and in the United States many pieces of furniture, cabinets, table tops, etc., are essentially made of particleboard, not solid wood, on top of which is laminated, for example, a thin wood veneer with beautiful grain designs such as that of dao. Improperly seasoned wood is not a very good material for building construction, cabinet manufacture, or for carving. Wood must be dried to the equilibrium moisture content under which it will be used so as to minimize or eliminate its undue shrinkage or swelling. The moisture content of wood above which. it does not swell, but below which it shrink!'\, had been determined by researchers of the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory FORESTRY LEAVES in Madison, Wisconsin. It is approximately 30% based on the oven-dry weight of wood. Wood is hygroscopic. It absorbs moisture from, or gives it off to, the surrounding atmosphere, depending on its moisture content and the relative humidity of the air surrounding it. To get satisfactory service from a wooden product, such as wooden carving, the wood must be dried before manufacture to a moisture content about midway between the extremes that it will attain when placed in use. In this way, the wooden product will not crack; neither will it swell or shrink too much to be out of shape. Generally, · the heartwoods of logs, because of the presence therein of toxic chemical substances, are resistant to the onslaught of destroying biological agents such as insects and fungi. On the other hand, the sapwood is, as a rule, easily attacked. There are very few wood species that are naturally resistant to decay or insect infestation. To increase, therefore, the service life of wood, it must be treated with suitable chemical preservatives. After many years of research work, wood scientists have put up in the market several patented products for wood preservation, namely, (a) Boliden salts-patented by Bror 0. Hager of Sweden (b) Celcure-patentecl by Gilbert Gunn of Scotland ( c) Tanalith, Trialith, and Minalith - patented by Dr. K. W. Wolman of Germany ( d) Creosete--the process of creoseting was patented by John Bethell of the United States ( e) Boric acid treatment of wood-was developed by the Forest Products Researchers of C.S.l.R.O. of Melbourne, Australia. It is a cheap process. However, the boric compounds are easily MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 leachable and, therefore, this treatment is good for products intended for interior use. This treatment immunizes the sapwood of eucalypt woods from the attack of lyctus beetles or bok-bok. Experiments have shown that, as a general rule, the higher the specific gravity of wood, the greater is its over-all strength. Also, some wood species are easier bent, tougher, or harder than others. These differences in physical and mechanical properties are determined by actual tests. The manufacture of giant laminated wooden arches for use in big gymnasia, auditoriums, churches, etc., is made possible by research studies conducted along timber physics and engineering. Science has also pointed the way for the efficient tapping of pine trees for greater production of oleoresin. This may lead to the establishment, in places where this tree species abounds, of a navalstores industry, i.e., the commercial production of turpentine and resin, essential items in the manufacture of varnish, paints, lacquers, soap, paper-size, shoe polish and many others. Just recently, there were many commercial products fabricated in our country from imported woods such as tool handles, pickersticks, bobbins, shuttles, bowling pins, shoe lasts, musical instruments, gunstocks, etc. After some studies, the Forest Products R~ search Institute's researchers found, among our more than 3,500 local tree species, several wood species equal to, if not better than, the imported ones. These findings were relayed to our local industrialists concerned, who are now using local wood species instead of imported ones in their operations thus saving on foreign exchange. The researcher or scientist is just a beacon carrier. He points the way for the entrepreneur or industrialist to take o\'er if the latter so desires. However, before a given project is executed in commercial scale, its economic feasibility should be thoroughly Page 3 studied. The project should first be tried in the laboratory, then on a pilot plant scale, and finally, if the outcome so warrants, in a commercial scale so that one may have a fair degree of success. OUR FOREST RESOl:RCES Once upon a time, no doubt, the Philippines was covered with thick forests; practically all the islands, composing it were lush with timber stands. It is regrettable to say, however, that this seemingly inexhaustible supply of forest products, principally logs, created in the minds of our people a false sense of unlimited abundance. Time came when vast tracts of land, almost everywhere, were cleared to give way to agricultural pursuits. Even very steep slopes of mountains and hills were subjected to deforestation brought about mainly by shifting cultivation or kaingin. When such areas became submarginal, they were abandoned, denuded of forest cover. The kaingineros moved on to other virgin lands or logged-over areas to repeat the process of mountain denudation time and time again. Even valuable catchment areas or watersheds, which should be protected so as to insure regular water supply for the inhabitants, were not spared, thanks to the feverish activities of the kaingineros, who were forced to eke a living in the best way they know how, the illegal loggers, bent on making a fast buck regardless of the adverse consequences of their acts to our national patrimony, and, very often, to the powerful political pressure and the like exerted on the hapless government officials charged with the enforcement of rules and regulations intended to protect and conserve our forests for generations yet unborn. As a result of the foregoing causes, our forests have dwindled very fast; countless Philippine streams and creeks easily dry out during the hot months; many formerly productive agricultural lands are now covered Page 4 with sand and gravel, thus becoming submarginal; and even wildlife have vanished from the rural scene. There is, therefore, an imperative need, before it is too late, to conserve our remaining forests. \Ve must use wisely and fully its products. We must reforest or afforest the denuded areas so that we shall not suffer the bitter experiences of countries such as Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Spain, Mainland China, just to name a few, who in the past were not frugal with their forest wealth. THE FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Before World War II, there were some sporadic and uncoordinated researches on forest products conducted by the defunct Bureau of Science, the old Bureau of Forestry, and its School of Forestry. On July 5, 1957, the FPRI was established under the University of the Philippines. This agency, which I humbly represent, is solely engaged in research on the properties and uses of forest products, principally wood, to effect greater and wiser utilization of them and, in this manner, help indirectly in conserving our fast dwindling forests. This Institute has now amassed a wealth of useful data and information that may enable wood users and industrialists derive greater utility from our forest resources. The FPRI is in a way, fortunate in that it does not have to start from the scratch in its search for knowledge or information concerning forest products. It has access to the pool of scientific findings of foreign laboratories by correspondence, exchange of technical publications, subscription to scientific foreign journals, purchase of technical books, and the sending of its promising researchers or technologists to study, train, or observe in universities, laboratories, or commercial factories in the United States, Australia, Japan, Germany, England, Canada, India, Sweden, and others. ( Continued on page 24) FORESTRY LEAVES Forest Management and by Conservation· A National Responsibility 1. INTRom:cnos Many of the best stands of tropical hardwoods in the world today are found in the Philippine forests. Here abound about 3,000 species of plants, dense communities of vegetation containing high quality timber, a national wealth which has distinct and unique characteristics of rapid growth and self replenishment. Under sustained-yield manag"lment this forest will last indefinitely. After years of continuous cutting, the nation's forests, which constitute roughly onehalf of the total land area of the Philippines, now include non-commercial second growth stands and unproductive grasslands. On the whole, sizable stands of forests still exist and with proper conservation measures they will continue to contribute materially to the country's wealth not only for the near future but in perpetuity. The contribution of forests to the national economy lies not only in the marketable products that it yields but also in its influence on the socio-economic well-being of the population. The potential productivity of agricultural lands is greatly dependent on the forests. The hydrologic importance of woodlands, the protection they afford to the watersheds, the control of erosion and rapid silting of power reservoirs, waterways and rivers have more far-reaching effects than are commonly realized. The slow development of forestry as a whole, in spite of its importance, is due in 0 Paper read at the 6th National Convention of Log Producers and Wood Processors sponsored by the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries, April 15, 1966 .'.\IOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 DOMINGO M. LANTICAN Assoc. Professor of Wood Technology College of Forestry, U.P. part to the shortage of technical men in the field and to the lack of adequate government support in the past. There was lack ·.Jf information on Philippine forests. Little has been done, until lately, on forest management, silviculture, reforestation and research. As a substitute to a definite and workable management program, arbitrary diameter limit cutting has been resorted to as a "cureall" for protection of the residual growing stock. Today, the selective-logging method has been adopted throughout the whole country to perpetuate our diminishing wood supply. Forestry in this country today is moving -forward. There are still sufficient forests to maintain the necessary balance and meet the demands of an expanding industry. Recent trends in forest policies, photogrammetric forest inventory, selective logging, growth studies, development of plantations, integra. tion of forest industries and multiple use management bear witness to advancements in forestry. The problems are big and varied but not insurmountable. However, the limits are narrow and there is no room for serious mistakes. A great deal of work needs to be done and it will be many years before the ideal situation will be realized. II. THE NEED FOR FOREST CONSERVATION The need for conservation work in this country is of prime importance. Our forest resources are rapidly being destroyed and remedial measures are necessary in all aspects of forest conservation to protect the timber resources, the watersheds, the soil, the wildlife and even the beauty of the countryside. Page 5 The forest is, in itself, a biological world where every living thing exists in a state of balance, where each plays a part in preserving the capacity of the environment to support and maintain life. When the balance of the forest is disturbed by natural forces or by man to such an extent that the forest cannot by itself repair the damage done, a chain of adverse factors set in with the resulting degeneration of the site and the biological community. \Vhen this results man must adopt conservation measures to restore the equilibrium. The art of water harvesting has long been known in many countries but water conservation and management is a very new field in the Philippines. The role of forest on water conservation and water yield is not widely appreciated. The underlying reason for this is the lack of information on the interplay of the forest, the forest floor, the soil, and the climate on seepage, infiltration and water runoff. It is hardly known that the forest improves the physical proper-_ ty and composition of the forest floor which is mainly the reason for the stability of the soil and its capacity to store water. The effect of logging on floods, erosion and siltation is not fully understood. It is still a common belief that logging should be stopped to prevent the recurrence of floods. Others believe that the curtailment of logging would create havoc on the economy to a degree that would negate the merits of conservation. The truth is both timber harvesting and conservation can go hand in hand under a carefully designed and efficiently executed forest management plan without sacrificing the objectives of each. The preservation of the soil is another important aspect of natural resource con· servation. The rough physiographic features and exceedingly high rainfall in this country favor erosion and siltation. The need for soil conservation in the Philippines is manifested by the fact that almost everywhere Page 6 are found evidence of rapid siltation of lakes and reservoirs and muddy river waters-indisputable signs that this country is slowly but surely going back to the sea. If the Philippines is to protect and conserve its wildlife it must first preserve the habitat: the forests, the streams, the soil, and the swamps. In many countries wildlife conservation is done through the establishment of a system of sanctuaries, fisheries and game reserves and national parks. The establishment of reserves and parks however is not a simple matter. This needs an assessment of the potentials of the area as a habitat, the products contained therein and the types of activities that may be done without interfering with the wildlife. The subsequent protection measures and management plans for the development of the area needs a knowledge of the life and breeding habits of all types of wildlife, their enemies and habitat. Development plans will involve the protection of the environmental factors, the control of predators and diseases followed by a slow process of restoration and building up of plant life to serve as food crops and shelter. In some cases it might even be necessary to alter the forest to create an artificail environment to suit the needs of some forms of wildlife. Because of the nature of ownership of forest lands in this country which is primarily government owned, the burden of responsibility lies with the government forestry i;tgencies. These agencies must launch a nationwide campaign to protect and develop our forest resources and our national park system. But the forest industry and timber users must also play a part. In other countries conservation work is a national effort where government agencies and civic organizations participate. Worth mentioning is the· Natural Resources Conservation League of Victoria in Australia. This association started as "Save the Forests" campaign in 1944. Now, it boasts of a memFORESTRY LEAVES bership of half a million made through Commonwealth and State government and semigovernment bodies, and agricultural and other organizations such as farmers associations, the Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, Chamber of ~fanufactures, Ornithological and biological societies. The organization is financed through government grants and through contributions. Among its notable achievements is the distribution and planting of close to 2,000,000 trees since its inception in 1944; establishment of a Natural Resources Education Center to hold weekly classes on tree planting and conservation of resources, showing instructional films and arranging tours; the creation of a Junior Tree LO\·er's League; and the publication of a quarterly journal. It will probably take time before the Philippines will be ready for a similar project since its success will depend greatly on the attitude of the people. Nevertheless, it could possibly lay the pattern for a nationwide conservation program. III. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE FOREST The forest area of the Philippines is expected to settle down to about 10,000,000 hectares to include both commercial anJ non-commercial forest. When this limit is reached any expansion in the operation of the industry may be possible only by maximizing the output of the forest lands and a high degree of utilization. In other words, the key solution will be intensive forest management. The forest may be managed for the production of timber, and other forest products, the protection of the soil, watersheds, and wildlife, for grazing, for recreation, or for a multiple of uses. In any case the main objective is to derive a continuous maximum benefit. Strictly speaking, management plans of different forest tracts cannot be the · same. They are separate entities with separate and MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 distinct problems that must be treated individually. The size and nature of an ideal forestry business operations is governed by the potentials of the forest tract which is the source of raw materials. It is the duty of the foresters to evaluate this and make a corresponding management plan that will give the most profit without impairing the productive capacity of the forest. Scientific forest management plans must have to be based on long time observations of the responses of the forest to series of systematically planned treatments. These may include studies on the effects of various silvicultural practices, logging methods, forest improvements and other forest practices and operations on regeneration, growth, erosion and the general character of the forest as a whole. It should be realistic in that it should be based on economic considerations to determine the best method of operation that will give maximum returns without prejudice to the concept of forest conservation. On the basis of what is known of Philippine forest, the mixed composition in terms of species and age and the discouragingly slow growth of our timber trees, the present selective logging operation is the most logical. However, this system will work only if the initial operations do not impair the growth behavior of the stand, erode the soil to any appreciable extent, and damage the residual and the regeneration. It appears that the present commercial stands will be managed under the selective logging system for a long time until new research findings show a better substitute. It is also likely, and it is desirable that the Philippine forest resources will be managed under a multiple use concept, at least, for timber production and for the protection of the watershed and the soil. The development of the wood-using industries will inevitably introduce a new phase in Philippine forest. Whereas, in the past, the country has been solely dependent on Page 7 natural stands, the demands of an expanding industry, especially the pulp and paper products area, will necessitate a trend towards dependence on forest plantations and second growth stocks. What are now fast-growing weed species and what we classify as noncommercial second growth forest will play a vital role as sources of industrial raw materials. It is doubtful however that tree farming will be adopted for Dipterocarps and other slow growing species in the near future. Although thorough economic studies have not been done, there are indications that such a method is not economically feasible unless a management plan that will provide an intermediate income can be devised. Otherwise the interest charges on the cost of establishment and subsequent stand improvement and management will probably outweigh the income from the final timber crop. At most, planting of this nature will probably be limited to protection forest and for purposes of conservation where monetary return is not of importance. Our grasslands will surely gain importance as the cattle industry continues to expand. The number of livestock per unit area, the quality of fodder in relation to the number of animals and soil nutrients, the effect of stocking on soil erosion and other things will have to be studied in anticipation of an intensive management plan for our grazing lands. IV. PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS There are existing government policies and regulations on the conservation and management of our forest resources. Under close control and tight protective measures the perpetuation of our natural resources can be assured. However, there are certain problems that must have to be overcome before a conservation program may become effective. a. Lack of information on forestry.-The complexity fo the Philippine forests is the multiplying factor that has amplified the Page 8 problems of forest management. The varied nature and composition of the stand, the underbrush, and the forest floor present a mass of interacting factors that determine the forest community. Because of the varied problems in forest management, the services of foresters are indispensable. Scientific forestry methods require men who can spot valuable information, collect and systematically organize forest data into useful information on which to base a forest management plan. Foresters are trained to handle this kind of work. He has, however, to contend with time. The very slow growth of Philippine species requires very long periods of observations. His problem is often compounded by the destruction of the experimental plots even before a meaningful conclusion could be drawn. Present day technology is changing the whole picture. For instance, photogrammetric techniques and electronic data processing has greatly shrunk the time element involved in forest mapping, valuation and interpretation of information. It is possible that the gap brought about by the limitations of slow growth may be bridged by statistical probabilities and projections. Modern research tools will greatly help forestry scientists but there is a need for a systematic compilation of basic data in all aspects of forestry. A concerted research effort on the part of all forestry agencies and the industry will greatly accelerate the gathering of much needed information on Philippine forestry. b. Apathy towards conservation.-As a general role, the public is indifferent to forest destruction. Kaingin is still rampant. It is only lately that the law enforcement agencies are beginning to help in the enforcement ~f forestry rules. In the Philippines today man is still the forest's greatest enemy. The interest in conservation of wildlife in this country is practically non-existent except perhaps within the small circles of a (Continued on page 34) FORESTRY LEAVES Protection of Green Gubas (Endospermum Peltatum Merr.) Logs in the Forest SUMMARY Tests were made on the chemical control of stain, decay and insect attack on gubas bolts with bark, using sodium pentachlorophenate in the concentration of 1.89, 3.78 and 5.67 per cent respectively with 3 per cent lindane. 2 Results show that the last two concentrations of sodium pentachlorophenate with 3 per cent lindane gave complete protection against stain, decay and insect attack for two weeks. Very slight staining was observed in the lowest concentration at the end of the second week. Decay was observed after the seventh week. There was entirely no ambrosia beetle attack on all the test bolts during the entire duration of the study. INTRODUCTION Deterioration of green logs, caused by fungi and insects after felling and bucking in the forest, poses a serious problem especially in tropical countries where conditions in the forest throughout the year are favorable to the growth of these organisms. In the Philippines, the most common logging practice is to leave the logs in the forest for periods, ranging from a few days to several months, without any chemical protection before hauling them to landings and then to the mills. This practice provides 1 Sr. Forest Products Technologist and Jr. Forest Products Technologist respectively, Wood Preservation Division, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. 2 Lindane is an insecticide which is said to contain 20 per cent gamma isomer of benzene hezachloride. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 and by MARIO A. EUSEBIO CRISOSTOMO V. ARENAS1 an ideal set of conditions favorable to fungal infection as well as insect infestation. Gu bas has been reported ( 2, 3, 4, 5) :i to be extensively cut for the manufacture of matches, pencil slats and wooden shoes. However, the principal drawback of gubas and other sapwood species is their susceptibility to fungal stain and decay. Logs, if not promptly converted into lumber or protected properly by chemical treatment, are readily attacked by fungi. In general, fungicides that prevent fungal staining also prevent decay. However, these fungicides cannot prevent fungus infection that occur through borings caused by ambrosia beetles since these fungicides are only applied superficially. Arenas, et al ( 1) reported that beetle attacks were prevented when green bolts were sprayed with fungicides in admixture with lindane. Howe\·er, evaluation of the effectiveness of treatments in these earlier studies was made on surface defects only which made it difficult to determine the total effectiveness of the treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate more accurately the total effectiveness of the chemical treatment in terms of degrees of protection at different durations. A preliminary experiment to determine the effect of removing the bark of gubas bolts on the effectiveness of the chemical treatment by spray method against fungi and insect showed that debarking of gubas bolts 3 Underscored numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited at the end of this paper. Page 9 before spraying rendered the treatment less effective when left in the forest even as early as one week. In all cases of treated and untreated bolts, bolts with bark show certain degree of protection against staining. No beetle attack was noted on all the bolts. Based on the results of the preliminary experiments mentioned above, this subsequent experiment on the effect of the exposure period on the effectiveness of the chemical treatment was designed, using sodium pentachlorophenate with 3 per cent lindane on bolts with barks. This study was conducted from April to June, 1964 inside the Mount Makiling forest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight trees which were apparently free from visible defects with d.b.h. ranging from 30 to 40 cm., were felled from the Mount Makiling forest and bucked into 0.66-meter bolts. A total of 64 bolts were prepared. These were randomly distributed into four separate piles of 16 bolts each in the forest (Fig. 1). The control bolts were separated about 10 feet away from the treated bolts. The other 3 piles of bolts were sprayed respectively, with sodium pentachlorophenate dissolved in water at different concentrations of 1.89, 3.78 and 5.67 per cent respectively with an added mixture of lindane to each of this concentration (Fig. 3). Three gallons of the above mentioned chemical concentration with lindane was prepared and stirred thoroughly to insure a uniform consistency of the emulsified spray. Bolts in each of the three piles were sprayed with the respective sodium pentachlorophenate-lindane solution until run-off. In all cases, spraying was done within 24 hours from the time of cutting the trees. All test bolts were piled off the ground on sound pole skids. They were all covered with dried veneer wastes to prevent the sprayed chemical preservatives on the surface of the bolts from being washed out by rain. Page IO Evaluation Four test bolts were randomly pulled out after the second, fifth, seventh and ninth weeks, respectively, for surface and internal defects evaluation. These bolts were brought down to the sawmill in the F.P.R.I. compound, sawed into halves and planed for any internal stain, decay and insect attack evaluation. The intensity of stain discoloration was evaluated in terms of total stained area, expressed as a percentage of the whole planed surfaced area. Decay was rated on every surface area as follows: 0--no decay; I-suspected but not certain decay; 2-decay in at least some parts of the planed surface area; ~enerally infected or badly decayed. For the evaluation of ambrosia beetle infestation, four 6-inch squares were randomly marked with lumber crayons on the bark along the side of each bolt. Ambrosia beetle holes within these squares were counted and the degree of infestation was expressed as the number of holes per square foot. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Staining Table 1 shows the amount of internal stain on 0.66 meter gubas bolts sprayed with different concentrations of sodium pentachlorophenate and left in the woods for varying periods. Sodium pentachlorophenate at 3.78 and 5.67 per cent, respectively, and both with 3 per cent lindane gave complete protection against stain for 2 weeks. Although the lowest concentration of sodium pentachlorophenate solution ( 1.89 per cent) did not give complete protection, staining was very slight at the end of the second week of exposure in the forest. Table 1 further shows the corresponding average moisture content which fails to show any relationship with the degree of staining. Staining was observed to have increased with increase in duration of exposure in the forest. As the concentration of sodium pentachlorophenate solution increased, the degree of protection against fungi also increased. FORESTRY LEAVES TABLE !.-Amount of internal stain on 0.66 meter gubas bolts sprayed with different concentrations of sodium pentachlorophenate and left in the woods for rnrying periods. Chemical used Sodium pentachlorophenate plus 3 per cent lindane 1.89 per centa 3.78 per centb 5.67 per cent" Control \Veeks of exposure 2 5 7 9 2 5 9 2 5 i 9 2 5 i 9 No. of bolts 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ave. moisture content during test 99.47 98.63 92.08 87.47 95.32 64.43 89.71 86.93 79.72 65.54 86.95 120.23 98.97 66.68 89.94 91.7.'3 Percentage Ave. internal stain 5.00 20.00 50.00 90.00 0.00 11.35 30.00 85.00 0.00 5.33 16.35 82.25 20.00 50.00 82.50 100.00 a 100 per cent of recommended concentration. b 200 per cent of recommended concentration. c 300 per cent of recommended concentration. Table 2-a indicated the effect of treatment at different concentrations at different periods of exposure in the forest by analysis of variance. Results show that there is a significant effect of treatment of different concentrations up to the seventh week-exposure period in two different concentrations compared, as shown in Table 2-b. Table 3-b shows that the effect of treatment and MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 concentration were all significant for the 2-week period except in the slight difference between the 3. 78 per cent and the 5.67 per cent concentration. This seems to indicate that the effect of a 3.78 per cent solution of sodium pentachlorophenate gave protection against staining almost as good as the 5.67 per cent solution of the same fungicide. Page 11 On the fifth and seventh week exposure periods, the effect of treatment was significant only when either a 3.78 per cent or 5.67 per cent solution of sodium pentachlorophenate with 3 per cent lindane was sprayed on the bolts, The 1.89 per cent did not give significant protection against staining. On the ninth week, e\"en the highest concentration did not give any significant protection against staining. The protection against staining was not improved by increasing the concentration from 3.78 per cent to 5.67 per cent. Decay Table 3 shows the occurrence of decay on sprayed and unsprayed gubas bolts, kept in the forest for 2 to 9 weeks with the corresponding average moisture content. No sign of decay was observed in all bolts up to the fifth week of exposure in the forest. However, at the end of the seventh week, positive signs of decay in some portions of the control bolts were observed. Except for one bolt, no positive sign of decay was noticed in the treated bolts at the end of the seventh week of exposure among those treated with the lowest concenlration ( 1.89 per cent). TABLE 2.a.-Effect of treatment and concentration at different exposure periods on staining by analysis of variance. Source of variation .DF SS Between cone. 3 1895 Within cone. 12 48 T o t a I 15 1943 Between cone. 3 3581 Within cone. 12 1206 T o t a 1 15 4787 Between cone. 3 3697 Within cone. 12 2343 T o t a l 15 6040 Between cone. 3 0.489 Within cone. 12 110519.0 T o t a l 15 110520 At the end of the ninth week, only one bolt each of the 2 lowest concentrations ( 1.89 and 3.78 per cent respectively) were observed to have a positive sign of decay while the bolts treated with the highest concentration ( 5.67 per cent) did not show Page 12 MS Conclusion For two weeks period 631.7 3.49 157.93 Sig. 4 For five weeks period 1193.7 3.49 11.88 Sig. 100.5 For seven weeks period 1232.3 3.49 6.30 Sig. 195.3 For nine weeks period 0.163 3.49 0.018 Not sig. 9170.9 any sign of decay. On the other hand, all the control bolts showed positive signs of decay at the end of the seventh week. However, there was not a single bolt that was heavily decayed even at the end of 9 weeks. FORESTRY LEAVES Ambrosia Beetle Attack During the entire duration of the study, none of the treated bolts as well as the control bolts were attacked by ambrosia beetles. This may be attributed to the low ambrosia beetle population in the experimental site when this study was conducted. TABLE 2-b.-Summary of statistics for compari!ion of data on Table 1. Conc.-entration 0 vs. 21 0 vs. 42 0 vs. 63 21 vs. 42 21 vs. 63 42 VS. 63 0 vs. 21 0 VS. 42 0 vs. 63 21 vs. 42 21 vs. 63 42 VS. 63 0 VS. 21 0 vs. 42 0 vs. 63 21 vs. 42 21 VS. 63 42 vs. 63 DF 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Tabulated value of "Q" Computed value of "Q" ---~----------·--' Conclusion .05 For two weeks period 15.35 26.40 26.40 11.05 11.05 0.00 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 For five weeks period 3.87 5.24 6.53 1.37 2.66 1.29 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 For seven weeks period 2.93 5.02 6.38 2.09 3.45 1.36 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 .01 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Not sig. Not sig. Sig. for .05 Sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig .. Sig. for .05 Sig. Not sig. Not sig. Not sig. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 Page 13 TABLE 3.-Decay occurrence on 0.66 meter gubas bolts sprayed with different concentrations of sodium pentachlorophenate and left in the woods for varying periods. ' Decay ratingg Weeks of No. of Ave. moisture I I I Chemical used content during 0 1 2 exposure bolt~ test No. of bolts 3 Sodium pentachlorophenate plus 3 per cent lindane 1.89 per centd 2 4 99.47 4 0 0 0 5 4 98.63 4 0 0 0 7 4 92.08 0 3 1 0 9 4 87.47 0 3 1 0 3.i8 per cente 2 4 95.32 4 0 0 0 5 4 64.43 4 0 0 0 7 4 89.71 0 4 0 0 9 4 86.93 0 3 1 0 5.67 per centr 2 4 79.72 4 0 0 0 5 4 65.54 4 0 0 0 7 4 86.95 0 4 0 0 9 4 120.23 0 4 0 0 Control 2 4 98.97 4 0 0 0 5 4 66.68 4 0 0 0 7 4 89.94 0 0 4 0 9 4 91.73 0 0 4 0 d 100 per cent of recommended concentration. e 200 per cent of recommended concentration. r 300 per cent of recommended concentration. g 0, no decay; 1, suspected but not certain decay; 2, decay in at least some parts of bolt and perceptibly soft to a knife point; 3. generally infected or badly decayed in places LITERATURE CITED 1. Arenas, C. V. and F. L. Nuque. 1962. Prevention of stain and decay in green logs. II. White lauan (Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe) . Second Progress report (August). 2. Lopez, F. R. and J. A. Acain. 1961. 3. Chemical treatments for controlling stain in wood products. Third progress report (May). and A. R. Parel. 1960. Prevention of stain and decay in green Page 14 4. logs. Gubas ( Endospermum peltatum Merr.). First progress report (July). ----. 1960. Chemical treatment for controlling stain in wood products. I. Wood blocks and soles processed and seasoned in the wooden shoe factory. First progress report (August). 5. Reyes, L. J. 1938. Philippine woods. Dept. Agri. and Nat. Res. Tech. Bull. 7. Bur. Printing, Manila. FORESTRY LEAVES Cold-Soda Pulping of White Lauan ABSTRACT White lauan [Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe], which is one of the most abundant Philippine hardwood commercial species was investigated for its pulping behavior towards cold-soda pulping variables such as treating temperature ( 25, 35 and 45 deg. C. ) , steeping time ( 2, 3 and 4 hours) anrl sodium hydroxide concentration ( 30, 50 and 70 grams per liter of solution), coupled with the other two pulping variables (liquor to wood chip ratio 6 to I and steeping pressure at atmospheric pressure) which were held constant. Preliminary pulping evaluation showed that the cold-soda pulping conditions found best applicable to white lauan are (a) treatting temperature of 25 deg. C., ( b) steeping time of 2 hours and ( c) sodium hydroxide concentration of 50 gpl coupled with the liquor to wood chip ratio of 6 to I and steeping pressure at atmospheric pressure. Centricleaning of the pulps, after disk refining, was shown desirable for the removal of fiber bundles, and pulp-strength improvement. \Vith single-stage calcium hypochlorite bleaching at 17 per cent available chlorine application, brightness gains ranged from 13 to 17 points with pulp-strength improvement and slight reduction in opacity. 1 Director, Assistant Chief Forest Products Technologist, Forest Products Technologist I, and Jr. Forest Products Teclmologist (now with a pri\'ate tinn) respectively, Chemical Investigations Dhision, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 by M. R. MONSALCD, P. \'. BAWAGAN, J. R. NAVARRO and R. C. CINC01 INTRODUCTION The main advantages of the cold-soda pulping process are its simplicity and wide applicability, low capital investment, and plant size need not be large for economic operation. In addition, the resultant pulp has various uses such as general groundwood and hardwood chemical pulp substitutes or supplements; filler pulps for papers and boards; newsprint, printing and writing papers; toweling and tissue papers; food and other bleached boards; corrugating board and insulation board. In this study, white lauan, which is one of the most abundant Philippine hardwood commercial species, was investigated for the effects of some cold-soda pulping variables, namely, treating temperature, steeping time, and sodium hydroxide concentration while liquor to wood chip ratio and treating pressure were held constant. EXPERIMENTAL Material Used White lauan log (Shipment No. 202) with an average bolt diameter of approximately 1.50 feet ( 0.46 meter) was sawn in a circular saw. The wood slabs were then peeled off of their bark, and \Vere chipped in a Sumner six-knife chipper with a 150-hp motor drive to produce 1.59-cm. (5/8-inch) chips. The chips were screened in a Williams chip classifier and the portion passing through the 2.54-cm. or I-inch (circular opening) screen and retained by the 1.27-cm or 1h-inch (circular opening) screen constiPage 15 tuted the wood chip raw material for the pulping study. Pulping Three series (A, B and C series) of pulping experiments were conducted on air-dry chips. Some pulping experiments were also made on green chips. Series A-The sodium hydroxide concentration at 50 grams per liter of solution ( gpl) and treating temperature of about 25 deg. C. were held constant while steeping time was varied from 2 to 4 hours. Series B-The steeping time of 3 hours and sodium hydroxide concentration of 50 gpl were held constant while steeping temperature was varied from 25 to 45 deg. C .. Series C-The treating temperature at 25 deg. C. and steeping time of 3 hours were held constant while the sodium hydroxide concentration was varied from 30 to 70 gpl of solution. In all the pulping trials _in the three pulping series, the liquor to wood chip ratio was fixed at 6.0 liters of sodium hydroxide solution (moisture in the wood was accounted for as part of the liquor) to one kilogram of chips, and treating pressure was at atmospheric pressure. When the desired chip-steeping time in liquor was attained, the liquor was drained, its volume measured, and its residual sodium hydroxide was analyzed. Out of these data, the amounts of sodium hydroxide that may be recovered for recycling and that remaining or consumed by the chips were determined. The partly softened chip obtained were defiberized through an 8-inch Bauer attrition mill in three passes using plate No. 6946 for the first (coarse) pass, and plate No. 6945 for the second and third passes to produce pulps having a range of pulp freeness (Canadian Standard) of 700 to 7 40 Page 16 ml. The pulp slurry, after each pass, was received by a 100-mesh screened-bottom box and finally dewatered by pressing to a dry solid content of approximately 35 per cent. _ _ Some pulp-centricleaning operations were conducted using a 3-inch Bauer centricleaner operated at approximately 40 psig and a single pass for each run. A few single-stage calcium hypochlorite bleaching trials were made on the centricleaned pulps. The U. S. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry ( T APPI) standard methods for beater test, handsheet making (except that the handsheet basis weight adapted in this study is 7 4 grams per square meter) and physical testing methods were followed ( 5) 2 • Likewise, T APPI methods were followed in the analysis of unbleached and bleached pulps for lignin, pentosans, solubility in one per cent caustic soda, and ash. RES UL TS AND DISCUSSION Because of limited data, no statistical evaluation was made. However, apparent trend of results was pointed out, and discussed. Pulping Variables Green chips (Ck. No. 456 and 462) somewhat produced lighter colored pulps than those from the air-dry chips. They absorbed lesser liquor but with approximately the same or even higher chemical consumption than air-dry chips, which suggests that moisture in green chips serves as a conducting or transporting medium for the sodium hydroxide to penetrate the wood by diffusion (Table 1). Such analogy conforms with the findings of Stamm ( 3) concerning the diffusion of solutes into the wood, and also others ( 4) who found that the presence of moisture served as the transporting medium for the solutes. In the case of cold-soda pulping, 2 Number in parentheses refers to Literature Cited at the end of this paper. FORESTRY LEAVES the solute is sodium hydroxide. It may be inferred from these results that certain amount of moisture in the wood is desirable for effective chip penetration. In Series A pulping trials, comparing the effects of 2-hour steeping with 4-hour steeping times showed chemical consumptions of 6.6 and 7.9 per cent, respectively, but did not cause a corresponding reduction in pulp yield (Table 1). Corresponding liquor absorption at 2-hour steeping and 4-hour steeping times are 1.24 and 1.48 ml. per gram of wood, respectively, but there was no improvement in the strength properties of the pulp. It seems that a 2-hour steeping time gave just as good pulp as those obtainable at 4-hour steeping time. In Series B pulping trials, increasing the treating temperature from 25 to 45 deg. C., with the sodium hydroxide concentration ( 50 gpl) and steeping time ( 3 hrs.) held constant, did not show any trend in the increase of chemical consumption nor reduce pulp yield (Table 2). This suggests that such level of increase in temperature did not increase the reactivity of sodium hydroxide with the wood substance nor cause an increase in the dissolution of wood constituents. A desirable increase in the strength properties of the pulps, however, was observed, particularly, in cooks 550 and 544 (Table 4). On the other hand, the unbleached pulps appeared darker by approximately 2 points brightness (per cent G.E.) In Series C pulping trials, increasing the sodium hydroxide concentration from 30 to 70 grams per liter of solution, with steeping temperature ( 25 deg. C.) and time ( 3 hrs.) held constant, significantly reduced the pulp yield from approximately 90 per cent to 82 per cent (Table 3). The pulps produced at lower yields, as likely to be expected to give better strength properties than those produced over 86 per cent pulp yield, did not show any better in strength properties. This suggests that fiber to fiber bonding of these MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 particular pulps was not improved since lignin contents of pulps were still very high ( 24.22 to 31.13 per cent, Table 6). However, this was not true to the bleached pulps whose strength properties were much better than their corresponding unbleached pulps (Table 4), the full discussion of which is given later in this paper. Centricleaning of Pulps The centricleaned-pulp yields, shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3, were obtained using a 3-inch Bauer centricleaner having a rejectnozzle opening of 0.3175 cm. ( 1/8-inch), operated at 40 psig in a single pass. It should be noted that higher centricleanedpulp yields can possibly be obtained with two or three passes than with one pass. Still higher centricleaned-pulp yield is obtainable, if the rejects (mostly fiber bundles) obtained are further passed through the disk refiner and again sent through the centricleaner. Other factors that could also influence the yield of centricleaned pulp are (a) the degree and uniformity of pulp refining in the Bauer attrition mill, which i<; difficult to control in an 8-inch attrition mill used in this study, and (b) the amount of fines that pass through the 100-mesh, screenedbottom, pulp-accept receiver. The centricleaned pulps, in all cases, showed better strength properties than the corresponding uncentricleaned (whole) pulp. Calcium Hypochlorite Bleaching With the single-stage calcium hypochlorite bleaching, lower pulp brightness was obtained with pulp produced at treating temperature of 35 and 45 deg. C. than those produced with a treating temperature of 25 deg. C. (Table 5). A brightness gain ranging from 13 to 17 points was attained with 17 per cent available chlorine. A report on the use of bleached cold-soda pulps from certain mixture of Latin American hardwoods in newsprint, indicated that bleached brightness of Page 17 56.6 to 69.2, using 10 to 15 per cent available chlorine applied as calcium hypochlorite, was obtained ( 1). Comparing such bleaching results with those obtained with white lauan in this study, suggests the influence of species, i.e., white lauan is probably harder to bleach than those of Latin American hardwoods. All bleached pulps showed better strength properties than their corresponding unbleached pulps (Table 4). The probable explanation to this is that bleaching made the fiber more flexible resulting to more intimate fiber to fiber contact. The removal of lignin as an explanation seems not valid since the bleaching process used did not involve a delignifying operation. On the other hand, such gains in pulp strength and brightness due to bleaching were accompanied with a reduction in opacity from 98 per cent to approximately 92 per cent as determined on handsheets having a basis weight of 74 grams per square meter and at pulp freeness of 350 ml. In turn, such a reduction in opacity may limit to some extent the use of white lauan bleached cold-soda pulp for newsprint manufacture even though it has sufficient strength. In the commercial application of eucalypt cold-soda pulp at Boyer newsprint mill, Tasmania, Australia, the cold-soda pulp constitutes up to 22 per cent of the pulp furnish and the rest are conventional groundwood and chemical pulps ( 2). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The 2-hour steeping time of white lauan chips in a 50 gpl NaOH solution at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature ( 25 deg. C.) produced just as strong pulp as those produced at longer steeping time of 3 to 4 hours. 2. Treating temperatures at 35 and 45 deg. C., caused a darkening of the pulps by approximately 2 points brightness ( G.E.) Page 18 with reference to the pulps prepared at 25 deg. C. treating temperature. Temperatures of 35 and 45 deg. C. neither caused an increase in chemical consumption nor reduced the pulp yield. 3. Of the three concentrations ( 30, 50 and 70 gpl) of sodium hydroxide tried, the one at 70 gpl NaOH caused marked decrease in pulp yield from an average of 89.6 per cent to an a,·erage of 82.7 per cent, but was not compensated or accompanied with an increase in pulp strength. 4. Centricleaning of the pulps, after disk refining, was shown desirable for the removai of fiber bundles and for pulp-strength improvement. 5. With the single-stage calcium hypochlorite bleaching at 17 per cent available chlorine application, (a) brightness gain ranged from 13 to 17 points, and (b) strength properties of the pulps were improved, but there was an attendant reduction in opacity. Lower pulp brightness was obtained from pulps prepared at the treating temperatures of 35 and 45 deg. C. than those at 25 deg. C. On the overall, it may be concluded that the optimum pulping conditions applicable to white lauan used in this study, coupled with two variables (liquor to wood ratio of 6: 1 and steeping pressure at atmospheric pressure) which were fixed, are as follows: Treating temperature _ 25 deg. C (room temperature) NaOH concentration __ 50 gpl Steeping time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 hours LITERATURE CITED 1. Chidester, G. H. and K. J. Brown. 1954. Use of bleached cold-soda pulps from certain mixtures of Latin American hardwoods in newsprint. FPL report No. 201.'3, U:S.D.A. Madison 5, Wisconsin. 2. Somerville, ]. L. and A. J. Pearson. 1958. Application of the cold-soda process in (Continued on page 24) I~ORESTRY LEAVES rs: 0 < - 2 C°} b "tl ~ > -< - Ul Ul ~ t'f'l I ...... '° ~ "tl I:> CICI ~ I-' '° Steeping time Cook No. TABLE 1. Series A pulping data in which caustic soda concentration (50 g.p.I.) and treating temperature (25 deg. C.) are constant while steeping time is varieda NaOH in NaOH Na OH Li~orab- Moisture Pu1a spent liquor consumed in drained sor d per content yiel liquor gram wood of chips Centri- Brightness cleaned of pulp pulpyirld (G. E.) ··-·----- --- ----·1 -··-------(hours) (per cent) (percent) (percent) (ml.) (percent) (p£>r cent) (ppr cent) I (per CPnl) 503 2 38.0 6.6 18.1 1.24 16 89.4 7.'3.1 42 596 2 .'37.8 6.7 n.d. n.d. 18 88.0 58.6 4.'3 456 3 33.9 7.1 17.4 0.87 76 86.5 o7.5 45 462 .'3 31.9 8.9 15.4 1.18 61 92.8 72.0 45 499 4 36.0 7.9 16.8 1.33 14 89.3 72.3 43 979 4 37.0 7.8 17.2 1.48 17 91.0 n.d. 44 "The chips used for .Ck. Nos. 456 and 462 were green chips, the rest are air-dry chips. All valurs in per cent for NaOJI consumed, NaOII in drained liquor, moisture content of chips, pulp yield and centricleaned pulp yield are based on O.D. wood chips I I Cook No. Treating temperature I 456 25 462 25 550 35 1038 35 544 45 1120 45 TABLE 2. Series B pulping data in which steeping time ( .'3 hrs.) and caustic soda concentration ( 50 g.p.I.) are made constant while treating temperature is varied. NaOH in NaOH NaOH Liquor ab- Moisture Pulp spent liquor consumed in drained sorbed per content yield liquor gram wood of chips · - · - - - - - - - - · -- ---(g.p.l.) (percent) (percent) (ml.) (percent) (percent) 33.9 7.1 17.4 0.87 76 86.5 31.9 8.9 15.4 1.18 61 92.8 36.3 8.7 17.5 1.16 18 89.8 - - - - 17 90.0 34.8 8.6 16.7 1.20 17 89.1 - - - - 18 87.5 Centri- Brightness cleaned of pulp pulp yield (G.E.) ----(percent) (percent) I 67.5 45 72.0 45 68.8 42 - 43 69.3 43 - 41 "ti Ill Cll:l ('!> Nl 0 d ::c trj r.n 1-"3 ::c >< ~ trj > < trj r.n Cook No. 491 B78 45G 462 494 1238 938 Cook No. 503 596 456 462 499 979 TABLE 3. Series C pulping data in which steeping time ( 3 hours) and treating temperature ( 25 deg. C.) are made constant while caustic soda concentration is varied. Initial NaOH NaOH in NaOH NaOH Liquor ab- Moisture Pulp concentration spent liquor consumed in drained sorbed per content yield in the liquor liquor gram wood of chips ·- · - - - · - - - ( g.p.l.) (g.p.l.) (per cent) (percent) (ml.) (per cent) (per cent) 30 18.l 6.4 8.9 1.26 16 88.5 80 22.7 4.6 10.'3 1.47 17 90.0 50 33.9 7.1 17.4 0.87 76 8G.5 50 31.9 8.9 15.4 1.18 61 92.8 70 54.1 8.8 25.0 1.39 14 81.8 70 54.0 8.8 24.7 1.41 14 83.5 70 59.5 6.8 26.3 1.57 13 82.7 TABLE 4. Strength and physical properties of pulp handsheets. Tensile, breaking length I Tear factor al C.S. Density at C.S. Opacity al CS in meters, at freeness freeness freeness frepness Pulping series ( C.S.F.) . ------ - - --- -i :)!>ll ml. I 200 ml. 3.50 ml. I 200ml. 350ml. I 200ml. .'l.50ml. I 200 ml. I i UNBLEACHED PULP A (No physical test on handsheets) A 4200 4600 55 54 0.38 0.40 98 DD A 4100 4400 53 51 0.40 0.46 - A 4000 5000 50 50 0.38 0.46 - A 3400 3900 41 39 0.43 0.47 98 99 A 3350 4300 40 42 0.38 0.43 98 99 Centri- Brightness cleaned of pulp pulp yield (G E.) - (percent) (percent) 58.4 44 n.d. 45 G7.5 45 72.0 45 67.8 40 n. cl. 43 n. cl. 42 He111arks -i Centricleaned -do-do-doU ncentricleaned !::: 0 <! - 2 ~ ~ 0 > >< - r:n r:n e l'!j I ,_. '° 0-. 0-. "'e = (Jq (!) t.:i ,_. Cook No. 456 462 550 1038 544 1120 491 978 456 462 494 1238 9.'38 503 456 462 550 544 491 494 Pulping series B B B B B B c c c c c c c A A A B B c c TABLE 4. Strength and physical properties of pulp handsheets. I Tensile, breakini; lengtl11 Tear factor al C.S. in meters, at freeness freenees Density at C.S. freeness (C.S.F.) --- -·----·--350 ml. I 200 ml. 4100 4000 4800 2500 4200 3800 3150 2750 4100 4000 3500 3800 2500 5300 4900 3900 6300 6700 4100 4400 4400 5000 5700 3150 5500 4900 3650 3100 4400 5000 3950 4600 2700 6600 5000 4800 7900 7900 4150 4900 350 ml. I 200 ml. 1-J-~O :~~r;o~ UNBLEACHED PULP 53 51 0.40 0.46 50 50 0.38 0.46 53 54 0.39 0.45 23 26 0.38 0.43 52 53 0.40 0.46 40 50 0.43 0.49 46 45 0.41 0.44 ~ M Q~ Q~ 53 51 0.40 0.46 50 50 0.38 0.46 ~ 00 Q~ Q~ 38 40 0.43 0.48 35 30 0.39 0.45 BLEACHED PULP 65 54 51 77 78 54 59 68 46 52 74 64 49 50 0.40 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.48 0.42 0.42 0.4{) 0.52 0.48 0.53 0.55 0.48 0.4~} Opacity al C.S freeness 350 ml. / 200 ml. 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 92 94 93 92 91 93 92 gg 99 90 ~)8 99 9\J mi D9 m ~)(-j 94 94 94 93 95 95 "All test-data shown arc obtained with handsheets having a basis weight of 74 grams per square meter Remarks Centricleaned -do-doU ncentricleanecl Centricleaned U ncentricleaned Centricleaned U ncentricleaned Centricleaned -do-doU ncentricleaned -doCentricleaned -do-doCentricleaned -do-do-do~ Ill ~ ~ ~ "rj Bleached No. 231 237 255 257 277 278 Cook No. 456 462 499 503 550 544 TABLE 5. Data on the single-stage hypochlorite bleaching of white lauan cold soda pulps.'' I I \ Available I chlorine H - ion cone. pH I applied as Ca(OCl) 2 ' - - - - - - 1 ----- ----\ per cent 17 17 15 17 17 17 Initial 1 Final 10.7 11.3 12.0 10.2 10.9 11.0 6.0 8.0 7.S 7.G 7.'3 7.9 Yil'ld based on the O.D. unbleached pulp Unbleached pulp Bril;\hb1ess ( G. E.) Bleached pulp I Gain ------ -------·\--------~·~--per cent 94 99 93 00 97 92 per cent 45 45 43 42 42 43 per cent 62 62 59 59 56 56 per cent 17 17 16 17 14 13 1 1 R~\er- I SIOn I --,--·- - . I per cent ; 3 3 1 1 1 1 Duration min. 200 255 300 180 180 300 ~ c The bleaching process was done at room temperature ( 25 to 29 deg. C.) and at a consistency of 6 per cent. The chemicals applied, based ~ on O.D. pulp, in addition to Ca(OCI) 2 were 2 per cent NaOH, and 3 per cent Na2 Si03. U'l ""'3 ::i::i ~ ~ > < ~ ,.,.. ...... c ~ - 'L. Ci (:: '"ti I=' > -< - r.n r.n ~ trj I - ~ °' °' '"ti l>O (Jq ('!) ~ w Cook No. 499 503 544 550 })79 978 1038 938 1238 Pulping yield 89.3 89.4 89.l 89.8 91.0 90.0 90.0 82.7 83.5 d Corrected for ash. TABLE 6. Some chemical analysis of the unbleached and bleached white lauan cold-soda pulps. I . Pentosan Bleached No. Unbleached -i~achPd pulp pulp One per cent caustic soda solubility Ash -- ------ - -~-------~· ·Unbleached pulp Bleach eel pulp Unhleachecl Bleacl!f'd pulp pulp - per c:~-t -·1-;er cent per cent per C'enl - - - - - - - • I , - - per cent per cent 255 257 278 277 13.20 12.71 12J)5 13.40 14.47 15.67 15.17 16.17 15.41 11.17 11.64 9.16 12.13 4.27 6.17 4.76 5 .. '39 8.43 8.22 6.47 8.16 4.25 15.80 10.46 18.54 2.'3 .. '39 0.80 0.74 1.05 1.01 1.53 1.51 1.20 0.42 o.no 1.92 2.27 3.01 4.00 Lignind Unbleached Bleaclwd pulp pulp per cent pPr cent 30.19 2~J.10 .'31.1.'3 29.83 29.36 28.97 30.51 24.22 31.64 31.05 25.72 20.05 COLD-SODA PULPING . . . (Continued from page 18) the use of eucalypt for newsprint manufacture. APPIT A 12 ( 3): 57-72. 3. Stamm, A. J. 1958. Diffusion of bound water into wood substance in the fiber direction. FPL Madison 5, Wisc. (PreTHE ROLE OF SCIENCE . . . (Continued from page 4) The FPRI prepares yearly its research program and is desirous of availing itself of the helpful suggestions and comments of the different wood using industries of the Philippines in order to be in a better position to tackle the actual technical problems besetting these industries. This Institute and the local wood-industries should join hands in solving technical problems of the latter in order that items made here from forest products, mainly wood, can be made of good quality that may b2 able to stand foreign competition. \Ye certainly hope that our local wood industries will succeed in their diversified ventures. ON LOGGING CONCESSIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES \Ve strongly indorse the selective system of logging and sustained yield basis of cutting by which we may be able to harvest commercial timber forever. By wise use of the products of our forests, higher recovery due to improved processing techniques, and the utilization of wood residues for the production of other articles of commerce such as pulp and paper, particleboard, hardboard, softboard, charcoal briquettes, activated carbon, tannin glue, etc., we can help conserve our forest resources. Regarding our log exportation, we believe that gradual reduction should be imposed. Page 24 sented at the FPRS in June 1958 at Madison, Wisc.) 4. Stone, J. E. and H. V. Green. 1959. Penetration and diffusion into hardwoods. Tappi 42(8): 700-709. 5. T APPi Standard Methods, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 360 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Our government should help local wood industrialists or entrepreneurs put up here more wood-using industries so that we could utilize our forest products to a greater extent than what we are doing now and derive more foreign exchange therefrom. In addition and by this mancr, we could give more employment to the unemployed or underemployed Filipinos. As it is now, foreign countries, importing Philippine logs, get more income and foreign exchange than we do. The period of time to log in any given forest concession should be made realistic or reasonable, say, not to exceed 25 years. Loggers invest large sums in equipment, logging roads, etc. They must be given sufficient time to recover their investment and make reasonable profit. One year, 2-year, or even 5-year period is greatly responsible for the fast denudation of our hills and mountains. Experience has shown that this practice induces loggers to cut as much as possible and quit as soon as possible. Generally, no thought is given to avoiding destroying the young trees or protecting the residual growth. This situation is made worse by the inconsistent policy of our government in seemingly tolerating kaingineros or squatters to operate on logged-over areas shortly after the logging operation. We have very many good forestry laws but these are very poorly implemented. Our government should right away designate permanent forest reserves and that these areas should, under no circumstances, be made alienable and disposable. FORESTRY LEAVES FIG. l. decay and Portion of the site in ambrosia beC'tle attack the Makilinl( Forest wherr experiment on thr control of sapstain, was conducted. Fie. 2. Control gubas bolts, used in the experiment. Fie. 3. One of the three piles of treated bolts, used in the experiment. Progress Report on Sawing Studies Taper by F. D. VIRTUCIO and M. ]. SAGRADO SUMMARY This report covers the preliminary results of the comparative studies made between the two methods of lumber processing, namely; taper sawing and nontaper sawing. Seven tapered logs with a net volume of 7.44 cubic meters ( 3,156.55 board feet) were used to determine the difference in lumber yields resulting from these two sawing methods. Comparison of the yields was made by taper sawing one billet1 and nontaper sawing the other billet from each study log. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean yields of the two methods of sawing. An average increase of 7 percent lumber recovery was obtained from taper-sawed billets on log tapers ranging from 1.22 to 2.73 centimeters per lineal meter. Taper sawing increased the percentage recovery of FAS and No. 1 Common lumber. If combined, both grades constituted 49.16 percent of the total lumber from taper-sawed billets as compared to 35.59 percent from nontaper-sawed billets. This represents an increase, gradewise, of 13.57 percent. As a result of these recoveries, the value of lumber from taper-sawed billets amounted to 25.10 percent more than the lumber value recovered from nontaper-sawed billets. INTRODUCTION In a sawmilling operation, two sawing methods are used with respect to' the directions of the saw cut, namely; (a) sawing parallel to the sides of the log, and (b) saw1 A billet is one-half of a log cut lengthwise. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 ing at an angle to the sides of the log. Sawing parallel to the sides of the log is termed taper sawing. This sawing process generally involves the orientation of the saw line following the taper of the log. Sawing a log at an angle to its sides is the other method which may be termed nontaper sawing or the conventional practice of sawing. The basic principle in taper sawing ( 10) 2 is to saw parallel to the bark, and taking out the taper-"straightening the cant"-from the interior portion of the log. According to this principle, maximum utilization of the peripheral zone of the log, where sound wood is usually found, is attained and straightgrained material is produced. Previous studies revealed several other advantages of taper sawing over nontaper sawing. Telford (10) claimed that taper sawing increases both the quantity of lumber and the percentage of high grade material available in the log. Actual tests ( 4) conducted in a West Virginia mill proved that taper sawing increased the value of lumber by at least 25 percent and likewise increased the overrun due to the elimination of heavy tapered boards going to the edger. So far, taper sawing has never been practiced by commercial sawmills in the Philippines nor a study along this line has previously been conducted. Due to lack of pertinent data and other factual information on taper sawing for Philippine species, this study was initiated to determine the benefits derived from such method. Specifically, the objectives of the study are as follows: 2 Numbers in parentheses refer to literature cited at the end of this report. Page 25 1. To determine the quantity and quality of lumber recovered by taper sawing. 2. To gather data on both taper and nontaper sawing methods for volume and grade-recovery comparisons. 3. To explore the economic value of taper sawing. The procedure and results of this study are presented and discussed with a projected plan to gather more data in order to have more conclusive results. MATERIALS The materials used in this study, as listed in Table 1, consisted of seven logs which were represented by 5 butts, 1 middle and 1 top logs. These logs tapered from 1.22 to 2.73 centimeters per lineal meter with an average diameter of 62 centimeters and average length of 4.4 meters. The total gross volume amounted to 8.29 cubic meters or an equivalent of 3,514.96 board feet. All the study logs belong to veneer grades with an average defect of 10 percent. PROCEDURE Scaling . and grading Logs used in the study were scaled according to the Brereton method of scaling. The method was used in order to determine the amount of taper in the log since this method requires the average diameter measurements of ·both ends of the logs. In measuring the diameter, fraction less than but not equal to one-half centimeter was dropped and fraction of one-half or over was recorded as one centimeter. The method of deduction for defects is in conformity with the Bureau of Forestry Manual of Procedure ( 1). After the dimension and all the defects have been noted the grade was established for each log. Log marking The next step was to determine the dividing line for each . billet on the log such that each section ' was approximately of equal Page 26 volume and quality. This was determined after the size and form of the log was inspected and both ends and surfaces have been scanned for the occurrence and distribution of defects. The dividing line was marked on each log by a chalk along the surface of the log using the pith centers as reference points for logs with well-centered heart, and the diametrical centers for oh-center logs. N ontaper and taper sawing The work plan for this study was designed to cut first the log into two equal billets. One of the billets would be taper sawed and the other not to be taper sawn. However, after the trial test on one log halving was found difficult because the saw line deviated from the marked central axis even if the log was properly dogged. The rigidity of the log positioned on the carriage was also difficult to establish because of the size, form and weight of the log. Likewise, halving was not also applicable for logs over 80 centimeters in diameter as the maximum clearance between the log side of the husk frame and the blade of the headrig is only 40 centimeters. Due to these difficulties, the procedure was modified. Instead of halving, the log wa'i so positioned on the carriage such that the dividing line on the log was perpendicular to the base of the headblocks. For nontaper sawing the log side facing the saw was sawed first in a conventional way. Sawing with this sequence was continued until the remaining cant was approximately equal to the first sawed face using the dividing line on the log end as the reference point. The taper on the cutting face of the log was removed from the first billet as it was nontaper sawed thus making the other billet ready for taper sawing without the aid of the taper levers. After one-half of the log was sawn by nontaper sawing, the remaining cant was turned 180 degrees with the sawed face FORESTRY LEAVES against the knees. At this position, the billet was automatically set for taper sawing without setting out its small end. This procedure eliminated the extra time that would be required to set the taper )eyers preparatory for taper sawing. Sawing parallel to the bark side of the billet was continued until the whole cant have been sawed. Taper-sawed and nontaper-sawed boards were generally cut to the same thicknesses in order that a fair estimate of the effects of the two sawing methods will be established from the lumber recovered. Lumber grade and tally During the operation, every board was marked with a lumber crayon in order to get the exact tally and grade of rough green lumber from each billet. The boards were marked with numbers identical to the numbers of the logs for easy identification in tallying and grading. For boards sawn by taper sawing, a sub-letter T was affixed with the number on the board and a sub-letter N was affixed for boards sawn by nontaper sawing. Each board was graded based on the National Hardwood Lumber Association Grading Rules for Philippine mahogany species. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the study are shown in Tables 2 to 9. Table 2 shows the lumber yields produced from the two sawing methods upon which the significance of their mean differences was tested by the "t" test method (5) as shown in Table 9. The sample mean difference of 7 percent recoYery was found to be significant at 5 percent level. On this basis, it can be stated that the mean yields were significantly different possibly due to the effects in sawing variation. At 95 percent confidence intervaf the true mean difference in their recovery could be detected, with sufficient size of sample, within the limits of 3.60 percent and 10.39 percent. Comparing the two methods of sawing, no consistent relationship wa!I evident beMOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 tween the degree of taper and the percentage differences in lumber recovery. Log No. 1, for example, with a taper of 1.22 centimeters showed a difference of 4.06 percent while log No. 6, with a taper of 2.5 centimeters showed a difference of 3.51 percent. The rest of the study logs showed also inconsistent relationship between taper and yield differences. These inconsistencies may be attributed to insufficient number of samples, taper differences, log quality and experimental error due to human and machine limitations. Besides the increase in lumber recovery, more of the higher grade lumber was produced by taper sawing. Comparative differences in footage as well as grade yields brought about by the two methods of sawing are shown in Tables 3 to 6. Taper-sawed billets yielded more FAS and No. 1 Common lumber grades than nontaper-sawed billets with a difference of 13.57 percent. The increase in grade was due to the recovery of boards of wider sizes and longer lengths from the peripheral zone of the taper-sawed billets. High grade material was likewise produced in the same zone of the nontapersawed billets but of limited quantity and with relatively shorter lengths and narrower widths as a result of cutting at an angle with the bark face. A large portion of highquality material in nontaper-sawed billets was included in the slabs. In the case of nontaper sawing, two to three cuts were necessary after slabbing, before the wholelength face of the billets was sawed. On the other hand, taper sawing the first ancl the succeeding boards after slabbing were already full length of the log thus yielding a greater number of wider and longer boards with straight grain and consequently of higher grades. Comparative values of lumber yields from taper-sawed and nontaper-sawed billets are shown in Tables 7 and 8. Price for No. '3 Common and below grade were arbitrarily selected as no price data for those grades are available. The resultant value of taperPage 27 sawed billets for 773.34 board feet lumber was t-'290.90 while nontaper-sawed billets yielding 654.18 board feet of lumber was valued at P'232.53. Therefore, the profit as a result of taper sawing amounted to '.P58.3i or 25.10 percent more than the value of lumber from nontaper-sawed billets. Apparently, this value is a net difference as no additional time was required in taper sawing to offset respective knees in the carriage. RECOMMENDATION Since the difference between the yields by taper sawing and nontaper sawing has been found to be statistically significant, it is proposed that this project be continued. Data from more samples is required in order to be able to analyze the results more accurately and to detect clearly any different trends that may exist between the yields produced by the two methods of sawing. Based on the first experiment with sample mean difference of 6.9986 and standard deviation of the differences of 3.6212 for loge; with an average taper of 2.12 centimeter<; per lineal meter, the size of sample required was statistically computed by the following formula at 5 percent level of significance (9): where: pd= sd t.05 n pd = population difference sd = sample standard deviation of the differences n = proposed number of replications It is desirable to detect population difference as large as 5 percent of the mean 44.3864 (of the 14 values observed) which is 2.2193 units. By recursion methods the proposed number of replications is found to be 13, computed as follows: pd = sd t.05, 6 = 3.6212 < 2.119) 13 3.605 = 2.1888 units Page 28 However, the 6 proposed additional sample was only based on .5 probability. Additional sample may be required at greater level of probability depending upon the results of the experiment and the expense that may be involved for larger size of sample for the conduct of this experiment in the Institute''> sawmill. Commercial application of taper sawing is the ultimate objective of this project. Therefore, it is desired that future studies will be conducted in commercial sawmills following modified procedures. Instead of conducting the two methods of sawing in each log by billets, it is planned that independent group of tapered logs be sawed by taper sawing method and another group of tapered logs be sawed by nontaper or conventional sawing. With this procedure, comparative evaluation of results would be more comprehensive because it affords complete taper sawing of each log that warrants its commercial application. REFERENCES 1. Bureau of Forestry. 1956. Timber concession. Forestry Leaves, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 35-7 4. (Reprinted from the Manual of Procedure, Bureau of Forestry). 2. Grantham, J. B. 1959. Procedures to study lumber recovery. Information Circular No. 14. Forest Products Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon. 3. Malcolm, F. B. 1956. A simplified procedure for developing grade lumber from hardwood logs. FPL Reports No. 2056, Madison, Wisconsin. 4. Mater Machine Works, Inc. - - - - A practical tapering method. Article on the operation of mater clutch taper. Corvallis, Oregon. 5. Ostle, B. 1954. Statistics in research. The Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, pp. 103-106. 6. Poblacion, C. 1956. Comparison of the Brereton, The Doyle, Scribner and the Bureau of Forestry Scales. Article for the Forestry Panorama, Vol. II, No. 1, Circular No. 1900 by P.L.P.A. (Continued on page 34) FORESTRY LEAVES rs: 0 < .... 2 C"l ~ t:i > -< .... tll tll ~ ~ I .... ~ °' ~ (IQ ~ ~ ..c TABLE 1. Log Scale and amount of taper on seven study logs I DIAMETER IN CMS. Length GROSS VOLUME Log posiLog No. Species I tion1 I I in Taper" I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Big Small Bagtikan Butt 60 54 Bagtikan Butt 54 48 Tangile Butt 60 52 Tangile Middle 71 60 Tangile Butt 72 60 Tangile Top 50 40 Bagtikan Butt 70 58 TOTAL AVERAGE 62.4 53.l 1 Log position in tree. " Taper in centimeters per linear meter of log. Ave. 57 51 56 65 66 45 64 58.3 meters 4.9 4.6 3.7 4.5 4.8 4.0 4.4 4.4 1.22 1.30 2.16 2.44 2.50 2.50 2.7.'3 2.i2 Cu. m. 1.25 0.94 o.m 1.49 1.64 0.64 1.42 8.29 1.18 Bd. ft. 530.00 398.56 385.84 G.'31.76 695.36 271.3(-) 602.08 3514.9(-) 502.14 TABLE 2. Comparison of general recovery from seven study logs by taper sawing and nontaper sawing methods LUMBER RECOVERY Percent defect 7 9 7 11 14 16 8 10 l Net ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - Log No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Average I I Taper 1.22 1.30 2.16 2.44 2.50 2.50 2.73 2.12 volume (Billet) 246.45 181.34 179.42 281.14 299.01 113.97 276.96 225.47 3 Percent recovery based on billet volume . Bd. ft. 131.35 90.00 97.00 141.15 130.51 40.00 143.33 110.48 Taper sawing I %3 53.30 49.63 54.06 50.21 43.65 35.10 51.75 48.24 Nontaper sawing Bd. ft. 121.34 83.33 82.50 107.35 112.01 36.00 111.65 83.45 I ·-----·-%:• 49.24 45.95 45.98 33.18 37.46 31.59 40.31 40.53 Net volume Bel. ft. 492.90 362.69 358.83 562.27 598.01 227.94 553.91 3156.55 450.94 Percent difference 4.06 3.68 8.08 12.0.'3 fi.19 3.51 11.44 7.00 't) Ill C1"I ('II w 0 'Tj c ~ ~ (fl ~ ~ ~ t""' ~ > < ~ (fl Log Nu. Taper 1 1.22 2 1.30 3 2.16 4 2.44 5 2.50 6 2.50 7 2.73 TOTAL TABLE ~3. Grade distribution of lumber by billets as recovered by each method of sawing (T-taper sawing; N-nontaper sawing) Net log LUMBER RECOVERY BY GRADES Method ( Board feet) volume of ( Bd. ft.) sawing FAS I No. lC I No. 2C I Nu. :3c 512.62 T 10.67 32.00 26.67 48.01 N 13.33 21.34 18.66 56.01 378.12 T - 51.33 14.00 18.67 N - 14.33 34.00 35.00 311.51 T - 60.00 12.00 25.00 N - 40.50 14.00 28.00 479.25 T - 57.16 35.00 32.66 N - 18.67 39.67 37.34 4H5.91 T 34.67 57.34 - 38.50 N 18.67 54.67 18.67 12.00 188.68 T - - 10.00 18.00 N - - 16.00 8.00 553.91 T 21.00 56.00 30.33 28.00 N 11.67 39.66 19.66 .'38.66 T 66.34 313.83 128.00 208.84 N 43.67 189.17 160.66 215.01 I Below Grade 14.00 12.00 (:i.00 16.3~3 11.()7 8.00 12.00 12.00 8.00 2.00 56 .. '33 45.67 ~ TABLE 4. Percentage grade yield of lumber from taper-sawed billets 0 ...-. I - Percentage lumber by grade 2. Billet Log Recovery ~ I - - - - - - - C"': No. Taper B<l. ft. I I I I Below ~ FAS No. IC No. 2C No. 3C Crade Total 0 1 1.22 131.35 8.12 24.36 20.31 36.55 10.66 100 ~ -< - 2 1.30 90.00 - 57.03 15.56 20.74 6.()7 100 w w 3 2.16 97.00 61.86 12.37 25.77 100 C"': - - tr'l I 4 2.44 141.15 - 40.49 24.80 23.14 11.57 100 ....... 5 2.50 I.'30.51 25.56 4.'3.94 29.50 100 ~ - - °' °' 6 2.50 40.00 - - 25.00 45.00 .'30.00 100 7 2.73 143.33 14.65 39.07 21.16 19.54 5.58 100 TABLE 5. Percentage grade yield of lumber from nontaper-sawed billets - Billet I Log I Recovery I Percentage lumber by grade No. Taper B<l. ft. I I I Below l FAS No. IC No. 2C No. 3C Grade Total 1 1.22 121.34 10.99 17.59 15.38 46.16 9.88 100 2 I..'30 8.'3.33 - 17.20 40.80 42.00 - 100 3 2.16 82.50 - 49.09 16.97 33.94 - 100 4 2.44 107.35 - 17.39 36.96 .'34.78 10.87 100 5 2.50 112.01 16.67 48.81 16.67 10.71 7.14 100 ~ 6 2.50 36.00 - ~ - 44.45 22.22 33.3.'3 100 (Jq ~ CJ,O 7 2.73 111.65 10.45 35.52 17.61 34.63 l.7D 100 ....... TABLE 6. Comparative pe_!centage grade yields from taper-sawed and nontaper-sawed billets Lumber Taper-sawed Non taper-sawed grade billets billets FAS 8.58 6.67 No. 1 Common 40.58 28.92 No. 2 Common 16.55 24.56 No. 3 Common 27.01 32.87 Below grade 7.28 6.98 T o t a I 100.00 100.00 TABLE 7. Value of lumber recovered from 7 billets by taper sawing method Lumber Footage Selling price Actual value grade yield per M.B.F. FAS 66.34 $140.00 - - - '1"560.00 'f' 37.15 No. 1 Common 313.83 115.00 - 460.00 144.36 No. 2 Common 128.00 90.00 - 360.00 46.08 No. 3 Common 208.84 (65.00) 4 - 260.00 54.30 Below grade 56.33 ( 40.00) _ - - - - 160.00 9.01 T o t a I 773.34 '1"290.90 4 Pareutheses indicate arbitrarily selected values as no price data available for those grades. TABLE 8. Value of lumber recovered from 7 billets by nontaper sawing method Lumber grade FAS No. 1 Common No. 2 Common No. 3 Common Below grade T o t a I Page 32 Footage yield 4'3.67 189.17 160.66 215.01 45.67 654.18 Selling price per .'.\l.B.F. $140.00 - - 115.00 - - - '1"560.00 90.00 - ( 65.00) - - - - - ( 40.00) - 460.00 360.00 260.00 160.00 Actual value f" 24.46 87.02 57.84 55.90 7.31 !"232.53 :FORESTRY LEAVES TABLE 9. yields Log No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tot a I s D t "t" test of significance of the produced by taper sawing and PERCE'.'llT RECOVERY - - - - - Taper Nontaper sa,,·ing sawing xi x2 53.30 49.24 49.63 45.95 54.06 45.98 50.21 33.18 43.65 37.46 35.10 31.59 51.75 40.31 3.6212 S-= 1.3687 D D-0 6.9986 - - - = 5.1133° S- 1.3687 D Tabular value of t = 2.447 .05,6 percentage mean differences 11ontaper sawing methods Difference D ~~ X 1 -X 2 D" 4.06 16.4836 3.68 13.5424 9.08 65.2864 12.03 144.7209 6.19 38.3161 3.51 12.3201 11.44 130.8736 48.99 421.5431 D = 6.9986 s0 2 = 13.1138 0 Significant as compared to the tabular value at .5% level of significance. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 of Page 33 REFERENCES . . . (Continued from page 28) 7. Sakharov, M. D. 1951. A new log cutting method. (Translated by Mr. Slade, 1952. Translation No. 1787, Commonwealth Scientific Organization, Commonwealth of Australia) . 8. Simons, F. C. 1957. A sawmill enterprise, an operational manual for cooperative FOREST MANAGEMENT ... (Continued from page 8 ) few biological societies and the confines of some universities. A public education campaign with active public participation should be started in the Philippines. The "4-H" Forestry Project of the U.P. College of Forestry is a move in this direction but a wider participation of other forestry agencies and the public school system and other organizations is highly desirable. The awareness and interest on the importance of conservation that such a project will generate will be far important than the material contribution to tree planting. Another possibility is an expansion of the activities of the Permanent Forest Association to include community projects aimed at arousing public interest in forestry. c. Shortage of technical men.-Another problem that is slowing down the efforts of effective management and conservation is the lack of foresters in this country. There are today not much more than 600 foresters. Out of these, about 40 hold Master's degree and only 4 with Doctor of Philosophy or professional doctorate degree. Most of these men are employed in the government service and hardly ten per cent are employed by the industry. Page 34 program use. l.C.A., Washington 25, D. C. Revised April 1959. pp. 53-55. ~). Snedecor, G. W. 1956. Statistical methods. 5th edition. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 60-62. 10. Telford, C. J. 1951. Effects of taper sawing and log turning. Journal of the Forest Products Research Society Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 36-38. Forestry as a career must be popularized. The forestry agencies and the industry can greatly help in the efforts of the U.P. College of Forestry in its recruitment campaign for good students. The present scholarships of the Bureau of Forestry, the Reforestation Administration and the industry has attracted many good students. However, the population of good quality students in the College is still quite low. Forestry education in both the undergraduate and graduate levels must be developed. The U.P. College of Forestry has gone a long way in this endeavor but a program of graduate education and research is still to be implemented. It is only through graduate education that qualified students may be afforded specialization. Of particular benefit to the industry will be specialists in forest management, silviculture, logging engineering, forest economics and forest products utilization. There are possibly other measures that are worth mentioning but the foregoing are among the most important since they are directed at the promotion of the understanding in forestry and the improvement of the human resources. These are basic factors that cannot be overlooked if forestry in this country is to reach a high degree of development. FORESTRY LEAVES Survival and Growth of Moluccan Sau Seedlings Potted in Various by Potting Media1 In a large scale reforestation work where potted seedlings are used as planting materials, the survival and growth of the seedlings in the nursery are very important. Low survival of seedlings in pots would mean reduced supply of planting materials which may upset the planting plan. For example, nurserymen usually prepare seedlings just enough for planting certain areas. But if a great number of these seedlings die before they are planted in the field, the consequence would be for the nurserymen to be able to plant only a portion of the area set aside for planting. Delays in planting also occur often due to improper timing of sowing and/ or due to slow growth of the potted seedlings. The survival and growth of seedlings are affected by the kind of soil in which they are grown. For potted plants, therefore, the potting medium should be properly selected. It may spell the difference between success and failure either in terms of survival or growth. For Moluccan Sau (Albizzia falcata Backer), the potting medium that is most favorable for high survirnl and fast rate of growth is not yet known. It was, therefore, the main objective of the study reported in this paper to find out the best among eight 1 This study was conducted under the Albizzia f al cat a research project which is financially supported by the Philippine Match Company, Ltd. (PHIMCO), Manila. The author is Assistant Professor in Silviculture at the U.P. College of Forestry and Incharge of the project. This paper was read before the Los Bafios Biological Club during the Club's regular scientific meeting on November 24, 1965 at the College of Forestry auditorium. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 IRENEO L. DOMINGO potting media. The result of this study may also be an indication of the kind of soil in which the species can best grow and sun·ive in field conditions. No study has so far been reported on the best potting media for Moluccan Sau seedlings. Under field conditions, however, it has been claimed that the species can grow successfully in a wide range of site conditions except on very sandy and water-logged soils. 2 PROCEDURES Experimental Design The study was conducted on a completely randomized design with the following potting media as treatments: Potting Media (soil): I. Sand, S 2. Clay, C 3. Ordinary Garden Soil, G 4. Humus, H 5. 1: 1 Humus and Sand mixture, HSa 6. 1: 1 Ordinary Garden Soil and Sand mixture, GSa 7. 2: 1 Ordinary Garden Soil and Sand mixture, GSb 8. 2: 1 Humus and Sand mixture, HSb Each treatment was replicated eight times with 20 seedlings per replicate or a total of 160 seedlings per treatment. "Valera, R. B. and C. A. Galutira. 1961. How to plant Albizzia falcata. Reforestation Newsletter l (5): 17-19. Page 35 Description of Potting Media The terms, "sand", "clay", etc., are used here in a loose manner and not in the strict (technical) sense. These are evident in the following descriptions. All these media were not sterilized. 1. Sand. The sand potting medium used was a river sand that was not washed. In other words, it contained some silt and other materials. 2. Clay. The clay used may or may not have been a pure clay. It was taken from an ant hill. It apparently contained a little amount of organic matter. 3. The ordinary garden soil was from a nursery seedbed with apparently a clay-loam texture. 4. Humus. The humus consisted of apparently completely decayed organic matters principally of leaves of trees. 5. The ratios of the mixtures used were by volume. Sowing The seeds were sown in drills in seed flats at a depth of about one centimeter. The distance between drills was about three centimeters and the seeds were spaced about one-half centimeter along the drills. Potting The pots used in potting the seedlings in this study were plastic film bags, 7" x 8" in size and .002 mm. in thickness. The seedlings were potted when they were about three and one-half centimeters tall. Collection of Data The potted seedlings were measured for height immediately after potting and once every two weeks thereafter. Dead seedlings at the time of any measurement were indicated in the record sheets. The ratio, expressed in percent, of the number of seedlings alive and the total number of seedlings potted Page 36 (20 seedlings) in each replicate and treatment at the 13th week after potting made up the survival data. Height growth was computed by subtracting the height of the seedlings when they were potted from their heights at the 13th week after potting. Analyses of Data The survival tlata taken on the 13th week after potting, after having been transformed to degrees, were analyzed by the analysis of variance method. The significance of the difference between any two treatment means was determined by the Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The same method of analysis was followed in the analysis of the height growth data. The survival data were transformed from percent to degrees by the arcsin transformation method using Table A.10 of Steel and Torrie3 to ensure independent and normal distribution of the experimental error as required to have a valid application of the test of significance in the analysis of variance. The data, both survival and growth, for the sand potting medium were excluded from the analyses. The variation of the individual observations on this medium may have been considerably lower since the means were so small and, therefore, they had a lesser base of variation. This situation would make the error term not homogenous which is contrary to the requirement of the analysis that there should be a common variance. RESULTS Survival.-The survival of the seedlings potted in sand was very low ( 18.12 percent) compared to the survival for the other potting media (Table 1). The survival was so low that the sand as a potting medium for the seedlings of the species should not at all be used. In the survival analysis, there3 Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics with Special Reference to the Biological Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. FORESTRY LEAVES fore, the data for the sand potting medium were excluded . At 13 weeks after potting, the eight potting media can be divided into five groups based on significant differences in survirnl of the potted seedlings. The sand was poorest ( 18.12 percent), as stated earlier, followed by humus ( 56.88 percent) and 2: 1 humussand mixture ( 69.38 percent). The next higher group consists of 1: 1 humus-sand mixture (78.12 percent), clay (83.75 percent), and 2: 1 garden soil-sand mixture ( 84.38 percent). The highest group consists of the 1: 1 garden soil-sand mixture (91.88 percent) and garden soil ( 92.50 percent). The difference in sur,·ival between any two treatments within a group was not significant (Table 2). TABLE l. Average sun-irnl in percent of Moluccan Sau seedlings potted in rnrious potting media A verage0 sun-irnl in weeks after potting Potting Media 2 4 6 9 11 13 s 31.88 25.62 19.39 18.75 18.75 18.12 c 92.50 88.12 85.62 84.38 84.38 83.75 G 96.88 93.75 93.75 93.12 93.12 92.50 H 82.50 73.12 68.12 58.12 58.12 56.88 HS a 93.75 86.25 84.38 79.38 79.38 78.12 GS a 97.50 95.62 94.38 93.12 93.12 91.38 GSb 94.75 92.50 91.38 84.38 84.38 84.38 HSb 95.62 86.26 82.50 72.50 71.88 69.38 0 Basis of average: 160 seedlings. TABLE 2. Analysis of variance of the survival data (transformed to degrees) taken at 13 weeks after potting Source of variation d.f. SS MS F Treatments 6 4,882.56 813.76 19.31°0 Error 49 2,065.54 42.15 TOTAL 55 6,948.10 0 "Significant at the 1 per cent level. Duncan's Multiple Range Test Treat- H HSb I HSa c I GSb I GSa G men ts Ranked 48.99 56.66 63.88 66.32 66.95 73.80 79.15 (deg) 0 Means 56.88 69.38 78.12 83.75 84.38 91.88 92.50 (%) -------.------:::::::::==::::.._ ___ - - - ----------~---~ 0 Means joined by a single solid line are not significantly different at the 5 percent level and at the 1 percent level for those joined by a single dotted line. The same is true for Table 4. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 Page 37 Height Grou:th Like in survival, the height growth of the seedlings potted in sand at 13 weeks after potting v.·as very small ( 6.39 cm. ) compared to the other potting media (Table 3) . The height data for this potting medium were, therefore, also excluded in the analysis of the height growth data. TABLE 3. Average cumulative height growth of Moluccan Sau Seedlings potted in various potting media Cumulative height growth in weeks after potting Media Potting 2 4 6 9 11 13 s 0.57 1.06 1.43 2.21 3.88 6.39 c 1.19 2.40 4.88 12.17 24.68 38.78 G 0.95 2.13 5.45 10.84 18.94 29.84 H 0.79 1.84 5.24 15.16 29.48 42.88 HSa 1.16 2.39 7.51 13.69 22.67 32.88 GS a 0.84 2.52 6.61 15.96 22.96 33.91 GSb 1.13 1.76 4.20 11.68 24.14 35.96 HSb 0.82 1.78 4.61 13.74 24.73 35.89 0 Basis of average: nearly 160 seedlings. Of the seven potting media (excluding sand), humus which had the lowest survival had the fastest height growth 42.88 cm.) and garden soil which had the highest survival had the slowest growth ( 29.84 cm.). The other media were intermediate with the following growth means: 1: 1 humus-sand mixture ( 32.88 cm.), 1: 1 garden soil-sand mixture 33.91 cm.), 2: 1 humus-sand mixture ( 35.89 cm.), 2: 1 garden soil-sand mixture (35.96 cm.) and clay (38.78 cm.). (Table 4). Source of variation Treatments Error TABLE 4. Analysis of variance of the height growth data taken at 13 weeks after potting d.f. SS MS 6 854.20 142.37 49 1,135.55 23.17 TOTAL 55 1,989.75 00 Significant at the l percent level. Duncan's Multiple Range Test Treatments G HSa GSa 29.84 32.88 33.91 ----------HSb GSb 35.89 35.96 c 38.78 Ranked \-leans - --_-.::. --== ==--=--.:.= =--~-.::::::::::-... ::=:=,:_ - - F 6.1400 H 42.89 Page 38 FORESTRY LEAVES DISCUSSION The seedlings when they were potted were assumed to have a more or less uniform height since they all came from the same seed lot which was sown at one time. There was, therefore, no effort to segregate the seedlings into size classes. However, to preclude the possibility that differences in initial height between seedlings potted in different media might haw affected the survival and growth, a correlation test was collaucted on the initial height and survirnl and on initial height and height growth. For initial height and survival, the correlation coefficient ( r) was 0.334 and was not significant. For initial height and height growth, the correlation coefficient was 0.413. This was also not significant. It is obvious, therefore, that the outcome of this study was not affected by whatever differences in height the seedlings had at the time of potting. It is interesting to note that the performance of humus as a potting medium was poorest among the seven media in terms of survival ( 56.88 percent) but performed best in terms of height growth ( 42.88 cm.) at 13 weeks after potting. On the other hand, garden soil performed best in survival (92.50 percent) but poorest in height growth (29.84 cm.) . The poor performance of the humm in survival may perhaps be explained by the fact that there were plenty of microorganisms in it and since the seedlings of Moluccan Sau have been observed to be susceptible to damping off when still young, the seedlings that died succumbed to the damping off disease. The more resistant seedlings that survived the disease, however, after the danger had passed had excellent growth because of the obviously better chemical composition and better physical conditions of the humus. On the other hand, the garden soil obviously did not contain much microorganisms that might have caused the heavy mortality in the humus. The survival, therefore, was high. The height growth, however, was slow and perhaps this may be due to MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 the development of unfavorable physical conditions of the soil like compaction after repeated artificial watering or heavy downpour of rain. The phenomenon of low survival but fast growth in humus and high survival but slow growth in garden soil renders both media not very ideal for potting. An ideal potting medium would be one that would give high survival and at the same time fast growth. On this premise, a compromise would have to be made to determine the best potting medium among the eight media used in this study. This would mean selection of one which would give survival that may not be very high but with a growth rate that is not also very low. On this basis, the 1: 1 mixture of garden soil and sand (91.88 per cent survival, 33.91 cm. growth) would be about the best, followed by clay ( 83. 75 percent, 38.78 cm.). It is doubtful, however, whether or not the fast growth in clay will be maintained beyond the 13th week because of the possibility that this soil will also become compacted. Perhaps the physical conditions of the clay may be improved by the addition of a little sand. But considering the fact that the growth in clay at 13 weeks ( 38. 78 cm. ) was fast enough that the seedlings were then big enough to be suitable for planting, clay alone may be used without adding any sand if there is no intention to carry the seedlings over beyond the 13th week. The above discussion is directed towards the selection of the best medium. This is not to say that the other media are not good at all. In fact, the other media such as 2: 1 garden soil-sand mixture ( 84.38 percent, 35.96 cm.), 1: 1 humus and sand mixture ( 78.12 percent, 32.88 cm.) and the garden soil without sand ( 92.50 percent, 29.84 cm.) are also good enough under certain circumstances. When there is enough time to grow the seedlings, say 13 weeks, then these media, regardless of the growth rate, are good enough because the seedlings will then be Page 39 big enough for planting. In other words, growth rate is no longer important but the survival. On the other hand, humus without any sand, 2: 1 humus-sand mixture and the sand alone are not good at all because no matter how fast the growth is, the survival is just very low that the cost of producing plantable stock would be too high. However, if these media are fumigated or cooked before using them, they may become excellent ones. The sand alone, even if watered everyday, gets heated too easily which is detrimental to the newly potted seedlings. The performance of the various combinations of humus, garden soil, and clay which was not determined because of the lack of adequate number of seedlings, may be a good subject of another study. The results of this study suggest that Moluccan Sau can grow over a wide range ot soil conditions except a very sandy soil which only confirms the popular belief. SUMMARY Albizzia f alcata seedlings, about three and one-half centimeters tall, were planted on Compliments of CMS Logging Inc. Concessionaire Log Producer & Exporter Manila Address: 2nd & 3rd Floor Bldg. Priscila No. 3 543 Rizal Ave., Manila Page 40 Cable Address: CAMOSINC, Manila Tels. 3-29-79, 3-78-42 & 4-69-06 Concession Area: Baganga, Davao eight kinds of unsterilized potting media in plastic film bags to find out the relative eff eciency of the potting media in terms of survival and growth. The study was conducted on a completely randomized design with eight experimental units per potting medium. The results showed that unwashed river sand was a very poor medium and, therefore, should not at all be used. Humus performed best in terms of height growth of the seedlings but the survival was so poor that it i'i not recommended unless thoroughly sterilized. Ordinary garden soil was second poorest in height growth but it gave the highest survival. Of the eight media, the 1: 1 mixture of ordinary garden soil and sand gave the best combination of survival and growth, followed by clay. Ordinary garden soil without sand, 2: 1 garden soil-sand mixture, and 1: 1 humus-sand mixture are also satisfactorv if there is a minimum period of 13 weeks for growth between potting and out-planting time. Compliments of PHILIPPINE GRADERS MANAGING CO. Exporter • Sawmill Operator • Concessionaire Dealer in: Philippine Mahogany and Hardwood Products Office: Suite 503 Pacific Building Sawmill: Rosario St., Manila Tel. 4-80-82 Compliments of Diffun Nueva Vizcaya JOSE S. RICO Log Producer & Exporter Concession Area: Kidapawan, Cotabato Manila Office: Suite 501 Pacific Bldg. Rosario St., Manila Tels. 4-15-50, 3-49-12 FORESTRY LEAVES A Comparative Study of Impact Strength Between the Pendulum Impact and the Toughness Tests 1 INTRODL"CTION Shock resistance in bending is one of the basic mechanical properties of wood which contribute a significant role in the selection of timber for tool handles, baseball bats, and tennis rocket, in addition to buildings, bridges, ships, and wharves. To gauge the said property of timber, three impact bending tests are used such as the Monnin pendulum impact, the USFPL toughness, and the Hatt-Turner vertical drop tests. The first two tests are of the single blow impact type, while the latter is of the multiple impact type. Single-blow impact not only offers a chief basis for evaluating and comparing the shock resistance of wood species from specimen of small sizes, but also provides a basis for quality control in the selection of wood intended for exacting uses. In the light of two i This is a condensation of the author's undergraduate thesis originally titled "A comparative study of impact tests of the pendulum impact and the toughness methods on katilma, anang-gulod, bokbok, and dita" submitted to faculty of the University: of the Philippines, College of Forestry in partial fuHillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry in 1959. 2 The author is now an Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Wood Science and Technology, U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna. He received his M.S. at the State University of New York, College of Forestry at Syracuse University in 1963. The author wishes to convey his gratitude to the Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna for the use __Qf the facilities through Engrs. S.B. Bellosillo and R .J. Miciano, his thesis advisers. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 by ARMANDO A. VILLAFLOR2 College of Forestry, U.P. College, Laguna available methods using one specimen size, this study might give us a measure of the difference between toughness values given by the two methods as applied to these four straight-grained species, namely, katilma ( Diospyros nitida M err), anang-gulod ( Diospyros inclusa Merr), bokbok (Xantophyllum excelsum M iq.), and dita ( Alstonia scholaris (L) R.BR.). The primary objective of this study is to compare the results of impact tests as employed in the Amsler Universal Testing Machine (Monnin) and the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory Toughness Testing Machine on 2 cm. square by 28 cm. long test specimen as adopted by international agreement (2, 4).3 The secondary objective is to determine the relationship of impact test values with respect to woodray orientations (radial and tangential). REVIEW OF UTERATURE Drow ( 5) found that the average total energy (based on specimens of 2 centimeters ( 0. 79 inch) square by 28 centimeters ( 11 0 inches) long, loaded at the center of a 24centimeter (9.47 inches) span) obtained by the pendulum impact method may range from 4 to 27 percent lower than that obtained from closely matched groups of specimens tested by the toughness method for both green and air-dry conditions. He further 3 Number in parenthesis refer to literature cited. Page 41 indicated that the average Yalues from the pendulum impact method can be estimated at about 15 percent lower than the Yalues for comparable materials tested by the toughness test method under similar moisture conditions. Air-dry total energy a\·erages from the pendulum impact method range from 6 to 27 percent lower than those obtained from closely matched groups of specimens tested by the toughness method. Average air-dry values . from the pendulum impact method, therefore, may be roughly estimated at about 17 percent lower than values obtained by the toughness method on comparable material. Drow ( 5) concludes that the relation of impact test values obtained between radial and tangential loading faces of the test specimens depends on both the nature of the species and the moisture content condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Test Specimens Fifteen sticks of 2.5 x 2.5 centimeters square were prepared from each of the four ~pecies selected for the study such as katilma ( Diospyros nitida Aferr), anang-gulod ( Diospy ros inclusa ."A,ferr), bokbok ( Xanthophyllum excelsum Miq.), and dita (Alstonia scholaris R.BR.). Samples were cut parallel to longitudinal, radial, and tangential axes of the wood and were end-matched as shown in Figure 1. The letters A and B represented Pendulum Impact and Toughness Methods, respectively. The letters R and T indicated radial and tangential faces, respectively. Numbers such as 1, 2, 3, etc. indicated the number of sample in each group. To illustrate marking, A-R-1 meant pendulum impact, radial orientation, and sample number one. Sticks were placed and piled with stickers in the timber testing room until approximately constant weight was attained. They were finally conditioned to 12% equilibrium moisture content in a humidity controlled Page 42 room. The specimens were then finished into the standard size of 2 x 2 x 28 centimeters with their corresponding identifying marks and were returned to the humidity controlled room preparatory to testing. Description of Impact Tests Pendulum Impact Test-The specimen was placed on two supports twenty four centimeters apart. The operator actuated the release by hand and in falling, the hammer struck and broke the specimen at the middle. The energy in meter-kilograms required to break the specimen was indicated by the highest position reached by the cursor on the ,-ertical scale. A rope prevented the pendulum from falling back abruptly at the end of its upward swing. The pendulum impact test ( 1) is shown in Figure 2. Toughness Test-The specimen was placed on the support plate with the standard span of 24 centimeters. A cylindrical tup was used in applying the load at the center of the specimen. The pendulum was set at the initial angle and weight position (based on the pilot run) desired. Then it was released by means of a lever which caused the breaking of the specimen in one drop. The final angle was read on the dial to the nearest tenth of a degree by means of an accompanying vernier and toughness values were read from a table computed for convenience in pounds ( 3) . The toughness test is shown in Figure 3. l'.1 oisture Content and Specific Gravity Moisture content of each specimen was determined by taking a sample about two inches long near the failure portion after it was broken. Samples were weighed immediately after cutting and cleaning off splinters and unnecessary fibers and then ovendried to a temperature of 103° - 2°C until content weight was attained. The loss of weight was expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight as indicated by the following formula: .FORESTRY LEAVES MC= -1 where: ·1 I I loo J MC = Moisture content, percent ADW = Air dry weight, gm. ODW = Oven dry weight, gm. The specific gravity of the specimen tested was calculated from the following formula: .061 WTact G = - - - - - [ where: 1+%MC 100 WT act = weight of specimen, gm . . 061 = conversion factor Van = volume of specimen at test, cu. inch %MC= percent moisture content G = specific gravity based on weight when ovendry and volume at test. Calculation of Impact Test Relationship Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the significance of the differences of impact test values obtained from the pendulum impact method and the toughnes<; test method. An analysis of variance (6) was made to determine the sources of variation that may significantly affect the test values obtained. To determine the direct relation of the energy values obtained between the toughness test method and the pendulum impact method, linear regression ( 6) was used Values obtained from the radial and tangential faces were treated separately. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Reliability of Matching The moisture content and specific gravity were considered as the most logical and MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 significant factors in gauging the degree of uniformity and consistency of matching. Examination of the average moisture content and average specific gravity values obtained from specimens tested with load applied in the tangential and radial faces by both the pendulum and the toughness test methods showed variable degree of reliability. Table 1 also shows that the average specific gravity values for any particular species obtained by one method is in close agreement with the corresponding values obtained by the other method. Variahilit11 of Test Results The average coefficient of variation of the two types of single-blow impact test was about 27 percent. The pendulum impact method had an edge of 4 percent degree of variability over the toughness method, the former was 29 percent while the latter was 25 percent as shown in Table 2. Pendulum Impact Test Vs Toughness Tests The ratios of the average impact test values as shown in column 9 of Table 1 indicate that the results obtained with the pendulum impact method are from 13 to 37 percent lower than those obtained with the toughness method. Because of the difference in energy values obtained from the machines, a statistical analysis was made for the four species: katilma, anang-gulod, bokbok, and di ta. Table 3 shows that machine treatment was highly significant for all the species. The interaction action between test methods and woodray orientatmns was insignificant. The average impact values obtained from the pendulum impact test is approximately 25 percent lower than the average test values obtained from the toughness test method for properly matched materials. Such Page 43 an approximation would yield an overestimates for 3 of the 8 groups included in this study, ranging from 1 to 19 percent and underestimates for 5 of the same groups, ranging from 1 to 32 percent. Figure 4 shows the regression lines based on the means of the impact values of the species. This shows that the toughness values (y-axis) obtained on the test specimens can be estimated directly from values obtained from the pendulum impact method (x-axis). Radial and tangential values of the toughness test can be calculated to the pendulum impact test by applying the formulae, Y=l.18X +25.93 and Y=l.14X+28.76, respectively. Effect of W oodray Orientations In the pendulum impact test, katilm,1 and anang-gulod yielded practically the same energy values for specimens loaded in both loading faces. The impact test values for both species are slightly higher in radially oriented test specimens with the toughness test. Energy values obtained for anang-gulod and katilma in the toughness test are 11 and 5 percent higher, respectively, in the radial face than for their corresponding values on the tangential face. Dita and bokbok on the other hand, appear to give higher impact test values for test specimens loaded on the tangential face for both test methods. Average energy value for dita is 12 percent higher for specimens loaded tangentially in the pendulum impact test and 22 percent higher for tangentially loaded specimens for the toughness test and the impact test, respectively. The results show clearly that differences in impact values obtained between closely matched test specimens loaded on either face are dependent on the species. CONCLUSIONS 1. The energy values obtained with the pendulum impact test are significantly lower Page 44 than the values obtained with the tough· ness test for well matched specimens of katilma, anang-gulod, bokbok, and dita. The percentage difference ranges from 13 to 37 percent. 2. An approximate reduction factor of 25 percent may be used to convert values obtained from the toughness test to the pendulum impact test for these species only. 3. The linear regression equations, Y=l.18X +25.92 and Y=l.14X+28.76 apply to radial and tangential loadings, respectively. These equations show the relationship between the toughness values Y and X in inch-lbs. refer to toughness and pendulum impact tests, respectively. 4. The values obtained do not yield conclusive evidence that specimens loaded on the radial face are consistently higher than the tangential face or vice versa LITERATURE CITED I. Amsler, A.J. n.d. Amsler Testing Machines. Alfred J. Amsler and Co. Schaffhouse, Switzerland. 2. Anonymous. 1954. ASTM Standards on wood, wood preservatives and related materials. American Sociey for Testing Materials. 3. n.d. Forest Products Laboratory Toughness Testing Machine. Mimeograph 1308. U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. 4. - - - - 1949. Wood Handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook. No. 72. 5. Drow, J.T., Markwadt, L.M. and Youngquist, W.G. 1958. Results of impact test to compare the pendulum impact and the toughness test methods. U.S. For. Prod. Lab. Report No. 2108. 6. Snedecor, G.W. 1946. Statistical methods applied to agriculture and biology. Iowa State College. FORESTRY LEAVES ~ ..... c < - ~ C"l e "t) t:::1 ;i... ~ - (JJ (JJ Cj ~ I - '° °' °' "t) I» (Jq ('!) ... VI TABLE 1. Values from Comparative Tests of the Pendulum Impact and the Toughness Tests. PENDULUM IMPACT TEST TOUGHNESS TEST --------------- -~----Species Number of Moisture Specific Total Moisture Specific Specimens content gravity1 energy2 content gravity1 ( 1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Percent In-lb. Percent AIR-DRY TANGENTIAL Dita 15 10.8 0.388 82.7 10.7 0.385 Anang-gulod 16 12.1 .658 l.'32.8 12.l .661 Katilma 16 12.0 .75:3 263.8 12.2 .749 Bokbok 17 11.8 .710 318.3 12.3 .714 AIR-DRY RADIAL Dita 15 10.8 0.383 74.0 10.8 0.369 Anang-gulod 16 11.9 .664 133.8 11.6 .677 Katilma 16 12.0 .754 264.4 12.0 .754 Bokbok 17 12.0 .715 303.8 12.1 .720 1 Based on weight when ovendry and volume at test. 2 Specimens 2 ems. square by 28 centimeters long center-loaded over a 24 centimeter span. 3 Values obtained by the ratio: Pendulum impact value (Cal. 5) Toughness value-(CaCsf-- ·--- · -- ----- Ratio of Total Total energy3 energy" (8) (9) In.-lh. 111.7 0.74 202.6 .66 301.8 .87 408.1 .78 91.2 0.81 213.l .63 336.6 .79 378.5 .80 "'O ~ CJ'CI ~ ... °' TABLE 2. Variability of Mean Energy Values Obtained of the Monnin Species Dita Anang-gulocl Katilma Bokbok Dita Anang-gulod Katilma Bokbok Nt 15 16 16 17 15 16 16 17 Pendulum Impact and the Toughness Tests. PENDULUM IMPACT TEST 1---- ------·-~-~--~-------··-----~- ·----x2 i S" I s1 \ c.V.'· \ ¥6 In-lb. In-lb. In.-lh. Percent In-lb. AIR DRY-TANGENTIAL 82.7 6.17 23.8\J 28.89 111.7 133.8 15.85 63.40 47.38 203.5 263.8 18.16 72.62 27.5.'3 201.8 318.3 18.87 77.81 24.45 408.1 AIH DHY-RADIAL 74.0 2.58 11.14 15.05 91.2 12.'3.8 16.34 65.36 48.85 213.1 264.4 12.15 48.60 18.38 .'336.G 303.8 14.61 60.23 19.83 378.5 'Tl 1 Number of specimens. ~ 2 Species mean energy for Monnin pendulum impact method. t':l 3 Standard error. en 4 Standard deviation '"'3 s Coefficient of variation. ~ 6 Species mean energy for USFPL toughness method. t:"" t':l > < t':l rJJ TOUGHNESS TEST -s s x In-lb. In-lh. 10.12 39.21 19.11 76.42 13.09 52.35 24.82 102.24 2.o.'3 7.86 19.09 76.34 18.99 73.96 15.07 67.15 C.\'. Percent 35.10 37.55 17.35 25.08 8.62 .'35.62 22.57 16.42 ~ - 0 ~ - Ji'. i;"'l e ~ 0 > >-<: - Species ~ Dita c tTi I - '° °' °' ~ Ill ~ ~ Anang-gulod Katilma Bokbok Sourcesl of variation M 0 MxO Error Total M 0 MxO Error Total M 0 MxO Error Total M 0 MxO Error Total TABLE 3. Analysis of Variance of Total Energy Values Obtained by the Pendulum Impact and the Toughness Tests. Degrees I Sum of of I Mean squares "}i"' freedom squares 1 7,992.604 7,992.604 l.'3.9.'3 1 3,207.628 3,207.628 5.5~) 1 521.561 521.561 O.D.'3 56 22,124.373 573.649 ·--sg -· 43,846.f 661 88,915.786 88,915.786 17.82 1 371.044 371.044 0.07 1 371.043 . '371.043 0.07 GO 299,357.135 4,989.286 63 -389,01(31)08 1 48,587.180 48,587.180 12.04 1 5,026.811 5,026.811 1.25 1 4,G78.561 4,678.561 1.16 60 242,196.67 4 4,0.'36.Gll 63 -3oc(489.22tf 1 114,874.499 114,874.499 HU.'3 1 8,283.090 8,283.090 1.38 1 963.016 963.016 O.lG 64 .'384,297 .502 G,004.G48 -·-~ G7 508.418.107 I Significance" 000 00 N.S. N.S.000 N.S . N.S. 000 N.S. N.S. 000 N.S. N.S. .... -.] 1 M is machine treabnent; 0 is growth ring orientation, radial and tangential. ~ N.S. is not significant; 0 is significant at the 5% level; 00 is significant at the 1 percent level; 000 is significant at 0.1 percent levt•I. Page 48 ------------ -----G. S. MANALAC ENTERPRISES PRODUCER - EXPORTER LAUAN LOGS, LUMBER & VENEER GAUDENCIO S. MANALAC President LOGGING OPERATIONS Kapalong, Davao WOOD PROCESSING PLANTS Panaho, Davao RICE MILL, ELECTRIC AND ICE PLANT Floridahlanca, Pampanga MAIN OFFICE 2nd Floor, Bank of P. I. Bldg. Davao City ~IANILA BRANCH Suite 420 Equitable Bank Building Juan Luna, Manila FORESTRY LEAVES A-R-1 B-R-1 A-T-1 I B·T-1 I , 2 cm. I I /c -90° t--- 28 cm. •I• 28 cm. .. ,'Cl 28 cm. •I• 28cm.~ Legend: A-T-1- Monnin pendulum impact--Tangential-Spccimen No. 1 B-T-1- USFPL toughness - A-R-1- Monnin pendulum impact- Radial-Specimen No. 1 B-R-1 - USFPL toughness - Size of specimen: 2 cm. x 2 cm. x 28 cm. or 0.79" x 0.79" x 11" Fie. I. Endmab:bin111 procedure. PEIVOULUV RELEASE ~-f--..!~-1..L DIRECr "IEAO!IVG .. roUGHIVESS" SCA LE --4~--1111-+-...-9+' 8ACl<SW/N6 ARRESTER PENDULUM--, I tl.,, ~ r-i .. ' 9*' : / + 0 BACltSWINg .. FRICTION Dltllll - - - TOl/GHN£$$ INDICATOR $LIDE _..:~~.--tt--r--- INOIC 4 TOR RISER AffD GUIDES ~---TEST SPEC/f/IEN Fie;. 2. Amsler universal wood testing machine used in the pendulum impact test. support plates FIG. 3. U.S. Forest Product! Laboratory toughness testing machine. . :·t~l-f .. 1; • • ~- • ..; __ :. _j _, CL ... FIG. 4. Regression lines showing the relation between the USFPL toughne"l~ and the Monnin pendulum impact tests. Wood Anatomy of HPhilippine Mahogany" and their ldentif ication ( Dipterocarpaceae) St::\nJARY The macroscopic and microscopic features of the woods of the so-called Philippine Mahogany are hereby described showing possible criteria to distinguish the species. Results of the splinter test showed that Pentacme contorta, Parashorea plicata and Shorea polysperma burn to complete or full ash, while S. agsaboensis burns to fine threads of blackish ash. The residues of S. almon and S. squamata usually drift away during the burning process or leave fine threads of ash; and S. negrosensis burns to charcoal. Microscopic observations confirmed earlier findings or the presence of rhomboidal crystals in the axial parenchyma strands-of ten two, if not more, per cell in P. contorta, as compared with the long-chambered crystaliferous strands in P. plicata. They are commonly in idioblasts in S. almon and S. polysperma; rare in S. squamata, and may or may not be present in S. agsaboensis and S. negrosensis. Usually, S. squamata can be readily recognized for its empty intercellular canals. The amount of deposits, the height of rays and the shape of ray cells observed in S. agsaboensis, S. polysperma and S. negrosensis off er diagnostic importance to distinguish them from S. almon and S. squamata. INTRODUCTION "Philippine Mahogany" is a trade name applied to the wood of 9 closely-related 1 Sr. Forest Products Technologist, Wood Technology Division, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna (Philippines). MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 by JOSE A. MENIAD0 1 species of the Dipterocarpaceae belonging to three genera: Shorea, Parashorea and Pentacme. It is subdivided into two groups: (a) red lauan or Philippine red mahogany, which consists of S. negrosensis Foxworthy (red lauan), S. polysperma (Blanco) Merrill ( tangile), and S. agsaboensis Stern ( tiaong) (14);2 and (b) white lauan or light red Philippine mahogany, which includes: S. almon Foxworthy (almon), S. squamata ( Turcz. ) Dyer (ma ya pis), Parashorea plicata Brandis ( bagtikan), P. 1rnrburgii Brandis (southern bagtikan), Pentacme contort a (vidal) Merrill & Rolfe (white lauan), and P. mindanensis Foxworthy (Mindanao lauan). home furnishings (15). The woods are rather soft to medium hard, and light to reddish brown in color. Offering beauty, workability and versatility, they may be used for delicate cabinet work, rugged planking of sea-going vessels, veneer and plywood, and a variety of woodwork particularly suitable for modern construction and home furnishings. (15). The Philippine Forest Products Research Institute has also found that their wood wastes and residues are promising for pulp and papermaking. As a group, the Philippine Mahogany can be distinguished readily from both the American and African mahogany (true mahogany) by the presence of normal longitudinal gum canals, which are lacking in the American and African mahogany species. Also the leaves of the true mahogany are 2 Nwnbers in parentheses refer to Literatme Cited appended to in this paper. Page 49 usually even-pinnate, with 2 to 6 pairs of leaflets ( 11), while those of the Philippine species are simple and alternate. Wood structure and properties of each of the Philippine Mahogany species have been described by Reyes (12, 13), indicating close similarities with one another. He also pointed out some features of value in their identification. On the other hand, Brazier and Franklin ( 1) cited in their pamphlet that P. contorta and P. mindanensis had crystal deposits in the ray and parenchyma cells (normal size), often two, if not more, per cell; while P. plicata had long-chambered crystaliferous strands. To look for possible criteria in identifying them, the wood anatomy and properties of Philippine Mahogany have been examined. Except for P. mindanensis and P. warburgii, all members of the group were examined on their macroscopic and microscopic feature. Included in this paper are data on the general characteristics and properties of the woods, as reported by Reyes (13) and Tamesis and Aguilar ( 15). Values for specific gravity, as determined from FPRI collections and reported by Lauricio and Bellosillo ( 8), were incorporated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection data of the species studied are shown in Table 1. Details of macroscopic descriptions follow those of Tamolang, et al ( 17 ) . Classification of specific gravity is in accordance with those mentioned by Panshin and De Zeeuw (10). Microscopic slides representing cross, tangential, and radial sections stained with Safranin "O" and permanently mounted with Canada balsam were availed of. Slide preparation was in accordance with the procedure followed in the Institute (9). Wood chips were macerated with acetic acidhydrogen peroxide ( 7) to determine vessel Page 50 element lengths and fiber dimensions. The total length of a \'essel element measured from tip to tip was adopted ( 3), while the terminology for microscopic descriptions conformed with the international glossary of terms used in wood anatomy (6), as published by the International Association of Wood Anatomists. Guides for the generalized expression of numerical data were based on the "Standard terms of lengths for vessel members and fibers" ( 4), "Standard terms of size for vessel diameter and ray widths" ( 5), and the "Proposed standards for numerical values used in describing woods" ( 2). The "Standards and Procedures for Descriptions of Dicotyledonous Woods" ( 16), which cited the above references and other important anatomical papers, was put up as a guide in the study of wood anatomy of Philippine woods. OBSERVATIONS Pentacme contorta (Vidal) Merrill & Rolfe (white lauan) MACROSCOPIC FEATURES General. Sapwood light gray in color, not distinct from grayish heartwood; texture moderately coarse; grain crossed; intermediately hard to cut; moderately light to moderately heavy ( sp. gr. av. 0.43 green, 0.46 at 12% M.C.); splinter burns to full or complete ash, brownish in color; frothing test negative. Growth rings indistinct. Pores few, intermediate to large in size, distinct to the naked eye; mostly solitary and in radial multiples of 2; tyloses present; perforation plates simple. Axial parenchyma aliform. Rays narrower than pores, visible to the naked eye; conspicuous on the radial surface due to color. lntercellular canals visible to the naked eye, axial in disposition, arranged in tangential series and filled with white deposits. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES Growth rings absent or indistinct. Vessel.s very few to moderately few, from 2 to 6, FORESTRY LEAVES mostly 3 to 4, per sq. mm.; mostly solitary. rounded to oval in shape with radial multiples of 2, rarely in clusters; medium to large in tangential diameter, generally moderately large (av. 265 microns); vessel element lengths mostly medium-sized, from 444 to 790 microns (av. 630 microns); tyloses present; perforation plates simple, end walls slightly inclined or horizontal; intervascular pits medium-sized ('about 8 microns in diameter), alternate and vestured. Axial parenchyma fairly abundant, aliform (paratracheal), with diffuse cells, sparsely distributed, and in bands associated with intercellular canals; strands commonly of 4 cells; rhomboidal crystals often 2, or sometimes more per cell. Rays few to moderately numerous, from 4 to 6 per mm.; multiseriates heterocellular with 1 to 4, or more, marginal rows of square to upright cells, generally shorter than multiseriate portion; up to 7 cells wide but mostly 4 to 5; height of multiseriates mostly very low to low; uniseriates few, composed of square to upright cells, sometimes with mixed procumbent cells, mostly from 3 to 12 cells high; rhomboidal crystals present, druse observed, but not present in all samples; often filled with deposits; rayvessel pits simple, rounded to elongated, usually larger than interrnscular pits. Fibers thin-walled (av. 0.004 mm.); medium to very long (av. 1.7 mm.) in size; and non-septate. V asicentric traciheids present. lntercellular canals usually smaller than the pores. Parashorea plicata Brandis ( bagtikan) MACROSCOPIC FEATURES General. Sapwood light gray, not sharply marked off from the grayish brown heartwood; texture moderately coarse; grain crossed; intermediately hard to cut; moderately heavy ( sp. gr. av. 0.48 green, 0.50 at 12% M.C.); splinter burns to complete or full ash, generally white; frothing test negative. Growth rings absent or indistinct. Pores few, intermediate to large in siZe, distinct to the naked eye; mostly solitary and in MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 radial multiples of 2 and in oblique formation; tyloses present; perforation plates simple. Axial parenchyma vasicentric and aliform. Rays narrower than pores, visible to the naked eye; conspicuous on the radial surface due to color. Jntercellular canals visible to the naked eye, axial in disposition, arranged in tangential series and filled with white deposits. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES Grou:th rings absent or indistinct. Vessels very few to moderately few, from 2 to 7, mostly 3 to 5 per sq. mm.; mostly solitary, rounded to oval in shape, few radial multiples of 2; diffuse porous; medium to very large in tangential diameter, from 137 to 322 microns, but mostly medium to moderately large, 195 to 300 microns (av. 484 microns); tyloses present; perforation plates simple, end walls horizontal or slightly inclined; intervascular pits small, about 6 microns in diameter, alternate and indistinctly vestured. Axial parenchyma fairly abundant, vasicentric to aliform (para tracheal), and in bands associated with intercellular canals; strands commonly of 4 cells; rhomboidal crystals in long, chambered strands. Rays few to moderately numerous, from 3 to 7 per mm.; multiseriates weakly heterocellular to almost homocellular, with marginal rows of square cells, usually 1 to 2 or slightly more; up to 6 cells wide but mostly 4 to 5; height of multiseriates extremely low to very low, 0.5 to 0.9 mm.; uniseriates few, composed of square to upright cells, sometimes with procumbent cells; mostly 3 to 14 cells high; often filled with deposits; rhomboidal crystals present; ray-vessel pits simple, rounded to elongated, usually larger than the intervascular pits. Fibers thin-walled (av. 0.004 mm.); mostly medium to moderately long (av. 1.4 mm.) in size; and non-septate. V asicentric tracheids present. lntercellular canals usually smaller than the pores. Shorea agsaboensis Stern ( tiaong); S. almon Foxworthy ( almon); S. polysperma (BlanPage 51 co Merrill ( tangile); S. negrosensis Foxworthy (red lauan); and S. squamata ( Turcz.) Dyer (ma ya pis). MACROSCOPIC FEATURES Generai. Sapwood light colored, distinct from the heartwood, which is light red to reddish ( S. agsaboensis); creamy, turning to light brown and not sharply marked off from the heartwood ( S. almon); creamy in color and sharply marked off from the heartwood, which is red to dark brownish red ( S. polysperma) heartwood gradually turns dark red or brick red ( S. negrosensis); light colored, not sharptly marked off from the heartwood, which varies from light red to reddish ( S. squamata); texture moderately coarse to coarse in S. almon and S. squamata; moderately fine to moderately coarse in S. polysperma; moderately coarse in S. agsaboensis; coarse in S. negrosensis; grain crossed to interlocked in S. polysperma and S. negrosensis; crossed in S. almon and S. squamata; intermediately hard to cut; moderately light to moderately hea,·y in S. almon ( sp. gr. av. 0.42 green, 0.46 at 12% M.C.) and S. squamata (sp. gr. av. 0.43 green, 0.45 at 12% M.C.), and moderately heavy in S. polysperma (sp. gr. av. 0.45 green, 0.50 at 12% M.C.) and S. negrosensis ( sp. gr. a\·. 0.44 green, 0.48 at 12% M.C.); splinter burns to complete or full ash, generally white, sometimes grayish-brown in S. polysperma; no residue or only fine threads of ash remain in S. almon and S. squamata; fine threads of blackish ash in S. agsaboensis; and S. negrosensis burns to charcoal; frothing test negative. Growth rings absent or indistinct. Pores few, _intermediate to large in size, distinct to the naked eye; mostly solitary and in radial multiples usually of 2; tyloses present; perforation plates simple. Axial parenchyma aliform to confluent ( paratracheal) in S. almon, S. polysperma and S. negrosensis; and vasicentric to aliform in S. squamata and S. agsaboensis. Rays narrower than pores, visible Page 52 to the naked eye: conspicuous on the radial surface due to color. lntercellular canals visible to the naked eye, axial in disposition and arranged in tangential series; often partially filled in S. almon and generally empty in S. squamata. MICROSCOPIC FEATl,"RES Grou·th rings absent or indistinct. "\:essels Yery few to moderately f~w in S. agsaboensis, S. almon and S. polysperma, ranging from 3 to 7 per sq. mm.; few in S. squamata, J to 5; and Yery few to few in S. negrosensis, 2 to 5 per sq. mm.; mostly solitary, rounded to om! in shape in S. agsaboensis, S. negrosensis, S. squamata, S. polysperma to somewhat oblong in S. almon; few radial multiples of 2, rarely in clusters; diffuse porous; medium to moderately large in tangential diameter, ranging from 117 to 341 microns; vessel element lengths mostly from medium to moderately long ( 390-682 microns) tyloses present; perforation plates simple, end walls transverse or slightly inclined; interrnscular pits small, alternate and vestured. Axial parenchyma aliform to confluent with occasional diffuse cells in S. almon, S. polysperma and S. negrosensis; and in bands associated with intercellular canals in all species; strands usually of 4 cells; rhomboidal crystals in idioblasts in S. almon and S. polysperma, but rare in S. squamata, and may or may not be present in S. agsaboensis and S. negrosensis. Rays few to moderately numerous, from 3 to 7 per mm. in S. almon, S. negrosensis, S. squamata, and slightly more in S. agsaboensis and S. polysperma; multiseriates heterocellular, usually with 1 to 2 marginal rows of square to upright cells in S. polysperma, more marginal rows in S. agsaboensis, S. almon, S. squamata, and S. negrosensis; up to 5 cells wide, but less in S. absaboensis, mostly 3 to 4 cells; height oi multiseriates ranges from extremely low to low, from 0.2 to_ 1.6 mm.; rhomboidal crystals rare in S. almon and S. squamata, absent in S. agsaboensis, S. polysperma and S. negroFORESTRY LEAVES sensis; deposits distinct in S. absaboensis, S. polysperma and S. negrosensis; ray-vessel pits simple, rounded to elongated, usually larger than the intervascular pits. Fibers thin-walled (av. 0.004-0.005 mm.); mostly medium to moderately long in size in S. agsaboensis (av. 1.38 mm.); S. almon (a,·. 1.50 mm.); and S. squamata (av. 1.52 mm.); medium to very long in S. negrosensis (av. 1.85 mm.); and moderately short lo moderately long in S. polysperma (av. 1.31 mm.); and non-septate. \' asicentric tracheids present. Intercellular canals usually smaller than the pores. DISCVSSIO:S Significant features of diagnostic imporiance which will help in identifying the woods of Philippine Mahogany are discussed below and summarized in Table 2. The color of the wood may be used to classify a species as, say, a light red or dark red Philippine mahogany. However, no attempt should be made to give conclusive identity of the species on the basis of this criterion alone. For instance, S. squamata in some localities, though classified as light red, may sufficiently pass for S. polysperma or S. negrosensis. Observations made by the author confirmed Reyes' findings ( 13), that P. contorta and S. almon have pinkish or whitish tinge as compared with P. plicata which has a brownish cast. The splinter or ash test which involves the burning of a matchstick-size splinter in still air, though not considered always reliable, also helps in identification purposes. The brownish threads of ash observed in P. contorta, as compared with the generally white ash in P. plicata, may serve to distinguish them. With S. almon and S. squamata, no distinction was observed in their residues because they drift away during the process of burning or sometimes leave fine threads of ash. While the splinter of S. polysperma burns with full or complete ash, usually white to grayish brown, that of S. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 agsaboensis leaves fine threads of blackish ash, as determined from the lone specimen; S. negrosensis burns to charcoal. Quite possibly, the best criterion separating S. squamata from the group is the farmer's empty intercellular canals which are readily observed under a hand lens, though rarely, the canals are filled with white deposits. These structures which are often partially filled in S. almon also offer diagnostic value. Microscopic observations also confirmed earlier findings cited by Brazier and Franklin ( 1) as to the presence of rhomboidal crystal deposits in the axial parenchyma strands, often two, if not more, per cell in the case of P. contorta (fig. 1). This compares with P. plicata which has long-chambered crystaliferous strands (fig. 2). The deposition of crystals in enlarged parenchyma cells ( idioblasts) in S. almon (fig. 3) and S. polysperma does not show positive significance to differentiate them, except that crystals more frequently occur in S. almon, aside from their presence in normal ray cells. It is unlikely that the infrequency of crystals in S. squamata, which may be present or absent in S. agsaboensis and S. negrosensis, can be of any diagnostic value to distinguish these species. Another feature of diagnostic importance to differentiate P. contorta from P. plicata lies in the farmer's multiseriate rays which are markedly heterocellular, as compared with the latter's weak heterogeneity or almost homocellular composition. The marginal ray cells in some rays of P. plicata as observed in the tangential section, seem to be similar in shape and size with the procumbent cells. On the other hand, the multiseriate rays of Shorea species also offer some important characteristics. The multiseriates found among S. agsaboensis, S. polysperma and S. negrosensis are more closely similar to one another as indicated by the presence of deposits occluding the ray cells, with shorter multiseriates, and are more rounded in shape, as exemplified by S. polysperma (fig. 4). Page 53 These compare with S. almon and S. squamata, which have less deposits and exhibits seemingly elongated cells and higher multiseriates, as illustrated by S. almon (fig. 5). It was noted, however, that S. polysperma exhibits multiseriates usually with 1 to 2 marginal rows of square to upright cells, sometimes appearing as almost homocellular. Those of S. agsaboensis and S. negrosensis have more distinct and longer marginal rows of upright cells. On the basis of pore size, S. negrosensis has the largest tangential diameter (av. 276 microns), followed by S. almon (av. 270 microns), P. contorta (av. 265 microns), P. plicata (av. 253 microns), S. squamata (av. 250 microns), S. agsaboensis ( av. 227 microns ) , and S. polysperma (av. 206 microns). Reyes ( ~3) reported that typical samples of S. negrosensis have pores twice as large as those of S. polysperma. The oblique arrangement of pores in P. plicata; and the largely oblong and rounded pores in S. almon and P. contorta, respectively, may contribute to the identification of these species. LITERATL'RE CITED 1. Brazier, J.D. and G.L. Franklin. 1961. Identification of hardwoods. For. Prod. Res. Bull. 46. p. 32. 2. Chattaway, M. Margaret. 1932. Proposed standards for numerical values used in describing woods. Trop. Woods 29: 20-28. 3. Chalk, L. and Margaret M. Chattaway 1934. Measuring the length of vessel members. Trop. Woods 40-19-26. 4. Committee on the Standardization o{ Terms of Cell Size. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 1937. Standard terms of length of vessel members and wood fibers. Trop. Woods 51: 21. 5. . 1939. Standard terms of size for vessel diameter and ray width. Trop. Woods 59: 51-52. Page 54 6. Committee on Nomenclature. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 1957. International glossary of terms used in wood anatomy. Trop. Woods 107: 1-36. 7. Franklin, G.L. 1946. A rapid method of softening wood for microtome sectioning. Trop. Woods 88: 35-36. 8. Lauricio, F.M. and S.B. Bellosillo. Dec. 1964-Jan. 1965. Fourth progress report on the mechanical and related properties of Philippine wood. The Lumberman. pp. 7 4-82. 9. Lindayen, C. and T.M. Lindayen. 1961. Slide preparation and collection. 3rd progress report. For. Prod. Res. Inst. Library, College, Laguna (Phil.). 10. Panshin, J.A. and Carl De Zeeuw. 1964. Textbook of wood technology. 2nd. ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Vol. 1. p. 177. 11. Record, S.J. and R.W. Hess. Timbers of the new world. New Haven, Yale University Press. p. 366. 12. Reyes, L.J. 1923. Woods of the Philippine dipterocarps. Phil. Jour. Sci. 22: 291-344. 13. . 1938. Philippine woods. Tech. Bull. No. 7. Dept. Agr. Comm. Manila. 14. Stem, W.L. and LT. Zamuco. 1965. Identity of "tiaong" ( Dipterocarpaceae). Brittonia 17 ( 1 ) . 15. Tamesis, F. and L. Aguilar. 1953. The Philippine Mahogany" and other dipterocarp woods. Pop. Bull. No. 44. Dept. of Agr. Nat. Res. Manila. 16. Tamolang, F.N., Valbuena, R.R., Meniado, J.A. and B.C. de Vela. 1963. Standards and procedures for descriptions of dicotyledonous woods. For. Prod. Res. Inst. College, Laguna (Philippines). 17. . 1961. Card-sorting key for the identification of the important Philippine commercial woods based on their macroscopic features. 1st progress report. For. Prod. Res. Inst. College, Laguna (Philippines). FORESTRY LEAVES s= 0 < ..... '.2 Ci b "ti 0 > ~ ..... Cfl Cfl c:: ~ I I-' '° °' °' "ti =» '1q ~ (,/1 l:rt Species Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe Parashorca plicata Brandis Shorea agsaboensis Stern S. almon Foxworthy S. negrosensis Foxworthy S. polusperma ( Blco.) Merrill S. squamata (Turcz) Dyer TABLE 1. Wood specimens of "Philippine Mahogany" examined Collector M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas P. Quintana M. Lagrimas W. H. Kobbe H. M. Curran H. M. Curran Whitford H. M. Curran Stern & Rojo M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas R. Jimenez G. Poblacion M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas H. M. Curran Cortez & Fernandez Stern & Rojo M. Lagrimas Stern & Hojo Stern & Hojo T. E. Borden Everett H. M. Curran P. Cortes M. Lagrimas M. Lagrimas H. Hosenbluth Cortes & Fernandez Place of origin Camarines Norte Cagayan Cagayan Agusan Laguna Agusan Camarines Norte Quezon (For. Tayabas) Camarines Al bay Cagayan Negros Occidental Agusan Agusan Quezon N. Occidental Lanao Negros Laguna Agusan C. Norte Cagayan N. Occidental Agusan Agusan N. Occidental Agusan Agusan Bataan N. Occidental Cagayan Sa mar Laguna Quezon Samar Agusan Field No. FPRI 182 FPHI 455 FPRI 462 FPHI HH Fl'Hl 76 FPHI 16G FPRI 179 BF 6047 BF 10500 BF 10584 BF 11646 BF 1748G 2102 FPHI 1G2 FPRI 386 FPHf 508 BF 27181 BF 29552 FPRI 48 FPRI 164 FPRI 181 FPRI 466 BF 17491 BF 24350 2mm FPHI 513 2101 2120 BF 2130 13F 550.'3 BF 17067 BF 25~)28 FPHI 261 Fl'lU 38H 13F 12860 BF 24.'351 3 International abbreviation of Forest Products Research Institute her barium, College, Laguna (Philippines). Location of Vouchers not available CLP" CLP not available CLP CLP 110L an1ilablc CLI' not available CLP CL!' not available CLl' not arnilablc ~ TABLE 2. Summary of the significant macroscopic and microscopic features of the woods of "Philippine Mahogany" which ~ may be of value for identification. ~ a"T'j 0 ~ ~ (fl i-3 ~ >< ~ ~ > < ~ r.n SPECIES Pentacme contorta ( Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe Para.shorea plicata Brandis Shorea agsaboensis; Stem S. almon Foxworthy S. negrosensis Foxworthy S. polysperma ( Blco.) Merrill S. squamata (Turcz.) Dyer MACROSCOPIC FEATURES I - ---- -- -- . ·----------------~ ·--Color of Splinter test I ntercellular heartwood canals Grayish with Complete ash Filled with pinkish or with brownish white deposits whitish cast threads Grayish brown Complete ash- Filled with with a brown· usually white white deposits ish cast Light red to Fine threads of Filled with reddish blackish ash white deposits Light brown Residue drifts Partially or with pinkish during process completely or whitish cast of burning, filled with sometimes fine white deposits threads of ash remains Dark red or Charcoal Filled with brick red white deposits Red to dark Complete ash Filled with brownish red usually white white deposits sometimes grayish brown Light red to Residue drifts Generally empty reddish during process of burning MICROSCOPIC FEATURES ----------- - - - ·-------- ---··- - ------PORES/VESSELS RAYS CHYSTALS Pore tangential I>re<lominant dia. (most fre- width of mul- ------ ---quent range and tiseriates (no. I av. in microns) of cells) etc. Rays l,arcnchyma 267-344 4-5 !'resent in !'resent, often 2 (av. 20!'i) normal cells or more per ( drnse ob- cell in a strand served in some samples) 195-300 (av. 4-5 Present in Present in long, 253) (often weak heteroct•l- normal cells chambered in oblique ar- lnlar rnultise- strands rangement) riates 211-244 3-4 Absent Present but rare (av. 227) (more of 3) in idioblast deposits distinct 233-312 (av. 3-4 Rarely present Present in idio270) (largely (more of -1) blast, rarely in oblong in norm a 1 ce !Is shape) 234-312 3-4 Absent Absent (av. 276) (more of 3) deposits distin ct 166-273 3-4 Absent !'resent in (av. 206) Heterocellular idioblast to almost homocellular; <leposits distinct 175-322 3-4 Present Present, rare (av. 2.50) (more of 4) FIG. I. Pentacme contorta (Vidal) Merrill & Rolfe, White lauan. Tangential section showing rhom· boidal crystals in an axial parenchyma strand often two, if not more, per cell. XSOO. F1G. ?.. Parashorea plicata (Brandis) Bagtikan. Radial section showing rhomboidal crystals in chambered parenchyma strand. XSOO. F1G. 3. Shorea almon ( Forworthy) almon. Tangential section showing rhomboidal crys1al in an enlarged partmchyma cell (idioblast). XSOO. Fie. 4. Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merrill, Tangile. Tangential section showing multiseriate rays filled with deposits, usually 3 cells wide, with uniseriate margins composed of one squarish cell. XSO. Fie. 5. Shorea almon (Foxworthy) Almon. Tangential section showing multiseriate rays with less deposits and seemingly elongated cells, having longer uniseriate margins as compared with S. polysperma. xso. Let Us Save Our Trees The tree is constantly exposed to many mechanical injuries which may be caused by man, animals or forces of nature wherever it may be. It is always threatened by physical dangers whether it is on a street lane, m a lawn, orchard or in the forest. With an ax or a bolo, a small boy can destroy the bark of a large, small or medium size tree just for the pleasure of chopping down something in pursuit of an innocent satisfaction. Even grown-up people, in their desire to improve the appearance of an ornamental tree or help speed up the growth of a favored species by cutting off some of its branches, unknowingly expose the :naked wounds which may be starting points of the deterioration of some of the woody tissues or avenues of favorable entrance for the disease causing organisms. In logging operations, smaller trees too often lose their branches when steel cables pass on them during the yarding operations. Even big trees are often injured having their barks lacerated, scarped off or girdled as a result of this operation. Forest fires which are caused by careless campers, kaingineros or lightning during thunderstorms cause severe damage to tree especially to the bark and branches resulting to retarded growth or even death of the tree. Carabaos, goats, horses and other animals inflict damages on the tree as they brouse in the field. All of these need the fundamental know-how of tree surgery in order to save the tree. We try to save trees perhaps MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 by JOSE A. RAYOS AND CARLOS V. GLORI because of their aesthetic values, commercial values; some for shade, others simply for sentimental reasons. In the forest chosen trees are saved to serve in supplying seeds for the natural regeneration of logged-over areas is another reason for a simple tree surgical know-how. TREE SURGERY EQUIPMENT In order to be able to do a good job on tree surgery, like a doctor of medicine or a veterinarian, a tree surgeon should have all the necessary equipment in the performance of this particular kind of work. The following basic tools may be used by a beginner. I-Manila climbing rope, 1/2 inch in diameter, I20 to ISO feet long. A good size ladder may also be used as substitute; 2-Handsaw about 26 inches long; 6 teeth to an inch, for normal pruning cuts; I-One-man crosscut saw, 3 feet long for large cuts; I-Pole pruner, 10 to I4 feet long for pruning small limbs which cannot be reached with a handsaw; I-Pole saw, 10-I4 feet long; 2-Belt snaps for carrying saws and paint pots; and I-Paint pot, with wound dressing for painting cuts. In addition to the above minimum quantity and type of equipment, it is desirable to have chisels of various sizes, gauges, and a wooden mallet. Page 57 TREE SURGICAL OPERATIONS I. PRUNING: Pruning is the process of removing branches for standing trees or shrubs by artificial means. It is a means employed to improv'3 the health and appearance of the tree and to avoid danger that it may pose. Pruning to improve the health of a tree might include any or all of the following: The removal of dead and diseased branches to prevent the penetration of rot producing fungi into the rest of the tree; thinning of live branches to admit more sunshine and air under the crown or to compensate for root losses; heading back to revitalize an old tree; removal of intersecting branches to prevent possible future decay problems; and removal of old branch stubs to promote healing and prevent penetration of decay. Aside from the foregoing reasons, pruning 1s also used to improve the appearance of a tree in landscaping. Good examples of this are the varied shapped crowns of Agoho trees in the street lanes of Manila and Quezon City. The dangers created by dead limbs and branches over areas where children play and where people walk or drive are apparent; hence, this hazard should be eliminated in such areas by periodic pruning. According to U.S. findings, taking some of the live or dead limbs off a tree frequently improves its value. HOW TO PRUNE With the use of a cross cut saw, a preliminary undercut is made near the trunk of the tree at about a quarter of the diameter of the branch. Then an overcut is made farther from the branch to about three quarters of the diameter of the same branch to meet the undercut so that the branch is detached from the tree. The undercut should always be made ahead of the overcut so that the bark below Page 58 the branch will not be stripped off when the branch being cut falls due to the weight of the branch before the cut is completed. Small inaccessable branches can be removed with a pole saw or a tree pruning shear. After the preliminary cut is completed and the branch detached, the stub should be trimmed off as close as possible to the trunk of the tree smoothened with a chisel and coated with paint, asphalt or lanolin. In the case of extraordinarily large and heavy branches, where the pruning activity might cause damage to the tree or endanger the person who performs the pruning operation, ropes are used to suspened and lower the branch being removed. In the absence of ropes, the branch may be cut piece by piece, each portion small enough for convinient and safe handling. Cuts will start from the tip of the branch progressing toward the main trunk of the tree. TREATMENT OF WOUNDS As previously mentioned, wounds may be inflicted on any part of the tree by man, animals, fire and other forces of nature such as storms and lightnings. The wounds may only be at a portion of the circumference of the trunk or fully circumscribing the trunk. For a clearer discussion, we shall designate the injury on only a portion of the circumference of the trunk with the bark and cambium layer partly affected as a "minor injury" and damages circumscribing the trunk with the bark totally damaged and the cambium layer partly or totally affected as a "major injury." MINOR INJURIES A minor injury, unless followed by other disease causing organisms such as fungi and wood eating insects like termites and wood borers, does not really pose a grave problem to the tree. All it does is delay the tissue formation on the inflicted portion and cause FORESTRY LEAVES retarded growth. The tree that survives this malady is stunted. Wood derived from the damaged portion is usually defective, weak and brittle and of low quality. To induce healing of the bark and rapid formation of new and healthy wood tissues in the wounded cambium layer, a simple surgical operation can be applied. The wound should be chiseled and made regular shape. The existing wound should be circumscribed with a regular smooth edged elipse fresh wound. The shape of the wound has a marked effect on the rate at which it is possible for healing to take place. Other things being equal, smooth, regular wounds heal faster than rough, irregular wounds. Movement of the elaborate food necessary for the development of the callus is largely downward through the inner bark. Movement in the sidewise direction was observed to be restricted. After this operation, the entire wound should be coated with paint or lanolin to prevent infection. Likewise it is also recommended that the tree under treatment should be protected from further injury by potting a temporary fence around it. MAJOR INJURIES Trees that were girdled, (i.e., its bark and cambium entirely cut cannot be saved. To lengthen its life is very much possible. There is a very slim chance for the bark and cambium to recover because there will be very little food supply for the tree to promote recovery. The tree might be able to recover if the band of bark and cambium removed around the trunk is narrow, of course, the width of the strip that will allow healing, in this particular instance, depends upon the kind of tree, its vigor and the presence of abundant feed elements that it can secure for nourishment. Healthy trees, as a general rule, have more chances of recovery than unhealthy ones. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 To lengthen the life of a tree which is girdled should be justified. A very rare species in the lawn that might have been girdled by a boy, or a seed trees that must be left in a logged-over area to be a mother trees for the natural reforestation of the area. These are exceptional cases which require the application of this rather laborious task. The tree must be saved long enough to give it time to produce seeds for the perpetuation of its kind. The wound must first be examined thoroughly to determine the severity of the injury. After being sure that the life of a tree can still be lengthened, an operation call "bridging" can be applied. The idea here is to let the food coming from the soil reach the other vital parts of the tree by making them pass thru the "bridges." In an ordinary tree, these food elements pass through the cambium layer, but due its injuries, the food cannot pass so the "bridge" will serve as connecting points to link one lip of the cambium layer to the other lip and allow normal flow of food. The following procedure should be followed: I. Trim the wound of the bark and the cambium layer so that it will become straight and even edged. 2. Cut small branches from the same tree to be used as "bridges." The diameter of the bridge should be the same as the approximate thickness of the cambium layer in the wound. 3. Cut the branches into segments the length of which should be a little bit more than the width of the band of wound, or girdle around the tree. This is necessary in order to be able make a tight fit of both ends of the bridge against the "lips" of the cambium layer of the injured tree. 4. Insert the bridges into the girdled tree by banding the bridge a little outward or away from the trunk of the tree and see Page 59 to it that both ends of the bridge are tightly fitted against the cambium layer of the injured tree. The tree surgeon should observe that the base of the branch (made into a bridge) should be fitted against the lowe1 lip of the wound and the tip should touch the upper lip of the wound. The number of bridges to be placed on a tree depends upon the diameter of the injured tree. The more bridges, the better. "Bridging" requires speed in the operation in order that the cut in both the lips of the wound and the bridges should still be fresh. This operation should also be apARANETA TIMBER & DEVELOPMENT CO., INC. ARTIADECO, INC. Manila Agent T. C. Araneta, Inc. Rm. 432 Madrigal Building Page 60 Cable Address: ARTIADECO Tel. 4-23-02 Escolta, Manila plied in the shortest possible time after the injury occurs. In all cases, coatings should be applied on the exposed portions after the operation to avoid probable infections. A word of caution: the bridges should be placed upright (i.e. the tip pointing upward). AFTER CARE In all cases of tree surgery, it would be good if fertilizers can be applied around the base of the tree after the tree surgi~al operations. In the absence of good complete commercial fertilizers, composts will serve the same purpose. This will greatly help the tree to recuperate better and faster. Compliments of TIRADOR Lumber & Dev. Co., Inc. Producer*Manufacturer*Exporters Philippine Mahogany logs and lumber Main Office: Suites 701-702 Don Santiago Bldg. Taft A venue, Manila Concession: Esperanza, Agusan, Mindanao, Phil. Cable Address: TIRLUM MANILA FORESTRY LEAVES A column of Agoho trees on an island on P. Burgos Street, front· ing the Philippine Congress Bldg. In the background is the City Hall. 3 quarter overcut Cut the undesirable branch as illustrated with the undercut closer to the trunk while the overcut is farther. Stub portion removed and painted With the use of a sharp chisel, trim the stub smoothly as close as possible to the main trunk then cover with paint. bark 1 M--- wood i I ''II Injured tree Bridged A bridged tree. The bark and cambium layers have been smoothly cut and fitted with bridges. FPRI Technical Notes ACTIVATED CHARCOAL-ITS PREPARATION AND APPLICATIONS When liquid containing impurities is brought into intimate contact with activated charcoal, the attraction of the charcoal for the impurities is greater than the attraction of the liquid for the impurities. Consequently, the impurities are absorbed on the enormous surfacet of the charcoal granules and the contaminated liquid is purified. Many industrial products contain adsorbable impurities in such minute amounts that they are not detected by an ordinary analysis, but the presence of such impurities can cause difficulties in processing the product or in producing an acceptable quality product. The adsorbable impurities, for instance, can cause foaming during concentration operations, reduce filtration rates, retard crystal growth in crytallization, and inhibit chemical reaction. The use of activated charcoal granules to remove such impuritie~ simultaneously correct these various difficulties. In some operations, activated charcoal is employed because other methods are inadequate to effect a separation. This is particularly true when an impurity has the same boiling point as the product and therefore, cannot be separated by fractional distillation. The primary charcoal, which is produced from an incompletely burned wood contains varying amounts of high-boiling hydrocarbon compounds. Although raw charcoal is considered to possess the necessary surface and capillary structure for adsorption, the presence of the hydrocarbon compounds adhering tenaciously to the carbon, can greatly diminish the innate power of charcoal to attract impurities. The removal of the adsorbed hydrocarbons would create capillaries and fissures which are known to be the principal sites of adsorption. The activation process therefore, would develop the adsorptive power of charcoal. SOME INDUSTRIAL ACTIVATION PROCESSES The initial stage in the preparation of activated charcoal involves the carbonization of the raw material. This is usually conducted in the absence of air at temperatures below 600 deg. C. After carboniza1 It is estimated that 1 gram of activated carbon has an active area of 1,300 square meters or more. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 tion, the residual char possesses weak adsorptive power because of the various volatile components remaining in it. The dernlopment of the adsorptive power of charcoal can be enhanced by the following methods : Method 1.-Several parts of zinc chloride in the form of a concentrated solution are mixed with one part of charcoal. The mixture is ignited for several hours in a rotary kiln at 600-700 deg. C in the absence of air, after which the product is washed to remove the zinc compounds for re-use. Method 2.-The carbonaceous material is mixed with chemicals that will release oxidizing gases at the activation temperature. Chemicals suitable for such purposes are: sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, and dolomite. In a typical procedure, one part of dolomite is mixed with one or more parts of pulverized wet charcoal. After drying, the mixture is heated at 800-900 deg. C. At this temperature, the dolomite, which causes a selective oxidation of the carbon surface, evolves carbon dioxide. Method 3.-An activation process that is used extensively involves controlled oxidation of the carbon with suitable gases. Some processes employ steam or carbon dioxide at 800-900 deg. C., whereas other methods employ air at 300-600 deg. C. The oxidizing gases remove residual hydrocarbons and also cause an erosion on the carbon surface. The oxidation reaction is carried on from 15 minutes to several hours depending upon the activity desired; a longer time of activation produces a greater adsorptive power. Since the oxidation process involves a loss of carbon, there is a point beyond which it is no longer economical to conduct further activation. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL Activated charcoals are divided into two categories, such as: (a) low-density, soft types of active carbons applied to liquid phase purification and (b) high-density, hard types of active carbons applied to gas and vapor adsorption. A. The low-density, soft types of active carbons used in liquid-phase purification are applicable to the following : Page 61 I. Sugar industry.-The use of activated charmal for refining cane sugar has displaced bone char to some extent. 2 Edible oils and fats.-Charcoal was initially used to remove the color of the products, but other benefits are now recognized. For example, it removes soaps and peroxides, and leaves the oil free of a poisoning effect on the catalyst if the oil is subsequently hydrogenated. 3. Foodstuffs.-The use of active charcoal to improve the color and flavor of the many food products, such as gelatine, soup stock, and vinegar, would provide a large market for active carbon. Being insoluble, activated charcoal does not leave reaction compounds in a food product, as do various chemical treatments. 4. Alcoholic beverages.-Whiskey when distilled has a disagreeable flavor. A treatment with activated charcoal would remove the disagreeable flavor and would give the "young" whiskey better quality upon aging. Other alcoholic beverages, such as wine, beer, brandy, and neutral spirits, are improved by activecarbon treatment. 5. Chemical.-; and pharmaceuticals.-The use of active carbon in the processing of a number of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, such as : acetanilide, atabrine, caffeine, calcium ferrocyanide, citric acid, glutamic acid, glycerin, procaine, sodium acetate, streptomycin, etc., has made them more in demand, and has resulted in the Towering of manufacturing cost. 6. Reclamation of solvents.-Activated charcoal provides for a simple, low cost treatment of contaminated solvents used in electroplating, dry-cleaning, cooking oils, and meat curing. 7. Potable u:ater supplies.-One of the more spectacular developments has been the use of carbon to remove taste and odor from potable water supplies. Activated charcoal would neutralize the odor produced when chlorine is used as disinfectant. 8. Recovery of adsorbed substances.-Valuable substances are adsorbed by activated charcoal and subsequently extracted from the activated charcoal in a purer form. The process is applied (a) in the recovery of gold after extraction from the ore by the cyanide process, ( b) recovery of iodine from petroleum oil well brines, and ( c) in the preparation of penicillin, streptomycin, certain vitamins and hormones. 9. Catalysis.-Activated charcoal is often used as a carrier for other catalyst. When used as a carrier, active carbon not only provide5 an extensive surface, but may also act as promoter, and thereby influence the rate of reaction. Page 62 B. The high-density, hard types of active carbons used in gas and vapor adsorption are applicable to the following : 1. Gas masks.-Active carbon is used in both military and industrial gas masks for protection in most cases, against all organic vapors. 2. Recovery of volatile solvents.-One of the largest commercial uses of activated carbon is for the recovery of solvent vapors from the air. The adsorbed vapor that are retained by the carbon at normal temperatures are readily released or recovered when low pressure steam is introduced. 3. Air-conditioning aid.-Active carbon is used to remove the obnoxious odor in air-conditioned rooms. Traces of impurities of carbon dioxide, hydrogen nitrogen, ammonia, acetylene and other industrial gases are also readily removed by active carbon. 4. Cigarette manufacture.-Exhaustive laboratory reports on the cigarette and cancer controversy indicate that scientists are now turning to activated charcoal for filter tips. It was concluded that a promising advance in healthy smoking have been found in filters containing special carbon granules which remove gaseous constituents which depress cilia activity.2 It was explained that charcoal-filtered cigarettes would permit the human body to retain more of its natural ciliary defense against foreign matter in the air passengers. From the standpoint of preserving ciliary action, it was observed that the common cellulose filters are ineffective. REFERENCES 1. Baylis, R. 1935. Elimination of taste and odor in water, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 2. Fanega, S.M., E.P. Villanueva, and N.F. Banaag. 1963. A study on the activation of charcoals from some Philippine woods. 2nd Progress Report. Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. 3. Kirk, R.E. and B.F. Othmer, eds. 1948. Active carbon. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. v. 2. The Interscience Encyclopedia Inc., New York. 4. Perry, J.H., ed. 1950. Adsorption. Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 5. Shreve, R.N. 1956. The chemical process industries. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 6. The Manila Times. 1964. Filter tips versus cancer. June 17. 2 Cilia are thin hairs which make a wave-like motion to eject air-borne irritants in the breathing passages of the human body. Studies revealed that tour to eight puffs of an ordinary unfiltered cigarette stopped ciliary movement completely, thus preventing the removal of possible cancer-causing substances. FORESTRY LEAVES INHERENT VARIABILITY OF CLEAR WOOD The strength properties of clear wood vary considerably with species. As a general rule, species of high density are comparatively stronger than those of low density. In one species, strength properties vary from tree to tree and from one part of a tree to another. In species of low density the strongest piece may be several times stronger than that of the weakest piece. In species of high density the strength ratio of the strongest to the weakest material is much less. Because of this variability of clear wood, testing timber to determine the strength properties of a species is complicated and time-consuming. CAUSES OF VARIABILITY It is believed that many factors cause variability in the strength properties of clear wood. The number of these factors and the insufficiency of available information about some of them and their interactions make it impossible to determine the nature and magnitude of their indhidual influences. Consequently, it is necessary to consider them in a more general sense. Those that are generally considered in sampling plans, test procedures and analysis of results are discussed below. Locality of grou:th.-Environmental factors, such as denseness of surrounding, soil type and fertility, climatic conditions, elevation, etc., affect the strength properties of wood. Trees of the same species growing in widely separated regions may differ significantly in strength properties due to the influence of the above-mentioned factors. The same factors may also cause differences in the properties of different trees of the same species in the same locality. Variability, due to these causes, may be allowed for in sampling by obtaining enough representative trees in the different regions. Heredity, since it affects the form, size, and rate of growth of the tree, certainly affects also the strength properties. Planting material for forest plantation should therefore be obtained from seeds or seedlings of prime trees. Rate of growth and age.-Wood of medium rate of growth is much stronger than that of rapid or very slow growth. During the early life of the tree, when growth is relatively fast, the material laid down is much weaker than that laid down later in its life when growth rate becomes relatively moderate. Strength increases with age until full strength is attained, varying from year to year with seasonal conditions and other environmental factors. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 At a very old age when the tree becomes over mature and grovi-th rate is very slow, the wood laid down tends to become weaker. The weak material laid down at early age and extreme old age is usually only a small proportion of the total volume of a tree in a virgin forest so that their effect may be negligible. In plantation grown forests, however, this weak material constitutes a substantial proportion of the volume of the tree due to relatively faster rate of growth and earlier age at which the trees are felled, and its effect can not be ignored. Tree size.-Apart from sapling or small young trees, the size of the tree is sometimes taken as an indication of strength. The presumption is that, the larger the diameter at breast height is, the higher are its strength properties. Although some studies made in other countries show no significant correlation between strength and tree size it remains desirable to allow in the sampling plan for any variation due to tree size. Current practice in some laboratories, including the Forest Products Research Institute, is to obtain representative samples from the small, medium and large sized trees of each species in proportion to their abundance. Position in the tree.-(a) Orientation, position of the wood in the tree in relation to the cardinal direction, has some effect on strength properties. The effect, however, has been found to be small, and usually disregarded in the analysis of test results. In sampling, however, provision is made by requiring the specimens to be taken along the cardinal directions and labelled accordingly. (b) Distance from pith often has an effect on strength properties that is of more importance than that of orientation. Aside from brash center, material near the pith of some species are often weak and contain undesirable characteristics, like spiraling grains which make the material unsuited for structural purposes. Moving further away from the pith, the strength varies unpredictably. Such variation is attributed to varying seasonal growth conditions. Sampling plans for standard strength tests should ensure that, after eliminating brash center, the specimens represent the crosssection of the tree. ( c) Height above the ground, as a rule, has somewhat greater effect on strength properties than the orientation and distance from pith do. Butt logs of some species are generally stronger than logs taken from higher portions. Toughness or impact strength particularly decreases appreciably with increasing height. Limited studies made recently at the Forest Products Research Institute on the effect of height and orientation on the modulus of rupture, modulus (Continued on page 86) Page 63 of elasticity in bending and maximum crushing strength in compression parallel to grain of three commercial species of Philippine woods indicate a characteristic variation generally conforming with the above observations. The differences however are not statistically significant. More studies will have to be undertaken to include all the structural properties and toughness or impact strength. One way to deal with variability, due to height above the ground in estimating species means, is to require in the sampling plan that test specimens be taken from a fixed height of the tree only, for example, the middle part of the merchantable bole. The current practice at the Institute is to determine species mean strength properties from the c-d bolts which corresponds to a IO-foot log representing that part of the tree 10-20 feet above the stump. Another way would be to test specimens randomly taken from the entire merchantable bole. Until there is a finding to the contrary, height effect is considered of major importance in variability within the tree and should be adequately allowed for. Inherent variability of the strength properties of clear wood is one of the major factors for which 11 Compliments of: Pacific Cement Company (PACEMCO) PRODUCER OF QUALITY CEMENT Surigao, Surigao del Norte DR. MARCOS CORTES Managing Director Page 64 allowances are made in the derivation of basic stresses of structural timbers. REFERENCES I. American Society for Testing Materials. 1961. Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber. ASTM Designation Dl43-52. 2. Markwardt, L.J. and T.R.C. Wilson. 1935. Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States. Tech. Bull. No. 479, USDA. Washington, D.C. 3. '.\ficiano, R.J. 1965. The effect of height and orientation on the strength properties of wood. Progress report. Unpublished FPRI Library, College, Laguna. 4. Pearson, R.G. 1952. The sampling of timber for standard mechanical tests. Aust. J. of Appl. Sci. 3(1) :25-52. 5. , N.H. Kloot and J.D. Boyd. 1958. Timber Engineering Design Handbook. CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, Australia. 6. United States Department of Agriculture. 1955. Wood Handbook. Basic information on wood as a material of construction with data for its use in design and specifications. Agri. Handbook No. 72, U.S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington 25, D.C. Compliments of Industries Development Corporation EXPORTER AND PRODUCER OF BEST QUALITY LOGS . Lawang Office Casiguran, Quezon Manila Office 405 Quisumhing Building Dasmariiias, Manila FORESTRY LEAVES ' The American Volunteers watching how the lnstitute's pilot paper machine turns out finishe<l paper after undergoing a series of complex steps that go into paper manufacture. [ ' - A-.~ D.J.W. Clayton (with tie, right), Hickson's Philippine representative, stressing a point before FPRI Director Manuel R. Monsalud (center, left). Others are (clockwise): R. Casin of FPRI, J. Seguerra of PACWOOD, Dr. F. Francia, L.G. Araneta and P. Cardenas, all of FPRI. FPRI Director Manuel R. Monsalud (above, left) is shown briefing the Rover Scouts led by Scouter Tito Protacio on the various research activities of the Institute for a fuller utilization of wood. Four engineers of the company being supervised by FPRI technologilla as they perform laboratory works on specific gravity determination, veneer 11noothness mell81Jl't'lllents and shear testing of plywood. From left, they are: P. Manzo of FPRI,. L. Tubig and R. Abueva Jr. of Sta. Oara (partly hidden), C. Castillo of FPRI, A. Aunollfera Jr. and R. Tolentino of Sta. Oara, and D.G. Faustino, chief, Industrial Investigations Division, FPRI. FPRI IID OFFICIAL ATTENDS ECAPE MEET Emilio Jaranilla, assistant chief of the Industrial Investigations Division, as one of the consultants for the Philippine delegation representing forest products industries, attended the recently concluded ECAFE Asian Conference on Industria1ization held in Manila. Jaranilla, in his report to the Director, said that the major forest products industries considered in the conference were the following: lumber industry (logging and sawmilling); wood based panels (veneer, plywood and particleboard); and pulp, paper and paper board. One of the recommendations of the conference was "to undertake an intensified study on field investigation of the feasibility of various joint industrial ventures between and among developing nations in the ECAFE region with immediate priority on six specific industries, namely : iron and steel, fertilizers, aluminum, pulp and paper, machinery and transport equipment, and petro-chemicals. The investigation would cover raw material supplies. number and sizes of plants, location, costs and channels of distribution, trade and tariff aspects of the industrial products." . . "' PARC SCIENTIST GUEST LECTURER Dr. Werner Schweers, a German scientist from the Reinbek Institute now detailed with the Philippine Atomic Research Center, PARC, Quezon City. discussed wood chemistry during the FPRI Research Seminar held last January 14 at the UPCF auditorium. Specifically, he dwelt on: "The determination of wood density, width of annual rings and the distribution of wood e:xtractives by the B-ray absorption methods." In an earlier meeting at the Institute, Dr. Schweers exchanged views with Director Monsalud, Technologists A. S. Decena and M. G. Laxamana, former FPRI's trainees in Germany, and another PARC Scientists Proceso Alcala, on the wood researches being conducted at the FPRI. For souveMOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 Highlights nirs, the guest lecturer . received from the office chief a wood laminated name plate while his companion got a wooden ash tray. Dr. Schweers finished chemistry at the University of ~iarburg, Lahn, Germany and at the University of Vienna, Austria. He was a UNESCO Adviser to the Departamento de Productos Forestales de la Universidad Concepcion in Chile (1962-63) and the Federal Research Center for Forestry and Forest Products, Institute for Wood Chemistry, also in Chile. He was once a scientific assistant in the University of Vienna and a research scientist at the Feldmiihle Paper Mill in Germany. • • • PATHOLOGY COLLECTION STUDIES Acting Chief E. M. Mendoza of the pathology section, together with Messrs. N. P. Aala and L. C. Apolinario conducted early this year a collection study of wood-staining and wood-rotting fungi infecting Benguet pine logs and lumber in the sawmills and logging areas of three mining companies in l\It. Province. The trio were able to collect 25 wood samples of Benguet pine affected with different species of wood staining fungi and 24 of the wood-rotting species. A common mold, Trichoderma lignorum, which penetrates deeply into the lumber, was found prevalent on newly-sawn Benguet pine slabs. A total of 18 samples of wood-boring insects were also gathered which consist of termites, ambrosia and powder post beetles. Benguet pine wood is the only species used for house construction and underground timberings there. But because this wood has a relatively low durability against attacks of fungi and insects, mining companies plan to put up treating plants -to help prolong the service life of their mine timberings. Company officials were also advised to stop the practice of leaving felled logs in the cutting area and to pressure-treat their wood with proven chemic.al preservatives. • • • Page 65 .FPRI PERSONNEL PASS FORESTRY EXAMS WTD Scores An All-Time High Results of the Forester's Examination given by the Civil Service Commission on July 27, 1963, revealed that several FPRI staff members made the grade, with the wood technology division scoring 100 percent passing average. Lucrecio Rebugio and Isidro T. Zamuco placed third and eighteenth, respectively. The following is a complete list of FPRI successful examinees, including those who recently resigned from the institute : Lucrecio Rebugio .... . Isidro T. Zamuco .... . Dominador Alonzo .... . Jose A. Meniado .... . Arsenio L. Tofigacan .. Carlito P. Vertudes ... . Adolfo Decena ...... . Justo P. Rojo ....... . Melchor L. Magsanoc .. • • WTD WTD WTD WTD WTD WTD IID WTD WTD • FPRI BROCHURE OUT 83 % 78 76.86 74.86 73.61 73.25 72.04 71.77 71.03 The Director announces the publication of the FPRI Brochure which came off the press recently. Having a unique cover depicting the narra, it is a pictorial essay of the Institute's various research activities. Copies are available at the Publications & Information Division. Those who would like to have a copy may write to: The Director, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. • • • Director Manuel R. Monsalud of the Forest Products Research Institute (U.P.) revealed that more than 16 cooperative and industry assistance projects were carried out recently by the various research divisions of the Institute. These projects, he said, ranged from kraft papermaking and pre-drying studies of certain Philippine mahogany species to the furnishing of technical information requested by some wood-using industries and the training of technical men from various companies. According to Director Monsalud, various form~ of technical assistance and cooperative projects are from time to time being undertaken by the FPRI in cooperation with interested wood-using industries to help carry out the Institute's major objective: To promote a more effective forest products utilization. Page 66 The present batch of cooperative projects undertaken is listed, among others, in Monsalud's latest report to U.P. President and concurrently Education Secretary Carlos P. Romulo. These projects include : Pulping and bleaching the soda pulp of abaca ( sabajon variety) for Col. Francisco Gomez; kraft papermaking of mixture of imported kraft pulp and cuttings for Eastern Paper Mills Co.; kraft paper testing for the Luzon Bag Corp.; Testing of a saponified almaciga as a paper sizing agent for the Alpha Deutsche Refinery Corp.; cooperative pre-drying studies of some Philippine mahogany species Vlith the Nasipit Lumber Co.; Training of four plant engineers of Sta. Clara Lumber Co., Inc. on the various aspects of veneer and plywood manufacture; furnishing technical data to Aguinaldo Development Corp. on the presence of resin exudation of apitong during kiln drying, as well as to the Pacific Palawan Timber Corp. on the suitability of agoho for pole use. • • • An official of the Forest Products Research Institute (U.P.) recently batted for the introduction and development in this country of the handmade papermaking industry. Felipe R. Lopez, the FPRI technologist who arrived recently from Japan after undergoing training, among others, in the art of handmade papermaking there under the Colombo Plan, said that this industry could be successfully developed as a cottage industry in view of the existence here of a variety of fibrous materials suitable for the socalled handmade paper. According to him, this industry, which is an institution and an important industry in Japan, produces papers that come in various decorative shades and designs. These are generally used, he said, for lampshades, wallpaper, latticed sliding doors, parasols, gift-wrapping, paper lanterns, writing material, Christmas and name cards, ceremonial papers, colored paper for printing, fan papers, room dividers, napkins and many others. In advocating the development here of this unique industry, Lopez, who heads the Minor Forest Products Section, said that there is only a moderate capital needed, as well as the development of certain skills in this manual art of papermaking. He added that as a cottage industry, its development will be "highly suitable" in the rural areas where the sources of fibrous raw materials is generally found. FORESTRY LEAVES Tracing the history of this industry in Japan, he said that it is as old as the country itseU, dating back to almost 1,300 years, and has since been carried on a family level. This industry is said to typify the well-known Japanese traits of industry and patience and also symbolizes the Japanese love for the arts and crafts. • • • To help solve this country's major agricultural problems of rapid depletion of forest resources and the kaingin practice, a forestry expert of the Forest Products Research Institute, U.P .. yesterday advocated the development here of tree farming. Jose A. Semana, a researcher of the Institute, said that aside from helping solve these twin problems, tree farming would also help check the unabated erosion of our hills and mountains and the resultant floods that follow destructiYe reforestation. According to Semana, who has recently observed Sweden's forestry management practices, his batting for tree farming here is based mainly on the economic productivity of tree farms that are extensively cultivated in Sweden. He said that while the farmers' forests there comprise about one-half ( 50%) of the total forested area, they usually contribute almost two-thirds of Sweden's total timber production. Comparing our forest practices here with those of Sweden, the world's biggest exporter of wood pulp in 1963, Semana observed that while 90 percent of the forest concessions here have average holdings of 2,600 hectares, which is considered uneconomical, the great majority of Sweden's farmerowned forest lands have an average area of less than 50 hectares. Tree farming, he explained, is simply the planting of trees, particularly the fast-growing pulpwood species, like Kaatoan bangkal and gubas, instead of growing agricultural crops on unsuitable or submarginal lands. Vegetation grows throughout the year here in the tropics, he added, unlike in Sweden where the growth of plants is arrested during winter. With this kind of farming, he said, the kaingineros as well as farmers could be persuaded to go into tree farming. As in Sweden, he added, these suggested tree farms could be formed later into cooperatives to promote good forest management and to facilitate the marketing end of this farming enterprise. • • • The local wood carving industry is given a big boost with the recent research findings of the Forest Products Research Institute (U.P.) in Los Banos, Laguna. Here's why. Until now. two major, if ancient, problems of this thriving industry are how to prevent carved objects from developing cracks, and how to keep them from warping. Wood carvers and collectors very well know that carvings, no matter how well-executed, lose much of their intrinsic value the moment cracks develop. This is made worse when the same precious or novelty objects also suffer from warping. Researehers of the Institute, however, have recently found in their experiments a method or formula to solve the twin problems of the industry. They arrived at a new chemical treatment which "gives a high degree of dimensional stability to wood" (against cracking and warping) with the use of polyethylene glycol-1000. The FPRI researchers headed by Ricardo F. Casin, experimenting on dao wood, which is commonly used for wood carvings, found that soaking still-rough carvings with the chemical for a certain period and temperature, followed by air-drying and kiln-drying to a certain humidity, helped them reach their objectives satisfactorily-no cracks and no warps in the wood carvings. Similar experiments were also conducted on rough and unfinished trays made of acacia, a type of wood commonly used for table and novelty items. The same thing nappened: no cracks nor warps developed in them. According to the researchers, all experts in the ways of wood products preservation, the new development, at least for dao and acacia wood items, stands to benefit greatly the wood-carving industry. You cannot prevent the birds of sorrow from flying over your head, but you can pre,·ent them from buildin,; nests in your hair. -Chinese Proverb. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 Page 67 Forestry I Ill NEW F AO FORESTRY APPOINTMENTS Rome, 3 March - Mr. Jozef Sv.iderski (Poland) today joined the Forestry and Forest Products Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization as Chief of the Forest Industries Branch. His arrival completes a series of new forestry appointments. Mr. Isaak Kissin (Brazil) has been named Chief of the new Forest Logging and Transport Branch which came into existence at the beginning of this year. Mr. Robert G. Fontaine (France), has been name Chief of the newly-organized Forest Management Branch, following the retirement oi Mr. A. Metro (France). Mr. Luis Gimenez-Quintana (Spain) has been appointed Chief of the Forest Policy Branch, to become effective follov.ing the Sixth World Forestry Congress, to be held in Madrid in June 1966. Mr. Gimenez-Quintana has been named Associate Secretary-General of the Congress. Mr. Stanley L. Pringle (Canada) continues as Chief of the Forest Economic Branch. The new Forest Logging and Transport Branch will concentrate its immediate attention on extending to other regions the kind of activities that have become well-established in Europe through the joint action of F AO, ILO (International Labour Organization) and ECE (U.N.'s Economic Commission for Europe); and on transport planning and costing of wood transport operations and the use of modem logging and transport equipment so far as FA O's field projects are concerned. Mr. Swiderski was formerly Director, Technical Development and Investment, with the Polish Ministry of Forests and Wood-Working Industries. Mr. Kissin worked for a Brazilian pulp and paper company and carried on a forestry advisory service in Brazil until 1962 when he joined the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, later transferring to F AO. Mr. Fontaine came to FAO from the French Forest Service in 1946. Mr. Gimenez-Quintana was formerly with the Spanish Forest Service and joined FAO in 1955. Mr. Pringle was Professor of Forestry at the University of New Brunswick (Canada) from 1951 until he accepted a field assignment for FAO in East Africa in 1959. • • • LOG EXPORT BAN BUCKED The Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries the other day formally notified Congress of its opposition Page 68 the News to a proposed measure banning the exportation of logs within a period of 10 years. Gaudencio S. !\laiialac. PCWI president, submitted the chamber's stand opposing the proposed bill to Rep. Ernesto H. Bascon (L, Cebu), chairman of the House committee on foreign trade and tourism. Not the Cause The PCWI stand, adopted during the recent convention of loggers and wood processors, pointed out that log exportation is not the cause of forest destruction. It added that Japan and other countries contrary to claims, do not rely heavily on the Philippines for log supply. Maiialac, in his letter to Bascon, said that the wood industries contribute immensely to the economy. "This is borne out," he said, "by no less than Placido L. Mapa Jr. of the Presidential Economic Staff, who argued vehemently against the proposed measure." He appealed to the committee to view the wood industries v.ith "utmost objectively and not with bias nad prejudice," adding that the wood industries "nave not been recreant" in their "duties and responsibilities in nation-building." Position Paper The PCWI position paper pointed out, among other things, the follov.ing : 1. A report of the Forest Development Project jointly prepared by the National Economic Council, US Agency for International Development (AID) and the bureau of forestry cited the principal cause of the decrease in forested areas of the country : rapid release of forested lands for agricultural purposes for a period of 11 years up to 1963; and land clearing and kaingin following loggin~ operations. 2. Forestry bureau reports show, that in Mindanao alone more than one million hectares of heavily forested areas were released for agricultural purposes during an 11-year period. The report added that during 1964-1965, 2,378 cases of kaingin were detected, but only 901 cases were filed with authorities with convictions numbering only 75. 3. Reforestation Administrator Jose Viado said that most of the deforested areas are in areas not duly licensed for logging operations, and that the FORESTRY LEAVES deforestation was caused by illegal operators and kaingineros. 4. Japan gets her log supply from the following sources: domestic production (Japan), 80 per cent; Philippines, 6.8 per cent; Borneo, 5.1 per cent; Russia, 3.3 per cent; and US, 4.8 per cent. 5. Legitimate loggers pay reforestation fees for the use of the Reforestation Administration, and that loggers are reforesting their respective areas with their own funds. Achievements The PCWI paper also cited the achievements of the wood industries : 1. It has, for the past three years, ranked second to coconut products in point of dollar earnings. Its shares in gross dollar earnings were 25 per cent in 1963, 23 per cent in 1964 and 23 per cent in 1965. 2. The value of production, both for the domestic and export markets, accounts for about 16 per cent ot the total national income. 3. About 700,000 Filipinos are directly and indirectly employed in various industries which obtain raw materials from the forests. Including their dependents, about three million people depend on the wood industries for their livelihood. 4. Aside from !"464 million capital investments in wood industries, the roads and bridges constructed by the industries cost about !"400 million during the past five years. 5. Housing facilities with modem conveniences like light and water, medical facilities, playgrounds, schools and chapels are being provided in logging camps. 6. The government collects about P'lOO million from the wood industries in the form of taxes, fees and import receipts yearly. 7. The share of the wood industries in the manufacturing field represents 9.7 per cent of the total number of employes; 9.3 per cent of wages and salaries paid; and 7.3 per cent of the total value of all the manufactures. These statistics, the PCWI said, were gathered from the sectoral study of the UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE). 8. The wood industries have continuously trained farmers and fishermen from the barrios in the rudiments of maintaining and operating light and heavy equipment used in logging, as well as in the handling ot precision instruments of machine shops. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 Licensed Area The PCWI also informed Bascon's committee that out of the 12.-1 million hectares of forest lands in the country, as of June -'30, 1965, only 6~5 million hectares are licensed to timber concessionaires for logging operation. This is 53 per <,>ent of the total forested areas. Commercial forests, areas capable of producing good logs, cover 8.3 million hectares, or 78 per cent of the total timber area, the PCWI said. Therefore, the chamber said, 1.8 million hectares of commercial forests is still unlicensed for logging operations, while 4.1 million hectares cannot qualify for logging. * * * VEEP INITIATES FORESTRY POLICY; LEASES MADE PUBLIC Vice-President and concurrently Agriculture Secretarv Fernando Lopez pledged yesterday that under the .new administration, all transactions involving timber leases, patents, sales and fishing permits will be made public. Secrecy in the awards of these, he said, has in the past soiled the name of the DANR in the public mind. He said that henceforth no under-thetable deals will be tolerated in all offices under the DANR. During a staff conference at the DANR in Diliman yesterday morning, Lopez underscored cleanliness in the department and in all its bureaus and offices. The bureau of forestry has submitted to the vicepresident all existing timber leases in the country as of Dec. 28, 1965 showing their respective dates of award, area, allowable cut and when they expire. The vice-president said he is releasing the list for publication so the public will know the exact position of the country's forest resources. Observers said that this move is unprecedented in the history of the department. For one, it will reveal to each concessioner the extent of his neighbor's holding. The practice may also uncover fly-by night leases. * * * MORE RP LOGS SET FOR JAPAN Japan will be importing more logs from the Philippines this year to meet the needs of its massive housing program, Masao Ichikawa, president of the Japan Southsea Lumber conference, said in a talk before the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries the other day. Page 69 Ichikawa, member of a goodwill m1ss10n sent by the Philippine Association in Japan, was welcomed by officers of the chamber led by Gaudencio S. !\faiialac, president. Sl-B Project The Japanese visitor disclosed that the Japanese government this year Vl<ill start a $1-billion five-year housing project, which aims to build about 304,000 private houses and apartments in 1966, aside from another 450,000 houses to be built by private citizens with government aid. The Japan Southsea Lumber Conference, he said, estimates that the Japanese demand for logs this year Vl<ill be about 10,366,000 cubic meters, which is up by 13.3 per cent from last year's figure. 60 Per Cent Some 60 per cent of this estimated demand, or 6,220,000 cubic meter, will be supplied by the Philippines, Ichikawa said as he asked the PCWI members to extend their special cooperation and assistance to the project. ~faiialac said that the 6,220,000 cubic meters of logs expected from the Philippines are equivalent to 2.6 billion board feet. The average annual export of the Philippines, he disclosed, is 1.8 billion board feet. • • • TIMBER PERMITS FROZEN President ~farcos yesterday directed the forestry bureau to stop issuing timber licenses, pending reorganization of the bureau. The President expressed fear that the country's forests would be denuded in 10 years if present logging operations do not slow down. Met with Lopez He issued the order after conferring in Malacaiiang with Vice President and concurrent Agriculture Secretary Fernando Lopez. They discussed plans to improve national parks and reservations. The President also directed Executive Secretary Rafael Salas to secure from the national parks and wildlife office a list of the areas within its jurisdiction, and to specify which have been declared national parks and reservations. Survey Ordered Marcos further ordered the forestry bureau to survey existing lumber concessions to determine Page 70 whether the grantees are complying with the terms of their permits. The President plans to make !\ft. Samat in Bataan, where the USAFFE made its last stand against the Japanese during World War II, a national shrine, to be known as "Dambana Ng Katapangan" (Shrine of Courage) . ~farcos ordered the suspension of the issuance of timber permits because of continuing reports of wanton destruction of forest lands. * * * LOG EXPORTS DECLINE NOTED RO!\IE, Feb.-(AP)-There was a slight decline in the world's largest flow of broadleaved logsthe exports from the Philippines to Japan, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said Tuesday. Plywood Up But there was an increase of 36 per cent in the Philippines' exports of plywood and a 56 per cent increase in those from Taiwan. Overall, Asia's exports of plywood rose 26 per cent. The region's particle board production increased by 16 per cent. Pulp and pulp products expanded by 9 per cent while sawn wood output was 3.5 per cent higher . FAO said an increase of 15 per cent in Asia's sawn hardwood exports was almost entirely due to Malaya's exports. The world's forests yielded $38.4 billion worth of products last year, F AO said. This was an increase of 4.3 per cent, or $1.5 billion over 1963. The fastest rates of growth were among manufactured items, as opposed to wood sold in its natural state. Panel products led the way, expanding by 127 per cent between 1960 and 1964. Pulp Output The highest absolute increase was in pulp production, which rose to 7 4. 7 million metric tons in 1964. This represented a 7 per cent increase over 1963. F AO said the growing importance of some types of pulp was due to the increase in paper requirements. More than half of the 16.l million tons of newsprint produced in the world last year came from north America but less industrialized regions are increasing their share, the F AO said. :FORESTRY LEAVES Non-manufactured forest products, such as poles and fuelwood, continued to decline in importance. Their production increased at a modest of 2.3 per cent between 1963 and 1964. International trade in forest products showed an overall rate of expansion, the organization said. • • • PC EYES SAWMILLS ON ILLEGAL LOGGING (Special to The Manila Times) CAMP OLIVAS, Pamp., Feb. 8 - The fight against illegal logging here got another boost as 100 sawmills in the Central and Northern Luzon region were placed under strict surveillance by the I PC zone. The surveillance order was issued by Col. Rafael M. Ileto, zone commander, following intelligence reports that these sawmills are either in cahoots with illegal loggers or are directly engaged in the activity themselves. Ileto said that illegal loggers have been sending illegally cut logs to these sawmills which they later turn into finished lumber. Strict Enforcement The drive against illegal logging in these areas of Luzon had been intensified by the local PC zone in view of orders from the forestry bureau and the department of agriculture and natural resources to strictly enforce rules and regulations involving the cutting of timber in the forests of Luzon. Ileto ordered the all-out drive against illegal logging because of its bad repercusions on the country's economy. The zone commander said due to this nefarious activity, several rivers here that is being used by farmers in irrigating their farms have dried up. He particularly cited the cases of the rivers in Gumain, Floridablanca, Pampanga; Bamban, Tarlac; Porac, Abacan and Angeles City. • • • WATERSHED IN DANGER! CATBALOGAN, Samar, Feb. 9-The Catbalogan watershed area is in danger of deforestation and the water supply of pollution due to the unabated invasion by kaingeneros and woodcutters. This was disclosed by Felipe Abraham Jr., Samar district forester, in a letter to the chief of police here. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 Guards' Lack Abraham said his office could not effectively guard against the invasion of kaingeneros and woodcutters because the local forestry bureau lacks enough forest guards. He suggested that the forestry office here, the police department, and the local Nawasa branch join hands in the fight against deforesters. Alarmed by Abraham's report, Capt. Jesus Carnecite of the local police force sent a patrol to the watershed area to conduct an on-the-spot investigation. 59 Families The patrol said 59 families have already set up farms within the area and have cut down forest trees as they enlarge these farms. Carnacite said that in the previous year, more than a hundred residents in the watershed area, both farmers and woodcutters, were charged in court for violation of a municipal ordinance that prohibits farming, cutting of trees and the use of the upstreams of the Catbalogan water supply. Promise These accused have promised in court they will vacate their farms and stop the cutting of timbers, on pain that if they are found to have violated their promise, the full penalty prescribed by law will be imposed on them. Still There Form the police report, it appears that several of those discovered to be still farming within the watershed area had been previously accused, Carnacite said. Carnacite plans to revive the charges in court against those who are still in the watershed area and file charges against new occupants. • • • NEED TO CONSERVE FOREST RESOURCES Indications are that the country stands to benefit immeasurably by having a congressman with an experience and background. The lessons the legislator learned from actual business practice could be put into good use in the enactment of measures that are not only beneficial but also practical. From talks we have had with Rep. Lorenzo Sarmiento, we gathered that he may soon introduce bills designed to encourage business in all aspects of national economic life. Page 71 As one of the nation's biggest log exporters, Sarmiento believes that concrete and positive steps must be taken by the government to conserve the country's forest resources. According to him, the government should undertake an extensive reforestation program with the assistance of forest concessionaires. Active assistance of these concessionaires, he said, would be forthcoming but only if their licenses are extended over a longer period than what they are now, just to give them an opportunity to recoup reforestation expenses. Sarmiento revealed that the internal revenue code needs to be amended if log exporters were to be discouraged and processing of local woods into exportable items were to be encouraged. He revealed that under present laws, lumbermen have no incentives to engage in the manufacture of, say, plywood; and even if they did, they only wake up that they could not compete with foreign plywood manufacturers that use RP woods. Why? He explained that whereas exported logs do not pay any sales tax, logs converted locally into finished products pay a 7 per cent sales tax. Sarmiento contended that a country such as the Philippines suffering from a meagerness of financial resources has no business subsidizing an industry whose span of life may soon be extinguished as reputable physicians the world over are unanimous against the continued use of its products. Sarmiento was referring to the tobacco industry whose annual subsidy could be put into a much better purpose. "Don't you think," he asked, "that the millions being poured into the production of tobacco should accomplish better ends if the funds are channelled instead into the production of rice?" Sarmiento travelled extensively throughout Japan and made pertinent observations. He found out that the Japanese government had nationalized the sale of tobacco and salt. The sale of tobacco and tobacco products, according to him, is made a government monopoly. He said the profits realized from the sale of tobacco products are utilized by the Japanese to cover the losses sustained in supporting their rice industry-an industry that sells rice to the population at virtually production cost to appease the masses. Sarmiento wanted to know if what is being done in Japan could be duplicated here in the Philippines. We replied that we do not know, inasmuch as the Filipino public may not be amenable to the idea of the government going into the tobacco business. And besides, we explained, the present cigarette manufacturers will most certainly refuse to stand still in resisting the government take over of their existing cigarette manufacturing plants. "But Page 72 can't you newspapem1en," Sarmiento asked, "arouse public opinion against the continuance of the tobacco subsidy?" • • • DENUDATION OF BATAAN FORESTS ON (Special to The Manila Times) BALANGA, Bataan, Feb. 24-The rape of Bataan forests still rages despite the changes of administrations and the officials who should stop it. Because of the patronage by politicians of logging concessionaires, what is left in this province's once verdant forests are but few trees that either did not catch the eyes of unscrupulous loggers or cannot be reached by logging trucks. Residents Suffer Due to the nefarious activity that has been going on for a long time now, thousands of Bataan residents are suffering from acute lack of irrigation and domestic water during dry seasons and rampaging killer Hoods during rainy months. The Hood that killed almost a hundred people, mostly women and children in barrios Magsaysay and Colo in Dinalupihan in 1962, was caused by the severe denudation of the mountains by loggers and kaingeneros. Drying Up At present, rivers in this provnice that used to supply the lowland agriculture's water for irrigation are fast drying up. Only recently, former Rep. Jose R. Nuguid denounced the nefarious logging operations in this province. Because of a possible tie-up with forest authorities, he said, the loggers were able to cut trees not covered by the stipulations of their licenses. However, forest authorities here claimed that the logging concessionaires are duly licensed. They added that if Nuguid's accusations were true, he should go to court to secure the necessary injunction against the logging operators. Foresters Listed as duly licensed forest concessionaires here are Cornelio .Santos, who operates in Dinalupihan, and Rita K. Templo, assigned to Orani and Morong. Templo is reportedly authorized to remove 603 cubic meters of overaged, dead and damaged trees from the Bataan National Park. FORESTRY LEAVES Gov. Pedro R. Dizon, in his drive to stop illegal logging here, recently stopped the shipment of five truckloads of logs and impounded them in the provincial capitol grounds. Bataan Parks and Wildlife Office officer-in-charge Leoncio Buendia said the shipment was in order and these were all scaled and invoiced. Timberland Of the 31,000 hectares comprising the Bataan National Park, only 15 per cent of good timberland is believed left as estimated by a gruop of farmers who recently called on Vice President and Agriculture Secretary Fernando Lopez to air their complaints against ,·andalism in the province's forests. Timber smuggling here is also rampant. Logs are exported by barges by way of China Sea to other pro"inces or even to Japan. Some are sold to clandestine sawmills or to veneer or plywood plants for manufacture into plywood boards. Two Employes Buendia said it is impossible for his office to look into all illegal logging activities going on here as he has only two men to supervise the 31,000 hectares of national park. This is, he said, a result of the retrenchment plan of the new administration dismissing all casual employes. When all these activities will end is still a big question. Meantime, people of this province will still have to contend themselves with what is going on, until and after the proper authorities will start doing something about it. • • • STATE OF RP FORESTS NOTED Remaining Reserves in Danger Passage of a law to declare all the remaining forest lands of the Philippines into permanent reserves is one of the major measures which should receive priority in Congress, Nicolas P. Lansigan, president of the UP forestry alumni association, said yesterday. Unsuccessful Efforts to hold on to our forest lands have not been too successful, Lansigan said. He pointed out that pressure from groups of land squatters and kaingineros backed by powerful influence is causing the release from the forest wne timberlands which by their very nature should remain in forest. To kaingineros it does not matter whether the land is rough and mountainous or far from being fit for permanent agricultural purposes. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 The pressure on forest lands is getting more relentless. The modus operandi is to clear the forest, then ask for the release of the land, Lansigan said. At present, it takes only the secretary of agriculture and natural resources to release lands from the forest wne. And many undue releases had been made at the sacrifice of national welfare. Bill Backed Lansigan also urged support for the forest reserve bill introduced by Rep. Gregorio Murillo (N, Surigao del Sur). The measure if enacted will in one bold sweep convert all the remaining forests into forest reservations, he said. And henceforth, releases from such reservations will be only upon Presidential proclamation and upon concurrence of Congress. Safeguards for forested areas covered by titles and valid claims and all those already declared alienable and disposable are provided in the bill, Lansigan said. Fears Allayed Lansigan dispelled the fears that once a forest reserve the forest would be withdrawn from utilization. He explained that reserves will continue to be open to legitimate forest industrial uses. The proposed law would only make it certain that these lands will remain indefinitely as forest lands and could be passed on to coming generations as such. CCP Director Notes Gov't Indifference Pedro C. Lanuza, director of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines and chairman of the chamber's committee on natural resources, deplored yesterday the utter neglect by the government of the country's forests and forest-products. Manpower Lack In a memorandum to the board of directors of the CCP which was subsequently adopted by this body, Lanuza deplored the fact that, for example, the bureau of forestry has to take care of 17 million hectares of forest areas but its facilities and manpower are sorely inadequate. He said the bureau can hardly provide one forest officer for every 20 thousand hectares. Lanuza, who is also the head of the firm bearing his name, urged that a study be made on the amount of license fees being made by timber concessionaires. He said it was estimated that it takes the Reforestation Administration at least !"250 to service a timber stand from the time it is licensed to be Page 73 cut to the time it is reforested. "And yet. concessioners pay only about P'lOO per timber stand as license fees," Lanuza pointed out. System Urged As a means of updating license fees and other charges, the Lanuza committee also recommended what he described as the "timber sales system" which shall make licensing more equitable. This system also insures the reforestation of our timber lands the CCP director pointed. Aurelio Periquet Jr. president fo the CCP announced that the chamber urged upon the bureau of forestry the need to educate the masses to the benefits of conserving our forests. Transfers In his report, Lanuza also suggested the possibility of transferring non-forest lands from the administration of the bureau of forestry for effective control and development of these areas. He said : "Considering that the bureau of forestry is undermanned, the control of non-forest lands like swamplands and grasslands should be transferred to the Fisheries Commissioner and to the bureau of animal industry, respectively." This transfer, he explained, will help relieve the forestry agency from handling more than it can supervise. Lanuza noted too the following problems of forestry: Advantages 1. Need of a better and effective bidding procedure of concession areas to do away with secrecy and red tape. 2. Renewal of timber licenses should be conditioned on compliance of new requirements on reforestation and proper payment of forest charges. 3. Need of safeguards to avoid farming out of licenses to become dummies of aliens. 4. Need to crack down on absent forest guards to check kaingin, timber smuggling and illegal cutting of timber. 5. Social problems created by denuding of forests. • • • SHADES OF MAHOGANY There are many persons who think of mahogany as a dark and rather dull reddish wood. It isn't.. Genuine mahogany usually is fairly light in color-either a salmon pink or a creamy Page 74 yellowish brov>n. But there are many- shade differences, even from the same variety. It was because of these differences in tone that oldtime wood finishers used to stain mahogany a dark color. since it was much easier to obtain a consistency of shade with a dark rather than a light stain. In addition, furniture manufacturers using a substitute wood stained it the same way to make it resemble mahogany. This practice went on for hundreds of years, with only persons in the lumber or furniture business aware that most mahogany actually was a light wood, although with a tendency to become deeper over a long period of years. Today, most mahogany furniture is given a light rather than a dark stain, in some cases being styles of furniture. Yet the belief still persists that mahogany is a dark wood. Natural Finish The beautiful texture and twisted grain of mahogany show up especially well when it is given a light stain or a natural finish. This not only gives it a rich mellow color, but enhances the play of light and shadow so characteristic of this wood, (Staining, bleaching and all forms of wood finishing are detailed in Andy Lang's booklet. "Wood Finishing in the Home," available by ending 25 cents and a long, stamped, self-addressed envelope to KnowHow, P. 0. Box 9.54, Jamaica, N.Y. 11431.) Whether wood filler should be used on mahogany is mostly a matter of personal opinion. When a high gloss surface is desired, it usually is better to use a filler. For dull or Hat finishes, the filler may be omitted. But this is not mandatory. Some persons prefer the open-pored or "woody" effect of mahogany Without filler and, while some furniture designers might shudder at using unfilled surfaces on certain types of furniture, there is no reason why personal taste should not be the deciding factor. It has been demonstrated again and again that design practices frowned on in one era are accepted in another. • * * MOVE TO SAVE MT. APO HAILED DAVAO CITY, Feb. 6. - Forest-preservationconscious citizens here endorsed today a bipartisan move launched in the House of Representatives in Manila ·to prohibit the executive department from disposing national parks without the approval of Congress. The bill was filed as H. No. 400 authored by Rep. Luciano Joson ( L, Mindoro). It received the (Continued on page 81) FORESTRY LEAVES CANDIDO T. AGBISIT Dugo, Camalannigan, Cagayan Ranger Certificate-1954 Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Ranger, BF-1954-195i Forester B. F.-1958-1963 Sr. Forester, B. F. 1964 ARTURO JACOB BOLLOSO Binalonan, Pangaaiam Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 .'If ember: Alpha Phi Omega Frater· nity UPSCA CELSO POSTRADO DIAZ Kalangkang, Sta. Cruz, Marindnqne Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Entrance Scholar, lst Semester 1962·19U3 Bureau of Forestry Scholar, 8 Semester SENIORS 1965 - 66 CO'.'ISTANCIO M. ARCIAGA Natividad, Pangasinan Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 LEOPOLDO D. CASIO 285 Dnmanpot, Aaingan, Pangasinan Bachelor of. Science in Forestry-1966 Member: UPSCA '61 Zeta Beta Rho Fraternity BELINO T. EPIE Kapangan, Bengnet, Mt. Province Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Brother Historian, Alpha Phi Omega International Collegiate Service Frater· nity (1965°66) TW"P.Jt!llll'PPP_ Senior a ... ELPIDIO D. ASPIRAS Agoo, La Union & Iligan City Bachelor of Sciencio in Forestry-1966 U .P. College of ForestrY Class 1966 FELIPE S. CALUB Bayomhong, Nueva Vizcaya Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Auditor, Sophomore Class Organization TC"easurer, Junior Cass Organization OSCAR V. GULMATICO Los Baiios, Laguna Bacbi!lor of Science in Forestry-1966 Entrance scholar, Fint Semester (I 962-63) Bureau of Forestry Scholar, 8 semesten (1962-66) Secretary, Junior Class Or· •anization (1964·6.~) CAMILO B. BALTAZAR Atok Central, Benguet, ML Province Bachelor of Science in F orestry-1966 JIRAPUN KONGSAR 14 7 Rajavidhe Road Bangkok, Thailand Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 PRHUTIVO C. GALl'.\ATO JR. 18-A A pi tong St., Project 3, Quezon City Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 ht· Vice Grand PrincepBeta Sigma Fraternity 1965-66 FSBO Athletic Manager1963-65 SAMUEL M. GUMANGAN Santa Maria, Iloco• Sur Bachelor or Science in Forestry IFUE)-1966 Business Manager, Junior Oass Organization ( 19641965) Member: Forestry "Y" Ouh -~-;'t~>~+,'.~ '" ,·, ,· ~.·, FELIZARDO A. NAJERA Manaoag, Pangasinan Bachelor or Science in Forestry-1966 Ranger Certificate 1958 Topnotcher Forest Station Warden Eleam 1959 .Uember: Zeta Beta Rho Honor Fraternity PABLO C. RABANAL Telhang, Alaminos, Pang•· sin an Bachelor or Science in Forestry-1966 Guardian of the treasury, Alpha Phi Omega Inter· national Collegiate Service Fraternity (1965-1966) M'on1hor• T!P"(" A. R \'liGS.\ 'Ii KA'.\CH.\'\i HRA'lil~ITHA Royal Forest Department, Ban~ken, Bangkok, Thai· land Bachelor or Science in Forestry-1966 JI ember: Forest Officer, Thailand Intemational Ouh BERNARDO Q. NARCISO Gen. Natividad, Nueva Ecija Bachelor or Science in Foresrry-1966 Medalist-Most outstanding UPSCA Applicant (1962) \' ice-Chainnan-UPSCA Fores try Chapter (1965·66) ROGER l'i. RAMIREZ Forest E'.'tperiment Station, !\lalaybalay, Bukidnon Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Pres., Junior Oass Guardian or the Copper-Beta Sigma Fratemity Master or the Roll-Beta Sisrma Fraternitv SAWAENG LUANGTEP Royal Forest Department. Bangkok, Thailand Bachelor or Science in F orestry-1966 Member: Intemational Club U .P. College or Forestry Soccer Team FELIX F. ORDINARIO Natividad, Pangasinm Bachelor or Science. i11 Forestry-1966 Buai.11ess Manager, Sophomore Oass Organization Secretary, Senior Oass Organization Fellow Whip-Zeta Beta Rho Fratemity ROBERTO L. ROSALES llarh.·eles, Bataan Bachelor o£ Science in Forestry-1966 DIOSDADO B. MARFIL Eguia, Daso], Pangasinan Bachelor or Science in Forestry-1966 Grand Chancellor, Alpha Phi Omega Fraternity (1965-66) Associate Editor, The Forestry Leaves (1963-66) BIENVENIDO T. POSTRADO Makati, Manila Bachelor or Science in Agriculture-1960 Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966. R~forestation Administra· tion Pensionado Senior Rep. FSBO SEVERO R. SAPLACO Tablang, Paniqui, Tarlac Bachelor of Science in Forcstry-1966 Partial Scholarship 1962-1963 Bureau of Forestry Scholar -6 Semesters Bronze Medalist-lmprontu Spee<"h Conte.st Sponsored hv C PC.\ Yarron>. ALFREDO ~I. SADIOA Gonzaga, Ca~ayan BaC'hrlor of ~rienC'f" in F oresLry-1966 frllow Charge 'dArrair Zeta Beta Rho I/ember: t:PSCA President of Junior Clas! Organization CATALINO F. TOSCO Daet, Camarines Norte Bachelor or Science in Forestry-1966 Ranger Certificate, Class 'SS Bureau of Forestry Scholarship Grant, 1964-66 .Uember: Beta Sigma Fraternity Forestry Leaves Staff CRISOSTOMO VILAR Bongabon, N ueva Ecija Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Entrance Scholar, U.P. College or Forestry; College Sch o I a r (2 semesters); Bureau of Forestry Scholar ( 8 semesters) . ARTCRO C. SAZON Gumaca, Quezon Bachelor of Science in F orestry-1966 Auditor, Senior Class Organizatoin 1965-66 Member: "Y"' Club CESARIO E. URSUA Tareca, San Carlos City, Pangasinan Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Auditor UPSCA, Forestry Chapter-I 96S-' 66 ANGEL C. SORIANO Paniqui, Tarlac Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 \'ice~President-J 1.inior Oass Organization 1964a65 Fellow Fiscalizer-Zeta Bet:l Rho Honor Fraternity 1965-66 VICTOR B. VALDEP~AS Tuguegarao, Cagayan Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 College Scholar, U.P. College or Forestry 1964-196S Bureau ol Forestry Scholar 1963-1966 Chairman-UPSCA (Forestry Chapter)-1965-1966 YUNGYO:'l'G THA:'iOMPICIIAI 15 Ruammit Lane Dinang Roda, Bangkok, Thailand Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 Member: International Club li.P. College or Forestry Soccer Team CALIXTO E. YAO Pocaliil, Sulop, Davao Bachelor of Science in Forestry-1966 ,'If ember: Auxiliary Chancellor 1965-1966 Alpha Phi Omega (International Collegiate Service Fraternity) Examination in Dendrology under Prof. Martin Lagrimas. Students identify specimens with numbered tags as these are passed around in a circle at the rate of a minute a soecimen. NICASIO G. BAI.OT Victoria, Tarlac Ranger Certificate, 1966 Member: Alpha Phi Om•ga Jt>SE T. GUERRERO Bubi, San Miguel, Catanduanes Ranger Certificate, 1966 JUANITO A. ORDINARJO Mabau, Dupu, Nueva Vizcaya Member: Beta Sigma Fraternity - SERVILIO'.'i T. TOMAS Villarica, Pantabaiigan, Noeva Ecija Ranger Certificate, 1966 Ad,·an'"e tm1duare (Cadet), 1965-66 RANGER tLASS 1965 - 66 PAQUITO P. CALIVA Dana, Gonzaga, Cagayan Ranger Certificate, 1966 Silver Medalist, 1966 MARIANO T. MACHACON Binalonan, Panguinan Ranger Certificate, 1966 Entrance Scholar 1963 Bureau or Forestry Scholar ( 6 semester) ELPIDIO C. PANGILINAN Bolo, Bauan, Batan~a• Ranger Certificate, 1966 Bureau or F oreotrv Pensionado - DOMINADOR I. EGARGO Lawa-an, Samar III Ranger Certificate, 1966 P.R.O. UPSCA (Fores try Chapter), 1965 TEOFILO N. NAOE, JR. San Jacinto, Panguinan Ranger Certificate, 1966 .lllember: UPSCA (Forestry Chapter) ltENATO BAUTISTA RIVERA Gen. Tinio, Nneva Ecija · Ranger Certificate, 1966 Mahogany & Molave Groves AUGUSTO M. GALASGAS Bokod, Benguet Mountain Province Ranger Certificate, 1966 GENERA.LOO S. NICOLAS Bintawan, Villa Verde, N. Vizcaya Ranger Certificate, 1966 RAMON P. Botoan City Ranger Certificate, 1966 Member: Zeta Beta Rho Honor Fraternity Officers and members of the U.P. Beta Sigma Fraternity Forestry Chapter, during the Annual In· duction Ball held at Lake View Resort (1965-1966). UPSCA Members Forestry Chapter: Edilberto Cajucom, Senior Advi~er; Neptale Zabala, Junior Adviser; Victor Valdepefias, Chairman. Junior Class Organization: Mr. Willie Depositario, Adviser; Terencio Sarigumba, President. The Zeta Beta Rho. The resident members of the Zeta Beta Rho Honor Fraternity with their dignitaries and the Juni"r and Senior Ad,;ser namely Mr. Adolfo Re,;lla and Prof. Osiris Valderrama respectively. THE OFFICERS OF THE ZETA BETA RHO FRATERNITY The dignitaries or the Zeta Beta Rho Honor Fraternity infront or the administration building. From left to right: Elpidio Tabaco, Vice Supreme Fellow; Esmcraldo Luna, Fellow Whip; Eduardo Principe, Fellow Scribe; Victor Buenaflor, Fellow Bursar; Mr. Adolfo Re\'illa, Junior Ad\'iser; Prof. Osiris Valderrama, Sr., Adviser; Baldomero Laccay, Supreme Fellow; Roberto Romero. Fellow Fiscalizer; Rodolfo Leal, Fellow Cliarge 'd Affair; Mariano .Machacon, Fellow Herald; Arturo Madlaing, Fellow Whip. Officers and Members of the Forestry Student Council. lst row: (L to R) Severo Saplaco, Zeta Beta Rho Rep.; Abraham Velasco, FSBO Treasurer; Angel Soriano, Sgt.-at-Anns, FSBO; Terencio Sarigumba, Pres. Junior Class; Felipe Pastores, Pres., Senior Oass. 2nd row: Da\'id Guzman, Athletic Manager, FSBO; Allen Torrenueva, College Councilor; Prof. Lucio L. Quimbo, FSBO Adviser; Cannelito Sagrado, FSBO Auditor; Celso Diaz, FSBO Pres.; Crisostomo Vilar, Beta Sigma Rep. 3rd row: Victor Valdepeiias, UPSCA Rep.; Lorenzo Agaloos, Pres., Soph. Class; lsabelo Tobias, Jr., FSBO Secretary; Narciso Mindajao, FSBO PRO; Victor Buenaflor, FSBO Bus. Manager; Theodore Tabayoyong Jr., FSBO Vice-Pres.; and Celedonio Suetos, Rep., Sophomore Class. The Freshman Class with Dean Zamuco, Professor Blando and Dr. D. Lantican. THE RANGER CLASS ORGANIZATION The officers and members of the Ranger Class Organization infront of the administration building. Posed with them is their adviser-Mr. Dominador Faustino Jr. and Amado Ramos RCO president. From (l-r) first row, J. Belleza, T. Castillo, J. Aguilar, R. Sanchez, R. !\Iacasaet, 0. Abaquin, E. Sumajit, C. Pelucio, 1\1. Machacon and N. Balot. Second row, (1-r), T. Naoe, R. Tavita, J. Guerrero, A. Galasgas, M. Viernes, L. Apse, F. Salvador, E. Pangilinan and Donato Sadioa. Last row (l-r), J'\I. Bolisay, S. Rivera, J. Mercado, 0. Cariaga, E. Grimaldo, D. Faustino Jr. (adviser), Amado Remos, president, B. Ramos, A. Soller, S. Estabillo and R. Araiio. FORESTRY LEAVES STAFF i Mariano Machacon Associate Editor Diosdado Marfil Associate Editor Catalino Blanche News Editor Gaudencio Bartolome Paquito Caliva Managing Editor Rodrigo de la Cntz News Editor Lorenzo Agaloos News Editor Rodolfo Leal Florencio Macaranas Editor-in-Chief Catalino Tosco News Editor Eduardo Principe News Editor Roberto Romero Jeremias Canonizado Associate Editor Leonardo Roberto News Editor Engracio de Gracia News Editor Celso Diaz ;. Campus CONCORDIA PROPOSES HOUSE BILL NO. 102 House Bill No. 102 recently introduced by Congressman Manuel A. Concordia of the first district of Laguna is undergoing extreme opposition from the University of the Philippines, College of Forestry authorities, the Department of the Makiling Forests chairman Rodrigo Fabro iaid. He explained that the passage of such a bill into law would lead to further encroachment upon the jurisdiction of the University of the Philippines over the area of the ~fakiling forests. The said bill seeks to segregate 687 hectares from the Makiling reserve area of a total of 3910.7 hectares for the settlement of 106 families from barrio Linao, Calauan, Laguna who where driven away from Hacienda Calauan in 1907 and 1908. The said area lying within the ~iunicipality of Bay, Laguna has been continuously occupied and cultivated by the aforementioned families for no less than 30 years. As the parcel of public domain included in what is known as Mount Makiling was ceded and transferred to the University of the Philippines to provide the University with the necessary land resources for the Experiment Station and Botanical Garden and for other related purposes, Congressman Concordia asserted in his explanatory note of the bill that the segregation of the 687 hectares and its adjudication to the actual occupants will not prejudice the functions entrusted to the University under Republic Act No. 3523 as there will still remain more than 3000 hectares of forest land. • • • KAINGIN IN THE MAKILING FORESTS Reports from the Department of the Makiling Forests claimed that on February 25, 1966, five kaingeros by the names of Victorio Toralba, Abelardo Toralba, Benigno Borja, Guillermo Borja, and Isabelo Borja were caught at Sitio Bilog-bilog, San Antonio, Sto. Tomas, Batangas by forest rangers of the Makiling Forests, U.P. Salvador Risano and Teofilo Ay-yad. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 Notes The Kaingeros were clearing some 2.5 hectares of land thereby destroying 235 cubic meters of wood by felling trees for which the value of forest charges amounted to '1"509.30 when said kaingeros were apprehended. The reports added that timber smugglers were also active at the start of summer 1964-1965. These smugglers used to play hide and seek with the forest guards resulting in the damage of the forest tree resources. In some cases there were apprehensions, in others, these criminal acts done in the forests would manage to get away with their loot ' . . . COLLECTIONS OF THE MAKILING FORESTS Chairman Rodrigo Fabro of the Makiling Forests bared that resources of the forests such as the Pavilion, Swimming pool, and the Toll Gate brought !"'3,970.00 for the fiscal year 1964-1965. The separate collection for rubber was '1"7,200.00 a year, the product being sold to Latex Products Incorporated in Las Pifias, Rizal. He also aired that the department still needs the services of at least four more graduate rangers for the work of forest guards whom he hopes to recruit from the graduating batch this school year. With the end of the Los Bafios Intramurals and with the College of Forestry emerging fourth place, the Forestry Student Body Organization finally sponsored an Inter-color Basketball class organization in the College. It should be noted that the Intercolor was supposed to be a project of our Forestry UPSCAN who were prevented from holding any extra curricular activity by the college secretary. • • • RA~GERS BLUESHIRTS CAPTURE INTER-COLOR BASKETBALL Ranger Blueshirts scored high in their last games when they trounced the Sophomore and the Junior class, 60-42 and 56-49 respectively, Their two wins in a row catapulated them to the championship. Page 75 In the elimination round the Rangers suffered their first defeat in the hands of the Freshmen greenshirts. It was a hard fought win for the greenshirts which did not expects to enter the championship round. ~leanwhile, the Sophies scored an impressive victory over the Juniors 50-42, in an overtime game. They rode high 011 the shooting arms of Dizon and Saagundo. In the Ranger-Junior game, the Juniors held a respectable margin during the first half. Again in the second half the Rangers still held the lead with the combination of Andrada, Uanang and Abesamis, scoring at will. The Juniors staged a rally with their long heaves from quarter court but Romero and Mayo could not be outdone. The buzzer ended hostilities with the favored Rangers on top, 66-49. • • • LETTERMEN DAY The Department of Physical Education, Los Banos held its annual Lettermen A warding Ceremony last April 12, 1966 at the Baker Memorial Hall, with Dean Dioscoro Umali as the guest speaker. The following Forestry athletes were honored: Angeli.to Rosales Gold medal, Bronze medal and Letter Romeo Escudero Silver medal, a Bronze medal and Letter Paquito Caliva Silver medal Reynaldo de la Cruz Silver medal • • • FORESTRY SOFTBALL TEAM CAPTURESINTRAM The Forestry men's softball team once again proved its supremacy in winning the Softball. The victory was significant for the Forestry Glowing Goldies because it is the only the softball team that won a Championship this year in the Los Banos Intramurals. • • • 38 BSF, 22 RANGERS-CANDIDATES FOR GRADUATION The Secretary of the College of Forestry released the names of the candidates for graduation in both BSF and Ranger Certificate this semester (1966). The following are candidates for For the Bachelor of Science in Forestry degree: Agbisit, Candido T.; Arcangel, Fortunato S.; Aspiras, Elpidio D.; Baltazar, Camilo B.; Bolloso, Arturo J.; Calub,• Felipe S.; Casio, Leopoldo D.; Cortes, Francisco .S.; Cosico, Rogelio A.; Diaz, Celso P.; Epie, Belino T. Florido, Levi V.; Galinato, Primitivo C.; Gulmatico, Oscar V.; Gumangan, Samuel M.; Guzman, David L.; Kanchanatranintra, Rangsan; Lamanilao, Wilhelmo, D.; Marfil, Diosdado B.; Mercado, Nelson ~I.; Narciso, Bernardo Q.; Ordinario, Felix M.; Pastores, Felipe B.; Postrado, Bienvenido T.; Santos, David V.; Rabanal, Pablo C.; Ramirez, Roger N.; Saapisarl, Chamlong; Saplaco, Severo R.; Sulit, Mario Jr. Q.; Tamolang, Eufemia B.; Thanompichai, Yungyong; Tosco, Catalino F.; Valdepenas, Victor B.; Vilar, Crisostomo B. and Yao, Calixto H. For the Ranger Certificate: Aguilar, Jose B.; Balot, Nicasio G.; Bertuso, Arnaldo E.; Cajucom, ~fariano Z.; Caliva, Paquito P.; Dumlao, Pacifico A.; Egargo, Dominador I.; Estrada, Venancio Jr. L.; Galasgas, Augusto M.; Guerrero, Jose T.; Macaraeg, Laureano Jr. E.; Machacon, Mariano T.; Naoe, Teofilo Jr. N.; Nicolas, Generaldo G.; Ordinario, Juanito A.; Pangilinan, Elpidio C.; Ramos, Benigno A.; Rivera, Renato B.; Rutaquio, Armando P. Sanchez, Ramon P. Soller, Aristotele S. and Tomas, Servilion T. • • • - - - 0 - · - 9 FORESTRY STUDENTS AWARDED CERTIFICATES OF MERIT Nine forestry students received certificates of merit in the University Scholars Convocation held in Diliman in honor of all scholars of the different units of the university. The following students were the awardees: Jeremias Canonizado, university scholar, Florencio S. Macaranas, university scholar for thre·~ consecutive semesters, Catalino Blanche, Arturo Madlaing, Gerencio Sarigumba, Abraham Velasco, Policarpo Najera and Eliezer Lorenzo for the college scholarships. Manuel Bonita was a college scholar for five consecutive semesters, and one semester, university scholar. Page 76 FORESTRY LEAVES Z-Cooperation (Raymundo Tabuno Criminal Case) The Director of Forestry Manila S i r : August 17, 1965 "It has come to the sad information of the personnel of the Forest District No. 10, Isabela, that one of our brothers in the profession, Forester Raymundo Tabuno of the Reforestation Administration, assigned as Officer in Charge of the Reforestation Project at Peiiablanca, Cagayan, is now confined and languishing at the P.C. stockade still unbailable for the crime of murder committed against the Mayor of Peiiablanca, Cagayan. Hereunder is quoted for your information the news item taken by the Cagayan Valley Times, which reads as follows : "Suspect collared in mayor's slay, by Eufemio Fernandez, President, CV Press and Radio Club, Tuguegarao, Cagayan-Raymundo Tabuno, forester in charge of the reforestation project at Peiiablanca and suspected killer of Town mayor Cesar Romero, was arrested this noon by Chief of Police Tomas Rey. Tabuno was immediately turned over to the constabulary command for investigation. The PC disclosed that Tabuno and his companion, Lorenzo Guillermo, were on their wav to Tuguegarao riding in a bus when Romer~ allegedly ordered all passengers in the bus to go down. Tabuno and Guillermo, it was learned further, were the last passengers to alight from the bus. The PC said Romero asked Tabuno why the latter laid off some of the mayor's men working at the reforestation project. The mayor then allegedly pistol-whipped Tabuno who said he was forced to layoff the men due to lack of funds since the budget had not yet been approved by Congress at that time. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 Romero reportedly pistol-whipped Tabuno anew forcing the suspect to run away. The mayor then dropped his pistol, the prober learned. At this point, the PC said, Tabuno whipped out his gun and fired at Romero killing the mayor and seriously wounding his body-guard, Martin Ramirez. Romero's aid is reported in critical condition. Romero, twice-elected mayor of the town was NP campaign manager during the elections." During the Regional DANREA conference at Tuguegarao, Cagayan, held on July 31, 1965, y.-e visited Forester Tabuno, together with Undersecretary Pascual of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. We saw the ugly wounds on his head due to the pistol-whipping he received and sustained from the deceased Mayor of Peiiablanca, Cagayan. As he sat before us, we were all caught in silent sympathy, because he seemed to be out of his senses. He sat silently with his blank stares towards the floor. His appearance, indeed, resembled that of a very unhappy boy who lost his most precious toy. This Office had gathered a lot of information, all of which tend to justify the act of Forester Tabuno's shooting the Mayor and killing him instantly. The news item of the Cagayan Valley Times, pictured briefly the cause of the shooting. As gathered from numerous sources, the Mayor of Peiiablanca ruled his town with brute iron hands. Because he was a habitual drunkard, his temper was always likened to that of a boiling inferno. He had never hesitated to take the law into his hands and nobody dared to stand against his ways and ideas. He had the callous record of having laid his unmerciful hands on several people, including a sergeant of the P.C., motived merely on the most insignificant provocation. Considering, however, the fact that this case is now pending in Court, which under the law, is sub-judice, the personnel of this District, therefore, deems it wise and proper not to delve so much into the facts and circumstances surrounding the case. As to whether Forester Tabuno's act in killing the Mayor falls within the purview of Article 11 of the Revised Penal Code, we certainly cannot conclude. And, as to whether he is guilty of the Page 77 felony charge against him, we likewise cannot decide, for these conjectures certainly belong to the province of the Court, which is the final arbiter of this instant case. With all these considerations on hand, all, seeing a distressed brother whose action according to our own sincere deductions and belief, has acted bravely in a ,·ery difficult situation for having manly survived the unholy ordeal with great odds against him, thru self defense, thereby having fought not only for his honor and dignity as a man, but also that of the profession which we have chosen with him in common. Indeed, we of this District find no other alternative but to appeal to all our brothers in the profession, addressing this appeal to you, that our brother may have due notice thereof. to come to his succor by raising the much needed support and comfort in order to alleviate him from his present predicaments and to let him and all sundry, understand and realize that we of the Forestry profession are even united in the defense of our humble profession which we sincerely consecrate and hold with due veneration. This District, by virtue of this appeal, hereby binds itself to donate the amount of TWO HUNDRED PESOS (!"200.00) for the good cause, the cause of our brother in the profession, Forester Raymundo Tabuno, with the hope that this appeal be circularized to all our brothers in the country with the end in view of getting the maximum help that we could give to a distressed brother. For your information, we are remitting our donation to Forester Raymundo Tabuno, thru the Regional Supervisor of this Region, Supervisor Primo Andres, Magat Reforestation Project, Via Cordon, Isabela, for which we earnestly request that similar donations be remitted to him (Supervisor Primo Andres) in 01-cler to facilitate delivery, in order that Forester Tabuno's case would merit the sympathy of our brothers in the profession." TRUE COPY: Very truly yours, (Sgd.) DOMINGO P. RAMEL District Forester V. SIMBRE & B. SEVESES 12-27-65 • • • Page 78 Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources REFORESTATION ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF THE REFORESTATIO!li REGIONAL OFFICER Magat Via Cordon, Isabela R-11, Cooperation (Raymundo Tabuno Criminal Case) The Administrator Reforestation Administration Diliman, Quezon City S i r : December 1, 1965 I have the honor to submit my initial report ending November 30, 1965 on the status of the fund contributed by the personnel of the Reforestation Administration, Bureau of Forestry, National DANREA, friends and sympathizers of Forester Raymundo Tabuno for being accused of double murder in the Court of First Instance, Tuguegarao, Cagayan. CONTRIBUTORS Reforestation Administration FROM REGION I Remitted by Forester Francisco Aragones--Itogon Ref. Project personnel ....... f' 50.00 R em it t e d by Forester George Gomez - Region I personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200.00 P' 250.00 FROM REGION II Remitted by DO Honorio Torrenueva - Regional Office personnel .......... f' 117.50 Remitted by FIC - Callao Ref. Project personnel . . . . 65.00 Remitted by FIC-Consuelo Ref. Project personnel . . 200.00 Remitted by FIC - Magat Ref. Project personnel . . 250.78 Remitted by OC-Liwanag Sub-Nursery personnel . . . 82.60 Remitted by FIC - Salinas Ref. Project personnel . . . 106.00 'P 821.88 FROM REGION III Remitted by FIC-Manlelueg Ref. Project personnel . . . !" 21.00 P' 21.00 FROM REGION IV Remitted by RRO Julio Luna ................. . 10.00 FORESTRY LEAVES Remitted by FIC-Pile Ref. Project personnel ....... . FROM REGION \' ......... . FROM REGI01' VI .......... . FROM REGION VII Remitted by RRO Conrado Verendia from the Regional Office personnel . . . . . . . . P' Impulatao Ref. Project personnel ................ . Anakan Ref. Project personnel ................ . Conchona Ref. Project personnel ................ . l\falasog Ref. Project per32.00 P' 42.00 NONE NONE 19.00 60.00 102.00 103.50 sonnel ................ . 72.7.5 P' 357.25 Less Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 355.45 FROM REGION VIII Remitted by RRO Fernando Atmosfera from Regional Office personnel f" 25.00 Pasonanca Coop Nursery personnel ............. . 9.50 Baccay Forest Nursery personnel ................. . 22.90 P' 57.40 TOTAL CONTRIBUTION ...... Pl,547.73 Bureau of Forestry Remitted by Dist. Forester Domingo Ramel representing Isabela For. Dist. . . P 200.00 Remitted by Dist. Forester Domingo Ramel representing N. Vizcaya For. Dist. . 163.00 Remitted by the Director of Forestry thru the Administrator representing contributions of Foresters in conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,875.35 Remitted by Dist. Forester Adolfo Allado representing contributions of Dumaguete Forest District personnel . 41.60 Remitted by OC-Isaias Domingo representing contributions of Pigcawayan Tbr. Mgt. Station . . . . . . . . . . . 20.00 Remitted by OC-Manuel Bandong representing contributions of Surigao Tbr. Mgt. Station . . . . . . . . . . . 40.00 Remitted by OC-Tomas MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 Sunglao representing contributions of Casiguran Forest Station & friends ...... . 250.00 Remitted by the Director of Forestry thru the Administrator representing contributions of Dist. No. 51 .. 82.00 P2,671.9.S :Vational DANREA Remitted by President National DANREA thru Regional Director, Plant Industry Felix Noterio f" 318.34 P 318.34 GRAND TOTAL .............. 1"4,.538.02 Withdrawals & Expenses of Forester Raymundo Tabuno duly receipted .................... P'l,921.38 BALANCE Status of Balance : Actual Cash ......... P 277.00 Deposited in PNB . . . . 521.75 Money Orders . . . . . . . . 1,817.89 Very truly yours, 1"2,616.64 (Sgd.) PRl}.10 P. ANDRES Reforestation Regional Officer PPO/as * * • Z-Publication February 24, 1966 The Editor-in-Chief Forestry Leaves College of Forestry, U.P. College, Laguna S i r : Enclosed is a ~Hite up entitled "LET US SA VE OUR TREES" for publication in your good magazine, the Forestry Leaves. \Ve are aware of the tree enthusiast's need of some guides in saving our trees, hence, we thought of writing on this particular subject. Should the enclosed article not be satisfactory for publication, please have same returned to the undersigned. Thank you very much. Very truly yours, (Sgd.) JOSE A. RAYOS * * • Page 79 Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Cooperation Bl'REAU OF FORESTRY Manila (Raymundo Tabuno Criminal Case) November 18, 1965 OFFICE MEMORANDUM To all Forestiy Personnel Concerned SUBJECT: Acknou:ledgment of Receipt of the amount Donated by the Bureau of Forestry Personnel to Forester Raymundo Tabuno 1. For information of all concerned, hereunder quoted is the self-explanatoiy letter, dated October 29, 1965, of the Administrator, Reforestation Administration : "This will acknowledge the receipt of Pl,875.35 which was turned over to this Office personally by Forester Domingo Ramel on September 21, 1965, and the Money Order No. 451/183816 in the amount of f'82.00 enclosed in your letter dated October 15, 1965, both of which are donations of the Bureau of Forestry personnel to Forester Raymundo Tabuno of this Agency. Since Forester Primo Andres, our Regional Office at Magat, Nueva Vizcaya is in constant touch with Forester Tabuno, we entrusted the money to him with the request that he inform Forester Tabuno accordingly. The manifestation of camaraderie by your personnel is indeed veiy heartening and for this reason, I would like to convey my gratitude and with the hope that similar act will continue to strengthen the bond among foresters~" 2. The amount stated above does not include those remitted to the Reforestation Administration after October 29, 1965. (Sgd.) J. L. UTLEG Acting Director of Forestiy • • • Februaiy 28, 1966 D-3, Z-Public Relations (Participation Ilocos Norte Carnival & Fair) The Director of Forestiy Manila S i r : I have the honor to inform that the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Employees Page 80 Association in Ilocos Norte (DANREAIN) to which the undersigned is the President, participated in the Ilocos Norte Agricultural, Educational and Industrial Fair which was held at Laoag City on Februaiy 5-12, 1966. The different offices under the DANR joined hands in putting up the booth and the displaying of exhibit swhich was all admiration by the public. Enclosed are three copies of the picture of the booth. The DANREA.IN also participated in the floral parade held in the afternoon of February 10, 1966. The theme in both participation is-"Our nation can be great through the DANR-build a nation through food self-sufficiency." Veiy truly yours, ( Sgd.) BERNABE SM. ZUMEL District Forester Ends. FBM/eaa COPY FURNISHED: The Editor, Forestry Leaves, College of Forestiy, College, Laguna, w/2 <.'Opies of picture. NOTE TO THE EDITOR: For whatever its worth for publication in the Forestiy Leaves. (Sgd.) BERNABE SM. ZUMEL • • • The Editor In Chief Forestry Leaves College, Laguna S i r : Romblon, Romblon March 16, 1966 I have the honor to submit forestry news from Romblon Province securing same after I enjoyed my vacation thereat. Hereunder is the report. "The Municipal Council of Romblon, Romblon, thru the Honorable Provincial Board of Romblong province passed a Resolution, current series, requesting the Honorable Director of Forestry and the Honorable the .Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Diliman, Quezon City to return the seat of the Office of the District Forester from Odioiigan town in Tablas Island to the capital town (island municipality) of Romblon, province of Romblon. The Office of the District Forester at Odioiigan, Romblon was formerly seated at the capital town of Romblon in the year 1959 and before FORESTRY LEAVES Dean Shirley (center) with Dean Zamuco, Foresters R. Sahado, P. Rimando, J. Ravelo, L. \'erzosa and 0. Valderrama al a dinner tendered in his honor by the Society of Filipino Foresters at the Philippinr Columbian Club. r At the head table (I Lo r) Messrs. E. Bomberger, M. Bryan, i\I. Buncio, Asst. Dir. Utleg & Dean Shirley. Public school te&l"hers ogle at the wood exhibits of the Forest Products Research Institute durin;! the recent Laguna Provincial Science Fair held at the Los Baiios School grounds. '_J··· -~-/ La n d s P\Mt ltldusftg PHILCO A The Danrea Booth at the Agricultural, Educational and Industrial Fair at Laoag City on Feb. 8-ll, 1966. lnfront of RA & CF Booth. Standing: Roy Acosta, Felix Eslava, Ranger Jose Acosta, Vicente Valdez, Dist. For. Sotero Ocampo and employees of RA & BF. Part of the pictorial display (U.P.C.F.) in Echague Agro-Industrial and EducationaJ Fair. Compliments of SERAFICA SAWMILL Ormoc City, Philippines MAIN OFFICE: Real St., Ormoc City Tel. No. 229-N P. 0. Box 9 Prof. C. Recto presents on behalf of the Faculty a Unique Award (trophy-plaque) in grateful appreciation and recognition for the Dean's untiring efforts for fa· culty welfare and advancement. D e a n Zamuco receives plaque of appreciation from PRRI Dir. M. Monsalud and former Regent F. Tamcsis, member or the Board of Trustees. Asst. Dir. J. Utlcg hands plaque 10 Dean Zamuco at a convocation held in his honor on the occasion of his retirement, l\lay 9, 1966. A special probe committee to inspect, survey and investigate alleged illegal logging operations in th.· Angat-1\farikina watershed and all other watershed reservations in the country was recently rreated h) Vice President and concurrently Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources Fernando Lopez. The comm.ittee is shown in picture during one of their meetings. Clockwise facing the camera are: Atty. Valerio Ergino, DANR, Chairman: Atty. Bernardo, a licensee; Dr. Bernardo; Forester Marquez, Bureau of Forestry; Atty. Estillore, !\'PC: Forester Regulo Bala, RA, Vice Chairman: and a recorder. The United Nations advisers on the F AO sponsored watershed project in the Philippines recently conferred with Administrator Jose Vi ado regarding the RA's participation and role on the UN -assisted project. Macid Y. Gulcur, United '.'lations watershed expert (2nd from right). D e a n Zamuco cuts birthday cakes on his 65th natal day. At his right is Mrs. Zamuco and around him mem· hers of the Non-Aca· demic Personnel. Prof. E. Cajucom and FSBO President C. Diaz !It extreme left. the years when the District of Romblon was created in the year 1948. In the year 1960, the Office was transferred to Odioiigan, Romblon. Since most of the national offices of the government are housed in the capital town of Romblon, the Municipal Council of Romblon, Romblon (capital town) took the initiative of passing a Resolution to request the Director of Forestry and the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources to return the District Office (Forestry) at Dioiigan town to the capital town of Romblon, Romblon for the sake of efficiency, economy and effective administration. Meanwhile, news from the province, according to reliable information is that two (2) foresters from the province of Romblon passed Move to Save . . . (Continued from page 74) immediate support of Reps. :\lanuel Concordia ( L, Laguna), Eladio Caliwara (L, Quezon) and Rafael B. Legaspi (N, Aklan). Disposable Lands The proposal seeks to amend Section 7 of Commonwealth Act No. 141 which provides that "the President upon recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources shall from time to time declare what lands are open to disposition as concession under this Act." The solons said the proposed bill would prevent the repetition of the Mt. Apo scandal and stop the plunder of national parks by squatters and kaingineros who have illegally cut timber and destructed forests. Scandal Sen. Lorenzo Taiiada had denounced the scandal which attempted to lease a portion of the Mt. Apo national park reservation in Davao to alien firms. Joson said "that the natural resources of the country must be given proper protection and must be disposed of without in any manner injuring the public interest. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE -1966 the recent civil service examinations for foresters held at Manila last July 23, 1963. They are Urdanito Marin Romero (Entrance) and Teodorico Marin Montojo (Qualifying). Romero obtained 81 % while Mr. Montojo obtained 85.52%. Mr. Romero is working with the Research Division, while Mr. Montojo is working with the Sawmills and Llcenses Division, Bureau of Forestry." Very truly yours, ( Sgd.) BENJAMIN MACABAT A Alumnus, College of Forestry, U.P. Objective "To give the President the full power to declare what lands are open to disposition and concession will defeat the very object for which this natural resources are supposed to have been intended," Joson added. He pointed out that with Congress having the final say with respect to the disposal of national parks and lands of this nature will prevent effectively their placement in the hands of unscrupulous forest concessioners who have not only dissipated the country's forest resources but have even endangered agricultural industries on which 5.26 per cent of the entire country depend for their livelihood. "For the conservation of the country's natural resources, it is very urgent that congressional approval be had and the disposition be made of alienable or disposable public lands," the bill's explanatory note concluded. Warning Only recently, newly designated Parks and Wildlife Office Director Manuel M. de Guzman warned all illegal cutters within the Mt. Apo area. He said that anybody found illegally cutting trees within the Mt. Apo area will be arrested on the spot and consequently charged in court. • • • Page 81 A farmer called the vet to come out and take a look at his sick horse. The only visible symptom was that the illness ·would last just for a few hours. During an attack, the horse was unable to move. Afterwards he would return to normal. The vet made his examination and then, thoughtfully, made his report to the worried farmer. "In light of my advise waiting until then sell him. • findings and the symptoms, I the animal appears normal ... • • Applicant: 'Tel say I'm fairly smart. I\·e won several prizes in crossword and word picture competition lately." Employer: "Yes, but I want someone who can be smart during office hours." Applicant: "This WAS during office hours!" • • • SIMPLE SEMANTICS She : How do you like this new dress? I got it for a ridiculous price. He: You mean you got it for an absurd figure! • • • WHO WON THE TROPHY? A friend of a friend of a movie great was visiting his home in Beverly Hills recently. Being pretty remote from the movie business, his part in the conversation was almost at a standstill until he suddenly noticed an Oscar prominently displayed in the center of the mantel. He brightened perceptibly. "Oh," he inquired, "who is the athlete in the family?" • • • NOT FAST ENOUGH V\-·e like this one, too ,about the frustrated motorcycle cop who stopped a car started writing out a ticket. "But officer," protested the indignant motorist, "I certainly wasn't speeding! This is a 50-mile zone and I was only going 40." Page 82 c~rner "I know it,'" answered the cop sadly; "but I can't catch up with the really fast one." • • • One of our elementary school teachers gave her small charges a lecture on the merits of brevity and then asked them to write a sentence or two describing something exciting. One of them promptly submitted the follo\\ing: "Help! Help!"' • • • \Vhen ~lark Twain was editor of a small country newspaper, his salary was so small he could not make ends meet. As a result, the bills kept piling up, but Twain never took them seriously. One morning, the office boy handed him a bill from his tailor. Twain took one look at it and started to throw it away. "Better read tl1e other side," advised the boy. "He says if you <lon"t pay him pronto, he's going to sue." Twain turned the sheet over. Then he said impatiently : '"You should know better than to bother me \\ith this kind of copy. Send him our form letter which says that manuscripts written on both side~ cannot be considered." • • • Letter to Time from 0. Uzgiris and Jean Borchardt: '·You printed the name of a New Zealand village called: Taumatawhakatangihangakoauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanataha. Could you please tell us where the accent goes?" • • The dessert at a catered luncheon was a concoction of meringue, whipped cream and hundreds of calories. As the cateress served her a generous portion, one guest remarked, "My clothes will never fit after I eat this!'' '"Well, ma'am," said the cateress, "I also do sewing and alterations." -Contributed by Mrs. Herbert W. Schnetzky • • • FORESTRY LEAVES ,Literar11 FAREWELL TO ANGELICA Proclivities, that were I had During those days when I was A singer To you I have sung With verdant voice impinged with lyre As if my hopes won't ewr die Nor I be dead of terror glimpse For at the start nothing Have you revealed to me. And I Kept on longing ... kept on shaking Over turgescence of hopes That my sullen scenes would never end Nay scathed by signs of sa\"our-faire Silent lover, infamous, and arrant Where were your hopes? Devoured and eschewed by devils He who ousted a melody of tones Of restoring heart and nibbling lips For you flirted and pomped with him Ostentations which he ne\·er proposed He was of your most liking. And now that you are two Silhouetted by roses 'round Sharing each sweet embrace Of warmth and softness You left me alone with my sciolism Bared by hands of disgrace Of sufferings and ribald games And I to bear them all. Goodbye Angelica goodbye How can you do this to me? Through miles and miles and miles You heeded my limps of joys. And better not alter more The avarice of your hidden fame Which it alone I have retuned So, too, once more will e\·er replenish My sights, and delights of you Will never to come again? Enough is for me to wait in vain And rise my head to nothingness Wanting, proposing, no more MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 Attempts Gazing and wantoning of fears For you were gone a hundred miles AND YOU walked away. -RODRIGO DELA CRUZ • • • LIBRARIAN'S POINT OF VIEW It is only Wednesday? And two more days to go? This weekend I do reference? Are you sure? Oh? No! It all began on Monday When a young forester came to me With a complicated question On the sex life of the flea Then steadily it worsened With all sorts of this and that Is it really a wonder I'm as jumpy as a cat? I'm bombarded with their querries Where is Rome? Who's Trygve Lle? How much forest is in Cuba? Which side of Berlin is free? Where are the Republic Acts? Get me a book review Find all that's available To support my point of view :\lust the Library he so warm? I need some facts on strike Get me about a page On what the U.N.'s like Who started woman suffrage? Can you find me Filipino history As far back as 22? And on and on throughout the day With no time to stop and guess If Monday's worse than Friday Or is one like all the rest? Why do these very students Look so bored when first on a Library tour? They know the most minute detail They'll hasten to answer But with evaluation Each year I'm asked anew To specifically point out What 1 really do! -JUANITA C. RANIT Librarian College of Forestry, U.P. College, Laguna Page 83 VIEWS BY ROMA ROSA There are times when man li~es in a shelled world. Life to him is ugly, grotesque like an old woman. He fears to crack it because of hidden fears. Then, he looks at the outside world with colored reality. To quote Kipling, he makes "dreams his master". We do not intend to sleep. Nor can we afford to be half-awake. For we trod upon the road of truth. The fa~ plue and the half-truth green are our foes. These we will fight. No matter what or who get stung, we speak the truth. The UPCF is swift!~. losing its hold on the tourists, excursionists, and the mere curious. The swimming pool is where you take a dip when eager to have ringworms. The pavilion, old and ugly, can not project its name's worth. The mud spring remains a mystery to most visitors, thanks to impassable roads. Of, course, there is the UPCF administration building with a roof garden with some plants. Yet, there is the forest technology building with a roof garden without even weeds. Yes, the proud trees are still there ... the flowers ... the Makiling air .... But, it is a challenge to man to improve the beauty of nature. And we seem to be deaf to the call of the aesthetics. To see "Goldfinger", one has to elbow his way into the jampacked theatre. This same "pila" system repeats itself at lunch time at the Forestry Cooperative Restaurant. The students do ·it, not that they want it, but that they do not want to starve. To sicken the matter more, the appetite is lost because of bad food and high prices. Indeed, the students, who compose most of the boarders, feel cheated to pay liigh, eat bad food, and not even served. The "coop", as the students call it, did get a new look and a new barber shop to boot. Somehow, it did not cillµige the taste of food, high prices, and poor service. If the copo remains callous to its boarders' welfare, it can do something to erase the myth . about its name. At least, it can change to anything, so long as the word "cooperative" is out. Then, the students will know better. In Diliman, the students Gan play pool and bowling inside the campus. Here, the students have to go to "crossing" or Grove to play these games. What is foul is the students, once there, mix games with drinks and women. A nice punch? No! Games can be black jack, mahjong, or that brainchild of Filipino gamblers' ingenuity called "salisi". Page 84 Drinks are not always soft; sometimes they are hard. And women? They are women alright. Who is the loser? We mean who lose when this trend goes on freely. First, the students get low grades and poor health. Their parents get heartbroken and disappointed. Then, the UPCF gets a negative population explosition. "Dama", anyone? Now, whatever happened to the curfew regulations, A legend? Not perhaps, but absolutely yes! This fiction can easily become a reality, of course. Just enforce it, that's all. Feeling cold? Then, you are not asleep. Both of us must be awake indeed. * * * IDEAS, IDEALS, AND VALUES An idealist once remarked that there is a glaring contradiction between the way we think and the lives we live. This statement vitalizes the fact that man lives in an emerging world of ideas, ideals, and values. ~Ian seeks for something better and higher. He is an idealizing creature by his very nature. In our relationships Vl<ith people, we build, in the castles of our inner selYes, pedestals of trilogy of purposes-ideas, ideals, and values-to integrate our basic character, to give meaning to and give wholeness to our lives, to inject permanency to our individual personalities, and to shelter our selfhoods from the ravages and brunts of modem living. But as we bloat our lives with ideas, ideals and values, we are gradually ushered to the tragic realization that the lives we live cannot reach the place of conduct, the standard, demanded by this trial of purposes; that ·although ideas, ideals, and values are structurally part of the universe, they are relatively incapable of mastery, of complete possession; that in certain segments of our lives, after we have been pinioned, clawed, and chewed, by the pressing wants of existence, we frown upon these as impossible, as impractical; and that finally in our frustrations, we discard, if not, we condemn, this trinity of purposes, as bunk. There is no denying the fact that we are mere playthings of the external world. Thus, we are governed by the conditions that exist in the midst of which we live. And in our desire to carry out a line of conduct, a pattern of behaviour, we are principally guided by the pressing restrictions of these conditions. It, really, is tragic that we cannot live our lives in the way we want and think it to be; that we cannot be entirely free in the things we aim to do; and that pressures and restrictions channel us often to stereotyped lines of action. Even FORESTRY LEAVES in the accepted realm of academic freedom, we find it clamped and pegged by the pressure of events in the present. Religion, being essentially an explosive subject, or a subject "charged with dynamite", in a way of speaking, demands of academic freedom, a touch - me - not attitude. This simply strengthens the fact that exigencies, whether valid or prejudiced, limit and confine values. In the ensuing conflict between ideas, ideals and values, on one hand, as means of inner control, of reflections upon the goals of life, and the unceasing demands of living -food, companionship, clothing, shelter, and even, love--on the other, the latter always secures a prevailing ground. The reason is simple; the outcome natural: We cannot deny ourselves the basic needs of existence; we cannot bend our li"ing to our wills. Thus, in our frustrations, we sigh : Ideas, ideals, and values, bah! • • -J. CANONIZADO • THESE I GIVE TO YOU i am not caesar and i have no rome to give to you but i have the blood of feeling, beloved of a thousand poems bleeding for you. i have only the silence and the pain that is my life--the mute clarion of love that dwells in my heart for you alone these i give to you. i can build you no hanging gardens for i am not nebuchadnezzar but i have a heart beloved to anoint you Vl-ith love and care and hands that can serve you and build you a rome in a day. smile beloved and give life to my heart's embering breath heed me beloved for the stars have written it to be so. alas, i'm only myseH beloved and as i now kneel before your feet i cry, margie, beloved i have only my heart to give a heart that will love you clasp you, need you till death. i have only my life to give a life that will shield you worship you, rhym a destiny for you through the veil of the years. beloved take then this heart in it you have your throne this life the legacy of mysell without you i would not be much. beloved i give you all these things the only things i can give MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE-1966 and nothing more for i am nothingness the dust and the grime. and you are everything to me my life, my ideal, my strength and my all. --JEREMIAS A. CANONIZADO • • • THE ROMANCE OF FORESTRY PROFESSION I thought in the beginning that the radiant rays of the future will be enough for my ranger course completion. As a freshman I thought that the ranger course would be enough. But how magical the thought and time was. They altered everything. Now that my aspiration is about to ripen, ambition comes. The stubbomess of my mind and the growing dissatisfaction in the professional level stirred me more than ever. And now variable forces influence me much in the BSF course. I do not know what forces they are. What I know is that they are abstract. They are products of sentiments and aspirations, strong enough to tum the tide towards another destiny. But what are they really? For me the Los Baiios atmosphere is so wonderful and poetical. It enlightened my life. The true longing for thoughts is here. Not the gentle whisper of the mahogany leaves as they drift in summer nor the murmuring creeks, but more than these. The College of Forestry is here, the greatest stimulant of the forestry profession. My desire for more progress for my country and people influenced me. The emerging needs of our men for technical know-how gave me a newer inspiration to explore the field of forestry. My dream to be a competent forester, my role to disseminate such learning lies in the BSF degree. How effective are those valid truths? They engrossed me so much that they awakened a feeling of regret. For now I see the portrait of the ranger graduates. Promotion goes at a turtle pace. A ranger is now looked down upon because of his limited training. My only salvation is the BSF course. "She" was to become a part of my life from then on. Every time that I looked deep into her tantalizing eyes, constructive thoughts for the best arose in me. Her stem vision conunanded me not to remain idle until the such time came as I realized the value of a forestry profession. As she stood infront of her class to inculcate the ideals of democracy, I felt proud of her. Her presence and every word from her filled me with enthus\asm. She was like a bright star that guided me on my way. Page 85 FORESTRY LEAVES Oriian oj the Student Bod)· and Alumni of the College of Fore.•!ry, College, Laguna FLORENCIO S. MACARANAS Editor-in.Chief Jeremias Canonizado Mariano Machacon Diosdado Marfil Associate Editors Paquito Caliva Managing Editor Lorenzo Agaloos Catalino Blanche Catalino Tosco Moises Viernes Rodrigo de la Cruz Eduardo Principe Leonardo Roberto Engracio de Gracia Section Editors Celos P. Diaz (Outgoing) Rodolfo Leal (Incoming) Business Managers Roberto A. Romero Circulation Manager Pedro Aganad Gaudencio Bartolome Assistant Circulation Managers Prof. JOSE B. BLANDO Adviser In my sleepless nights I remembered home. My parents, my sister and all. In their faces were reffected their faith and hope that I was going to live up to their expectations. My brother was deprived of college life because of me. I hate sentimentalism in the family, but whenever I think of it, I feel that love and sacrifice have united the family. In the field under the blistering sun, father toils in the muddy field for my sake, while here I am, living like a millionaire. Deep in my heart is a resolve that gives me strength-a resolve to work ever harder. Thoughts of home have always served me as an inspiration. It is not as easy to leave the portals of this College and forget the golden memories in it. I want to close the final chapter reliving these precious memories. Every "brod", every achievement. every get-together will long remain etched in my memory. Every year lived here is an unforgetable chapter to be treasured as my life's most cherished possession. -MARIANO T. MACHACON - - - - 0 - THE DISCIPLINE OF SPORT Real sport is an antidote to fatalism; the deep objective of games is really to train one's reflex of purpose, to de\'elop a habit of keeping steadily at something you want Lo do until it is done. The rules of the game and opposition of other players are devices lo put obstacles in your way. The winner must keep everlastingly after his objective with intensity and continuity of purpose. Page 86 Democracy and Sport.• -JOHN R. TUNIS FORESTRY LEAVES EDITORIALS Leadership and Academic Excellence The greatest challenge that a student faces in the course of his formal education is the attainment of a high degree of excellence in both academics and leadership. Leadership in extra-curricular activities like athletics, cam1Jus politics journalism and other fields assumes a major role in the complete development of a student. It is true that the university is primarily an academic institution designed to mold the student into a complete man, shaped to face the challenge of life when he gets out of school. It is sad to note that there are campus leaders who allou· their academics to take a back seat. },-et, it i.~ sadder to note, and perhaps, it is a worse fact that there are students who, having achiered academic excellence, refuse to lend their talents to the studentry, in the form of active participation in non-academic pursuits and activities. The fear of losing a scholarship or of not maintaining the high or good grades that one hmi attained, is a poor excuse for not delving in other a_{Jairs. Gone are the days when the image of a scholar was a guy u·ith thick eyeglasses poring over his books all day. The respected scholar of today is the one ri·ho assumes the role of the leader, one u·ho projects his personality and talents toward the progress of the entire studentr:r· The respected scholar is the one who aspires to good academic standings, not only for himself but also for his classmates. Some students take delight in beating their fellow schoolmates in examinations, and the)· go as far as to take pleasure in the fact that someone got a ridiculously low grade. This is plain sadism. It is utter selfishness to sit pretty while your fellowmen are in need. And it is utter selfishness not only to yourself but also to those who expect much of )"OU, to be satisfied with the plain pursuit of passing a subject and being able to graduate. Even you, students, who think that )"OU do not have any talent whatsoever, have something in you, but it is not drau·n out, becau.~e, in the first place, you refuse to let it come to light. What is being emphasized, in short, is that academic excellence and leadership must always go hand in hand. One is useless without the other. And it is 1wrse to lack both. We must not be satisfied with just being plain students. Of being just plain scholars, uf just being plain leader. We must explore every inch of our capabilities, especially those u.:hich u·e think we are uncapable of doing. Life outside the university would be more meaningful, more easy to face, if u.:e were to knorv our other talents and capabilities before hand. And so fellow studen!s, fellowmen, let ltS dig out our talents and make full use of them for so doing, u·e are not only helping ourselves. We help others, too. - F.M. MOVING-UP DAY ISSUE - 1966 Page 87 FORESTRY DEAN RETIRED MAY 9 Gregorio Zamuco, dean of the U.P. College of Forestry was retired from the government service on May 9 after serving the government for 45 years. Zamuco's retirement coincided with his 65th birthday. A special program sponsored by the faculty, employees and students of the UPCF was held in honor of Dean Zamuco. A formal dinner in the International House followed. During the program, Zamuco received various plaques, citations and certificates of appreciation for his meritorious service to the country especially in the field of forestry education. As dean of the College of Forestry, he was able to work for improvements of the physical plant of the College such as the construction of the half-million-peso Wood Technology Building, the improvement of the water system for the campus and buildings for a sawmill and motor pool. Needed equipment and laboratory apparati for training and research were acquired through the AID and scholarships for faculty member'> to the U.S. and other countries were made possible. Today, 80% of the College instructors and professors are either holders of Master and/ or Doctorate degrees. The crowning glory of Zamuco's deanship in the College of Forestry, however, is the passage of R. A. 3523 for which he worked so hard. This law provides, among others, for the transfer of the Makiling Forest to the U.P. College of Forestry. A botanical garden and experimental forest are now being established for purposes of research and instruction. The same law has authorized the College as the central coordinating agency for another important part of nationwide forestry extension activities, aimed at informing the citizens about the importance of our forests. Page 88 On his retirement, Dean Zamuco concluded his 45 years ot meritorious service to the government. Starting as a forest ranger in the Bureau of Forestry in 1921, he rose steadily through merits and resourcefulness to the position of District Forester in 1932. He occupied this position in the same bureau until he was promoted to the position of a logging engineer in 1938. . .. In the same year, Zamuco was detailed with the School of Forestry as Assistant Professor in Forest Utilization and Secretary without compensation from the U.P. However, in 1941, he was made a member of the University still holding the same position until his promotion to full deanship in 1958. Zamuco graduated first honor in the R a n g e r Course in the U .P. School of Forestry in 1921; Bachelor of . Science in Forestry, University of Washington in 1927 and Master of Forestry at Yale University in 1929. He is a member or officer of a number of professional and civic organizations and has attended several congresses here and abroad. He is married to the former Juliana Tumamao by whom he has three sons-Teofilo, Jaime and Isidro. • • • WEALTH OF THE AGES REVIEWED The forestry documentary film produced and directed by Mr. Jose Navarro of the Philippine Cinematographers under contract with the U.P. College of Forestry was reviewed the other week at the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Diliman, Quezon City. The film was reviewed by technical men of the different forestry agencies for purposes of improvement or editing. It was edited last week by the dean and the technical men from the forestry agencies. • • • FORESTRY LEAVES RESOLUTION TO THE U.P. PRESIDENT The President University of the Philippines Dillman, Quezon City May 9, 1966 (Thru the Vice President for Agricultural and Forestry Affairs, College, Laguna) S i r : We, the undersigned, senior members of the faculty of the U.P. College of Forestry wish to recommend the Appointment of Prof. Gregorio Zamuco as Emeritus Professor of Forest Utilization. Prof. Gregorio Zamuco bas rendered 45 years of dedicated service to the country, 28 years of which were with the University of the Philippines. He has held various government positions such as Ranger, Forest Supervisor, Assistant Forester, District Forester and Logging Engineer. While serving the University be has been appointed as College Secretary; Project Director, UPCF-Cornell Unh·ersity Assistance Contract; Deputy Project Director, UPCFSUNY Assistance Contract; Executive in charge, Makillng Experimental Forest and Botanical Garden and Dean of the College in addition to being Professor of Forest Utilization. He is a holder of a Ranger Certificate (U.P., 1921). Bachelor of Science in Forestry (Washing· ton, 1927) and Master of Forestry (Yale, 1929). He is among the few logging engineers in the country llld is the only one in the academic field. He bas demonstrated bis ability in logging not only in the University but also in the industry as Logging Superintendent at one time. He was also appointed Instructor in the Far Eastern Mechanical Logging Training Center, FAO/UN 1952-1953. He is a member of the Xi Sigma Pi (Univ. of Wash.), the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, Society of American Forester~ Rizal Center Fraternity, National Research Council of the Philippines, Los Baiios Biological Club, Forest Products Research Society, Society of Filipino Foresters, American Statistical As;,OCk~.::m, American Association for the Advancement of Science, International Union of Forest Research Organization, Philippine Statistical Association and other organizations. The greatest growth of the College of Forestry since its founding in 1911 took place during the adininistration of Dean Zamuco. He not only worked very hard for the modernization of the curriculum, buildings and equipment but also in the acquisition of Makiling for use of the College as an experimental forest together with a continuing source of fund for the development of public education and the establishment of a Central Forest Experiment Station and a National Botanical Garden. Because of bis outstanding achievements in the promotion of forestry education and forestry In general, Prof. Gregorio Zamuco highly deserves the title of Emeritus Professor. Very truly yours, c~~ Assoc. Profe!ISOI" & Secret&') ofLg~ {i ... _ .. <J, c (µ)M,U AR~IANDO .\. VIL~~ -· , Asst. Professor & Dept. Chalnnan Wood Scienre & Tf"Chnology Ll'CIO L. QUIMBO Associate Prof. & Dept. Chainnan Forest Biological Science ~~~v.11jA~ Assoc. Professor & Dept. Chairman Forestry Enenslon ~ ~.V.. ~-{?, ~fi~j·~(., ~ WILLIE c. o~:Rm 1 v1croR1No T. ~IANARP AC Assistant Professor .~sslstant r Assistant Professor ~~~A..t~ OSIRIS M. VALDERRAMA Assistant Professor !J/ 1{ou g~ v..,, Sutt Patience Strong If you stand very still in the heart of a wood, You will hear many wonderful things - The snap of a twig and the wind in the trees, And the whir of invisible wings. If you stand very still in the turmoil of life, And you wait for the voice from within, You'// be led down the quiet ways of wisdom and peace In a mad world of chaos and din. If you stand very still, and }1pu hold to your faith, You will get all the help that you ask; You will draw from the Silenc~ the things that you need - ' Hope and Courage and Strength for your +ask. Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Worb and Conununlcations BUREAU OF POSTS Maulla SWORN STATEMENT (Required by Act 2580) The undersigned, RODOLFO M. LEAL, Acting Business Manager of FORESTRY LEAVES (title of publicatlon), published guarterly (frequency of issue) in English (language in which printed), at College, Laguna (office of publication), after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, hereby subnilts the following statement of ownersl.lp, management, circulation, etc. which ls required by Act 2580, as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 201. Editor: Florencio S. Macaranas Managing Editor: Paquito P. Caliva Business Manager: Rodolfo M. Leal Owner: U.P. College of Forestry Publisher: Student Body & Alumni, College of Forestry Printer: JMC Press, Inc. Office of Publicatlon: A.tldrua College, Laguna College, Laguna College, Laguna College, Laguna College, Laguna 52 Quezon Blvd. En., Q. C. College, Laguna If publication ls owned by a corporation, stockholders owning one per cent or more of the total amount of stocb: Bondholders, mortgages, or other security holders owning one per cent or more of total amount oJ security: In case of daily publication, average number of copies printed and circulated of each Issue during the preceding month of ......................... , 19 .... . 1. Sent to paid subscn"bers ....................................•..............•..• 2. Sent to others than paid subscribers .......................................... . Total ...................•.••..................................... In case of publication other than dally, total number of copies printed and circulated of the last issue dated May, 1965. 1. Sent to paid subscriben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 2. Sent to others than paid subscribers .. .. ... .. ... .. ......... ............ .... .... 480 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 RODOLFO M. LEAL Acting Business Manager (Title of designation) SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me th1s 9th day of May, 1966, at Los Bafios, Laguna, the afflant Issued his residence Certificate No. A-5116572 issued at Los Baiios, Laguna, on Sept. 30, 1965. GENARO V. CATALAN Mayor, Los Bafios, Laguna NOTE: THIS FORM IS EXEMPT FROM THE PAYMENT OF DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX. ACT 2580 REQUIRES THAT THIS SWORN STATEMENT BE FILLED WITH THE BUREAU OF POSTS ON APRIL l AND OCTOBER 1 OF EACH YEAR. Compliments of NASIPIT LUMBER COMPANY, INC. ANAKAN LUMBER COMPANY AGUSAN TIMBER CORPORATJON ASSOCIATFD PULP AND PAPER CO., INC. PHILIPPINE WALLBOARD CORP. PRODUCERS • MANUFACTURERS • EXPORTERS PHIL. MAHOGANY LOGS & LUMBER CREOSOTED LUMBER POLES & PILINGS KILN DRIED & PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER NASIPIT TILEWOOD LAWANIT MEMBERS: Philippine Lumber Producers Association Main Offices: 5th Floor Maritima Bldg. 117 Dasmariiias, Manila Cable Address: Tels. 4-00-31 4-00-51 GT-22-02-15 "NASIPIT MANILA" • "ANAKAN MANILA" • "LAWANIT MANILA" ~ fl/fcoJdaJta rg@ /t!M,~. MANUFACTURERS - PRODUCERS -EXPORTERS Mahogany Logs - Lumber - Veneer - Plywood CONCESSIONS: Nabunturan Davao, Kidapawan, C.Otabato SAWMILL: Nabunturan, Davao MAIN OFFICE: Kar. 7, Lanang, Davao City Philippines P. 0. Box 27 Tel. Nos. 27-91 & 30.57 PLYWOOD PLANT: Km. 7, Lanang Davao City CABLE ADDRESS: ALSONS Davao ALCANTARA Manila MANILA OFFICE: 421 Bank of P.I. Bldg. Manila, Philippines P. 0. Box 652 Tel. No. 4-24-21