Young Citizen

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Part of The Young Citizen: The Magazine for Young People

Title: Young Citizen
Issue Date: Volume 7 (Issue No. 9) September 1941
Year: 1941
Language: English
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extracted text: ~-.-. - - - - . - - - - - Announcement to All Writers: We Will Pay You for writting articles of merit for publication in THE YOUNG CITIZEN. We want interesting children's stories from 200 to 500 words in length; also games, reading devices, articles of historical interest, elementary science and health articles, puzzles, jokes, and playlets. We also wish to buy several good serial stories. Interesting stories less than 200 words in length are desired for Little People. You can add to your income by writing for us. Primary Teachers: We especially desire various kinds of interesting material suitable for First, Second, and Third Grade Pupils. We will pay teachers and others for material which we can use. Each article should be written in clear, easy, correct English, on one side of the paper, typewritten if possible, or written by hand neatly and legibly. The article shoUld be submitted with a self-addressed stamped envelope, otherwise the publishers will not return it to the writer in case it cannot be used. Address all communications to: The Managing. Editor The YOUNG CITIZEN Care of COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. P. 0. Box 685, Manila, Philippines. -1 This Magazine Is Approved by the Bureau of Education VOLUME 7 Nl'MBER 9 SEPTEMBER • For First" Graders Do You Like to Play with These Things? You Must Use These Things Every Day • For Second Graders Something to Draw and Color • For Third Graders The Bee-Angel I'. Campoy The Moon-Angel P. Campoy • · Stories 1 9 4 1 The Greedy Heron-Alejandro Gaborni . . Mou!lie and the Hidden Treasure-Artt'mio lntal . A Crocodile Adventure . . • The Pied Piper of Hamelin . • Poems. .Disarmament-Jo/in G. Wl1ittier • Character and Citizenship Our Streets and Towns-Dr. /. Panlasigui Be an Optimist • Elementary Science Mother Hippopotamus and her Baby Man's Friend, the Horse • Health and Safety Your Health and How to Ketp h . • History Jerul"a:lem, the Sacred City of Two Faiths • Music Appreciation Grieg • Work and Play. The Flying Wheel The Wind - Ball . . . • . How to Measure the Diameter of a Ball The Balancing Zoo . . . Two Kinds of Cakes and their Icing A Friday Program-Dorotta Rtyts Window Boxes-Alfrtdo Jost . . Making a Scrap Book-Strafina Gra'Padar The Funny Page . Chats with the Editor 308 309 310 312 313 3ll 316 318 321 307 306 331 m 327 323 325 332 332 332 333 335 337 3j7 337 338 340 Published monthly by the COMMUNITY PUBLISKEU, INc., 2664 Herran, Manila~ Philippines. Entered as Second Class Mail Matter ai: the Manila Post Office on May 16,1935. . Editorial Director: Jose E. Romtro; Managing Editor: Btrt Paul Osbon; Assistant Editor: MaJ&. San Juan; Contributing Editors: Dr. I. Panlasigui and Quirico A. Cruz; Staff Artist: Ptdro Paguia,' Business Manager: Emiliana Garda Rosa/ts. Subscription Price: P3.00 for one year of 12 issues; $2.00 in the United States and foreign countries. Single copy, 30 centavo11. Suburiptions art to ht paid to COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. n-u; MAGAZIN!; !=OR YOUNG P[;OPL[; 306 l THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 19+1 THE MESSAGE THIS MONTH OUR STREETS AND TOWNS Towns have streets. Streets make towns beautiful or ugly. Some towns are beautiful. We like to live in them. Some towns are ugly. We do.not like to live in such ugly. towns. Wliy are some towns beautiful? And why are some towns ugly? · · Town A is beautiful because the streets are beautiful and clean. There are trees on either side of the street. They are clean. There are no pigs, no"chickens, no dried leaves, no waste paper-nothing· on it that makes the streets dirty. Town B is not beautiful because the streets are dirty. Perhaps many people do not want to see the dirty streets. Or perhaps they wish they were living in some other town because dirty streets make dirty towns, and dirty towns make people sickly. We all like to have beautiful and clean streets. We like our school yard beautiful and clean. We want also our towns to be beautiful, clean, and healthful. What shall we do? Let us have someone always ready to clean and beautify them. This is all right if our town and our school have plenty of money to pay for the cleaning. But suppose there is no money? What then? A school child eats peanuts. .. He throws the shells on the streets. The streets become dirty. Another school child eats bananas. He throws the peelings on the streets. Suppose these two school children throw their peanut shells and banana peelings in a garbage can? Our streets and our yards are beautiful and clean if we ourselves keep them clean. .If our streets and our yards are beautiful and cleari, our town is beautiful, clean, and healthfuL Then we are all happy and healthy. · -DR. I. PAN~ASIGUI SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 307 A POEM FOR THiS MONTH DISARMAMENT Bi' JOHN G: WHITTIER The time when Whittier, the American Quaker poet, wrote this appeal for peace was in 1871 1 just seventy yCars ago. France and Germany were the nations at war, and about half a million men had been killed or wou·nded. Can any nation afford to put ·away its weapons, trusting that it will remain unmolested? Nations do not think so today dur· ing- this great Second World War. But the poet thought that that· is the Christian course which should be followed, and that love will conquer hate. OnlJI a corriparatively small number in the ·world today have such faith. grow cold, And round the fire the Mongol shepherds sit With. grave responses listening unto it: Once, on errands of his mercy ·bent, Buddha, the holy and benevolent, Met a fell monster, huge and fierce of look, ,-,PUT up the sword!" The voice of Christ Whose awful voice the hills and forests once more Speaks, in the pauses of the cannon's roar, O'er fields of corn by fiery sickles reaped And left dry ashes; o'er trenches heaped With nameless dead; o'er cities starving slow Under a rain of fire; through wards of woe Down which a groaning diapason runs From tortured brothers, husbands, lovers, sons Of desolate women in their far-off homes, Waiting to hear the step that never comes! i 0 men and brothers, let -that voice be f heard. War fails; try peace; put up the useless sword! ~ -c4 Fear not the end. There is a story told , In Eastern tents, when autumn nights ~ shook. "0 son of peace," the giant cri-ed, "thy fate Is sealed at last, and love shall yield to hate!" The unarmed Buddha, looking, with no trace Of fear or a~ger, in the monster's face, in pity said, "Poor fiend, even thee love!" Lo! as he spake, the sky-tall terror sank To hand-breadth size; the huge abhorrence shrank Into the form.and fashion of a do~e; And where the thunder of its rage was heard, Circling above him, sweetly sang the bird. "Hate hath no harm for love," so ran the song; "And peace unweaponed conquers every .. wrong!" 308 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 FOR FIRST GRADERS DO YOU LIKE TO PLAY WITH THESE THINGS? Color the pictures. Then draw a line from each picture to its name. piano doll top drum flowers ball doll boat kite marbles ball dog bat top frog doll rope roller skates stilts marbles SEPTEMBER, 19.p THE YOUNG CITIZEN 309 FOR FIRST GRADERS YOU MUST USE THESE THINGS EVERY DAY. Color the pictures. Then draw a line from each picture to its name. comb soap handkerchief spoon towel fork water toothpaste toothbrush broom water soap broom spoon comb handkerchief towel broom fork soap 310 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 FOR SECOND GRADERS SOMETHING TO DRAW AND COLOR Complete this sketch with your pencil and then color it. 1. This is a butterfly. It is pretty. It has many colors. 2. Some butterflies are small; some are big. 3. In our garden there are many butterflies. They like to visit the flowers. 4. Do you ever catch butterflies? · If you do, you should not hurt them. · S. Do you know the difference between a butterfly and a moth? If you don't, ask your teacher. SEPTEMBER, 19.p THE YOUNG CITIZEN 311 FOR SECOND GRADERS SOMETHING TO DRAW AND COLOR Finish this drawing with your pencil and then color it. 1. This is a flower. Do you have a flower-garden at home? 2. Flowers are pretty. They are nice to have in the garden and in the house. 3. Why do we like flowers? How many flowers can you name? 4. What insects like flowers? Bees and butterflies ar!l insects. S. What is the color of the sampaguita? What is the color of the champaca? 6. A rose may be pink, red, white, yellow, or pinkish white. 312 THE. YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 FOR THIRD GRADERS THE BEE By ANGEL V. CAMPOY• THE BUSIEST creature I have seen, · So happy and so free, Who hums and· works the whole day long, Is the busy little bee .. Little bee, your ways have taught me How to spend the golden day, And I'll try to be more like thee, Working hard with time for play. A Lesson for. a Good Reader THE BEE is, indeed, a very busy little creature. And he is happy because he is busy. What is the work which he does all the day long? The .bee's work is to gather nectar from the flowers. From this nectar he makes honey. The honey he stores away in a hollow tree or in a beehive. It is very pleasant to hear the hum of the little bees as they go from flower to flower doing their work. Did you know that the bees have a queen? The worker bees will follow their queen wherever she goes., Sometimes bees will leave a beehive and follow their queen to another hive, where they will make a new home. What can you and I learn from the bees? We can learn to be busy and happy. We can also learn to be thrifty. Something to Find Out Find out how the bee "hums." Does he do it with his voice? Or how does he do it? How does the bee get nectar from the flowers? Watch and find out. Also find out how the bee helps the flower. How do the bees store the honey which th13y make? Can you tell what honey-comb is? •Formerly Head T~acher, Maslog Primary School, Sibulan, Oriental Negros. SEPTEM BER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 313 · FOR THIRD GRADERS THE MOON By ANGEL V . CAMPOY THE MOON is a· beautiful lady; With a round silver lamp at night, She wanders up in the skyland, Making the earth so bright. Over the valleys and mountains, And riv:ers and oceans so blue, You'll always see her a-roving, And looking right down at you. Another Reading. Lesson MANY times I look at the moon. It does not always· seem the same. Sometimes it is large and round. Sometimes it is like a crescent. Sometimes it is yellow. Sometimes it looks like silver. When there is a full moon, it is very light even at night. On moonlight nights I like to play outdoors with other boys aod girls. It is so light then that we can easily see to play games. Our teacher says that the moon receives light from the sun. Sometimes there is an eclipse of the moon. Then we can see a round shadow covering the moon. Your teacher will tell you about an eclipse, if you will ask him. · Do you like to look at the moon when it is large and full and round? Can you find a poem about the moon? Can you memorize the poem on this page? Can you draw the picture on this page? Draw it and color it. Questions to be Answered When is it very moonlight? When is there little or no light from the moon? When is the moon large and round? When is it shaped like a crescent? When is it yellow? When is it silver? · Where does the moon get its light? What is an eclipse of the moon? What causes the tides on the seashore? What causes a high tide? What causes· a low tide? How often is there a "new moon"? What is a "full moon"? What is a "waning moon"? 314 THE YOUNG CITIZEN MOTHER HIPPOPOTAMUS AND HER BABY MOTHER HIPPOPOTAMUS spends much of her day in the water, often in herds of 20 to 40. Nearly all of her great body is under the water. She is much more at home in the water than on the land. At times she disappears beneath the water for 8 or 10 minutes, spouting and snorting when. she comes to the surface. Mother Hippopotamus often carries her baby upon her head or neck. There he stands while she swims and dives. The baby learns to swim before he learns to walk. The baby stays with his mother for several years. When it is night, Mother Hippopotamus· comes out of the water. She can not see very well, so she depends upon her sense_ of smell to guide her. She sriiffs her way to the nearest fields where she. eats rice, sugar-cane, water plants, or grasses. She often journeys 8 or 9 miles in search of good pasture. The home of Mother Hippopotamus is in the lakes and large rivers of central East Africa. This great animal is usual-· ly slow moving, but when she becomes angry, she is dangerous. A few years ago in one of the rivers of Uganda a hippopotamus not only overturned a boat, but killed one of the men by biti!Jg hill). Mother Hippopotamus has an enormous mouth. Her huge r'ed mouth · is furnished with large teeth-tusks in the lower jaw. She can close het large nostrils and short ears when under water. SEPTEMBER: 19 . .p THE YOUNG CITIZEN 315 LITTLE STORIES FOR LITTLE PEOPLE THE GREEDY HERON By ALEJANDRO GP,BORNI • ONCE upon a time a Heron invited his friend, the Frog, to a dinner. But the· Heron did not have much to eat: only a few flies and mosquitoes which he had brought from a pond. The Frog, who was very polite, ate some of the food, and thanked the Heron. Then the Frog's turn came. She prepared a fine dinner consisting of a bowl of fish, roasted lizards, and· plenty of fat earthworms. Then she got a platter of nice insects for herself. The Heron arrived and seated himself at one end of the table without waiting for the Frog. He ate everything he could find on the table. When he had finished eating the lasl fat worm, he said: "What a very poor dinner! It is too light. Have you anything more to eat in the house?" "Nothing more, kind sir," said the Frog, "unless you would want to eat me." Of course the Frog was only joking, but the Heron opened his sharp bill and swallowed the Frog. The Heron went out of the house and down the field, swinging his long bill gaily and still loqking for something to eat. On the way he met an old Mudfish looking out for a fine dinner of fresh tadpoles. He saw what the Heron had done with the Frog. "You greedy He(on,"'said the Mudfish, "why did you eat your friend the Frog?" *Teacher, Pinabacdao B3.rrio School, Calbiga, Samar. "Greedy, indeed I" said the Heron, "I am thinking of eating you, too." The Heron opened his sharp bill and down his throat went the old Mudfish. Then on through the watery field up and down he slowly stalked feeling finer than ever.· As he went he met an old Snake who was hunting for a dinner of toads and frogs. "Go away, Heron," said the old' Snak~, "or I-will bite you." · . "Bite me, indeed!" said the Heron. "I have eaten my friend the Frog; I have eaten an old Mudfish. What is to stop me from eating you?" He opened his bill wide, and . down his throat went the old Snake. Then the Greedy Heron !tarted again, but more slowly. As he travelled he met a clumsy crab. ' (Please turn to page 334.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN SBPT&MBER., 1941 READING TIME FOR YOUNG FOLKS MOUSIE AND THE HIDDEN TREASURE A N onsensicnl Burlesque Piny/et By ARTEMJO INTAL THE PLAYERS Mousrn, a young, strong sailor-mouse. Mousrn's DAD, a big mouse who owns a cabin. - PIRATES. SCENE I Place: In the cabin of Mousie's father. There is "a table in the m_iddle of the room, on top of which is a lighted lantern. On a wall hangs a picture of Mousie's ·grandfather in pirate's garb. (Mousie's father is frantically searching the wooden chests that are scattered about the cabin. · Suddenly he begins to shout and jump.). Mousrn's DAD:. (Excitedly) _I've found it! I've found it! (M ousie, who is outside, hears his father shouting; goes inside to see what the matter is.) . Mousrn: What's the matter, dad? What's happening to you? Why are you so excited? Mousrn's DAD: I've found it! I've found the treasure-map your grandfather told me ab'out. MousiE: What did you say, dad? Did ... did you say a treasure-map? Oh, oh! Show it to me, will you, dad?" Mousrn's DAD: Here it is, son. It's the map, the very map. We'll soon be richrich ! MOUSIE: Not so loud, d.ad. Somebody might hear ·you. (Together they lean on the table and study the map, which is yellow with age. 'Then Mo1uie's father speaks.) • MOUSIE'S DAD: Yes, my son. Before your granddad died, he told. ·me of the loss of his treasure map. During his years of piracy he accumulated great riches which he buried on an island. Your grandfather was a pirate, you - know. One day he discovered the loss of the treasure map, but he knew it was somewhere in his cabin. He searched the whole cabin but could find no trace of it. Now that we have the map, our first job is· to locate the treasure. Then you and I will be rich. · MOUSIE: (Sniffing) I love the seal It's good to be out on the ocean. I love to hear the waves pounding against the ship. You'll soon love the sea, dad. Sure, you will. CURTAIN SCENE II (M ousie and his father are aboard a ·small vessel which they have bought secretly. The ship is piled high with provisions. Mousie's father is walking on the deck toward M ousie looking at the water.) Mousrn's DAD: (Tapping his son on the shoulder) All this will be a danger: ous undertaking. There are pirates that sail the seas. · ·MOUSIE: Maybe that's right, dad. By the way, where is the treasure buried? MOUSIE'S DAD: I don't know. Butaccording to this map, it lies far to the north. Let's direct our course straight to the north until we reach a gap between the mountains.'We'll have to pass through it. In the course of our. trip we'll reach an island ... (At that same ti1ne a pirate's craft is . SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 317 sailing serenely on the waters not very far from the vessel of M ousie and his father. Aboard the pirates' captain is talking to his men.) CAPTAIN: Meil, be on the watch for passing' vessels. Our provision is running low and our water is becoming scarce. PIRATES: Aye, aye, sir. (The lookouts scan the water with glasses. They shout when they see Mousie's· craft.) PIRATE: There's a vessel off the port bow, captain: (The sails are put up and the pirates brandish their swords. Closer and closer comes the pirates' vessel to Mousie's ship. When they reach the craft they clamber aboard, shouting lustily.) CAPTAIN: Take them alive. (M ousie and father are too unneroed by the sudden attack t~ resist. Quickly Mousie's dad hides the· treasu~e-map. Soon they are prisoners. Then the pirates take them to their captain.) CAPTAIN: Ho, ho, ho! (Turning to his crew) Take them to the hold and load what they have on our vessel. (M ousie and his father are taken to the hold. Night comes.a71d they hear the plunderers on deck laughing and drinking wine. Busily the prisoners are planning a way to escape.) MousIE: Dad, we'll rot in this ship if we don't escape. MousIE's DAD: That's right. Say! the guard is sleeping. We had better slip away before he wakes up .. (The two prisoners make their way to the deck with the arms they got from the sleeping guard. .Exercising every precaution, they slip. by the guards on deck and lower themselves off the ship's side. A moment later they are swimming towai·d their ship which is not far away. They reach the ship without any difficulty.) MOUSIE'S DAD: Hoist the sails, son, before they discover our escape. (Mousie puts up the sails. ·The "!'ind blows ·and carries their craft away from the plundering pirates'· craft.) MOUSIE'S DAD: That gang of pirates took everything with them. All I found was a jug of water and a couple of biscuits. CURTAIN SCENE III (The two treasure seekers are on the island where the treasure is buried.) MousIE'S DAD: Here is the stone all right .. Pick up that shovel,'son. (Holding the map in one hand, a spade in the other.) The map says walk one hundred paces north. (They begin measuring till they count the hundred paces.) Then tifiy paces west. Yes, this the place. Dig over there, son, while. I dig here. MOUSIE:. Nothing over here, dad. MousIE'S DAD: Go on, son. Dig deeper. ·(They dig and dig again. After working for quite a long time 'M ousie cries excitedly.) MOUSIE: Something hard in this part, dad. Can it be the treasure? Listen~ Come here, dad. Here they ar,e. Ther~· are two of .them. MousIE's DAD: Didn't I tell you so, son? Now the treasure is ours. I can't believe it, but we are rich. Ha, ha, ha! (They haul the heavy chests to the surface, open them and·discover that th·ey are full of gold. Suddenly Mousie looks toward the sea.) · MousIE: Daddy, daddy, look! It's the pirates' ship. What shall we do? Whitt shall we do? MOUSIE'S DAD: Put the treasure back! · ·(Please turn- to page 334.) 318 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 AMONG THE WILD ANIMALS OF EAST AFRICA True Stories Related by a Young Traveler IX. A CROCODILE ADVENTURE DURING my stay in central East Africa, I lived for a time on a farm near the shore of a large lake. I had a young friend, the son of the owner of the farm on which I was employed. This young man attended school at Nairobi, but usually spent his vacations on his father's farm. He. liked ·the life on the large plantation, the riding on the small mountain ·ponies, and the fishing in the nearby lake and small streams. In the evening the boy's father would sit in a big chair before the open fire, and tell stories of adventures of the early European colonizen. of East Africa, of whom he was one. "And reThe planter warned his son against riding out into the country without having a native boy with him and a gun for their defence. The young man had been trained early to use a rifle, and it was really unnecessary for the father .. to remind his son to take a weapon with him into the wilderness. When my young friend took a trip into the jungle, Wataia, the native boy, was always glad to follow him. Wataia was only a few years older than my young friend. member, son," he would say, "the dangers of the olden days , As boys they had been reared on the same farm, and had been on ·many safaris together. The native knew the country better than the planter's son, who spent much of his The Crocodile-a Dangerous Enemy time in school in Nairobi, and so was not very familiar with the sights and sounds of the jungle and wild plains. Wataia was able to smell a snake in the high grass, and more than once had kept his master's son from running into ~ dangerous reptile. Wataia had only his long spear as a protection; but the planter's son had a rifle and a revolver for defence. are still with us in this country ; the jungles of East Africa are still full of wild animals." My young friend and I would sit and listen to these stirring tales. Sometimes as we sat thus, the stillness of the African night was interr'upted by the roar of a lion or the snarling of some leopard nearby. Of course we were safe here in the stone farmhouse whose windows had strong iron bars a.s a protection against dangerous animal intruders. My young friend had again come home for a summer's vacation. A few days after his arrival, he proposed to me 8EPTBMBER1 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN that we go on a fishing trip. Just then work was not very pressing on the plantation, so I gladly accepted the invitation. l was really looking for a little excitement. Anything might happen on this fishing trip, for everything in East Africa is an adventure, and. sometimes an ad-" venture turns out to be a dangerous one. Accordingly we went to the lake to prepare for our fishing trip. The boats and fishing equipment had to be looked over, for they had not been used for several months. As usual, Wataia went with us. He w11s very useful in overhauling the boats and getting the fishing paraphernalia in readiness. Presently we had everything prepared to go out fishing the next morning. We were going to use a heavy, safe rowboat and a light, narrow canoe. That night we all sat before the open fire at the plantation house. Once again my young friend's father warned us of the dangers of an African jungle. "There are hundreds of crocodiles in the lake and the streams: Do not leave the boat and go into the water-one is never sure where a crocodile is lurking. A savage old crocodile may suddenly appear from the depths of the water." Early next morning we left the house. We wanted to begin fishing before the larger fish left the surface of the water for the cooler depths of the lake. We intended to stay the whole day at the lake and not return home until dusk. We had taken food with us, and, with some of the fish which we would catch fried in a skillet over the coals, we would fare sumptuously. Soon we were· ready to paddle to the fishing grounds. My young friend and I were io the larger rowboat, and Wataia was in the canoe. Ea"ch of us had our fishing tackle all ready in our boat, and a small can of live bait. My companion and I had each taken a rifle;· one n.ever knows in East Africa when a rifle is nee. essary, even in the water. Of course Wataia. had his long spear. We all thought of the crocodiles which my young friend's father had spoken of the night before. From previous fishing trips, we knew there would be many crocodiles ready to give us trouble if they. could do so. The fishing was splendid. At every cast we had a bite. In a couple of hours we had many fish-more than we could possibly eat. We would take a good catch home to the plantation where they would be a welcome addition to the larder. · Before the sun had ·reached its hot noon-day position, we intended to retur~. to the shore and stay there under the shadows of the tall trees. ·when the sun was high over head we started for the shore. We were about two hundred yards from the landing place. Wataia was considerably ahead, because he could paddle faster in his cano.e than we could row in our boat. Suddenly a big crocodi!e appeared. Wataia stood up, spear in hand, ready to hurl it at· the reptile. In so doing, he shifted his weight, so that the canoe capsized. The next second ·we saw . Wataia in the water and the canoe floating with its keel upward, Wataia was a good swimmer and struck out for the shore. At that instant the big crocodile saw him and started toward him, swimmillg rapidly. "Swim! Swim! Wataia,''. I shouted. "The crocodile is after you." Wataia heard me and speeded up. But to our dismay we saw that the crocodile was 320 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 gaining. I aimed my rifle at the reptile at least "for a short while. But we must . and fired, but either I missed him or my relieve him quickly, or he might fall into . shot had n·o effect on his tough skin. the water again. The crocodile was The crocodile was rapidly gaining. swimming around and waiting for its We were petrified with fear. We looked prey. We began rowing toward Wataia around for other crocodiles, and I was and the crocodile. horrified when I saw another and yet "Quick, master," -shouted the 'native another making for the boy. boy. "I am slipping." We redoubled Wataia changed his course and started our efforts, but before we could get there, for some O".erhanging branches on the Wataia fell into the water. The crocodile shore. He put forth superhuman effort. saw him and started toward the boy. As One of the ugly reptiles was almost up he did so, my young friend, now nearer to him. Both of us in the boat were fir- the reptile, aimed his rifle and struck the ing at the trocodiles, but we were afraid animal in the eye. By that time Wataia of firing at the one nearest Wataia, lest reached our boat, and I quickly pulled we hit the boy. him aboard. · We saw the treacherous wake of the We all sat in the boat a little while to crocodile rapidly approaching the native recover from the shock of our adventure. boy .. Wataia had only a few strokes left . As we sat thus, my young companion and and he would reach the overhanging I fired at the crocodiles, and they soon branches, but the speed with which the disappeared. Then we went to our landcrocodile followed liim gave the native Ing plac.e and in a little while were fryvery little chance to .escape certain death. ing fish over an open fire. We enjoyed -"Swim, \11'.ataia, swim," my young our meal and a rest under the shady trees. friend called after the boy as he aimed Late that afternoon we returned home his rifle and fired at the swimming croco- ;with a good mess of fresh fish, and were dile. He knew quite well he could· not none the worse for our thtilling adventure kill the animal from such a distance, but with a crocodile. he hoped to attract its attention from the swimming native. But the reptile followed its prey undisturbed, and I feared the worst for the native boy. Suddenly Wataia gave a leap out of the water and grabbed a low-hanging branch above his head. The next second the crocodile had reached the place where the native had been swimming. The reptile snapped furiously at Wataia, but the boy was so high above the great open mouth of the creature that the· crocodile missed him. We watched breathlessly and felt relieved when we saw Wataia swinging in the low branch.es. The native was safe QUESTIONS I. Where is Nairobi? 2. What is a safari? 3. Why does the author say that "everything in East Africa is an adventure?" -4. What was the danger of the water? 5. What was the accident which placed Wataia in a dangerous position? 6. What did Wataia do to save himself from the crocodile? 7. Do you think Wataia was quickwitted i.n the jungle? Why? 8. What. saved· the life of Wataia? SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YO·UNG CITIZEN THE PIED PIPER OF HAMELIN An Old Legtnd THERE is no other story in any country that tells so beautifully of the magic power of music as does the old legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Once, long, long ago, the old European town of Hamelin, which is built on the banks of a big river,· was full of rats. There were so many rats in the town that the people who lived there said that if something was not done to get rid of them,· they' would not live there any longer. So every· one tried every way he knew to dr'ive the rats from the town. But each day there were more rats in the streets "and in the house~ than there had been there the day before. A famous poet wrote about these rats in a fine poem: "Rats! They fought the dogs and killed the cats, And bit the babies in the cradles, And ate the cheeses out of the vats, Made nests inside men's Sunday hats, And even spoiled the women's chats · By drowning their speaking . With shrieking and squeaking In fifty different sharps and flats." About this time a strange Piper came to town. The Piper's coat was one-half yellow and one-half red; that is why he was called a pied piper. He carried a pipe._ or flute, which he played as he walked · the streets of Hamelin Town. The Piper went to the mayor of ihe town, and to the other men who lived in Hamelin. "I know a way to get rid ·of all .those rats," he said to them. The mayor and aU the men were very glad to hear him say this. · "We will give you ·a large sum of money if you will get rid of the rats," they said. This was a very fine offer, for the sum of. money tfiey were going to give the Piper was equal to twenty thousand dollars. The strange ·Piper went ·out into the streets 6f the town. He "began to play sweet music on his flute as he walked along. As soon as the r a t s heard the music, they ran out of their hiding places to follow after him. More a n d m o r e rats kept coming. No one ever before saw ~o many rats! There were thousands and thousands of them. Each rat tried to get ahead of all the ether rats so as to be nearer the player and his sweet music. "And out of the houses the rats came tumbling, Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats, Brown rats, black rats, gray rats, tawny rats, Grave old plodders, gay young friskers, Fathers, mothers, uncles, cousins, Cocking tails and pricking whiskers, Families by tens and dozens, 322 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SBPTBMBBR, 1941 Brothers, sisters, husbands, wives-Followed the Piper for their lives.". The Piper walked on, playing his pipe all the while. When he came to the bank of the river on the south side of the town, he did .. not stop bµt walked right on. The rats followed him into the river, and were all drowned. The mayor and the people of Hamelin were very happy because· the rats were gone. They even went to the church and rang all the bells that hung in the steeple. Then the Piper came back into the town, and went to ~ee the mayor. "I have got rid of the rats in Hamelin,'' said the Piper. "Please give me the money you promised." But the mayor and people would not pay the Piper. · "You earned the money too easily," they said to him. "You will be sorry if you are not honest, and do not pay me,'' said the Piper. · But they would not pay him. Then the Piper went into the streets again. This time he played another tune and a much sweeter one than the one he played wh~n the rats followed him. Such magic music had never before been heard in all the land! All the children of Hamelin ran out of the houses when they heard the sweet music, just as the rats had done. The Piper did not speak a single word. But the boys and girls understood the soft sweet tones of the music, which told of a wonderful fairy land. In this fairy land, the music said, were beautifol flowers, and birds that sarig from the trees day and night. All day long children could sail on the rivers and on the lakes in tiny fairy boats. The Piper's music told the children that he would lead them right into that fairy land, and so they followed him. After he liad played for a-short time on his flute and walked in the street, "Small feet were pattering, little shoes clattering, Tiny hands clapping, and happy voices chattering; Out came the children running, All the little boys and girls With rosy cheeks and flaxen curls, And sparkling eyes and teeth like pearls, Tripping and skipping, ran merrily after . The wonderful music with shouting and laughter." · Down the street the Piper led the children. .Mothers and fathers called to them, but th~y did not hear or answer. When the Piper reached the river this time, he· turned to the west, to the great mountains that .stood there. Then, "As they reached the mountain-side, A wonderful ·doorway opened wide, As if .a cave were suddenly hollowed; And the Piper advanced and the children followed. And when all were in to the very , last, The door in the mountain-side shut fast." The old legend tells us that there were. one hundred and thirty boys and girls who went into the mountain that day so long ago. Not one of them ever came· back, and they could never be found, although their fathers and mothers tried and tried very hard to find them. All this happened many long years ago. Yet the mothers and fathers ·in Hamelin still tell the story to their children. The street through which the Piper (Please turn to page 334.) SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 323 . HISTORY SECTION JERUSALEM. THE SACRED CITY OF TWO FAITHS Wailin9 Place of the Jews in Jerusalem - "IF I FORGET THEE, 0 Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her ·cunning!" So sang the Hebrew psalmist as he thought with passionate devotion of the holy city from which he was exiled. In the Middle Ages the Crusaders, who had . toiled the long weary way from their homes in Europe -to wrest the city of Christ from Mohammedan rule, knelt in the dust and wept with joy as they beheld from afar the city .of their dreams. Today, Jerusalem still draws hosts of pilgrims who come to kiss its crumbling ruins, to look upon the place of Christ's death and resurrection, and to approach with reverent awe its other holy places. Standing on a rocky plateau, 2,500 feet above sea level, in the mountain region of Palestine between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, Jerusalem as seen from · the neighboring hills is still as the Bible describes it, '°beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole ·earth." j erusalem is a natural fortreS$, and few cities have suffered more terrible sieges. Had it not been for the lack of water within its walls, it would in ancient days have been almost impregnable, for deep-cut ravines protect it on three sid~s. Separatin.g the city from the famous Mount of Olives on the east and noriheast is the ancient valley of Kidron. On the west and south .is the hated valley of Gehenna. This ravine was accursed in ancient times, for here at one time human sacrifices were made to the ·Phoenician god Moloch, and later the bodies of criminals were thrown there. For this reason the name Gehenna was used to mean Hell; a place for torment after death. In ancient times there was another valley which separated western Jerusalem from Zion, the city of David, and the Temple hill. But during the centuries this ravine has been filled by rubbish. The walls surrounding Jerusalem have b'een many times destroyed and rebuilt. Portions of the present walls probably The Garden of Gethsemane . 324 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 194t rest upon more ancient foundations. Of the splendid Temple, which was the center of Hebrew worship, no part remains standing today. A Mohammedan place of worship, the Mosque of Omar, now stands on the holy spot. Eight gateways open into its courtyard, within which is ihe Dome of the Rock. This famous ·rock - is said to have been used by ancient Hebrew priests when they slaugh. tered animals for sacrifice, and where Abraham offered to sacrifice I~aac. To Moh.ammedar.s it is a very holy place. The spot in J erusalem most visited by Christian pilgrims is / ing the whole city is the Mount of Olives, associated with many scenes in the history of Christianity. The history of Jerusalem .goes back to the ·15th' century before Christ, when it was occupied, we are told, by the Egyptians. When the Israelites entered 'Palestine, it was held by the J ebusite"s, a Canaanite tribe. David conquered the city and made it the capital of his kingdom. It reached its greatest splendor under Solomon. After the division of the Israelite kingdom, it remained the capital of Judah until destroyed by the Romans under Titus in 70A. D. the Church of the H o 1 y Sepulcher, built over the sup• posed tomb of Jesus. No one knows for certain the exact spot w h e r e Jesus was crucifiedo r the place of the tomb of Jesus; but for ages men have made long, long . pilgrimages to visit. these holy places, and have struggied a n d suffered a n d Church of the Holy Sepulcher About 130 A. D. the Roman emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city. Its history from that time until the 4th century is . obscure, when Constantine the Great, after h i s conversion to Christianity, gave orders for the recovery of the holy places and the erection of two inagnifi-. died for them. So we look with feelings cent churches. of awe and reverence up!:>n these places. In 637 Jerusalem was captured by the. Franciscan monks tend with loving Mohammedans. It was recaptured by . care the place which they believe is the the Crusaders in 1099 and held by them Garden of Gethsemane. Here several until 1187, when it was reconquered by ancient olive trees are pointed. out as the · the Saracens (Mohammedans) . It revery ones in whose shadow Jesus knelt mained in the hands of the Mohammeand prayed in .anguish the night before dans most of the time until it was taken His de~th. by British forces in 1917. · Rising above the garden and overlook- (Pleau turn to page 334.) SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 325 MUSIC. APPRECIATION SECTION GREAT COMPOSERS OF MUSIC SECOND SERIES By BERT PAUL OSBON IX. GRIEG IN the snowy northland called Norway there was born in the year 1843 a little boy, Edvard·Grieg (pronounced greeg), who was destined to paint the icy, blue, and glittering G•1•c scenes of his Famous Norwegian Composer homeland in music. His grandfather was a Scotchman and his father a British consul in Norway. His gifted Norwegian mother was a singer and skilled pi.anist, and she gave Edvard his earliest music lessons at the age of six. His mother was very strict, and although it pleased her to see the boy improvising at the piano, nevertheless she was relentless in making him work at his scales and exercises. Sometimes when his mother was not in the room, Edyard would improvise at the piano. This did not escape the ears of his mother, and she would call ·to him from the kitchen or whatever part of the house she happened to be: "Edvard, now aren't you ashamed?" In a threatening voice she would insist that he practise. His parents were ~ery mtich interested in music. They lived in a beautiful large house, and it was possib-le for thein to arrange for the production of complete operas in their home. On one occasion little Edvard witnessed in his home a magnificent performance of Beethoven's Fantasia, with chorus and orchestra, his mother appearing as soloist. She was.admirably fitted to instil in h.er· young son a great·love for .music. Edvard had an older brother John who .was learning to play the 'cello. He was sent to one of the mqsic centers of Germany to study, but he gave it up to beeome .a· business man. He always retained his love and interest jn. music; later he was an important music critic in his town. · . When merely a boy, Edvard was taken by his father on long trips through the picturesque mountain scenery of Norway. A Norwegia.n Fiord 326 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 Grieg (on the right) and a Friend at his Pilla He learned to love deeply the pine woods, the fjords, forests, and hills of his native land. ( ~ee the picture on page 325.) The boy was captivated with the tunes played by the Norwegian fiddlers upon their curious old fiddles. Often he heard the peasant dances and wedding processions, and he longed to preserve the Norwegian music which he heard. Afterwards, when he began to write beautiful music, it was always reminiscent of these native songs, dances,. fairy tales, and w.ild mountain legends. Trolls and pixies and bearded mountain kings peopled the tales told him during his happy childhood. These things he used in his later compositions, for Gr.ieg was always Norwegian in character. He wrote his first musical composition when he was nine years old. When a great Norwegian violinist, Ole Bull, who was living at that time, was shown some . of the boy's work, l)e advised that Edvard · be sent ·to the Leipsic Conservatory of Music in Germany to study music. His good parents gladly agreed to this. He , already had an excellent musical background which he had received from his mother. After studying music in Germany for some years, he wem to Denmark and then returned to his native Norway. After his return to Norway, he married his cousin who was an excellent singer. He founded a musical society which did much to bring forth Scandinavian music. The members of this society solemnly vowed to do all in theif power to further the development of national music. Grieg's wife was one of the supporters of this organization, for she sang Grieg's songs when, together, they made concert tours of Germany, England, France, Holland, and Denmark. The ocean trip to America was too strenuous an undertaking for Grieg who suffered and eventually died from tuberculosis, but the honors heaped upon him abroad caused his music to be very much 'liked in Amer.ica. · The Norwegian government granted him a pension so that he might devote all his time to composition. Grieg belongs at the top of the group of Scandinavian composers who were unusually fine creators of art-songs. Indeed, Grieg Is generally considered among the leading song-writers of the world: Much of his work is distinctly in the German style, because he · received much of his later musical training at the conservatory in Leipsic, Germany, but gradually he wrote his music to express a Norwegian style. When the writer of plays, .Ibsen, wrote his great drama ca.lled Peer Gynt, he asked Grieg to write music for the play. (Please ~urn to page 336.) SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ELEMENTARY SCIENCE SECTION MAN'S FRIEND. THE HORSE Man's Fritnd FROM the earliest times of man's hfstory we know that he used the horse, first as a source of food and later as an aid in war and a beast of burden. The members of the horse family are especially interesting because scientists have been able to trace their history more completely than that of .any other animal. group. So many fossil skeletons of horses have been discovered, in all parts of the world, that we know the history of its development for 2,000,000 or 3,000,000 years. The earliest ancestor of the horse was a tiny animal about the size of a cat, with five toes on each fore foot and four on each hind foot. These little animals began to run on the tips of their. toes to escape their enemies. Gradually the center Wes became stronger and. the weaker toes finally disappeared. That is why the horse now has only one toe on each foot. The . hoof of the horse is just a greatly enlarged and th.ickened toe-nail. Traces of the lost toes may be found by examining a skeleton of a horse. The hor.se has a well-shaped body, close to the body, growing into coarse strands in the mane and tail. The horse eats grass and grain but does not chew the cud, as does a cow.. It has from 36 to 40 teeth. There is a. division between the groups of teeth, an arrangement by which man has been able !O subdue this vigorous anima.l by using a bit in its mouth. The young of the horse is called a colt. The colt is born with its eyes open and its body fully covered with hair. It is. able to stand and w.alk a few minutes after birth. Within two weeks the ·central strong limbs, a long head, pointed ears :111111!111!1!111 which it can move; and wide-open nos- '' trils. The hair is soft ·and short, and lies An Arab a1td his Horst THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 teeth make their appearance. Other teeth The Egyptians used horses as early as soon follow, and when the colt is about 1500 B. C., and they were like modern six months old it has a full' set of the. Arabian horses. Horses were in use in first teeth which· are called milk teeth. Babylonia, Palestine, and Greece about These are shed during the third .year. the same time, but they were coarse, When the colt is five years old its set of thickset animals. The horses used in permanent teeth is complete. Spain were introdu.ced from Northern The growth and changes in appearance Africa. They were almost as famous as of the teeth are so regular up to the tenth the Arabian horses. year that the age of the horse may be The running race horses are descended judged by them, but after the tenth year· from the Arabian horses and. those from these annual ch"anges cease. Northern Africa. The marvelous speed in prehistoric times the wild horse of race horses shows what can be done was first pursued . for food. The first by careful selection and breeding. peoples to tame the horse lived on the Except in the very cold Arctic regions, .great grasslands north of the Caspian and the horse is distributed throughout. the Black seasc (See a. map of Eastern world._ In Europe and North America Europe.) · . · horses are used as work animals, and are In ancient times the horse was used larger than the ponies of the Philippines. to draw chariots in war, and was not rid- · Since the common use of autos, horses are den. As beasts of burden the ox and the not used so much as in former days. ass were u"sed long befor-e the horse. The small poriies of the Philippines are When Europeans first went to Amer- largely u9ed to draw the two-wheeled ica, the horse was en_firely unknown to calesas in common use. These horses, the American Indians. Horses were tak- even if small, are strong and wiry. Alen to America by the Spaniards and other though they are descendants of early impeople from Europe, just as they were ported horses, they have become so accusbrought to the Philippines. The wild tomed to the tropical climate that they horses and Indian ponies of North Amer- have remarkable endurance even in the ica and South America are descendants heat of the torrid zone. of horses that escaped from the Spaniards The hormal fife of a horse is usually in the 16th century. The wild horses of I 8 or 20 years. J'he scientific name of Australia are descendants of horses taken the domesti.c ·horse is Equus cabal/us; ther~ froin Europe. from this comes the Spanish ·wotd cabaOf all.the horses in the world today /lo, and die Filipino name ca-bayo. . the Arabian steed is ·the ideal horse. It can run very fast, it has a graceful body, and is very intelligent and tame. (See the ·illustration on page 327.) The Arab loves and pets his horse as he does his child, and man and beast understand each other perfectly. The mother horse and her colt live in the tent with the Arab and his children. REVIEW QUESTIONS I. Can you tell about the earliest ancestor of the horse? 2. How many toes did it have on the, fore feet? On the hind feei? 3. Can you describe the horse's foot of the present time?. 4. Can you tell about a horse's teeth? SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 329 HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION YOUR HEALTH AND HOW TO KEEP IT You LIVE in a little do your best every day, you don't need to Simple M eals at Regular Hours! clean and in order. house all by yourself. It is your body. People who own houses take care of them, and try to live just as comfortably as they can. The first thing necessary to live comfortably anywhere is to keep everything sweet and It is much better to use a house than to let it stand idle. Things rust out quicker than they wear out. So it is with your body. You must use every bit of it every day, and live in every corner Of it. the bones and muscles become weak aod stiff if they get no exercise. Working muscles ~nd ·bone call for' more blood. This compels worry; and if you don't do your best, worrying will only .make it· worse. If your brain is to do good work, it' must have sleep. Eight hours for work, eight hours tor" eating and playing, and eight hours for sleep is a good rule foi: grown , people. Children should have l.ess work, and more play and sleep. ' · Eat at regular hours. Eat enough ·at meal time and do not eat between meals. Eat simple food at regular hours. Take ,time to eat. Chew your food: Wash your hands before you eat. Rub yourself dry after a bath. Use warm water if possible for bathing and soap. Remove by rubbing the dead skin of the .. body, the· dust, dried· sweat, an<;! oil. If this is not removed, it injures your health and makes you unpleasant to other people. The morning shower, followed by a brisk rubbing with a coarse the heart to beat faster and · stronger', and the lungs to call Brush Your Teeth towel, brings the blood to the for more air to keep the blood Twice a Day! skin and makes you feel bright and active. purified. . All parts of the body should be exer~ised daily. Swimming, roll~r-skating, bicycle-riding, dancing, and just plain walking in the fresh air are splendid exercises. Games like baseball, volleyball, basket-ball, and tennis are fine, too. Sweeping a 'room, hoeing a garden, and working for mother are also good for the body. Laziness is rust for the body and mind. Don't do .anything only half-way. Study hard and play hard while you are at it, and then rest. Don't hurry, of overwork, or overplay. Don't lie awake and think about "'that examination." If you Don't forget to drink· plenty of pure water. Drink four to six glassfuls a day. ·Water washes .through all the waste pipes of the b o d_ y and cleans them. It is best to drink before breakfast, between meals, and at bed-time. Sleep with Your Windows Ope11 ! 330 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 Water at meal time often dilutes the food in the stomach too much for proper digestion. Don't be afraid of. fresh air. Use it all the time. There is plenty of it and it costs nothing. Some people, when they go. to bed, shut their windows to keep out the night air. Do not do that. Sleep with your windows open. Brush your teeth. Brush them each morning and each evening. Dirty teeth are not only very disagreeable things to' look at-and to have-but they are a cause of disease. A dentist should examine your'teeth twice a year. Even the "baby" teeth should be kept clean and cavities in them less and wipe our eyes on a public. towel in a public washroom; or rub our eyes with unclean hands or a soiled handkerchief; thus introducing disease into the eye. An eye which is throwing off pus is a dangerous eye, both to its· owner and to others, and it should be looked after by a competent' oculist at once. A competent oculist should always be consulted even when the warning !eems trivial. Never buy glasses from an untrained optician. The eye is too delicate a piece of machinery, and our happiness depends too much upon it, for us to n_eglect it. These are some should be filled. That w i l 1 make them last longer a n d ·k e e p t h e stomach healthier. That saves money and pain,. too. Helltb is berter tlt.aa •U.ltb..-£nt!11'1 p,011nb of the things you must do in order to have good· health and keep it. Your eyes are the windows of your soul. They should be clear and bright He who las lacalth 1: ntb. u4 dou Dot II Dow 1L-lt;ilio11 Prolll7b. ~!alth ud iaui~~~·or-.,:,o_:~e!~i:!: =~ ~~~.1~~1e~~!i,rvs tbeputot die ~oul. 1i1•k,,1spro~n -Lord Bacon. ot lood aeaerall>hib '' 11oo4•h .. -lltb.-Nnpoleon ud stre.a,m ol maDd, me rotHon of the sar.e and :~'!ie!t:ib;~etb.:.a~o~,r:~~;~ model ol a mH soicure to maa tbe tlo&htU, best0 bal1ace\d, most IOllf-CODlia.ued M.t&OD of llltot.11 •Ml IZlo>lill po .. er, ... docs II by Tb~ir°':t~u~•~~ !!~,s;~~e"'-i:'{.;~:: f!0 ::•: 1 r.ood animal. la any, of the le1111efi profti•1ou;1 v,ic,uo .. s coastitukOJ!o 1s equ.~ to .u IHH l50 pn cent atvre bra1n!..-Morllt•s. lfo citi.iea 11.n a n11h1 10 be 11.n 1111.atHI 1D the mautr of physical vain.inc- WILi.i a d1Wlt<e 11 is'"' a man to crow old wi1hou1 ooer Hti111 die bu.111)' 1111d ~u"oglll ol wl:li,h lais body :s u.1111hlel - - - .-:$<.J'1alo'1.· Memorize Them/ REVIEW I. Tell as many . .things as possible that you read in this article which show you how to have You should not read by a dim light. The light should fall on the page or the work you are doing; not on your eyes. and to keep good health. We read in bed and strain the muscles; we read with a glaring light, or a poor light on the printed page; with the light directed into our .eyes instead of on the printed page; we read on the rapidly· moving car and thus overwork the focusing muscles; or for too long a time, paying no attention to the fact that our eyes are uncomfortable. We read when we ar·e sick, or perhaps when we have got something in the eye and have neglected to go to the . oculist to have it removed. Perhaps we get care2. Do you think your health win be improved by doing the things suggested.? 3. Are you going to do these things? Wh.en? 4. Tell about caring for the teeth. 5. How do many people injure their eye-sight? 6. Why should you b'e especially careful to protect your eyes? 7. Dci you know of anything more importa!lt to you than good health? 8. Which is worth more-riches or good health? SEPTEMBER, .1941 THE YOUNG CITIZE)'I 331 CHARACTER AND CITIZENSHIP SECTION BE AN OPTIMIST WHAT is optimism? It is taking the most hopeful view of things in life. The opposite of optimism is pessimism, which is the taking of. the least hopeful view of things. So an optimist is a person who takes the hopeful view, and a pessimist is one who takes the worst view. Which of these two do you aQd J. want to be? The hop~ of the earth is the optimi.st looking forward and believing _ that all will be well. The r e are pessimists everywhere, despairing of humanity, believing in the doom of all things. . The mind that understands the past will believe that great things can happen in the future. A few thousand years"have opened up the entire field of human knowledge; a few hundred years have "made us masters where we were slaves." What, then, is impossible in the hundreds and the thousands of years ahead of us? The promise of what man yet will do is. in the things that man has done, but beyo·nd all possi.ble comparison will be the wonder of the things to come. ·"To travel hopefully," says Robert Louis Stevenson, "is a better thing than to arrive." we· must travel hopefully. The difference between the optimist and the pessimist is · the difference between knowledge and ignorance. Just now· we may feel that evil holdstheworld, but all history of the past replies that . good will come. Liberty WI LL enlighten the world. If you believe this, you are an optimist. During the ages since man first appeared, h a s th e movement of the world in general been good or bad? If we are to be optimists, let us know why we believe. What is the foundation of optimism in a war-.torn world like that of today? It is based on history which shows us that alf ages have led ·men on to higher things and greater power, in spite of ·dark periods of evil like that of the present time. Good, of course. The present bad condition of some parts of the world is only temporary; good will surely triumph eventually. Believing this is optimism. At the present moment it.would seem that wrong has prevailed in Europe. -But this will not endure. Wrong can never (Pleau turn to page_ 336.) 332 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTEMBER, 1941 WORK AND PLAY SECTION THE FLYING WHEEL THIS is a simple little toy which can be made at no cost at all out of a post-card or a piece of light weight cardboard. On the cardboard draw a circle about three inches 'in'diameter. To do this easily you can draw around a tea cup which is turned upside down. When the circle is well draw~, cut it out with a pair of scissors. Inside of this draw another circle about two inches in diameter. To do this ea.sily draw arOUIJd a glass tumbler which is turned upside down. Across the smaller circle draw a line through the center of the circle. Draw another line at right angles to the first. (Plense turn to page· 339.) THE WIND-BALL GET a piece of thin carllboard or stiff paper. Cut out of it three discs, each about three inches in diameter. Or aw straight lines upon them as shown in the picture. Then cut along these lines with a sharp penknife, taking care that .the various lines correspond in length. Now slip the .second disc over the first, so that you get a double disc as shown in the picture. Over this arrange ihe third disc, which gives the complete wind-ball. Be careful in putting the discs together. Place.the wind-ball on a smooth walk on a windy day, and it will race along quite .fast. · Or you can blow it across a table from one side to the other. A boy can stand (Pleau turn to page 339.) · HOW TO MEASURE THE DIAMETER OF A BALL You may have learned in school that the diameter of a ball is the distance through it, passing_ through the center. To measure the diameter of a ball exactly may not seem a very easy task, but there is a way of doing this which is quite simple. Take two blocks of wood, or two boxes, a little higher and wider than the ball, stand these on a table with their sides touching a wall or a larger box which is on the table. Bet"ween the two boxes or blocks place the ball as shown in the picture. Still keeping the sides against the wall, or large box, bring the two blocks or small boxes together until they touch the ball. Now take a ruler and measure the distance between the two boxes, taking care to keep everything quite still and level. Thus, in a very simple manner, you have found out the distance through the ball at its· center. If you want to .find the distance around the tlall (the circumference) multiply the diameter by 3.1416, or, roughly, by 3 and 117. SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG . CITIZEN 333 TIU: BALANCING ZOO ON THIS PAGE is shown a collection of balancing animals. You can make them easily out of old post-cards or a thin piece of cardboard. First, draw each animal as shown in these p"ictures, taking care to keep to the same proportions, though you can make the animal bigger or smaller·. The curve of the body must be kept in order to get the balance. With the lizard and the monkey there mu.st be a good curve of tail at die end. Having drawn the outlin~- of each animal, color each with crayola or colored chalk. Then cut each animal out very carefully. See that the projecting claw, beak, trunk, or hand is well curved and pointed. Each toy should then balance itself on the tip of a finger or the point of a pencil. If it is well made, it will balance itself firmly and easi-Iy. There is science as well as fun in the Balancing Zoo. Let us take the lizard, for exainple, and see why it balances so (Please turn to page 339.) 334 THE YOUNG CITIZEN SBPTBMBBR, 1941 GREEDY HERON PIED PIPER JERUSALEM (Continued from page 315) (Continued from page 322) (Continued from page 324) "Get out of my way, and the children went on One of the famous places you!" ordered the Crab. their way to the mountain of J erusalein is known as "No, sir,'' said the Heron is called the "Street of the the Wailing Place ·of the proudly. "I have eaten the Children." In this street Jews. This is a wall o~ very Frog; I have eaten the old there is set up a large stone. ancient stones, once supMudfish, and I have eaten On its side is cut the date posed 10· have been a part the old Snake. 'Yhat is t~ "June 26, A.D. 12 a4." Tha; of the temple erected by stop me from eatmg·you? is the day on which the Solomon but nqw kno~n to But b~fore the Heron P.iper is said to have lead belong ~o later· tllll.es. could finish what he was th b d . 1 Every Friday ] ews gather saying, the Crab raised up U e h oys an t; sf aw:y. at this wall, kiss the ancient his two mighty pinchers, P 1 e.stre.et a itt e art er stones, mourn the loss of and pinched the· Heron's th.ere is a statue of the ] erusalem, and pray. There neck. Piper. are Hebrew carvings on Every year, when · the these ston·es · · these are the twenty-sixth of ] une comes prayers of pilgrims. SOME QUESTONS the around, all the. people who Except for its memories I. Do you think Heron was polite? live in ·Hamelin have a of the past, ] erusalem is l;leron great holiday in memory of not an attractive city today.· the children who followed The streets are narrow and the Piper. dirty, shut in by the high 2. What did the do to the Frog? MOUSIE On that day, the whole ?loomy walls of the build(Gontinued. from page 317) town is full of rats again. mgs, and often ONerarch~d, (They bury _the treasure But these are not live rats. so that they seem almost hke again; cover it with soil and Instead they are little cakes. passages through caves. run toward a clump of trees and co~kies made into the The houses are square and nearby. They climb a tall shape of a rat. And all the ~at-topped, with few outone). . stores in town have for sale side courts .. The streets are MOUSIE: (E:mfedly) r 1 fl 1.k h h crowded with traders, begL k d di Th , 1tt e utes, 1 et e one t e gars and p·1gr· s and oo , a e y v e p· 1 d , 1 1m changed theii course. They iper P aye · . travelers from all o:ve_r the aren't coming here. The. boy~ and girls .of world. M o u s I E'S DAD: Sure Hamelin sull love _music, Old ] erusalem is buried enough, son. I thought they and they sing and play it deep in the ground; modern would land and ·make us all the year round. But no Jerusalem is partly an old prisoners once more-with one is ever allowed to sing Crusaders' town with Mothe treasure we found. or play . any music on the hammedan additions, and MousIE: Let's get down. street through which the par'tly an uninteresting It's safe now. Then we can children followed the travel resort, but to the folget the treasure again and Piper, so long ago. That lowers of.two faiths Jerusasail for home. is to be a silent street for- lem will •ever be a sacred CURTAIN ever. city. SEPTEMBER, 1941 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 33.I TWO KINDS OF CAKES AND THEIR iCING Angel Food Qake egg whites. Put sugar, ually, beating . well after Ingredients needed: 8 cream· of tartar and hot each addition. Sift the whites of eggs; I teaspoon water in a saucepan. Stir· flour, ·baking powder, and of cream of'tartar; I cup over a low flame until dis- cocoa together. Add altersifted· flour; 1 · cup sifted solved. Boil the · syrup nately with the milk. Beat sugar; I teaspoon vanilla; without stirring until it. will between each addition. 114 teaspoon salt. Beat the spin a thread when drop· Then melt the butter and whites of the eggs slightly. ping from a spoon or until add to the batter. Beat. Add the salt and cream of the thermometer registers Flavor with vanilla .. Bake tartar, and beat till stiff. 238 degrees F. Beat the in a loaf pan for about. 40 Add the sifted sugar grad- white of the eggs until they minutes at 350 degrees F. ually, beating between each are stiff. and dry. Then pour For the icing to this addition. Sift the .flour 3 the syrup onto the egg\!Vhite cake you'll need the follow. times. Fold lightly into the in a thin, steady $!ream, ing ingredients:· 1 white of mixture. Then add the beating constantly as you egg; I tablespoon water; 2 vanilla. Turn the batter pour. Beat until the frost- cups confectioner's sugar; into an ungreased tube pan. ing is thick enough to I teaspoon vanilla; I cake Bake 60 minute& in a. spread. Add the pineapple bitter chocolate. Beat moderate oven at 325 de- and orange cut ·into bits. slightly in a bowl the white grees F. Turn the pan up· Stir into the frosting. of ·egg and water. Add side down on. a wire rack. Spread on the cake with a sifted sugar gradually. Beat Let the cake cool in the spatula. Decorate with can- between each addition. pan. died cherries and angelica Continue beating after the A good icing for angel cut into thin slices. sugar is all used until thick food cake may be prepared Chocolate Cake enough to spread. Flavor. in the following manner. Ingredients: 2 eggs; I Spr~ad on the top and sides Ingredients: !c!/2 cups cup sugilr; 1/2 cup milk; 1 of the cake with a spatula. sugar; 1/8 teaspoon cream cup flour; 112 cup cocoa; 4 Melt the chocolate in a of tartar; 112 cup hot tablespoons butter; I tea- double boiler. .Cover the water; 1 teaspoon vanilla; spoon vanilla; 2 teaspoons icing with a thin layer of I sliced candied pineapple; baking powder. Break eggs hot chocolate. "For variety I slice candied orange; an- into a mixing bowl and beat the chocolate may be flagelica; candied cherries; 2 well. Add the sugar grad- vored with peppermint. THE YOUNG CITIZEN GRIEG ~tory are·: BE AN OPTIMIST (Continued from page 326) Morning (Continued from page JJI) The m'usic was so lo:,,ely Anitra's Dance endure. We .must be opthat it became better liked Ase's Death timists and believe that than the 'play itself, and Sunshine Song right will again prevail, finally was arranged in two In the Hall of the Moun- and it will. Be an optimist. orchestral suites, giving the lain King Liberty will enlighten the whole story in a series of Cradle Song world. If you believe this, beautiful tone pictures. Try to.hear any of these or .you are an optimist. Some of them are in Nor- alf of them at your first op- And when the. en.tire way, and some in far-away portunity. world is again controlled Arabia or Egypt. In another composition by the right, in the new If you wonder how music .called March of the Dwarfs age that will come science can tell a story without Grieg tells us of the old will give us power, and words, you have 'only to fairy tales, and in the Nor- power will- give us leisure. listen to one of the most re- wegian Bridal Procession We are beginning to use markable stories eve~ told he tells of the quaint mar- the· power of the sun.· The in music-the Peer Gynt riage ~ustoms of the peasant optimist says, Who knows music by Grieg. Peer Gynt folk. 'In his compositions how far that power will is a Norwegian legend of entitled To Spring · and take us? a worthless fellow whose Butterfly he has caught the Forever great events are life was dissipated in wan- spirit of spring, the .song of in the making. There is dering from one land to the birds, and smell of grass never a day-even in the another and carousing, and flowers and trees. Grieg present terrible world conwhile his old mother Ase never wrote great sympho- dition-but what some good· waited in vain for his re- nies, but contented hims~lf seed is .sown that will bear turn. with composing beautiful unexpected fruit. There is During his wanderings, songs an·d smaller wor~s. no limit to th.e promise ofPeer Gynt niet an Oriental The Northland is a the futu~e, We have among dancer named Anitra who ·country of mountains and us even now men whose got all his possessions and fjords of snow and northern names will .endure when then left him. At another lights, of a rugged race of some c;>f the stars in the sky time he met the trolls and liberty-loving people. A have ceased to shine. The their king in a hall under deep and lasting love of the world will become better. the mountains. All these North warms the hearts of events are told in the music its people. These character- Right will conquer wrong. · · G · · h' Be an optimist and believe of Peer Gynt, 1stics neg expresses m 1s d this and do your tiny bit to Grieg chose. cert a· in music which remin· s us of events of the story to tell in the deep fjords, and dark bring it about. his music. Those which mountains of Norway, his you will enjoy the most native land. (you can hear them on a Grieg lived in a villa outphonograph), and which 1 side of his native city. Here carry the thread of the he died in 1907. SOMETHING TO THil:'K ABOUT I. What is an optimist? , 2. What is a pessimist? SEPTEMBER, 19.p A Friday Program By DOROTEA REYES THE YOUNG CITIZEN Window Boxes By ALFREDO JOSE 337 Making a Scrap Book By SERAFINA GRAVADOR (12 YEARS OL~) (14 YEARS OLD) (11 YEARS OLD) AT OUR SCHOOL in grade six LAST YEAR mother and I MY FATHER always buys every Friday we have 30 were visiting in a neigh- the Sunday paper. After minutes for a free activity boring town. As we were he has read it, he gives the period. Two weeks in ad- walking along -the street section to me which convance of each Friday our one day, we saw a number tains many pictures. This teacher appoints a commit- of window boxes in a beau- supplement of the Sunday tee of three pupils who are tiful home. The boxes had paper tells many interestto arrange a program for many different "flowering ing geographic, industrial, the Friday activity period. plants growing in them. or historic stories. So from There is a different 'com- Mother- liked them so them I have made several mittee for each program, well that I told her I would scrap books which I have and of course each commit- make some for _our home carried to school and placed tee tries to do as well~or when we returned. And on the reading table for refbetter-than previous com- I did. erence work. mittees have done. I got some boards from This is the way I make Sometimes we have some wooden boxes which a scrap book: I cut some instrumental or vocal mu- bought at a store in our sheets of heavy paper seven sic, some poems read by town. Then with a ham- liy twelve inches in size. I good readers, a short dia- mer, saw, and small nails paste a picture cut from ·a logue or two, some stories I constructed six long, nar- supplement, with its printed read or told, or anything row window boxes, all of description, on each side of else the committee can the same size. I painted each sheet. Then I write as think of and prepare. them green. neatly as. I can some quesSometimes we get one or I filled the boxes with tions under each picture .. two parents to be the speak- rich black soil, having first When i have a number ers ori the program. put some stones and so!lle of sheets prepared, with a One time we got a man dried moss in the bottom. punch I make two holes on from Manila, who is an This was to hold the mois- the left side of. each sheet. amateur magician, to come ture and supply good drain- Then I make· me a nice and do some tricks for us. age. I got the moss in the .cover for my scrap book. I We all liked that program woods on the mountain punch two holes on the left (Please turn· to page 339.) (Please turn to page 339.) . (Please turn to page 339.) THE YOUNG CITIZEN THE FUNNY PAGE 8BPTBMBBR, l 941 Cl-ft~// ~.{ c i·11;:1:p/ CHEEP/ ~ SEPTEMBER, 19+1 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 339 A FRIDAY PROGRAM FLYING WHEEL MAKING A SCRAP BOOK (Continued from page 337) (Continued from page 332) (Continued from "page 337) very much, ·tor the magi- Then between these draw side of it also. Then I loosecian did many marvellous two more lines, and then ly tie all the sheets and the things. He taught us all four more, so there are cover together with a fancy how to do one trick, but eight lines crossing the cen- ribbon which. I ·save from there· is no fun in a trick ter at equal distances apart a bqx of candy. after you understand how as shown in the first picture. I find great pleasure in it is done. With a sharp penknife making a scrap book in_ this The program committee cut along these straight way,. and the scrap books never tells what is going to Jines and then turn the which I have made seem to ?e. given at the program- poin;s upward and down- give pleasure to my classit is always ,kept secret un- ward alternately, as shown mates. Mother is glad to til the thime comes: 1 And in the second. picture. The have me make su. ch scrap then-w at a surprise. · · b k · W II . 1 . flying wheel 1s now com1 oo s, for she thinks I learn e a enioy p anning 1 S . II' h · · h A the programs, getting them p ete. et 1t ro .mg out- t ,mgs mt at way. ny way d d . . th doors during a windy day 1t s lots of fun to make one. rea y, an giving em. . T . · Our teacher thinks this is on a smooth walk, .and 1t ry 1t. an incentive to cause us to will whirl along at a great ----------read stories' and poems in speed. BALANCING ZOO search of program mate- (Conti11ued from page 333) rial, and teaches us to have WIND-BALL well. The reason is that by initiative and executi,·e (Contiliued frorfl page 332 ) curling the tail and curving abil_ity. on one side of the table, the body the center of WINDOW BOXES another boy on' the other gravity of the whole object . side, and the two boys can is kept down towards the ( (iontlnu•d from page 337 ) blow it backwards and for- lower half and under the slope; I washed the earth wards. projecting claw, so that the from it and dried it. After the six boxes were Y o.u can make a game by animal is not top heavy. filled with soil and were in drawing a chalk mark The same principle apthe windows, my problem across the - center -of the plies to each of the. toyswas to find suitable flower- table. One boy tries to blow the shaping and curving ing plants. I planted some the wind-ball across the keeps the center of gravity wdena-de-amor in each box line. The other tries to just where it should be to' and some nasturtiums. prevent him from doing preserve the balance. This got some petunias also, and this and at the same time is often done by means of some small sized mari- tries to blow it acros& the a lead weight. If these cardgolds. After a few months line. When a boy succeeds, board animals are well my plants began to bloom. he scores one point. The made, no. lead weight is How pretty they looked, boy scoring five points first needed. and how attractive· they wins the game. Don't you So these interesting toys made the windows appear! 1 want' to make a wind-ball?, are quite scientific. THE YOUNG CITIZEN SEPTE:\IBER, 19 . .p I have been in many different parts of the world-various countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America-and in every place where I have been, at least some English was spoken. You can go almost anywhere in the worl~, and if you can· speak English you can find some one who will µnder-. stand you and speak to yo"u in that I WAS very much interested and Pa~ay-Visayan, is spoken in tongue. This is one of the r~asons recently in reading a short article I 5 provinces,· Tagalog is spoken why the English language will be in the Manila Daily Bulletin. The in 12 provinces, and other dialects a great help to yon if you will headline, Printed of course in large such as Pampangan, Bukidnon, learn it. type, caught my eye and caused Lanao, etc. are each spoken in one How difficult do you suppose it me to read tHe article through province. is to learn English? One might several times quite carefully. Per- Your Editor likes to think that think it would be a very hard task. h!!:PS you will be intei"ested in some THE YOUNG CITIZEN is playing In the ordinary unabridged dicof the statements of this article, a part in assisting young Filipinos tionary you will find from 300,000 if )'OU have not already seen it in in this wide-spread use of such a to 500,000 different words, but of the l\1aniJa newspaper. great language as English. We course no one person ever uses all The headline called attention to· are helping boys and girls from the of these. It has been calculated the fact that the recent Philippine first grade up to acquire a use of that Shakespeare, who had a very census shows that English, fol- English, and we shall continue to wide English vocabulary, used not lowed by Visayan, is the most' wide- do so as long as English is the mor~ than 24,000 different words ly spoken language in the Philip- language of the schools. The prin- in his writings, and the great Engpiites. That was an interesting cipal reason for the existence of lish poet Milton used 17,000 difhcadline, so I read what followed. THE YOUNG CITIZEN is to help fercnt words. In ordinary life few The article stated that 11Eng.- young Filipinos in their study of persons whose mother tongue· is lish. . . . is by fat' the most ex- English. English use more than 2,ooO or tensively distributed language in There is alt old saying in Eu- 3,000 different English words. the Philippines, census figures re- rope that Italian is the language Do not be discouraged by these veal," and that '"in 32 pro~vinces to use when you want to sing, figures, for i:he leariling of '.Engmore than one-fourth of all the French when you want to make lish has been simplified. It is posinhabitants speak English." love, and English when you want sible to have a good working The news item went on to state to do business. This is only -a knowledge of English if you know that 11practically aU the persons popular saying, of course, but it something less than goo different speaking English have completed does sho~ that English is the English words, provided, oi course, at least· the first three grades in world's commercial language. that these are the right words. public or private schools." As a It is true enough that English Some of the world's greatest authreaSon for the widespread use of is a good language in which to do orities on English have been workEnglish in the Philippines, the business, for prObably the greater ing for 20 or 25 years in choosing writer concluded that "this, Of part of the world's commerce is the" basic words in the English 'Course, is due to the present school conducted in English. But En~ la~guage. These have now been system." . lish is good for many· other u~es tabulated. How ma~y basic words It was also interesting to me besides business. Indeed, it is one do you think there are in this imto note the number of. provinces of the richest languages spoken, portant language? Just 850 words. using various dialects of the Phil- with more variety and flexibility, In my next Chat I will tell yoti ippines. Ip. the article refe.rred to probably, than any other language~ more about thi$ simplified system of the commentator showed that Vi· and it is spread over a greater part English. I am sure you will be insayan, including Cebuan-Visayan I of the earth's surface. . terested. Goodbye.-THB EDITOR. Announcement to All Our Young Readers: Did you ever do something interesting and worth while? Have you had any experience in doing any of the following: ( 1) Collecting Philippine Shells, (2) Hunting Turtles, (3) Exploring a Volcano, (4) Catching Sharks, (5) Marking an Aquarium, (6) Collecting Postage Stamps, (7) Visiting Famous Churches of the Philippines, (8) Making a Garden, (9) Raising Flowers, (10) Making Candies, ( 11) Building a Sail Boat, ( 12) Hunting Wild Animals, ( 13) Baking Bread or Cakes, ( 14) Making Articles of Clothing, ( 15) Making Articles of Furniture, (16) Visiting the Aquarium in Manila, (17) Collecting Moths and Butterflies. ( 18) Collecting Interesting Botanical Specimens, ( 19) Raising Orchids, (20.) Visiting Primitive Peoples in the Philippines, or doing many other interesting things. WRITE ABOUT IT IN A SHORT COMPOSITION. Send your composition to THE YOUNG CITIZEN. Each month the Editor of THE YouNG CIT'IZEN will publish as many of the best compositions as space will permit. If your composition is accepted for publication, you will become a member of The What-Are-You-Doing? Club The rules for securing membership an: simple. OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES: 1. Write about something interesting whfoh you have done, such a'I the above titles suggest. Do not write a story which is not true. If your story is accepted, you are a member of the Club. 2. On your composition write your name and address VERY PLAINLY. 3. State your age. 4. Tell what you liked best in recent issues of THE YOUNG CITIZEN. Address all letters to: The What-Are-You-Doing? Club Care of CoMM.UNITY PuBLISHERS, INC. Publishers of THE YouNG CITIZEN P. 0. Box 685, Manila, Philippines. :1 I -oFor service and satisfaction, write withINKOGRAPH PENCIL-POINTED FOUNTAIN PEN -lllll!:iS The most practical fountain pen you can buy - Versatile-it writes well on any kind of paper-rough, smooth, thin, rhick, wrapping, or blotting paper. It can easily make four carbon copies. It fits any hand-stands rough handling-draws lines, without smearing the ruler with ink. PRICES: from 1*3.00 to tJ'4.50 (Add 25 centavos for postage). lNKOGRAPH fountain pens are the product of well-known American manufacturers 266-i. Herran INI<'.OGRAPH COMPANY, INC., New Yock, U.S.A. Sold exclusively by COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. The Uses of THE YOUNG CITIZEN Approved in Acad. Bull. No. 11, series 1935 l\lanila The Director of Education, in his letters of Nov. 4, i937 and Jan. q, 1939, indicated the following points: I. The YOUNG CITIZEN is ideal for audience reading, group projects, and the like. 2. The YOUNG CITIZEN can be of much help in encouraging reading habits on a voluntary basis. 3. Authority is given for the placing of one or more subscriptions for every classroom (including barrio schools) of Grade lI and above. 4. In addition to subscriptions for classrooms, several subscriptions may be placed for the library, and one for the Home Economics Building and one for the shop building. 5. The YOUNG CITIZEN being the only magazine ever published in the Philippines for children, the Bureau of Education has taken much interest in its development. 6. Subscriptions to magazine intended for. pupils should be on full year basis. Th~s magazine is published 12 times a year COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. l\1ANILA 'I