The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Media

Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People
Description: In the Young Citizen you will always find materials for children: Stories, Poems, Contests and Things-To-Do, Art, History, and Nature Study, Interesting Features, Book Chats, Science and Health, and more.
Issue Date: Volume 7 (Issue No. 6) June 1941
Publisher: Community Publishing, Inc.
Year: 1941
Language: English
Subject: Children's literature, Philippine (English); Children's literature.; Philippine literature (English)
Rights
Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: JUNE. 1941 30 Centavos 1----- - Announcement to All Writers: - - - - - 0 - - We Will Pay You for writing ar:ticles of meri:t for publica:tion in THE YOUNG CITIZEN. We want interc1ting children'• stories from 200 to SOD words in length; also games, reading devices, articles of historical interest, elementary science . and health article1, puzzle1, jokea, and playlet1, We also wish to buy several good serial atories, Interesting stories Je99 than 200 worde in length are dHired for Little People. You can add to your income by writing for UI, Primary Teachers: We especially desire various kinds of interesting material suitable for Firs:!. Second. and Third Grade Pupils. We will pa7 teachers and others fer material which we can use. Each article should be written in clear, easy, correct English, on one side of the paper, typewritten if possible, or written by hand neatly and legibly. The article should be submitted with a self-addressed stamped envelope, other· wise the publishers will not return it to the writer in case it cannot be used. Arldress all communication:! to: The Managing Editor The Young Citizen Care of Community Publishers, Inc. P. O. Box 685. Manila, Philippines I I I I • For First Graders Things \Ve L1ke-i11t1stafla /li/fam1/ Thing~ We Need-Arwstaria I'i!/arlfil • For Second Graders Ducb on the Pond A Swan on the Lake . Geese on the Lawn . Chickem in the Yard • For Third Graders Say .Kind Things . Return Borrowed Things Be P61ite at the Table Open Doors Quietly • Stories Mountain Boys in the Lowland-Salud Amor . The Tale of a Slave . . . . . A Terrifying Experience with \Vild Elephants The Discovery of· Fire • Poems Give Us Men! 4 • Character . and Citizenship Children for World Peace-Dr. /. Panlasigui Obedience-Art/iur Mu . '• Elementary Science Mother Elephant and her Baby The Praying Mantis The Tarantula Feathers • Health and Safety Milk, the Perfect Food • History Money: VVhat It Does and How It Is Made . • Music Appreciation A Star Child-Artliur Edward Jolmstone Saint-Saens-Bert Paul Osbon Group Music I Am. Music • Work and Play Tricks to Do with a Piece of String . An Easy Way to Make an Hour Glass . A Jumping Frog Made from a Wishbone Vegetables . . . . Our School Bank-Isidro Gano . Music Demonstration-Fefy Tanabt .Schoolroom Beautiful-Norberto Tevez The Funny Page Chats with the Editor . m 189 190 190 191 191 192 192 193 193 196 197 199 202 187 186 213 194 207 207 203 211 209 195 204 206 206 214 215 215 217 219 219 219 222 224 Published monthly by the Community Publishers, Inc., 122 Crystal Area.de, Eseolta, Manila, Philippines. Entered as Second Class Mail Matter at the Manila Post Office on May 16. 1930. Editol'ial Director: Jose E. Rowero; Managing Editor: Bert Paul Osbon; Contributing Editors: Dr. I. Panlasigui and Quirico A. Cru~; Staff Artist: Pedro Paguia; Business Manager: Emiliana Go.r•a Rosales. Subscription Price: P3.00 for one year of 12 issues; $2.00 in the United States and foreign countries. Single copy, 30 centavos. Sub8criptiom1 are to be paid to Communitu Publi$1U!n1, Inc. 186 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ]UN'E, 1941 ~~~TH~EM~ES~SA-GE~TH~IS-M~ON~TH--~~~ ~-o-<!.<ti"""'.Q""'"'"""'...,,'""'"4?"'6«"""><1?""-V"'""'"""""""""'"'"""'"""'""'=""""""-~ CHILDREN FOR WORLD PEACE Last month we spoke on peace and war. Let us continue that same thought this month. War is still going on. It may spread all over the world. At present we are lucky because we are not at . war with anybody.. · As little children, can we do nothing to stop this war? But maybe we children of to-day can do a lot of things to insure a lasting peace. How can we do this? Let us think of the following suggestions: 1. Let us try to learn that war is destructive. It destroys the most beautiful thing in the world.:_love. War means hate. Let us hate war and love peace. 2. Let us learn during our t;:hildhood that other people are just as good as we are. All peoples of the earthAmericans, Spaniards, Japanese, Chinese, etc.-are all children of God. While they differ in color, religion, tradition, custom, etc., they are all important in the whole scheme of life. They are like the different colors in a beautiful painting, or the different musical instruments in an orchestra. 3. Let us learn now that our earth is getting relatively smaller and smaller. No people can live without the other. We learn this fact in our school lessons. When we eat rice we know that this is possible because of the help of many different peoples. 4. Let us learn now that the school children of other countries, children who are -studying the same subjects we are studying, are our friends so that when they grow to be men and women, just as we grow to be men and women, we will not fight against each other. 5. Can we, school children of the different countries of the world, get together and pledge ourselves that when we grow to be men and women, we shall not fight against each other? Can we do this? If we can, I am sure there will be no more wars. -DR. I. PANLASlGUI jUNf, ~9·P THE YOUNG CITIZEN A POEM FOR THIS MONTH GIVE US MEN! GIVE us men! Men from every rank, Fresl;l and free and frank; Men of thought and reading, Men of light and leading, Men of loyal breeding, The nation's welfare speeding; Men of faith and not of fiction, Men of lofty aim in action. Give us men! I say again, Give us men! Give us men! Strong and stalwart ones: Men whom highest h o p e inspires, Men' who never shame their mothers, Men who never fail their brothers, True however false all others. Give us men! I say again, Give us men! ; Give us men! Men who, when · the tempest gathers, Grasp the standard of their fathers In the thickest fight; Men who strike for home and altarLet the coward cringe and falter. God defend the right! Men whom purest h o n o r DR .. JosE R1zAL Born June 19, t861 True as truth, though low and lonely, ~ fires, · L Men who trample self beneath J them, · ] Men who make .their ·country Q;. wreathe them As her noble sons, ,Worthy of their . sires; Tender as the brave are only; Men who tread where saints have trod; Men for country, home, and God. Give us men! I say again, Give us men! 188 FOR FIRST.GRADERS THE YOUNG CITIZEN THINGS WE LIKE By ANASTACIA VILLAMIL Draw a line from the picture to its name. chicken dog cat pig goat candy nut · cake ice-cream orange toy book picture game kite fruit flower balloon ball bat }UN£, 1941 JUNE, 19~1 FOR FIRST GRADERS THE YOUNG ·cJTIZEN . THINGS WE NEED By ANASTACIA VILLAMIL Draw a line from the picture to its name. home chair clock piano school cup. table books fork food river bridge clothing boat sunshine money knife horse rain spoon 189 190 THE YOUNG CITIZEN }UNE, 19.p FOR SECOND GRADERS SOME PICTURES TO DRAW I. DUCKS ON THE POND II. A SWAN ON THE LAKE Get some thin paper without lines and a sharp pencil. Place the paper over the picture and draw. it. You can color it if you like. Make the ducks yellow and the grass and trees green. What is a swan? It is a large bird which swims. It is very beautiful. Get t h ·i n paper and a pencil, and draw the picture of the swan on the lake. You can color it, too. ) U NE, 19.p THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR SECOND GRADERS MORE PICTURES TO DRAW Geese are big birds. They do not swim. They like to eat green grass on the lawn. Get soml'. thin paper and a pencil. Draw the picture of the geese on the lawn. You can color the flowers a n d t h e grass. Place a piece of thin paper over this picture, and draw it with a sharp pencil. Color the hens. Color the rooster. Color the little chicks. It is a very pretty picture. What are they all doing? Ill. GEESE ON THE LAWN JV. CHICKENS IN T HE YARD 191 Then Juana said something about Cristeta which was very unkind. Jose turned to look at Cristeta. Then he said 'to Juana, "You should· not say unkind things about other people. That is not good things about others." return it." "Yes, indeed," said her mother. "Always do that. Retu01 the th· CITIZEN EASY LESSONS IN GOOD MANNERS 194 THE YOUNG CITIZEN JtrNB, 1941 MOTHER ELEPHANT AND HER BABY ~.1· I·~~ [~ '\,,...;~. J.. .. ... ~111!..:i... ' ~ ~ ~.·,.. I 'ii: ~· ·=- . /~'.-.__:: . . 1· ···~ THE BABY ELEPHANT is called a calf. The calf is about three feet long when it is born. It is covered with tight curly hair. The calf can stand on its feet as soon as it is born. If it gets tired it leans against its mother's great legs. When a baby elephant sleeps; its mother stands over it waving her trunk bac;k and forth. The baby is four months old before it learns to raise its trunk. It will take the baby in the picture twenty-five years to grow up. The mother will not have another baby until this one is eight years old. ·~ · .. •· ' j' • 'i . .· . ··. ·. ". The mother elephant eats grass, fruits, leaves, and tender shoots. At first the baby elephant gets milk from its mother, but later it eats the same food as the older elephants. Mother Elephant and her baby both like to take a bath and-play in the water. They are not afraid to go into deep water, because they are good swimmers. Even if an elephant has its entire body below the water, it can breathe by placing its trunk up above the water. Elephants. live to be quite old. They often live to be one hundred years old or even more. }UNE, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 195 A STAR CHILD -Arlhur Edward Johnstone ' - . I I ~ . . - ~ - . " ·' " a - - - -' J -· - ' .. .. - - - - ti - -· ' o.sk<id heir hQ,r namcz, She would- n'l slop To ciive an I gucissczd who you OrQ,·, You're one oJ Twi-liqhts fair-y I . 0 I ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ -· -- -- ~ ~ - - - - - lo.I ~ J_ ... ·j !f"~J -r- - .. ,.-~I - ~ ; ·- u. __..- I THE YOUNG CITIZEN ]VNI, 1941 UTILE STORIES FOR LITTLE PEOPLE MOUNTAIN BOYS IN THE LOWLAND By SALUD AMOR Their home was in the Mountain Province. NANDING AND Acoy are two brothers who have always lived in the Mountain Province. N anding is ten years old and Acoy is twelve. These boys had never been to the lowland- that is, until this year. Their parents live on a small farm near Bagufo, where their father raises vegetables which he sells. Nanding and Acoy help their father care for the beans, carrots, peas, lettuce, cabbage, onions, radishes, pechay, and camotes which they sell in the farge, well-kept market at Baguio. The boys also look after a bed of strawberries from which ·t!iey p.ick many delicious berries. These they also sell in the market. One day in April, shortly after the close of school, the boys' father received a letter from· his brother who is a foreman on a large hacie11da in N egros. The uncle invited the boys and their mother to spend a month on the hacienda. · "Oh, father! May we go?" both boys asked as soon as the letter had been read. "We would like to see a sugar central and a large coconut grove. We have studied about them in our class, but we have never seen them because we have ·never been out of the ·Mountain Province." "I will. think about it," said the boys' father, . · In a few days he told them that they and their mother would start to Negros in a week. How happy the boys were! And such preparations! There was much planning to be done and many things had to be made ready. But before the week was. up, everything was prepared. In a few days they were at the hacienda ·in N egros where their uncle is a foreman.' There were several boys living on the plantation. They were of the same age as N anding and Acoy. These boys took the visitors all over the big farm. N anding and Acoy were interested in seeing the coconut groves and the big cartloads of ripe coconuts. They 'liked to look at the coconuts as they were carried along the chute by the rapidly moving water. They liked to watch the· workers as they cut open the coconuts, removed the meat, and placed it in the sun to dry. Then it would be called copra, and the oil pressed from it would bC: used in many ways. The boys enjoyed seeing the laborers cut the sugar-cane. They liked to see the (Pltast turn to page 216.) JUNE, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 197 READING TIME FOR YOUNG FOLKS THE TALE OF A SLAVE IF YOU EVER GO to Algiers in northwestern Africa on the shores of the Mediterranean, you will hear the story of Geronimo, and this is the story they will tell you. Geronimo was an Arab, a native of Algeria. (See the sketch on this page and the map on page 198.) He was born in the middle of the sixteenth century. He was taken captive during an expedition made by tl:ie Spanish garrison of Oran, and was baptized into the Christian faith. When he was eight years old, however, he managed to. escape and join his friends. Persuaded by them, he then renounced his riew religion. and became once more a Moham~edan. But the teaching he had received during his captivity had made a deep impression upon him. He returned to the Spanish garrison and became a Christian. cruel man, who would do anything-no matter how cruel-in order to carry out his purpose. In this respeci he was no different from some of the cruel dictators of Europe and their .agents at the present time. The governor told his overseer to see to it that Geronimo gave up his religious beliefs. This, however, Geronimo firmly refused to do. His master became infuriated, and treated him with great brutality. When he found this had no effect, he offered him great rewards, and even liberty itself, if he would. do as he wished. But Geronimo remained steadfast. · Some time afterwards, however, when out in a boat, he fell once more into A Native of Algiers About that time, a new fort was being built, and Geronimo, with other laborers, was working there. Part of his duty was to make huge blocks of cement for the walls of the fort. The process was this: the cement was mixed .in great quantities, much as it is today, and then shovelled into big wooden boxes. tlie hands of enemies, this time a band of Moorish pirates who carried him to Algiers, and sold him as a s·lave in the . market-place of his native city. Now, when he and his fellow-captives were standing in the slave-market wondering whether they would have kind masters or cruel, Geronimo was singled out on account of his manly bearing by an agent of the governor of the city, who paid the price demanded. His master proved to he a stern and When it had set, the boxes were removed, and the solid masses were carried away· and placed in position. One day, as the governor strode among the workmen, his eye fell upon Geronimo. It occurred to him that he could inflict a terrible punishment upon Geronimo. He would give his slave another chance of giving up his reljgion, and if he refused he should be buried alive in one of those boxes of cement. Geronimo· was brought forward and 198 THE YOUNG CITIZEN }UNE, 1941 Find Algiers on this.mop of northwester_n Africa. given his choice. He refused. The governor, beside him.self with fury, ordered the brave fellow's hands and feet to be bound, and. the cruel sentence wa~ carried into execution. The great block of concrete, with the body of th~ heroic slave inside, was placed in the wall of the fort. As the deed was . finished, the governor, who perhaps had hoped in his heart that Geronimo would not hold out, was heard to exclaim: "I never thought that dog would die with so much courage." . . The event reached the ears of one of Geronimo's old friends, a Spanish monk, who wrote it down. That was in the year 1569. Nearly three ·hundred years after, in 1853, it.was found necessary to destroy the fort, and the man in charge of the work determined to see. if the story of Geronimo were true. ·After much patient digging and searching his labors were successful, for on December 7, of the year 1853, he discovered the martyr's remains enclosed in the masonry as had been described by the old monk three hundred years before. The bones were carefully removed and buried with great ceremony in the Cathedral of St. Philippe where they rest to this day in a marble tomb. As a furiher memorial of Geronimo's splendid fidelity and courage, plaster of Paris was run into the mold formed by his body iri the concrete block, and a perfect model, showi.ng. not only his features, but also the cords that bound him and even the texture of his clothing, was produced. This now lies in the gover~ment museum at Algiers, and that is why, if you go there, "y-0u will hear the. story of Geronimo. · QUESTIONS I. Where is Algiers? 2. · Describe the dress of a native man of Algiers. 3. Who was Geronimo? 4. What happened to him when he was a boy? 5. Tell about his religion. 6. What happened to him later? 7. Who bought Geronimo? 8. What kind of man was the gov: ernor? 9. What did he want Geronimo to do? 10. What did Geronimo say? 1 l. What did the governor do to Geronimo? 12. When did this occur? 13. How was the story verified three hundred years later? 14. What was done with the remains of Geronimo? 15. What memorial was made? }UNE, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 199 AMONG THE WILD ANIMALS OF EAST AFRICA True Experiences Related ·by a Young Traveler VI. A TERRIFYING EXPERIENCE WITH WILD ELEPHANTS ONE EVENING I was sitting with several friends in the airy lobby of the hotel in Nairobi, East Africa. Here many a hunter, adventurer, and business man has sat and listened to the stories told of experiences in the jungles. On this occasion among the men in the lobby was one of the oldest hunters of elephant ivory in Africa. As I listened to his tales of herds of wi)d elephants, I decided to go and see a herd for myself. The next day my friend and I talked to old hunters in Nairobi to get some information about a safari in the Belgian Congo. We learned that it would be possible, but not advisable, to make this safari in 011r Ford sedan. Nevertheless, we decided to go, anct to go in our trusty Ford. During the next few days we were busy getting food and other supplies, canteens of water, and a spare tire for our auto. At the end of the third day we had everything ready and neatly stowed away in the back seat of our little car. We were ready to leave at an early hour next morning. The following morning we le.ft at four o'clock and headed northwest. There are no good highways in East Africa. Most of the roads are across sandy and dusty plains, and are full of holes and deep ruts. These holes and ruts were often deeper than the radius of the wheels of our Ford car. The effect on the springs and on ourselves was very bad. We traveled all day and reached Kampala, the capital of Uganda, late at night. Here we found lodging. After a long and tiresome ride, we were happy to get a good night's sleep. The next morning we started down the jungle road to Kamande. The burning tropical heat was intense. We were always on the watch for. wild animals, but during the heat of the day· the animals keep in the shade. We were making good progress in our journey until all of a sudden we were i"nterrupted by the sound of a .blowout in the rear tire of our auto. Although the sun burned down without.mercy, I had to change that rear tire at once. We 0had to reach Kamande before nightfall, as it would not be safe ·to be in the jungle after dark. We were in the midst of a ·world of wild animals, where, as soon as darkness falls, every animal starts out in search of its prey. Presently I got the tire changed, and we proceeded on our way to Kamande. l,Jp hill and down, around curves and over ravines we went. Sometimes ·an antelope or a hart would spring from the side of the road, run across to the other side, and disappear in the jungle. Once a herd of five giraffes came from the plain toward the road. We drove slowly in order to watch them. ·It was . interesting to see these brown and yellow spotted animals with their long necks fifteen to eighteen feet in the air as they crossed the road. A giraffe has long legs, and can run as fast as forty miles an hour. He is very shy and easily frightened. When I sounded the auto horn, this herd took to the jungie with long strides. We could see their heads up in the air for some time after they disap200 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ]UNE, 1941 peared. We drove northward through dense jungle. The road was getting darker from the shadows of the trees. Just as we came to the top of a small hill, I saw something moving ahead of us. As I came closer, I saw directly ahead of us a herd of elephants. How many there were, I could not tell. I stopped the car and turned off the engine. A few hundred feet ahead· of us, there were, by actual count, fifteen great African elephants. They were standing in groups, looking, for all the world, as if they were talking to each other. . It was a wonderful' sight to see these immense creatures in their native habitat. It seeined so unreal that I thought I must be dreaming. But I was soon to realize that it was not a dream. · As we sat in our little P'ord car looking at the immens~ beasts before us, I thought how easy it would be for them to upset our auto and trample it to pieces. We watched the herd. They were moving slowly forward. Suddenly they stopped. They began to show signs of excitement. One of them raised his trunk into the air. His great ears stood straight out on both sides. This is the usual position of a charging elephant. We had bee~ advised not to sound the auto horn when we saw wild elephants. The noise might frighten them into a mad frenzy and cause them to charge. We sat very quietly in our car, wondering what would happen. It seemed as if they had not ·noticed us. The wind was blowing against us, so they had not caught our scent. The elephant and the African .buffalo do not like the scent of human beings. My friend asked, "What shall we do now?" I said, 'We cannot go ahead, and we cannot back up. We will just wait and see what happens." We sat there for quite a while. Finally the elephants turned around and headed directly towards our car. One of the larger ones, who seemed to be the leader, had his trunk upraised. We could easily hear him as he took deep breaths. His small eyes were watching our car, but as he saw no movement, it did not seem to disturb him. My friend and I were watching every movement of the animals before us. Our hearts were beating so loudly we could hear them. These were minutes of life or death. All depended upon the sense of the old elephant before us, and upon our· ability to remain perfectly quiet and not give the slightest sign of movement. The herd came up to our car. The lead~r of the herd stood directly in front of our engine. · We could hear the trunk of another, as it scraped across the roof of our auto. Four other elephants were ·loitering nearby our little Ford', looking over the top. One of them struck a glass window with his yellow ivory tusk. We feared that he might break ·the window in; then it would be bad for us. Several of the huge animals bumped against the sides of our auto. we expected that they would grasp the car by their trunks and tip it over. Sometimes the car would shake and rock violently. I hoped they would not try to lie down against it. Suddenly one of the elephants seemed to have a new idea. He went to the back of the car and pushed it s,lowly forward against the elephant in front, who was the leader. Then the leader pushed it back again. The~ they begin pushing THE YOUNG CITIZEN 201 it back and forth. It was not a pleasant sensation to be powerless in an auto which was being pushed backward and forward by wild elephants. · This went on .for about half an hour, during which time we were nearly petrified with fright. Suddenly, without any apparent reason, the entire herd ·raised their irunks and let out a mighty roar. Then they &tarted off into the jungle. We felt sure they had got the scent af another elephant herd, and had gone off to join them. Although my friel)d and I were s 0 frightened we ·could not speak, I lost no tim·e in getting. . our little Ford started. Soon meat, we sat on the porch and told of our harrowing experience with the elephants. The old keeper listened carefully. After we had finished, he turned to us and said, "I consider you lucky to be alive tonight;" A REVIEW I. What and where is Nairobi? 2. What is a safari? 3. What did the writer and his friend wish to do? · 4. Tell of their preparations. 5. Tell of the roads in East Africa. 6. What do African animals do in the daytime? 7. Tell all you can about the giraffe. we were going as fast as possible, as we hoped to Fiftttn big fellows like these came around our auto. 8. Tell all you can about the elephant. reach Kamande before nightfall. It was dark when we fina1Iy arrived at that little native village. We went at once to the rest house on the shore of a lake. W e were welcomed with colonial hospitality by the old keeper who had built this comfortable rest house for the .weary traveller. After we had enjoyed a dinner of native poslio (mush) and roast antelope. 9. What did the writer and his friend see? IO. What did the two men do? Why? 11. What did the elephants do? 12. Were the two men in danger? Why? 13. What peculiar thing ·did the elephants do? 14. Was this "a terrifying experience?" (Pltast turn to pagt 216.) 202 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ]UNE, 1941 THE DISCOVERY OF FIRE An Imaginative True Story THE MAN was a savage-a prehistoric savage who lived thousands and thousands of years ago. He crouched on the rock beach, intent on his work. He had found a piece of dark, smooth stone, almost the right shape for a hand ax. With a rock which he held in his right hand he was chipping the dark stone to a thinner, sharper· edge. It was slow work, but the man knew of no other way to make tools and weapons. And these a man must have, for otherwise how could he eat, or even protect himself and his children from being killed by the great ·cave bear, or eaten by the terrible saber-toothed tiger? The man shivered a little, for the wind was very cold, and jie felt the chill even through the thick, shaggy bear-skin that he was wearing. The stone with which he was hammering did not work as well as he wished; so he looked around him, selected another that fitted his hand better, and returned to his work of patient pounding and chipping. Then a strange thing happened .. When he struck the dark stone with the new stone rock that he had picked up, suddenly little bright points of light flew from. it. The man dropped the rock, a bit frightened. There must be magic in this! But after. a while, curiosity overcame his fear, and he picked up his hammer, eager to see whether the same thing would happen a second time. Again spar ks flew as he struck the stones together. His cour"age ~ose. He crashed the rocks, and a shower of sparks flew from them. One spark happened by. chance to hit a crumpled dry leaf that lay near by, and at once it flamed into· orange light. The man had never seen fire before, .except once during a great storm, when flame from the sky struck a tall tree iri the forest, and with a terrible roar one tree after another had vanished in heat and choking smoke and red glare. But this was a little tame fire, not at all like the monster that had devoured the forest. Tlie tiny flame paled and went out, and the leaf was gone. But no other harm was done, so this magic could not be too terrible. The man gathered several dry leaves, heaped them into a little pile, and, somewhat frightened by his own daring, he struck his magic stones together again and again. He had to try a number of times before one of the points of light hit his little leaf pile. Then the miracle happened once more. . This time the orange"light flamed higher and gave a warmth pleasant to the man's chilled fingers. The man jumped up and picked up his two precious stones. He would go back and show the others the great feat he could do. He· was almost as proud of it as if he had been able to kill one of the great beasts that crashed through the forest at night, shaking the earth with thei"r weight, and making men tremble in their caves. He could show the tribe something which none of them had ever seen before, .and they would honor him as a great man. In silent wonder, mixed with fear, the men watched his excited gestures and }UN•, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 203 listened to his halting story. He used grunts and signs more· than· words, because he could not talk as we do. He showed them'. the magic of the crashing rocks. From that time the tribe treated him with great r.espect. The man was now something.more than a good worker -he was a magician. After awhile in what is now France where this tribe lived, the days grew colder and the length of daylight shortened. Dark clouds were in the sky, and white flakes of snow fell. .. Again and again during the cold days that followed he tried to work his magic, and one day he succeeded. The pile of leaves flamed into sudden warmth and brightness. Shouting with joy, the man heaped more leaves on the first ones. There were a few small twigs inixed in with the leaves, and these snapped and crackled in the blaze. A wa·rmth like sunshine spread from this beautiful, leaping creature. The man had done another great magic. Then the other tribesmen began to search for 1I1agic stones like those of this man. They spent many weary days striking pieces of rock together in their hunt for the kind that could summon heat and light and beauty. Finally they found a few of the magic stones. Late. one day when it was beginning to· get dark, the man returned to the cave. The air inside seemed even colder than the world without. Somehow into the mind of the man came the thought' o f h is ·magic st ones and the pleasant warmth that had flared up for a moment when the spark fired the dry leaves. How good Man's Fiqt Mastery of Fire But all of the tr i bes me n had very much to learn about the strange creature they had it had felt to his cold fingers! Could he do it·again? He went and got his treasured ston.es from their hiding place, and gathered a few leaves. At first the man did not. succeed in his attempt. The dead le. aves which he had collected were wet from ·the melting snow. The bright shower of sparks that flashed from the stones he struck together vanished. They left no orange glow from the wet leaves.· But the man knew.how to be patient. managed to bring into their caves. If the pile Of leaves ·and twigs were- small, the creature would be gentle and warm their hands, but if the pile were large, the flames were angry and filled the air with a whiteness that hurt the• eyes and stung the throat. And never must they .try to touch this creature. If they stood at'a tittle distance from the flames, their bodies were pleasantly warmed, but if ·one was too greedy (Pltast Jurn to page 223.) 204 THE YOUNG CITIZEN }UN£, 19.p MUSIC APPRECIATION SECTION GREAT COMPOSERS OF MUSIC SECOND SERIES By BERT PAUL OSBON* VI. SAINT-SAENS SAINTS A E N S, the greatestof prese n t-d a y F r ench co mposers, was an o th er c h i l d, mu s i ca l prodigy:· He himself s ays that when Saint-Saens he was a very young boy he took keen delight in listening to musical sounds. So it did not surprise his parents that he .early . developed ability to play the piano under the instruction of his aunt w ith whom he began to study music when he was two-and-a-half years old. When he was six years old he gave his first public piano recital. He continued to give concerts until he was more than eighty years old. This noted French genius was born in Par is in J 835. He was sixteen years old w hen he produced h is first symphony, and lived to become a great pianist and fam- · ous composer. He also became a wellknown organist, and played the organ at one of the large churches in Paris. •Formerly Supervisor of Public School Music, Mount Lebanon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. From his (pronounced lent student. and versatile; cerity made where. earliest years Saint-Saens sahn-sahn) \.Yas an excel-· He was cultivated, alert, and his modesty and sinhim well-liked everyThis composer succeeded in writing almost every style of music. H e wrote symphonies, symphonic poems,-cha mbermusiC, songs, concerto;, oratbrios, and operas. H e w as a versatile and powerful composer. H is compositions include 5 symphonies, 4 symphonic poems, 5 piano concertos, and IO 'Operas. Saint-Saens traveled extensiV~ly, and gave concerts in many parts of the \\iorld. Throughout his life he retained •emarkable vigor, and thus was able to make pub.lie appearances until he was more than eighty years·old. T his gifted composer visited Algeria, and has pictured the Oriental life there in his charming Swite Algerienne. He was in America in 1906 and again in 1916. He was an amateur astronomer, and spent considerable time in his private observatory in the Canary I slands. He died in A lgiers in 1921. The greatest opera which Saint-Saens wrote·is Samson and D elilah, which is sometimes called a music-drama. It was first produced in 1877, and is often sung as an oratorio. This opera narrates the well-known Bible story of. the strong man Samson and the seductive Delilah who finally secured his downfall. You should hear a good sing~r sing one of the fam}UNE, 19 . .p THE YOUNG CITIZEN 205 ous solos from this opera which is called !Yly H eart at Thy Sweet Voice. An excellent phonograph record has . been made of this sdection. Another famous composition by Saint. Saens is called Danse Macabre. It p.ortrays the midnight revels of the spirits who rise from their graves on Hallow~5'.'en. By a clever orchestration ~he rat;i'tl'i11g of the bones of the skeletons is ··ifeard; then Death tunes his violin, and a l~vel y dance follows. This is finally interrupted by the nowin g o f the cock, and all the spirits and th e ir skeletons return to the graves. In an~ther co mp o s ition SaintSaens had the amusing idea of picturing in music the h ab it s of the elephants. Young people always en joy these tone-pictures, and you should hear them at the first opportunity. Try and learn to spell and pronounce this composer's name correctly (get a person who speaks French (o help you), and remember something about hi.s life and his music. QUESTIONS I. Who was Saint-Saws? 2. Can you spell and pronounce his name correct1 y? (sahnsa/111) 3. Tell of his early life as a boy. 4. Tell of his personal characteristics. 5. What kinds of music did SaintSaens write? birds animals. a nd H e Saint-Saens wrote music for a great symphony 6. Name some of his co mp o s itions. orche~tra like this one. wrote a series of little tone pictures called T he Carnival of the Animals. All of these may be heard by means of phonograph records. One of the little pictures in this series is ·called The Swan (Le Cygne in French) . This is a favorite solo, and is played on the violin, or the cello, or the organ. Another of these tone pictures suggests "the royal lion" as he walks 111qjestically and gives forth his mighty r~~( In another picture the hens and roost'ei are suggested in a very comical manner. Again1 a big, heavy tune depicts 7. Tell of his most famous opera. 8. T ell of hi ~ D anse Macabre. 9. Tell of his Carnival of ·1he A11imals. 10. Have you ever heard any of the music composed by Saint-Saens? 11. What is a tone-picture? 12. What are some of the tone-pictures in Saint-Saens' Carnival of the A11imals? . 13. D escribe the picture which you would see in your mind if you listened to Saint-Saens' D~11se !Ylacabre. 2o6 THE YOUNG CITIZEN JUNE, 1941 GROUP MUSIC A PIECE of music is called a duet when it is sung by two persons, or when it is ·played on two instruments. A duet may also be played by two persons on a piano. When three persons sing at one time, or .play at one time, the music is called a lrio. When four persons sing or play together at one time, the composition which they sing or play is called a quartet. A String Quartet is made up of four musicians ·who play, at one time, music ·with a part written separately for each of these instruments: · First violin, wflich plays the soprano part. Second violin, which plays the alto · part. Viola, which piays the te~or part. 'Cello, which plays the bass part. There" is no difference in the instruments which play first O( second violin. The only difference is in the "part" or the music which each instrument plays. When you listen to a string quartet, try to hear the part which each instrument is playing. · A Famous String Quartet I AM MUSIC SERVANT and inaster am I; servant of those dead, and master of those living. Through me spirits immortal speak the message that makes the world weep, and laugh, and wonder, and worship. ' I tell .the story of love, the story of hate, the story that saves, and the story that damns. I am the incense upon which prayers float to heaven. . I am close to· the marriage altar, and when the grave opens I stand near by. I call the wanderer home, I rescue the soul from the depths, I open the lips of lovers, and through me the dead whisper to the · living. · · One I serve as I serve all; and the king I make my slave as easily as I subject his slave. I speak Jhrough the birds of the air, the insects of the field, the crash of waters on rock-ribbed shores, the sighing of wind in the trees, and I am .even heard by the soul that knows me in the clatter of wheels on the city streets. I know no brother, yet all men are my brothers; I am the father of the best that is in them, and they are fathers of the best that is in me; I am of them, and they are of me, for I am the instrument of God. I AM MUSIC! QUESTIONS 1. What is a duet? 2. What is a trio? 3. What is a quartet? 4. Which instrument plays the soprano part? 5. Which plays the alto 'part? 6. Which plays the tenor part? 7. What part does the 'cello play? }UNE, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ELEMENTARY SCIENCE SECTION THE ·PRAYING MANTIS PERHAPS no living creature conceals behind a "pious" appearance a more bloodthirsty and malignant disposition than · ·that great hypocrite, the 1'praying mantis," a relative of the. grasshopper and the ·cricket. From the moment of its birth, this insect is a murderer and a cannibal, and is, therefore, of use in preying .on other· insects. Wiih the front part of its body raised up in a prim pose, the hind part swelling out, and. with it.s big arms .folded U:p so properly _beneath its small friangular head, . the mantis does indeed look like an old lady at her prayers. But concealed- on the inside of those arms are sharp and cruel claws, and. that head, cocked now to the right, now to the left; holds two large eyes constantly_ on the lookout for unwary victi!IJS. Perhaps a fly ventures too near. Suddenly the mantis springs; those long, scythe-shaped arms shoot 'Out, and the fly is caught on their curved barbs. Then one leg after another of the unfortunate captive disappears In that greedy mouth; the body is sucked dry; and-the mantis (Pltast. turn to pa9e 218.) THE TARANTULA THIS large, fierce, hairy, running spider . is much dreaded by the natives .cif the warm countries where it is found. Its bite is fatal to insects and small ani~als, arid is popularly supposed to, be ~anger ous to man. People once believed that the only cure for its bite was dancing to lively music until the victim, bathed in perspiration, fell exhausted. From this belief came the name tarantella which is applied to an exceedingly lively Italian dance .in which the speed increases to- the 'end. The true tarantula is -found only in southern Europe, liut the name is commonly applied to many other large spiders in· varfous parts of the world. One ·of these is much larger and more venomous than the Jar gest of the true tarantulas. · These spiders live under rocks and logs, or in deep burrows lined with soft 'silk which they spin from little silk glands located in the abdomen. They do not (Please turn !o page 218.) . 2o8 THE YOUNG CITIZEN JUNE, 1941 FEATHERS A FEATHER is a heavy product of the skin of birds, of which it is the distinctive characteristic. It arises from a nipple at the bnttom of a pit in the skin that begins to form. long before the embryo is hatched. Around this nipple there forms a cap of secr.eted horny material that presently becomes loosened and is push.ed· up by another cap forming beneath it. Thus a tube results, which is the shaft or "quill" of the feather, and in which the succe~sion of "caps" may be seen. When the full size of the feather is reached, the growing process ceases, the root end of the. quill ·closes, and the T lie flight of a bird with "soit'' feathers (illustrated rm the left) is slow; that of a bird with " /lard0 feathers (illustraled ott the right) is swift. feather is easily pushed out, and may be discarded if necessary. · Even the inature feathers are not intended to be worn always. They become worn and torn and are shed or "molted" at least once a. year. The feathers are replaced by a new growth from the same source. A feather consists of two par.ts, the "quill" and the branching growths which form the "vane." Sometimes these branches are disconnected, or nearly so, a~ in down and in ostrich plumes. The difkrent kinds of structure. of feathers are very numerous. On. account of this and the beautiful colors of many, a feather. is one of the most beautiful things in nature: The colors' of feathers may be due to pigments, or may result from mechanical conditions. There are many colors and· patterns of colors. Feathers form a warmer covering than scales or hair. They keep out the ·cold and help to retain the heat of the body. T his causes a warmth of the body and produces bodily activity'. It is the acquirement .of feathers that has lifted bird life far above its ancestors, the reptiles. Feathers are useful to man in many different ways. They are used ·for bed-· ding and upholstery; feathers.and plumes are used for ornamental purposes. Woven feather cloaks are famous. Connected with the orn~mental use· of feathers are many highly significant and ceremonial usages that make the study of this phase of the subject very interesting. There are a number of superstiti1'.lns connected with the use of tea thers. These have survived from very ancient times. (Pleau turn to page l2t. ) ]UNB, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN HISTORY SECTION MONEY: WHAT IT DOES AND HOW IT IS MADE MANY KINDS OF MONEY OF MANY PEOPLES I. Feather· money of Santa Cruz 2. Ancient Greek coin 3. Gold co~n of Henry Pill of England 4: Spanish coin cut and used as fractional currency in Peru 5 . Swedish money, 17th century 6. Lira irsued by Pope Pius X 7. Cowry shell 8. Indian wmiipum 9. Gretk coin 10. Cretan coin 11. Coin of Alfred the Great 12. Chine~e coin 13. Roman coin 14. Coin of Fra~ct, 1812 IN THE EARLY DAYS people did not worry about money. They had no money. This does not mean that they had no wealth, for wealth is anything that requires labor to produce and which can be appropriated and exchanged. Money is simply a measure for wealth and a medium of exchange. . Macy different things have been used to serve as money as civilization has developed. Skins have been a medfum of exchange in many hunting communities. In a part of colonial. America tobacco was once used as money. The early Romans and other early peoples measured their wealth in oxen or cattle. Wampum beads were used as money by North American Indians, and cowry shells were used as money by the natives of some parts of Africa. Salt, rice, tea, 2!0 THE YOUNG CITIZEN }UNE, 1941 dates, ivory, and numberless other every true artist. articles have been used as money at dif: . In the Middle Ages the same methods ferent times. of making coins were employed, but they Sooner or later all communities came were far less artistic, as may be seen in to use metals as money. Iron was used the "bezants" of Constantinople, the as money by the ancient Spartans, b_ut be- "denarii" of the Carolingians, and the cause it was so heavy in proportion to its silver ''.solidi" or shillings which were value, its place was taken by gold and coined everywhere in medieval Europe. silver. These metals are more satisfactory About 1662 the mill and screw press for money because they are precious, dur- were used in coining instead of the hand able, and easily stamped. hammer. This device marks the ·beginAt first gold and silver passed by ning of mod·ern machine methods of weight as gold dust often does in mining striking coins which makes all coins of communities. Several of the common a certain issue alike and which make the units of money were originally names of "milled" edge to protect the coin from weights-as the Hebrew "shekel", the fraudulent clipping or filing of the Anglo-Saxon "mark", the later English edges. "pound", the older French "livre", the "Paper" money must lie engraved and Italian "lira", and so on. printed. The paper is made by a secret The earliest known coins are those of . process. It is made from the toughest the Lydians in Asia Minor, dating from ·linen rags. It takes about a year to comthe 7th century B.C. Even after coining plete the engraved plates for printing a began, the coins were often not taken by piece of "paper" money, and as a precount but by weight, because dishonest caution no one engraver prepares a whole people clipped or filed coins for the sake plate. of the little particles of gold and silver The intricate designs, lettering, and thus gained. It is to prevent this that ,pictures or portraits are each separately modern gold and silver coins are made engraved by specialists. Great precauwith raised and "milled" edges, which tions are taken against theft or other loss show plainly any clipping or filing. in the printing process. Each bill conEven in the ancient city states of tains many symbols which tell the inGreece coins were usually made by "strik- itiated what -plate it was printed from, ing" the smooth gold or silver "blanks" who engraved the _plate, who printed the between-engraved dies or bronze or hard- bill, etc. ened iron or steel, one of the dies bear- In about three years of circulation a ing the design for the face, and the other paper bill is usually worn out. Then it that for the back of the coin. Only rare- is _returned to the government and is ly were coins cast in molds, and today destroyed. Some of the money which casting. is the sure sign of the counter- goes into circulation is never returned, feiter. and then the government is the gainer. Beautiful specimens of the ancient Bills which are worn, torn, or damaged coiner's art-'-the "staters" and "drach- are redeemable at face value if threemas" of Greece, the "aurei", "solidi", etc. fifths of the" bill remains; if less than of imperial Rome-,-are still preserved in three-fifths but more than two-fifths remuseums and are the joy' and wonder of (Please turn to page 218.) ]UNB, 1941 THE· YOUNG CITIZEN 211 HEALTH AND· SAFETY SECTION . MILK. THE PERFECT FOOD EVERY human being lives for a time entirely upon milk. Indeed, milk is the chief food of all the higher animals or mammals during babyhood, for the food clements needed to build and nourish brain, musde, and bone are found in the there are as ma~y children as adults, as much money should be spent for . milk as for meat. The cow furnishes by far the largest share of the milk· supply. Laplanders drink the milk of the reindeer and BedoTh"e P olue of M ilk ar a Produur of Energy ·most easily digested form in milk, the per feet food. There is no substitute for milk in infant feeding, and milk and milk products are most iroportant foods .at all ages. Authorities tell us that in ~amilies where uins ·get their milk from ihe camel. In the Philippines a limited amount of milk . comes from goats and carabaos. The raising of goats for milk is a prominent industry in Switzerland, and is being encouraged in England and the United 212 THE YOUNG CITIZEN JUNE, 19.p States. The freedom of goats from disease makes goat's milk especially safe for feeding infants and invalids. But whatever the source, all milk contains the s~me valuable food elements, pounds of peas; and to six and two-thirds pounds of tomatoes. It is no wonder then that dieticians consider milk the perfect food. though in different proportions. ln good REVIEW cow's milk there is about a quarter of a pound of food solids to every quart-as 1. Why is milk considered a perfect much as in three-quarters of a pound of food? beef. The most important of these solids 2. Wh'at animals produce milk? are: ( 1) butter fat, the chief constituent 3. Do all mammals nee_d milk when of butter; (2) casein or curd; which they are young? forms the body of cheese; (3) milk sugar 4. Name the solids from milk. or lactose, which is less sweet than cane 5. What is the most important product sugar; (4) ash or mineral salts which from milk? build bone. 6. What is condensed milk? In the milk of various mammals these 7. What is evaporated milk? foods occur in the proportion best 8. Tell the amount of some of the food adapted to the needs of the young. which a quart of milk equals. Of the many milk products butter is - 9. Do you drink milk? the most important because it is largely 10. Do you think it benefits you? made up 0f the valuable fats. Pure ice- 11. In what form is most of the milk cream is a valuable food, since it contains used in the Philippines? all the milk solids. 12. What animals in the Philippines Evaporated milk is whole milk with produce milk for human consumption? part of the water removed. Condensed 13. Why is goat's milk considered safe milk is similar, but with sugar added as ·for infant feeding? a preservative. Evaporated and con- 14. What industry is being encouraged densed milk can· be kept indefinitely and in the United States and elsewhere? be shipped long distances. By simply 15. Should more cow's milk be used in adding water, a product is obtained close- the Philippines? ly resembling fresh milk. In the Philip- l6. Why is the number of cows in the pines evaporated and condensed milk are Philippines now limited? used extensively, although the use of fresh milk has increased considerably in 17. Is sour milk of any value? What the last twenty-five years. is the use of it? · Notice the illustration on page 211. 18. What about butter-milk? According to an authority a quart of 19. What is butter-milk? cow's milk is equal to each of the follow- 20. Did you ever drink butter-milk? Is ing: four-fifths of a pound of beefsteak; it healthful? or one and one-fourth pounds of chicken; 21. What is pasteurized milk? (See the or to half a pound of ham; to two and· encyclopedia.) . one-third pounds of codfish; to eight eggs 22. How is milk pasteurized? of average siz:e; to one and one-seventh 23. Can you write a short composition · pounds of beans; to two and two-thirds about milk? . THE. YOUNG CITIZEN 213 CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION OBEDIENCE By ARTHUR MEE WE LEARN to rule by learning to obey. One of the wisest of the sayings of one of the wisest men was that we learn to command Nature by learning to obey her, and the progress of the world has proved it true. If we would have power, we must first obey. Of all the things we learn, this is the first; we could not live at all without obedience. We owe our safety, our happiness, our lives to obedience of ourselves or others. We 'must not think that obedience is something to be ashamed of.' · Nothing can exist without it; it is the only law by which a house or a business or a state can be ma{ntained. .It runs through the life of a nation. We must obey those in authority in our homes and schools, and they obey the laws passed for us all. Obedience is simply the way in which we recognize that knowledge is power. If a hundred men want to go to a certain place, and one man knows the way, the ninety-nine follow him. It is the quickest way of getting there; the ninetynine are obedient. It is said that a telegraph operator once saved the lives of many men by being obedient to his orders and sending a message through, regardless of the hazard. There was £ boy who was told by his father to go to a certain place at noon and wait for him until he came. The boy went to the place at noon. The father forgot the appointment, and as the boy did not come home, he went back and found the little man still waiting for him at the place at midnight. Tl)e boy believed in his father and trusted him. He was obedient. He lived to be a· great man, .because he early learned obedience. There was· a nQbleman who was talking with the king, when an insect bit him. The nobleman did not flinch and made no sign. It was the duty of the nobleman to listen obediently to the king. He could endure the sting of an insect in order to be obedient. To know the right thing and to do, to love tn1th and to obey it,. to control our lives so that in all things others may have faith in us-these will bring to us power, ·and,· through obedience, lead us to command. In the Bible we find numerous references to obedience. In the Book of Kings, we read: "If thou wilt walk in My ways, to keep My statutes and My commandments, then I will lengthen thy days." In the Psalms we find these: "Blessed is the man that feareth the Lord, that delighteth greatly in His commandments." And again, "The fear of ihe Lord is the beginning of wisdom: a good understanding have all they that do His commandments." St. Luke wrote: "Blessed are they that heareth the word of God, and keep it." And one of the Proverbs states that "Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son." One should begin to learn obedience from the time he is born. We should learn it as children. One must be obedient throughout an entire lifetime. Shame and sorrow come from disobedience. Prisons are filled with people (Please turn to page 220.) 214 THE YOUNG CITIZEN WORK AND PLAY SECTION TRICKS TO DO WITH A PIECE OF STRING that of tying a knot on the left wrist without letting the right hand get near it. We take a piece of fairly thick string; we hold one end between the finger and thumb of the left hand; we take the other end of the string in the right hand, and, with a rapid jerk, throw a loop ·toward the left hand a.s shown in picture 2. The _ loop can, with a little practice, be made ·to fall over the left wrist, as in picture 3. If, at the moment this happens, the right hand pulls back the end that it is holding, the string will be tied tightly around the left wrist. HERE is an excellent trick that is quite easy to perform, and needs no other apparatus than a fairly thick string about· five or six meters long. We tie the ends together, and then pass the doubled string through a buttonhole of our clothing. We then· put our thumbs through the looped ends, one at one end and the other at the other, and, having done this, hook our little fingers into the upper strings of the: opposite hands. If we draw our hands outward, the appearance will be seen as in picture 1, and the string will look so entangled as to suggest that it will be a task of some difficulty and will take some time to release it from the buttonhole. But, as a matter of fact, the release may ·be made almost instantaneously by simply disengaging the right thumb and left finger, and pulling the hands apart. If this is done quickly, it will appear to those looking. on that the string has torn the buttonhole. Their astonishment on finding that. the buttonhole has not been torn will be quite worth the trouble it takes to practice this clever little trick. Another trick with string that can be done quite easily afte~ a little practice is Here is another trick. Take a piece of string about one meter or a meter and a half long, and join the ends. Then, placing one hand through each end, give the string a complete twist, and put into the left hand the end that was in the right hand. The string is now as in picture 4. Passing the right hand quickly along · ·the double string, we hold the place where the string crosses, so as to conceal it, as in picture 5, and we ask a friend to cut the string through at the part we are holding between our two hands. The friend does this, and there are four ends, showing that the string must now be in two pieces. Then we offer to join twci ends with our teeth and pull the string out in one long piece. The explanation of this trick is, that owing to the twisting of the string and the particular way in which we hold it, so that the friend must cut it somewhere near our right hand, the string is cut into a long piece and a very short piece. We put the four ends into our mouth and with our tongue remove the small piece. JUNE, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 2is AN EASY WAY TO MAKE AN HOUR GLASS sand that took exactly one hour to run through the opening into the other bulb. Then, when it had all run through, the hour-glass was reversed, and the sand ran back into the first bulb, thus measuring another hour, and so on. Any boy or girl can make an hourglass without much expense. We take two· botiles of the same size and ·shape -a shape like that shown in the illustration is the best shape. Then we take a quantity of fine sand, which has b·een washed and sifted, and put this in one of the bottles. Now over the neck of the bottle we IN ancient days, time was measured by tie a piece of rubber. from a bursted toy an hour glass. T here were two bulbs of . ballc;>on, and prick a small hole in it large glass with a small passage between them, enough for the sand to pass through slow. - One of the bulbs co~tained .a quantity of (Pl•ase turn to page 223.) A JUMPING FROG MADE FROM A -WISHBONE THE next time you have a chicken for " dinner, save the wishbone-the lyreshaped bone in the chicken's breast. It is quite easy to make a jumping frog from this wishbone. We take the wishbone, and first thoroughly clean it. We let it dry for a day or two. Then we take a piece of strong, thin string, and, doubling it, tie it securely to the two "arms" of the bone about a half-inch from the ends, as shown in the picture. Now. we take a small piece of wood a little shorter than the bone, and a short distance from one end cut a notch around it. ·Slip the stick half-way through the doubled string, midway between the two "arms'~ of the bone, and turn the wood around and around until the string is .twisted and. shows a strong resistance. T hen pull the stick through until the string clings around the notch. Cut out of thin cardboard the rough resemblance of a frog, and stick this with paste to the top of the wishbone. All that is now needed is a touch of glue on the und.erside of the bone. (Please turn to_ page 223.) 216 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ]UNE, 1941 MOUNTAIN BOYS 4. :What things did he TERRIFYING EXPERIENCE (Continued from page 196) grow? (Continued from page 201) sap squeezed out of the 5. What fruit did he Why? cane. When it was being grow? 15. What did the keeper boiled into brown sugar, 6. Can those things grow say after the men told their in the hot lowland? Why story? ~~e~h~o7:i~~%o~:~se:. taste no~? Is sugar-cane grown E1a~~ ~f~:a:::rm~lf st~~~~~ The month went by all in the Mountain Province? have you read? too soon, and it was time for Aco and Nanding to re- Why not? . 17. Can you tell wha_t each y h · h · h 8. Are coconuts grown in was about? turn to t eir ome in t e . . 8 · ? M . p . Th the Mountain Province? 1 . Do you enioy them ountain rovince. ey 9 said good by to their boy Why not? . . l . Do you wan~ more to f . d d . h . 9. Do pine-trees grow in be published in THE nen s, an in a s art time h M . p · ? YOUNG CITIZEN? were back in Baguio. t e ountain rovince "Wh d'd l'k Why? 20. Have you learned ,, at . 1 you 1 e ·JO. Do pine-trees grow in things from .these stories? best? their father asked the lowland? Why? . 21. Why are many large them when they rerurned. l I. Where. did the boys wild animals found in East "I liked to drink the go to visit?- Africa? milk from a young coco- 12. What things inter- 22. Make a list of the nut," said Nanding. ested them on the hacienda? large wild animals found "I liked to eat molasses Why? there. made from sugar-cane sap," 13. Have you ever been 23. Write a paragraph or said Acoy. in the Mountain Province? tell as much as you can "Did you enjoy your stay 14. If not, would things about each one. in the lowlands?" there interest you? 24. Which of these wild "Yes," replied the boys, 15. Have you ever visited animals are found in other "but· N egros is very differ- an hacienda? parts of the world? ent from our home in the 16. If not, would things 25. Which are found only Mountain Province. It is there interest you? in East Africa? very hot in N egros-not 17. Did you like this 26. Have you ever seen cool like Baguio. And just story?· Why? pictures in the movies of think! We didn't se.e a 18. Do you know the ele- any of the wild animals of single pine-tree!" vation above sea level of East Africa? Baguio and other parts of 27. Did such pictures inthe Mountain Province? terest you? Did you learn QUESTIONS TO ANSWER (Baguio, 5,000 feet. Other anything from them? l. Where did N anding parts of the province from 28 .. Where are some of and Acoy live? 5,000 to 8,000 feet.) these wild animals kept in 2. Is it cciol or hot in Baguio? 19. What are the differ- captivity? (In the "circus" ent Filipinos of the Moun- and in the "zob.") tain Province called? 29. Does the East African 3. What father do? did the boys' 20. What can you tell of government protect any of the Mountain Province? these animals? Why? JUNE, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN II THE 11 't UEBJ LPi:lNTRY II VEGETABLES 217 BEFORE they are cooked or Raw potatoes are sliced spoonful of pepper. Cover served, vegetables of all kind and put into cold water. the bottom of a shallow should be thoroughly Then they are dried ~m a baking dish with a thin picked over, and all the cloth and immersed in hot layer of bread crumbs. decayed or unripe parts fat until done. Fry them Pour the tomatoes into the thrown out. They should to an amber color and serve baking dish, and sprinkle be well washed several at once. over them a tablespoonful times with a different clean Baked Sweet Potatoes of sugar and a few drops of water each time. Most or Ca.motq onion juice. Cover the top vegetables are better when Wash and scrub the pdta- with a cupful of bread laid in cold water a short crumbs which have been toes without b. reaking the bl time before cooking. · They skin. Bake them until ·soft. moistened with a ta eare better when freshly Then break the skin in one spoonful of melted butter. gathered and cooked as soon place, and· serve at once. Bake in a hot oven for fifas possible. teen minutes. Serve in the Baked Potatoes Stewed Tomatoes same dish. Select large potatoes of If fresh tomatoes are Baked Onions uniform size and shape. used, remove the skins by Cook the onions in two ·Wash and scrub them with placing them in boiling waters until tender. The , a small brush. Then bake water for a few minutes. second water should be them in a hot oven for about The skins will then peel off salted and boiling. Drain an hour. Press them to see easily. Cut the tomatoes well. Press each onion in if they are done, but do not into pieces and stew in a a coarse cloth, gently so as stick them with a fork. granite-ware saucepan un- not to break it. When they When they are soft, serve ti! tender. To one quart <if are all dry, lay them all toat once. They become tomatoes add one teaspoon- gether, side by side, in a watery if kept. ful of pepper and a table- bake-pan. Add pepper, salt, Fried Potato., spoonful of butter. Then and butter, and a cupful of Slice cold boiled pota- add one-half cupful of stock (a thick soup). Brown toes. Put them into a skillet cracker or bread crumbs. in a hot oven. Take out the with butter, and cook until Scalloped Tomatoes onions and ke~p them hot in browned on both sides. If Season a can of tomatoes a deep dish while you thickrolled in flour they will with one teaspoonful of salt en the gravy left in tlie pan form a crisp crust. and one-fourth of a tea- (Please turn to page 220.) 218 THE YOUNG CITIZEN PRAYING MANTIS TARANTULA (Continued from pa9e 20. (Continued from page 207) is back at its prayers. ~hts spin webs in which to to the death often take catch their prey, but wait place between !Wo of these for it like tigers, coninsects, and the victor dines cealed among leaves or on the vanquished. · rubbish, or hiding within }UNE, 1941 MONEY (Continued from page 210) mairis, it is redeemed at half its face value. Some persons make a hobby of collecting coins and "paper" money. · Such a person is called a numismatist. A good collection of coins and bills is. quite valuable. Members of the mantis their burrows. When some family are found in nearly unwary insect passes, the all tropical countries. They tarantula rushes out, bites are quite common in the it, and then drags it info its Philippines. The com- burrow. The bite either monest species is leaf-green kills the victim at once or QUESTIONS in color. l;he eggs are laid ·paralyzes it and make~ it in tough cases attached to helpless. 1. Why did ancient peotwigs, and as soon as the The tarantula does not pie not need money? young hatch, they start chew and swallow the sub- 2. What different things killing small insects. Their stance of its prey, but ·sucks have been used for money? life history is similar to out the blood and other 3. Why are gold and that of grasshoppers. bo?y juices. hs large jaws, silver used for money? As one sees a mantis, how or mandibles as they are 4. Tell ·how coins are prim and proper it· looks called, work up and down made. with its "arms" folded so and.not from side to side as 5. Tell how "paper nicely and its head bowed do the jaws of most spiders. money" is made. between them! That's how Spiders as a class are not 6. What is a person it got its name-the pray- popular, and the tarantula called who collects coins? ing mantis. But it would is especially disliked. How Who collects postage be nearer the truth to call quickly it can spring with stamps? it the "preying mantis," for those long hairy legs and 7. Have you seen any this is just a pose that con- seize its prey! That's why collections of coins? ceals its fierce, blood-thirsty the tarantula does not have 8. Have you studied the disposition. to weave a web, as so many pictures of the coins ilThese cr.eatures have spiders do. lustrated on page 209? Tell been looked upon with about some of the coins ilsuperstitious awe since an- QUESTIONS lustrated there. cient times. In China they I. Tell about a taran- 9. Which ones interare kept in cages and tula. ested you the most? Why? matched in prize fights. 2. Does it spin a web? 10. Can you name all the QUESTIONS 1. Have you seen a praying mantis in the Philippines? 2. Describe this insect. Why not? Philippine coins of the 3. How does it catch its present time? The bills prey? used as "paper money"? 4. How does it eat its 11. Do yotL think the prey? money system of the Phil5. Are you afraid of a ippiries is good? Why do spider? Why? you think so? ]UNE, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 219 [jSfilm!J~~ Our School Bank By ISIDRO GANO (11 YEARS OLD) AT OUR SCHOOL we have a school bank, It was started by the principal of our school because there seemed to be a need for it. Sometimes boys and girls have to bring some money to school so that they can go to a store or to the market after school and buy something for. their parents. In orde.r that they would not lose their money, , they would ask their teacher to take care of it. So now we have a school bank to look after such money. If any pupil wants his money to ·be cared for, he takes it to the principal. She receives the money, writes the pupil's name in a little pook, and the amount of money. Then she writes the pupil's name on a small card, and the amount of money deposited. This card is given to the pupil. When the pupil wants to draw out the money from the school bank, he takes the card to the principal (Please /urn to page 221.) CLUB . .... Music Demonstration Schoolroom Beautiful By FELY TANABE By NORBERTO TEVEZ ( 15 YEARS OLD) ( IJ YEARS OLD) THE PUPILS in the school I AM in the sixth grade of a which I attend do very nice school in southern Luzon. music work, and they are The school room for this all very proud of it. So our grad'e used to be quite ugly music teacher decided to and uninviting. Now it is have a "music demor..~tra- the ''schoolroom beautiful," tion." She got the idea and we are all very happy from a private ~chool in the about it. Philippines where they do This is how we made our good mmic work. schoolroom to be beautiful Each grade was permit- and attractive. Our teacher ted to take part in the music read in a teache~s' magademonstration. We have zine of a company which an orchestra at our sc.hool, sells very cheaply pictures and this organization for the schoolroom. ·These played selections at various ire good copies of famous times during the program. paintings. So we started a The primary grades sang picture fund. Each pupil a group of nice songs which contributed a small sum of they had learned. Some of money-two or three centhese were action songs, and tavos, or five or ten cenwhile they were being sung, tavos, or more. Some of a group of other pupils per- the parents heard of our formed the action suggested picture fund, and sent peso by the words. bills and two peso bills. The upper grades sang That was the beginning. more difficult songs includ- Then some of the girls ing some part-songs. Some made candy which was sold. of these were Filipino We got the candy recipes in songs, and everybody liked THE YOUNG CITIZEN. At to hear them. Christmas we made nice The pride of the school Christmas cards which (Please turn to page 221.) (Please ~urn to page 221.) 220 THE YOUNG CITIZEN }UNE, 1941 OBEDIENCE VEGETABLES a small egg. Serve it hot (Continued from page 213) (Continued from page 217) with any roast meat or who did not obey the laws with browned flour. Pour poultry. of the land. the gravy over the onions, Cab b a g·e is delicious If early in life one learns set in the oven for two min- when cooked with butter to obey, it will not be a dif- utes, and serve. and flour. Put the cabbage ficult task to be obedient in Rice Croquettes in a frying pan. 'Add a later life. But the child . heaping tablespoonful of who is permitted to have Put th_ree:fourths of a butter and a level tablehis own way, to be ·dis- cup of milk In _a sauce-pan spoonful of flour. Cook obedient to those in author- over the fire with a gener- it until tender. ity, is learning to do that ous tablespoonful of butter, h · Boiled Beets which will bring sorrow a eapmg teaspoonful of and sufferrng to himself and sugar' and when it comes to others. a boil, add a cup and a half .Wash and cook the beets Boys and girls, make this of boiled rice, some powyour rule and never break dered cinnamon or nutmeg it: I will always obey my (if desired), and salt to parents and my. teachers, taste. Mix ~ell; then let it and those. who have right- come to a boil. Add a beatful authority. en egg, remove from the in hot, salted water from two to three hours, according to age ~nd size. When done, throw at once into cold water to loosen the skins. Peel them quickly and slice them thin. Pour over them a sauce made of three tablespoonfuls of scalding vinegar, a tabkspoonful of butter, and a little pepper and. salt. Serve hot. fire, turn into a plate to get SOMETHING TO THINK cold, form into cylinders, and fry in hot butter. ABOUT I. Are you obedient? 2 . .Must your paren.ts obey the laws? 3. Must the president of the Philippines obey the laws? · 4. Must the president of the United States obey the laws? 5. Why is obedience necessary? 6. When should· one learn to be obedient? 7. Read the rule in the last paragraph of this article. Then memorize it. 8. Why will disobedience. bring sorrow? 9. What is a criminal? Ways of Cooking Cabbages S~lect firm; crisp heads of cabbage. Boil the cabbage briskly in plenty of Stuffed Green Peppers wate_r, keeping it closely Cut the tops offthe sweet covered, Or if possible, green peppers and careremove the hard core, and i fully remove the seeds. then steam it. This will I Chop together very fine avoid the odor of cooking. I two peppers, orie smal) When perfectly tender,' onion, and one large peeled chop in a wooden bowl., tomato. Add an e qua 1 Have a white sauce ready amount of stale bread of milk well thickened with crumbs, one teaspoonful of cornstarch and flavored salt, and sufficient melted with nutmeg. Into this stir butter to moisten the mixthe chopped soft cabbage ture. Fill the peppers with Beat it vigorously until it the mixture, replace the becomes pulpy. Add a tops, and bake for half an lump of butter the size of hour in a moderate oven. }UNE, 19.p SCHOOL BANK (Continued from page 219) and the money is given him. The principal writes the word "withdrawn" across the card and after the pupil's name in tl'le deposit book; also the amount withdrawn. Drawing out time is during the thirty minutes each day after the dismissal of classes. If a pupil loses his deposit card, be can draw 011t his money just the. same, but has to pay. a fine of one centavo. The fines are put in our athletic equipment fund. Hardly any one ever loses the deposit card. Our school bank is very useful, because before it was started a number of pupils lost small sums of money given them by their parents. Now no one ever loses any money. SCHOOLROOM THE YOUNG CITIZE:-1 221 MUSIC DEMONSTRATION (Continued from page 219) FEATHERS (Continued from page 20.8) is the rhythm band, in QUESTIONS which variou.s percussion I. How is a feather proinstruments are played to duced by _a bird? keep time with music which 2. Name the· parts. of a is played on the piano. The feather. members · of the rhvthm 3. Why is a feather "one band have uniforms: and of the most beautiful things th~ leader wears a tall hat in nature"? and keeps time with a 4. How are feathers baton. used? Some of the older pupils 5. Why are birds above told about some of the great reptiles in intelligence? composers of music. We 6. What is a "soft" got this information from feather? different issues of -THE 7. What· birds have YOUNG CITIZEN. Our music "soft" feathers? teacher ·illustrated each of 8. What is these musicai biography feather? "hard" talks by playing on the 9. What birds have phonograph a composition "hard" feathers? by that composer. 10. If you live in or near Everybody was v er Y Manila, go to the Aquarium much pleased with our if possible, and look at the music demonstration, and feathers of different birds said that it showed that our there. school does good music work. It was so successful ----------. h Each week we study one ·(Continued from page 219) that our music teac er ~ays h h of these pictures. Our were sold. The money we may ave anot er next teacher has a book which . . year. Now we all will went mto our picture fund. work hard at our music in tells about many great Finally our teacher had . • ; paintings, so she tells us enough money in the fund, sc?ool, so yv_e wi_ll have nice about some picture which so that she ordered. many thm?s 10 give m_ our next is described in her book. beautiful pictures of differ- music demonstratwn. We learn something about ent sizes. We mounted · · the painters of the pictures. these on colored paper and pictures. ·on the side walls Many parents come to put them up in our room. we had mounted groups of see our "schoolroom beautiAcross the front of the room smaller pictures-many of ful" as we call it. So it is we made a frieze of fairly which were colored. In all having an influence in the large sized copies of famous we have more than a hun- community toward creating paintings. Above these dred different pictures in a love for beautiful picwe had two large framed our room. lures. 222 THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE FUNNY PAGE CHILDREN, YOU 1\11.E l\LL NEW TOME. I Wl\NT SOMHIOOY TO <:ALL ~HE iOLL. YOU LA'Z.Y LOOl'..ING SOY ¥11\.L 9.H,0 'TJtEM. ]UNE, 19+1 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 22j of fire for warmth. AN HOUR GLASS (Continued from page 215) DISCOVERY OF FIRE· (Continued from page 203) ly in a fine but constant for the heat, the fire leaped, il. What things did these men learn about fire? How? stream. Turning this bot- and terribkpain struck the 9. Did this story interest tie upside down on the top hand that dared to touch 1t. you? Why? of the other, as shown in It must b~ a sacred _thing 10. Tell this story in your the picture, we let the sand 1 . not to be treated without own word·s. respect 11. Why will the stone run for an hour and then Afte~ this all the tribes- called "flint" make a spark take the top bottle oft We men used the strange when struck?. (See the remove the rubber cover- brightness for warmth on word "flint" in the encycloing, and tie it on the second cold days. But they soon pedia.) bottle, into which the sand learned that almost any- 12. Was flint useful iri has run for exactly an hour. thing they left near it making a fire before matchThen, after removing the would be destroyed by the es were invented? surplus sand from the first leaping flames, and noth- 13. How were the first bottle, we invert the other ing would be left behind guns fired? ·(See the encyover it, and let the sand but a gray powder. So clopedia.) slowly run back, checking whatever they cared for 14. What causes the fire it carefully to see that it they kept out 0f the fire's to burn? takes exactly an hour io run reach, and little by little 15. Why must a small fire through. th_ey learned haw ~0. hve have air in order to burn? Then, keeping the bottles with the strange spmt. 16. Wh will coal burn? h h . Thus probably occurred Y . one over t e ot er m the h d" f fi h 17 Why will a rock not "t" h . · h . t e 1scovery o re t ou- · pos1 wn s_ own m t e p_1c- sands and thoµsands and burn? ture, we bmd some adhesive thousands of 'years ago by 18. Make a·Jist of the usetape round and round the h · t · ful purposes of fire, such as necks to keep them togeth- pre is one man. heating, cooking, etc. er, and our hour-glass is 19. If fire gets beyond complete and ready for use. REVIEW QUESTIONS control, what is the result? I. Why is this called "an 20. Have you heard the imaginative true" story? old saying that "fire is a 2. Tell how the prehis- useful servant, but a cruel · toric man secured a spark master"? A JUMPING FROG (Continued from pagt 215) as in the picture. Having of fire. 21. Is this true? How is pulled the stick over, lay 3. Wha_t did he think of it true? the bone, or frog on a table, it? Why? . 22. Do you know how to and in a moment or two the 4. What happened next start a fire with bamboo glue will cease to hold, and probably? sticks? Tell about it. the springiness of the 5. Had the man ever 23. Why will a magnifytwisted string will cause seen a forest fire? ing glass start a fire? the boire to jump quite a 6. What had caused it? 24. Why will wat¢r "put distance. 7.' Tell of the discovery out" fire? 22~ THE YOUNG CITIZEN Here, then, is my answer to the teacher who wrote me: The next East African animal story is entitled Capturing Leopards. Have the members of your new club read about the leopard in the encyclopedia. Also, look up Nairobi, East AfriI JUST FINISHED reading mailed to me personally. ca-the town near the. scene the three articles chosen for "Dear Mr. Editor," the let- of the leopard hunt. Then the page this month for The ter begins. "I am going to your club will be quite What - A1·e - You - Doing? organize an East Africa ready for the story when it ·Club. They all are about Animal Club in my geog- appea~s in the next number "our school"-the school ·raphy class. Won't you let of the magazine. bank, the music demonstra- me know a little ways ahead And now let us look tion nf a school, and the what the next story will be ahead a bit: Your Editor schoolroom beautiful. ·1 which tells of that intrepid desires to have an unusually suppose your Editor. chose young traveler's adventures good Christmas number in those articles because he among wild animals? If the 1941 volume of THE has been a teacher for many you will do this, we shall YOUNG CITIZEN. I wish years. Therefore, w)len a study about the animals in you would begin to prepare letter comes to the editorial advance, and then we'll be some Christmas material desk describing some good all ready for the story." and send it in. Good Christschool plan or project, it is When I received this let- mas stories are always acalmost sure to find space- ter, I got out the folder of ceptable. And I'd like to at least a little space-in East African· ariimal stories have some interesting arTHE YOUNG CITIZEN. -just six more, to be exact tides ab o u.t Christmas. And so, boys and girls -to see which one I shall Don't wait until the last of and teachers' too' if y"ou N b d h nd use in the July issue of THE ovem er an t en se have done anything at your YOUNG CITIZEN. After something in, expecting to school unusually nice, or checking them over care- ·see it in print in two or three unusually interesting, or k I · 't b done fully, I have decided to use wee s. t JUS_t can . e - very much worth while, one in which the author If you have a Christmas why not write to the Editor T y tells of capturing leopards article for HE OUNG about it? Pass it along, so N 1 for an American zoo. There CITIZEN, send it in- OW· it can be done somewhere b \Vere to be four of them- Of course, I am always else. And not only oys . full-grown leopards, alive, wanting good stories of any and girls, but adults, to~, are invited to write. And unharmed, and in good kind. that's that. condition. And just such Well, it looks as if I have Now, let me see. What else did I have in mind to chat about this month? Oh, yes! Here it is-a letter animals were captured. used up all my space for How? Well wait and read editorial chats. So, until the story to fi~d out the way another month, Goodbye. in which it was done.' -THE EDITOR. Announcement to All Our Young Readers: Did you ner do something interesting and wort.h while? Han you had any experience in doir1g any of the following: (1) Collecting Philippine Shells, (2) Buntin&" Turtles, (3) Ezploring a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (6) Making an Aquarium, (6) Collecting Postage Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the Philippines, (I) Making a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers, (10) Making Candies, (11) BUilding a Sail Boat, (12) Bunting for Wild Animals, (13) Baking Bread or Cakes, (U) :Maklng Articles of Clothing, (16) Jl(ak:ing Articles of Furniture, (16) Visiting the Aquarium in lfanila, (1'1) Collecting Moths and Butterflies, (18) Collecting Interesting Bo\anical· Specimens, (19) Raising Orehids,· (20) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the PhfUppinea, or doing many other interesting things. WRITE ABOUT IT IN A SHORT COMPOSITION. Send your composition to The Young Citizen. Each month the Editor of The Young Citizen will publish as man!' of the best compositions as space will permit. · If your COD)position is accepted for publication, you will become a member of The What-Are-You-Doing? Club. The rules for securing membership are aimple. OBSERVE THE FOU.OWING RULES: 1. Write about eomething interesting which you have done, such as tho above titles suggest. Do not write a story which is not true. If your atory is accepted, you are a member of the Club. 2. On your composition write your name and address VERY PLAINLY. 8. State your ags. (. Tell what you liked best in recent issues of Th• Young Citfa•n: Address all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of Community Publishero, Inc. Publishers of The Young Citizen I ~~!!'!l~~~~:\ll!~~~~~p~·~O~·~B~ox~6~86~·~M~an~i~la~,~P~h~il~ip~p~i~ne~s~~~~~~~~~~ f OUUDHTIO.U . COlUC( Offers high school and college courses. Has a strong faculty to maintain a superior standard. Aims at the development of cultw-e, character, vocational efficiency, and loyal citizenship. T'rains the student how to study, how to work, how to live.. Prepares the student for busiiies.s and for university. Teaches tho student efficiently by means or conference study and tutorial guidance. Business and technical counies prepare the studtmt for 30me particular vocation. Basic English taught for clear thinking. Non-sectarian and co-oducational. The Collelfe where serious-minded patents should enzolJ their 30nS and daughteu. Opens June 1, 1941 727 San Marcelino, Manila - - - r