The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

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Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People
Issue Date: Volume 7 (Issue No. 8) August 1941
Year: 1941
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extracted text: THE MAGAZINE FOR YOUNG FILIPINOS AUGUST. 1941 ;-~ U> 1 V7 ,u..o .-r; '· ·. \ 30 Centavos . , r\', kd51/11\\Wl\5M\'""m\ ~.iii Announcement to All Writers: We Will Pay You for writting articles of merit for publication in THE YOUNG CITIZEN. We want interesting children's stories from 209 to 500 words in length; also games, reading devices, articles of historical interest, elementary science and health articles, puzzles, jokes, and playlets. We also wish to buy several good serial stories. Interesting stories less th&n 200 words in length are desired for Little People. You can aCl.d to your income by writing for us. Primary Teachers: We especially desire various kinds of interesting material suitable for First, Second, and Third Grade Pupils. We will pay teachers and others for material which we can use. Each article should be written in clear, easy, correct English, on one side of the paper, typewritten i_f possible, or written by hand neatly and legibly. The article should be submitted with a self-addressed stamped envelope, . otherwise the publishers will not return it to the writer in case it cannot be used. Address all communications to: The Managing Editor The YOUNG CITIZEN Care of COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. P. 0. Box 685, Manila, Phili~pines., HE OUN(j ITIZ€N This Magazine Is Approved by the Bureau of Education VOLUME 7 NUMBER 8 AUGUST • For First Graders Things We D&-AnastaC'ia l'illamil • For Second Graders The Monkey-May Morgan My Pet Monkey . ·Some Monkey Work . • My Hen-Edith Lan/,,,m Boluloli A Hen Lenon . Some Hen Questions • For Third Graders Leave Thingt Alone i':11P~~e8\oy~~e ~~:r~ Count Your Change • Stories The Sea Captains-Juanita Milltr The Caii.ao-Filomeno Biscocho • The Torn Swea.ter-Pancita Flores The Story of the Wooden Horse Archimedes • . . • The Lion Hunters of Tanganyika • Poems 1 9 4 1 Bless, 0 God, our Fatherland . . . • Character and Citizenship Our New Schools-Dr. 1. Panlasigui . ;/. Habit • Elementary Science Mother Zebra and her Baby Spices and Herbs . • Health and Safety Bring a Clean Handkerchief to School Caring for the Sick and Preventing lllne11 • History· Syria • Music Appreciation Dvorak-Bert Paul Osbon The Emper\r March-Franz: 'VOn Blon • Work and Play Folding a Flapping Bird-Da'Vid Btrgamini A Spool Top A Portable Stove , . . A Swan Made from an Apple The Pantry What-Are-You-Doing? Club The Funny Page Chats with the Editor 268 270 270 270 271 271 271 272 272 273 271 271 276 277 279 280 281 267 266 290 274 288 291 292 283 285 286 293 295 295 295 297 299 302 304 Published monthly by the COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC., 2664 Herran, Manila, Philippines .. Entered as Second Class Mail Matter at the Manila Post Office on May 16,1935. . Editorial Director: Jou E. Romtwo; Managing Editor: Btrt Paul Osbon; Assistant Editor: Max, San Juan; Contributing Editors: Dr. I. Panlasigui and Quirito A. Cruf!.; Staff Artist: Pidro Paguia; Business Manager: Emiliuna Garciti Rosalu. Subscription Prict: f'3.00 for one year of 12 issues; $2.00 in the United State11o and foreign countries. Single copy, 30 centavos. S11bstriptio11s ar1 lo b1 paid to COMMUNITY PUBLISHEllS, INC. Tl-I!; MAGAZINi; !=OR YOUNG Pt;OPLi; 266 -THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 ~,~· ..... U"..., .... «IF" ..... """'.O-'b<P<Q,..e'~ .... ..v~<?"<6"1'""'=-U"..., ..... ..,.,_~11 THE MESSAGE THIS MONTH OUR NEW'SCHOOLS Our school classes are now going on. . , As usual, there are many school-children in all our schools. In some places, many chidren cannot be admitted. Why? Because there are no classrooms. There are no · teachers. There are not enough books and other things needed in schools. In other words, the government does not have enough money to spend for the things necessary f6r school work.· In such a case, what would you do? Well, this is what the government did. It shortened the elementary grades from seven to six years: This means that our schools this year and the years to come are different from our schoc;ils of last year. You may ask, "Could we learn just as much in our new schools as we did in our old schools?" My answer is Yes and No. No, if you do not study diligently. If you had two hours to study a lesson but you spent that much playing instead of studying, you would learn very little. . Formerly you had forty minutes to study; now you have only thirty. What happens if you do not study? Yes, if you study diligently. Many school-children do not have time to study because they have plenty of of time. That sounds funny, doesn't it? But it is true! You are supposed to study your arithmetic·lesson. You have two hours to do it. But you say, "I have plenty of time. I'll play a while before I study my lesson." And you play. ·And you play on and on. Soon you find out that you have played for two hours and you have no more time to study. Now, since school hours are shorter, perhaps schoolchildren have more time to study. And, therefore, if you spend your time wisely and study diligently, I am sure you will learn as much as you did before. So let us make the best out of our short hours in our school. · -DR. I. PANLA:SIGUI • AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN A POEM FOR THIS MONTH BLESS. 0 GOD. OUR FATHERLAND To THEE, our God, we ply For. mercy and for grace; 0 hear our lowly cry, Arid hide not Thou Thy face. 0 God, stretch forth Thy mighty hand, And guard and bless our Fatherland, Arise, 0 Lord of Hosts! Be jealous for Thy name, And drive from out our coasts The sins that put to shame. 0 God, stretch forth Thy mighty hand, And guard and bless our Fatherland. The powers ordained by Thee With heavenly wisdom bless. May they Thy servants be, And rule in righteousness. 0 God, stretch forth Thy mighty hand, And guard and bless our Fatherland. Though weak and most unworthy still, +- Thy people, Lord, are we; . -s And for our God we will ~ None other have but Thee. J 0 God, stretch forth Thy mighty 1 hand, ~ And guard and bless our Father-! ~ land. l -Selected. 268 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR FIRST GRADERS THINGS WE DO By ANASTACIA VILLAMIL Draw a line from the picture to the word. working flying wa:lking sleeping drinking hammering writiilg singing talking sawing sewing chewing jumping reading hammering eating chewing tasting drinking working AUGUST, 1941 AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR FIRST GRADERS THINGS WE DO By ANASTACIA VILLAMIL Draw a line from the picture to the word. playing jumP.ing sitting reading sewing eating rowing walking sleeping drinking writing sleeping sitting singing talking drinking smelling playing sawing sewing 269 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 FOR SECOND GRADERS THE MONKEY By MAY MORGAN The monkeys hang by hand or tail, Or swing from tree to ~ree; Perhaps I look as strange to them, As monkeys look to me. MY PET MONKEY I have a pet monkey. Father fins his mouth fun. Ongoy is a found him in the woods. He was good climber. He likes to climb a baby monkey then. Now he is and swing. Mother made him a grown. I can ·him Ongoy. He little red cap. He looks very funny likes to eat ripe bananas. Before when he wears it. Would you like he eats a banana he takes the skin to have a pet monkey? off. Then lie takes big bites. He SOME MONKEY WORK Choose the right word and write it on the blank. 1. Monkeys climb --- easily. --.-. 2. My monkey likes to eat ripe 10. When Ongoy eats he fins his 5. He used to be a --- monkey. 11. 6. Ongoy is a good - - . 7. Sometimes he wears a little 12. 8. Ongoy looks --- when he wears his cap. 9. Ongoy likes to --- and woods trees pet monkey bites grown afraid bananas 13. 14. 15. --fun. Father found Ongoy in the Then he was not --- . Ongoy is a - . -- monkey. He is not --- of me. Would you like to own a ---monkey? tame mouth funny climb climber cap baby swing AUGUST, 19.p TIJE YOU:-IG CITIZl::N 2 7 1 MY HEN Br EDITH LA:\HAM BOKELOH I love to watch my little hen, With all her chicks about her; And see them scamper when she clucksWhat would I do without her! A HEN LESSON I have a pet hen. I raised her on her little chicks. Biddy is a good our farm. She was a baby chick mother. She watches over her litat first. Now she is grown. I call tie chicks. She keeps them warm her Biddy. She likes to eat rice at night. They sleep under her and com. She scratches in the wings. She hides them from danground for worms. Then she calls ger under her wings. SOME HEN QUESTIONS Choose the right word and 'write it on the blank. 1. What are the hen's babies 9. What is Mother Hen's mouth called? --- called? --2. What do they eat? --- and 10. With what does she scratch the ground? Her---. 3. What does Mother Hen find 11. Where do the little chicks in the ground? --- hide? Under her --- . 4. With what is Mother Hen 12. ·where do they sleep? Under covered? --- her --- . 6. What does Mother Hen say? 13. What do. little chicks do? 7. What do hens lay? - - 8. When they are grown, what are baby chicks called? feathers wings chicks eggs rice corn feet poultry 14. What are many chickens together called? --worms chickens rooster bill wings cluck-cluck down scamper 272 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 FOR THIBD GRADERS EASY LESSONS IN GOOD SHOPPING MANNERS !. LEAVE THINGS ALONE Never touch thinqs· on the counters. This month we are going to study about good manrfe'rs in the store; that is, good shopping manners. When you enter a store, you see many interesting things on the counters. These are placed for you to look at, but not to handle unless a clerk asks you to do so. Never touch things on the counters. That is a good rule to remember when you enter a store. II. TELL WHAT YOU WANT Be sure to tel I the d(lrk plainly and distinGtly what you want. If you go into a store to buy something, you should have in mind what you want to buy. Be sure to tell the clerk plainly and distinctly what you want. Do not stand a long time without saying anything. Choose as quickly as possible, and then tell what you want. AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN FOR THIRD GRADERS EASY LESSONS IN GOOD SHOPPING ~ANNERS III. BE POLITE TO THE CLERK A boy or girl should always be polite in all places. This is true at home, -in the street, in the school, and even in a.store. A clerk in a store gets tired standing all day, waiting on customers. Sometimes people . are not polite when they talk to a clerk. This is bad. Be polite to the clerk: --Be· polite to the_ derk. IV. ALWAYS COUNT YOUR CHANGE If you give- fifty centavos : to the clerk in a store to pay for something which costs twenty centavos, the clerk will give you back some change. In order to avoid any difficulty, you should always count your . change in front of the clerk as soon as it is handed to you. The clerk will be glad i:o correct a mistake if one has been made. Always count your chanqe. 273 274 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MOTHER ZEBRA AND HER BABY WHAT a pretty animal is Mother Zebra with her striped coat! And what a pretty little creature is Baby Zebra! Zebras live in Africa. They.belong to the horse family but are smaller than horses. These animals live together in small herds. They like company and are often seen with ostriches on the desert. The ostrich has very good eyes and can see danger a long way off. The zebra has a very keen sense of smell and can smell danger a long way off. So they help each other. Zebras can run very fast and th~ir black and white striped coats make it hard to see them. Their hind legs are very strong and they have been known to fight off lions with them. The stripes of the zebra extend down even to the hoofs. They look as if they had been painted on the animal, so evenly are they placed .. Of course the food· of the zebra is the same as that of the horse-grass when living in a wild state and hay and grain when living in captivity. Sometimes zebras in captivity are trained to draw small vehicles. Even in ancient times chariots were sometimes drawn by four or six or even eight zebras. A baby zebra is called a colt. AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 275 LITTLE. STORIES FOR LITTLE .PEOPLE . THE SEA CAPTAINS By JUANITA MILLER Two little boys, Norberto and Carlos, had been playing sea captain all morning and now it was nearly noon. The wide sea where they sailed their ships was a pool in which goldfish had once lived. Its rocky shores were surrounded by the grass of a sunny lawn. Norberto and Carlos each had a fine new boat with a splendid white sail and a slender mast. Norberto's ship had just brought a load of logs from Rosebush ] ungle to the port of Biggest Rock, and Carlos had brought rose-petal tea leaves from China Shore. That was the nice thing about Fish-Pool Sea; they could pretend that it touched on all lands and all the interest.ing pla~es of which they had heard. "What are you playing?" called a little voice which was not a sailor's voice. "Oh, we're playing sea captain," Norberto answered patiently, for girls didn't know much about·such games! Maria sat down on one of the big rocks beside Fish-Pool Sea and watched the .. two boats. "May .I hold a boat string for a little any leopard. There aren't any leopards around here." Maria was only a little girl, and she did not know about capturing leopards in Rosebush ] ungle. · Norberto pointed to Carlos' boat and shouted, uit's turning over I Quick, .Carlos! You"r leopard is getting away!" Maria began to laugh. "Oh, oh!" she said. "A little spotted beetle I · Who ever heard of a beetle leopard!" . Tqe leopard was rescued and the ship was set up straight again, but something was wrong with it. The leopard crawled away toward the jungle, but the two boys did not notice. They were too busy examining the wrecked ship. "Oh!" said Carlos sadly. "My new l!oat ! The sail is all torn." It looked as though· Captain Carlos (Please turn to page 300.) while?" she asked. [ "A girl can't steer a ship I" Carlos an- .. swer~d, moving the string so· as to pilot i his ship toward the dock where it was to ! be unloaded. "I'd be very careful!" Maria said. "But I'm bringing a leopard across the ocean, and girls can't take .care of leopards." Carlos pulled the string very gently so that the strange cargo would not slide off into the pool. Maria leaned over the edge of the water and said, "Leopards! I don't see Tlie torn sail /rad been neatly mended. THE YOUNG CITIZEN AOGUST, 1g41 READING TIME FOR YOUNG FOLKS ./ THE CA:tilAO By FILO MENO BISCOCHO• AMONG the lgorotes of Mountain Province it has long been the custom to have a canao from time. to time. Canao is an lgorot word among the mountain people for a meeting with singing, dancing, and eating. The following is a true story and gives one of the reasons ·for holding an lgorot caiiao: It seems that an lgorot girl was sick. This ,girl had attended school, and so knew the better way of recovering from some kind of sickness: But these better ways learned at. the school were not accepted by the older generation. So the. medicine man was called to cure the sick fourteen-year old Igorot girl. "The spirits are very angry," said the medicine man. "Ther·e is nothing we can do except to have a caii,ao to appease the spirits." The sick girl heard the word canao. Turning to the medicine man, she said, "Our teacher told us that caiiaos do no good-they just waste our pigs and carabaos. They are useless. It is time th'at we should stop this superstitious native custom." · But the medicine man only said to the girl's mother, "Let us have the canao." The girl saw her mother, who was squatting in the room, nod assent. Accordingly, preparations were made for the canao. The girl's father decided to. sacrifice three pigs and a carabao. So he brought home three pigs and the very carabao which the girl used to feed and ride on the hillside to a nearby stream. • Principal, Pacdal Elementary School, Baguio, Mountain Province. A platform was made of pine s~plings. The pigs and the carabao were to be butchered there. All the neighbors, and of course the medicine man, too, were invited to the ct1iiao. Dis[1es were borrowed. Pine torches were secured, for the feasting would be carried on even after it was no longer light. The sick girl remained fo the house. She remembered what her teacher had, said: "You should open the windows to admit"fresh air." So she said to her sister, "It is very warm. My eyes are burning. Please open the windows." Then she remembered that her parents' house was window-less, dark, and smoke-stained. "Never mind," the sick girl's sister said. "You will soon get well. All the signs show that you will get well. There were many bubbles in the rice wine when . Yotokan and I were. dancing ·around it." Yotokan was a boy, arid he was a classmate of the sick girl. · They were of the same age. Her parents liked her to marry Yotokan, but she wanted to study to become a teacher. She heard the beating of th~ ganzas and the agongs outside, the laughing and· the occasional yells and the other noises incidental to the canao. Then she sank into a deep slumber. The next morning she was better, and in a few days returned to school. Of course, everybody except the girl believed that she recovered because of the sacrifices. She knew tbey had nothing to do with it. "Alas!" thought the girl. "The old customs are still with us!" AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 277 THE TORN SWEATER ADAPTED BY PANCITA FLORES JUANITO looked sadly at the big hole in his sweater. "What will Mother say when she sees it?" he thought anxiously. "I promised her that I wou.ld not climb any ,tree while I was wearing my good sweater, and then T. forgot all about my promise the minute I started to play with Jose and Tomas." Juanito walked home very slowly. How he hated to have Mother see his new sweater! She had given it to him for his birthday and it was the nicest sweater that he had ever owned. Now there was a big hole right in the front where it had caught on a branch. Juanito was so busy thinking '!lbout his ·sweater that he didn't notice Jose and Tomas running after him. "Wait a minute, Nito!" called Jose, but Juanito didn't even hear him. "Nito, wait for us!" shouted Tomas. He shouted so loudly that this time Juanito stopped and turned around. "We just-wanted-to tell you-how sorry-we are about-your sweater / 1 puffed Jose, who was all out of breath from running. "Yes," added Tomas, ."we thought maybe we could help." J uanito shook his head sadly. "I guess no one can help· me. It's su~h a big hole that my sweater is spoiled. The worst part of it is that I broke my promise to Mother." "It was o.ur fault as much as it was yours, Nito," said Tomas. "If you hadn't tried to help us fix the swing, you wouldir't have torn your ·sweater." "That's right," agreed Jose. "Maybe . if we went home with you and explained to your mother, she wouldn'i mind about the sweater so much." "Oh, no!" answered Juanito quickly. "I didn't have to climb that tree because you did. You couid have fixed· the swing alt right without me. That would be only an excuse. Mother says that she doesn't like boys who make excuses when they do something wrorig." Jose and Tomas didn't say anything for a minute. They were thinking hard of some way to help poor J tianito. "I know!" said Jose. "Why don't you tell your mother that you caught your sweater on the fence while you were playing in my yard? Then maybe she wouldn't scold you at all." "Oh, dear," said Juanito. "I wish I could. That would be mu.ch easier than telling Mother I broke my promise." Juanito knew that he couldn't tell his mother such a lie. He knew that if he did" n't tell her the truth, it would be much worse than climbing trees when he had promised her that he would not. THE YOUNG CITIZEN "No, Jose," said Juanito at last, "I couldn't tell Mother that. I don't think it would be right.!' "No, I guess it wouldn't," agreed Jose, "but I really ·can't think of any other way to help you, Nito." "I'm afraid I'll just have to go hcime and tell Mother exactly what happened," decided Juanito. "I'm going right now and get it over with as fa!t as I can." And away he ran. · "Hello, Juanito," called Mother, when she. saw him come running into th_e house. "You are .just in time. I have baked some cup cakes. Here are two big ones for you to eat before you go out to play." Two cup· cakes! That was what J:uanito liked to eat !better than anything else when he came from school in the afternoon. Today, however, even two cup cakes couldn't make him feel happy. Mother set a glass"of orange juice and a plate with the two ·cakes on it on the kitchen table. · "Here is your lunch, J uanito," she invited. "I don't feel hungry," he replied in a low voice. Mother looked at him in surprise. Something terrible must have happened to make J ua·nito refuse freshly-baked cup cakes. "Are you sick?" she asked anxiously. Juanito shook his head. "Look!" he said, pointing sadly to the big hole in his sweater. "Oh, J uanito," cried M_other, "your beautiful new sweater! What happened to it?" · · J uanito felt very much ashamed, bu.I he looked at Mother bravely. "I caught it on a branch while I was climbing a big mango .tree in Jose's- yard." "But," asked Mother in surprise, "why were you climbing the tree? You promised me you wouldn't. You don't usually break your promises to_ me." "I'm sorry," said J uanito. "But why did you do it?" asked his mother again. "Haven't you a reason, Juanito, for behaving so badly tciday?" ""No," answered Juanito. "I guess I just forgot all about my promise. I saw Tomas and Jose, and they asked me to come over and play with them. They were making a swing, and I climbed up in the tree to help tie the rope. It was my own fault, Mother." Mother looked at J uanito a long time without saying anything. He felt so much ashamed. He wi~hed she would hurry up and scold him. "~'m very sorry about your sw~at«!r, Juanito," said Mother at last, "but perhaps I can mend it so that it won't look so bad." J uanito looked at his mother in surprise. "But aren't you cross because I broke my promise to you?" he asked. · "No," said Mothe~ "But I don't like to think that my boy would break his promise. It makes me feel very sad, but I am glad that I have a son who is brave enough to tell me the truth, and who doesn't try to make excuses for doing the · wrong thing. I know how _sorry you must feel about spoiling that nice new sweater. Perhaps you've had trouble enough for today wi.thout my scolding you, too. So, eat those two cakes and drink your coldorange Juice n-0w. That will probably make you feel better." "Oh, Motlier," exclaimed Juanito happily, as he ate one of the cakes," you are the kindest mother any boy ever had. The next time I make a promise, I'll be careful not to break it." THE YOUNG CITIZEN 279 TWO FAMOUS STORIES FROM ANCIENT GREECE I. THE STORY OF THE WOODEN HORSE FOR TEN YEARS the Greeks had laid siege to Troy and still the city was not taken. It was then .that Odysseus {Ulysses), aided by the goddess Athena, devised the famous trick of the Wooden Horse. He · had a Greek sculptor build an immense horse of wood, big as a mountain. It was large enough to contain a. hundred armed. warriors within its interior. Into it crept Odysseus, Menlaus, and others of the Greek heroes. The opening iri its side was closed with strong bolts. Then the besieging Greeks broke up their· camp and set sail, leaving the Wooden Horse. As the priest departed to offer sacrifice, he hurled his spear against the side.of the Horse, and there came back a hollow sound. · But his warning was drowned in the shouts of the people, as they watched the approach of some shepherds who brought a captured Gr·eek with fettered hands. The Trojans did not know that this captured Greek was the trusty friend of the crafty Odysseus, and had been left behind to persuade the Trojans by a ta I s·e story· to take the Horse within the city of Troy. When the Trojans · saw the ships, that had so long been drawn up on the sand.s of their harbor, sail away and disappear in the mist, there was great rejoicing, for they thought the Greeks were The Wooden Horse Entering Troy "Have pity on me/' the captive begged. "I escaped from the hands of the Greeks when they were about to sacrifice me to the gods .. The Wooden Horse was built returning to their homes. Had they not left an image of a great Wooden Horse as a· peace-offering to At.hena who was angered because the Greeks had stolen her statue from Troy? Some said this, and others argued that it was a Greek treachery, as they ran through the gates, joyful and curious, to gather about the great Horse. "Put no trust in the Horse, men of Troy," cried their priest. "Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, even bearing gifts." as a peace-offering to the offended Athena. It was made of such immense size as to prevent you · from taking it within your gates. )':!ecause if it were taken into Troy, then the favor of Athena would be transferred to the Trojans." Some still doubted, but a thing happened before their eyes which seemed an omen from the gods. Two huge serpents rose from the water, and, entwining themselves about the priest Laotoon and his (Pleost turn to page 301.) 280 THE YOUNG CITIZEN II. ARCHIMEDES, ANCIENT MATHEMATICIAN "Don't disturb my circles." "'GIVE me a place to stand and to rest my lever on," said Archimedes (pronounced ar-ki-me-dez, with the accent on the third syllable), ancient Greek mathematician and inventor, "and I can move the earth." One time, it is said, Archimedes ran naked through the streets of ·his native city, crying "Eureka! Eureka!", which is Greek for "I have found it!" The ruler of the city had ordered a gold-smith to make a crown of puFe gold; and suspecting that the gold-smith had cheated him by dishonestly adding alloy, he handed the crown to Archimedes and asked him to find out if this was so. Archimedes discovered the solution to the problem by observing the amount of water displaced by his own body while taking a bath. It was this observation which caused him absent-mindedly to run home, without his clothes, to try the same experiment with the crown. Archimedes proved that the goldsmith was dishonest. At the same time he proved this principle of the science .of hydrostatics: "A body immersed in a fluid loses as much in weight as the weight of an equal volume of the fluid." Not only was Archimedes the greatest mathematician and writer on the science of mechanics among the ancients ; he was (Please turn to page 301.) AucusT, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AMONG THE WILD ANIMALS OF EAST AFRICA True Stories Related by a Young Traveler VIII. THE LION HUNTERS OF TANGANYIKA Simba, the Kin9 of the Jun9le "SIMBA! SIMBA!" the Tanganyika natives called to each 0th.er and threw more brushwood onto the fires. "Si'mbal Simbn!" (Lion! Lion!)· The flames leaped high into the air and lightened up the environs of the camp very clearly. Enormous old trees with low-hanging branches, overgrown with vines and moss, formed a wall behind the natives who were grouped around the fires. The roaring of Jimba, the lion, "king of the jungle," broke the quietness of the African night. His roar sent a shiver through the animals of the plains, and herds of striped zebras and great wilde. beests galloped over the plains in wild . fright. The lion .had left his hidingplace in the jungle and had made ready to hunt his prey. For several nights a lion had attacked the cattle herds of the Masai natives, and now the warriors had come out to hunt and kill him. They had been unsuccessful in finding the hiding place of the king of the jungle until this afternoon. Then one of the natives had found the place where the lion kept himself during the · hot daytime. But it was late in the afternoon, and it would have· been dangerous to attack the beast at that time because there was not light enough for spearing. Therefore the chief had ordered them to camp and wait for the morning. They would keep fires burning all night, for the flames held the wild animals of the jungle at a safe distance from the camp. · The men were grouped about the fires. Skins of leopards and lions · were slung around their shoulders, and each one held ·a !orig spear in his right hand. Each man had his shield lying close at hand. Strange signs were painted on the out- · side of each shioeld; each family had its own sign which told a story of glory about the family's warriors. The roaring of the lion sounded farther a'nd farther away, and finally died out completely. The simba was hunting during the night, and would return tired but satisfied to his hiding place early in the morning. At dawn the chief called his men. To a strange rhythm they danced their warrior dance which gave them courage and strength. They shouted the word simba again and again i.n their different songs, as they swung their spears oyer 'their heads and yelled wild threats at the lion. Finally they marched toward the place of the lion's lair the day before. The wide plain stretched before them; but at the edge of the jungle was a large thorn thicket where the lion had made his lair under the shadow of the redTHE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 thorn trees. Car.efully the warriors encircled the thicket. They moved through the high, dry grass, ready to pursue the lion if he should try to escape. . Lions d_ o not attack human beings at once. They always give two warnings first and try to escape the hunters. But if the hunter persists in his attack, the lion becomes dangerous and tries to kill his .enemy. When the Masai warriors had closed the circle around the thicket, they started again to sing tfieir threatening songs with high-pitched, screaming voices. They struck their shields with their spears in the rhythm of their song, and called for simba. lion, others ran to cut off his retreat, and others threw their spears at him. The animal became furious and gave his second warning. Then he made ·a break through the line in another. direction. Again he tried to escape th~ warriors, but unsuccessfully. Again the men pursued and encircled him. They meant to kill the great animal. . When the lion could find no way out, he stood his ground ready to fight his enemies. He was ready to defend his life with all his strength; he was ready to fight until he or his enemy should be killed. Suddenly the lipn, a large male with a great mane about his head, appeared at the edge of the thicket. He took a look at the approaching men and then quickly disappeared. After a few moments, he appeared on the ·other side of the thicket, but found there also the encircling line of shouting men. East African Warrior At first· the lion crouched. Then he leaped in a roaring fury_ of wrath and attacked a young warrior. The man threw his spear, but it merely grazed the lion. Now this warrior was without a weapon and the .furious lion was upon him. The warrior knew his danger and threw himself on the ground. By the time the lion reached the man, t_ he warrior was holding his shield tightly over his When he s.aw himself thus trapped, the lion gave a loud and angry roar. With all the fury of a great wild beast he broke th.rough the lines of the Masai warriors. With a powerful leap he came out of the thicket straight toward several of the . warriors. The men threw their ·spears at the lion, but missed. But the natives did not let him escape. They pursued him and again closed a circle around the animal. Some· followed the body, and was completely covered. The savage beast clawed and tore at the shield, but the man held on the handle from the inside. At once the other warriors attacked the lion with their long spears. Blood streamed from the animal, which was still clawing at the shield. Presently he gave up trying to get to the warrior beneath the shield and attacked another man. But the animal was weakening from the loss (Pleau turn to page JOI.) AucusT, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN HISTORY SECTION SYRIA RECENTLY during the second World War the strip of Asia Minor known as Syria h~ ceme to the attention of the world, and was fought for. A narrow strip of habitable land, with a total area of about 114,000 square miles, Syria extends along the western edge of the Arabian peninsula, ·as far north as the Taurus Mountains, with the Mediterranean on one side and the · desert on the other. Syria forms a bridge between Africa and Asia ; between two ancient homes of civilization, the valleys of 'the Nile and the Euphrates Rivers. So, too, it is a link between East and West, a great highway of civilization, a battleground between empires. Nor.them Syria was the home cif the Arameans, who were in very ancient times the merchants and traders of the Eastern world. Their widespread trade connections carried their language, the Aramaic, far and wide until it became a widely spoken language. In time it .even displaced its sister tongue, the Hebrew of Palestine, and thus became the speech of Jesus and the Jewish people of his time in Palestine. Except for the Hittites and the Philistines, who became merged with the other peoples, the tribes which made up the population of Syria in ancient ·times were Semites. And although Greeks; Romans, Turks, Kurds, and European crusaders have blended with the original stock, the Syrians of today are still mainly Semitic and the ianguage of the country is Arabic, a Se m i tic language which is related to the ancient Hebrew. Syria is largely a· fertile land which fringes the Ar ab i an desert. There are many dry places, even in Syria, but to the Coananites and other tribes that drifted into it from the desert it was a garden land. Street in a Syrian City In spite of this racial Within Syria are contained the rich valleys of the Lebanon Mountain region, where the Phoenicians made their home; the verdant plain of Esdraelon in Palestine, the land of the Israelites; and the fertile plain of Sharon to the southeast, which was the country of the ancient Philistines. kin-ship, however, these various tribes have never united to form a strong nation. This is due, doubtless, ·in part to their natural char.acter, and in part to the fact th.at Syria is broken up by desert and mountain into a number of petty provinces, but most of all to the fact that Syria ·has -been subject first to THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 _ A Typical Syrian f/ill~ge one great empire and then to another. After having passed through the hands of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, and the Romans, Syria was conquered in the 7th century A.D. by the Arabs. In 1099 the Crusaders established the kingdom of Jerusalem and the principality of Antioch, but they were driven out in the latter part of the 12th century. Inl516 Syria was conquered by the Turks, who r.emained in possession until expelled during the first World War. Later the government was put under France, except Palestine. Only recently the British troops gained control of the country from France. Syria is the home of many religions and sects. The Mohammedans are in the majority, although there are also great numbers of Christians and Jews. Ev.en with the primitive agricultural methods still practised, Syria produces . considerable crops of grains, fruits, and tobacco. The horses ·are splendid creatures, but the cattle of the region are small. Among the leading cities are Beirut, ·the seat of an American college; Aleppo, a great commercial center as it was in ancient times; Antioch, noted as one of the chief centers of early Christianity; and Damascus, said to be the oldest city in the world. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 1. What part has Syria taken thus far in World War No. 2? 2. Where is Syria? (See the encyclopedia.) 4. Is Syria an ancient land? 3. How large is Syria? 5. What ancient peoples have occupied all or part of Syria? 6. Wha.t was the language of Jesus? Why? 7. Of what races are the Syrians of today? 8. What is their present language? 9. Who governed Syria after the first World War ? 10. Who recently gained possession of Syria? ~UGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MUSIC APPRECIATION SECTION GREAT COMPOSERS OF MUSIC SECOND SERIES By BERT PAUL OSBON• VIII. DVORAK ANTONIN DVORAK was born in a village in the musical land of Bohemia in 1841. He was a Bohemian peasant; with all the peasant's love of color, of stamping rhythms, and bright melody. His father -_ intended to make him a butcher, but the village schoolmaster saw the boy's musical ability, and taught him to sing and play the violin. He was twelve years old when he learned to play the organ. A year as innkeeper-butcher at fifteen con vi n c-e d him that sausage-making was not his vocation, and he ·persuaded his father, against strong .opposition, to allow hi1J1 to enter the organ school at Prague. Then financial reverses came and young Dvorak (pronounced dvor-zhak) became a wandering musician, p 1 a y i r. g the violin and viola in small orchestras in theatres Finally he secured a regular pos1110n as church organist and began to compose. His music met with favor and before long he was Bohemia's best composer. The Slavonic Dances, produced in 1878, brought him fame overnight, thanks partly to his friend Liszt. Dvorak went to bed one night, comparatively unknown, and awoke to find himself hailed as a great Bohemian composer. In · 1892 he was calle.d to America to become the director of the Nation. al Conservatory of Music in New York. Dvorak. believed · that a national school of American music would be founded upon the folk music of the southern negro of the United· St~tes and the American Indian. and rest~urants. Handi- Dvorak, Foremost Bohemian Composer Americans love him especially, because, while he was director of the New York conservatory capped as he was by lack of money, without books, or scores, or music-paper, with only what he could earn by playing at cafes, he still managed to be graduated in 1860 and win the second prize. And he managed to spend the next twelve years studying, in his poor lodgings, from borrowed scores the works of the gr.eat masters. •Formerly of the Department ~£ ?viusic Education, School of Education, New York University, New York City, U.S. A. from 1892 to 1895, h_ e became so much interested in the negro tunes sung for him by one of his students that he embodied them in the New World Symphony. In the largo (slow) movement of this symphony he introduced a theme played by the English horn, which suggests the old negro melody Massa Dear, although some say this is an original Indian melody which Dvorak collected from American Indians. (Please turn to page 301.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 ~MUSIC FOR MARCHING EMPEROR MARCH Fr>anz von Elon. ~; · .. ; ··-" AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 288 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 ELEMENTARY SCIENCE SECTION SPICES AND HERBS Drying Cloves . IF· modern cold storage had been known in the days of Columbus, the New World . might not have been discovered until centuries later. For without Ol)r modern means of keeping food palatable throughout the year, the Europe of the Middle Ages and later times found spices .and . herbs almost indispensable to flavor its poor and often half-spoiled food. In medieval England, for example, the usual winter diet consisted of meal (not made from Indian corn, however) and coarse salt meat, which became halfrotten before the winter was over. So ·spices were in enormous demand to lend some savor to this monotonous and pleasureless fare. Cinnamon, cloves, and pepper wer.e worth their weight in gold and men risked their lives and fortunes in seeking new routes to the land of spices -the East Indies and the neighboring parts of Asia. For centuri·es spices, so common with us that we scarcely give them a thought, were among the most important articles of commerce. The spice trade was a . leading factor in determining the rise and fall of states, in provoking wars, and in discovery and exploration. It was chiefly the desire to find new ways of access to this vastly profitable trade that led to the discovery of 9ea routes to the east and the discovery· of America . . Arabia was at first the great distributing center for spices, which were brought· overland in great caravans. Venice rose to world power through her co.ntrol of the Mediterranean· trade in spices and other imports from the East. When Venice lost command of the trade through the discovery of ·r>ew sea routes· to the East, first Portugal, then Holland, rose · to wealth arid power largely through th~ spice monopoly. In the days of Queen Elizabeth the Dutc·h went so far in their efforts to keep all the spice trade in their own hands that they cut down clove, cinnamon, and pepper trees in districts not directly under· their control and inflicted the severest punishments on anyone who attempted to infringe on their monopoly. AvcuST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SOME WELL-KNOWN SPICES AND Hi:::RBS I. Cloves (twice the natural si%e) (2) Branch of a nutmeg tree (reduCed it1 s;ze), showing flowtrt,,· liaves, nnd fruit (3) Allspice b"erries (highly magnified ) (4) Branch of red pepper (5) Nutmeg (6) A growing ginger ruot (7) Cinitamon bark (8) Blad p~pptr bt rr1ts (9) Pods of flanilla branch (reduced in size). (JO) Caraway setd:f (highly mo9qified) . In Ceylon0 the grea.t cinnamon· center, death was the penalty for the illegal sale of even a single stick of cinnamon; and this law remained in force until the English took the island in 1796. It was largely to break the grip of tl)e Dutch on the profitable spice-trade that the East India Company w~s formed in England, thus laying 'the foundations for British rule in India. · Most of the spices are slill produced in the East Indies, the Philippines, and the neighboring lands. Pepper and cin(Please turn to page 296.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION HABIT THE ORDINARY person thinks of smoking, chewing gum, or personal peculiarities such as holding one's head on the side, as habits. He does not think of walking, skating, and catching a ball as habits, nor of the movements of his eyes in reading, or of his hands in playing a piano. But these are all habits. become permanently settled upon us. To break up a habit means a complete change in the nervous system, and this cannot be brought about only by a penitent attitude of mind. It is important to remember that.habits origina~e not only in conscious effort to do new things, b~t in conscious and unHabit enters so largely into man's daily conscious limitation of what the child activities that it would be impossible for sees and hears about him. One of the main businesses of life is him to exist without it. He could not communicate with a friend without ·making use of the habits of enunciation the formation of correct habits, for habits or writing that he formed with great dif- are the substance· of conduct and charficulty in childhood. If he had not made . acte~. To •each of us comes the day when it a habit, he might be occupied all day we realize the "law of human souls that in dressing and undressing himself, for . we prepare ourselves for sudden deeds by the fastening of a buiton or the ·combing reiterated choice of good or evil that of his hair would be as difficult as when gradually determines character." he first tried it as a child. He would, moreover, be completely tired 'out from his exertions. But habit enables him to do these things speedily and accurately, yet almost unconsciously, and so leave his mind free for other matters. Habit formation has been likened to the making of a path across the field. Af1ier the first traveler has trodden down the grass, the next is likely to follow in the same route, and so on until presently the grass is wholly worn away and ·everyone thereafter follows the beaten path. In the same way in the animal organism, nervous currents tend. to employ those pathways which have been previously .established, and thus many of our habits formed when we are young-such as posture, personal cleanliness, manners, and standards of dress, enunciation and tone of voice, and even moral habitsTHINGS TO THINK ABOUT I. Make a list of at least ten habits; niore if possible. 2. Why are habits important? 3. How is a habit formed? 4. Are there good habits? Bad habits? 5. When, especially, should good habits be formed? Why then? 6. Is it possible to break up a bad habit? How? 7. Do you have any bad habits? If so, make a list of them. 8. Why not begin right now to break up your bad habits? 9. Why not begin right now to form some good habits-which you do not have? IO. Ask your t~acher at school to talk to your class about habits-good and bad. AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 291 HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION · BrinS a clean handkerchief to s·chool. 292 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 CARING FOR THE SICK AND PREVENTING Il.LNESS SICK PEOPLE-really sick. people-are lucky today if they can be cared for in a good hospital. There they can have the expert care of· the best physicians and surgeons, trained nurses in attendance when needed night or day, all the discoveries and appliances of modern science and skill to find out what the matter is and put it right; a specially trained di.etitian to see that they have the proper food -in short, every comfort and care needed to give the· best chance for recovery. The principles of modern hospital organization had their rise, through the genius of Florence Nightingale, out of the terrible sufferings of the Crimean War, as did the profession of nursing, without which the modern hospltal could not exist. A few years later the chemist Pasteur discovered the relation of germs to putrefaction, and the great surgeon Lister revolutionized operating room prai:tice by the use of antiseptics.' Almost every year since then there has been some advance, great or small, in medical science and hospital practice. And all of this is available to the poor as well as the rich. Most general hospitals have free wards, semi-private wards, and private rooms for patients. There are hospitals operated by cities, provinces or states; there are army and navy hospitals; there are public hospitals founded by private endowment; there· are public hospitals supported by churches, industrial companies, and fraternal organizations; and private ho~pitals for private patients of individual physicians and surgeons. In the United States and the Philippines are some of the finest hospitals in the world. The American College of Surgeons has attempted to. "standardize" hospitals according to certain principles: adequate means of finding a diagnosis, that is, finding out what is the matter with a patient; the keeping of ad-equate r~cords of treatment of patients and the results obtained; and other improvements . . A medical graduate is not granted, in most places, a licence to practise until he has spent a year or more as an intern in some recognized hospital, where he works ·under the supervision of the staff physicians and surgeons. Most general hospitals conduct training schools for nurses. A good hospital usually gives good training. Dispensary and out-patient work for patients not confined to bed is increasingly important in the general hospital. Pay clinics for people with small means who do not wish to accept free treatment have met a great need. In addition to general hospitals,- there are a number of hospitals devoted to special classes of diseases, such as children's diseases, tuberculosis, cancer, leprosy, etc. Sanitariums are (or the residential treatment of chronic conditions. However, we must not depend entirely upon hospitals to keep us well. We must practise the rules of hygiene at home, and prevent ourselves from going to the hospital as muc\l as possible .. Hygiene deals with the causes and prevention of disease in their relation to the preservation of health. In this sense hygiene has been well named preventive medicine. The advance of medical' science, together with the spread of education, is teaching people to realize the necessity of personal and social hygiene. AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 293 WORK AND PLAY SECTION FOLDING A FLAPPING BIRD By DAVID BERGAMINI.; THE FIRST STEP in folding a paper bird that flaps its wings is to take a square piece of paper which is stiff (but not too stiff) and fold it from corner A to corner B. Then unfold it so as to leave a crease .. Do the same from corner C to corner D (Figure l, page 294), and also unfold it so as to leave a crease. There will now be two creases in the paper, as shown in Figure l by the dotted lines. Next, fold the paper across the middle from E to F and from G to H (Figure 2). Unfold each so as to leave a crease. Your paper should now have creases as shown by the dotted lines in Figure 3 on page 294. · Then fold one corner over so that one side of it runs along the crease from corner C to corner D (Figure 4). Repe·at this all the way around the .square, folding it in all eight tinies. (Count the folds as you make them.) Each time bend back the fold so that there are only creases. Your paper should now be creased as indicated by the dotted lines in Figure 5. Now take hold at angles D and C (Figure 5) and push in toward one another as shown in Figure 6. Next, pull up the two .ends together so the. paper looks like Figure 7. Then fold down *St1:1dent, Brent School, Baguio, Mountain Province. angles A and B (Figure 5) in the same way. At .this point your paper "looks somewhat like a four-pointed star (Figure 8). Now push the four points upward; the four angles should go inward, and the center should be pushed down, so that the paper is just four flaps sticking out from the center. Looking at your paper from · the side, it should appear like Figure 9. The next step is to fold the four flaps down, thus making a flat .piece of paper. When you fold the flaps down, be sure that there are two flaps on each side. Your paper should then look like Figure IO. . Then fold flap A up over th'e body; do the same with the flap like it on the other side, as · shown in Figme 11. The next step is to take two of the flaps (marked C and D in Figure 11) an.cl bring them up together. Now fold down again flap A and the flap like it on the other side. Then your pa0 per will look like Figure 12. The rest of the process is quite simple. First you must bend upward the flap marked "wing" in Figure 12. Then bend the flap on the other side in the same way. The paper should be folded exactly in the middle, so th.at instead of ·a diamond-shaped paper, you have a triangle. Then bend both wings down (Pleau turn to page 303.) 294 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 The figures on this page show all the steps described for folding a flapping bird. -'--f-1 ! ' ' . £ ------1------ F ...: . .. Fl. l/r<l 13 '' ... ', '-.. ... :,,' ----- ... -~'i'------,,',' :' ..... , I " ... ,' I ' ' ' ' ,,' I ', F/f!vre I/ AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 295 A PORTABLE STOOL THAT A BOY CAN MAKE ANY BOY can make a simple stool or camp-chair out of two pieces of wood anEI a small strip of canvas. The wood should be about half an inch thick, twenty-four or twenty-six inches long, and of suitable width. Half-way up each piece, through half of each piece of wood, cut a narrow rectangular slot, as shown in the picture. For this purpose use a small, sharp saw and a chisel. Then, at the bottom of each _piece of wood, saw out a triangular piece, as shown in the picture. This will make feet upon which the camp-chair can stand securely. Provide the seat to _ the stool by tacking the canvas to the wood with small nails with large heads. The piece of canvas should be aboot twelve inches Jong. Nail one end to orie piece of wood and the other end to the other pie.ce of wood. In doing this, it is well to turn in the edge of the canvas. The stool is now ready for use. Fit the two slots to one another. and perl)1it the legs to open as wide as the canvas will .allow them. Set the camp-chair firmly on the ground or the floor, and it will hold considerable weight. The wood may be stained or painted. In order that the camp-chair may hav.e a neat appearance, it is important that the slots be cut to a point exactly half-way up the piece of wood. Then, when the two pieces ar-e fitted together, each will fit exactly into the other. For folding up, the legs are pulled· apart and are placed side by side. The camp-chair can be used· in a summer camp, or it would make a nice present. A SPOOL TOP Do YOU KNOW YOU can make a very good spinning top from a spool on which thread was wound? Ask mother for a good-sized spool after she has used all the thread from it. With a sharp penknife cut away one end until the spool becomes the shape of a pencil-point. Then get a round piece of wood which is just the· same size as the hole through the spool. Push it through the hole, having firsi put a little glue on it so it will stick tight. Then let the stick dry. Next take · the penknife and sharpen the end of the projecting stic\< in line with the spool, so that it will form a peg for the top. This sharpening must be done very carefully and evenly. In order that the peg may be perfectly smooth, rub it with fine sandpaper. The part of the stick which appears above the spool. may alsb be nicely smoothed off with sandpaper. It will then form a good stem or handle with which the top may be spun. 296 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 SPICES AND HERBS (Continued f1!~m page 289) namon are native1·'10 India and Ceylon, but is also pro~·ced in nearby countries. Nutmeg and ace, cloves, turmeric, and ginger come; rom the Malay Archipelago, and ca9sia bark from China. The American tropics have supplied vanilla, red peppers, and allspice. The colder di.mates of Europe and Asia have produoed caraway seed, p'arsley, mus~ard, and other herbs and roots. Many of these things have other uses than that·of flavoring foods. Some are valua-hle in p~rfumery, candi.es, and scented soaps, as vanilla, clover, and pepper, or in the manufacture of incense, as cinnamon. Many ar.e used in medicine, as ginger, nutmegs, oil of cloves, etc.' Turmeric is used in dyeing, especially in India and China, an.d marjoram serves in dying wool. Other spices and herbs are used in various arts. It is a remarkable fact that a large proportion of the spices are successfully grown only on islands or near the sea. Nutmegs, cloves, vanilla, and cinnamon may be termed island plants. The flavor of spices is due to the presence of aromatic oils secreted in the plant, but these oils are richest in different parts of various plants. In cloves and the little hot peppers called capers it is the flower buds that are particularly aromatic; in coriander, capsicums, and pepper, it is the fruit. Ginger, licorice, and turmeric are roots and under ground stems. Cinnamon and cassia are the inner bark of a tree. In most of the savory herbs such as sage; mint, thume, Plarjoram, catnip, et cetera, the leaves are richest in these essential oils, while nutmegs, caraway, and anise are seeds. When the flower buds are utilized, they are plucked just before they are ready to break into blossom. The whole clove, as we buy i: in a grocery·store, is the dried flower bud· of a small, bushy tree. One of the early uses of cloves is recorded in an ancient Chinese court order, wherein the officers of the court were required to hold cloves in their mouths while addressing the sovereign. Cap,ers, which are used in seasoning, are the salted and pickled l:>uds of a bushy plant. Cinnamon is the dried inner bark of several species of trees, some of which grow in the Philippines. This aromatic bark (:las long been popular, having been prized even in Biblical times. Allspice consists of the little unripe fruits of a tree which ~esembles the clove. The spice takes. its name from a resem. blance to a mixture of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg. Coriander is one of the oldest spices, being mentioned in early Sanskrit. and . Egyptian writings. It is the fruit of a small herb, and is largely cultivated in India. It is valued as an ingredient in confectionery, to disguise the unpleasant taste of medicines, and as an ingredient in curry powder, which is a mixture of various spices. One of the spices often used in curry is the cumin, which is also used as a substitute for caraway seeds. Dill is the dried fruit of a plant. It is used in pickling, the most familiar use being for "dill" cucumber pickles which may be bought in any grocery store. Another group of seasoning plants are cultivated in gardens as kitchen herbs. Among these are the sweet-smelling marjoram, thyme, sage, parley, bay, and others. AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN II THE II mBJ JI Pf:lNTRY ~ VEGETABLES (Co11tinrted from tlie lune number) 297 Canned Corn silk, and trim off the stem. salt pork; 4 tablespoonfuls Canned corn may be used and top neatly. Boil fiftee·n of molasses; one-half teasatisfactorily in most dish- or twenty minutes, accord- spoonfu.[ of mustard; onees that call for green corn. ing to the age of the corn. half teaspoonful of salt; If, before cooking it, the Drain, sprinkle the corn one-fourth teaspoonful of contents of the can be turn- with salt, and serve upon a soda; water." ed into a fine colander, and hot napkin over a platter. Soak the 6eans overcold water poured ·over it Fold the corners of .the nap- night. Drain and cover to wash off the liquor in kin over the corn. with fresh cold water, 'addwhich it was preserved, the ·canned Peas ing salt and soda. Cook to taste will . be cleaner and Drain and leave the peas the boili_ng point. !hen alsweeter. Like all other can- in cold water for ten min- low to simmer until tender ned goods, corn should be utes, put on in salted boil- (not soft). Drain. Mix one . opened and ~oured out ing water, cook fifteen cup of cold water, m~stard, upon ~n open ~·s? for son:ic minutes. Then drop in a ~nd molasses, and sh~ well hours before ~t 1s used m lump of white sugar and mto. the ?eans .. Put mto a ord_er to get rid of the un- cook five minutes longer. b_akmg ~1sh which has been desirable flavor and smell. Then drain Add butter !med with a layer of pork. Corn Fritters pepper, and, salt and serve'. Place the balance of ~he One can of corn, two · L. B pork on top and cover with eggs, seasoning to taste, two •ma . eans hot-water. Bake in a covtablespoonfuls of milk or . After shelling,' cook the ered pan for five hours in a cream. ·Beat the eggs well; hma _beans. _about half _an slow oven. Then uncover· add the corn a little at a ho~r m boiling wa.ter with the pan and bake one hour time beating it very hard· a little salt. Dram them more. salt ;o taste; add one table'. dry. Then stir in~ lump of Baked Squash spoonful of butter; stir in butter half the size of an Needed ingredients: one milk and thickening enough egg. Add salt and pepper squash; 2 tablespoonfuls of to hold it together for fry' to taste, and serve. butter; one egg; one-fourth ing. Boston Baked Beans of a cup of milk; breadBoi/ed Corn Needed ingredients: one,crumbs, salt and pepper. Husk the corn, clearing pound of dried navy beans; I Boil and mash the the ear of every strand of three-fourths of a pound of ,squash, stir in the butter, 298 THE YO!JNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 19 .. p and egg, beaten light, milk, Make a brown gravy and salt and pepper. Add grated and pepper to taste. Fill pour over them. Serve therri cheese and a few dried a buttered baking pan with. hot. I bread - crumbs moistened this, strew bread-crumbs Buttered Parsnips with milk. Then add the over the top, and bake to a Boil the parsnips until top layer of the flowerettes nice brown. tender and scrape. Slice and sprinkle wi.th salt, pepFried Egg-Plant lengthwise and fry quickly ~er, ~nd cheese. Bake unN eeded ingredients: one in a little butter heated in t1I slightly brown and then large egg-plant; one egg; a .frying-~an and seasoned serve. one cup of milk; on.e-half with a httle pepper an~ Stewed Carrots. cup of flour; pepper and salt. Sh~ke and turn until Scrape and boil the carsalt; Jard for frying. !he parsnips are well coated rots whole three-quarters of Slice the egg-plant· about and hot through. Pour the an hour. Then drain and half an inc'h thick, peeling butter over them, and serve. cut into cubes half an inch the slices. Lay them in salt Creamed"Celery square. Cover the diced and water for an hour, plac- ·Cut the celery into pieces carrots in a sauce-pan with ing a plate on them to keep an inch long. Coo.k tender a weak soup-~tock. Cook them down: Wipe each in boiling, salted water. t~em twenty minutes or unslice dry, and dip into bat- Drain this off and ·cover t1l tender. Add then two ter m'ade of egg, milk, flour, with a cupful' of hot con- tablespoonfuls of milk, a pepper and salt. Fry in densed milk which . has \ablespoonful of butter cut boiling lard. Drain off the been diluted. Let it simmer up in one cup of flour' sa~t grease, and serve. five minutes, and then and pepper to taste. Let ·It Stuffed Sweet Pepper serve. simmer five minutes, and then serve. Make an incision in one Young Turnips · h Savory Pechay side of each pepper, and Peel and quarter t e extract the seeds through turnips. Cook them half f Sele~t the t~n~erest.~tal~s this with a small piece of a h t'l t d b t o pee ay an ay as1 e m . an our, or ~n 1 . ~n er, u cold water. Cut the outer st'.ck. Stuff the pep~ers not broken, 1_n bo1_Img _salted coarser stalks in inch-and-a'. with ground tongue, chick- water. Dram, still without h If j h S · h I · d b k' d 1 .. a engt s. tew m a cupe~, a°'., or _vea • mi!e ~ea mg,. an P. ace m a ful of stock seasoned with with bo1~ed nee and _sea- dish. Spnnkle with pepp~r half a teas oonful of onionsoned with salt, a little .and salt, then butter plenti- . . !pt d . . . . If 11 d T . 1uice, sa , an pepper. omon-1u1ce, and a little but- u y, an serve. urmps Cook, covered, for an hour' ter. Sew up the peppers must be served hot, or they slowly. Drain and press in with a few stitches, pack are not good. a colander. Return the stock them into a baking dish, Cauliflower to the fire and when it pour in enough weak soup- Cook the cauliflower. boils, put the tender stalks, stock .to keep them from Then drain well and re- also cut into sliort lengths, burning, cover and bake ·move the flowerettes. Tear into it. Cook· gently until them in a moderate oven for' the rest to pieces with a tender, thicken with a an hour. Then remove the fork, lay it in a deep dish, I spoonful of flour or starch, strings and place on a dish. :and sprinkle over it a little, boil up, and serve. AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 299 CLUB Our Singing Club By PEPITA OZOA A Day atAsin By PABLO PAGILO Learning to Skate By NATY"FLORES (16 YEARS OLD) (13 YEARS·OLD) (12 YEARS OLD) AT our school there is no NEAR Baguio, where I live, IN our town a skating pavtime for .teaching music, there are some hot springs ilion was opened. Many of although there are many of called Asin. The ·electric my friends wanted to learn us who like music very company has made a dam to skate, and so did_ I. None much. We think it would there to secure water power of us had ever had roller be more practical if we for ge_nerating. current. A skates on, and we were all learned some music instead fi.ne swimming pool has afraid tci try, but finally a of some of the other things been constructed, and there few were brave enough to which are. taught us. One is a splendid place for hav- make a beginning. I was of our teachers is a very ing a picnic. one of these. At the skating musical woman, plays the Two bus-loads of us went pavilion were attendants piano quite well, and is· a one morning to spend the who would teach girls ungood singer. So she said to day at Asin. We took bath- able to skate. · some of us, "Let us organ- ing suits and plenty of food As soon as our skates ize a singing club._ You for a picnic, such as dozens were strapped on, an atcan meet at my home one and dozens of sandwiches, tendant placed me on one or two evenings each wee!t, cakes, melons, fruits, etc. side of him and my friend and we can learn some We arrived at Asin about on the other and we started. splendid songs. We will ten o'clock in the morning, -~t first I was-afraid I would all enjoy it, and besides, it and within a few minutes fall, but I soon learned to will be learning something many of us were in the keep my balance. If my worthwhile." swimming pool having a friend or I began· to· lose . . So the new clul;> was an- glorious time. Others went our balance, the attendant nounced. Nearly sixty boys to a natural swimming pool took us by the arm until and girls wanted to join. below the dam. we were again steady. Our teacher "tried out" all At noon the mess-call In a little while I was the voices. "We must have was sounded and we all not afraid at all, and my our chorus well balanced- trooped to the eating place. !friend was no longer afraid just the right number of I' Such a feast as it was! We either. Then the attendant sopranos, of altos, of tenors, were all hungry, so we ate 'left us, and m0 y friend and and of basses, and a wait- and ate. After every one I went skating together, (Please, turn to ~ge 303.) I (Please turn to ~ge 303.) I (Please tuni to page 303.) 300 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 THE SEA CAPTAINS LION HUNTERS with their feet, and scream(Continued from page 275) (Continued fro'!' page 282) ed insults at the lion with would not be able to put to of blood, an.d could not high-pitched voices. sea again until the sail could make a powerful attack. The dance lasred for half be repaired. The men attacked again an hour. Then the warThe boys were glad to and again, and after a bat- riors placed the lion's body hear Mother call that lunch tie of half an hour the great on their shields and carried was ready, and they left lion lay dead in the high, it above their heads toward the boats on Biggest Rock dry grass. Now the war- their village. while they went in to eat. riors danced and sang their Outside the village the When th.ey had gone, Ma- song of victory around the women received their warria went home to lunch, too. great animal's carcass. riors with songs and shouts. After lunch the boys They swung their spears They carried . the dead came back to Fish-Pool and shields above their simba to the center of the Sea. Norberto's boat lay heads, tramped the ground village where the natives where he had left it, but formed a circle about the Carlos' boaf was gone. sail mender .on his ·ship. body. The ·great lion .was "Now where can it be?" Just think what might hap- skinned and the. mane was Carlos exclaimed. "I know pen if the sai!s sh~uld g~ given to the chief. The I left it here beside your torn out in the middle of young warrior who had deboat, Norberto." the ocean!" fended hi~self so courageJust then Maria's· head "Yes," said Norberto, 'II ously under his shield was came bobbing along the think so, too. I wonder given the. lion's heart. other side of the hedge, and where we could find a good That night those villashe ran through the gate sail mender to play sea cap- gers were happy. Their with Carlos' boat in her tain with us." . cattle herds were not thr-eathand. She handed it to "Could I be a "sail mender ened, and the roaring of Carlos with a smile. and sail with you, Cap- simba would not disturb The torn sail had been tain ?" Maria asked. t~eir sleep. They would neatly mended and sewed "Yes!" replied Captain have p·eace until another safely to the mast. A new Carlos. "And you may steer simba would find his way string replaced the worrf the ship, too." to the cattle herds of the one which had been tied to ''You may sail with me, Masai warriors of Tanganthe front of the boat. too," said Captain Nor_- yika. Car Io s sounded. very berto, "and steer my ship pleased as he asked, "Who as often as you wish~" fixed it?" Three happy little faces "I did," said Maria. were reflected in the waters I. What is the English REVIEW "Mother showed me how." of Fish-Pool Sea, while word for zimba? Carlos held the little three happy children play- 2. Where is Tanganyiboat "in his hand for several ed the new game of sea ka? moments and then he spoke. captains and· sail mender. 3. How were the East "I th.ink a sea captain -Adapted from "The In- African warriors planning . should always have a good structor." to kill the lion? THE. YOUNG CITIZEN 301 DVORAK ARCHIMEDES THE WOODEN HORSE (Continued from page 285) (Continued from page 280) (Continued from page 279) Out on the plains of the in addition their greatest two sons, crushed them to . midwestern part of the inventor. He was first to death. . United States Dvora!< went realize the enormous power "Surely this is a punishto visit a colony of Bohe- that can be exerted by mept for the· priest's sacmian immigrants. Some means of a lever. He also rirege against the sacred people say that the lone- invented the compound gift," cried the Trojans. lin.ess of these country-men, pulley, and a spiral screw Since the gates were not living in a foreign land, in- fo~ raising water and other wide enough, a breach was spired the composer to substances which is still made in the wall, and the write the haunting melody called "Archimedes' Horse was brought into the of this Largo in his The screw." city. Then there was reN ew Worla Symphony. By Now for the famous story joicing. All men went to all means hear it played by about Archimedes: When sleep, secure in the belief an orchestra or on a phono- Syracuse in Sicily, the that the god.s were kind. graph (there are excellent native city of Archimedes, But while they slept, the phonograph records of this was besieged by the Ro- Greek who had !J.een cap- · symphony) whenever you mans, the Romans took the tur.ed-for so it had been have an opportunity. city, after a siege of three planned-drew the bolts Dvorak should have been years. It is sai.d that what from the door of this "gift happy in America, where particularly angered the to Athena," and out came he was appreciated, but Roman soldiers was that the hidden Greeks. Then homesickness drove him when they burst into his a fire was lighted as a signal back to Prague to spend the house, A~chimedes was ab- to the ships, whi~h bad last years of his life com- sorbed m the study of turned back to sight of posing and directing the geometrical figures which land. Soon thousands of conservatory of music he had drawn on the Greekwarriorsswarmedin there. He died in 1904. sand. To the soldier who the stree~s of Troy. Dvorak wrote a beauti- interrupted him, he merely A!I night the slaugh.ter f 1 d · · said "Don't disturb my cir contmued, and by mornmg u s a ere compo.s1t10n • - 1 f Id · II d S b M h' h cles." Archimedes was slain on Ya mass o smou enng . ca e ta at ater w ic . . ruins marked the place you should hear when pos- m the massacre which fol- h h d d. h. . I ed w er·e once a stoo t e s1~le. You should als? ~ear I ow · proud city. The Trojan his short comp o s 1t1 on king's headless body lay on Humoreske. He wrote in these things; ( 1) the prop- the seashore. So perished all five symphonies, some er spellin·g and pronuncia- the Trojans except the few symphonic poems, chamber tion of the name Dvorak who escaped. music, and lovely songs, (dvor-zhak); (2) that he which are popular in the is consid·ered the greatest A REVIEW best sense, for they are be- Bohemian composer; (3) I. What do you know of loved by the people. that he wrote the famous anci·ent Gree~e? (See th~ You should remember New World Symphony. encyclopedia.) 302 THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUfiJ;UST, 1941 THE FUNNY PAGE AUGUST, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 303 SINGING CLUB THE FLAPPING .BIRD wings. All you have to do (Continued from page 299) (Continued from page 293) to make it move is to hold ing list to fill vacancies again at the lower dotted the part marked "lower which will occur from time line, as shown in Figure 13. neck" and pull its tail. This to time. So she chose 45 Now take the head and will make the wings go of the best singers, and fold it down into itself, as down. Let go the tail and made a waiting list of ten shown in Figure 14. The the wings will go up. The more. last step is to pull the tail bird may require a little We meet two times each down so that it slants out- loosening up before it flaps "'.eek-Tuesday night and ward as shown in Figure satisfactorily. Friday night-from 7 :30 15. This is quite an amusing to 9 :00 o'clock. Our teacher The flapping bird is now toy and is a good example has a nu?'ber of High folded, but you must know of paper-folding. It is not School Chorus Books and how to make it flap its so difficult to make. as it we learn to sing well many sounds when you first read songs from these: Each LEARNING TO SKATE these instructions. group practices their part (Continued from page ;99) separately, and then we all arm in arm ARRANGING NUMBERS sing together. We have We go ~o ·the ·skating So far THE YOUNG now learned about twelve pavilion each Saturday CITIZEN has r.eceived three very good songs. Ai soon evening, and enjoy skating different correct solutions as we have enough. songs very much. Sometimes we to its Arranging Numbers learned, we are going to have a skating party, and Puzzle published in the give a concert. . then we all have a very July number. One of the At each meeting of our happy time. solutions had the numbers club we always have a few Sk · · · · d h · · h l"k h ating ts good exercise, arrange t us: v.lSltors w 0 1 e to ear us and affords a very happy 8 1 6 sing. ~ome of these . a~e pastime. I think all boys 3 5 7 good. singer~, a~d ~hey Join and girls should learn to 4 9 2 in with us in singing some skat It . h . t f h 1 · · e. is muc easier 0 Little Josefa Pascua, age 0 Wt e slel ect~ons. . . learn than I thought before ea en1oy our singing I tried it. 10, of the P.uzol Barrio club very much, and hope School, Pinili, Ilocos Northat other schools will fol- went again How we did te, sent in the first correct · low our example. enjoy it! We splashed, and solution. Others who .have ----------- dived, and swam just as long sen~ m correct solutwns: DAY AT ASIN as we wished. About four No1me Gutlay, Corazon (Continued from page 299) o'clock we began to dress Cera, and Federico Quinto, had eaten until it was im- and get ready to go home. all in Grade VI-3 of the possible to take another On the road home we Mangaldan Elementary mouthful, we sat down to talked and laughed and School, Pangasinan; Filirest a little while. sang songs. Everybody pina G. Bumagat, Grade After about an hour of agreed that our day at Asin V, of the Burgos Elemenresting, into the water we had been a great success. tary School, Ilocos Norte. THE YOUNG CITIZEN AUGUST, 1941 book the exact size of the magazine and which the printers call the "dummy." Then the illustrators and photoengravers get to work mi.king pictures for the various stories, poems, and arricles. . And .the linotype operators set up everything in type. After that there are two or three proof readings in order to J WONDER, readers of THE ones for the space for Little Stories see that the typographical. errors YOUNG CITIZEN, if you have for Little People, ·and presently are corrected.· Finally the last any ide~ as to the amount of work three or four or five stories for page-proof is read and corrected, it takes to get ready for you an older readers to be placed in the and the pressmen begin to run off issue of this "magazine for young space assigned to Reading Time the printed pages-hundreds and FilipinOs." Do you realize the for Young Folks. Believe me, hundreds of pages, yes, thousands care and thoughtfulness which those stQries are very, very care- of pages for each issue. arc necessary to get a copy of THE fully chosen. There must be in- After .they are printed, the YOUNG CITIZEN into your hands? terest, there must be variety, there magazines are ·fastened together Perhaps I can. give you some must be-well, there must be many and trimmed-all by machineryidea of the work required and the things so -~he stories will be of the and turned over to the wrapping persons necessary in order to give right kind. girls who place them. in wrappers y.ou THE YOUNG CITIZEN each Then comes the search for art- which have been previously admonth: First; come the writers. ides. . The Editor looks through dressed. A truck hands the adThere are many of them-a'.11 over the various folders; such as the dressed magazines to the Manila the Philippines--scattered far and folder marked "Poems," the fold- postoffice where they are weighed, wide. er marked "Work and Play," the postpaid, and are put into bags to Some writer gets an idea! "I'll "Elementary Science" folder, the start on journeys all over the Philwrite that for THE YOUNG one containing "Health and Safe- ippincs to readers--young Filipinos CITIZEN," says he. So his article ty" articles, another marked and older ones, too--who are aniS carefully prepared, perhaps re- "Music Appre.ciatipn," one labeled xiously waiting for their monthly written several times, and is mailed "Charaater and Citizenship," or copy of THE YouNG CITIZEN. to the publishers in Manila. Then "History," and last but not least Such, in brief, is the process by the article, with many, many the folder marked "The What- which this very magazine which others, is turned over to your Are-You-Doing? Club." He goes you are now reading gets into your Editor. through them ·all. After much hands. Many people, all working It's time to get an issue of THE reading and choosing, he has every- very, very carefully, have made it YoUNG CITIZEN ready. The thing· selected-articles which he possible for you to enjoy i:his issue Editor settles down to some good, thinks will make a well-rounded of THE YOUNG CITIZEN. hard work. Material has to be _numdbe:r for our young Filipino Who of these is the most imchosen. First, he begins hunting rea ers in the folder marked "Material for And. then the editing has to be portant? I don't kn~w. We · Primary Grades." After much in- done. If there are errors in Eng- couldn't get along without the specting, he finally has "enough for lish they must be corrected. Per- writers, and we couldn't get along six pages--two for the First Gradhap~ a sentence has to be changed without the printers, and the pubers, two for the Second Graders, here and there to make it a bet- lishers couldn't get along without and two for the Third Graders. ter sentence. the editor and the .artists, nor any Next comes the hunt for stories. All the articles must be fitted others whom I have mentioned. My! My! How many stories the into just so many pages which are And we all try to do a good Editor reads from various writers! just so many inches in size. That job! Do you think we are sucAt last he has one or two easy is all carefully planned in a blank ceeding? Goodbre.-THE EDITOR. Announcement to All Our Young Readers: Did you ever do something interesting and worth while? Have you had any experience in doing any of the following: ( 1) Collecting Philippine Shells, (2) Hunting Turtles, (3) Exploring a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (5) Marking an Aquarium, (6) Collecting Postage Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the Philippines, (8) Making a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers, (10) Making Candies, ( 11) Building a Sail Boat, ( 12) Hunting Wild Animals, ( 13) Baking Bread or Cakes, ( 14) Making Articles of Clothing, ( 15) Making Articles of Furniture, (16) Visiting the Aquarium in Manila, (17) Collecting Moths and Butterflies, (18) Collecting Interesting Botanical Specimens, (19) Raising Orchids, (20) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the Philippines, or doing many other interesting things. WRITE ABOUT IT IN A SHORT.COMPOSITION. Send your composition to THE YOUNG CITIZEN. Each month the Editor of THE YoUNa CITIZEN will publish as many of the best co·mpositions as space will permit. If your composition is accepted for publication, you will become a member of The What-Are-You-Doing? Club The rules for securing membership '-re simple. OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES: 1. Write about something interesting which you have done, such as the above titles suggest. Do not write a story which is not true. If your story is accepted, you are a member of the Club. 2. On your composition write your name and address VERY PLAINLY. 3. State your age. 4. Tell what you liked best in recent issues of THE YOUNG CITIZEN. Address all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Publishers of THE YOUNG CITIZEN -, I P. 0. Box 685, Manila, Philippines. I.~~~~ =~ .~VRWIRlffl\'\lffi\ttWM_Wt1\W4~ I §-·> For service and satisfaction, write withINKOGRAPH PENCIL-POINTED FOUNTAIN PEN @·"""'"'" :z,ij!f'9Jil"'- fi\f;!&)PThe most practical fountain pen you can buy - Versatile-it writes well on any kind of paper-rough, smooth, thin, thick, wrapping, or blotting paper. It can easily make four carbon copies. It fits any hand-stands rough handling-draws lines., without smearing the ruler with ink. PRICES: from 1*3.00 to 'P'.J.50 {Add 25 centavos for postage). INKOGRAPH fountain pens are the product of well-known American manufacturers I NKOGRAP H COMPANY, INC., New Yock, U.S.A. Sold exclusively by . COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. 266.J Herran l\ fanila The Uses of THE YOUNG CITIZEN ,1 pprovl'(/ in !lead. /Juli. No. 1 I, series 1935 The Directo1 of Education, in his letters of Nov . .+, 1937 and Jan. 14, 1939, indicated the following points:· 1. The YOUNG CITIZEN is ideal for audience reading, group projects, and the like. 2. The YOUNG CITIZEN can be of much help in encouraging reading habits on a voluntary basis. 3. Authority is given for the placing of one or more subscriptions for every dassr<ium (including barrio schools) of Grade H and above. +· In addition to subscriptions for classrooms, several subsc.riptions may be placed for the library, and one for the Home Economics Building and one for the shop building. " 5. The YOUNG CITIZEN being the onlJ' magazine ever published in the Philippines for children, the Bureau of Education has taken much interest in its development. 6. Subsc riptions to magazine intended for pupils should be on full year basis. - §"- ¢ This magazine is published 12 times a yrar COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. l\1AN I LA c - i r : • :· (