The Young Citizen: the magazine for young Filipinos

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Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: The Young Citizen: the magazine for young Filipinos
Issue Date: Volume 7 (Issue No. 7) July 1941
Year: 1941
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: Announcement to All Writers: - - - - - 0 - - I We Will Pay You -1 for writing articles of merit for publication in THE YOUNG CITIZEN. We want intereating children'• 1torie1 from 200 to 500 wbrd1 in length; also game1, reading device1, anicle1 of historical interest, elementary science and health anicles, puzzles, job•, and playlete. We also "ish to buy several good 1erial nories. Interesting 11ories les1 than 100 wordt in length are de:sired for Llttle Pe~ple. "'/ ou can add to your income by writin1 for UI, Primary Teachers: . We especially desire various kinds of interesting material suitable for F"irst, Second. and Third Grade Pµpils. We will pay teachen and others for material which we can use. Each article should be written in clear, easy, correct English, oo one side of the paper, typewritten if possible, or written by hand neatly and legibly. The article should be submitted with a self-addressed stan.1ped envelope, other! ............. ~·--·· ... -·_ .. _..... I I , Address all commun::i::n::ng Editor 11 1 The Young Citizen Care of Community Publishers, Inc. ~~~~~~~~~\ti~w;.~\ii~W~•~:~.~·~~·~:,~~;:~:~~~:~:~·w~:~:~n~:~:;:~~•~~~:~~~:~i~~~w~•w~•\ii~'~-~&~•~lii~.~lii~lii~'~,.~\lli~W~•~mru1 Maria . . Can You Fill the Blanks? • For Second Graders Things We See . . Make Your Own Toy Forr • For Third Graders 9 4 1 228 229 230 231 Using Our Eyes 232 M~ ill • Stories Mother's Own Dear Boy-Ludo<Vico Agulto . . 236 Long Live the "Nepa." A pla~let-Ernesto R. Barbosa 237 . The· Lion and the Mouse . 239 How the Treasure Was Stolen 240 The Spy Among the Owls . . 240 The .Banana-Leaf Seller-Emiliano Y. }'ernandes . 241 Capturing Leopards 242 • Poems I Like to See the Ships-Alire Franltlin Bryant 227 What Can a Little Chap Do ?-John Oxenha.m • 235 I'd Like to Be a Pirate-Alice Franltlin Br:ya~t 235 Solomon Grundy . . . 241 A Cradle Song-Lord T mnyson . 261 • Character and Citizenship Children and War-Dr. /. Pnrrlasigui 226 Ambition-Arthur Mee 260 • Elementary Science Mother Chimpanzee and Her Bary 234 Even Fish Drown 247 Grasses .· . . 247 The Life Of A Plant 248 • Health and Safety Why You Need Sunshine 2S2 Safety in the Streets . 2S3 • History Palestine . . . . . . . 249 To Vitalize the Teaching of Social Science-Juan V. Baquiran 261 The Invention of Writing-Bernabe B. Paguio 262 • Music Appreciation Tschaikowski-Brrt Paul Osbon . 2-H • Work and Play How to Pass through a Post-card . 25-1A Little Fountain in a Jar . 254 Arranging Numbers 255 Making Jig-saw Puzzles 255 The Pantry 257 The Funny Page 2SS Chao with the Editor 264- ~ Published. monthly by the Community Publishers. Ine., 122 Cl"J'stal Arcade, Eacolta. Manila, Philippines. Ente1-ed as Se<:ond ClaH Mail Matter at the Manila Poat Offi.ee on May 16, 193;i. Edito1·ial Director: ;loll E. Rom.,ro; Managing Editor: Bert Paul Osbon; Contributing Editors: Dr. I. PanlasigKi and Quirico A. Cr~; Staff Artist: Pedro Pal)'llCCI.; Business Manager: Emilia- Garcia R084lca. Subscription Price: f'3.00 for one )'ear of 12 issues: $2.00 in the United States and foreign countries. Single copy, 30 centnvos. R11.buriptiona are to be paUl to Co11111111.nitu P11blishera, Ine. nu; MAGAZIN!; !=OR YOUNG P[;OPLi; THE YOUNG CITIZEN jULY, 19.p THE MESSAGE THIS MONTH CHILDREN AND WAR The war is still going on. People are still killing each other. War is a terrible thing! It is more terrible now! Why? Because war includes not only the soldiers but also the little children and their mothers. How does war include the little children? 1. Their fathers and elder brothers are taken away frc;>m them to become soldiers to kill ·or to be killed. 2. They are separated from their parents. If the city or town where they live is in danger of being bombed, children are taken away from that city or town. 3. Foods are taken away from them. They are given only very little food. They are given only about one-third of the amount they n!"ed to build up their body. Foods are given to soldiers. 4. They are taken away from schools. What become of the children in the countries at war? It is not di(ficult to see that they will not grow as normally and as happily as children who are fortunate enough not to be in the countries at war. What happen to them? i Many of them wil• become fatherless, perhaps ·parentless, and will live the rest of their childhood among strangers, who may or may not be kind to them. Because of the lack of food they will be physically weak the rest of their lives. And because of physical weakness they may also become mentally weak. War is a terrible thing. It destroys everythingchurches, hospitals, homes, roads, men, women, and the little children. Can we do something to stop the march of war? Can we do something for the children in the countries at war? Is it not possible to have war without making children suffer? · What would you do? -DR. I. PANLASIGUI jULY, 19.JI THE YOUNG CITIZEN I LIKE TO SEE THE SHIPS I like to see the ships sail out the bay To other lands so very far away. In weather fine and foul they plow the sea To bring rare silk and spices back to me. -Alice Franklin Bryant 227 228 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR FIRST GRADERS MARIA FILL THE BLANKS. 1. My name is Maria. My - - has - - legs. 2. My sister wears - - . 3. My mother cooks - - for me. 4. - - and mangoes are fruits. 5. I like to read my - - . 6. My father wears - - . j!JLY, 19.p THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR FIRST G~ERS CAN YOU Fll.L THE BLANKS? All - - have - - . Parrots and canaries are These - - are made of--. Belts are also made of leather. A - - eats--.-. Carabaos and cows also eat grass. I drink - - every day. It is good for me. Do you like milk? 229 r J 230 THE YOUNG CITIZEN }ULY, 1941 FOR SECOND GRADERS THINGS WE SEE A good clock gives correct time. It has two hands: a long one and a shor~ one. The long. hand tells the minutes. The short hand tells the hours. This is our flag. It has one sun and' three stars. The American flag has forty-eight stars. I like both flags. This is an electric fan. It is very useful on hot days. Have you an electric fan? This is a street-car. Not many boys and girls have seen a streetcar. Only big cities .and towns have street-cars. JuLv, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 231 FOR SECOND GRADERS MAKE YOUR OWN TOY FORT Paste page on thin cardboard. Fold as marked. 23i THE YOUNG CITIZEN )ULY, 19~1 FOR THIRD GRADERS USING OUR EYES ISN'T THIS a very · interesting picture? What does it show you? We wonder who fell asleep first, the old man or the little boy? Name as -. many things in the picture as you can. · Who smokes the pipe? What is in the can? What kind of a lamp do you see on the table? Ask your teacher to tell you the name of some of the things in the picture. Have you a book? Have you a chair? Have. you a table? Have you a lamp? . Can you count? Up to what number can you count? Count all the things you see in the picture. Note the ring on the old man's little finger. See also how the boy is holding the old man's right-hand ·thumb. Does the old man look tired? Is he the little boy's father, or does he look more like a grandfather to him? What do you think? It is always good to observe things closely. You can easily train yourself to do this by constant practice. In the picture above, what makes you think it is night-time? What makes you think the man is old? About how old is the little boy? Little children like to hear stories. Do you like to hear stories? Does your mother tell you stories? Have you a grandfather? Have. you a grandmother? How old is your grandfather? How old is your grandmother? ]ULY, :941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 233 FOR THIRD GRADERS Which do you like better - a doll or a watermelon? Point in the pictures the following: stockings watermelon dress bathing-suit AT PLAY What do you do on Saturdays and Sundays? Do you play alone? Don't you play with other children? What games do you play? Do you play hide-and-seek? toes beads doll shoes hair hand fingers feet 234 THE YOUNG CITIZEN JULY, 1941 MOTHER CHIMPANZEE AND HER BABY OF ALL the animals in the world, monkeys and their bigger brothers, the apes, are the most man-like both in appearance and intelligence. For instance, there are several apes that can smoke or use the typewriter. In the United States, there is a jazz-band ·composed entirely of apes. An ape plays the piano, another· plays the trombone, while another handles the saxophone, etc. The kind of music they play may not sound so pleasant to our ears, but it is probably not much worse than that produced by some of us. The gorrilla, the chimpanzee, and the orang-outang are apes. They differ from ordinary monkeys in size and in the way they walk. They are larger than ordinary human beings, and, like us, they also walk on their hind legs. jULY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 235 POEMS WHAT CAN A LITTLE CHAP DO? WHAT can a little chap do For his country and for you? What can a little chap do? He can play a straight game all through; That's one good thing he can do. He can fight like a Knight For the Truth and the.Right; That's another good thing he can do. He can shun all that's mean, He can keep himself clean, Both without and wirhin; That's a very fine thing he can do. His soul he can ·brace Against everything base, And the trace will be seen All his life in his face; That's an excellent thing he can do. He can look to the Lig~t, He can keep his thought white, He can fight the great fight, He can do with his might What is good in God's sight, Those are truly great things he can do. Though his years be but few, If he ke_ep himself tr.ue He can march in the queu~ Of the ·Good and the Great, Who battled with fate And won through; That's a wonderful thing he· can do. And in each little thing He can follow the King; Yes, in each smallest thing He can follow the King, He can follow Christ, the King. -John Oxenham 1':0 LIKE TO BE A PIRATE I'D LIKE to be a pirate chie{ And sail the seven seas. Instead of doing :rithmetic, I'd do anything I'd please." I'd like to have my galleon ·Just loaded down with gold; And then I would buy lollipops-As many as t could hold! I'd like to have some jewels, too, The biggest that there are; And I would' use them all for lights Upon my motor car. I'd like to sail to distant lands And visit savage kings; And then I'd thrill the kids back home,. And tell them lots of things. I'd like to bury treasure chests Upon a desert isle; · And be a king of cannibals In the most royal style. -Alice Franklin Bryant THE YOUNG CITIZEN LITTLE STORIES FOR LITTLE PEOPLE MOTHER'S OWN DEAR BOY By LUDOVICO AGULTO JULY, 1941 "MOTHER, on July 1, I am· going back wouldgoawaybecausehismotherwanted io school. I shall need PZ:OO for my to be alone. And he would be away whole matriculation fee and about the same <jay, coming home. only for lunch, This amount for renting my books," said a he kept doing for weeks. ... little youngster tci his mother one Then one Sunday morning-- . day. "Reynaldo, take a bath and wear your "I know, Reynaldo. We have to have best suit. We are going to Aunt Maria's. that much so you can continue your It is her birthday." studies. .But I'm afraid we cannot have "All right, mother, I shall only be a P4.00 by the end minute." of June, dear. The While Reynalmoney I earn d9 was ·dressing, washing clothes is his mother went hardly .enough for to look for the us. However, do shoebrush and not lose ·hope. I shoe polish to will do all .I can . clean Reynaldo's to get the money shoes. She looked you need. Perhaps all over the room, I can ask Mang but she could not Pepe to give us a find the box in loan. We can pay which she usually him back little by kept them. little,... answered "R e y n a 1 d o, Reynaldo's moth- where is the box er comfortingly. with the things we Reynaldo said use for cleaning nothing. He was our shoes?" she thinking of some asked. way in which he "It's h e r e, could help his mother earn the money he . Mother," replied Reynaldo, bringing out needed. It was hard for Mother to give his shoe-shine box. him the things he needed. This had been "What did you do with these, Reynalespecially so sine~ his father died four do?" months. earlier. Poor Mother, thought "I've been a bootblack, Mother. I've Reynaldo. He must help her somehow. been one for three weeks now." Days grew into weeks. His mother "Why, why did you do this?" asked was always busy washing clothes and sew- his mother, almost in tears. ing baby dresses to earn extra money. "I iove you, mother, and I wanted to Reynaldo, after cleaning the house, (Ple~se turn to page 263.) JULY, 1941 '.THE YOUNG CITIZEN 237 READING TIME FOR YOUNG FOLKS LONG LIVE THE "NEPA"! A Play/et In Four Scenes By ERNESTO R. BARBOSA CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY MISS 'Juz .................. A ·Grade IV Teacher ~~~~ ....... : ................. Pupils of Miss Cruz MARIO PEDRO LILY .......................................... A Friend of Nita ALING CELA ·-·································Nita's mother A FILIPINO MERCHANT SCENE I (The scene opens in a classroom. At · the opening of the play, the teacher is explaining to her pupils the significance and meaning of "NEPA".) MISS CRUZ: We celebrate "NEPA" day so that everybody may remember to use more goods made in the Philippines. We should buy from Filipino stores rather than from the Chinese, Japanese, and other foreign stores. By so doing, we help our own people. NITA: (Raising her hand). Suppose I want to buy a box of matches. Do I have to go to the Filipino store although there is a Chinese store near our house? MISS CRUZ: Yes, Nita. You must go to the Filipino store first even though it may be farther. PEPE: Supposing I want to buy rubber ' shoes, where will I buy them? Only the Japanese make rubber shoes. MISS CRUZ: y OU are mistaken, Pepe. Rubber shoes are also made in our country by Filipino manufacturers. Ask for "ELPO" "BAYANI'! "MABUHAY" and ~ther lbrands.' They are made in our country. PEPE: I didn't know that. MISS CRUZ: All right, children, I want you to practise what .you learned today. Tomorrow, . I will ask you whether you have begun practising what you have learned. (She dismisses the class.) SCENE II (Mario and Pedro are conversing while walking on the street. They are . on their way home.) PEDRO: I am going to buy some paper first. (He turns to go to the Chinese store nearby.) MARIO: Don't buy there. Let us go to the Filipino store. PEDRO: Of course I I almo.st forgot what we learned today. (They go to the Filipino store.) PEDRO: (On reaching the Filipino store.) Do you have any writing-paper for sale here? · FILIPINO MERCHANT: Yes, we have. This is "Senorita" brand. ·(Showing the pad of paper.) This is made in the Philippines. f'.EDRO: Good! I will buy one. tablet. (He buys one Grade IV pad of paper.) FILIPINO MERCHANT: Thank you. Come again. We sell things made in our country, you know. (Pedro ·and Mario step out of the store.)" MARIO: I think I'm going home now. PEDRO: So am I. (They part.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN. SCENE Ill (At Nita's home) ALING CELA: (Shouting). Nita-a-a-a! NITA: (Playing). What is it, mother? ALING CELA·: Buy .a box of matches, please. And hurry. NITA: Yes, mother. (She goes out for the matches. On the way she meets Lily). LILY: Where. are ·you going, Nita? NiTA: I have to·buy a box of matches. LILY: Why don't you get them from the Japanese store near your house? "BANDURRJA" matches are very good. NITA: That is true, but matches are also . made in our country. "RIZAL" and "SUNSET" matches are just as good as "BANDURRIA." (She turns away to go to the Filipino store, leaving L'ily behind.) (At home, Aling Cela is already angry.) ALING <;:ELA: Nita. surely takes a long time getting those matches. (]list then Nita arrives.) · ALING C)!LA: Where have you been all this time, Nita? 1 NITA: I ·had to go to the Filipino store, mother. AI,ING CELA: So that's it! Why can't you buy from the nearby Chinese and J apanese stores? NITA: I bought from the Filipino store because by doing so we helped our own merchants. ALING CELA: (Still angry). How could you help if no one else boµght from them? NITA: I am not the only one doing it, mother. There is an association known as the "NEPA" or "National Economic Prot~ctionism Association" which helps our merchants and manufacturers. If we buy from the. Chinese, Japanese, or other stores owned by foreigners, they take our money to their country. ALING CELA: (Enlightened by Nita's explanation). I understand now. (Nodding her head). I think we must really help our own people. SCENE IV (In the classroom again the _next day.) MISS CRUZ: How many of you have begun practising what we have 'studied? PEDRO: (Raising his hand)-! have. MISS CRUZ: Te!J the class what you did, Pedro. PEDRO: I bought my pad paper yesterday from the Filipino store. MISS CRUZ: That is good: Who else? NITA:. (Standing) Yeste.rday, I bought a box of, matches. Instead of buying them from the Chinese store near our house, I ·went to the Filipino store which is farther ·down the street. I also explained to my mother what "NEPA" means. MISS CRUZ: That is very good, Nita. I hope that the others, too, will explain to their parents the meaning of "NEPA" and "Nepa Day". Let us repeat what th~ four letters stand for. "N" stands forALL THE PUPILS: NATIONAL Miss CRUZ: "E" stands forALL THE PUPILS: ECONOMIC MISS CRUZ: "P" stands forALL THE PUPILS0 : PROTECTIONISM MISS CRUZ: And· the last letter "Al' stands forALL THE PUPILS: ASSOCIATION. MISS CRUZ: What does "NEPA" stand for, class?. ALL PUPILS: "NEPA" Stands for "National Economic Protectionism Association." EvERYBODY IN THE ROOM: "LONG LIVE THE "NEPA"!!! CURTAIN ]ULY1 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 239 THE LION AND THE MOUSE d Fable ONE HOT DAY a big lion was sleeping in his den. He had been hunting all morning. Soon a prick on the snft part of his nose woke him up, but he only shook his head· and went back to sleep. Then he felt the prick again and thi~ time it made him very angry. He put out his paw and found a mouse walking along his nose. "Ha! So it was you, was it?" said the lion, as i]e•took the little mouse in his big paw. "It is very rude of you to run over my nose when I am taking a nap. I shall take care that you do not do it again." He was opening his mouth to eat th e poor, little mouse, but just in time the little creature said, "Please do not eat me. I did not mean to wake you up. I was just taking a walk, but your nose was so slippery that I had to dig my claws into it a little to keep myself from falling. If you let me go this time, I will never do it again." The little mouse was shaking with fear. "But you will never do it again, if I eat you," said the lion. "So I think it would be best to make sure of it in that way." This made the little mouse more afraid than ever. "Oh, please let me go," said the mouse. "I am sure you are too kind to eat me. Some day I may be able to help you." · . It made the lion laugh to think of a little mouse being able to help him, and he said, "Well, then, run along, but if I get you again, I shall eat you." Without stopping to thank him the mouse ran off as fast as his little legs could take him. A few days later the mouse was sitting in his home on the far side of the forest what is the matter." when he heard a loud roar a long way off. He stood still on his hind legs, and put his . head on one side so as to hear better. Soon the noise came again, but this time it was louder. "Yes," said the little mouse, "I am sure that is the big lion that let me go a few days ago. I must go and see Off he ran at once, and found the lion in a net made of strong rope. The mouse gn1wed the rope until he had made a hole large enough for the lion to crawl through. The lion thanked the mouse for his he! p and swore to be his friend for all the time. QUESTIONS 1. Why was the lion sleeping? 2, .What do .lions hunt? THE YOUNG CITIZEN HOW THE TREASURE WAS STOLEN A HINDU and his wife who had saved a big sum of money kept it in an earthen pot among the rafters of their hut. They considered this spot quite safe, for by day one of them was always in the hut, and by night they slept on the floor immediately under the pot, and the least movement among the rafters would shake down upon them a sl\ower of straw from the thatch and wake them. A clever thief, however, got to know about the treasure, and worked out a plan to obtain it. One dark night, taking .a monkey with him, he managed to climb into the rafters before the couple were properly awake. The falling straw1 however, roused the woman, and she awakened her husband. The husband wa~ about to get up, but the thief, who had heard what had passed, gave the monkey's tail a sharp twist, which set it squealing loudly. Thereupon the man lay down again, saying to his wife, "It's only a monkey up on the· roof." While the monkey was squealing, the thief tied a piece of string around the neck of the jar, ready to lower. it when the opportunity should occur. At last the thief, thinking the time ready for his plan, began lowering the pot a little nearer to the doorway than the spot where the couple slept. This operation caused a good deal of straw to fall, and soon the woman was wide awake again. She roused her husband, but aJ this moment the thief gave the monkey's tail another twist, and threw it down upon THE SPY AMONG THE OWLS SOME crows were once at war with ·a few ~wls and they were having ihe worst of it. In th"e daylight they could never find the owls, who hid themselves. in nooks and corners among the eaves. But ·at night, the owls, who could see well in the dark, would swoop down upon the home of the crows and kill many of them. Matters became so serious at fast that the crows had a conference, a~d one old bird proposed a plan by which they could · beat the owls. He told his comrades to pluck out most of his feathers, leaving only a few in his wings so that he could fly. . This having been done, he went off to the owls, told ihem that the crows had cruelly ill-treated him, and that he had come to help the owls defeat the crows. "Take no notice of this traitor," said a wise old owl. "He who is false to his friends will be false to his foes." But the other owls would not listen. They allowed the. crow to live among them and to learn ail their secrets. At last the crow, whose feathers had grown out again, thought that the time had come for action. Telling the owls that he was going to the crows' home to learn their secrets, he flew off. The crow went back to his friends and told them all the secrets of the owl~ where they hid in the daytime, and how they could not see then. Then he led the crows in the daylight against their enemies, the owls. The owls were routed out of their hiding-places, and, because they could not see well in the daylight, they were totally defeated. the bed. seized the monkey, and was bitten on the There was a fearful squealing and a hand. During the disturbance the thief good deal of confusion. The husband ran off with the treasure. }ULY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 241 THE BANANA-LEAF SELLER By EMILIANO Y. FERNANDEZ SUNDAYS and Wednesdays are market days in Kalibo. Those are red-colored days to Antonio, the banana-leaf seller. They mean a few more centavos for his school needs. Many people. then go to town to buy and sell. Tonying, as his mother calls him, is in the second grade and he goes to school everyday like all good boys and girls. But that does not stop him from selling his bundles• of banana leaves. Usually a bundle sells for a centavo, but on market days it sells for as high as three ·centavos. All the money Tonying earns goes to his mother. Sometimes, when there is no rice in the house., Tonying asks for a peseta and runs to the Filipino store nearby to buy it. He never goes to ·a Chinese tienda if he can buy it from a Filipino store. Very early every morning, Tonying wakes up, rolls his mat and blanket, and takes the scythe from the tapalan. After tying the handle of the scythe to the end of a long bamboo pole, he goes down to the tall banana plants in their back yard. Old and unspoiled leaves fall as he swings his scythe. Very careful)y he strips the leaves from the stems and binds them into bundles. Five or six leaves make a bundle. Tucking these bundles under his arm, he marche~ happily to market, which is half a kilometer away. There are ready buyers at the fish and meat section, and he goes home a few centavos richer. Then he has his breakfast and goes to school. Tonying's mother often says, "Tonying. is our man in the fainily." That makes him very happy. It makes her .happy-and proud, too. STUDY QUESTIONS I. What are the market days in your town? · 2. What are the market days in Kalibo? · 3. What does Antonio do to earn money? SOLOMON GRUNDY SOLOMON Grundy Born on a Monday, Christened on Tuesday, Married on Wednesday, Took ill on Thursday, Worse on Friday, Died on Saturday, Buried on Sunday. This is the end of Solomon Grundy. r + THE YOUNG CITIZEN JULY, 1941 AMONG THE WILD ANIMALS OF EAST AFRICA Trut Experiences Related by a Young Traveler VII. CAPTURING LEOPARDS · A Young Leopard JOHN LANCASTER · had been working several years for a company which caught and sold wild aninials of different kinds living in the jungles of Africa. These were purchased for zoos, circuses, and motion picture producers. From the great plains of Tanganyika to the swamps of the Belgian Congo Lancaster had trapped lions, leopards, buffaloes, and elephants. Sometimes natives had been· killed in those hunts, although Lancaster always tried to safeguard his. men, and had actually saved the lives of many who had been attacked by wild animals. Lancaster had just turned over a consignment of animals to the agent of an American zoo. "This is my last catch," he told the agent. "I have decided to give up this dangerous work and return to America." Bu\· the agent Qf the zoo, who had headquarters at Nairobi, East Africa, made him a very attractive offer. "I .want four more leopards-alive, full-grown, and uninjured-for our American zoo." So Lancaster decided to make the catch.' "Buf mind you, this is the last," he said. It. was . at this time that I made the acquaintance of this animal trapper, who invited me to go with him. "Just to see ·how it's done," he told me. The job looked easy, compared wth others which- he had underta.ken. It would take him about two weeks to get those animals, his boat would not .sail for a month, and he had noching to do in the meantime. So he got together about a hundred native men who were experienced, and we set forth. We left Nairobi with a caravan of four heavily loaded trucks and our hundred natives. In two days we arrived at a · place said to be filled with wild leopards. Here we camped, and were soon as comfortable as possible with the help of Kambe, the headboy of Lancaster. The natives who lived i.n the region were glad to get rid of leopards, for they killed the cattle and eyen women and children of the villages. Lancaster would catch his four leopards by trap. Within two days, by working hard, the men had built a leopard trap on the edge of tire jungle. This trap was constructed as follows: Heavy poles were set into the earth. Branches having long thorns were tivisted between the poles. The roof was made of heavy branches which were covered with long JULY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 243 vines and green leaves. The trap was dangerous, and if this one were able to hidden so it could not easily be seen. A escape, he might attack our camp. Betrap-door was on the inside of the cage; sides, we would be losing a fine specithis would be released when the animals men. had enter"ed the cage. The next morning the truck, on which Lancaster inspected the trap in all a strong steel cage had been placed, paris when it was finished. No leopard was backed up to the trap-door. The would be able to get out of it, he decided door was raised and we soon had our first when he finished his inspection. leopard safely caged. "We are ready to begin the hunt," he That night we secured a. pair-·a male announced. and a female,-and the next night anothA small buck· was placed inside the er splendia male leopard was captured. cage, and the trap-door was made ready "I'll just capture another for good for release. All the men went to the measure," said Lancaster. "There is an camp where the trucks were parked. empty cage"-the pair had been placed Fires kept the wild animals away from together in one cage- ".so I might just this place during the night hours. as weli get five of the brutes." The next morning _Lancaster and I, This decision almost cost the iife of with Kambe, the headboy, quietly ap- · Kambe, Lancaster's faithful headboy. proached the 1rap. "Tui," said Kambe, . Sure. enough, in two or three nights He meantthat there.was a leopard in the .we took ·another leopard. As usual, trap. Sure enough, we heard the snar- Kambe and seve.ral natives were left on ling-of a leopard. Peering into the cage watch after Lancaster had viewed the through a crack, we saw a splendid fifth animal. We left the trap and had leopard inside the trap. The animal gone a little distance toward the camp, ·snarled angrily and leaped at the door cwhen we heard shouts from the naiives from where we were watching it. Buf rerh.aining at the trap. We ran· back the door was strong enough to withstand quickly toward the place. the leopard. Soon we saw a sight which brought The animal we had captured was a consternation. A full-grown leopard large male with great teeth, shining eyes, was standing with his forepaws on the and wicked-looking claws. It was yel- body of the headboy, Kambe. Instantly. lowish brown with the usual spots, and Lancaster raised his gun, aimed at the. would make a good spe.cimen for the zoo. leopard, and· fired. The shot struck the Lancaster decided to leave the anima.I brute, for he leaped -from the body of in the cage until the next morning. It Kambe and began thrashing about in would be somewhat quieter by that time, death agony. Another shot finished him, and could be transferred more easily to and he lay lifeless. one of the cages on a truck. Slowly, with rifle ready for immediate Leaving Kambe on .watch, we returned" firing, Lancaster approached the leopard. to the camp and sent several men to keep One can never be sure of tbese animals. watch with Kambe. This . precaution Sometimes one pretends to be dead, and was ne.cessary. One is never sure what then attacks a man when he is close by. may happen in the jungle. Leopards are (Please turn to page 256.) 244 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MUSIC APPRECIATION SECTION GREAT COMPOSERS OF MUSIC SECOND SERIES By , BERT PAUL OSBON• VII. TSCHAIKO.WSKY TscHAIKowsKY Greatest Russian Composer As A BOY P e t e r Ts cha ik ow sky , showed no evidence of music. He was born in 1840, and at the age of twenty-one gradu a t e d from a law school. He then accepted a position as a young lawyer. - But one day when he and his cousin were at the piano, he was struck by the latter's chord-modulations from one key to another, and nothing would satisfy him but that his parents permit him, too, to study harmony. Then for five years he studied music in the Petrograd Conservatory of Music. While here his excessive zeal induced him to write as an exercise two hundred variations on a single theme, He secured an appointment as professor of harmony at Moscow University, All his early compositions were operas •Formerly Head of the Music Department, Shortridge High School, Indianapolis, Indiana, U. S, A, and were not successful. He had an annuity settled on him, which enabled him to devote himself wholly to music composition, Tschaikowsky (pronounced chi-koffskee) had a sad, gloomy disposition, and is sometimes called the "symphonic apostle of gloom." Nevertheless, he is one of the outstanding, Russian composers, Russians have well been called the · "dark people," so tragic has been their history. Russia was for many years cut off from the life of western Europe. Lying so near to Asia and often invaded by Eastern tribes, Russia was little understood by western Europe, For generations Russian folk suffered the hardships of loneliness, poverty, and ignorance, They suffered, too, the terrible injustice of a ruthless government Many brave men and women tried to make changes in the life of Russia, but their voices were silenc_ ed by death, or exile to Siberia, That Russians loved their country has often been proved, When Napoleon marched upon Moscow, the Russians set' fire to the city rather than see it conquered. The zeal of Russians in that event has been preserved by Tschaikowsky in a concert composition which he called Overture-1812, In this tremendously stirring music one will hear the Russian and French national songs of that time. In all characteristically Russian music, there is a strong racial flavor, derived THE YOUNG CITIZEN 245 from the extremely varied ·and fertile folk-music of the several divisions of the country. This folk-music is one of the most interesting types found in Europe, having instinctive ·melodic beauty, latent harmonic richness, and restless rhythmic individuality. In it one can see two rath. ·er contradictory strains of feeling-the one sad and gioomy, the other gay, reckless, and wild. These supply materials of great artistic value. · At one time Tschaikowsky was commissioned by the czar to write a ballet. In a happy. mood, he chose a pretty fairy tale of a children's Christmas party. He called his ballet . the Nutcracker Suite. The ballet is in three parts, as follows: I. Overture Miniature II. Characteristic Dances I. March 2. Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy· 3. Russian Dance 4. Arab Dance 5. Chinese Dance 6. Dance of the Toy Flutes III. Waltz of the Flowers A ballet (pronounced bal-lay) is a sort of story told by music, acting, and dancing, but no words are spoken or sung. The actors imitate or suggest the people of whom the story is told. The music of the Nutcracker Suite was first written as a ballet for a group ~f Russian children to dance. It was danced in Russia for the first time in 1891, and children took all the parts in it. Older dancers sometimes use the ballet now. The music of the suite is often played by the greatest orchestras in the world, without ariy dancing and for its own beauty. When you read the story of the ballet, as given in the old fairy tale, you will understand the meaning of the music better. And here is the story: A .little girl named Marie had been given many beautiful Christmas presents. Among these was a wonderful silver nutcracker. During the evening, as ihe children played with their new Christmas toys, Marie's brother tried to crack too large a nut, and the nutcracker was broken. Marie felt very sorry about this, a·nd so, before she went upstairs to bed, she wrapped up the nutcracker very carefull:y, and laid it on a shelf with her dolls, her brother's tin soldiers, and some other toys. After she went to bed, Marie could hardly sleep because she was so excited about her new toys and about the beauti- ful Christmas tree with the sugar plums hanging from it. She finally went to sleep, but as soon as she was asieep she dreamed. I!! her dream she got up and went quietly downstairs for another sight of·the wonderful Christmas tree. She dreamed that whil"e ~he was sitting on the bottom step of the stairs looking at the tree, the clock struck the hour of midnight. Just then. she heard a strange noise, and while she watched die tree, a curious thing happened. " The great tree began to grow and grow and grow. All the cakes and sugar plums which hung on it and all of the. toys came to life, including the nutcracker. Suddenly, the cracks in the floor began to open wider, and an army of mice sprang through them. They ·rushed into the room to get the sugar plums. Everyone was very frightened. Tpe tin soldiers leaped down from the shelf upon which they had been placed, and began to fight. The king of the mice and the brave THE YOUNG CITIZEN JULY, 19,41 nutcracker had a terrible battle. The king was getting the better of the battle, when Marie, 'who was watching .from her seat on the stairs, saw that· the nutcracker was quite surrounded by the enemy, and in the greatest possible danger. Without waiting a moment, she took off her slipper and threw it with all her might at the king of the niice. This killed the king, and the other mice scampered away, very glad to escape with their lives. As soon. as the fight was ended, the nutcracker was changed, ·as if by magic, into a handsome prince. He thanked Marie for saving his life, and led her through a strange doorway, into a green meadow. This meadow was ~ailed the Land of the Sugar Plum Fairy. Here Marie was treated just as a princess should be, and all the fairies, dolls, anci sugar plums danced for her. In the music of the Nutcracker Suite these .dances are called the characteristic dances, and all of them may be heard on phonograph records. Of course you will want to hear them at the first opportunity. Let me tell you a little ·about each of .these: • I. March. This is the procession of the children around the Christmas tree, before the presents are distributed. It might also suggest a procession of dolls and tin soldiers, for it is a "toy" march. 2. Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy. This is music for the dance of the .dainty Sugar Plum Fairy, who came to life on the Christmas tree. It is played by the celesta. 3. Russian Dance. This is just what ·the name indicates.·. 4. Ai·ab Dance. This is an Oriental dance. It is in minor mode. 5. Chinese Dance. A dance of Marie's Chinese doll. Listen to the flutes,· piccolo, and bassoon which play this music. 6. Dance of the Toy Flutes. This is the dance of all the toys. Listen 'to the piccolo, or little flute, in this music. Waltz of the Flowers: This is the closing dance of the ballet or suite .. Listen to the harp in this music. Such is the story of the famous Nutcracker Suite by Tschaikowsky. But this composer, one of the most gifted orchestral writers of recent' times, wrote other music. He composed· six splendid symphonies, seven symphonic poems, four orchestral suites, several overtures, much chamber ml!sic, many piano corriposi. tions, songs, and three ballets. His sixth symphony, called the Pathetic Symphony, is famous. It is one long, magnificently orchestrated sob. The depression of the Pathetic Symphony may have been prophetic, for almost as soon as it was completed, Tschaikowsky contracted cholera from drinking unboiled water while an epidemic was raging in Moscow. He died in 1893. Thus passed the most freely expressive composer of the romantic school in Russia. REVIEW I. Pronounce and speli the name of the composer Tschaikowsky ( chi-koffskee) 2. When was he born? Died when? 3. Was he a musical boy? 4. For what profession did he prepare? 5. How did he become. interested in composing music? 6. What position did he occupy· at Moscow University? JULY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 247 ELEMENTARY SCIENCE SECTION EVEN FISH DROWN Do YOU KNOW that fish also drown? Yes, they do drown; but, unlike men, ·they do so when they are out of water. A fish uses its gills much in. the same way af we use our lungs to take in oxygen. The water which is sent over its gills brings th_e needed oxygen and removes the carbon dioxide. If a fish is taken out of water·and no oxygen reaches its blood (fish cannot obtain oxygen from 'the air as men do), it dies, just as a man would if he were unable to breathe. If a fish is con fin ell to a small area of stale water where the oxygen has been used up,. a fish .may find it difficult to breathe and finally "drown." ·The~e are some extraordinary fish that. are able to leave the water and travel long distances over land. These fish-called ·"lung fish"-live in waters that are liable to dry up in hot weather. The fish then wriggle their way into the muddy river or lake bed, where they remain, breathing through their lungs, until they get water again. GRASSES Do YOU know that grasses are. the most important of all plants? It is indeed doubtful if the world could exist, or if the great variety of higher animal life (including people, of course) could have been prod~ced with.out them. Grasses form the chief food of mankind, directly or indirectly,_ and alsa of the cattle, ·ship and horses on which we depend for so many of our necessities and luxuries. A great many animals are grass-eaters, and those animals that do not eat grass live on the grass-eaters. The great cereals--rice, wheat, corn, THE YOUNG CITIZEN ]ULY, 1941 barley, oats, and rye-are cultivated grasses, although they do not belong to the same family to which the ordinary grass eaten by horses (zacate) or the grass on garden-lawns belongs. The sugar-cane and the bamboo are also grasses. Grasses form one big family, there being from three to four thousand different kinds. THE LIFE OF A PLANT INSIDE a little seed is a power that no man knows. The great forces of the uriiverse are on its side. Sun and wind and rain, night and day, wet a'nd dry reasons, gravitation and . revolution of the earth, the work of human hands-all are in partnership with this tiny seed. As a painter or a sculptor produces a thing of beauty, so the mysterious relations between the forces of nature and a seed produce a joy and power forever. No man can understand the hidden powers.that lie behind a: flower. In forming the petals and the stamens millions of tiny parts called molecules that build up a flower must move in a ·certain. path. Who is it, what is it, that makes each tiny molecule -go to just the right place? Let us see how the intelligence of a plant will work. A blade of grass will turn towards light too faint for the eye to see, and everybody knows how plants will go out in search of the things they like. A root will turn away .from certain substances; the root of a cabbage or a pea will grow toward phosphates and tum (Please turn lo page 263.) JULY, 1941 THE YOUNG . CITIZEN 249 HISTORY SECTION PALESTINE On the Banks of the Sacred River Jordan No OTHER country has so many shri.nes as Palestine, the Holy Land of Christians, Jesus, and Mohammedans. Few other lands have had more stirring events, yet Palestine is a tiny country, occu·pying only a small part of Syria', The traveller usually enters the country through the Mediterranean port of Jaffa. Soon he passes through beautiful orange groves, and then across the flat plains of Sharon. Here in ancient times dwelt the Philistines, from whom the entire country was called Palestine. It is as we approach the cities that we realize what changes have taken place in the Holy Land. Jerusalem is still imposing from a distance, but when we reach it, we find it bereft of all its ancient glories. From the Holy City a rough and precipitous road leads down to Jericho, which lies nearly a quarter of a mile below the level of the sea. Jericho was the first city which the Israelites conquered when they entered the Promised Land, many centuries before the birth of Christ, and it was already a city noted for its weal\h and luxury. It was rebuilt by the Romans and made so splendid that Antony chose it as a gift to present to his beloved Cleopatra. Now only a wretched village, consisting of a few squalid huts, marks the site of that famous "City of the Palms." Even its natural beauty has suffered, for the palm trees have almost entirely disappeared: A few miles farther and we are at the banks of the river Jordan, which we find thronged with Christian pilgrims who have come to bathe in the muddy turbulent waters of this historic stream. Each sect has a different bathing place which each claims to be the exact spot where Jesus was baptized by John the ,Baptist. Trees and luxuriant shrub~ clothe the river banks here, but as we follow the THE YOUNG CITIZEN swift stream southward to the Dead Sea the vegetation takes on a sickly look. Occupying the lowest part of that great chasm through which the Jordan flows, the Dead Sea is alrpost 1,300 feet below the surface of the Mediterranean Sea. Its water is five times as· salty as that of the ocean. If we try to swim in It, we cannot possibly sink but bob up and down like a cork. This •extreme saltiness is due largely to the rapid evaporation caused by the intense heat. Each of the many streams that 'flow . into it brings a - small amount of salt, which remains while the water passes off as vapor. The Dead Sea depleasant land of Galilee. Here, nestling ·among the hills, we find the historic town of Nazareth, where Jesus spent his boyhood. To the south is a famous pfain, the vast arena in which so many battles have taken place. Armies. from the great empires of the Nile and of the Euphrates, and from the north and the south, the east and ·the west, have here met in deadly conflict. In the early days of Israel's history many battles were fought here, and in. the Middle Ages, hosts of Crusaders died on this plain fi'ghting for the cross. Here Napoleon was checked, and in the First World Wa~ · the Allies serves its name, won Palestine ·in for it contains no this field. It is animal life except supposed to be the the lowest, and Plain of Armagfish put into its eddon to which waters soon die. reference is made Such scanty veget- in the Bible. ation as is found How peaceful on th·e shores is after these scenes covered with. a ' of strife seem the white · salt crust ----c.:~J calm· blue waters that makes it look A lterdsman in Palettine is watchi119 his s/iu p where of the Sea of Galias though "it had Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob drove their flocks. lee. On these been smitten with leprosy." shores Jesus often walked, and here He Climbing back over the barren hills, met the fisherm.en who became His apostwe reach Bethlehem, where Jesus was les. Now the region is quieter- than it born. This town will ever be famous in was in His day. Only a few scattered sacred history. A few miles farther boats are seen on the waters which were south, in the ancient city of Hebron, is once covered with sails; the cities once on the cave _where Abraham, Isaac, and its shores are now only heaps of ruins. It Jacob are ·supposed to be buried. About ·is not surprising that after many centuries this place has been built . a Moslem much of the country . should become Mosqu. e, for the Mohammedans regard waste. But almost everywhere the soil great patriarchs· with reverence equal to is rich, and modern irrigation is working that of .the Jew or Christian. wonders. Passing to the north we cross Samaria The population of Palestine is exand r-each the fertile, well-watered, and tremely mixed. About five-sixths are JULY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 251 Nazareth, Boyhood Home of Jesus, as_ it Looks Today Arabs (Mohammedans in faith) and the. 10. Why is Nazareth of remairrder Christians or Jews. Since the ·terest? historical inFirst World War there has been much fighting between the A.rabs and the Jews, due to the Zionists' dream of "establishing in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people." REVIEW I. Locate Palestine on the map of Asia Minor. 2. Palestine is the Holy Land to what peoples? 3. What is the Mediterranean seaport of Palestine? 4. Why is the country called Palestine? 5. Tell about Jericho. 6. What can you say of the history of Jericho? 7. Tell of .the river Jordan. 8. Tell of the Dead Sea. 9. Why is Bethlehem of historical interest? 11. What historic events have occurred on th~ plains south of Nazareth? 12. Tell of the Sea of Galilee. 13. Tell of the population of Palestine. I 4. What is the Zionists' dream? 15. Why has there been trouble between the Jews and the Arabs? 16. What city is called the "City of the Palms?" 17. Tn what way is the Dead Sea different from other seas. 18. Why is it so named? 19. In what city were Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob supposed to be buried? 20. Who was Napoleon? 21. Ask your teacher to tell you in what ways Christians, Mohammedans, and Jews differ from one another. 22. In the present world war, who are fighting in the Holy Land? 252 THE YOUNG CITIZEN JULY, 1941 HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION· WHY. YOU NEED SUNSHINE 4 Health Lesson for Boys and Girls JUANA AND MARIA were talking under a school building. They had been sent by their teacher to get a plant for their class in elementary science. "Look, Juana. I have found a beautiful plant. It has yellow leaves," said Maria. "But it should have green leaves," a·nswered J l\ana. "It looks weak. I wonder why it is yellow." Mar{a stooped down, and with her hand-trowel dug up the little yellowleafed plant. Both girls looked at it with great interest. "Come, Maria. Our teacher is wait-· ing for us," said Juana. The two girls walked toward their room. On the way they saw a number of plants. The leaves of all of them were green. They too~ the plant with yellow leaves to their teacher. "Why does this plant have yellow leaves?" they asked their teacher. "Boys and gir Is," the teacher said to the class, "why does this plant have yellow leaves instead of green ones?" But no one knew. "I wil tell you," said the teacher. "Maria, where did you find this plant?" "Under the house, "replied Maria. "Could the sun shine upon it," the teacher asked. "It was quite shady under the house," said Maria, "even dark sometimes." "That is ·why the leaves are yellow, the teacher explained. "The leaves of plants become yellow when they do not receive. enough sunlight." "I remember that now," said Juana. "It is the same way with boys and girls," their teacher said. "They should have plenty of sunlight and fr.esh air, or they will become weak alid sickly just like the plant. Go out into the sunshine, boys and girls. Play games in the sunlight and the fresh air. Then you will ·be strong and healthy, like the plant with the green leaves." REVIEW QUES'f!ONS I. Where did Maria and Juana find the. plant with the yellow !eaves? 2. Why did it have yellow leaves? 3. Was it a healthy plant? Why not? .4. Is sunlight a health giver? 5. If you stay in the house all the time and never pl-0y in the sunshine and the . fresh air, what will happen to you? 6, Tell in your own words just what you learned from this little story? 7. Try an experiment: Place a board on the grass; look at the grass after a week. It was green before, but what color is it now? Why? 9. What causes one to become tanned? I 0. Repeat this sentence: In order to have good health, a boy or girl must have plenty of sunshine. 11. Why is indoor-baseball such a good game? · 12. Hiking is a good exercise. Why? 13. Why is walking to arid from school better than riding in overcrowded streetcars and buses? THE YOUNG CITIZEN 253 SAFETY IN THE STREETS WE ALL '!Vant to be well, healthy, and alive. Ma~ of us become sick or die because of iuness. Diseases cause a great propor.ion of the deaths among people. But a bi& number of people also die from accide1nts, especially from accidents in the stree«s. Speeding automobiles and street-car~, and uncontrolled horses have sent many thousands of people, including school-childl'en, to an early grave. That's wfly we all want to be careful when we are out in the streets. While in the majority of cllses accidents are traceable to reckless drivers, still many broken bones and bruised bodies could be avoided if we would only be careful when we walk in the streets. Many children get hurt ·because they are careless. They play or run in the streets. They do not look or listen for coming cars when cr·ossing a street Every year hundreds of men, women, and little buys and girls are run over by automobiles in the Philippines. In the United States, their number reaches up to thousands. You can imagine the misery and suffering caused by carelessness. But there is no excuse for this. Drivers of vehicles can be taught to be more careful. People, especially little boys and girls, should also be more careful when they are out in the streets. Here are a few simple rules which children might follow: . ( 1) Never dart or run across the street. Running confuses car-drivers. In trying to avoid an oncoming car, you may run directly into the path of another. (2) When there is a policeman around, ask him to help you cross the street. (3) Always look to your right and to your le.ft before. cro~sing. ·( 4) If in doubt whether to cross before or after a vehicle, it is best to cross after it has passedproviding, o f course, that there is no car immediately following it. (5) Never use a street for a playground. Streets are meant for people and vehicles to travel on in going from one place to another. If your home has no yard in which you can play, go to your school-playground or to some public ground. Never play in the street. If you wiil only observe these few simple rules and ask others· to follow them too, you will save yourselves-and your mothers and fathers, too-a" lot of worry and misery. Watch your step! 254 THE YOUNG CITIZEN }ULY, 194I WORK AND PLAY SECTION HOW TO PASS THROUGH A POSTCARD IT SEEMS impossible to pass one's whole body through a plain post-card, but it is fairly simple to do this. First, take· an ordinary post-card or any· piece of card or paper of the size of · a post-car·d. Cut a slit across the middle to within 1/4 inch of each side, as shown in the figure at the left. Then, very carefully make straight cuts, about 1/4 inch apart, from the top and bottom edges of. the· card to within 1/4 inch of the slit that we have already made down the middle, as in center figure. We next·make straight cuts from the original slit in the middle of the card 'to within 1/4 inch of the top ,and bottom, taking care that these come e!Xactly in the center of tl1e spaces betWeet.i the cuts made from the outside edges. The final result of the cutting is illustrated in the figure at the right. If we now pull each end of. the card we shall find that we have in our hands a long; endless, zigzag ribb¢m. Fold the corners of the zigzag ribbon carefully, a:nd when this is done you have a huge paper hoop through which your body can easily pass. This is always an amusing trick. A LITTLE FOUNTAIN IN A JAR THIS picture shows how .you can make a little fountain in an inverted glass jar. Any kind of glass jar will do-one in which we buy pickles or jam, for instance. We take a small bottle about half the size of the jar, and fill it about threequarters full of water. Then we cork it well with a cork in which we have previously bored a hole. Through the hole we pass a glass tube long enough to reach nearly to the bottom of the bottle. About one inch of the tube should project above the cork, and we seal the cork with soap or wax, so that no air can get in. In a· plate or tray we place several layers of wet blotting paper, and stand the bottle in the middle. Then we take the glass jar and, warming it well, place it, mouth downward, over the bottle. In a few minutes the .air in the jar, which was warm, will get cool and so take up less room; thereupon a small jet of water will at once spurt from the tube of the little bottle. }ULY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 255 1 3 4 8 7 e 5 9 6 MAKING JIG.Sf.W PUZZLES It is lots of fun making your own jigsaw puzzles. First, you have to have a fret-saw. If you haven't on·e, you can buy it or borrow one from a friend. It is always a handytool, and° you can use it for other purposes. Then find a nice colored picture. Be sure to choose one with plenty of detailit is harder to put together again than a simple picture. Paste your picture on a piece of thin plywood, and allow it to dry. Then, using your fret-saw, cut out pieces with as 'much shape in them as possible, so they will lock together. Try to keep the saw as upright as you can and do not make the edges jagged. ARRANGING NUMBERS Can you rearrange the numbers so that every horizontal, vertical and di~gonal line adds up to the same figure? The names of the first ten young readers who send in their answers will be published in the work and play section of THE YOUNG CITIZEN. If you know some amusing tricks, send them in to this magazine, and we will try. to publish as many as we can. THE YOUNG CITIZEN }ULY, 1941 CAPTURING LEOPARD (Continued from page 243) But Lancaster had made a good shot, for the animal was really dead. Then we examined Kambe, the headboy. Although unconscious, he was· still alive. His injuries were not dangerous, and Lancaster had two of the natives carry him back to camp. Then we looked at the trap: Lancaster thought the animal had broken out. But the cage · was as strong as it had been before. However, the trap-door was open. ·The native who remained soon told the story. "You need only three cages to transport your four leopards,'' I said. "What will you do with your fourth cage?" "In the fourth cage,'' said Lancaster, "I shall hang a leopard skin." QUESTIONS I. .Have you looked in the encyclopedia to find information about the leopard? 2. To what family of animals does the leopard belong? · 3: Describe the ma~kings of the ·.leopard's hide. 4. Have you ever seen a leopard? · 5. Which is larger, a leopard or a lion? 6. Can you tell how the leopard trap was ed? constructi. Where is Nairobi? 8. Name One of the men on watch had inspected the trap from above. Suddenly one of the branches which he had climbed gave way, and he fell headlong into the \rap. In order to save The Leopard is one of the most beautiful of felines. as many animals as you can which have been named in this series of articles. him from certain death, brave Kambe pulled the rope which opened the· trap door and the leopard sprang out to freedom. So quickly did the leopard spring out of the cage· that Kambe, unable to escape, was knocked over ahd rendered unconscious. Had we not arrived on the scene at that moment, the brave fellow would have been killed. The injuries of Kambe were only of a minor nature and he soon recovered. After a couple of weeks Lancaster was ready to return to Nairobi. He had captured the four full-grown leopards, alive and uninjured as required. 9. Tell something interesting about each animal named. 10. What is done with wild animal$ which are captured alive? 11. What is a zoo? 12. Have you heard of Manila's Botanical Gardens? Has it a zoo? 13. Have you ever been to a circus? 14. What wild animals may be seen at circus? 15. Name all the wild animals you can. }ULY, .19+1 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 257 Baked Potatoes with The butter is placed in brown. Then turn over Cheese the saucepan and stirred and brown the other side. FIRST, s e l e ct medium- until it is melted. Then add Serve with tomato catsup. ·sized potatoes, scrub them flour, which has been mixed Baked Apples well, and dry them. Place with the seasonings, and CORE" apples, leaving a them in a ·moderately hot stir until it is thoroughly "bottom" of about 1/2 inch. oven and bake until soft· blended. Now gradually Pare around top of apples. ( ~sually requires about 451 pour on the '?ilk by ~dding Then stick ~· wad of bu.tter mmutes). Turn them oc- about one-third of 1t at a about 1-1/2 mches Jong mto · casionally so that they· may time and stirring until well- each apple; cover with grabe. baked evenly. When mixed. This · should be nulated sugar. Sprinkle soft, press them between cooked until the sauce boils. lightly with cinnamon. the fingers, and brea~ the If lumpy, Jet sauce pass Place apples on a tin-pan skin a little to Jet the steam through a strainer. containing 1/4 cupful of escape. Then cut the pota- Young Coco Shrimp sugar dissolved in 1/2 cuptoes in half lengthwise; Omelet ful of water. Place in scoop out the potato inside 2 eggs,· stiff-beaten moderately hot oven for and mash it. Next add 1/4 cup boiled shrimps, 20-30 minutes, basting after some hot milk, butter,· salt grated every 5 minutes. ·Add more and pepper, and beat all 3 tablespoons Jard water in case water in pan thoroughly. Now return 2 tablespoons cornstarch dries up. this to the ·potato shells. I cup grated young coco- Serve with either whipThen sprinkle grated cheese nut ped or uqwhipped cream and brown the potato. Salt and pepper to taste on top. Creamed Mushrooms Boil enough shrimps to Young Coconut Soup FIRST, wash and pick mush- fill 1/4 cup when chopped I cup young coco meat, rooms. Then saute (fry (without the shells, of · cut in small squares lightly) them in a little course). Mix together your 2 cups chicken broth butter. Then add white grated coconut, shrimps, 3/4 teaspoon salt sauce and stir thoroughly. conrstarch, salt, and pep- 2 segment garlic White Sauce Recipe per. Then add well-beat- I tablespoon shortening 2 tablespoonfuls butter en eggs and pour mixture Saute garlic. Add chick2 tablespoonfuls flour in a hot frying pan contain- en broth and coco squares, I cup scalded milk ing hot lard. Be sure you seasoning with salt. Boil. 1/2 teaspoon salt spread the mixture evenly Serve with hard-boiled eggs Few grains of pepper in the pan. Cook until light if desired. 258 THE YOUNG CITIZEN JULY, 19.p THE FUNNY PAGE jl:LY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 259 "I made a quick snap at a frog this morning-and missed/" " No wonder )'Ou~re worn out-you for9ot to let your back feet down!" 26o THE YOUNG CITIZEN JULY, 1941 CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION AMBITION Bi· ARTHUR MEE WE ARE LIVING at a time when to be young is the greatest thing in· the wo;ld. There is hardly a successful man living who would not give his success for the years that lie before you, boys and girls. A famous. man once said he would give all he ever had to be alive in fifty years. The wo"r Id will be a fine place to live in when you grow up. What are you going to do in it? Are you going to muddle through somehow, or are you going to make yourself known and felt, and become a power for good? Nothing can keep you back if you mean to go forward. The roads that lead to success are 'widening more and more. As you sit reading this, thinking perhaps of an· the difficulties you have and thinking that perhaps there can never be anything but a struggling life before you, you may feel that this is all very well for others, but that somehow it is not true for you. But do not think like that. Remember it is not the way you go that matters most, but how far you go that way. Remember, too, that all useful work is honorable, and that the only dishonor in it is if it is badly done. The task before you is so to prepare in the days of your youth that you· will be able later to do your work in the world well. What must you realize? First of all, you must know that it is very necessary to have a definite purpose. You must have an aim in life. You must make up your mind what you want to do and how you want to do it. Then let. l)Othing come in your way. As the ·poet Emerson once wrote, hitch your wagon to a star. You are- right to be ambitious ·to succeed; you are right to seize every opportunity that will help you on the road to prosperity. This country is rightly proud of its prosperous citizens, and you owe it to your country to ·build up its material and moral greatness. There are two classes of people in every country-those who keep its honor bright, · ancl those who spoil its ·name. You may belong to either. It does not matter who you are, whether you are rich or poor. Do you wa:nt to live a useless life? Here is the way to prepare yourself to live a worthless life: · Have a careless school life. Waste much time. Read worthless books. Live until you are 21 years old without a definite idea of what you are going to do with your life. Do you want to succeed in life? To make your father and mother proud of you? Here is the way to prepare yourself for success. Have a well-spent youth. Do not waste time. Have healthy amusements. Do much good reading, and have good companions. Have a definite idea of what you mean to be, and a belief that you will be what you make of yourself. Perhaps you cannot have all the books you want. Perhaps you cannot stay in school as long as you should. But you (Please turn to page 263.) JULY, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN TO VITALIZE THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL SCIENCE By JUAN V. BAQUIRAN NOTE: The type of the exercises below has twofold value. First, it provides ample exercises for review. Secondly, it is an interesting method of presenting new province, island, or region to be studied. INSTRUCTION: From the initial letters of the answers to the following questions you can form the name of an island we a.re to study. Exercise I-Presenting Samar ........ ~ ... !. What is the new chartered city in Laguna? ... , ........ 2. What town in Rizal is noted for pilgrimage? ........... .3. What is the most beautiful volcano on Luzon? ............ 4. What is the commercial center of ihe Cagayan Valley? ............ 5. What is the principal product of the Central Plain? Exercise II-Presenting Leyte ............ 1. A town no~ed for weaving hats in Ta ya bas. ............ 2. The business center of lsabela. ............ 3. The speaker of the National Assembly. ............ 4. The "Barren City" _of the Philippines. ............ 5. The busiest street in Manila. Exercise Ill-Presenting Bohol ............ !. Where was President Quezon born? ............ 2. What is the naval base of Western Luzon? ........... .3. What is Calasiao noted for? ..... ...4. What town is noted for oysters in Bulacan? ............ 5. What is the capital of Ilocos Norte? Exei"Cise IV-Presenting Cebu ............ 1. The new chartered city of Cavite. ............ 2. The Philippine Commissioner to the United States. ........... .3. The summer capital of the Philippines . ......... ...4. Higher institution of learn~ng. Exercise V-Presenting Negros ............ !. What lake is in Mindoro? . ... : ...... .2. What do you call the wide mouth of a river? ........... .3. For what is Paracale noted? ......... ...4. Who is the Secretary of Finance? ............ 5. Who is the vice president of the Philippines? ' ........... 6. What town is noted for hot springs in Bulacan? A CRADLE SONG What does little birdie say . In her nest at peep of day? Let me fly, says little birdie, Mother, let me fly away . Birdie, rest a little longer, Till the little wings are stronger . ·So she rests a little longer, Then she flies away . What does little baby say In her bed at peep of day? Baby says, like little birdie, Let me rise· and fly away. Baby, sleep a little longer, Till the little limbs are stro~ger, If she sleeps a little longer, Baby too shall fly away . -Lord Tennyson. THE YOUNG CITIZEN }ULY, 1941 THE INVENTION OF WRmNG By BERNABE B. PAGUIO MAN never took a greater step in the direction of civilization and culture than when he invented the art of writing. In the childhood of the race the form of writing invented is what we call picturewriting, in which the drawings represent things or ideas. Among the Indian tribes we find many specimens of picturewntmg. The idea of a house, for example, would be shown ·by an outline drawing of a house .. The sun, the moon, a man, and many other obfects were drawn to express ideas. . But picture-writing is very unsatisfactory. Who can draw a picture of all his thoughts? There are many ideas tha.t. cannot well be expressed in pictures, such as goodness, kindness, and the like. For such words, a better form of writing was needed. It came in the course of . hundreds of years. Thus, word writing was invented. By this method each word is represented by a character. But such writing is very difficult, as one is obliged to learn several thousand charcters. The Chinese never advanced beyond this stage and to this day the civilization of the Chinese has been greatly retarded by their antiquated form of writing. Word writing was followed by syllable-writing; in which each symbof represents a syllable. This method reduced the number of characters to a few hundred and greatly simplified the art of writing. Finally, the phonetic or sound method of writing came into use. In this system each character represents more sounds, and the characters collectively are known as the alphabet. Many European. excavators once discovered the ruins of a Babylonian schoolhouse. It was a large one-story building of sundried brick with several.rooms, the outer walls inclosing an inner-roofless court. In this building, perhaps for many generations, the young people sat on their rude seats and pored over their mud slates learning to write. Instea.d of a· pencil or a pen the pupils used a straight-cut stick or reed called stylus. When pressed .on soft clay this made a straight mark, wider at one end than the other, giving the appearance of a wedge. The syllable or word to be written was indicated by the different positions and combinations of the marks. · When the boys ana girls arrived at school, each, on entering the door, received a ball of soft clay. 'This was flattened out with a flat piece of wood and it served as a slate or tablet. If his writing was not well done, the pupil could erase· it by smoothing the clay. He had ·to learn several hundred syllables and words, and we can imagine that it required months and perhaps years to learn to write. Clay balls and written tablets were found on the floor of the abovementioned schoolhouse. QUESTIONS I. Who first taught you to write? 2. Do you always spell }'O\U" · words correctly? 3. Do Chinese boys and girls have to know how to spell words whe.n writing Chinese characters? 4. Where can we find specimens of picture-writing? JULY, :9+1 THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE LIFE OF A PLANT MOTHER'S OWN AMBITION (Continue4 from page 248) (Continutd from page 236) (Continued from page 26o) away from poisons. help you. I've earned can have knowledge, the Mosses and ferns will enough to rent my books most interesting and powershow preference for one and pay my matriculation ful thing in the world. substance rather than anoth- fee, too. Here, mother, is With knowledge, hardly er. Place the sperm cells of what I earned these three anything is impossible with moss and fern into water weeks," said Reynaldo, a boy or girl who means to with a little cane sugar ·and handing her all his earn- get on: Nothing is so winmalic acid, and the moss ings. ning as knowledge and ensperms will collect around She clasped him to h.er thusiasm, han"d in hand. the suga~ and the fern breas~ and kissed him with "As· you think, _so you are," sperm~ will collect around tears m lier eyes.- Then she says the man of science. As the acid. . counted the. money. There you are in boyhood, so will We th 1 n k ourselves were P4.25 m all. your manhood be. clever at some things, but "My own dear boy!" she In near! all cases failhave you ever thought how murmured as she pr-ayed by· . d ' clever a root is? Plant a gratefully to God. ur~ may e. trace to one potato too deep, and what Wouldn't y9u li~e to be thmg-shuttmg !?ur eyes will it do? It will correct another Reynaldo? to your opportumties. You your mistake for you. It ~an be what you want to _be, will throw up a new' shoot QUESTIONS if you make up your mmd to the proper level and send I. How much did Rey- that it d_e~ends upon you. you a potato from that. naldo need for matricula- Be amb1t10ns and deterAs the leaves of trees go ti on? mined to reach your goal. in search of light, so the 2. How mu.ch did he Be resolute. Have derroot goes in search of water. need for books? mination. Have a definite The root of a tree has been 3. What did his mother plan and stick to it. known to ~ravel through 30 do to earn mo.ney? _Be in all things honorfeet of soil, under a wall, 4. How did Reynaldo able. Be capable in what and t?rough the walls of a help? you undertake. Be ·afraid well, m order to get water. of nothing except evil Be So, as every g~rden~r I could ~now you, little anxious for nothing. but knows, a plant ad1usts 1t- flower," said the great poet d · self to the circumstances of Tennyson:, "I should know goo · . its life. If it is rich, it lives what is God and man." So you will serve your a life of ease; if it is poor, "It is true. But we do not .country well. So you will it struggles hard for a live- know the secret of this little honor your God. So you lihood. thing. The story of a com- will travel to your destiny In every garden, wher- mon flower is past the un- with peace and love for ever the humblest flower is derstanding of the mind your companions with a grown, a thing· is happen- that can weigh the earth and calm that none of this ing that no man in all the measure the sun, or send the world's sorrows ~an desworld can understand. "If human voice across the sea. troy. Now THAT about all of you are back in school, I wonder how many of you have made resolutions to make the most out of your schoolyear? We 'all know that not all the little boys and little girls who would like to study· can go to school. A great many parents are too poor to send their children to school. And sometimes there is not enough room in the schools for all the children of school-age. Therefore, in a way, you must consider yourselves lucky for being able to attend school :ind learn arithmetic, language, reading, geography, writing, and so forth. Well, are you going to try to·learn as much as you can from your books and from your teachers? There are hundreds and hundreds of things that boys and girls as well as grown-ups have to learn both in and out of school. But we don't have to. learn them all at once; that's why there are grades in school. In one grade you study a little of writing, a little of music, a little of reading, and a little of THE YOUNG CITIZEN Ji;LY, 19.p I know that. But still· we would like to make it just a little better. Just what to do to make THE YOUNG CITIZEN better, we do not know yet. In the meantime, however, we ·want ·you to make suggestions. What sections, for instance, would arithmetic. In the next you· like to see added, and grade you may study more ~hat sections taken o"ut? Do of writing, more of music, we have too many stories? more of reading, more of Are our exercises too few? arithmetic and.maybe a lit- Would you like us to offer tie of something new. contests to our young read* What I have been trying ers? to tell you is this: that, while in school, you should make use of all the opportunities given-you. ·STUDY HARD! And when I say study hard, this is what I mean: pay close attention I want to call your attention to Dr. Panlasigui's message for this month. If you haven't yet read it, do so now; and if you already have, read it again. It tells you in as few words as our little page will allow how children in far-off rnuntries are being made to suffer by the ruthlessness and ambitions of certain men. It tells you how little boys and little girls like you are starving physically, morally, spiritually, and intellectuaJly-that is, from lack of food, from lack of schooling, from lack of religion, from lack of parental care; in other words, from lack of almost everything that you young folks here in the Philippines have. to everything your teacher does or says in the classroom; don't play or talk with your clasomates while he or she is conducting the class-it is not only bad manners but it also keeps you and your classmates from learning the lesson. * * * A1wther thing I would like to talk with you about is-THE YOUNG CITIZEN. You know, our policy ·bas always been to make your magazine better and better every month. According to numerous letters we have been receiving, this little magazine is already one of the best of its kind in the world, and we are happy to We are . all lucky to be here and to be under the Stars and Stripes! -THE EDITOR. Announcement to All Our Young Readers: Did 70u ever do tomething interesting and worth while? Ban you had anr ex .. peorience in doil1g &DJ of the following: (1) Coilecting Philippine Shells, (2) Buntin&' Turf.lea, (3) Ezploring a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (6) Making an Aquarium, (8) Collecting Poatage Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the Philippines, (8) llaking a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers, (10) Making Candies, (11) Boil.dine a Sail Boat, (12) Hunting for Wild Animala, (13) Baking Bread or Cakes, (U) Maktag Articles of Clotbinc, (16) Making Articles of Furniture, (16) Visiting the AquariuD\ in Manila, (1'7) Collecting Moths and Butterflies, (18) Collecting Interesting Botanical Speeimena, (l9) Raiaing Orehida, (20) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the Pb.IUppinea, or doing many other interesting things. WRITE ABOUT IT IN A SHORT ·coMPOSITION. Send your composition to The Young Citizon. Each month the Editor of The Young· Citizen will publish as man~· of the best compositlons as space will permit. If your com~osition is accepted for publication, you will become a member of The What-Ara-You-Doing? Club. The rules for securing membership are 1imple. OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES: 1. Write about something interesting which you have done, such u the above titles suggest. Do not write a story which is not true. If your story is accepted, you are a member of the Club. 2. On your composition write your name and addre ... VERY PLAINLY. 8. State your age. (. Tell what you liked best in recent issues of Th• Young Citi .. n. AddreBB all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of Community Publishers, Inc. Publishers of The Young Citizen 1 I I L P. 0. BOlC ·686, Manila, Philippines ~----~~ For service and satisfa/;tion, VJrite 'flJillt--INl:OGRAPH PENCIL-POINTED FOUNTAIN PEN ·-.. =:JI -114 The moot pnictical fountain pen J11U can b11JVerutile-it writet well oa any kind of pa.,.........rouc, lllllOOth, thin, thick, wrappinc, or blottiac P-· It can euily make four carbon c:opieo. It fits any bancl-1tands rough bandlinc-<lra ... lineo, without amearinc the ruler with__ink.. Prices: from P3.oo to P4-SO (Acid 25 centav .. for pootap) Inbcraph fountain pens are tbe product of well-known American manuhcturen INKOGRAPH COMPANY, INC., New York, U.S. A. s.u .... 1111ml1 ,, COMMUNITY PUBLisHERS, INC. Crystal Arcade Eocolta, Manila The Uses of THE YOUNG CITIZEN 4#1ro""d in 4cad. B•ll. No. 11, ,..;., 1935 The Director of Education1 in his 1etter1 of Nov. 4, 1937 and Jan. 14, 193g, indicated the following points: 1. The YOUNG CITIZEN io ideol for audienc. reading, group projecto, and ~like. 2. The YOUNG CITIZEN can be of much help in encouraging reading habit1 on a voluntary basiL 3. Authority ii &iven for the placing of one er more 1ubacription1 for "'"J d011room (including barrio schools) of Grade II and above. 4. In addition to subscriptions for classrooms, several subscriptiom may be placed for the library, and one for the Home Economice Building and one for the obop buildincJ. The YOUNG CITIZEN being the only mapzine ever published in the Philippines for children, the Bureau of Education bas take.a much interest in its development. 6. Subscriptions to magazine intended for pupils should be oa lull year buio. This magazine ii publishetl 12 timt1 a ,,.,. COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. MANILA § § §