The Young Citizen : the magazine for young people

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Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: The Young Citizen : the magazine for young people
Issue Date: Volume VII (Issue No. 3) March 1941
Year: 1941
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: Announcement to All Writers: We Will Pay You for writing articles of merit for publication in THE YOUNG CITIZEN. We waot interesting children's stories from 200 to SOO words in length; also games, reading devices, article1 of historical interest, elementary science 11:nd health articles, puzzl~s, jokes, and playlets. We also l'lrish to buy several good serial stories. Interesting stories Jen than 200 words in length are desired for Little People. You can add to your income by writing for U8, Primary Teachers: We especially desire various kinds of interesting material suitable for First. Second. and Third Grade Pupils. We will pay teachers and others for material which we can use. Each article should be written in clear, easy, correct English, on one side of the paper, t}•pewritten if possible, or written by hand neatly and legibly. The article should be submitted with a self-addressed stamped envelope, otherwise the publishers will not return it to the writer in case it cannot be used. Address all communicationg to: I : The Managing Editor I The Young Citizen Care of Community Publishers, Inc. -I -I I ~~!~!'\ll1!~~~~l~illlllifli!li~P~.01/j:\l!l.Bifli!liox~68~5~.~M~a~n~i~la~,~P~h~il~ip~p~in~e~s~l'/llll~ii:l'lfl~~~~~~ • For First Grade;rs Can You Read and Draw These? And These, Too? . • For Second Graders 9 4 Choosing Relation "'orrls-Miniato B. Curvas . \Vhich Is the Proper \Vord ?-Caridad Pacheco • For Third Graders Reading and Doing-Grrvari'1 Guarin ........ . Little Stories to be Completed-Gervaci(l Guari11 • Stories Conchita Finds a Plavmate-Panrita Flores The Lo~t Twins . - 8+ 85 86 87 " 89 \\'here There's a Will, There's a Way-Pacifico M. Odulio .. 91 92 93 95 Attacke-d by Lions . . . ..... . V ~3o;~i~~ar~i:;;_~4u~;~;:vf:r;~:1~arlos • Poems There's Room at the Top-Lilla T. Efdtr • Character and Citizenship \Vhen Schools Are. Clo~ed-Dr. I. Panlasigui Re~prct Our Flag-J111111a Saez Pablo . A Student'~ P~alm-Elias de Jesus Umali • Elementary Sci~nce Mother Lion and her Babies . The Dragons of Modern Times . • Health and Safety Brush Your Tee1h • History An Early Civilization • Music Appreciation Verdi-Bert Paul Osbon Marching Song-L. Ormiston Cltant • Work and Play " 99 83 82 . ... 109 109 90 103 108 105 100 102 Toast .. ··························· 111 The Little Black Tangrams . Making Blot-Pictur~s Picture Frames for the School or Home Our East African Study Club-Moises Flores . A Hiking Club for Vacation-Manuel Alabastro . · Turning Pleasure into Profit-Da'Vid Jlillareal . The Funny Page Chats with the Editor . 112 .................. 113 ..................... 113 110 llO llO ... 118 120 by the Community Publi!hers. Ille., !22 Crystal Arcade, E!colta. Manila a.s Second Clu! Mail Matte!' at tile Manila Post Office on May 16. 1936, ~-l I~~=~~~o:~d 8Q..~::e;;,~; c;!:~ag::ft :;i~r:: P::;; t'a0 :,!MI ~';:i~e~a0~~:~~~ rcia Roecuea. Suo!crivtion Price: P3.00 for one yea.:r- of 12 Issues: $2.00 in the United States and foreip coantriea. Single copy. 30 centa'<'os .51.1i>scriptions are to be paid to Comm11nitii Pvlo!it1hers. Ine. n.11; MAGAZIN~ ~OR YOUNG PI;OPL~ l THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE MESSAGE THIS MONTH WHEN SCHOOLS ARE CLOSED March is the end of our school-year. March closes the schools. MARCH, 194-1 School children have their vacation and rest from school activities-no more books, homework, compositions, nor recitations. Schools are closed and classrooms are also closed. And what shall we do during vacation time? People in Manila want to go outside of the city for their vacation. People in the provinces want to come to Manila or elsewhere; Some of them close their homes during the summer vacation. They close the windows arid lock the doors so that nobody may go into the house during their absence. Pieces of furniture are covered with canvas-the piano, the·tables, and the chairs. For two or more months the house is tightly closed. No one is allowed to go into it. When vacation is over the people return home. They open the doors. They open the windows. And what do they see? Dust eve'rywhere--0n the floor, on the covered furniture, on the window sills. Cobwebs on the ceiling, cobwebs under the chairs, cobwebs under the tables, cobwebs everywhere. Dead insects, cockroaches and perhaps rats. The rooms smell damp, dusty, and musty. The whole house needs a general cleaning! Shall we close our mind-the house of our learning as it were--during the vacation time? Shall we stop 1 studying or learning new things because schoolhouses and classrooms are closed during the vacation? Of course not. If we did, something would happen to our minds. Dust, cobwebs, dead insects, cockroaches, and rats, would be found in our minds. , We should continue to learn many things, not in classrooms but in the new places where we spend our vacation. Make new friends, look for new plants, flowers. birds. Closed schools should not mean closed minds. ~DR. l. PANLASIGUI MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN A POEM FOR THIS MONTH THERE'S ROOM AT THE TOP By LILLA.T. ELDER THE HILL of success may be steep, boys, And hard work it may be to climb, But the way grows smooth toward the top, boys, And it's.only one step at a tim'.e. Be sure you are honestly shod, boys; .t-rake the staff of Self-Help ~ in your hand; J Watch out for the rough, J rocky road, boys, ~ And trust not to gravel or , sand. l Respect well the right of the road, boys; . Let others more swift pass you by; And fail not to hold out a hand, boys, To all those who stumble and sigh. There's plenty of room at the top, boys, Though crowded the pathway and long; And no one need fail in the end, boys, If he's honest, and patient, and strong. THE YOUNG CITIZEN lHARCH, 19.p FOR FIRST GRADERS CAN YOU READ AND DRAW THESE? See my ice-cream cone. I have two lo I lypops It is strn.wbe"P'Py. One is "Ped. I have two bolloons. lhis is MY bil'd. >They a-Pe very funn . He is a et. · MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 85 FOR FIRST GRADERS AND THESE. TOO? "' ;....-: Now we have foul" babies. Ou:r ·babies &Ye big now. he1.1 aTe veY"y Httle They have left the -nest. 86 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 FOR SECOND GRADERS CHOOSING RELATION WORDS By MINIATO B. CUEVAS • Draw a line under the little word which tells where it is. on the water in the water over the water beside the tree over the tree under the tree away from the basket under the basket in the basket on the tree in the tree under the tree behind the tree before the tree away from the tree on the book near the book in the book in front of the pig after the pig from the pig below the house on the house above the house • Pr!ncipal, Rigcaoayan Elementary School, Pi gcaoayan, Cotabato. MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR SECOND GRADERS WHICH IS THE PROPER WORD? By CARIDAD PACHECO• Draw a line from the picture to the proper word. + ....... big little old far new near more plus less crooked long short *Teacher, Cojuangco School, Paniqui, Tarlac. triangle circle rectangle tall ·short round big straight crooked round square long /; 0 .D 88 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MAllCH, 1941 FOR THIRD GRADERS READING AND DOING By GERVACIA GUARIN• This butterfly is pretty. It flies in the garden. It likes the flowers.• It sips nectar from them. Nectar is sweet. Color the butterfly's body yellow. Color its wings brown and red. Josefa is a little dog. She is Maria's pet. Maria plays with her dog. She loves Josefa. Josefa loves her, too. Color the dog brown and black. Color the grass green. Draw a green tree. I like this beautiful flower. It is an azucena. It smells sweet at night. It grows in the garden. Everybody likes it. Color the leaves green. Whiten the petals with chalk. Color the stamens orange. Where are the stamens? •Teacher, Arayat Central School, Arayat, Pampanga. MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 89 FOR THIJm GRADERS LITTLE STORIES TO BE COMPLETED * By GERVACIA GUARIN This is Miss Santos. She wanted to write on the blackboard. So she began to erase it. Luis saw her and said, "· .. · · ... · · · ... ··············· ······················'' Then he ···························· Miss Santos said, "· · · ·· · · ·· · ··· ··· I am Roberto. One day I arrived at our school early. I went inside our room. I saw many pieces of paper on the floor. Then Juan and Ana are brother and sister. Mother bought them a new book. They sat under a tree with their book. They opened their book and looked at it. They saw··························· *Read each story silently. Then complete-i:he story. 90 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 MOTHER LION AND HER BABIES A MOTHER LION is called a lioness. day sleeping. Sometimes they Her babies are called cubs. So this sleep in their dens. is a picture of a lioness and her · A lion can kiU an animal with cubs. one blow of his paw. Do you know that the lion and Father Lion has a big mane the cat are cousins? They both growing on his neck. He is larger belong to the cat family. The lion than Mother Lion. is the biggest animal in the cat Father Lion and Mother Lion family. wiU both fight for their babies if Look at the picture of Mother they are in danger. · Lion and her babies. Does she Lion cubs are sometimes caught look like a big cat? The little cubs and tamed. look quite playful and gentle, but Would you like to have a baby even little lion cubs can be danger- lion for a pet? ous. Have you ever seen a lion? Of The lions' home is in the jungle course you have not seen a wild in Africa. They like to live near lion in Africa, but you. may have the edge of the jungle, for they can · seen a lion in a circus or in a zoo. find more food in the open country. Some day the baby lions which Lions hunt and eat their food you see in the picture will be large, at night. They spend most of the roaring lions. ::\1ARCH, 1941 THE .YOUNG CITIZEN 91 LITTLE STORIES FOR LITTLE PEOPLE CONCHITA FINDS A PLAYMATE ADAPTED BY PANCITA FLORES ONCE there was a little girl. Her name was Conchita. Conchita had .a father. She had a mother. She had toys. She had dolls. But she had no little girl to play with her. One day Conchita said, "I like my toys. I like my dolls. But I want a little girl to play with me. I shall look for a little girl." She took a doll and went down the street. She saw some little boys playing. "Hello!" said Conchita. "I a m looking for a little girl to play with me. She saw some big girls playing tag. "Hello!" said Conchita. "I am looking for a little girl to .play with me. Is there a little girl here?" "No," said the. big girls, "There is no little girl here. But you may play tag with us." Conchita began to play tag. But she could not catch the big girls. "I think I will look for a little girl;" said Conchita. She said0"Thank you" and "Goodby." Then she went down the street. Soon she saw a little girl. The little girl had toys. She had dolls. But she was playing all alone. Is there a little girl here?" Both littlt girls were happy. "Hello!" said Conchita. "No," said one of the little boys. "There is no little girl here. But you may play railroad engine with me.11 Conchita climbed up on the railroad engine. She wasn't sure she liked it. She fell off and bumped her nose. "I think I will look for a little girl," said Conchita. She said,- "Thank you" and "Goodby." Then she went down the street. "Hello!" said the little gir I. "Why are you playing alone?" asked Conchita. "I have no one to play with .me," said the little girl. "I want a little girl to play with me." "I will play with you," said Conchita. So they played with their dolls and were very happy. 92 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 QUESTIONS I. What is the name of the little girl in the .story on page 91? 2. What did Conchita have? 3. What did she not have? 4. How do you think she felt? 5. Do you like to play alone? 6. What did Conchita start out to find? 7. Tell whom she saw first. 8. What makes you think that the boys were kind children? 9. What were they playing? 10. What happened to. Conchita when she played with them? 11. Was Conchita a polite or a rude child? How do you know? 12. After Conchita left the little boys, whom did she see and what were they playing? 13. Were these big girls kind or rude children? How do you know? 14. Did Conchita enjoy playing with the big girls? Why not? 15. After a while whom did she see? 16. What was the little girl doing? 17. What did Conchita say to her? 18. What did the little girl say she wanted? 19. So the two lonely little girls found each other. What did they do af.ter that? 20. Were they happy? 21. Did you like this story? Why? 24. Can you fini1h this story by telling what the two little girls did until it was time for Conchita to go home? 23. Do you think she invited the little girl to visit her next day? 24. What do you think was _the name of Conchita's playmate? 25. Do you think Conchita and the little girl became good friends? Why? THE LOST TWINS One day Mother called, "Come, Maria. Come, Jose/' But Maria did not come. Jose did not come. Mother looked and looked for them. Big Girl Next Door came. She looked and looked for them. Felipe came. He looked for them up the street. Luisa came. She looked for them down the street. They all called, "Maria! Maria! Jose! Jose!" But Maria and Jose" did not come. "What shall we do?" said Mother. · "The twins are lost." Then Mother saw Andoy, the puppy dog. Andoy was in the auto. He sat on the front seat. Mother went to. Andoy. There was Maria. There was Jose. They were fast asleep. IN THE AUTOMOBILE! QUESTIONS I. Who were Maria and Jose? 2. What happened one .day when Mother looked for them? 3. Who came over to help Mother? 4. Tell the names of other helpers who came. 5. Where did they look for th~ twins? 6. Whom did Mother see? 7. Did Andoy know where Maria and Jose were?. · 8. Where were they? 9. What were they ~oing? MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 93 READING TIME FOR YOUNG FOLKS WHERE THERE'S A WILL. THERE'S A WAY By PACIFICO M. ODULIO • Success 1 ·ad crow11°ed his efforts. JUANITO CAPALAD was one of the graduates of the elementary school who was afraid he could not continue· going to school after his graduation. "An education in the elementary school is good as far as it goes, but it's not enough," said J uanito to his parents. J uanito was a very bright pupil, a~d during his school days in the elementary grades had been a top-notcher. His parents were poor. His father was a tenant on one of the big estates of that part of the country. His father did not see how he could possibly send his boy off to school. He felt he .could do nothing more than utilize the boy's help in his farm work. So J uanito staid on the farm during his vacation and helped his parents. In *Teacher of Character Education, San Antonio Elementary School, San Antonio, N ueva Ecija. May he heard that his other classmates were getting ready to study in the ·high school or the trade school of their province. How Juanita wished he could do so, too! "Father," said Juanita one night before going to bed, "may I go to Manila and try my luck? I might be fortunate in Manila and get a job as a houseboy for some wealthy man who would send me to school if I would work hard to earn what he might give me." "How can I consent to let you go and try your luck in such a big city as Manila with the small earnings of a houseboy?" replied his father. "Why not stay with me here and help me .in my work in the rice field?" "Oh, Father," said Juanita, "won't you give me permission to go to Manila and see what I -can do? I want very much to have a better education, and I wish to go and try to help myself. Do let me go, Father." With much hesitation and many misgivings Juanita's father finally consented. So about the middle of May Juanita left his home and went to Manila, as the story books say, "to seek his fortune." On the very day of his arrival in Manila he started out to look for a job. He went down one of the business streets. He saw a boy with a shoe-shiner's box. He called to the boy. "Where can I get one like it," Juanita said. "I'll sell you this one for twenty-five centavos. You can get black, white, and yellow paste across the street if you want to go into business." J uanito bought the shoe-shiner's box 94 THE YOUN(> CITIZEN and the necessary paste. Polishing cloths and brushes had been given with the box, so now J uanito was ready for work. Just then a man saw· him with his shoeshining outfit. "Here, boy, shine my shoes quick and I'll give you fifty centavos if you'll do a good job." "What luck!" thought J uanito. So he polished the rnan's shoes until they shone like a mirror. Sure enough the man gave him fifty centavos. "He is certainly generous," thought Juanita. · The boy continued walking down the street and secured two more customers, each of whom paid him ten centavos. Presently he came to a large, attractive looking building. Over the door was a sign: Saint Catherine's Hall for Young Women. J uanito entered the gate and rang the porter's bell. The matron answered the ring .. Noticing the neat appearance and smiling countenance of J uanito, she said, "What can I do for you, my boy?" "Will you please give me a job working in this dormitory as a houseboy?" "How did you know that I am in need of a houseboy at this very moment? It is lucky that you came just now. You look like a good boy, so I'll give you a chance." Juanita got the job. He was industrious and did his work well. Each afternoon he had several hours for himself, and then he went out on the street to shine shoes. He earned from twenty to fifty centavos almost every a!ternoon. The time for the opening of classes in the high schools and colleges was fast approaching. Young college women were ·coming to the dormitory to live. As soon as a taxi or a calesa loaded with b~ggage stopped in front of the dormitory, J uanito rushed to meet the coming student. Each student always gave him ten or twenty centavos for his help. With an eye to business, J uanito made a contract with a number of different students to polish their shoes. Every day he added to his small but rapidly increas-· ing hoard of "school money." The school year came and went. By the following June J uanito had earned .and saved enough money to start to high school. He arranged to c.ontinue his work as a houseboy at St Catherine's Hall and attend high school at the same time. It was a proud day for J uanito when, four years later, he graduated from high school. He was given a better job at the dormitory-the position as head boy, or as the Chinese would say, Number One Boy. He enrolled in a school of technology and in the course of time graduated from that institution. He soon passed a civil service examination and it was not very long until he had a good position. Before taking over his new duties, he went to his home for a few days. Every one knew the story of Juanita's success, and everybody in the barrio respected and admired the boy, for success had crowned his efforts. "How did you do it, Nita?" asked one of his former classmates. "High school, technical school, and now a good job under the civil service." "I just did it-same as anybody could clD. Yau know the old. saying, Where there is a will, there's a way.'' Young reader, do you believe in that old proverb? A good many boys have (Please turn to page 116.) MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 95 AMONG THE WILD ANIMALS OF EAST AFRICA True Experiences Related by a Young Traf)e/er III. ATTACKED BY LIONS STORIES have been told many times of lions attacking natives of East Africa and their cattle herds, but stories of lions attacking an automobile are not so common. I am going to tell you such a story. A iion is usually afraid of an auto which passes by him so quickly that he cannot follow it. A friend and I once maM a trip from Nairobi in' Kenya, East Africa, to Tanganyika. While enroute, we staid a while at Moshi. Moshi is situated on the foothills of the highest A{rican mountain, Kilimanjar9. (See the map on page 96.) "Mystic mountain" is the correct translation The road was not good. There were holes in the sand, and when our auto struck one of these, it made the car jump and bump and send up clouds of white dust into the air. We were soon covered with this dust, which came into the car from all sides. Fortunately the engine in our Ford worked perfectly. We were. glad of that, for had something gone wrong with our engine, it would have been impossible to secure help within · on~ hundred miles. Ostriches were the only birds. we saw on that dry "desert." They were so shy that I\ they ran away as J fast as their long legs would carry th em whenever they saw our auto. of the native African name Kilimanjaro. This mountain is more than 19 ,000 feet high, and ·the top is always covered with snow. The natives of East Africa are not familiar with ice Tlie Lfon, King of the Jungle Once we approached an ostrich that had not heard us. He was busy picking at and snow, and so they call the mountain Kilimanjaro (Mystic Mountain). My friend and I had chosen the nearest way back to Nairobi over the "desert" to Longido at Tanganyika in the Kenya border. Thar drive over the "desert" was one of the hottest I have ever experienced. The white dust-like sand lay for miles before us, and was interrupted only occasionally by a few thorn thickets. The ~ind was blowing and clouds of white dust were rolling before us. some dry grass. His long, bare n-eck and head were stretched forward, and his short, queer wings waved a little at his sides. 'When he suddenly became aware that we were near him, he put his head into the sand. After we had passed him, we looked back, and he still had his head down and .;overed. That is the typical behavior of the ostrich when he feels himself in danger. ·He has been caught many times in just that position. Longido is situated at the edge of the THE YOUNG CITIZEN· MARCH, 1941 On this map of Kenya and Tan9anyika in East Afric.a locate Nairobi, Moshi, and Kilimanjaro. • "desert" in a mountainous country which leads over into Kenya. Ravines, overgrown by bushes, extend from the Longido hills. This place is covered with: thorn thickets and high grass. It. is an ideal country for lions, leopards, antelopes, and elephants. In the Longido hills there was. bitter fighting between the B,ritish and the German soldiers during the first World War, but when we were there, more than twenty years later, no rifle shots or machine guns were heard. The country belonged again to its ancient inhabitants, the wild animals of East Africa. A river camp, called Mananga river camp, had been built in this wild place by an old Danish man who liked this country in which he had lived for many years. We arrived at camp at about five o'clock in the afternoon and stopped there for the night. Petersen, the old Dane, suggested that my friend and I .should go with his native guide and take a look at the grounds where the elephants were grazing. Our guide, who had only a spear and a shield with him, ·led us through a narrow jungle path. Twice he stopped and climbed a tree to locate the elephants. Finally he made a sign that we. should be very quiet, because some of the great elephants were just before us. We came to a clear space, and saw in front of us a herd of about twenty elephants. They were pulling great bunches of the broad green elephant grass vith their trunks and stuffing it into their mouths. This grazing was a picture of peace, and is seldom seen in the African jungles. The elephants have no enemies in the animal world; they fear only men who fight them with their firearms. We had a wonderful view of those grazing elephants, but could not stay long, as darkness was coming quickly and we had to be back at the river camp before the wild animals would come out of ihe jungle and pass our way. It took us a long time to go to sleep that night, because the sounds of the jungle, which were distinctly heard at the house, kept us awake. The coughi.ng of the leopard, the growling and roaring of the lion, and the snarling of the hyena continued throughout the whole night. Early the next morning we left Mananga river camp. We had bee,n told that the best time to see wild animals, especially lions, was in the morning hours. Later in the day trucks would !,'ass through this country, and they would drive the animals away by the blowing of their horns and the noise of their engines. We were now in the lion country, and might see some lions any time. More stories h.ave been written about 'the lion than about any other animal in the world. There is something fascinating about these great yellow cats, but they are not treacherous or looking for trouble as man'y people believe. The MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 97 king of the jungle will keep away from trouble if he can, but if he feels himself endangered, bravery and dignity will awake in him, and he will fight openly. He does not allow anybody to hurt him or his family, and will attack when he cannot find another way out. The lion is not bloodthirsty like the leopard, although most people live und<!r the impression that a lion will kill for the sake of killing. People have been killed by lions, but usually because they had first challenged the great simba, as the lion, is called in the native African language of Kenya. If a man shoots at a lion and hurts him, the animal will use all his power to kill the man. had to go· through the water. Driving an auto in this country was difficult and tiring. We estimated that we had passed nearly thirty-five of these ravines. When we came to the edge of a deep one, we saw three giraffes drinking. I made a ·quick stop in order to watch them. It was a strange sight to see these ungainly giraffes drink. They had their long fore legs stretched wide apart; otherwise they would not have .been able to reach down to the water with their Man-eating lions are very seldom found, and· if some be- A Fight at Close Quarters long necks. These giraffes which we saw .were in such a helpless position that it would have been easy for a lion to attack them just at that moment. When the animal is in. this position, he is frequently attacked by a lion; therefore these longcome maneaters, they are despised by their lion families. The natives of the African interior frequently hunt lions on ffJot armed wit/1 only spears. Lions have attacked native women when the women were working alone in the .field or when they were on their way through the lonely country, but these lions are usually old animals which could not kill bucks or zebras because the latter could run faster than the old lions. The road over wh~ch my friend and I were driving was crossed many t.ime.s by small ravines through which rapid streams flowed. No bridges had been built over these streams, and our auto necked animals drink very seldom during the lion's hunting hours. We watched the three giraffes in front of us for a short while. They had not noticed us. When I finally sounded my horn, they raised their heads from the water and looked at us by turning their long necks, but it took them at least half a minute to get ready to move. That would be a fatal haif minl!te in case of an attack by lions. We· watched them canter away. Then we continued on our (Please turn to page I 14.) 98 .~THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 \ ~ I ~ ,) { ' MORO MARRIAGE CUSTOMS By RICARDO CARLOS• THE FILIPINOS who live in the northern provinces are unfamiliar with Moro marriage customs. To the Moros these seem, no doubt, quite commonplace, but to Filipinos who are not accustomed to them, they would seem strange, and· for that reason quite interesting. I will mention some of the Moro marriage customs which I have seen for the benefit of those readers of THE YOUNG C!TIZEN who live far away from the Moro provinces. In the province of Cotabato I have observed that a Moro father who desires that his son be married goes about in search of a likely girl. There is no such thing as courtship. Sometimes the son may suggest to ·the father who the girl might be. When the father' has decided upon a certain girl, he goes to the girl's parents to discuss the matter of matrimony. The girl's father may decide immediately, or he may ask for time to think the matter over. If the parents accept the young man, the next thing to be discussed is the dowry -that is, the money to be paid to the girl's parents in consideration of the marriage. The amount of the dowry will depend very much upon the girl's social standing, her physical charms, and-her ability to cook. When the amount of the dowry is decided, the date of the wedding will be the next matter to be settled. The dowry must be paid before the date of the wedding. The. payment is usually in the form of money, and sometimes in • Dulawan Elementary School, D":llawan, Cotabato. the form of cattle, land, Moro musical instruments, and palay. On the wedding day the parents of the groom and several frien.ds go to the house of the bride. They ask the parents whether they have changed their mind and whether or not they are prepared. If the bride's parents say· everything is all right, the groom's parents return to their home to get the groom. Meanwhile the bride, surrounded by several girl companions, has staid in a room for several days. During that time · she ha·s not seen or talked to any man. When the groom goes to the girl's home, he is accompanied by many friends who carry food and refreshments for the wedding guests. The marriage is solemnized by a pandita, imam, or kagui, or several of them. The one celebrating the marriage stands at a little distance between the bride and the groom. He has his right hand extended as is theirs, holding each other. As he reads the Koran concerning their respective ·duties, he continues to hold their clasped hands. When he has finished reading, he tells the bride to kneel; then he commands the groom to touch her head and breast_ Once this is done, -the bride has b.ecome his willing wife, his slave, and his personal property. Moro marriages may be expensive aftairs. The groom generally spends no less than a hundred pesos, and in exceptional cases more than rwo thousand pesos. The dowry goes \o the parents and not to the girl. The pandita, ·hadji, or imam who solemnizes the marriage (Pleas~ turn to page 116.) MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 99 VACATION PLANS By AMPARO L. KILATES • "THIS is the last day of school," Mrs. Torres was saying to her class of grade four pupils. "Tomorrow will be the first day of vacation. What are your plans for vacation?" she asked. Quickly almost every one's hand went up. "I am glad to see you have all made plans," said Mr's. Torres. "We will begin with Nita. What are your plans, Nita?" she said to the ten-year old girl nearest her. in the front. "Oh, I have delightful plans," said Nita. "Mother has 'given me permission to go to Baguio with my Aunt Carmen." "That is splendid," said the teacher. "It is very good iliiiiimlPiii:=> went. Some were going to visit relatives in other provinces, some were going to spend their vacation time in Manila or Baguio, and one girl was going to Hong Kong with her uncle. Everybody seemed to have a very definite plan in mind, and everybody seemed to· be going to do something in order to have a good time. Finally every one in the class had told his or her vacation plans-at least Mrs. Torres thought everyone had told of them. "T h e r e's Lino," some .one said. "He has not told of his plans." "That is.true. I quite overlooked him. what are you going to. do? for all of you who can do so to visit beautiful and interesting parts of your country "1" is it inttresting parts of your country during vacation," the teacher said. Poor Li no blushed. Finally he stammered, "I have no plans. I cannot go away. I am going to stay here and he 1 p support during vacation. And you, Jose, what are your plans?" Jose stood up promptly and said, "I am going to visit Mount Mayon and Consocep Falls." "Fine, Jose," commented their teacher. "What are you going to do, Pedro?" "Grandfather is going to let me go on a hunting trip with him." And so on around the class the teacher •Teacher, Cabusao, Camarines Sur. my mother and little cheese." sister by selling "Then you do have a plan, and a very good one," said Mrs. Torres. "Everyone else is going away on a pleasure trip. And I am glad they can go. But they will spend money. You are going to stay here and earn money. You have an excellent vacation plan. Instead of thinking of yourself, you think of others. It is a noble vacation plan." 100 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MAltCH, 1941 MUSIC APPRECIATION SECTION GREAT COMPOSERS OF MUSIC SECOND SERIES By BERT PAUL OSBON• III. VERDI PERHAPS the only violent act of Giuseppe Verdi's serene life was to smash the old spinet (forerunner o f the piano) which his father had bought for him and on which Verdi~ lfriter of Operas the vi 11 age priest was teach-· ing him to play, when it failed to reproduce the chord he w.anted. That was when he was a very small boy in Italy, where he was born October 13, 1813. He was an acolyte in the village church when the smashing of the spinet took plaae. A few years later this boy was playing flute and clarinet in the cathedral, and at the age of eleven he became organist. He received never more than one peso monthly for these services, which he performed carefully, although he had daily to walk three miles each way to do this service. Oftentimes while young Verdi {pronounced vair-dee) was playing the organ, he improvised melodies, and it soon became apparent to everyone that the boy had musical talent.. When he was seventeen he set out for Milan, a large city in Italy, in order to enter the Conservatory, which is another •Formerly of the Department of Music Educa· tion, School of Education, New York University, New York City, U. S. A. name for a large music school. To his great disappointment, he was refused· admission to the Conservatory, because the director thought he had no musical talent. Verdi found other teachers, however, and studied diligently for two years. Then he returned to his home town to become the village organist, and to marry the daughter of his former employer. A few years later he decided to write operas·, and removed wiih his wife and children to the city of Milan. But his first operas were failures. To add to his misfortune, his wife and two children .suddenly died. This very sad event, together with the failure of his operas, utterly discouraged him. It was several very unhappy years before his close friends could persuade him to try writing . an opera again. Finally he was persuaded to try again, and he wrote several which were very successful. These works established his Italian reputation, and from time to time he wrote others-ten in all. · In 1850 he married the woman who was the leading singer in his operas. This marriage was a very happy one. Up to this time his operas were all written in the prevalent Italian style. He wrote such famous operas as Ernani, Rigoletto, La Traviata, Il'Trovatore and others. When he was nearly 60 years old, he was commi§sioned by the Khedive of Egypt to write the opera Aida. This he did. The opera was produced on a grand scale with live elephants and great MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN IOI magnificence. In this opera he revealed new effects in orchestra and chorus. The grand old man of Italian opera, like fine wine, mellowed as he became more aged. In his later works-the stately Requiem Mass and the operas Aida, Otello, and Falstaff-his flowing melodies are enriched by an increased command of the resources of the orchestra, 'possibly in response to Wagner's influence. (Wagner, you may remember, was the great writer of music-dramas.) Verdi was eighty years old when he produced his last opera. In all, he wrote more than 30 operas, most of them serious. He did not write much music besides operas. On January 27, 1901, Verdi died peacefully in his Italian villa. He left much of his wealth to charity. Verdi is sometimes called the "king of Italian opera," and no other person ever wrote as many excellent operas as did this composer. You should hear some of his operas whenever you have an opportunity of so doing. REVIEW I. What is a grand opera? (See the dictionary.) 2. What is Verdi sometimes called? Why? 3. Name some of his well -known operas. 4. When was Verdi born and when did he die? 5. Tell of his life as a boy. Personally, his was a character of rugged inde pendence Scene from Verdi's Opera, "Rigoletto" 6. why was he reand noble purpose. His simplicity of life, warm-heartedness, generosity, patriotism, with his brilliant genius, made him a great favorite in Italy. He was greatly admired and respected by musicians everywhere. No music was further removed from the music-drama than the Italian opera, yet Verdi, the chief of Italian musicians, profited by the ideals of Wagner. In his early operas Verdi carried on the Italian style, and he never forgot to have beautiful melodies. In his last operas, although he never imitated Wagner, he wrote richer harmonies for the orchestra. fused permission to study music in the Conservatory at Milan? Do you think this was true? 7. Tell about his first operas. 8. What sadness befell him? 9. What about his later operas? 10. What of his second marriage? 11. In what style did he write his operas? 12. Did he improve this style later? • How? 13. What music composer influenced Verdi in his work? 14. Why was the opera Aida produced? (Please turn to page 116.) !02 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 MARCHING SONG. limpo di 11/QreirJ / 1.. OwMISTON CH4NT MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 103 ELEMENTARY SCIENCE SECTION THE DRAGONS OF MODERN TIME;S IF YOU had in a cage a specimen of each of the 1,700 different kinds of lizards that have been found in the world, it would be hard to believe that animals of such widely differennhapes, sizes, colors, and habits could possibly belong t>o the same ·big group of reptiles. You would see tiny creatures two or three inches long lying beside giants measuring seven or eight feet. Bright greens, blues, and reds would stand out among dull grays, browns, and blacks. Most of them would show four sturdy legs, with long toes, and even claws. But there would .be some with only front legs, some with only back legs, and some with no legs at all. Tree-lizards, gr o u n d-1 i z a rd s; under-ground lizards, and waterlizards wpuld be mingled together, some darting about with ly degree of intelligence in captivity, learning simple tricks and answering to calls. The writer 6nce had a "pet" lizard which lived behind a picture hung above the piano. When any one played the piano, the lizard came out from his. home and scampered about. He seemed to enjoy the music. While lizards are found in nearly all parts of the earth, except the polar regions, they reach their greatest numbers and varieties in tropical lands. Lizards abound in the Philippines and neighboring islands. There ·are many varieties. Mostliz. ards catch living prey, the speed of Ii g l.tning, others A Dra9011 of Mod"ern Times-the Iguana the smaller lying sluggish and ones feeding on worms and insects, the still. larger ones devouring mice, frogs, other · Here and there lizards, fish, birds, and, in fact, almost you would find a any animals they can overpower. sleek, slender, graceful creature, but most There are some important varieties, of them would probably impress you as however, that prefer a vegetable diet, misshapen, horny, repulsive monsters, the notably most of the larger members of dragons of modern times. But in spite the "iguana" family, some of which reach of their forbidding appearance, o_ nly two a length of six feet. . of 1,700 _ species are poisonous. Many Perhaps the most amazing peculiarity members of the tribe are not only harm- found in the lizard family is the ability less., but easily tamed and exhibit a good- which many of its members possess of 104 THE YOT.JNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 Tht little Gecko can Wlllk 011 a ceiling because ht h'ir disks 011 his fat. casting off fheir tails. When seized by a foe from behind, the tail breaks off at one of the joints of the back-bone. This does not seem to cause any inconvenience, for a new tail soon begins to grow. Another strange practice among certain large lizards, such as the frilled lizard of Australia anp a species in South America, is that of running swiftly and for great distances on their hind legs. When doing this their front legs swing back and forth. The tail is used as a balance. The nearest thing to flying found among the lizards are the long sailing leaps from tree to tree by the small "flying-dragons" of the Malay countries. The "wings" of these creatures are unlike any other animal organs, for they are formed by the outward extension of the rlbs, which are connected by thin membranes of skin. When at rest, they lie close to the creature's sides, but when a leap is made, they spread out like fans. The frilled lizard gets its name from the broad collar of loose skin it wears around its neck, which spreads out when the animal is frightened or angered. At the same time it opens its mouth and hisses terribly-all of which is pure bluff. Though most lizards are not poisonous and usually mind their own business, some of them are fierce fighters and biters when annoyed. Most lizards have no voice beyond an angry hissing; the gecko family is able to make a variety of cries. The geckos, which are found in the Philippines, are small creatures, very useful for the number of insects they destroy. Some have feet equipped with tiny pads or disks and hairs which enable them to climb up a pane of glass or walk on a smooth ceiling. A close relative of the lizard tribe, the tuatera of New Zealand,. is of immense inter es( to scientists, because this curious creature is the sole survivor of a group ·of reptiles otherwise extinct millions of years ago. The bodily structure of this "living fossil" has given science a key to the evolution of the whole reptile group. The group which it represents is thought to have been the parent stock of all lizards. . Lizards are "cold-blooded" creatures, like all reptiles. Some lay from one to 20 eggs, but others produce living young. Their skin is normally covered with scales, and from time to time they shed the thin, horny outside coating. (Please turn to page 116.) The Monitor Lizard One of the Largest Lizards MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN HISTORY SECTION AN EARLY CIVILIZATION The Palau of a Kin9 Four Thousand Years Ago. Sargo11 II built tliis palace on a great elevated platform covering 25 acres. There were inclined roadways ott which he could drive in his chariot irom the s~ruts of the city below. Such temple towers as thai behind the largest court developed into the towers we see on .churches today. SCHOLARS are unab.le to tell us whether civilization first arose in Egypt or in that part of the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers of western Asia which we call Babylonia. At all events, there lay one of the earliest cradles of civilization: Long before 3000 B. C., tl\e predecessors-the forerunners--of the ancient Babylonians (called Sumerians) were living in tiny city-states along the lower course of the twin rivers, in small towns built of sun-dried bricks. They irrigated their barley and wheat fields by extensive canals, and they wrote letters and kept records on tablets of baked clay by means of curious writing. They used a system of counting by 60's instead of by 1 OO's, from which has come our division of the hour into 60 minutes, and of the minute into 60 seconds. In the center of the plain of Baby. Ionia rose a great tower on a temple, which is regarded as the original tower of Babel 'where the confusion of languages occurred as related in the eleventh chapter of the book of Genesis of the Bible. This tower was the remote ancestor of our modern church steeples. Each one of the little towns of the Plain of· Shinar__:as Babylonia was then called-in that early day owned land for a few miles around it, and the period 3050 to 27 50 B. C. is known as the Age of the Sumerian City Kingdoms. The inhabitants had come from t~e mountains to the east in what was lat.er called Persia. They apparently were not related to any of the groups of people that we now know. The petty states were constantly 106 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 warring with one another. They also had an outside enemy to meet in the wandering tribes of the Arabian desert to the west. Finally one of these chieftains from the desert, named Sargon, proved too strong for the Sumerians, and made himself master of the whole plain. Sargon (about 2750 B. C.) ·was the first great leader in history, and the first to build up a great nation. His kingdom reached from the Persian "gulf to the Mediterranean sea. Gradually his wandering followers dropped their unsettled life .and took up fixed abodes in The cities of ihis kingdom have long been nothing but deserted mounds of earth and crumbled bricks. But in these ruins many baked clay tablets. have been found containing letters written by the king, and a record of his laws. These writings enable us to bridge the gap of more than 4,000 years and to know something of the daily life of these people. These· clay letters of this ancient king contain orders directed to officials in different . parts of the kingdom. There is also an order that the river Euphrates be cleared of its obstacles to river comthe p I a ins. They adopted the civilization of their former enemies, gaining new arts of peace and war. They learned to make helmets of leather and copper, which are the earliest known examples of the use of metal for Map Showing the Location of an Early Civilization ffierce. He ordered that taxes be collected, and that those who did not pay be punished. Unjust judges and corrupt officials were ordered to be brought to justice. Other letters deal with sheep-shearing,. the temprotection in war. From this humble beginning came the armor of the knights of the Middle Ages and our modern steelclad battleships and mechanized armies. As the kings who followed Sargon slowly weakened, a new desert '"tribe invaded the land, and in turn established the kingdom of Babylonia, so named from its capital Babylon. About 2100 years B. C. this kingdom reached its height. Agriculture was extensively practiced, commerce. flourished, and law and government were highly developed. ples and religion, the regulation of the calendar, and similar ma.tters. These very old laws are the earliest code of laws for any people wh"ich has come down to us. They are thus a priceless· aid to making clear the earliest life of civilized man, long before the ancient days of Greece and Rome. In them we find a highly developed political and social system. There were three classes .of people in the community-a ruling class of nobles and officials, a middle class, and slaves. Much attention was given to commerce, MAR.CH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 107 Tht Babylonian Story of tht Flood money, and banking, as Well as io agriculture and the canals and ditches needed for irrigating the soil. Justice was insisted on for the widow, the orphan, and the poor. The position of women in those laws was a high one, and they frequently engaged in business on their ·own account. After the death of the ruler, the kingdom went to pieces. The wild tribes again descended from the eastern mountains to the plains, this time bringing wiih them a strange animal which we call the horse. A new language, a Semitic language related to the Hebrew of the time of · Christ, took the place of the old language. In the northern part of ·the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers there had arisen a new nation called Assyria from its chief town Assur. Its people borrowed the calendar, writing, sculpture, and other improvements of civilization from their Babylonian neighbors. The Assyrians "gained skill in warfare until they aspired to rule the whole of what was then the civilized world about them, just as Germany aspires today to rule all of Europe. Before Assyria had accomplished this, the little kingdoms of Palestine and Syria has risen to power. Syria especially was rich .in busy cities, and carried on com-. merce with all the known world. They spread far and wide their system of writing-the first system to make use of an alphabet. These cities checked the advance of the Assyrians, and it was not until the middle of the 8th .century .before Christ that Damascus, the most powerful city of Syria fell. (See the map on pag~ 106.) Assyria not 'only conquered Syria and Palestine, but her rule for a time ex-. tended even into Egypt. There are two reasons for this military success : (I) they were the first people to learn the use of iron weapons; (2) the organization of their country was·based on war and conquest. Like that of the Germans of the present time, their rule was .one of "blood and iron." One Assyrian king, Sargon II (722 to 705 B. C.) destroyed the (Please turn to page u7.) 108 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION MARCH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION RESPECT OUR FLAG By JUANA.SAEZ PABLO• Two BOYS were talking on their way to school. Their conversation attracted my .attention. The younger of the two was asking an important question. The question was: "Why do we lift our hats to the Philippine flag? It is only a piece of cloth of different colors." The older boy looked at his companion and replied, "My friend, you are a young boy and· da not know for what our flag stands. Will you listen, and I will tell you." This is what he said: "Our flag is symbolic of our beloved Philippines. Each device and color on that piece of do.th has a meaning. The sun stands for liberty and freedom. The three stars represent the three great islands, Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayas. The eight rays of the sun are symbolic of the eight provinces which revolted against the Spanish government. "Of its colors, red stands for bravery and signifies the blood shed by Filipino patriots; white stands for purity; blue stands for peace and contentment. "When we see the Philippine flag, we lift our hats to show our respect and love for our country, for our flag is the symbol of our country. Therefore we should honor and respect our flag." The younger boy looked serious as ·he replied, "Now I understand why we lift our hats as the flag goes by, and why we should respect and honor it. It stands for our native land. We should all respect it. We should protect it from any enemy and from dishonor." (Please turn to page I 17.) *Teacher, Gregorio del Pilar Elementary School, Manila. A STUDENT'S PSALM By ELIAS DE JESUS UMALI• UNTO THEE, 0 loving teacher, do we give our grateful thanks, for thy name is gladness in our hearts. We exal"t thee high with pride, for thy kindness to us is great. . For e'er since childhood's early years, when first we heard thy loving call, thou hast guided our young minds into the paths of right understanding. Thou hast often counselled us to follow after thy will, tliy reason, and thy example. We have tried to follow after thy· footsteps, though often. we have fallen or slipped on the way; but thy guiding and sustaining hand was ever near · to hold us up, to lift us from where we had fallen, and to set us again on the right path. Often we have been stubborn against thy will; and have caused thine eyes to shed tears. W·e have brought to thee trouble by our lack of understanding. · Thou hast often looked to us for the kindness that thou thyself hast shown unto us. Thou hast often longed for love, such as thou hast given us. How often wert thou disappointed! W·e have mocked thee, and spoken ill of thee .• We have thought of thee as being unjust. Thy words we have heeded not, nor did we turn our ears to thy pleadings. As thou wert human, so wert thou also prone to err. In thy mistakes we took delight, and in thy weaknesses we .mocked thee. Yet thy love for us was never greater than when we hated thee. (Please turn to page 1·17.) *Student, The Union Theological Seminary, Manila. 110 Our East African Study Club By MOISES FLORES (13 YEARS OLD) IN THE YOUNG CITIZEN for January· we read a suggestion for an African Study Club. With the help of our geography teacher we· have organized such a club. We read abou·t the rhinoceroses which destroyed a truck and about the large snake which killed a bull. Using the small map in THE YOUNG CITIZEN as a guide, we located the places named by turning to our larger map of Africa. Then we read about the different sections of East Africa. Next we took the two .encyclopedias in our school library, and read about each section named. Our teacher had us take turns in reading this information to the club members. We learned a great deal about the country, its people, products, etc. We made a list of the African animals mentioned, (Please turn to page 119.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN CLUB A. Hiking Club for Vacation By MANUEL ALABASTRO (17 YEARS OLD) MARCH, 1941 Turning Pleasure into Profit By DANIEL VILLAREAL ( 16 YEARS OLD) LAST YEAR near the close of AT CHRISTMAS I· received school some of us boys in the high school which I attend organized a vacation hiking club. It was the purpose of our club to take a long hike at kast once every fortnight. There were six boys in the club. Each of us bought a knapsack, a canteen, and clothing suitable for hiking. Then we took a map of Luzon (the island on which we live) and located places to which we wished to hike. These included a hike to Manila, and from there a hike to the ruins of Guadalu'Pe; then a long hike to Antipolo to see \he famed Virgin of Antipolo in the massive old church there; next a hike to Calamba, the birthplace of our great hero, Rizal; a wonderful hike over the picturesque road to Montalban which winds along the banks of the Pasig and Mariquina (Please turn to page 119.) a fine kodak as a Christmas gift from my father and mother. For several years I have been an enthusiastic amateur photographer. A professional 1 ands cape photographer taught me how to make good photographs. We have a camera club at the private school which I attend, and I have been a member of this organization for some time. We learn much in that club about taking pictures. After receiving my kodak for Christmas, I thought of a plan whereby I could turn the pleasure of taking kodak pictures into- profit. Armed with. my kodak I go to a neat appearing residence in my town. I ask the owner if he will permit me to take a picture of it. The owner is always willing. Sometimes the members of the family will pose in front of the resi(Please turn to page ug.) TOAST should be made of stale bread, or at least of bread that has been baked a day. Cut smoothly in slices, not more than half an inch thick. If the crust is baked very hard, trim the edges and brown very evenly, but if it happens to burn, that should be scraped 'off. Toast that is to be served THE YOUNG CITIZEN II THE II m@m JI Pf:lNTRY II TOAST tity of milk; as soon as the milk on the fire boils, stir in the flour, add salt; let all boil up once, remove from the fire, and dip in thin slices of toasted bread. When all are used,. up, pour what is left of the scalded milk over the toast.. Cover, and send to the table hot. Cream Toast with anything turned' over Ingredients needed: one it should have the slices pint of milk (either fresh first dipped quickly in a or diluted condensed milk), dish of hot water turned a piece of butter the size of from the boiling tea-kettle an egg, one egg, one tablewith a little sah thrown in. spoonful of flour, one cup The following prepara-_ of rich cream (or condensed tions M toa_st are all of them milk), slices of toast. very nice dishes, served with Heat the milk to boiling, a family breakfast. and add the butter;. stir Milk Toast flour smoothly into the Ingredients needed: One cream, and add some of the quart of milk (either fresh, boiling milk to this; heat it or diluted condensed milk), gradually and prevent the one tablespoonful of butter, flour from ·lumping; then one teaspoonful of salt, one stir into the boiling milk, teaspoonful of flour, slices and let it cook a few minof toasted bread. utes; salt to taste. After Put the milk over the taking from the fire stir in fire, put into it cold butter, a beaten egg; strain the stir a heaping teaspoonful mixture on to toast slightly of'flour into a small quan- buttered. 111 American Toast To one egg thorough! y beaten, put one cup of sweet milk (or condensed milk diluted), and a little salt. Slice bread and dip the slices into · the mixture, allowing each slice to absorb some of the milk. Then brown on a hot, buttered griddle or a thick-bottomed frying pan; spread with butter and serve hot. Nun's Toast Ingredients needed : 4 or 5 hard-boiled eggs, a piece of butter the size of an egg; one onion chopped, one teaspoonful of flour, one cup of milk (sweet or diluted condensed), slices of hot buttered toast. Cut the eggs into. slices. Put the butter into a saucepan, and when it begins to bubble add a fine chopped onion: Let the onion cook a little without taking color, and then stir in the flour. Add the milk, and stir until it becomes ~mooth; then put in the slices of eggs, and let them get hot. Ill THE YOUNG CITIZEN MARCH, 1941 WORK AND PLAY SECTION THE LITTLE BLACK TANGRAMS TANGRAMS are little black cards of various shapes that are supposed to have been first designed in China many centuries ago. Any boy or girl can make a set of tangrams by taking a square of black card and cutting it into seven pieces as shown in the picture on this ·page. A boy or girl can make the necessary black cardboard by pasting over ordinary white card a piece of black have seven pieces of card of various sizes. They should all be black· on both sides. By putting these seven pieces of card .together, you can make many things with the little black tangrams. It must be understood that in each picture every one of the seven pieces of card has to be used, and the whole of each piece of card must be completely seen-that is, you can not take a small piece of cardboard . paper. To cut the tangrams • • - · three inches square. Cut the · 11 card from one corner to the op- . . . posite corner, from C to B. (See the small illustration.) Then . find the middle of C B which put one piece partly over another. It is a fact that pictures of thousands of objects can be made. with these little seven pieces of card. In the picture of children at play shown on this page each individual in the group is made up from _one set of tangrams. Five sets of tanis E. Cut from E to D. The How to rut th' m remaining pieces are easily cut to the right sizes, for the various points to and from which we cut are all the middle points of lines. Thus G is the middle point of A B. The point F is the middle of A C. The point J is the middle of F G. The point K is the middle of C E. The point H is the middle of EB. Having cut the piece of square black card as shown in the small picture, you grams are required to make everything as shown in the picture. ·We can make men, animals, birds, lanterns, faces, geometrical' figures, and· many other things from these tangrams. It is not always easy, even with a finished tangram picture before you. as a pattern to put the tangrams together properly to produce the picture. But practice will help you to make anything desired. MAR.CH, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN I l.~ MAKING BLOT-PICTURES SOME ver'f curious insects are shown ·above. It is a very simple matter to make such blot-pictures as these. Simply get a heavy pen that uses considerable ink. Then write your name or any other name you think of. Before the ink dries, fold the paper in the middle of the written name so that the ink will blot each side. Unfold it, and behold! you have a curious looking insect which would baffie any scientist in its classification. Study the . above pictures. Then make some. PICTURE-FRAMES FOR THE SCHOOL OR HOME WE are going to learn how to make frames for little pictures or photographs, so that we can hang them up and become the possessor of a small picture-gallery of our very own. It often happens that ~e have a dear little picture- on a Christmas card or a kodak picture that we would like to keep. It is the purpose of this article to tell you just how to frame ·such pictures in an inexpensive way. Go to a paint store and get some squares of glass. Also a dozen small brass rings. At a drugstore or stationery store get some binding tape (or passepartout) and some paste. You will also need some white unruled paper, a pencil, a ruler, a penknife, and some pasteboard. Now find your picture and cut it the size· of one of your pieces of glass-or it can be a little smaller. The glass will be in front of the picture, and a piece of pasteboard (taken, perhaps, from an old pasteboard box) will be at the back. . , 114 With your ruler and penknife cut the pasteboard so that it is the exact size of the glass. The binding tape will hold everything togetherwith the picture between the glass and the pasteboard. THE YOUNG CITIZEN four pieces of the paper binding tape, eacli a little longer than the sides of the glass. Cover one side of the paper binding tape with paste. If you buy passepnrtout binding tape it is already gummed on one side. Then stick the bindNow take your little pie- ing tape on evenly around ture and put a small dab the edge of the glass and the of paste on each corner at pasteboard back, letting the back. Then lay it down half of the width show in on the pasteboard back; be front. careful that it is straight. Be careful to put bindThe next thing to do is ing tape on the top and botto make a mount-that is, tom first, and then cut off a little border which shows quite evenly the ·pieces in between a picture and its which are le.ft sticking out. frame. For this we cut a Then put the binding tape piece of _unruled white or on the two sides or ends. cream colored paper the Cut off the extra tape and same size as the glass. smooth it all down very We place this paper on carefully, pressing firmly the table and carefully rule, with the finger which must in faint pencil lines, a small be quite clean. border all around, about When the four sides of three quarters of an inch binding tape are on, place away from the edge. This the entire framed picture leaves a square in the mid- under a large book or other dle; we cut this out very weight and leave it there for carefullly with a penknife several hours. Next attach and a ruler, and then the to the back two rings by mount is ready to lay over which the picture is hung the picture which is stuck on the wall. to the cardboard back. If Through each ring put a we look at Figure No. 1 this piece of narrow binding will be quite clear. tape, each about two inches The mount is attached to long. We then paste the the picture by small dabs two ends firmly behind the of paste on the back of the picture as shown in Figure mount. Then lay the glass No. 2. The framed picture on the top of all. The frame is then complete, ready to is put on next. For ·this cut be hung on the wall. MARCH, 1941 ATTACKED BY LIONS (Continued from pagt 97) way, always on the watch for wild animals of East Africa, especially the great tawny king of the jungle, simba, the African \ion. Presently we crossed another ravine and turned a sharp curve. There, on the road just.in front of us, lay, by actual count, fifteen great, full-grown lions. I stopped the auto about three hundred feet from the nearest animal. They did not move, and all seemed to be asleep. What a sight! What a situation! Fifteen savage, full-grown African lions, loose and in our way! Nothing but the sides of that little Ford sedan between us and certain death! In the herd were several females, but most of them were males with great yellow and brown manes. At first none of them took any particular notice of us. Presently one raised his head, watched us for a second, and then lay down again. This was a good chance to g'et a picture of thos!e great cats. My friend turned in the auto to get the camera, while I watched the lions before us. They were beautiful-magnificent-as they lay there sleeping, as peaceful as cats MARCH, 1941 at a fireside. My friend began getting the camera ready for ta.king the picture, but it was impossible to 'tlo this through the front window which was obscured by the morning dew. I suggested that he lower the side window and fake the picture from the outside. He did n_ot wish to do this, because he thought he could not get _a good picture in that position. ·He d<!cided to get out of the auto. He- opened the door of the car slowly and quietly; we thought that the lions were sleeping and would take no notice of us. The door wa; open and the window lowered. The camera was ready for action. My friel)d slid from his seat as quietly as possible. Soon his whole body was outside, and only the lower part of the door was between him and the lions. He looked into the viewfinder of the camera in order to get his picture. We hardly dared breathe, lest we awaken the sleeping beasts. Suddenly one of the largest male lions jumped to his feet and leaped for my friend with a roar that made my blood freeze. My friend made one jump, and was at my side, \;Vhile the lion landed outside the auto door and sin/ck at it with THE YOUNG CITIZEN 115 terrific force. The roar of leap up on the hood of the the great lion awakened all engine. I did not like that, the others. With immense so I sounded the horn. All J~aps, they came right at our the lions answered with terauto. We were attacked by rific roars, but the animal fifteen lions all at once! at the front of the engine The enormous brutes disappeared quickly .. circled round our Ford, The others walked growling and roaring and around our car, lashing lashing their tails from side their tails and striking with to side in excitement and their paws at the wheels and anger. Can you imagine the tires. They opened their such a situation? It was great mouths, and roared at enough to congeal one's us angrily. Several times blood in his veins! one of them leaped at our Both my friend and I car, but he always landed were terrified at the sud- with abump outside the deness of the attack; we sat door on the fenders. stock still for a few seconds, This hullabaloo went on not daring to· move. One for about fifteen minutes, of the great lions put his during which time we hardhuge paws up on one of the ly knew what to do. Then doors and clawed at the I started the engine. The metal. We quickly lowered lions did not like the smell the windows of the car of the gasoline; they ran with trembling hands while away from the exhaust of we watched the furious the engine to the front of animals outside. Their the auto. I started to drive teeth looked sharp and the car slowly. I pushed wicked. How glad we were against one of the lions sevthat our car had steel sides eral times until he finally and roof, and that the win- jumped to the side. But at dows were so small that no once another took bis place. lion's bead could pass This happened three times, through. but finally I got ahead of Once one of the breasts theni. I began to drive the tried to stand on his hind auto faster artd faster. The iegs on the side next to me lions followed us, roaring and look through the win- and jumping at the sides of dow. But the space was so the car. small that he had to· give But gradually our good up the attempt and take a Ii t t le Ford · outdistanced look at me from a distance. them. Several of the strongThen one of them tried to (Please turn lo page II9.) u6 VERDI (Continued from page IOI) How was it first produced? 15. How many operas did Verdi write? THE YOUNG CITIZEN DRAGONS (Continued from page 104) MARCH, 1941 MORO MARRIAGES (Continue from page 98) The family history of the charges a fee-usually five lizard is interesting because pesos or more. If the groom of its many relationships is rich, he may have some with birds and mammals. ten panditas . to solemnize 16. Have you ever heard At about the same time the his marriage. a grand opera? lizards were appearing, If either of the contract17. Have you h e a r d nature was also producing ing parties lives near a songs fro~ any of V. erdi's from the much the same river, gai.ly decorated operas? type of primitive reptiles, launches with flags and 18. Tell of Verdi's char- the first birds and the early streamers of many colors acter. mammals. may be hired for the occa-. 19. Read this article again, and then answer these questions. WHERE THERE'S A WILL (Continued from page 94) REVIEW 1. How many species of lizards are there? 2. What can you say of the sizes of lizards? 3. Describe some spetested it and found. that it cies .. is true. WHERE THERE'S 4. Where are lizards A WILL, Tl-JERE'S A WAY. found? SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT I. Do you think J uanito was right when he said, "An education in the elementary school is good as far as it goes, but it's not enough"? Why do you think so? 2. Why du you think J uanito was determined to have an education? 3. Why was Juanita willing to shine shoes and be a houseboy? Would you be willing to do that if necessary 'to get an. education? 5. What is the food of lizards? 6. What can you say of the tail of some· species of lizards? 7. How do some lizards run? 8. Tell of the "flying" lizard. 9. The frilled lizard. 10. How are some lizards useful? 11. Why is the family history of the lizard interesting to scientists? 12. How many differ~nt kinds of lizards have you seen in the Philippines? sion. On top of the launches grotesque animal heads sway in- the air. Bands of musicians a.re always aboard the launches to furnish the music. During the marriage celebration fire-crackers are lighted, guns are fired, and men and women shout at the top of their voices. A Moro datu or kagui can have as many wives as he wishes, provided he can pay the dowries asked. An ordinary Moro is limited to four wives. A Moro who· has many wives is considered rich. A Moro who has many daughters will become rich, because of the dowries that are sure to come for his daughters. Such are some of the Moro marriage customscommonplace to Moros, but Strange to Filipinos whu are not accustomed to them. MARCH, 19+1 THE YOUNG CITIZEN EARLY.CIVILIZATION The new masters rebuilt (Continued from page 107) the old city of Babylon and northern kingdom of the made it their capital. Here Hebrews (called Israel) lived and ruled Nebuchadand carried away as cap- nezzar, greatest of the Chaltives part of its people. dean emperors. He eni i7 RESPECT OUR FLAG (Continued from page 109) · That ended their conversation. I am sure that in the hearts of those boys is a strong love. and respect for the flag of their country, and a desire to have their flag clean of every stain. that could cause its dishonor. Young reader; do you have that sa\lle respect for the flag? DO THIS Sargon's son Sennacherib larged the city and built (705 to 681 B.C.) destroyed enormous walls around it, the ancient city of Babylon, li]\.e the walls of old Maand even turned the waters nila, only larger and strongof the canal over its ruins. er. He constructed some Sargon II had built for wonderful hanging garhimself a palace far sur- dens, which the Greeks passing anything else yet counted as one of the seven built· the buildings covered wonders of the world. This 25 a~res and were large is the Babylon described in Study about the meaning enough to shelter 80 000 the Bible as the city of of our flag .. Then tell it in people But this was, not Hebrew captivity, after the your own words. enough for his son Sen- destruction of the Hebrew 1 __________ _ nacherib, and he built as city J erusale!ll. A STUDEN:r'S PSALM his capital the proud city Several Babylonian and (Continued from page 109) of Ninevah on the ·upper Assyrian records tell of a How often at night, with great flood which once part of the river Tigris. covered all the land, and tears and supplications, Thousands ?f clay t~blets how a man and his family hast thou taken our names, have been dIScovered m the were saved. The flood is one by one, before the ruins of Ninevah. This is represented as sent on earth Heavenly Fathe(s thro_ne the earliest library of which for the sins of men. of grace beseechmg I;Iim we know, and in it were The account of this flood th~t somehow our hves religious scientific and · t 1 · 1 might change. And our hves . , , was wntten on. we ve c _ay have indeed changed hterary works, all carefully tablets found in. the rums Th ' . · l d f h 1 N. h . ou wert kmd ! Thou ca ta ogue . . . o . t e pa ace at meva . wert noble! Beloved teachThe end of th!S Assynan Pictures of two of these clay h k h f h. . . 606 B C t bl h er, we t an t ee, or t ou empire cam~ m . . a ets are s own on page didst struggle with. us with A desert trrbe called the 107. f d 1 · k. d Chaldeans joined with the The great civilization of pa ience an ovmg m - Medes, a tribe from the Babylonia and .{\.ssyria fell, ne~. 1 th . . f East, and conquered Nine- and the land ever since has f turhe y by unhtmng e - . or s ave roug t us to a vah, the mighty c.ity of the been ruled by a foreign l" t" f h • 1 rea iza 10n o our s ortAssyrians. Two hundred peop e. comings. As long as our years later a Greek historian memory lasts, .thy kindness, could not even learn the REVIEW patience, and love shall be name of the ruins where once Ninevah had stood. I. Read and study about our treasure, our benedicthis interesting civilization. tion. THE YOUNG CITIZEN fl.:1ARCH, 1941 THE FUNNY PAGE l\'IARCH, 19 . .p ATTACKED BY LIONS (Continued from page 115) er beasts followed us for a mile or two. I drove as fast as the poor road would permit. When there was only ·one lion following us, I asked my friend if he would like to stop and get a photograph of that animal. He told me to keep right on drivingthat he was not interested in photography just at that moment. Sorry to say, he had not succeeded in taking a single picture of our adventure. That is why I have no photographs of the attacking lions with which to illustrate this story, which, I assure you, is quite true. But to continue our story: THE YOUNG CITIZEN EAST AFRICAN CLUB A HIKING CLUB (Continued from page 110) (Continued from page 110) and read about each one in rivers; a very enjoyable the encyclopedi.a. We found hike to places on Laguna other information also in de Bay, the great inland sea several animal books in our of Luzon; and finally an library. extended trip to N aga; LeOur club was interested gazpi, and the famous in the battles between the Mayon volcano. Italian and )3ritish troops Although our club was a in northeastern Africa. So hiking club, we did. not we found out about those walk to all of these places. places, too. Our teacher Sometimes we went by bus, says she is very glad about sometimes we found a our interest in studying friendly truck driver who Africa. She says it is all let us ride in his empty due to the animal stories truck, and often we walked now being published in at least a part of the way to THE YOUNG C!TIZEN. We our destination. Perhaps a liked the first two of those better name for our club stories very much, and hope would be the Luzon Boys they will continue for a long Travel Club, time. They have aroused We saw a lot of interestgreat interest in our class at ing and historical places of school, and our East Afri- Luzon, and we had plenty can Study Club has learned of healthful exercise. I a great deal from them. would not take anything for the experience I had, nor TURNING PLEASURE for the information I I stepped on the gas, and we drove away as fast as possible. Soon we left behind us the last simba, the great African lion, the king of the jungle-the last of the c · learned from actually seefifteen savage lions which ( ontmued· from page 110) ing things. had attacked our little Ford dence. Our expenses were not sedan. Then we breathed If I secure ~ good photo- very great and we had a a Sigh of relief. My friend graph, I take it back to the I good deal of fun as we said, "Attacked by fifteen own~r of the house, show it travelled together. We ate lions-all at once! What I to him, _and ask for ?rders anywhere-there were alan adventure! And I didn't for copies of the picture. ways eating places along the get one picture." Almost always I receive ?r-• way-and we slept wher1 ders for a number of copies. ever we could find a suitA REVIEW From each of these orders able place when night over1 make a neat profit. took us. l. Have you read the Gradually I am building It was a ra"ther daring previous stories of adven- up a nice little business. I vacation venture, and we tures among the wild ani- am turning pleasure into. found it strenuous, too, but mals of East Africa? profit. I think it did us good. 120 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ::\fARCH, 1941 "true experiences among the animals of East Africa" is exhausted, I shall have some more in sight, and I can go right on publishing these interesting stories. Before I leave the subject of stories, I want to say this to all writers and would-be writers: Your Editor wants more stories, and more stories, and more stories. A good story is always hard to JF ~ou will turn to page 93 in I the next issue of :fHE YouNG get. I can ~et bushels o~ .poems this number of THE YouNG CITIZEN. Occasionally that hap- and other articles, but stones-no. C1niEN, you will find a most ex- pens, but usually before publica- So, writers all, I wish you would cellent story. It's the star}' of a tion an article has to be kept quite turn rour hand to writing short ho}' who wanted an education, and a while-until I need just such stories for children, and send them "·ho got it. How? Well, read an article as yours. Then out it to me. If your article is a chilthe ston• to learn the details. comes. You know we can't pub- dren's story, it stands a much bet\V~at ! \vant. to call to your I lish every good contribution just ter chance of being accepted than attention 1s the title of that story: as soon as it's received. If an if it is a poem' about the lovelr If/here There's a Will, There's a 1 article is good and can be used, sampaguita or the pale moonlight IP' ny. Do you believe that? Your 1 "·e notify the auth?r and then file (both subjects exhausted long Editor does, and I've tested it for 1 it away in cold storage Until it is ago}. many, many rears. That proverb I needed. That may be soon or Read the stories in the back will nearly always be true., Next I late-it depends upon the nature numbers of THE YouNG CITIZEN, time you encounter a difficulty, I of the article sent in. and then-write one yourself. Of when you come across something And speaking of contributions b d . b you find to be very hard, just reI for publication, here's some good course,! to be acceptde ~tlmust e da member that where there's a will, news which I received just a few story or oy~ an ~Ir s, a goo there's a way, and I think you will davs ago in an air-mail letter from story, and an znteresttng story. find you can do the difficult task H~nolulu. From Whom? From Will you, dear reader, ans_wer after all. none other than the author of those this call and see what you can do Changing the subject: Recently thrilling stories which are now for your Editor in the way of short I've been rece1vmg numerous running in THE YouNG CITIZEN story writing? articles for publication in THE under the heading ·Among the Of course, if you get ambitious YouNG CITIZEN. Some are good Animals of East Africa. Recently and want to write a long story and some are not. Some I can use this young man went to Honolulu which could run through two or and some I shall have to return where he is busy writing for a four or half a dozen numbers, so (if postage has been enclosed). But paper published there. In his air- much the better, p~ovided it is a whether or not they are good, mail letter he says th~t he's writ- good serial. Or a series of inwhether or not I can use them in ing more animal stories for THE formational articles along any line THE YOUNG CITIZEN, your YOUNG CITIZEN. He says in his would be acceptable. There are Editor thanks every one who went letter: c<I thank you for your sug- many possibilities; why Rot try to to the trouble of sending an article. gestion that I write some more utilize them? And whether or not you have been animal stories for THE YouNG Well, I have just enough space successful in having your articles CITIZEN. I shall be happy to left to wish you all a very happy accepted, your effort has benefited write the stories during the next I vacation. And don't forget to keep you. few weeks. I have finished one your eyes open for material for But even if your articli: is ac- already." publication in THE YouNG C1T1cepted, do not expect to see it in So when the present supply of zE_N. Goodbye.-THE EDITOR. Announcement to All Our Young Readers: Did you enr do aomething interesting and worth while? Have you had any e2:pt!'rience in doing an~of the following: (1) Collecting Philippine Shella, (2) Bunting Tan.Jes, (3) E.zplorinc a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (6) Making an Aquarium, (6) Collecting Postace Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the Pbilippinea, (8) Mating a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers, (10) Making Candies, (11) Building a Sail Boat, (12) Hunting for Wild Animals, (13) Baking Bread or Cakes, (U) Making Articles of Clothing, (15) Making Articles of Furniture, (16) Visiting the Aquarium in Manila, (17) Collecting Moths and Butterflies, (18) Collectinc Interesting Botanical Speeimens, (19) Raiaing Orehids, (20) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the Philippinea, or doing many other interesting things, WRITE ABOUT IT IN A SHORT COMPOSITION .. Send your composition to The .Young Citizen. Each month the Editor of The Young Citizen will publish as man?' of the best compositions as space will permit. · If your co~position is accepted for publication, you will become a member of The What-Are-You-Doing? Club. The rules for securing membership are simple. OBSERVE THE FqLLOWING RULES: 1. Write about oomething interesting which you have done, such as the above titles suggest. Do not write a story which is not true. If your otory is accepted, you are a rnember of the Club. 2. On your compooition write your name and address VERY PLAINLY. 3. State your age. (. Tell what you liked best in recent issues of The Young Citizen. Address all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of Community Publishero, Inc. Publishers of The Young Citizen P. 0. Box 685. Manila, Philippines For service and satisfaciion, write withINKOGRAPH PENCIL-POINTED FOUNTAIN PEN The most practical fountain pen you can buyV crsatile-it WTite1 well on any kind of paper-rough, smooth, thin, thick. wrapping, or blotting paper. It can easily mah four carbon copies. It fits any hand--stands rough handling~raws lines, without smearing the ruler with inL Prices: from ,.3.00 to 'P4.50 ~Add 25 ccntav05 for postage) Inlr::ograph fountain pens arc the product of wdl-i:nown American manufacturers INKOGRAPH COMPANY, INC., New York, U. S. A. Crystal Arcade Sold exclusioely b1 COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. The Uses of THE YOUNG CITIZEN Escolta, Manila .J/JjrofJed in Acad. Bull. No. 11, series 1935 ~ The Director of Education, in his letten of Nov. 4, 1937 and Jan. 14, 1939, indicated the following points: I. The YOUNG CITIZEN is ideal for audience reading, group projects, and ~,, the like. a 2. The YOUNG CITIZEN can be of much help in encouraging reading habits on a voluntary basis. 3, Authority is given for the placing of one or more: subscription1 for ro1r1 classroom (including barrio schools ) of Grade II and above. 4. In addition to subscriptions for classrooms, several subscriptions may be placed for the library, and. one for the Home EconomiC!I Building and one for the shop building. 5, The YOUNG CITIZEN being the only magazine ever published in the Philippines for children, the Bureau of Education has tak.cn much interest in its development. 6. Subscriptions to magazine intended for pupils should be on full y~ar basis. This magazine is published 12 times a year COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INCMANILA