The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

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Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People
Issue Date: Volume 6 (Issue No. 3) March 1940
Year: 1940
Rights
extracted text: ~: We Will Pav You for writing articles of merit for publication in THE YOUNG CITIZEN. We. want interesting children's stories from 200 to SOO words in length; al~o games, reading device9, articles of historical interest, elementary science and heahh article9, pui:zles, jokes, aud playlet9. We also "isb to buy several good serial ~tories. Interesting 9tories less than 200 words io length are lle~ired for Little People. You can add to your income by writing for us. Primary Teachers: We eSpecially desirf various kinds of interesting material suitable for First. Second. and ~hird Grade Pupils. We will pay teachers and others for matedal which we can use. Each article should be written in clear, easy, correct English, on one side of the paper, typewritten if possible, or written by hand neatly and legibly. The article should be submitted with a self-addressed stamped envelope, otherwise the publishers will not return it to the writer in case it cannot be used. Address all communications to: The Managing Editor The Young Citizen Care of Community Publishers, Inc. P. 0. Box 685. Manila. Philippines • For. First Graders Names of Things in the House-Pablo M. Cuasay Two Little Stories-Mrs. Celia Lat.aro-Legaspi • For Second Graders My Little Liu rd Friend-W encnlao Oc/Mco Reading, Writing, and Coloring , , ............... . • ·For Third Graders Luming's Birthday Party-Gregorio Borlai:a .. , ............ , Ofelia's Story Told with Clocks-Conapcion Za/ra-Garcia • For Fourth Graders A Musie Lesson for Fourth Graders • Stories A Ride to the Duckhouse-Laura Alfaro The Story of the Raindrops .......... .' .......... ,. An Adventure in Shark Fishing-Kana Chin Orig Birthday Gifts for Mother .................... . A Legend of Mount Arayat-Roman C. Tuazon .... . Why the Saling Has a Bald Head-Angel P. CampOy • Poems - The Wind-Angel V. Campoy .. , . . ...................... . My Little Lizard Friend-IP tnctslao Oc/10co Little Rita-l'icente & Conde-villamar The Butterfly-Lilia Vizcarra Kindness-Herminia Ancheta • Character and Citizenship 92 93 94 9l 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 91 94 lOl lOl lOl The Closing of School-Dr. /. Panlasi9ui . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 The Graduate Faces the World-A Playlet-Pab/o M. Guo.say 106 A Good Schoolboy-C. M andoriao Roxas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Save with a Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 • ~6cial Science , ilippine Lighting in Former Days-Francisco Carballo ..... . Events in Philippine History for March-Timoteo S. Oracion . • Music Appreciation Haydn, the Father of the Symphony-Bert Paul Osbon A Music Lesson for Fourth Graders • Elementary Science The Tyrant of the Asiatic Jungle . The Barometer • Health and Safety Eat Fruits Every Day-A Playlet-Lourdes L. Galeno • Work and Play 110 112 114 98 116 117 120 The Funny Page . . . 113 Preserves and Marmalades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Suggestions on Flower Arrangement-Ruperto Sarmiento 122 Language and Reading Devices-Alicia Nebria9a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 What-Are-You-Doing Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Chats with the Editor 131 90 I ! THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 THE MESSAGE THIS MONTH THE CLOSING OF SCHOOL March is the last month of the school year. Our school days are over this month. Many of us are looking forward to the fun we will have during the summer vacation. I, ·too, would like to have some vacation. But let us talk about vacation 'later on. Let us not look forward just now. Let us look backward. Let us look at ourselves and exa;nine what we have learned from the time we entered school last .June, 1939, to the present: when we are going out of school. Let us look back with the following questions in mind: 1. What have I learned· from school? What have I learned from my teachers? from my books? What have I learned from my classmates? Do I know more things now than at the beginning of the school year? 2. What have I learned about myself? Do I know that I, too, sometimes was not on time in getting to my class? I know that Julio sometimes could not answer the questions of the teacher. Do I know that I, too, was like him? In other words, have I discovered my own faults, and not the fault of others? Have I learned· to correct my own faults? Have I been conscious . of my good qualities? It would be great fun to list all the things that we have learned. How about listing our faults and also our good qualities? As a matter of fact, learning to know ourselves is better than learning to know about other things· and about other people. -DR. I. PANLASIGUI March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 91 A POEM FOR THIS MONTH THE WIND By ANGEL V. CAMPOY The wind is a friend that children love Because he flies their kites high above. He carries the clouds that bring the rain To water the plants that give the grain. He turns the weathercock above the house To tell as· all where'er the wind blows. He fans you and me on a hot summer day And cools us down after work and play. He gives the sailors abundant joy and ease By making them sail where'er they please. The wind is a foe that comes tearing down The trees and houses of the town. The umbrellas of the girls he destroys And blows far away the hats of the boys. The wind is a friend as well as foe, For he causes ruin a:tid helps 'us too. 92 THE YOUNG CITIZEN .il1arch, 1940 FOR FIRST GRADERS NAMES· OF THINGS IN THE HOUSE By PABLO M. CUASAY * Things in the house are shown in the pictures. Draw a line under the correct word in each group. window ,. table box bag basket book paper pencil leaf flower plant • Principal, Elementary School, Cabugao, Ilocos Sur. cat dog kitten picture bed stove plate spoon cup ball bat doll chair door floor <=-P THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR FIRST GRADERS TWO LITTLE STORIES By MRS. CELIA LAZARO-LEGASPI• I. My Baby Brother I have a baby brother. He is two years old. He can walk and run. He drinks much milk. · He cannot talk very well yet. I love my baby brother. We play together. ANSWER THESE 1. How old is baby brother? 2. What does he drink? II. My Pet Kitten This is my pet kitten. I call her Kitty. Kitty is very nice. She is gray and white. She keeps her coat clean. Kitty likes to lie down and sleep. She can catch a rat. 3. Can baby brother walk? 4. Can he talk well? ANSWER THESE 93 1. What is my pet's name? 3. What does she like to do? 2. What is her color? 4. What can she catch? •Teacher, Central School, [sabela, Zamboania City. 94 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 FOR SECOND GRADERS MY LITTLE LIZARD FRIEND By WENCESLAO OCHOCO * ( 12 year old) THERE is a little lizard Who goes running on my ·wallH,e's a fine little fellow And does no harm at all; He eats the mosquitoes That bite me every . day. My _little lizard friend; Please don't run away. SOMETHING TO DO Learn to read the poem about the little lizard. Mother or Sister or Teacher will help you. Learn to say each word. Then memorize the poem. Say it to Father or Big Brother. SOME LIZARD QUESTIONS 1. Have you seen a little lizard? 2. How many legs had he? 3. Could he run on the wall? 4. Could he run fast? 5. Did he have a tail? 6. What color did he have? 7. Have you seen a large lizard? 8. Where did he live? 9. What does a lizard eat? 10. How does he get food? 11. Is a lizard harmful? 12. Should you kill lizards? • Pupil, Grade VI, Elementary School, Pigcaoayan, Cotabato. THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR SECOND GRADERS READING, WRITING, AND COLORING Find the right name. Write it below the picture. Color the picture. A white rabbit A wooly lamb A baby chick A red rooster A mother duck A baby duck An old cat A little puppy A yellow kitten An old hen A white egg A pretty bird 95 g6 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 FOR THIRD GRADERS LUMING'S BIRTHDAY PARTY By GREGORIO BORLAZA The little hostess is the fourth girl from the left. She has / W O white X's on the vest of her blue dress. Can you point to her in the picture? The little guests are, from left to right, first row--Rosendo, Generoso, Pedro1 and Emmanuet· uco~d row-f/.eneracirm, Conchita, Babj , (Lumin9, the hosteu) Aurora, EtJelina, and Salud. Aunt Asuncion i.r beliind Evelina. IT is Luming's birthday. This morning her mother got up early and made some cakes. Father prepared a low table. Aunt Asuncion prepared a nice tablecloth for the low table. Luming got up early too. She washed her hands and face. She brushed her teeth and combed her hair. She dressed up in a nice blue dress with trimmings. She went to church with Aunt Asuncion. On the way home Luming called her little neighbors and invited them to her birthday party. The little friends have come. See them in the picture. They have brought flowers for Luming. Do you see the flowers on the table? The children are ready to eat. Luming has some fruits, cakes, and chocolate for them. · After eating they will play some games. They w i 11 play hideand~seek, San Pedro, and other games. Some will sing. Others will recite poems. They will all be happy. Luming wants them to be happy on her birthday. They, too, like Luming to be happy on her birthday. They love one another. Good children like to make one another happy. March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR THIBD GRADERS OFELIA'S STORY TOLD WITH CLOCKS By CONCEPCION ZAFRA-GARCIA • 1. Ofelia eats her supper at 3. She goes to bed at 5. She eats her breakfast at 7. She comes home at 2. She studies her lessons at 4. She gets up at 6. She starts for school at 97 •San Juan Elementary School, Rizal. 8. She eats lunch at - - - THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 A MUSIC LESSON FOR FOURTH GRAI;>ERS HAVE you ever seen anyone play a violin? What did the player have in his right hand when he played? He had a bow.· He held the violin up to his chin and drew the bow across the four strings. There is another instrument which looks like a violin. It is called a viola.• It is a little larger than a violin. The player holds the viola up to his chin and draws ·the bow across the four strings just. as the violin player does. Violin Viola These instruments are called string instruments, because all of them have strings on them. They are very important instruments, especially when they are used in the orchestra. · The most important one is the violin. It can play very beautiful music. The 'cello is also a very' good .instrument. Sometimes -it has · a deep bass 'Cello Double ... bass voice. It can play very beautiful music also. The double-bass is the grandfather of tham a.II. It cannot play a tune as easily as the violin, because it is so big and clumsy. It has a very deep bass voice. Another instrument· with four strings is the 'cello .. * It is much larger than a violin. The player sits on a chair and places the 'cello on the fl o o r between his knees . Then he draws the bow· across the four strings. · The largest instrument o f this family is double-bass. It is taller than a W.hith is the smallest and wliiclt is the largest'? Sometimes four musicians play at the same time on four string instruments. Tha't is called a. string quartet In a string quartet there man. The. player stands up beside the doublebass, and draws the bow across the four strings. In the picture on this' page you can see which is the smallest and which is the largest of these instruments. •Viola is pronounced vec-o-la and 'cello is pronounced chel-o. are two violins, a viola, and a 'cello. You will be interested in a few facts about these instruments. The older they are, the better tone they proiluce. They are among the most costly instruments in the world. For· instance, the violin that Ernesto Vallejo, the foremost Filipino violinist, uses in concerts cost P20,000. March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 99 LITTLE STORIES FOR LITTLE PEOPLE A RIDE TO THE DUCK HOUSE By LAURA ALFARO* ROSA and Anita are two little friends who live in a small town. Both of them are in ·the first grade, and they always go to school together. On Saturdays and on holidays they play. various games, sometimes with other children in the ·neighborhood, under Anita's house. They always have a happy time. One Saturday morning Anita found Rosa nying. Rosa's mother had gone to Manila and had not taken her along. Rosa would not want to play. She was feeling very sad and kept on crying. Anita patted Rosa's shoulders. "Cheer up, Rosa. Your mother will come home soon. Run along with me to the river. Father is going to feed our ducks. Let us go with him." The two friends scampered away to the boat. Mr. Santos, Anita's father, was very glad to take them along with him. The two girls sang many ~origs while Mr. •Teacher, Elementary School, Baras, Rizal. Santos rowed the boat down the river. After a while they heard a big noise. The noise was made by the ducks. When the boat approached the duck house, Mr. Santos got out the cans of shells. When the ducks saw him, they ·hurriedly ran to their house. "Quack! Quack!" they cried, each little duck trying to run faster than the rest. Rosa began to laugh at the funny ducks, clapping her little hands in joy. She forgot her having been left alone iii the house. Mr. Santos called Rosa and Anita. "Come here," he said, "Help me gather the eggs." The two girls gladly help Mr. Santos gather the eggs, "Oh," cried Rosa excitedly, "there are very many eggs I" Then they counted the eggs. There were fifty-seven in all. The ducks ate all the shells. Mr. Santos and the two girls watched the ducks return to the river when all the shells (Please turn to page 128.) 100 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 THE STORY OF THE RAINDROPS A True and Imaginary Story WHEN Serafin got out of bed and went to the window to look out, he was very much disappointed. He and his friends had planned to go on a picnic, and here was the rain falling in torrents. Besides, it looked like it was going to keep it up all day. He dressed slowly and went to his breakfast. After breakfast, he found his uncle, who had come a few days befor,e for a visit, sitting by the window reading a book. Serafin went to the window and watched the big raindrops falling on the pavement. "Would you like to hear the story of the journey those raindrops have taken?" askoed his uncle, laying aside his book. "Why, Uncle Vicente," said Serafin, looking surprised, "I didn't know that raindrops ever went anywhere. I thought they only come down to spoil our picnics." "No, that is not all they do," laughed his uncle. Serafin sat down on a footstool near his uncLe's chair. "Please tell me all about the raindrops and the trips they take," he said to his Uncle Vicente, who seemed to know about everything. "Well, here is the story: Not long ago these little raindrops wern flowing down the river. They had gone along for days through the beautiful green· country. Often they slipped between tall coc~nut trees that grew on the banks; sometimes they passed towns, where boats came to ride on the water. · "One day the air was unusually warm. The little drops began to feel strangely light. The first thing they knew, they were floating up into the air. They went higher and higher, until it began to feel cooler and cooLer. Th~re they found many of their friends from the river and from other places. They played to-gether high up in the air for a long time. "Finally, it grew.still cooler. The little drops began to shiv,er and to -huddle close together. People down below on the land called . them a cloud. At last they decided that it was too cool to stay up there. One by one they began to fall toward the .earth. Faster and faster they came. The wind blew them and scattered them everywhere. "That is how it happened that these little drops came to pay us a visit today. Some of the drops foll into rivers to carry the boats. Others watered the gardens and the rice fields. Some will go into cisterns and wells for people to drink or to wash their bodies." "Oh, Uncle Vicente," ,exclaimed Serafin, "see how happy the raindrops lopk as they dance out in the street. That is because they are such useful little fellows. There! They ar•e running away along the side of the street: I think I like the raindrops after all, and, anyway, we can go (Please turn to page 128.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN 101 AN ADVENTURE IN SHARK-FISHING By KANA CHIN ONG• SHARK-FISHING is an important occupation of our Sama! friends of the MoroIand. Shark-fishing is a very exciting adventure. One calm day, after having prepared several basloets of cass~va for our provision, and having sharpened our harpoons, my father and I set out for the far horizon. My father steered the vinta while I served as cook. In the meantime I would bait the hook, and fish for our food during the trip. You sec, a shark-fishing trip often takes several days. But we do not feel any fatigue. The cool.sea breeze carried our vinta smoothly, and so we did not spend our energy in rowing the oars. When we arrived at the place noted for its many schools of sharks, we set anchor and waited for our first victim. Our harpoon had been tied to a rope about two inches in circumference and set to a long pole which look like a javelin. The waiting is sometimes tiresome, but in this favorite habitat of the sharks, we didn't have to wait long. •First Year Student, Zamboanga Normal School, Zamboanga City. I was looking at a sailboat about two miles away when I noticed a bubbling about three meters from our vinta. "There's one," my father said briefly as he kept ready his harpoon. It was a big shark. With the thrilling expectancy in my heart, I felt a little fear. Should our vinta capsize, my father and I would surely be a good meal for that man-eating fish. My father stood with his feet . planted firmly on the little flatform in the prow of the vinta. He aimed, and then there was a swift whizzing sound as the harpoon flew from his arm. I couldn't at once tell whether the shark was hit, but soon the rope which was tied to the harpoon began to tighten. My father loosened the rope so as to prevent our vinta from being brought down un' der the water with the shark which had dived into the depths. In a very short time about fifty meters of rope had been . released, but we could still feel the str•ength of the shark. Pretty soon the end of the rope had gone, and our vinta was dragged along by the wounded shark. I was scared, but my father only laughed when he saw the frightened look in my (Plt>ase turn to page 121.) !02 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 BmTHDAY GIFTS FOR MOTHER A New Idea for Boys and Girls "OH!" cried Dolores in a voice which sounded very much as if she were ashamed. "Tomorrow is Mother's birthday and we forgot all about it." "I didn't forget," said Pedro. "I did know it was her birthday. We must do something for Mother. What can we do?" t.we could have a bir\hday cake. How many candles would there be on Mother's cake?" asked little' Juanita. "We couldn't make her a cake. Mother always makes the birthday cakes herself," Dolores replkd. "But can't we give her a gift of some kind?" asked little Juanita. Dolores and Pedro looked very thoughtful. "We haven't any money," said Dolores. , "I have five centavos," offer,ed Pedro, but he knew that wouldn't buy a gift. "There are some centavos in my coconut shell bank," said Juanita. "We should have saved our money," commented Dolores r,egretfully. "If I had any money," said Pedro, "I know what I'd give Mother. I saw the picture in the mail-order catalogue which we just received through the mail. It's a wrist watch with diamonds all around it. I'll show you." He found the mail-order catalogue. "There I" he said, displaying the picture of a v'ery beautiful watch. "Wouldn't that be grand for Mother?" "Let's see what else we'd give her if, we had the money," suggested Dolores. "Here's a lovely set of silver spoons." "Yes, but, Dolores," objected Pedro, "if we bought her that present it would be for all of us, because we'd all eat with the spoons. My present would be just for Mother." "Well, then," said Dolores, "I'll hunt for something else. Here's a lovely handbag. I know Mother would like it." "I want something for Mother, too," said little Juanita. "I will find something in this magazine." "All right, little sister," DoloPes said. "How wo11ld you like this necklace? It's a beautiful string of pearls." "No," repli,ed Juanita. "Then here's a pretty basket of flowers," said Dolores. "Mother loves flowers." "No," said Juanita. She turned some more pages of the maazine. "Here's what I'm going to give her," she decided. "This beautiful white satin dress with a long train and flowers and a veil." "But Juanita, dear," laughed Dolores, "this is a dress for a bride. It wouldn't do for Mother." (Please turn to page 121.) Mauh, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 103 A LEGEND OF MOUNT ARAYAT By ROMAN C. TUAZON • RISING a!bruptly from the plains of Central Luzon is a mountain which has long been famous among the inhabitants of that part of the Philippines. This mountain is kriown as Mount Arayat. It is the highest mountain in the central plain of Luzon. People who live near Mount Arayat tell a legend-a story which is not true, at least, not entirely true, and which has been told from one generation to another -about this. famous mountain. According to this legend, Mount Arayat was· not always located where it is now, near the town of Arayat, but at one time it rose near the town of Candaba. •Furthermore, according to this legend, the mountain was taken to its present location by means of powerful magic. This is the story which some of the old inhabitants living near Mount Araya! tell: Close by the town of Candaba, on the slope of Mount Arayat (which long ago rose near Candaba), there once lived a man named Pinatubo and his daughter Sinukuan. This man understood magic, but neverthdess, he was a good, kind man who never used his m~gical powers ·for any evil purpose. Pinatubo loved his daughter Sinukuan very much. "I must do everything in my power to see that no harm ever befalls my lovely daughter," said he. "It would break my heart if any misfortune ever overtook her." Sinukuan, the daughter of Pinatubo, was both beautiful and good, and loved her father dearly. As Sinukuan developed into womanhood, the fame of fier beauty and charm spread far and wide. •Student, Philippine Normal School, Manila. Many suitors came to woo her, but all were dismissed by her father because he thought they were not good enough for his beautiful daughter. Now it happened that in the town of Candaba lived a man named Mayli.mo. He had heard of the beautiful Sinukuan, "and decided to see if he could get her for his wife. Accordingly, as was the custom in those times, Mayumo sent his best friend to talk with Pinatubo, the father of Sinu, kuan, to ask for the hand of this desirable young woman in marriage. Mayumo's. friend went to Pinatubo, He said, "Mayumo wishes to marry your daughter, and I have come to ask for her hand in marriage for my friend. Mayumo, as you know, is,rich. He owns much fertile land in the plains of Luzon. He has many carabaos, and flocks of goats,· and herds of swin!'. He owns groves of coconut trees, and fields of sugar-cane. He has gold, too. He will (Please turn to page II9.) 104 . THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 WHY THE SALING HAS A BALD ~EAD By ANGEL V. CAMPOY* THE sating, as you perhaps know, is a handsome black bird smaller than the crow. It builds its nest on the top of trees, especially coconut and. buri palms. A curious fact about this bird is that it is capable of learning human speech. In that respect it is like the parrot. Another interesting thing is that it is one of the few birds with a bald head. Perhaps you would like to hear why the sating has a bald head. A long time ago the sating had a tuft of beautiful white feather on its head: This was a very attractive white crest, and the saling was quite proud of the headpiece. One day the eagle, king of the birds, called all the·fowls together. "My friends," said the eagk in bird language," next week I shall hold a flying contest, and. I have called you together to invite each of you to enter the contest. To the winner I shall give a wond.erful prize. It will be the ability to learn human speech." *Formerly Head Teacher, Maslog Primary School, Sibulan, Oriental Negros. "Splendid!" the birds cried. "We will all enter the contest and do our best." Then they all flew away and began to practise flying in order to get. ready for the contest. Each of the birds wanted to win the wonderful prize-the ability to learn human speech. The day of the great contest arrived. The sky was darkened by the great cloud of birds which came, either to watch or to ta!..e part in the contest. The forest was noisy with bird-calls and the flutter of wings. Almost every fowl ~as there. When it was time for the contest to begin, the contestants perc'hed themselves on trees and rocks, waiting for the signal . to st~rt the great flying event. ' Among those who had entered the contest were the parrot and the sating, each of whom had made up his mind' to try to win the contest. Of course these two were not the only contestants. The crow, the hawk, the swallow, the heron, the maya, and many other birds were there, also, to take part in friendly rivalry in the flying contest. Finally the signal was given for the contest to begin. · This was given by the ca tao, who, as everyone knows ,has a most. raucous cry which was easily heard by all the contestants. The fliers rose in the air. They flew fast and high. Soon they were lost to view. It was not long, however, until most of the birds got tired of flying and came down .. But the parrot and the sating flew on. They flew and flew for miles and miles. Finally they neared a volcano which was sending ·forth smoke and flames high into the air. The parrot made a (Please turn to page 130.) March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 105 LITTLE RITA By VICENTE B. CONDEVILLAMAR To greet the coming of the morn, The cocks, perced on the treetops, crowed, But little Rita dreaming pleasant dreams Lay fast asleep and loudly snored. "It's now late," her mother said, as straight To Rita's room she hurried from the sala; But cosy in her bed Rita only blinked At her, and said, "I'll be up soon, Mama." The sun went up, 'a fiery ball in the sky, Warmed, she awoke and heaved a sigh or two; She sat up on bed, stretched her legs, murmuring, . "Perhaps ifs too early for me to go." Just then she saw her classmates on their way To school, and so she hurriedly broke her fast. "Am I late?" she asked· herself and looked At the clock; its hands pointed seven past. Books in one arm, she took the road to school, And on the way she gaily hopped and sang; On and on she went, and across a field THE BUTTERFLY By LILIA VIZCARRA The butterfly, the butterfly, So fairy-like and bdght; It lives among lovely flowers, A creature of delight. My heart goes out to you, D butterfly, 0 butterfly, For like the rose on which you're poised, You, too, will soon die. KINDNESS By HERMINIA ANCHETA Kindness sparkles from the eye, It is felt in every word, It is caught from every deed, And grows in the heart. She suddenly stoppedthe school bell rang! And now, wearily, nervously, retracing her steps, She appeared and iingered by the garden gat~. · Her mother asked what the matter was and, Breaking .in tears, cried, "O Mama, I was late!" 166 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 ·CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION THE GRADUATE FACES THE WORLD. A Play/et in One A ct By PABLO M. CUASAY Characters: GRADUATE Vice Death Inaction Immorality Deceit Life Ambition Character Discipline Faith Service SCENE: The graduate, dressed in cap and gown, with a diploma tucked under her arm, stands facing, undecided, the r;ad leading to a city. in the far background. As she stands, a voice from an unseen person speaks. The Voice-You ha ye just graduated from schQol, and now you stand on the road leading to a bigger, wider world. You have traveled a long, wearisome way. You were still a small girl in pigtails when you started the trek toward your goal. You have spent many sleepless nights in your studies, your parents have spent an enormous amount with which to provide you for your journey. Many times you have been discouraged on the way, but you have not let discouragements stopped you. You hav.e met troubles and disappointments and dificulties, but you have always overcome them. You have been courageous and strong. You have always heard the small, still voice that spoke to. you during the times of trial. You have finished your course. But that is not the end of the road. Graduation is not the end of your endeavors. It is but a big signpost leading to a world, much bigger than your school, a world with more vexing proble"1s, ·more responsible tasks, more temptations, larger opportunities. You are now going to face them all, alone, without the guide of teachers. But your school has given ·you,, or supposed to have given you,' the · necessary equipment with which to face the world outside of your school. I see that you are tired. You may rest a little while bdore you proceed in your journey. (The graduate lies down under the shade of a tree while a soft music is played. "Nocturne" by Chopin, "Angel's Serenade" by Braga, or "Serenade" by Schubert will do.) When the Graduate falls asleep, Death appears. Death-I have traveled over land and sea and air, and everywhere I bring death and sorrow. (Sees the Graduate sleeping.) Here is another victim of mine. Ah, this time I have an easy task, for she is helpless. (As Death is about to use his scythe, Life springs from behind, among the bushes.) Life-She is not helpless because I am here. She is a girl of great promise. Before she fulfills her mission in the world, you have no right to claim her. March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN Death-L~t us fight it out and see who will win her. (Life and Death struggle.' Life wins. Death flees.) Inaction enters. Inaction-I see a beautiful damsel. She appears to be a lazy girl. I shall take her to my dwelling. There she can do whatever she likes. . Pretty soon she will get used to my ways. (Inaction goes to the Graduate and whispers in her ear.) Ambition comes in time to drive Inaction away. Ambition-She is not of your kind. She needs sleep and rest after a long and ' wearisome journey. She does not belong to your lazy, complacent company. She has a goal to reach. She is going to hitch her wagon to a star. Begone, before' I give you a good thrashing. · (Inaction leaves in haste.) Imiporality enters and sees the Graduate. Immorality-My keen eyes and my sense of smell do not betray me. Aha, she's a young pretty girl. With her education, it may be a bit difficult to deceive her, but I'll succeed in leading her to the trap in the end as usual. (He bends and is about to kiss the Graduate when Character comes.) Character-Ah, the devil himself. On your old tricks again? (He brandishes his sword and Immorality scampers away.) Deceit and Vice enter. P" ice-Look at that sleeping beauty. · We shall have another victim. We shall drag her away to shame and disgrace. We shall tempt her with easy money and beautiful dresses and precious stones. She will surely be dazzled by their glitter, as many have been before her. Deceit-That's a bright idea. She wiil be an easy prey. A girl of her kind, with her training and education, once she falls into our hands, can easily deceive people and make believe that she has a beautiful soul when she reeking with filth and sin. · (Truth and Discipline come in.) Truth-I know your dirty designs, you filthy, stinking traders! Discipline-And you think you could lure her away from the clean, honest path ~ith your cheap, dirty money. No, you can't. (The four grapple, Deceit against Discipline, Vice against Character. After a while. Deceit and Vice take leave, while Faith and Service enters. The Graduate wakes up, and sees all her benefactors.) (Please turn to page 127.) t08 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 1l1arch, 1940 A GOOD SCHOOLBOY By C. MANDORIAO ROXAS* JOSE is a little boy. He is nine years old. His parents are poor, but they are very good parents. Although they are poor, they send Jose to school. Jose is in the third grade. He has learned many things in school. Mr. Tuazon, his teacher, is very fond of the little boy. Jose is obedient, honest, and. industrious. That is why his teacher likes him. Every morning and afternoon when Jose arrives at school he greets his teacher and classmates with a pleasant "good morning" or "good afternoon." He is a polite boy, and is a favorite among his classmates. Jose goes to bed early and wakes up early. He remembers the poem he learned in school: *Baguio City High School, Baguio, Mountain Province. Early to bed and eal'iy to rise M~kes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. As soon as Jose is out of bed 'in the , morning, he goes to the kitchen. There he gets a basin and fills it with warm water. He gets a towel and soap from his room, and washes himself clean. He remembers to brnsh his teeth. Then he dresses for the day. When he is dressed, he goes to the mirror and combs his hair. He does things orderly. He does not need to be told by his mo'ther to do these things. They have all become his habits. J pse helps his mother in the kitchen after getting himself ready for school. If the table is not yet ready for breakfast, he gets it ready. He spreads the tablecloth, places the plates, the cups and saucers, and the silve.rware. He fills the glasses with water. He calls his father .when the breakfast is ready. Jose and his mother and father eat breakfast together happily. I Before going to school, he kisses his parents goodbye. Then away to school, to work and tci play like the good schoolboy that he is. Do· you want to be that kind of a schoolboy? SOME QUESTIONS 1. Why does Jose's teacher like him? 2. Are you always obedient? 3. Are you always honest? 4. Are you always industrious? 5. Are you always polite? 6. Can you say from memory the little poem which Jose learned? 1l1arch, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 109 110 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 ELE . NTARY SCIENCE SECTION PHILIPPINE LIGHTING IN FORMER DAYS By FRANCISCO CARBALLO (lf?ith Illustrations by the Author) IN former days in the Philippines the methods of lighting were quite crude compared with the modern means of securing light. Of course there were no electric lights or gas lights. During the Spanish regime most of the people in the Philippines .used coconut oil, lumbang oil, or wax as fuel for lighting. The oil lamp was in common use. In the olden days this consisted of a metal bowl (tinghoy) on the edge of whfrh rested a wick ( tinsin) made from the absorbent pith of a certain plant. This wick was sold by Chinese shop keepers. In the abser\ce of the usual tinsin, cotton fiber was used. The lower end of the wick rested in the oil which had been poured into the bowl of the lamp. When lighted, this lamp produced a dim, mellow flame. It served as a light in the more humble homes. (See illustration No. l.) As an improvement over the tinghoy, a glass oil receptacle with a tin wickholder was used. (See illustration No. 2.) In the ·homes of the well-to-do the glass oil lamp was placed in a gl~ss globo which was hung in the main room. Globos were used very much during fiestas and other special occasions. (See illustration No. 4.) For outdoor use the glass lantern or parol was used as a protection of the oil lamp from wind. (See illustration No. 5.) A great many of these glass lanterns were needed to light facades of churches, open air shows, towers, arches, etc. During fiestas and other important celebrations paper lanterns of various colors and designs were also used, and the townfolk vied with one another in the brightness and beauty of _their designs. Chinese candles of the soft variety were used for altars, shrines, and religious processions. They are still in demand for church fiestas, and are used particularly for lighting graves in cemeteries dur_ing the celebration of All Saints Day. The hard variety of candles ( ba1/ena) was used on religious floats, on dining tables, in costly chandeliers and candlesticks, and in lamps on vehicles. The Chinese in Manila still carry on a profitable business in the manufacture 1 of candles for church, home, and various 'uses. In the barrios the market people used the huepe to light their displays of merchandise as well as to light the way when walking in the road. The huepe was a wrch consisting of a piece of wax (sa~ hing) stuck in a cylindrical nipa, covering which, when used, was plated on a tripod or on the" end of a bamboo pole> (See illustration No. 3) The name implies that the huepe was of Chinese origin. When kerosene or petroleum oil was introduced into the Islands not long before the advent of the Americans, oil lamps and lanterns came ihto use, but it was expensive, and so coc6nut and lumbang oil remained in use in country houses for many years. March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN Ill In Manila important streets were lighted with oil lamps aqd . lanterns placed on posts, or on brackets on walls facing the· streets. A certain number of these lamps were in char"ge of a lamplighter (parolero) who made his daily rounds, carrying a short ladder and oil. . In the morning he filled the lamps with oil, adjusted the wicks, and cleaned the chimneys. At sunset he lighted the lamps, and at dawn extinguished them. The lamp-lighter's .. were greatly improved. Homes, public places, and streets have become brighter, thanks to improved lighting facilities. As a result of the improved lighting systems, the country has progressed, and homes are more comfortable. . In. places without electric service, kerosene is still the chief fuel for lighting, but the Philippine government is planning to develop the water power in the Islands to· enable the rural communities to have cheap electricity for light and power. When this plan is fully developed, still further progress w i 11 be made by our people. job was not an easy one. .If tht street lights failed, he was blamed by those who had to grope their way in the dark. l\1any streets, par- z. .,..,~;~"51,.;,;;..;;1',"' A REVIEW ticularly those in 1·wft'j,'155 t:....n?.1()i'.. ~e:;.P~'::e~-- I. What can you out 1 yin g. districts, 'osmbtJo ;..,,!O'Q,. .;i.he t_1_-;,,r;f!9r say of former methhad no lights at all, 7l. ods of lighting in and the people there / \\ the Philippines comhad to do the best / ~ \ pared with the presthey could ~ithout ent methods?. them. People tra- 2. What fuels veling at night were were used for lightrequired to carry ing in former days. torches or lanterns. 3. Describe the If anyone failed to oil lamp of the olden do so, the ,police 4 Glo~ ltim~h~cltf:;;,e-:. s Glass /cJ,.,t.12rn /tJr days. (guard i a c iv i I) "'' ~s{hv..mwc.11todo. a_utdoo,. "se,.. C 4. What improvewould consider such . . . . . ment was made on a person as a suspi- Lamps and 1 orches of Former Days in the Phdippines the oil lamp? cious character, especially if he did not 5. In what were oil lamps placed in have his cedula with him. the homes of wealthy people? On account of inadequate lighting fa- 6. For outdoor use how was the oil cilities in the olden days, there were not lamp protected? many public entertainments or social 7. For what purpose were paper langatherings. Usually people went to bed terns used in the Philippines. early in the evening after supper and the 8. Are they still used? customary evening prayer. 9. Tell of the use of candles in the When· electricity was i~troduced into Philippines. the Philippines, methods of lighting IO. Tell of the use of the huepe. 112 I'HE YOUNG CITIZEN . March, 1940 / EVENTS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY FOR MARCH By TIMOTEO .s. ORACION * March 2, 1847. Birth of Cayetano Arellano in Orion, Bataan. Arellano was the first Filipino chief justice of the supreme court and is regarded as the greatest Filipino jurist. When the Philippine Republic was established, General Aguinaldo offered Arellano a position in his cabinet. When the Americans came, Arellano v!as asked to help organize the civil government in the Philippines. Because of his·wisdom, he was appoi~ted the first Filipino chief justice of the supreme court. He occupied this post from 190 I to the time of his death in 1920. His ability as a jurist was recognized even abroad. Yale University conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. Yet, in spite of the honors that he had won, Arellano was very modest. When he· was dying, he was asked if he had ariy wishes regarding his funeral. The great jurist answered, "After I am dead, wrap me up in a mat and take me to the cemetery." March 16, 1521. Magellan discovered the Philippines. From the Ladrones Ferdinand Magellan sailed westward, still looking for the Spice Islands. On March 16, 1521, he sighted an island which he learned afterwards was called Zamal, now called Samar. On the following day Magellan landed his worn-out sailors on a small island named Humunu, now Homonhon, and had two huts built for the sick. This island was uninhabited, but some natives came from the island of Suluan, in a native prau. These were the first Fili*Social Science Teacher, Sibulan Elementary School, N egros Oriental. pinos seen by the Spaniards. Because of the difficulty in getting food, Magellan left the place eight days later, and sailed to Limasawa, 'a small isla~d south of Leyte. Here he found a prosperous Filipino village. The inhabitants were cultivating rice and breadfruit. They had coconuts, oranges, bananas,· citron, and ginger. In Limasawa Magellan heJd the first mass in the Philippines. He erected a cross and took possession of the Islands in the name of the king of Spain. Magellan called the Islands the Archipelago .of Saint Lazarus .because it was on the day of this saint that he reachell the Philippines. March 24, 1934. The passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Law. in 'the United States Congress. The Tydings-McDuffie Law is sometimes known as the Philippine Independence Act because its purpose is to give the Philippines her independence after a transition period of ten years. The government during this period of trial and preparation is known as the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The Fili-. pinos are given the right· to run all its departments-executive, legislative, and judicial. The United States exercises control only in the relations between the Philippines and foreign countries. The United States is represented in the Philippines by an American official called the High Commissioner. He takes no direct part in the government of the country and acts as a mere watcher in the way the government is being run, and reports his observations to the President and the Congress of the United States. March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 113 THE FUNNY PAGE.· 114 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 MUSIC APPRECIATION SECTION GREAT COMPOSERS OF_ MUSIC By BERT PAUL OSBORN• III. HAYDN, THE FATHER OF THE SYMPHONY IN 1732 in ch e Ii ttl e vi 11 age of Rohiau, not far from Vienna in Austria,. there was born a baby whose parents named him Joseph_ Fortunately Joseph Haydu. for baby Joseph, his mother and father, though very poor, loved music, and songs and sweet harp tones cheered many a simple meal, for father Hayden (pronouncetl highdn) could both sing and accompany himself on his harp. Joseph's father and mother were simple peasant people, industrious, upright, devout Catholics, and a little more educated than was usually with their class. Although the father had a talent for harp · playing, he could not read music. He knew too little to be able to teach music 'to his small son. This father was by trade a wagon-maker. Now it happened that the . village school-teacher was also a musician, and when Joseph was a very small boy he used to watch the school master with wondering eyes when the teacher played the violin; Joseph wished that he could •Formerly Supervisor of Public Schqol Music, Mounr Lebanon, Piusbuq~h. Pennsylvania, U.S.A. play too. The little boy would take two pieces of wood 'and pretend that he -was playing the violin. When his parents sang their evening songs, J.oseph would - keep exact time to the music by beating with a_ stick. In spite of the boy's rather commonplace parentage and ·the heavy burden ·of poverty, he developed. into a remarkable musical genius. The people with whom he was associated as a boy all liked - music, and many of them could play, or sing, or 11make up11 music. In fact, the boy was surrounded by a race of natural musicians who liked dance and song. A relative offered to take Joseph to the city of Hamburg so he could be taught music. So when he was six years 'old, the little boy left his quiet village home and went to the big, noisy city. There he began the study of singing, and playing the violin and the harpsichord. The harpsichord was the for-erunner of the piano. (See the Music Appreciation Section of the October, 1939, issue of'rhe Young Citizen.) Joseph's teacher was a very stern taskmaster, and made his little pupil work very hard indeed, even for a boy who' loved music with his whole soul and who was eager to learn all he possibly could. , The boy worked very hard with his music, so when he was eight years old he was chosen to sing in the emperor's choir in the great cathedral in Vienna. During the next nine years he lived in a Morch, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN II5 house close to the cathedral. He had constant practice in singing, both at the cathedral and often at the emperor's court, with free sup,ort and poor instruction at the choir school. He stayed at this chool until he was seventeen, although he was half-starved, insufficiently clothed, and carelessly taught. Only his own great energy enabled him to learn anything at all. He practiced very hard on his music, and supplemented his poor school training with much study by himself. Wh·en foprivate orchestra. This important position he held for thirty years. Prince Esterhazy was the head of a family long famous for wealth, culture, and the de~ velopment of good music, so Haydn lived during these years amid pleasant surroundings which were favorable for h. is musical labors. During this period of thirty years he experimented. and developed the symphony and the symphony orchestra. Hayden did not develop anything absolutely new in music, but to him belongs the hon or of collecting a n d combining various points i n music. This is shown in the excellent musical compositions as being superior. seph was seven- . teen he was dismissed from the choir s.chool on account of a schoolboy prank, and was turned into the street. He had a very hard time after that. He played his violin at weddings and dances, he wrote music for peoA Spmphony Orcht. stra Haydn developed the form of music· known as the symph"ony; he also developed the orple· who would buy it, he taught a few music pupils, and did any drudgery that any.one would pay for. In that way he kept himself from starving. Through it all, in his dimly-lighted, unheated attjc, in which snow ·and rain kl! on his bed, he continued, as best he could, his own studies in composing. But gradually his condition was improved by some wealthy patrons who recognized his ability as a composer. In 1760 a nobleman, Prine~ Esterhazy, appointed Haydn., by that time a young man of twenty-eight, leader of his chestra by selecting and using most of the instruments· of the present time, and arranging them in groups as we now have therri. For these reasons Hayc!'n is called the "Father of the Symphony." During the thirty years that Haydn was rnusical director for Prince Esterhazy, he wrote many compositions for the orchestra, as well as church music and other compositions. He h~d an excellent orchestra and a group of good singers, and it was for these organizations that he wrote his music. His fame as (Pleau turn to pa91 127.) 116 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 THE TYRANT OF THE ASIATIC JUNGLE UPON the African continent the lion reigns supreme, sole. monarch at least over his own feline race. (Read The Monarch of the Jungle in the February, 1940, issue of The Young Citizen.) But i~ Asia the lion's sovereignty is disputed by his gaudily dressed cousin, the tiger, the most formidable member of the cat tribe. Majestic as the .lion appears when viewed foll face with his great bushy mane, he lacks the agile strength of his near relative, the tiger. The tiger is larger, stronger, quicker, more graceful, and has greater cunning than the lion. He is also considered the most nearly perfect and most beautiful of his race because of the bright coloring of his coat, his litheness, and graceful proportions. The stories of hunters conquering lions, single-handed, have no parallel. in the history of ·the tiger, for no man, however well trained, is a match for the tiger on foot. Asia is the home of the tiger. This animal is not found . on any other continent. Strange to say, the tiger ranges far to the northward of his proper home in Hindustan, even to Korea, Manchu: · ria, and Russian Siberia. In those cold regions the tiger grows to his greatest size, and is clothed with a dense coat of long and shaggy hair which is a much heavier and warmer coat of fur than- th~t of his southern relative. Although larger, the Siberian species is less fierce than the royal Bengal tiger of India which is best known. The coat of the Bengal tiger has .a grand color of tawny yellow with black stripes on the body and limbs, the tail also being ring.ed with black. This coloring makes it very difficult to see a tiger in a thicket of reeds or dr"ied grass. The largest tigers are about eleven feet in length frolil the nose to the tip of the (Pltast turn to page 125.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN 117 THE BAROMETER ONE day near the middle of the 17th century a German scientist, who was always trying n·ew and strange experiments, astonished his neighbors by er.ecting on the wall of his house a strange looking tube. The .. tube was something more than 34 feet long, and was made of brass except the top section, which was made · of glass. It was closed at the top. The lower end of the tube was dipped in a basin of water. The water was seen to rise in the tube to a height of 'about 30 feet. feet. Mercury is a well-known heavy silver-white liquid metal. It is frequent- . ly called quicksilver. To make a simple barometer you take a glass tube 36 inches long which is closed at one end. Fill it with mercury. You then turn the tube upside down, keeping your finger over the open end. Place the open end in a vessel of mercury. When your finger is removed, only a little of the mercury will run The top of this column of water Was seen through the glass, and on it floated the figure of a little wooden man. "The little weather man" the people called it, for they saw that it tose 'higher in fair weather, and went down in stormy weather. The neighbors thought ·it was a work of magic, but it was ·really a water barometer, and was made on scientific principles. There was no mag_ic about it. No alr prq$11re; Column of merCU"'!I will rise ,;., lhe luhe unl1I j/. 6da1PC($ . p,-esqre_ "1 ou· on 111ercurg ,,, bowl. out of the, tube into the vessel, for the pressure of the air upon the surface of the mercury in the vessel supports the weight of the column of mercury. The space in the tube above the column of mercury is nearly a perfect vacuum as indicated in the diagram, so there is no pressure on the top of the column. (A vacuum is a space from which the air and any other material has been taken.) Al¥" pressin9 dtJwn on merc11('/ w;14 wei91rf of 14. 1 //J&,pt,.S<Jl'l. Only a few years before , this German scientist was trying this interesting experiment, an Italian scholar, who was a pupil of the famous scientist Galileo, invented the mercury barometer, the form of the instrument now in common use.) The barometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. Mercury is used in the tube instead of water, because the greater weight of the mercury reduces the length of the required tube to 36 inchos instead of 34 The mercury column in the tube remains about• 30 iriches high, and this means an air pressure of 14.7 pounds to the square inch. By a scale attached to the glass tube we can measure the changes in the height of the. mercury resulting from the changes in air pressure. When the conditions of the wctather changes, the air pressure changes, and so · the tube of mercury rises or falls. This makes the barometer an instrument of great importance in telling what the weather will be. When the mercury in (Please turn to page 128) 118 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 PRESERVES AND MARMALADES THE usual utensils in almost. daily use in every kitchen are all that are needed in making the fo !lowing recipes in small quantities for home use. It is desirable, but, not ahsolutely necessary, to have an enameled, tinned, aluminum, or other good preserving kettle, such as is kept for fruit-cooking purposes only. Other things needed are a colander, a wire sieve, a gi;-ater, a measuring cup, s~all jars or glasses, and paraffine. An effective way to seal jars or glasses is to cut fronil• good grade paper a circular piece about onehalf inch larger than the jar or glass top. Smear the inside with the unbeaten white of an egg and tie tightly over the preserves or marmalade with a cord or wrap with a strong elastic. The white of an egg will dry quickly and be absolutely preservative. When making marmalades or preserves and there is some fruit juice left over, it may be canned while boiling hot, and be used in making sauces for desserts such as gelatin ~nd ice cream, or in making fruit-juice drinks. All utensils should be thoroughly cleaned ·and scalded before using. The recipes for preserves and marmalades in this and the next issue of The Young Citizen call . for fruits common to the Philippines, such as pineapples, oranges, and lemons, as well ·as rhubarb and tomatoes which are also grown in the Islands. Pineapple Preserves Pare the pineapples, weigh them, and cut them in slices or small squares. To each pound of fruit, add a teacupful of water. Put this in a preserving kettle, cover it, and set it over the fire. Let it boil until the pieces are tender and clear. Then take the pieces from the water by sticking a fork into the center of each piece. Add to the water white sugara pound for each pciund of fruit-and stir it until all the sugar is dissolved .. Then put in the pineapple, cover the kettle, arid boil it gently until it is transparent throughout. When it is so, take it out, let it cool, and put it in ·glass jars. Let the syrup boil or simmer gently until it is thick and rich, and when nearly cool, pour it over the fruit. The next day seal the jars. Lemon Marmalade Allow one and onefourth pounds of sugar to every pound of lemons. ~ash and weigh ·the lemons. Grate the rind from half of them and peel the others. Chop the fruit, removing the seeds as you do so. Press all the juice that you can upon the sugar, add a little water to this, and put it on the stove. Stir this until the sugar is dissolved. Then boil it for five ~inutes, skimming off the scum. Stir in the chopped lemons and the (Please turn to ·page 130.) A LEGEND OF MOUNT ... ( Conitnued from page 103) give your daughter a very handsome dowry if you will give her to him in marriage." Pinatubo did not answer at once. He realized that Mayumo c.ould bestow riches upon his beauteous daughter, and yet he was not entirely satisfied with him. But he was not entirely satisfied with him. But he was afraid to refuse the offer of Mayumo. So he said, "Tell your friend that I will speak to Sinukuan about this matter. She and I will make a decision. Return in three days .and you shall have the answer to take to Mayumo." After talking to Sinukuan, Pinatubo decided that Mayumo was not the man to be his son-in-law. And yet he was afraid to refuse the rich and powerful Mayumo. He thought and thought, and finally decided upon a plan whereby his daughter would be saved from marrying Mayumo. When Mayumo's friend returned after three days, Pinatubo said, "Tell Mayumo that if he wishes to marry my daughter, he must do one thing. If he cannot do it, he cannot marry her." "What is it that you would have Mayumo do?" asked Mayumo's friend. THE YOUNG CITIZEN "Pray tell it. Mayumo will do anything for your daughter Sinukuan. He is a rich man." "Tell Mayumo," said Pinatubo, "that if he can make a w_ooden bridge on which Sinukuan can walk from her home on !Mount Arayat to the home of Mayumo, he shall have my daughter for his wife." "Oh, that is very easy!" said Mayumo's fri.end. "I 'am sure Mayumo can do it." "But I hav'e not told· you all of the requirement," said Pinatubo .. "M;ayumo must have the bridge finished within one year from today. One year, mind you. No more, no less. If it is not finished, he cannot' have her." Mayumo's fri~nd left the home of Pinatubo and Sinukuan on Mount Arayat, and hurried to the home of Mayumo, where he found his friend waiting. "What is Pinatubo's answer?" asked Mayumo. "You must build a wooden bridge from your home to the home of Sinukuan and have the bridge finished within a year." "That is very easy," said Mayumo. "Very, very easy! I shall immediately set all of my laborers and many more to build the wooden bridge." 119 Mayumo called together all his laboners and many more men which he had hired. He said to them, "I want to marry Sinukuan, the most beautiful girl in the world. But her father wants me to build a wooden bridge from her home on Mount Arayat to mine, and have the bridge completed within a year. If I do not get the bridge completed by that time, I cannot marry Sinukuan. Come, let us get to work, and build the bridge." So th~y all went to the forest with axes and bolos and saws. They cut a great amount of timber. They cut all the timber they could find. Then they b e g an building the wooden bridge from the home of Mayumo to the home of Pinatubo and Sinukuan on Mount Araya!. Now Pinatubo had resolved in his mind that he. would prevent Mayumo from completing the bridge. He would use his magical powers in order that Mayumo would be prevented from finishing the work. Mayumo and his men toiled day after day in building the wooden bridge. Day after day the bridge became longer than before. Gradually it ex(Please turn to page 126.) 120 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION EAT FRUITS EVERY DAY (A Playl" for Health) By LOURDES L. GALENO • PLAYERS Children-Boys and girls numbering from six to ten; Fruit Seller. SCENE: Street The play opens with the children forming a group. A Child (Addressing the group) : I ~ish we had something to eat! How would you like to go with me and buy some fruits? All the Other Children (together): Oh, yes! Let's go! (All the children go merrily along, singing and dancing.) ChildrenCome, let's hurry; 'tis market day, See what we can buy with Father's pay: Yellow mangoes sweet, papayas green, Chinese apples, tart, and mangosteen. Aroray, araroray, let's see what we can buy today, Aroray, araroray, come let us go, 'tis market day.** • Camp .Overton, lligan, Lanao. ••"Fresh Fruits Today", Progressive Music, Book I, page 33. (Just as they finish singing, they see a fruit seller coming along.) Second Child-A fruit seller is coming. Let's see what he has to sell. Frwt Seller (shouting) - Fruits! Fruits I Come and buy my fruits! Children (Running to the fruit seller .and singing)Dear fruit seller, tell us pray, What do you carry around in your basket?*** Fruit SellerGood, fresh fruits to sell today: Apples, grapes, mangoes, and pa-· payas gay.**** Children-We will buy some of your fruits! Fruit Seller (Putting down his basket of fruits)-Here they are. Choose the ones you like best. (The children pick out fruits and eat them.) •••Tune: ''Gypsy Peddler", Progressive Music, Book I, page 20. ••••Tune: ''Gypsy Peddler", Progressive Music, Book_ I, page 20. March, 1940 BIRTHDAY GIFTS FOR ... (Continued from page 102) "Well, anyway it's just what I'm going to give her," insisted Juanita with determination. "Thats all right, J uanita," said Pedro. "We are just pretending. W « don't have any money to buy things. It would take lots of money to buy this dress." All the children looked very sad. It ·was too bad for Mother to have a birthday and not get any gifts." Suddenly Pedro's face lighted up with a smile. "Dolores,'' he cried. "Let's cut out these pictures and give them to Mother and tell her they are what we'd give her if we had the money. Then she'd know we didn't forget her birthday." "Oh, yes, Pedro," said Dolores. "We could paste them on cardboard and put them on the breakfast table. It is a splendid new idea." The children went right to work. Very carefully they cut out the wrist watch and the handbag and past. ed them neatly on white cardboard. "Juanita," coaxed Dolores, "won't you choose something else for Mother instead of a wedding dress?" "No," said Juanita firmly. "This is a beautiful THE YOUNG CITIZEN dress-just the kind I want to give her. I'm going to give Mother the bride's dress." So the picture of the bride in her white satin gown with the train and the veil and the flowers had to be cut out. "We could have a birthday cake, too," said Dolores. "Here's a picture of one covered with candles in this housekeeping magazine." "We don't know whether or not it has the right number of candles," objected Pedro. "That doesn't.matt~r, Pedro," said Dolores. "There are just enough candles to make it look pretty." The children got up early the next morning, slipped into the dining room, and a r r an g e d the pictures around Mother's p I ate. They put the picture of the birthday cake in the middle of the table. How surprised Mother was when she came to the table! "These are the gifts we wanted to giv.e you if we'd had the money to buy them," explained Pedro. "What• a beautiful watch!" said Mother. "And such a lovely handbag!" She laughed when she saw the wedding dress. "This is the most beautiful dress that I have •ever had," 121 she exclaimed. "We're sorry we didn't have the money to buy real gifts," said Dolores. "Why, these are lovely," insisted Mother. "Ii isn't the gift itself that· counts, but the loving thoughts that make us want to give gifts." "You didn't see · your birthday cake," said Dolo-, res. "That's a very beautiful cake," exclaimed Mother. "I'm going to make one exactly like it today and we'll each have a piece for supper." AN ADVENTURE IN (Continued from page IOI) face. When I heard his laughter, I laughed also, and began to enjoy the free ride which the shark was giving us. For about threefourths of a mile the shark pulled our vinta with unabated speed. My only fear was the possibility of the rope breaking. "Don't fear, son, our rope is very strong," my father said. "It is strong enough to send us to Borneo," he added, laughing merrily. After almost two hours, the rope began to loosen, and our boat began to lessen its speed. We knew that the shark was losing strength. Shortly after, our vinta stopped moving. My (Please turn to page 125.) 122 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 WORK AND PLAY SECTION SUGGESTIONS ON ROWER ARRANGEMENT By RUPERTO SARMIENTO• HAVE you ever picked a beautiful bunch of flowers and put them into a vase? Of course you have. How did you arrange them? Do you think you arranged them in the best possible manner? What is the best possible manner? Well, let us ·see. Here are some simple rules to follow when arranging flowers; read them-study them -carefully, and if you follow them, you will arrange your flowers artistically. I n securing artistic flower arrangement, rivo things need to be considered: (I) the flowers and ( 2) the vase or container. First, !,et us consider the container. are more attractive than bright-colored ones. ( 2) Vases should be deep enough to hold sufficient water. (3) Tall, straight vases like bamboo tubes are suited to flowers on tall, stiff stems, such as the flowers of the canna (Spanish flag) or the gladiolus. ( 4) High stands or hanging baskets are best for flowers with bending or drooping stems. (5) Bowls or low containers a r e suitable for flowers of water plants such as the water lily. ( 6) Vases for the dining table must be low in order to enable the guests to see each other while talking. (7) Wall vases are pretty containers for vines. In selecting the container, be sure it suits the flowers. Remember, you should choose a vase to suit the flowers; you should not choose flowers to suit a vase. To be able to do this one must have containers . of difUse plenty of leaves. (8) Vases may be of the same or of the opposite color of the flowers. For example, white flowers may be placed in ferent kinds, so that there is a suitable vase for whatever flowers are at hand. Memorize the following suggestions for selecting a vase to match certain. types of flowers: (I) Cheap, dull-colored containers •Head Teac~er, Barrio School, Tonsuya, Mala· hon, Rizal. a white vase or a black vase. (9) Blue vases are suitable for pink roses. ( 10) Blue bowls are attractive vases for violets. ( 11) Tall glass vases ·are good for azucena and for cadena-decamor. After a suitable container has been chosen, arranging the flowers comes THE YOUNG CITIZEN 123 next. The following are some simple rules to follow when doing this delightful task. ( 1) Imitate the way the flowers grow. Look in the garden and notice how flowers grow on plants. Some of them are on long stems or branches, others on short stems or branches, while still others are on branches or stems which are not very long nor very short -just of medium length. Another thing to notice is that flowers are surrounded only by their own leaves. ·The flower of a canna (Spanish flag) is not surrounded by the leaves of a hibiscus (gumamela). Therefore, to arrange flowers properly, see that they are set among their own leaves and that there are plenty of leaves-some short, some long, and some of medium length. (See the illustration on page 122. ( 2) Long - stemmed, erect flowers in tall vases are attractive at eyelevel. flowers are placed in three heights. The tallest ones are called "heaven"; the lower ones "man"; the lowest are called "earth." When arranging flowers thus, the stems should be cut so they are of varying lengths. A few should b~ short, some long, and others longer. (See the illustration on this page. (7) There should be color harmony in arranging flowers. Often people prefer to have flowers of different colors arranged together in a vase. When arranging flowers of different colors together be careful that the flowers chosen are of related colors. By related colors is meant colors which harmonize so that they look attractive when put together. To know whether certain· colors are related or not, a color chart should be consulted. (3) Water plants in low containers should be placed below eye-level. The Three-line Arrangement Now you know something about the proper container to ·be chosen, and something about the best way of arranging the flowers. You should next learn about making color combinaito.ns. Un( 4) Bright colored flowers are suited to the sala of one's home, for they add cheerfulness to the room. (5) Large and bright flowers which are not too fragrant, and flowers not too small and delicate, are suitable for the bedroom or for a patient's room in a hospital. (6) The three-line. arrangement may be used. This is the Japanese style of arranging flowers. In this arrangement der the suggestions about color combinations, you read that related colors should be used in arranging flowers. Related colors may be grouped as ( 1) "neighbor" colors, (2) "brother" colors, (3) "friend" colors, and ( 4) "cousin-friend" colors. Let us explain further: (1) "Neighbor" colors .are the ones near each other, just like you and your neighbors. For example, yellow-green, and blue-green are "neighbor" hues be(Please turn to page 132.) 124 THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 LANGUAGE AND READING By A. NEBRIAGA * Making Word· Picture Books Picture -Riddle Match Grades I to III Grades II to IV Apple DIRECTIONS: PUPILS make booklets by · folding together sheets of drawing paper and tying them together. The teacher prints on the board a list of nouns which have occurred in past lessons, such as dolls, boy, basket, shoes, apple, etc. The pupils then look for word cards which correspond to the words in the teacher's list and paste the cards in their booklets, leaving a space enough for pictures they will cut from magazines with which to match the words. If there are no word cards, the pupils may print the words. To make the activity more purposeful and instructive the pictures may be arranged alphabetically .• The pupils should be encouraged to cut the spaces uniformly and paste and print neatly. Any one would be proud to keep a neat booklet, especially if it is the product of one's effort. The one making the best book should be graded and the teacher should tell the child to take his book and show it to his mother and father. *Elementary School, Bauang, La Union. THE guessing instinct which the children delight in can be utilized for silent reading by matching riddles and pictures. Each child cuts out five or more pictures which interest him and place them in an envelope. The teacher collects the envelopes and write a simple riddle about one of the five pictures. She then puts the riddle and pictures together. For example<, in one envelope she finds pictures of a boy, basket; flowers, bird, a pp le. She may choose bird and pre. pare a riddle thus: I have two wings. I can fly. I build a nest on trees. I can sing. Children often stone me. The envelopes should be numbered so that the children will know which one they have already finished. Variations: (a) Two teachers may work together. Children in Grade III or IV may prepare riddles for pictures cut out and collected by children in Grade II. Preparing the riddles is a productive language activity. (b) All pictures may be provided with riddles, giving the child an opportunity to match five or more riddles in one picture instead of only. one. (c) Riddles may be placed on the board and children draw the answer, or• vice versa. March, 1940 SHARK FISHING . (Continued from page 121) father then began to pull the rope. In a considerably short time the dead shark which was bigger than our vinta was brought to the side of our boat. "This is the biggest shark I have so far caught," said my father. I noticed that the shark was hit on its side about three feet from its tail, and about one-fourth of the harpoon was buried into the flesh of the fish. Sailing homeward was quite slow because besides the fact that we were dragging along a very heavy weight, there was no favorable wind. I had to help my father row the boat. "Father,'-' I said, "I wish that the shark swam homeward. He would have saved us a lot of time." My father chuckled because he thought that my remark was dever. Even if I had to help him row, I didn't foel so weary because I knew that the shark would give us some money, and my father would buy; me a new pair of trousers and a shirt, as he had promised. "This is my first trip with him, and I have brought him good luck," I said to myself. "And so I can also ask him for a pair of shoes." We arrived home two days . later. My mother THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE TYRANT ... (Continued from page 116) tail, and weigh about 500 pounds. The chief difference between the tiger and the lion is in the coloring of their skin and the fact that the tiger has no mane. The skeletons of the two animals a(e almost exactly alike. In habits, also, the two anim_als are much alike, except that tigers, unlike lions, hardly ever hunt in pairs. Tigers are also good swimmers, which is · unusual with the cat family. If a tiger is hard pr-essed by a hunter, the animal will sometimes climb a tree. Tigers prefer to hunt at night by stalking their prey, but they also prowl about in the daylight. They prey upon all kil)ds of wild animals, and destroy a Jar ge number of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and other domestic animals. A cattleeating tiger will kill an ox or a cow about every five days, or from 60 to 70 a year. Unless he is cornered or greatly provoked, the tiger avoids the elephant, and seldom attacks a large buffalo or a bear. In fights with a bear or a buffalo he is frequently killed. In beamed with pride and joy when I told him about the exciting trip. 125 some respects the tiger is cowardly. He will eat decaying flesh rather than attack an enemy that is capable of making a successful defense. In the search for r.rey and in efforts to. avoid hunters, the tiger is cunning and bold. In his native wild state he is the· most blood-thirsty of beasts, and in captivity is treacherous. It is said that when a tiger once tastes. human blood, the animal becomes a confirmed man-eater, preferring hunian flesh to all others. Man-eating tigers are greatly feared by the natives of India. A case is recorded in which a single tiger killed 127 persons in a single year. On an average 1,000 people are killed each year by tigers, mostly in India. The young tigers are far more destructive than the old ones. Tiger cubs number from two to five in a litter, but more than two are seldom reared to maturity. The cubs remain with the mother until the third year while she teaches them to hunt. The tiger will be found upon the earth long after the lion has disappeared. He is far more clever at hiding, he is a more skillful hunter, he is less given to taking foolish risks, and (Please turn to page 126.) 126 THE LEGEND OF ... (Continued from page I 19) tended nearer to the home of Pinatubo and Sinukuan. Day after day more trees wer1e cut, and more timber was put into the bridge. Then a strange thing happened. The greater part of that portion of the bridge alr,ead'y constructed disappeared! When and where it went nobody knew. It just disappeared. You see, Pinatubo was using his magical powers, and by means of magic had caused a part of the bridge already constructed to disappear. Nobody exoept Pinatubo knew why a part of. the bridge had disappeared. When Mayumo saw that a part of the bridge had disappeared, he co u 1 d scarcely believ,e his eyes. But he was not daunted. All the trees near by had been cut, so he hired twice as many laborers as before and sent them to the distant Caraballo Mountains for more timber. They cut and cut day and night. Finally the laborers had enough timber collected to complete the bridge. But it had taken them a long time to cut and to carry the logs from the distant Caraballo Mountains to the site of the bridge. The workmen labored day and night and worked as hard as they THE YOUNG CITIZEN March, 1940 could, but the not completed specified time. bridge was where Mount Arayat once within the stood; at least, that is what some of the old folk will Mayumo had failed! He had not been able within a year's time to build the bridge which Pinatubo required! He couldn't marry the beautiful Sinukuan ! "I will steal her at night from her father's home on Mount Arayat," thought Mayumo. Pinatubo, by means of his magic, discovered the plot which Mayumo had in mind. "I can easily prevent that," said Pinatubo to himself. Accordingly, by means of his magical powers, Pinatubo moved Mount Araya! from the town of Candaba to its present location near the present town of Arayat. That is why the town is called Arayat. Pinatubo moved the mountain so that Sinukuan would be farther from Mayumo. "I can be more watchful of my lovely daughter," said Pinatubo to himself, "if her home on Mount Arayat is far away from the home of Mayumo. Besides, it will then be more difficult for him to try to steal her at night." And so Mount Arayat was placed in its present location. If you go to Candaba, you can still see the tell you. Where Mount Arayat once stood near Candaba is now a low place filled with water, some will point out. People call the place Candaba swamp. Near Ara ya t today we can find a large footprint on a rock. It is said to be one of the footprints of Pinatubo. As for the beautiful Sinukuan, the legend says that she did not inarry Mayumo -thanks to the magical powers of her father Pinatubo-but instead married a more desirable young man, and for many years the happy couple lived peacefully in their home on Mount Arayat. THE TYRANT (Continued frfJm page 125) he does not advertise his presence and invite his enemies by the bombastic roaring iQ which the lion delights to indulge. The tiger is an animal of serious mind, and he attend°s strictly to ousiness. A lion will stalk out in the open, in broad daylight, but the tiger sticks closely to cover until the friendly darkness renders it safe to roam abroad. Then he is, indeed, "the tyrant of the Asiatic jungle." March, 1940 THE GRADUATE .•. (Continued from page 107) Life-Young Graduate, you have a Jong way to go, and a difficult one, too. Without a good, healthy body, you can not go far. Remember this: Health is wealth. You can never be truly happy if you are ill or are suffering from a disease. And so keep yourself healthy and physically strong so that you will be fit to meet all the hardships that you will meet on your long journey. Ambition-Young Graduate, keep your ambition ever on fire. When you become easily satisfied w.ith things, when you have .become complacent, you have stopped growing. Ever keep before you high ideals. Remember what Browning. said:· "A man's reach should be farther than his grasp, or what's a heaven. for?" Character-Character ·is what you are in the dark. Whether you are seen by people or not, you must think and say and do only the best. When money is lost, nothing is Jost; when health is Jost, something is lost; but when character is Jost, everything is lost. I offer you this sword with which to fight anything that's wrong and mean. THE YOUNG CITIZEN Discipline - Young Graduate, your greatest enemy is not disease; it is not the thief, the murderer, or the gangster. Your greatest enemy is yourself, the self in you that possesses unclean desires, unholy thoughts, a sharp temper, a loose tongue. Unless you are a master of yourself, unless you have self-control, you can not expect to lead people. Truth-Truth will make you free. Truth will break the chains of doubts ·and skepticisms. If you do not know the truth, you are like a person groping his way in th~ dark. I give you the Bible, the word of God, as a lamp unto your feet and a guide unto your path. Faith-Young Graduate, you must have· faith in yourself, faith in your fellowmen, faith in God's eternal goodness, faith in the final triumph of right over wrong, of life over death. I give you this necklace, a symbol, of the faith that spans the gap between inan's .belief in the visible and the· invisible, the faith that bridges the distance between you and God. Service-Young Graduate, your mission in life should not be only to take in but also to give out. Give 127 the best that you have, to the highest that you know, without counting the cost. Let Jesus Christ be vour supreme ideal of ser~ice, whose shameful dea,th on the cross was the substantiation of his words: "I came not to be ministered unto but. to minister.)' All the benefactors (together )-Young Graduate, we wish you success. Graduate-Thank you, every one. With the help of all of yqu, I shall not fail. (The Graduate looks at the road ahead of him. Martial music may be · play~d. As the Graduate begins to walk, the benefactors watching him, the curtain slowly falls.) HAYDN, THE ... (Continued from page 115) a composer of music spread far and wide. Numerous musicians sought him out. · He enjoyed very friendly relations with l\1 oz a rt (pronounced mo t-s art), who later became a great composer. When Haydn was nearly 60 years old, he went to England, where he wrote more symphonies. The English people received him very enthusiastically, and Oxford University gave (Please turn to page 128.) 128 HAYDN ... · (Continued from page 127) him the degree of Doctor of Music (Mus. D.). In London he was deeply impressed by hearing much of Ha~del's oratorio music (see the Music A ppreciation Section of the Februa"y, 1940, issue of The Young Citizen), so he finally wrote an oratorio which has become very famous. This oratorio is called The Creation and tells the Bible story of the creation of the world. The last ten years of Haydn's life were uneventful, and as his strength failed, he almost stopped writing music. He died in 1809. H a yd n h ad a very bright, sunny, lovable nature. He was simple-hearted, hard-working, religious, honorable, and manly. His music is as happy as was his life. It is pleasant to remember that children were always attracted by his gentle, cheerful nature, and that they liked to call him, as did grownups, too, their b el o v e d " Pap a Haydn." TEST QUESTIONS I. In what country was Joseph. Hayden born? When? 2. Can :fOU tell of Joseph's parents? 3. What early evidence THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE DUCK HOUSE (Continued from page 99) had been eaten. The ducks splashed here and there, every now and then uttering their funny language. Rosa and Anita waved their hands to the ducks as the two girls and Mr. Santos rowed away. Mr. Santos gave Rosa six eggs. She ran home and sat on the steps. She counted the eggs and murmured, "I will cook these eggs for Ma when she comes hoqie." did Joseph show of musical ability? 4. With what kind of people was the boy Joseph surrounded? 5. What did a relative offer to do? RAINDROPS (Continued from page 100) on our picnic another day." -Adopted. SOMETHING TO FIND OUT I. What causes the drops of water to leave the riv·er and go up above the earth? (Ask y.our teacher.) 2. In what form do the water drops go up above the earth? (Vapor) 3. What is vapor? (Ask your teacher.) 4. What is a raincloud? March, 194() THE BAROMETER (Continued from page 117) the barometer falls, the air pressure has been lessened, because a storm is approaching. Increasing pressure, which causes a rising barometer, is a sign of fair weather. The· height of the column of mercury in the barometer varies with the attitude. Thus when a barometer is carried to the top of a high tower or up a mountain, the mercury falls lower· and lower, because the air pressure decreases with the altitude. By comparing the reading at sea-level with readings at other levels, the altitude of any place can be readily calculated. · REVIEW I. Tell of tlie. German scientist's early experiment with a barometer. 2. ·what is a barometer? Describe it. 3. Why does the barometer indicate weather conditions? 4. How does th.e barometer measure altitudes? 5. Have you studied the diagram on page 117? 5. Why do the raindrops fall from the cloud? 6. Into what places do the raindrops fall? A Fishing Trip in Manila Bay By ZOSIMO PIZARRO ( 1 3 years old) DID you kno"( that Manila Bay abounds in various kinds of fish? I did not know this until recently, when I was invited by my brother to go on a fishing trip in Manila Bay with some fishermen. One Saturday night about midnight we started on our fishing trip in a sail. ing boat. We glided very rapidly over the waters of Manila Bay. I felt a little sea-sick, but soon forgot it while listening to the songs of the fishermen in the boat. When we arrived near the fish traps, the water was dark. This predicted a good catch of fish. Our net was lowered on the western side of the traps and then pulled to the eastern side. Then the net was raised. I was very much surprised at the large number of fish we had caught when the net was taken up. The (Please turn to page 130) THE YOUNG CITIZEN CL,.UH Making a Health Scrapbook By BENITO RAMIREZ ( 12 years old) THE pupils in my grade enjoyed making a scrapbook of pictures cut from magazines to illustrate things studied in health. We divided our scrapbook into sections--'-Food, Water, Fresh Air and Sunshine, S 1 e e p, Exercise, Cleanliness, Teeth, an d Habits of Safety. Then each pu pi! in the class found in magazines as many pictures as possible which referred to any of these sections. These pictures were cut out of the magazines, brought to school, and pasted in appropriate sections. We copied sentences from health books and wrote them under the pictures to illustrate them. A few pupils in our class made original rhymes which our teacher thought were good enough to write under some of the pictures. We talked about the pictures in class. Then we made a set of health rules 129 How I Help Mother At Home By FLORA PONCE ( 14 years old) Do you help your mother when you are at home? I help my mother every day when .I am not in school. When I arrive home from school in the afternoon, I see to it that all our things are in order. I mop the floor, after which I clean the dirty dishes and other kitchen utensils, and then put them in order in the cupboard. After this I help my mother cook our supper. I set the table shortly before suppertime. After doing the dishes that we have used, I study my lessons for · the following day. In the morning I wake up before anybody at home does. I cook our breakfast and set the table while (Please turn to page -130.) which we learned from our pictures and our f!ilks jn class. · We all enjoyed very much making our health scrapbook. 130 FISHING TRIP (Continued from page 129) fishermen were very happy over this. They said I had brought good luck to them, and they told me they would like to have me go with them a 1 ways. I thanked them and replied that I would be happy to go with them whenever I could do so. We hauled in many fish on that trip.· They were of different sizes-some were quite large-and most of them we kept. We caught such a large number of fish that we took many of them to the market in Manila, and had . a large number besides to take home. · That fishing trip in Manila B~y was very interesting to me. It was educational as well, for I learned the names of different kinds of fishes and learned to re"cognize them when I saw them. HOW I HELP MOTHER (Continued from page 129) tending the stove. After eating our breakfast, I wash the dishes, and then prepare for school. At noon I am not of very much help to my mother b~caui .. I also help my teacher in school after class hours. I can only set the table. After lunch l study my lessons. I clean the THE YOUNG CITIZEN dishes when I arrive home from school in the afternoon. We are ~ot a well-to-do family, and so on Saturdays I stay at home the whole day washing and starching our clotHes, while my mother goes to the Associated Charities for some help. On Sundays I wake up early to attend church services. U p o n arriving home from church I clean our house and put things in prder. Then I iron the 'flothes I have washed the day before, while my QlOther does the cookipg · and washing Of the dishes. In the afternoon when I finish my work early enough, I either go to my teacher's home for a visit or •ee my friends and play with them. I don't play very much, however, becauSe as we are poor, I have to work more than I have to·play. I play only in school. I am happy this way because I .am helping my dear widowed mother, a sick elder brother, and two young sisters and a brother. PANTRY (Continued from page II8) grated rind;.'and boil it for one-half hour. Pour into glasses or jars, and seal. Lemon marmalade is delicious if served with toast or pancakes. (To be continued) ,A-larch, 1940 WHY THE SALING ... (Continued from pagt 104} detour and flew around the volcano, but the saling started across the volcano above the smoke and flame. But alas! He had misjudged his distance and got so near the volcanic flame that the beautiful tuft of white feathers on his head caught fire and was burned. When he was past the volcano his lovely white crest was gone and his head was bare. At last ihe eagle spoke. "My friends," he said, "you have all made a good showing. The parrot and the sating have done especially well. Therefore I shall award the prize to both of them." Many bird-calls were heard in approval of the eagle's decision. The parrot and the saling, "in the presence of their feathered friends, stood before the eagle, mighty king of ~II the fowls. "To you two," -said the eagl.e, "I give the prize of this contest. From this time on, each of you will have the power to learn human speech." That is why, today, the parrot and the saling have learned to imitate the human voice and can be trained to talk. (Please turn to page 132.) March, 1940 THE YOUNG CITIZEN -131 t CHATS with the EDITOR 1 EVERYBODY likes to receive complimentary I et t er s. The Edi tor I ikes to get them, too-when they are letters from our readers telling how they like The Young Citizen. If you finc:l something in The Young Citizen which you like especially well, or if you like the m~gazine as a ~hole, or if you have a suggestion for improvement, why not write the Editor about it? Of course, suggestions cannot always be put into effect, because there may be reasons which only· the Editor knows as to why they cannot be used. But anyway, we appreciate osuggestions, or letters telling how you like The Young Citizen. And we do get commendatory-ye~, very c~m mendatory-letters from time to time. Here is one which came to me just a few days ago; I shall quote it in part. The correspondent wrote as follows: "Cdngratulations for the splendid growth and progress that The Young Citizen has made . . . It is the most interesting magazine published for the young citizens of the Philippines, and is just as good as Child Life, one of America's foremost magazines for children. I hope that I shall be able to contribute more articles that will be worthy of the high standnrd of your interesting magazine." The Editor thanks you, Mr. Campoy, for your letter of appreciation. Here's another letterit's a long one. This correspondent wrote: "The Christmas number of The Young Citizen i S· just splendid. I like the picture on th"e cover. It is typical of the Philippines and of a 'young citizen' of the Philippines. ''And such interesting, and up-lifting, and Christmas-like poems, stories, and articles. Your two pages of materi,al for third grade pupils are especially good. The Christmas poems on page 434 are exceedingly apropos, for boys and girls. We received our copies of The Young Citizen too late to use them this' year, but we are saving our copies on purpose to memorize those poems in December, 1940. "The story by Mrs. Cruz-'It Is More Blessed to Give than to Receive'is exactly the right kind of a Christmas story for our young citizens to read. So are all the other Christmas stories. I like very· much the beautiful Christmas song on page 444. We will use that next Christmas also. · "I found The History of Christmas Day quite interesting . . . Just one thing more: -yoµ r magazine, The Young Citizen, has become very outstanding, especially during the year 1939, and I cannot begin to pupils-and our teachers, as well-enjoy this delightful children's magazine.' Well, Mr. Reyes, that is indeed, a complimentary letter, and the Editor ap• preciates your words of praise. Thank you very much. . We would like to quote from_ other letters, but space does not permit. We· thank the writers for their kind letters, and will be glad to hear from others. But to change the subject: Just a few more days and the school vacation will be here. Needless to say, the Editor and the Publishers of The Young Citizen wish each and all of you a very pleasai:t and 'profitable vacation. -The Editor. 13~ SUGGESTIONS ON ... (Continued from page 123) cause they live near each other in harmony-they do not clash with each other. Blue, blue-violet, and violet and many other combinations are "neighbor" colors. (2) By "brother" colors we mean those colors which have the same name but are of different shades, as light red, bright red, and very bright red. They are just like brothers-big brother, little brother, and smallest brother. Have you THE YOUNG CITIZEN seen a light-red hibiscus (g~mamela), a pink one, and a bright-red one? They are examples of "brother" colors. (3) Colors which stay on opposite sides of the color, like your friend who lives on the opposite side of the river, are "friend'~· colors. Yellow and blueviolet, for example, are opposite or "friend" colors. (4) A color may be grouped with the "cousins" of its "friend" color or opposite color. Blue is· the friend of orange, while March, 1940 WHY THE SALING ... (Continued from page 130) But in winning the contest the sating unluckily had lost his white crest of feathers. And so fro"1 that time his head has been bare. blue-green and. blue-violet are the "cousjns" of blue. Therefore, orange may be grouped with blue-green and blue-violet. 0th er groups of this combination are (a) yellow-green, blueviolet, and red-violet; (b)' blue-green, orange, and redviolet; et cetera. ~] "Protect the Feet and You Protect All" Give your children the best protection, by outfitting them with correctly mad; ESCO shoes! ESCO Is Durable, Sturdy, Comfortable, and Economical . . . Buy A Pair or Two, Today at t'Qe1 ESCO SHOE EMPORIµM 615 Escolta 333 Legarda Announcement to All Our Young Readers: Did you ever do something interesting and worth while? Have you had any experiPnce in doitig any of the following: (1) Collecting Philippine Shells, (2) Hunting Turtles, (3). Exploring a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (5) Making an Aquarium, (6\ Collecting Postage Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the PhiliPP:ines, (8) Making a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers, (10) Making Candies, (11) Building .i. Sail Boat, (12) Hunting for Wild Animals, (13) Baking Bread or Cakes, (1') Making Articles of Clothing, (16) Ma.king Articles of Furniture, (16) Visiting the Aquarium in Manila, (17) Collecting Moths and Butterflies, (18) Collecting Interesting Bota1hcal Specimens, (19) Raising Orehids, (20) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the Philippines, or doing many other interesting things. WRITE ABOUT IT IN A SHORT COMPOSITION. Send your composition to The Young Citizen. Each month the Editor of Tiu You11g Citizen, will publish as man~· of the best compositions as space will permit. If your comp6sition is accepted for publication, you will become a member of The What-Are-You-Doing? Club. The rules for securing membership are simple. OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES: 1. Write about something interesting which you have done, such as th• above titles suggest. Do not write a story which is not true. If your story is accepted, you are a member of the Club. 2. On your composition write your name and address VERY PLAINLY. 3. State your age. 4. Tell what you liked best in recent is~ues of The Young Ci:tizen. Address all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of Community Publishers, Inc. Publishers of The Young Citizen P. 0. Box 685. Manila, Philippines ~~WJtf\\\Hmt·l'.t m~q m:•m' ~ :•t ta rmmwmtmm+mm t!tJ For service and satisfaction) write with!, ti,) ~.n ... ,.·,1 ~~{~ INKOGRAPH PENCIL-POINTED FOUNTAIN PEN rf°{~ The most practical fountain pen you can buyiT/1 Versatile-it writes well on any kind of paper-rough, smooth, thin, thick, \1~1 wrapping, or blotting paper. ~(t~ It can easily make four carbon copies. )i.,l It fits any hand----stands rough handling--draws lines, without smearing the ruler ~:q with ink. ~\() Prices: from 1"3.00 to 1"4.50 (Add 25 centavos for postage) !)~·~ r lnkograph fountain pens are the product of well-known ~-:~1 American manufacturers l:{jj INKOGRAPH COMPANY, INC., New York, U.S. A. Sold exclusively by . I . COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. ii Crystal Arcade Escolta, Manila l ~ I'··. :1 . . Q.;·~ ;ii, The Uses of :m THE YOUNG CITIZEN 1 \Y Approved in Acad. Bull. No. 11, series 1935 ~ llli The Director of Education, in his letters of Nov. ~. 1937 and Jan. 14, 1939, ~~ indicated the following points: [j~· I. The YOUNG CITIZEN 1s ideal for audience reading, group projects, and ~ ;I the like ' I.', ~ 2. The YOUNG CITIZEN can be of much help m encouraging reading habits ~ r~~ on a voluntary basis. i.t\1 ![;-(~ 3 Authority 1s given for the placing of one or more subscriptwns for every l {/~ classroom (including barno schools) of Grade II and above. I } (1~~ 4. In addition to subscnpt1ons for classroomS, several subscriptions may be placed ~1 for the library, and one for the Home Economics Bmldmg and one for the shop ~ bmldmg. [Vf1 5. The YOUNG CITIZEN being the only magazine ever published in the W 1 )1 Philippines for children, the Bureau of Education has taken much interest in its develft~ opment. r (-)~ 6. Subscriptions to magazine intended for pupils should be on full year basis. ~iti Tlus magazine 1s published 12 times a year I ~1l COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. ·~.'.1 MANILA " l .11;;.~-~~~im1@t •;-np1~@a_1m:tnff~