The Philippines-Japan Quarterly

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Part of The Philippines-Japan Quarterly

Title: The Philippines-Japan Quarterly
Issue Date: Volume II (Issue No. 3) Winter 1937
Year: 1937
Language: English
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extracted text: IN THIS •·, SSUE: ·. ' . . , . : ... ... :· Philippine Lumber Exportation Co., Ltd. CAMP & SAWMILL: MAIN OFFICE: BRANCHES: Casiguran, Tayabas Meikai Bldg., Kobe, Nippon Manila, Tokyo EXCLUSIVE SALES AGENTS Largest and Most Powerful Philippine Lumber Sales Organization in Nippon TOKYO P.L.E.C. CLUB OSAKA P.L.E.C. CLUB K. ANDOH, Managing Director M. NISHINO, Manila Branch Manager K. YAMAMOTO, Chief Ck"Tk G. MURATE, Cebu Branch Manager S. NAKAMURA, President EXPORTERS AND IMPORTERS PHILIPPINE MAHOGANY LOGS SOLE AGENTS FOR : Iligan Lumber Company Butuan Sawmill Incorporation FREIGHT SERVICE FOR PHILIPPINE LINE "MABUHA Y ll" D.W. 8,000 Tons "RYUTO MARU" D.W. 5,500 Tons ,.,. .. !• - --.~-. ~:.~·:,,.__."MABUHAY l". D.W. 8,500 Ton• ~~~wVJJlftr~¥¥t+~":A4~VNifWWtiA.VWVWWlllMA"llWYWIMllN\lloMNYNWO#'..,_,,,_,.,..,.,.,_NVIM111'4: • I ® Cable Add1·ess: "OSABO " Manila Codes Used: A.B.C. 5th Edition, Bentley's, & Private. Osaka Boeki Kaisha, Inc. 446-454, Dasmariiias, Manila, P. I. P. 0. BOX 881. IMPORTERS & EXPORTERS 332-346 Echague, Manila, P. I. P. O. Box 442, Cebu, P. I. BRANCHES: Agency in Japan : P. 0. Box 88, Davao, P. I. P. 0. Box 188, Iloilo, P. I. OSAKA BOEKI KAISHA, LTD. 65, 1-chome Awabori-dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, Japan. 2 The EVENTS ha\·c mo\'cd so swiftly in China, during the past year, that the attention of the public has been centered, more or less, on the day to day de,·elopments there, rather than on the fundamental causes underlying the whole incident. Situation In China of course includes the Philippines as well as China herself. Because this phase of the conllict has recei\'ed but scant attention abroad, this issue of The Philippines-Japan Quarterly is giVL'll over, \'cry brgcly, to a review of the causes underlying that we shall be accused of bias and, by some, of C\'cn deliberately overdrawing the miserable conditions which exist in China. If such is the case, we respectfully recommend to those of our readers who may be skeptical, that they purusc such boob as Ralph This is but natural because humans are invariably more interested in news The Philippines-Japan Quarterly Townsend's 'iVays That /Ire Dark ' or his most recent Winter Number \·olumc, '.-lsia ,·/11G.H. ENOSAWA 1937 PIO DURAN than they are in history. Editor and Publisher Associa!c Editor, Manila _,n·crs ', Therein will be found ample m2.tcrial to n1orc than substantiate The close proximity of the Philippines to the seat of the trouble, and her rapidly approaching status as an independent State of the Orient, are factors which make it highly desirable for her people to clearly understand the nature of the differences between Japan and China and to be in position ro properly evaluate the possible outcome upon the future relations of the ~V=o=l=.=2~~~~~~~~~~~T=okyo, Japnn CONTENTS Editorial. The Source of the Trouble What Does Japan Desire of China ·Victims of rhe War-lords .... The Man In the Street Says Aren't You Interested? ... At Home With the Japanese Taiwan's Sugar Industry Philippines Pictures Japan Pictures .... Publisher's Announcement No. 3 P.V':t·: 9 II 13 15 17 12 19 the horrible conditions which \\·c describe. That the World is not better informed of the ultimate aims of Japan, with rcf.crcncc to China, is to be laid at the door of Japan herself. She has so intensely felt the absolute justice of her actions that she has been more or less bewildered that such is not recognized by the world Philippines, with both of the contending countries. It is a matter of regret that much of the news and information which has been disseminated, The Philippines-Japan Quarterly is published every three months at Tokyo, Japan. :Manuscripcs arc solicited but the return of snme c.1.n not be guaranteed. The Publishers reserve the right to edit or revise any articles submitted for publication. Subscription price, postage paid in the Philippines P. 1.00 per year; in Japan, postage paid, ¥3.00 per year. Address all communications to the publishers, The Philippines-Japan Quarterly, Osaka Bldg., Hibiya, Tokyo, Japan. Manila Office is maintained at 401at large. Having no regularly established organ of propaganda, she has been forced to ·depend upon the utterances of her since the start of the conflict, has been highly colored and in many instances based upon outright falsehood. Much of such material has been broadcast for the purpose of deliberately beclouding the is~ues and to create the impression that Japan is at fault in the matter. While The Philippines-Japan Quarterly does not pretend to claim any super-virtues for the Japanese, we do claim in this present struggle, that Japan is acting in the interests of the entire Orient; which 407 Cu Unjieng Bldg., Escolta. the struggle and an explanation of Japan's intentions in the matter. Those who have not travelled extensively in China or who have not followed the course of events in that country, through the many noteworthy vol!lmes written by unbiased authorities, have little conception of the chaotic and dang~r ous condi\ions which exist there. Because, of the candidness of many of the articles on China, contained in this number, it is possible· statesmen, to convey the explanations of her movements, to the peoples of other countries. Such utterances, being invariably terse and couched in diplomatic terms, convey little in the way of information. It is with the hope of ~larifying and amplifying the information on the subject, which has come to our readers piecemeal through other channels, that we are devoting this issue 'to the China situation. If the material presented serves to bring (Conlinttetl 011 Page 27) Sparkling-/ lkliciou~./' Made of Sell'cted :Materials m .Modern Eguipinl'nt. ·--~ 4 The Source of the Trouble Japan's Sole Aim in the China Affair is to Stabilize the Country and to Eradicate the Menace of a Red Government FE\\" persons who have followed the developments of the Sino-Japanese Mrugglc~ in the d:lily news, have hau the opportunity of studying the fundamental causes underlying the whole situation. This is due partly to the fact that newspapers. as a rule, haven't the time nor the inclination to deh·e into historical facts and backgrounds and partly to the fact that official statements and diplomatic notes. which appear in the ne\\·s, are couched in such an1biguous tern1s that few people can understand them. The casual reader, or even the one who depends entirely upon news reports for his information, probably holds the opinion that the present conflict between China and Japan is the result of some one act of violence which brought on positi,·e action by Japan. While it is true that the now famous Lukouchiao Incident, more commonly known as the ' :\!arco Polo Bridge Incident', was specifically the spark which set off the military operations of both countries; actually the affair is a matter which has been de,·eloping for a matter of several years. Issues not Involved While diplomatic pronouncements on the subject, because of the language used, have created the impression that the issues involved are somewhat complicated, in reality they are quite simple. The entire matter revolves around the selfish ambitions of the Chinese warlords and their cruel mis-rule of the Chinese people. From this has emanated the periodical anti-foreign movements which have made it so dangerous for foreigners to live in China, and the recent attempt to Bolshevise China, the success of which would place all governments in the Orient in danger of being extinguished. Because a continuance oi the present unstable conditions in China affects not only Japan but all other Oriental countries as well, which naturally includes the Philippines, this article will attempt By G. H. Enosawa G. H. I::110sawa to lay bare the unvarnished facts of the case in order that Filipinos may properly evaluate the effect its outcome may have upon their future existence. On the outset, it should be clearly understood that this article, under no circum~tances, can be considc:re<l as an indictment of the Chinese peop!e as such, but rather as a recital of facts and conditions to which the Chinese people themselves have fallen victim. Japan has all along contended that she has no quarrel with the Chinese people and in support of such contention, points with pride to the fact that throughout the entire struggle, over 15,000 Chinese citizens have lived in Japan in peace and harmony with the Japanese. Although no especial precautionary measures have been taken, not a single one of those 15,000 Chinese have been molested in any manner nor have they been subjected to even the slightest indigni tes. As a matter of fact, at the time of this writing, some 400 Chinese people arc weekly entering Japan, feeling far safer there than they do in their own country. While it is extremely difficult to fix an actual date which marks the beginning of the present differences between China ~11HI Jap:rn, it c-111 he Sl'l in gcncr:il tcrnr; as having st:HlcJ soon .1fll'r the dLalh of Dr. Sun Yat-'.;cn in 1925. lt \\'JS S'..10n :titer that e\'cnt that Chiang I\..~1i Shck visited i\[osco\\' .1rnl, upon hi..; return to Cl1i11.1, ( mh:1rktd upon ,1 rud1lcss L·~unp.11,._11 10 ~uhll1 . ..:.1tc th~ , (1t:11tr~. 1-lis l\UllllJl d1 111;1L 11n;1 (' .1 Lir:...:L· nuttt:r ll. h:q,i· !, ,1, 1 ,]. ·\\·!,1:V Chin.t ha.., ct111t11·,u, ,] i11 ~'c 1:n(1\'. 11 .1·, H.qrnhlic since 1\·, i (1ur11J;r1...._ .!'- \lll ,J\ Dr. Sun Y.1t--;L·11. it j..; ,1 l(t i11 name only. ( :Jii.111:: l\...1, ."'i:,..!' rcali1y and ;1llu.1li) tliL Cii;11t ·L· ( ,\1\'Lril mcnt anJ 11oll1111 . ....: of .i ,:..:;:)\ L:-;1:11t·11t.il nature can lie acLomplishcd ,,·11l10ut his endorsement. In this con11ccti011 it i» inlercsting to note the remarks of \Ir. .\nthon\ Billingham, correspondent in China for the New York Times. In a rct.'cnt signed article appearing in that paper, he said: " ~,fast American conception of China and the Chinese people seems based upon imagination, propagan<la an<l in· correct reports written more for their color value th3n Ycracity. Americans speak of our "great sister Republic" across the Pacific, meaning China, without realizing that there is not an iota of democracy in all this great land. National Army Chiang's "Actually China is governed by super dictator Chiang Kai-shek and a number of lesser regional political-military leaders. Chiang controls the National GO\·ernment, which includes all the provinces in Central China. Gencralissi1110 Chiang's own private anny is the only one in China which can be termed a national force. What there is of China's Navy is subject to his orders alone, and Mme. Chiang controls China's Air Force. "For some obscure reason, possibly polite humility, Chiang refuses to admit that he is the dictator of China. I-le likes to pretend that the National Government runs China's affairs, but the mere suggestion is lud.ierous, for a 6 more closely knit family dictatorship is scarcely imaginable. Madame May Become Leader "Chi:ing Kai-shek :ind Mme. Chiang are the Chinese go\'ernment. No official would dare to raise his ,·oice against either of them. The\' meet frequent and persistent opposi;ion on obscure matters of routine, but no question of importance is e\'cr decided without their consent and approval. By the same token their approval of any progr:im is tantamount to go,·ernment sanction. The result has been both ad\'ersc and favorable, and Chaing Kaishek h:is pro,·ed to be both China"s strength and China's weakness." In another portion of the same article, in which Mr. Billingham pays tribute to the abilities of i\lme. Chiang Kai Shek, he says: " It is quite within the realm of probably that this little Chinese woman will become the real leader of China in the e\'ent her husband is incapacitated. Chinese officials believe that Chaing Kai-shek's army would remain loyal to her. And she already controls China's are force. Her difficulties would be with Chinese diplomats, but Chinese realists will tell. you that Chinese diplomats are secondary in importance to generals." In further illustration of the type of war-lord rule which is at present in charge of China's destinies, Mr. Billing· ham in the same article went ()n to say, "China's real leaders are all military men, war lords of provinces, generals with their own private armies. Chiang, seated at the head of a table of a council of war with these generals, might easily be mistaken for a secretary. But he is the pivot and stabilizing point around which the political and military world of China revolves. Chiang Unimpressive "Most of the other leaders present seem far more impressive than China's slight dictator. There is General Feng Yu-hsiang, the Christian general who is a master of publicity, endeavoring to appear ill at ease and awkward in such bright company. For a Chinese he has a huge figure, being more than six feet tall. He is rugged and coarse and proud of his peasant forebears. General Feng is Chiang's blood brother, is a great military leader, has a large political following, but has no army of his own since he turned against the Generalissimo despite the binding nature of their relationship. "Liu Hsiang, the youthful but ailing w:1r lord of Szechwan, sits near by. He sits with bowed head, his hands folded across his middle because a stomach tumor won't permit his sitting erect. Also near sits old General Yen I-Jsi-shan, the war lord of Shansi. His white mustache hangs limply, his hands quiet· ly quiver with age. "General Han Fu-chu, the independent Go\·crnor o( Shanllmg, is one of the most presentable Chinese otlicials al the conference table. I-le, too, is a big man. Self-made, of peasant extraction, he is a prou<l and able oilicia!. And like 1nany outstanding pca:>ant personalities he is intensely patrioli . "The stranger at the board is Gcncr:il Pai Chung-hsi, the real leader or the indcpen<lcnt proYincc al· I\.\\ angsi. It is the first time General Pai has crossed the northrrn boun<laric:; of hi:; pro\'incc in the la:;t nine years, Jurin;; which• time he has criticized and condunncd 111ost of Chiang Kai-she!;.':; do111c~.1 ic and foreign policies. I k h:1s lwcn especially resentful of Chiang's p:ist policy toward Japan. I-le is considered the best military lca<ler in China and an exceptional strategist. Chiang's Many Civil Wars "For the past decade Generalissimo Chiang has waged repeatcJ civil \\'ars, and has tugged at all the political strings at his disposal, in an cndca\'or to bring these leaders to a common conference table. He has fought e\'ery one of these men. And Liu Hsiang, the war lord of Szechwan, appears entirely unembarrassed, although only a few months ago he was on the verge of open rebellion. It is the way of Chinese war lords." While the above named war-lords by nd means comprise the entire group which is in control of the various socalled governments of China, they are cited here as representitive of the type of men against whom Japan is at present directing her activities. These war-lords, who derive their power· over their respective territories ·through maintaining large private armies, as a rule operate independently .. of each other and more frequently than not are in opposition to the so-called Central Government (actually the Chi. ang Kai Shck regime). It is because of this fact that Chiang Kai Shek and his immediate subordinates have, from time to time, istituted anti-foreign . movements and have encouraged boycotts (Conti1111d 011 page 20) EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK Maniltr,P. l., Dec. 201!1, 1937 Any doubt we may have held during the past year,' regarding the advisability or continuing the publication of The PhilippinesJapan Quarterly, has been completely <lispcflcd as the result of this present trip Lo the Philippines. On every hand we have received unlimired encouragement as to the future position of this publication, in the development of a close relationship between Japan ancJ the Philippines. ~ \\"c were panicularly well plcaoccl 10 lc~Hll of the sr'~L·n<lid fC'Clj)tiOl1 ~i\.l'Il 0<1r SpcLi:d Tai\\'an :\"urn'.Kr, !.t'..-L i~:·;ul·. It is our hope tlJJt the i.tilllrL· \\·11! ~;cc Tai\\".'.l.ll anJ t11c Philip)'incs workin~ tll1cc:isinµly for ;1 Lir;..:.t-r Yolumc ol traJc htt\\'LCll the two. • .\long tl1~1l iinc. \\'C hare lc:uncd that Go\'ernor-Gencr:d :\dmi· ral Scizo Kobaya~hi is planning on paying an early visit to the Commonwealth. • Now that the Philippines has an organ to pro1notc tourisn1 in that country, why not inaugurate a campaign in Japan to stimulate more Japanese visitors to the Commonwealth? The Pl1ilippi11es /apan Quarterly will gladly assist in every way possible. • It's encouraging to note that Japanese golfers and Japanese boxers are to visit the Philippines. There's nothing like sports to bring countries into closer harmony with each other. • 'We were a bit disappointed to sec how little is being done in the Philippines toward educating Japanese manufacturers in the wider use of Philippine products. • Why not send a group of Filipino business men to Japan, to talk the matter over? W HAT does Japan desire of China? That question has prob:ibly been asked more often than any other, in connection with the present ditlerences between Japan and China. The answer could, no doubt, be given in comparatively few words, for Japan asks of China absoutely nothing which it.is impossible for her to give. Tersely put, Japan desires China to become a good and peaceful neighbor. However, as such a staten1ent is so general in character, son1c amplification is necessary in order that the justice of Japan's desires may be fully understood. That China, for a number of years, has been far from a good neighbor, hardly requires elaboration. Since the death of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and the subsequent rise to power of Chiang Kai Shek, China has constantly been a house divided against itself. Never, during that period, has China presented a place ~vhere the nationals of other countries could live without extreme danger to life and property. Aside from the physical dangers to foreigners, China, because of the divergent interests of her many ruling war-lords, has for years, been in an almost constant state of civil \Var. Comintern Encroachment l' nable or unwilling to unify the country and to establish a stable government, Chiang Kai Shek has made it possible for the gradual encroachment of the Moscow Comintern which, because of the very doctrines for which it stands, has made of China a seething caldron of anarchy and strife. \Vere China located in some other part of the world, far removed from Japan's shores, such a condition would naturally present a problem for the solution of other countries. However, since China and Japan are forced by nature, to live in adjacent territories, the solution of the problem has been forced upon Japan. It has been with great reluctance that Japan has been compelled to employ force in bringing about a reversal of the appalling conditions which have exis~ed in China for a number of years. W 1th almost unbelievable patience Japan has, for many years, expectantly awaited ·the time when the present rulers of China would take the necessary measures to establish peace and tranquility within her borders. In face of countless provocations and their consequent endless idplomatic negotiations, Japan has atWhat Does Japan Desire Of China? By A Staff Writer tempted, in c\·ery way to cncour3gc the rulers of China to adopt a policy· ot good neighborliness, to the cn<l that any issues which may c:-.ist hct\\·ccn them, could be pe:iccful!:: and harmoniously settled. fnstcad o<" impro•:c:11cnt in the. tud11'.lcnt conditions. time only scn·cd tn i;1crcasc the intensity of thl· siaution. Ench new d:ly brought ;·orth mo:-c :rnd greater c\'idcnccs ot Ch~ng Kai Shck''.; desire to he a disturbing foctor in the Orient. In furthering that desire he instituted a widespread boycott against the Japanese, which culminated in the now famous Lukouchiao incident and in which Japanese· soldiers were deliberately fired upon by soldiers of the Chiang Kai. Shek regime. As further evidence of Chiang Kai Shek's unfriendly intentions, he refused to recognize the settlement then pending between the Japanese and the local government officials, thereby bringing about the military actions now taking place. Since Japan •has been forced to ·take Cl1i11ese Childrc11 Hnppy Wit/1 /apa11ese Soldiers the action which she has, there is but one termination possible. Japan must continue the task she has undertaken until China is completely cleared of all the clements which have brought on the present disturbance, and must elimmate all the clements which are making it possible for the Moscow Comintern to gain a foothold in the Orient. In clearing China of those elements, Japan hopes to make it possible for the Chinese people to set up a benevolent government of their own, capable of keeping peace and order within her borders and intent upon improving the condition of her 400,000,000 people. Such a government would make it possible for the development of China's natural resources, thereby making her a dependable source of raw materials for Japan and all other manufacturing countries of the world. \'>;'ould Command Respect Such a government would make it po"ible for the 400,000,000 inhabitants oi China to so raise their standard of li,·ing that they would eventually become a tremendous market for the manufactures of the entire world. By establishing peace and order, in all parts of the country, such a government would command the respect and cooperation of all nationalities, to the end that capital and technical assistance in abundance would be forthcoming for the establishment of much needed communications ; which in turn would lead to the development of countless other enterprises. Although granting that it is highly desirable that China become a united and peaceful area in the Orient, there are many who do not yet thoroughly understand Japan's vital interests which compel her to pursue the matter so diligently_ Those who continue to cling to that viewpoint have lost sight of the fact that Japan was drawn into Chinese territory only after having, for years, suffered a long list of indignities and hostile acts, any one of which would have brought forth immediate action from Great Britain or America, had such acts been perpetrated upon their nationals. However, once having been forced to the point of action, Japan intends to pursue the matter only so far as is necessary to eliminate the underlying causes which provoked it. No civilized country in the world has yet been known to abandon the right to protect the lives and property of their respective nationals, wherever they may 8 be lawfully abiding. No less docs Japan follow the same impulse in defending the li\'es and property of her own nationals. The \"ital interests of J:.; ··" in China. to which reference has been 111adc, an: largely the result of the Nationalistic p:ilicies in \'Ogue in other parts of the world. The operation of those policies has resulted in the realization by Japan, that if she is to progress or cYcn to sur\'i\'e, she will ha\'e to depend upon the Orient, and only the Orient. for the means by which to do so. Such being an undeniable reality, is it unusual or unreasonable for Japan to stri\'c for a peaceful, prosperous and harmonious Orient' Commerce Barriers Erected Long ago, Japan realized that her sal\'ation lay in the direction of industrialization. With a fast growing population, crowded into an unbclie,·ably small space, she had hoped to relie\'e the situation through industry. \Yorld conditions, howe\'er, erected barrier after barrier and the markets for her produce were closed to her, one by one, thus forcing her to seek sources of materials and markets as yet unde,·eloped. \\'hat could be more natural than the development of those sources and those markets, right at her \'cry door' Chinas location, with relation to Japan, makes her a desirable source of those supplies which Japan so badly needs for her industries, but which she so sadly lacks. By the same token, China's tremendous population, if placed in position to earn, would be able to absorb tremendous quantities of Japan's manufactured products. On the face of it, Japan a1Hl China should be natural rommcrcial allies. En:rything is in their ta\'or. to make them so. The one factor which has stood in the way of a co1npkmcntary trade, lO their C\'crla5ting n1utual benefit. has bl'cn the constant chaotic conditions prc\'ailing in China. \Vith this condition eliminated, both China and Japan will be able to embark upon and era o( mutL1.1l prosperity which will reflect to the benefit of all mankind. Entire World Will G2in In c\'aluating the benefits to he derived from a peace'.ul and prosperous China, only the unin(ormed cm hold lo the bdid that Japan alone will he the gainer. By no stretch of the immagi1ution can it be concei\'ed that fa pan \\di ever be in position to ah5orb all oi" llw raw products and materiaL \\ liiLit ,1 ~table China \\'ou!J bc in positioll t<i supply. By no stretch o:· the imm,1;..;1nation could it hc conceived th,ll J.qi.u1 would be able to supply the nrn m.d demands in manufactured product5, oi· 400,000,000 people madc prosperous enough to buy them. Cndcr no cirn1mstances will Japan be in position to alone supply the capital ncccS>ary for the de\'elopment o( railroads, telcgrophs and telephones, public utilities of all kinds and the countless industrial enterprises bound to follow in the wake oi an emancipated China. In short, with a peaceful and prosperous Chin", under a stab!c go\-crnmcnl, she \\'ill prove a lasting benefit to the entire \\'Or!<l. Japan Desires No Territory The latter statement immediatel\' brings up the oft repeated bugaboo that Japan has designs of eventually _acquirino- the territory of China. I-low, it is asked, can foreign capital and foreign enterprise participate in the development of China, i( Japan undertakes the administration o( that tcrritory? Those who persist in that thesis arc entirely lacking in kno\\'lcdgc of the realities of the situation. Japan, as repeatedly enunciated by her responsible go\'ernmcntal reprc5cntatives, docs not dcsin.: one single inch o( China's territory nor <lacs she desire to have administrative control of it. The CoYCrnmcnt of J.:tpan an<l lhc financiers of thl' countr~. arc fully .:tw:1rc that thl' dcYclop .. 1cnt oi China· is a task far loo .crcat for Jap.111 alone to undertake. The· hi.ch authorities o;· Japan know, 1·u1: \\ t·il, th:it the burden of poli(i11g ~ucl1 :i ,..:rc:1t :u-.:.i and such a vast popuLit!on wou 1d !ic Lir hcyond Ja1x1n 's llll':rns, both :h to finances and man-power. :\II of J.ipan knows tlur the re-building o:· Chi;1.1 \':ould require too much time for .lily one countr~· lo undcrt:lkc llw task alone. knowi11g thc:-;c !acts. thL J:qune'.;c arc more th.u1 willing that the Chinc;e thcm~L l \·c:;. under \\'isc aJJd ((lll'.icient ;ous ChillL'Sl" k-:idcrshlp. undertake the task themsclres. 1\ll that f:q1a11 asks ol China is that she establish a stable and hcnc\'olcnt g:o\·L·rnn1cnt, capable of uniting the i..:ountry and intent upon making of it a place where all may live and trade in peace and harmony. :\ll that Japan \\'ants is the opportunity for her citizens to be free to assist in the <lcvdopmcnt of the \·ast n.:ttur.:tl resources of that country and to enjoy the same protection ior their Ii,·cs, property and capital that is accorded by all other ci\·ilizc<l and pl·acc loving countries, to each other. 9 Victims of the War-Lords Given the Opportunity, Under An Honest and Benevolent Government, the People of China Will Become a World Factor FE\V, if any, who arc not close students of Chinese affairs ha\'c a very clear conception of conditions which ha\'e prc\'ailed in that country~ for a great nu111bcr of years. J\ glance at a map of China misleads one to belie\'e that the far-flung pro\'inccs of that ,·ast area, arc united under one governn1ent, with its capitol at Nanking. If such were the true facts, Japan would not now be engaged in her present struggle on Chinese soil. Many Governments As a matter of fact there are almost a::; n1any independent go\·ernments in China, as there are provinces. Only at rare intervals do they become interested in a common cause and show any semblance of unity, and as a rule such unity lasts for but a short period. This unusual and unsatisfactory state of affairs is brought about because each province is ruled by a war-lord who, in the main, does not consider himself as owing allegiance to any central go1·ernment. Each war-lord ruler considers himself master and, in fact, owner of the particular territory over which he holds sway. --· -::;,);(~ By A Staff Writer Thus it is that Cheng Shih Tsai rules, with an iron hand, the prm·ince of Sinkiang. By the same token Sung Che Yuan, the boss of the famous 29th Route Army, oppresses the people of the twin provinces o[ Hopci-Charhar. Like· wise Han Fu Chu exerts his power onr Shantung. Others who have usucpcd the power of rule arc, Yen Hsi Shan over Shanhsi; Pu Tse I, over Sui yuan; Liu 1-Isiang, over Szt..'chw:111; Lu?lg Yun, o\'cr Yunnan; Pai Chung I-Isi, over Kwangsi; I-lo Chien, over I Ju nan and Yu I-Ian Mao, over the province of Kwangtung. In no cases \\'l'rc an~ of these war-lords elected to t hci r oiliccs hy the people over ll'hich they hold 511''1)', each having either been appointed by Chiang Kai Shek the self-appointed hcac.l of the so-called Central Government, or usurped their poll'cr by force of arms. China Chaotic Because these ll'ar-lord rulers ll'ax fat on the taxes collected from the already over-burdened inhabitants of the various provinces under their control, and because other ll"ar-lords arc constantly reaching out for newer and richer fields /apnnes< Soldi<rt (Right) Mn/(' Thes< Cl1illesc War-Lord Victims Smile for T lie First Time to p!un<ler, the entire country is being kept in a constantly chaotic condition. Ci\'il war anJ strife among the \'arious go\'crning factors, to hold their rich sources o( rc\'cnuc, is an everyday occurancc. Under :;uch conditions, how can it be expected that China can ever unitL ~ Pro\"incc is <>Ll agaillst province, In· the ll'ar-lurds, fur the \Try purpose ol kLTping China dis-united. No Chinese Ui;ity :\s an indication n( the prc\·ailing condition. in this rLspc:ct, a quotation from Ralph Townsend's recent book I writl'n in r9361, •. l.•ia Answers', is here gi\·cn. i\[r. Townsend was a resident o( China for several years and was allached to the American Consular Service in that country. On page 2, of ' . .f..-ia Answers', he says, 'To begin ll"ith, the people of China arc no nearer unificarion now than five years ago, or ten years ago_ Suavely convincing Chint:sc digniraries come here ohen to announce a fina1ly achieved unity. Almost every returning boat brings back a col'cy of good will visitors or research fello11"ship students to tell us that Chinese unity is either attained or just around the corner. But the reality of it remains fugitive.'''*''* The enormous difference between the popular impression and the reality is made apparent by looking at a file of clippings on China. I have kept such a file through several years past. Every few days there appears a headline over a dispatch from N anking, o~ over the acount of a speech by a visiting Chinese of prominence, asserting that Chinese unity has been attained. Where clippings arc in chronological order, such headline is invariably followed shortly after by news of a new rebellion. Events of the summer of i936 arc samples. No sooner was the seasonal crop of Chinese unity items in print than South China leaders announced a plan to lead an immense army against North China to force North China to declare war on Japan. What happened? If news reports arc credible, leaders of 10 the proposed re\'olt against North China's apathy decided to call otf the scheme before it was really launched. Not only that, but when menaced by Chiang Kai Shck's North China forces, the South China bunch appeafrd for Japane.<e aid to ;top Chiang.' \\'hile it is almost impossible to belic,·e that such conditions cou!d continue to exist in this world toda,·, those familiar with present-day Chin~ know that they do exist. \Vere it not for the traditional peaceful nature of the Chinese people as a whole and were they in position to exert their power as a people, no doubt they would rise in protest against such barbarous and despotic rule. The tight rein with which they are held by the war-lords, through their large armed following, pre\'ents any show of resistence on the part of the masses who are so cruelly being exploited. Excessive Taxes Levied How do the war-lords manage to maintain such large personal followings of armed forces? They are enabled lO clothe, feed and pay their hired armies through the excessi,·e taxes and le\'ies which they wring from the people O\'er which they rule. Whether the taxes are legal or just, does not enter into the matter. In Townsend's other bo:ik on Asia,' Ways That Are Dark', written in 1933, he has this to say on page Go, 'At Futsing last year, for example, a town about forty miles from Foochow, where I was last stationed in China, the leading go\'crnmcnt ollicial in the place exhausted all sources of further revenue by the usual intimidations, fake taxes and extortions. He then hit upon the expedient of seizing the better-off citizenry of the town, suspected of concCJling ;i.ssl'ts, and without pretense of a legal charge against them, hung Lhc:m up by their thumbs until they \\'Cre ransomed down by their rclatin:s and associates. Other supposedly well-to-do Chinese in the town purchased immunity daily by the payment of se\'ere le\•ics in cash. When I left China, in the Spring of this year, the o!Tcnding ollicial seemed to ha \'e lost no caste by his rc.:sourccfulncss in the eyes of the higher-ups of the go\'crnmcnt, an<l was in fact functioning at a new hca<lquarters not far from :\111oy, still an oilicial in goo<l government graces.' Ralph Townsend, by no means, is the only author who has w;-iucn cxpo5ure::; on the cruelties and the inhuman prac· tices of the war-lords and their underlings, in exacting levies from the paor inhabitants o[ their respecti\'e ficltb of operations, in order to 1naintain large armed forces to enforce their rule. Such works, however, r:ircly find large circualtion because they deal with a subject in which the public is little interested, until something of the scale of the present Sino-Japanese diiliculty bobs up. Opium Growing Forced It is a well known fact that re\'cnue is gained by many of the war-lords through the enforced growing o[ poppies, (or the production of opium. The warlord seizes the greater portion of the poppies produced by the former, and sells the ill-gotten loot to other war-lords higher up. That the war-lords care nothing for the welfare of the poor wretches from whom they snatch their huge (lrivate fortunes, is e\'idcnccd by the fact that few ii any modern facilities for the health, education or convenience of the rn:isscs, :ire in evidence in the territories O\'cr which they rule. Sanitary conditions in China arc notoriously bad and as the result, e:ich nc.:\\" year secs additional epidemics raging through the country, killing the popubtion oil like (lies. War-Lords' Fortunes Great II on\ J portion of [he money \\·rungirom the people b)· the war-lords, and L'Xpcn<lnl for anric.:d forcl'S or thro\\"n into their already S\\"ollcn fortunes. could be spent for public impro\'ements, China in a comparati\-cly short time could ha\-c one of the finest sysctms of communications the world has ever seen. Ii but a p0rtion could be applied to hospitals and medical scr\'ice, the dreaded scourge of cholera could be wiped out in a matter of a few years. With on!\' a small percentage applied to schools, playgrounds, libraries, sanitation units and other necessary public institutions, the Chinese people would soon ha,·e a more cheerful outlook on the world. Gi,'Cn the opportunity of work, under (Conlwucd 011 Page 18) The Aldanese, Promi11e11t Filipinos, Oil Their Rccc111 Visit lo Japa11, Were l:.'11ter1t1i11c~I by Mr. "ml Mrs.1". J::gawa of The Dai Nippon Brewery Co. 11 The Man In the Street Says Here Is a Summary of Answers Given by Many Japanese, On Various Phases of the Sino-Japanese Struggle WH.-\T <locs the Japanese man in the street, think about the present struggle between Japan and China ? Docs he hold animosity toward the Chinese people ? Does he desire to sec Japan acquire Chinese territory ? What does he think about the Brussels Conference on the 9 Power Treaty ? These and dozens of other questions, relating to the present Sino-Japanese conflict, were the subject of an exhaustive research among Japanese in all walks of life and residing in all parts of Japan, both metropolitan and in the country districts. The answers given were so strikingly unanimous that there is absolutely no room to doubt the unity o'. the entire country on every phase of the conflict. Call it intense patriotism if you like, but the tenor of all ~he conversations on the subject, definitely pointed to the fact that the conclusions had been reached more from reasoning, than from anything else. Not Fighting Chinese People That .Japan is not quarreling with the Chinese people as such, but rather with the chaotic conditions prevailing there and consequently with those directly responsible for those conditions, was made plain by all those contributing to this research. Almost invariably they pointed to the fact that the vast number of Chinese living in Japan, have done so throughout the entire struggle, without having come to any harm whatsoever. All who were questioned, displayed great pride in the fact that although no special police protection had been accorded the Chinese residents, not one act of violence had been recorded nor had there been any unfriendly demonstrations of any sort directed against them. Jn verification ·of this, personal visits were made to the Chinese quarters in Yokohama. There," everything was as peaceful and tranquil as in other parts of Yokohama and Tokyo. Japanese businessmen were observed doing business with the Chinese merchants, in By W.R. Wills In 01"der to present to our reader.< the attitude of the average / apancse, toward tl1e present con· flict in Chi11a, tl'e asked a t<'ell known foreigner to interview as many Japanese as po.\·sible, re· p,.ese11ti11g all st11tio11s of life i11 Val"ious pa,.ts of fap1111. Theil" answers are given in tlzis article, in composite. The Editor exactly the same manner that they have always done. Chinc"e school children were seen at their studies and at play, apparently entirely oblivious of the fact both countries were al Lhc momull engaged in forcefully settling their differences. Japanese business houses were seen to be located alongside Chinese business houses and their keepers were observed in going about their respective businesses in a peaceful and orderly manner. In many instances Japanese were found to be in the employ of the Chinese merchants and when questioned, plainly indicated that neither they nor their employers e\'er ga\'e a thought to the situation in China. What better evidence could be presented, that the Japanese hold no animosity toward the Chinese people ? Have Accurate Knowledge Docs the man in the street fully understand the vital and fundamental causes for the present struggle ? Alma.st without exception, those questioned displayed unusually accurate and comprehensive knowledi:e of both the background and the development ot the trouble. Tersely put, the conccnsus of opinion seemed to be that Japan is endeavoring to clear the political atmosphere in China so that the lives and property of foreigners would be safe and in order that Japan may be able to develop her trade there on a peaceful and profitable basis. Emphasis was laid, by all, on the necessity of checking the possible spread of Communism in China, in order that the age-old culture oi China and Japan may not be erased, and in order to preserve the social structure upon which Japan hopes to e\'antually unify the Orient. It was the unanimous opinion that the chaotics u ndcsirablc and dangerous condition, o~ the past in China, arc directly traceable Lo the constant civil wars and strife engaged in by the numerous war-lords, holding sway on:r \'arious parts of the countrv. \\'ith the elimination of the war-lord system of go,·crn1nent, it was felt the Chinese people would unite and support a strong and honest administraLion. Territory Not Wanted Docs the man in the street desire Japan to acquire territory in China ? The ans\\'cr, summed up, was an unqualified no. While various reasons were given for the undesirability of such a move, they may all be included in the broad term, that Japan can not hope to effectual! y govern such a vast population and such a large territory, both from a financial standpoint and from the unsuitability of the Japanese nature to such a procedure. The majority expressed the opinion that if Japan attempted to occupy Chinese territory on a permanent basis, only trouble for generations would result. What does the man in the street think of the Brussels 9 Power Conference ? The majority opinion seemed to be that, while the intent of the Conferees could not be questioned, they were not qualified to sit in judgement on the matter, because of lack of fundamental knowledge of both the underlying causes and the nature of the two peoples rngaged in the struggle. The opinion was unanimous that the mental processes of the Western peoples are so entirely different from those of the Orientals, that intervention of Western Powers in a purely Oriental matter would only result in further widening ( Co11ti1111ed 011 Page 18) ' I 13 Aren't You Interested ? Wouldn't the Philippines Be Interested In Selling China a Large Volume of Sugar and Other Products In Which She Abounds ? RF.G.\RDLF.SS of any trade agrcemems which may be c\·entually concluded between the Philippines and the United States of America, the Philippines is bound, in the course of a few years, to undergo con!:i<lcrable changes in her foreign trade re1ationsh.ipo. E,·cn though the immediate luture may provide preferential trade arrangements with An1erica, the day will come when the Philippines wi!I be forced to look to new markets for the diposal of a large portion of her produce. \\'ith this a foregone conclusion, aren ·r the Philippines virally interested in seeing the vast Chinese 1narket :;tabilized and consolidc.ted ? In the past, most all countries have considered the stabilization of the Chinese market as almost a hopeless task. So much so has this idea prevailed, that nearly all their attention has been turned to the securing of concessions and the operation of them through the exploitation oi Chinese labor. That such measures have not improved the lot of the Chine"e people themselves is due, in a large measure to the political system which has been in vogue there. Revenues derived from the lease or sale of concessions has almost invariably been di,·erted to the personal gain of the comparatively small group of individuals who have, for the moment, been in control of the provinical and so-called National governments. Practically none oi such revenues are employed for legitimate governmental purpo~es. Nationalistic Tendancies The tendency toward Nationalistic policies, on the part of the majority of the Western nations, has brought about a situation with regard to the Far Eastern countries which makes it imperitive for them, more and more, to look to their own area for trade opportumue~. Unless the vast markers of the Orient are improved and developed, the nations of Asia can nor hope to keep pace with the commercial progress of the world. Japan for some years has been mindBy A Staff Writer ful of this trend and it is for that reason she has been devoting her attention so assiduously to the problems confronting ali the Oriental countries. It is because of her full realization of the future inter-dependence of all the Oriental peoples that she has unremittingly advocated the doctrine of 'the Orient for the Orientals.' Philippines Oriental Although the Philippines, through force of contact with Spain and the United States, has assimilated many of the \Vestcrn customs and \V cstcrn standards, by force of circumstances she 1nust forever remain a (Ountry of the Orient. Because this is inescapable the Philippines necessarily must concern herself with the welfare o[ those countries among which she is neighbor. Any conditions which arc disturbing factors in the free flow of trade between the countries of the Orient are bound to have certain repercussions in the Philippines. After the Philippines have attained complete independence such conditions obviously will have greater import than they may have at the present moment. This being true, it is both prudent and wise that the Philippines fully acquaint herself with the future benefits to be derived by her from a peaceful and propserous Chinese neighbor. As conditions now prevail in China, little hope can be entertained for even a a slight improvement in the purchasing power of the masses. Under the present system of war-lord government in China it is virtually impossible to conduct trade activities or to invest capital with any degree of safety to lives or property. With the present instability of governPictures 011 0 pposite Page As thete Philippines su11e1 s11gges1, mit!-wi11ter 1here o0en. a 1·eri1able playgromul for /oreig11. Jourisu. especially 1!101e ,/esiririg Jo leave behind 1/1e wintry blasts o/ tl1e 11or1h. ment. brought on by the consrant strife and state of ci\'il war instigated by the Yarious war-lord rulers, development of China's vast natural resources is an utter impossibility. As long as such conditions ;ire 11erinittcd to exist, China can not hcl p but he a di:.;rurbing clement among t11c Oriental ramily of nations. .\s the Philippines, at some future date, \\'ill find herself in need of a depencbble market capable of absorbing large qu~1ntitics of sugar, tobacco, hemp, copra, CO(OllUt oil, harc.lwoo<l, minerals, marine proJucts and the countless other arlicl<.:s and materials which arc found within her boundries, she must take cognizance of the availability of the markets dose at hand. If, when the need arises, China is marked with stril:e and civil war, if she is in the control of an unstable government and iE the buying power of her \'ast population is not improved, then the Philippines will be placed at a decided disadYantage in her Jevdopmcnt. Not Japan's Making Just what must be done to bring about the desired stabilization of China as a market is very largely a matter of opinion, . at this time. However, it is certain that nothing can be done toward chat end, until all of the disturbing elements, responsible for the chaotic condition of the past few years, ·have been entirely eliminated or re~dered impotent.· That the task of doing this _has fallen to the lot of Japan, is not of her making. Had those, men, who profess to represent the Chinese people ·as their government~ seen fit to refrain ·from fomenting trouble through boycotts, which in ·turn brought on numerous overt acts resulting in loss of Japanese lives and property, Japan would not ha·ve found it necessary to actively work for their downfall., Since, hm\•cver, the self-appointed leaders of the Chinese took the initiative in forc·ing Japan to take definite action in clearing· .up the situation, there can be no turning back until all such disturbing elements have been erased. To stop H s~ort of this would mean only a contmuance of the trouble at some future date and therefore ser\'e only to postpone the time when China would again become tranquil and at peace with herself. No Selfish Motives There arc some who h3\·c \•oiccd the opinion that, after a stable government et~erges from the present struggle, Japan \\'ti! cl?s.e the door of commercial opportunities to all Sa\'e the subjects of the Japanese Empire. Such an opinion is unqualifiedly based upon either misinformation or upon statements contained in false propaganda. Japan has ~bsolutely no selfish moti\'es in calling tor a change of conditions in China. Careful analysis of the entire matter will indicate that even if Japan hoped to be the sole beneficiary of a stabilized China, the very vastness of the country would prevent her from being so. \Vhen one realizes that China comprises O\'er 400,000,000 inhabitants and embraces, by far, the greater portion of the Asiatic continent, it will be seen that the task of policing that area would p.rove a hopeless one for a country the size of Japan. The cost of such would alone be far beyond the ability of Japan to meet. Even if the foregoing were surmountable, Japan would still desire and need the co-operation of other nations in the development of that vast area, _h~cause investments running into the billions will be required to finance the r?ads and communications necessary to brmg about a complete unification of the country. Additional staggering sums will be required, as time goes on in the development of other necessar; enterprises and institutions, only a smail portion of which Japan is prepared to supply. Foreign Capital Needed Speaking of North China alone, Mr. H. Hessell Tiltman, noted British writer w.ho recently toured that region, upon his return to Japan, stated, 'None of the high Japanese officials with whom I talked in North China even pretended that the capital necessary to develop that backward region (which he estimates as Y.3,500,000,000 in the next five years), can be raised by the Japanese alone. Japan can supply perhaps a third of the required amount. If foreign investors can be induced to supply an additional fifth, the balance easily can be found by the Chinese on the spot. The (Conti11tl(d on Page 26) Good News For Stammerers A Japanese Citizen Has Invented a Small Device Which Overcomes Completely the Habit of Stuttering PROBABLY no atlliction of humankind is more embarassing or tends to retard the progress of the individual, more than stammering or impediments o( speech. Not only does such an atlliction tend to dull the victim mentally but it also has a very definite ailect upon health and bodily well-being. That stammering is liable to leave its ugly mark on any and all, is proven by the fact that authorities have found that the majority of suiTcrcrs arc overtaken, by the condition, between the ages ot seven and eight. Only a rather small percentage of ,·ictims could trace their condition to heredity. Although innumerable experiments have been made with various methods of overcoming the malad\·, few if anv seem to ha\'e touched up.on the fund;mental causes of it. In the majorit\' of cases a cure was contemplated thro~1uh rnuscular exercises, often <litlicult ~o execute and frequently ineffectual. Sufferer Invents Device It remained for a sufferer of the dreadful condition to disco\·cr what is now claimed as a complete cure. l\lr. l\finorn lzuhara of Osaka, Japan, was a sufferer of heavy stammering at the early age of se\'en and at a beer age entered an institution to affect a cure. After completing the course, he remained a$ an instructor and thus was placed in position to study over 2,000 cases, in the course of ten years. As a result of his studies, he arrived at the conclusion that the only solution to the problem was to be arrived at through entirely revolutionary methods. Palatal Bar Does It Realizing that if the sufferer could be made to correctly pronounce the first syllabic of a word, the following words would Aow freely, he set about to perfect a mechanical device to accomplish that result. After much experimental work a device \\·as in\'ented by Mr. Izuhara and through the co-operation of Dr. Tsuruo Ohta, a method of properly installing it in the patient's 1nouth, was perfected. The device consists of a palatal bar denture, fi.tted \\'ith a \'ocal inducer or sort of flute, which induces the proper pronunciation of the first syllabic of a word, without effort or without consciousness of its operation, on the part of the wearer. It is claimed by the inventor that anyone can learn in the short period of m·o hours to use the device and that after its technique is mastered, only a short period of two or three weeks of its use is required, until the patient becomes completely cured. This result is accomplished through the elimination (Continued on Page 26) ] .-\PANES'.-women :ue gomg out more and more. just as Japanese men At Hotne 15 arc staying at hon1c more and more. This is one of the most notable phenomena of prcsent-cfay Japan. With the Japanese Jn trying to present a bird's-eye view of the Japanese home as it stands, the best way will be to examine ils component parts, dealing with Lhcn1 separatch-, anti then Thirty or forty years ago, before the Sino-Japanese \Yar was fought or before Japan was recognize<! as a world Power, ladies walking abroad by themselves were rare. They were exclusively domestic creatures, clinging vines of the home-tree, just as men were out-of-thehome animals. This was one landmark dividing the men and women of the other day. As in the ol<l nursery story, he went out to work on the farm while she stayed at home to <lo her washing. Our men once pri<le<l themselves on being the lords of creation, but the women took care that their lords stayed out of the home and exercised as little of their sovereignty there as possible. ~lcn left home early in the morning, sta\·ed away till late in th~ afternoon, an<l re· turned under the starry sky, very tired in bo<ly and mind. Were there entertainment to be given or received, much of it was arranged outside the home, in restaurants an<l in tea-houses, with professional caterers to take care of both host and guests. It was the same with most other social functions in which men were chiefly concerned. Thus the home stood selfprotected from the outside world, while the so-called auto-crat of the home was a sort of revered robct, supposed to have all auth<irity but actually knowing little about how things were being managed at home. This order of things has somewhat chlnged. With their general "awakening," women betan slowly and steadily, an·!, now quite irrevocably, t~ take part in the active lit.. of the world, hithetto b .. licved to be man's exclusive sphere, and to mingle with n1rn in work and play to an l'\'crinrrca.sin~ c.lt.:grn-. :\s womc.:n have learned thus to understand and appre· eiate mcn"s lire outside the home, both in its amcniti1..·s an<l its stern rc~ilitics. so also have n1cn learned to unJcrsto.rnd an<l appreciate the home life hi1h,no exclusively rontrollcd by \\'omen. In other words, tl1cy ha\'t: seen L':tch othl.:r in a new light at homl· and abroad, and have begun to rcconsLnKt their home on the basis of this new rL·discovcry of each other. The Jap:111esc home todav is, therefore, a nc\\' ere al ion, horn irom the womb of o!d J.1p.11i. and fos1,·rnl in the genial light of 1ww J:1pa11. It is in the transition stagv, a\\aiting tht.: futurl· to bring a inon: complc.:k dc\·dopme11l. Entra11cc to A /ap1111cse flame, Decoratt"tl /or Ncm Year take a general sur\'cy of the whole scene. \Ve shall close this introduction to the thcrnc with a word of warning about the words "old and nc\\. Japan ·· --a distinction often made.: with but h.1zy undcrstan<lin~. Old Japan has not quite passed. nor is new J:1pJn as ~ L't the u11i\"1..'rsally prevalent a:>pcct of the country. In srnnc fl'Sprcts, old J~1p:111 rL·m:1ins as potl'nt as in the mid-Toku.~~l\\".l r/·:...:inH·, a11d in others new J.1pa11 rci;.:ns supreme, while in still others till' old and nc\\" arc mixed in a str~rngc. hut not inharmonious blcnc.ling. For illustration, take the followin.~ thrlT homl's: Firslly. a ho1nc made hy man :ind wife, hoth with very conscr\".1tin· p:Hl·llt<>, prohahl) from the same proYincial wwn. Sn·ondly, a home made hy ffl:tn an<l wifl·, city-born and city-hrcd in the modernistic cn\'ironment of a great metropolis. Thirdly, a a home made by thl· scion of a conscr\'atil'e family married to an ultramoc.lcrn girl, brought up among the glittering fashions of urban civiliza· tion, or vice versa. In the first you will sec nothing but ol<l Japan, in the second new Japan• anti in the third the ol<l an<l new in picturesque compound. Which of them is happiest would be har<l to say. Suffice it to state that there are these and other varieties of home, and that the key to happiness is in the persons concernd rather than in the constitution of the home. First, we shall take the woman, as she plays preeminently the leading role on the stage of the home. She appears in the three characters of daughter, wife and mother. The Japanese daughter of old was brought up with several restrictions 16 on her freedom. She was taught the triple-obedience doctrine : Obedience to parents when young, obedience to husbund when married, and obedience to children when old. This may sound to modern ears as a barbarously onesideed way ot treating women. But it was only a" modest•· and "womanly .. way of expressing it. Friends Find Husband E\'er)' dogma may be made to appear gentle or hard according to the manner in which it is worded. It may be expressed in terms of threat, of command, hope or supplication. Again, there are acti\'e and passi\'e sides ; when one is told to gi\'e, one is also told to recei\'e, for e\'eryone else is included in the same ad\'ice. You may soften the tripleobedience doctrine into something like this : When young, the daughter may let her parents do all the worrying about her education and her marriage, and after marriage she will still continue to possess her soul in quiet, letting her parents-in-law and her husband do all the worrying about the duties and responsibilities of the home life, but in the maturity of her womanhood she may assume the management of the 'home life as queen O\'er all, young and old. In short, she is to be humble and modest when young and to be wise and to lead when older-that is all. She was spared the trouble about hunting after sweethearts with a view to marriage. Her parents, her relatives, all her family friends and neighbors did this for her. A good, marriageable daughter was no more to be concealed than a cherry tree in blossom, nor was her nature or character. Divorce Unpopular The first object of marriage was to stay married, not to gee divorced when the couple got tired of each other. Every provision was made to keep the two together, to prevent separation, even if one became tired of the other. Married couples were taught to regard their union as the enevitable dictate of fate, good or bad. You may ask : What if one party was really tired of the other? The answer is that there was no need for one to get really tired of che other. For, if love grew out of marriage, as it generally did, well and good, but if not, no matter, as the wife was mafried more to the household cf the husband than to the husband himself. One of the first and most important functions which the bride, on enterTliis article, selected from tl1c booklet 'Family Life In fapa11' by S'11111kic'1i Akimoto, a11d p11bli.<'1ed by tlie Board of To11ri.<t Indwtry of tlic fapa11ese Government Railways, is tl1e fir.<t of a .<cries of sucli article.< 011 tlie c11/t11ml life of fapa11, wliicli will be p11blis'1ed i11 T lie P'1ilippi11esf apa11 Quarterly from time to time. The Editor ing the house of her future husband, performed was to kneel bd ore the f:un ily shrine and report, so to speak, to the souls of his ancestors that she had just joined the group, for good or for ill. It was tantamount to saying that she had from now on become an integral part of the house, which was the 1nain thing, and that her new life began therewith in the role of wife, which was secondary. So, if the husband did not proYe to be as loving as was expected, she must tal<e him as a necessary c\'il, like a !eaky kettle, and make the most o[ it, findin): solace in the care o( her children. On the husband's part, if he did not find his wife quite to his liking, he could still maintain her in the place of the first woman of the house. Like Biblical Ruth If the husband died, the wife often remained in the house like Ruth, who said to her mother-in-law: "Whither thou goest, I will go, where thou diest, I will die, thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God." The good fortune which befell Ruth in the end often befell a fapanese widow of old, who, for one reason or another, had led an unhappy married life. Generally speaking, however, the married couple of other days did find their mutual conditions adjusted in due course of time without having recourse to divorce or separation. As the wife grew in years, she increased in influence also, until she became Lady Paramount, thoroughly identified with the name and prestige of the house-a position from which nothing on earth could dislodge her so long as she played her part of the game. If bound by the triple-obedience doctrine, the Japanese wife of old was exempted f~om the burden of compulsory education now borne by girls and ~oys. Education, in its present conception, was deemed unnecessary for her, She was a regular Joan of Arc who knew how to spin and sew to perfection, but was barely able to read and. write the easiest form of script. There were polite accomplishments for women, such as the art of arranging flowers, tea ceremony, composing 111aka (short poems), but these were cultivated chiefly by daughrers of the middle and uppermiddle classes, i. e. young ladies. The average woman must depend on her experience, force of character and womanly intuition to proYe her mettle as the liiclong partner of her husband and as mistress of the house, and in her age as mother and grandmother of a host of progeny. Such a. wmnan, or the rc1nnants of such, may still be met with eYerywhere in the Empire. She is the grandmolhcr ot the young wife of today, perhaps close on eighty or more, and in some cases still wielding her puissant longuc, helping in the adn1inistration of a large home, or even a busy commercial establishment, her tact, Yision and knowledge of the world not a whit beclouded. She is the genro (senior goYcrnorJ of the house. Must be Versatile But here we arc concerned more with the granddaughter than the grandmother. Now listen to our young lady's complaints and boasts. She has to learn a great deal more than did her grandmother. The world has grown more complex and civilized ; women have been made free but self-reliant. Her place in the world is almost equal to that of a boy and she has to adjust herself to her changed or advanced place in the world. All this is too true. Indeed, she has had to go through the compulsory school education just as does a boy, and then go on with higher education in the Girl's High School, which once on a time was "advanced" but which now is only part of the education of the average girl, hardly adequate for one whose mission in life is to help one's husband to get on in the world. No longer is she expected to become a doll bride. She must be a miracle of self-help and efficiency and, withal, of feminine attractiveness. Adequate as a kitchen maid; delicate as a lady, she must have a S(eady head for driving bargains and for not being cheated. All of whi.;h requires training not only of mind, but a good deal ·of actual experien~e; · She must digest untold numbew'Of magazine stories and lectures, re?d all sorts of literature, cur/,(,Continued on Page 2r) 17 Taiwan's Sugar Industry Although Sugar is Taiwan's Chief Industry, It Does Not Compete With the Philippines, to Any Extent. .THE s_ugar industry in Taiwan has a history of many centuries. It is belie\·ed to have been introduced from China, and as early as the days of the Dutch occupation, 0 around 1624, it was an important export commodi~·· The Dutch control of the island existed for only a short period but during that time, sugar was the chief source of revenue to the Dutch rulers. \'\iith the arrival of Chinese settlers from the continent the industry made further development and the production is said to have reached from 60,000 to 80,000 piculs, an enormous amount for those days. The island however was soon conquered by Cheng Cheng Kong in 166z and thereafter cultivation of the sugar crop was carried out by armed settlers. \\lith the importation of seeds from Fukien province in China together with the encouragement given by the new government, the output soon tripled to from zoo,ooo to 300,000 piculs and at this early stage it is said that quantities of it were exported to Japan and Luzon. Fails Under Chinese With the falling of the island into the hands of the Ching Dynasty the industry failed to make further progress and it practically remained stationary for over a century. Be that as it may, in 1833 according to a British official stationed in Canton more than twenty ships were used every year to carry the product to Tientsin. It is estim.ated that in 18 5 8 a total of 160,000 p1culs valued at $470,000,00 were exported to North China. The value of exports made further increases with the arrival of foreign traders and it was given a new impetus when the Japanese ports of Shimoda, Hakodate, Kanagawa, Nagasaki, Niigata, Osaka and Hyogo were opened to the world for the first time. The industry was further stimulated by bad crops in the Maritius and the \'('est Indies, and a beet crop f<1ilure in France and in 1880 the exBy A Staff Writer ports reached the record figure of 1,000,000 piculs. However with the outbr, ak of the Sino-Franco \\'ar, the ports of .i\nping and Takao were blockaded bv the French Fleet and prices fell to0 the bottom. Prices regained remarkably with the withdrawal of the blockade but the production was further reduced when the island was visited by a terrible typhoon the following year. llfore trouble appeared when the United States erected high tariff walls thereby reducing the number of markets to Japan, China and Hongkong. Even Japan finally turned toward Manila for her sugor and conditions were extremely gloomy when the Sino-Japanese \\'ar broke out. Industry Almost Ruined When the Japanese gained control of the island as a result of the peace treaty at Shimonoseki, she found the suger industr)' in a deplorable state. In 1895, the first year of occupation, the island was bandit infested which, together with the lack of both capital and labor, had the industry on the verge of ruin. During that period Japan consumed about J,Ooo,ooo piculs of sugar annually and three fourths of this, valued at Yzo,000,000, was imported. In order to put the industry on its feet the Japanese Government obtained seeds of superior cane such as rose bamboo and Lahaina from Hawaii, through the consul general stationed at Honolulu and started, though slow at first, to reconstruct the industry from the ground up. With the instalment of General Kodama as governor general and Mr. Shimpei Goto as Civil Administrator, the government started to rebuild the industry in earnest. In ]inc with the opinion of the government agricultural expert, Mr. Yamada, it made plans to develop the industry and besides inviting Japanese capitalists to the island it installed Dr. Inazo Nitobe in the capacity of temporary chief of the Production Bureau. It made studies and experiments in the improvement of the industry and with the findings by the above bureau, succeeded in establishing a plan for the promotion of the industry. According to the report of the bureau the decline of the sugar industry was due to the follo\\·ing causes: 1. The exodus of the rich Chinese from the island; 2. Wasting of lands by bandit hordes; ;. Lack of labor due to engineering projects; 4. Decrease in acreage due to government prohibition of planting cane within 70. meters (later increased to 1 50 ken or about po meters) on b•Hh sides of roads for the purpose of bandit prevention; 5. Increase in taxes, and, 6. Small profit to planters in spite of rising prices due to high production costs. For the purpose of improving the industry the following points were emphasized in the report: 1. Improvement of the cane specie; z. Improvements in the methods of cultivation ; ; . Irrigation Facilities ; 4. Enlargement of those cane fields in the rice patch areas ; 5. Development of cane cultivation in new areas; 6. Improvements in milling; 7. Increase of production to a minimum of 1,6w,ooo piculs and a maximum of 3,590,000 piculs. Indirect Encouragement As indirect encouragement it listed the following : 1. Raising of the sugar tariff in Japan; 2. Opening of transportation facilities ; 3. Expansion of markets ; 4. Fixing of prices; 5. Advancement of the association system of cane cultivation, already existing on the island; 6. Supplying of literature regarding cultivation and milling; 7. Facilities for i_nsuring the cultivation of sugar cane; 8. The protection of animals, and; 8. Encouragement for the production of by-products such as rum and alcohol. Besides . these it urged the establishment of government organs and facilities for the general 18 control of a sugar policy. As many of the plans could be carried out at once, the Covernment-general followed the advice of Dr. Nitobe and started establishing them one by one. Fortunately the succeeding authorities followed in the footsteps of these pioneer statesmen and succeeded in making the industry what it is today. Molasses Recovered During the days of old-fashioned milling, about the only by-product obtained was bagase which was used for fuel. Howe\'er, with the application of modern methods, huge quantities of molasses were recovered and in l 90 3 succeeded in producing alcohol. At the present time there are l 3 alcohol plants belonging to sugar mills, 2 belonging to the monopoly bureau, and one belonging to the Takao Alcohol Company. The output of molasses for alcohol production amounts to about 200,000,000 lbs. annually and in addition, 20,000,000 lbs are being used annually for rum manufacture. This, however, has been prohibited to the general public, since the enactment of the Liquor Monopoly Act. The transport facilities for molasses have been greatly improved in recent years and ships with tnk facilities carry huge quantities of molasses to Japan Proper and Chosen. The use of bagase also has multiplied in recent years and there are now 3 factories for the manufacture of card boards in Taihoku province and one in Tainan. The output amounted to ¥470,000 in 1933 and it has succeeded in driving out all foreign card board from the island. Paper From Bagase The manufacture of paper from bagase started in 1918, with the study made by the Tainan Sugar Company. In 1927 the San-A Paper Co. ·was established but it was not successful and its business was taken over by the newly established Taiwan Paper Co., which is carrying on with a fair degree of success. Considering the limited supply of pulp resources in Japan, the future of obtaining paper from bagase assumes great importance. The Sugar industry in Taiwan is not only the largest industry there but is one of the largest in Japan, ranking next to the Electric and Spinning Industries. Its total capital amounts to ¥233,po,000.000. Total production · amounts fo 16,000,000 piculs, thus · standing·fourth in the world, as a sugar producing country. It not only has made Japan self-sufficient in sugar but has been a great assistance to Japan in balancing her international accounts by eliminating all foreign sugar from the Empire. Being such an important industry it is natural that it should dominate the economic life of the island. Its private railways have a total mileage of over 1,100 miles and the sums paid to the farmers for their raw materials total tens of millions of yen per year. The industry has also granted loans of over Y 10,000,000 to the cultivators. The fact that the industry is opening up new lands, improving culti\'ation methods, and exerting its energies to\vard rural advancement, proves that it is a great benefit to the whole island. The industry has not yet reached the level of that in Java either in production cost or output per acre. However, the fact that the industry is fighting Java on equal terms, in both the domestic and foreign market>, can be said to be due largely to the protecti,·e tariff in Japan. \\lhen it is considered that the consumption of sugar in Japan is increasing and that the standard of living in Manchoukuo and China is bound to increase in the future, Taiwan will be called upon to supply more and more sugar which leaves ample room for the further development of the industry. VICTIMS (Conti1111ed from Page 10) an honest and stable government, the Chinese people would be able to provide for all the public institutions necessary for their welfare, and have enough remaining to provide themselves with all the necessities of life. They would be able to live like human beings. What is more important, they would be able to develop their vast store of natural resources which are now useless to themselves and the world. The Chinese people, in all their misery and poverty, are truly 'the victims of the war-lords'. Just so long as the world stands by and permits the Pictures on Opposite Page Al 1his lime of the year Japan's Nor1hern Alps are gaily bedecked tvith ·a blan.ket of snotv. Skiing and sl(a1ing arc becoming increasingly pop11lar nntl t/10111ands of enthusiasts arc annually al/ractcd to these spots, for 1/1at purpose. continuance of present conditions, just so long will the Chinese Nation remain a minor factor in the progress of the world. Just as soon as the present system of government is replaced by one benevolent in intent and with the desire to lift the Chinese people from their present condition of despair, the world will see a Nation arise again to contribute its share towards world peace and universal happiness. MAN IN THE STREET ( Co11tinued from Page 11) the breach. Little or no resentment of the callin" of the conference was indicated by,,those questioned, but nearly all expressed disappointment that the Powers displayed so little actual knowledge of the affair. ls the man in the street willing to stand the financial strain of a prolonged struggle, in attaining Japan's desired objective? There is no question but that Japan, to the very last man, is willing to undergo any sacrifices necessary to bring the affair to a satisfactory and definite conclusion. All are aware that before a lasting settlement is arrived at, huge sums of money will have to be expended. Cost what it may, the whole country desires to settle the matter, once and for all, at this time. Would the man in the street support the Japanese government if it initiated the move to start settlement negotiations ? There is no question that such a move would be wholeheartedly supported, provided the Chinese leaders indicate conclusively that they are prepared to definitely settle the outstanding questions on a permanent basis. Lacking such conclusive evidence the desire is to continue the struggle until the Chinese leaders sue for peace. · Would the man in the street welcome the intervention of a third power in bringing the two countries together for negotiations ? There would be no opposition to such intervention so long as it were based upon a move to bring the two countries together only. Any move of a third power to suggest or dictate the terms of settlement would be rejected by the Japanese public. This does not seem to be based upon a lack of desire to terminate the hostilities but solely on the knowledge that, with a third power sitting in on· the negotiations, the Chinese would inject terms and conditions which would thro\v the struggle right back to the starting point. The man in the street desires this present struggle (Ccmti1111etl 011 Page 30) . } ·----· ----·---··-· ) l\ 20 THE SOURCE (ContinrieJ from Pag< 6) against \"arious nations. Through such moYements he has hoped to unite the \'arious war-lords and consequently bring them under his despotic control. About ten years ago such a boycott mo,·ement was maintained against the United States of America and resulted in loss of life and destruction of property by nationals of that country. In 192; a similar mo\'ement was instituted against Great Britain, but a strong military demonstration by that country brought it to a speedy end. After a comparati\'ely short lull in such activities, Chiang Kai Shek turned his attention to Japan and the result was a very determined campaign to undermine the prestige of the Japanese and to eventually bring about an open boycott of Japan. That this campaign looked far into the future, for its ultimate result, is eYidenced by the fact that the initial steps in its development took place in the schools among the younger generation. Those children were taught through their textbooks to hate the Japanese and everything pertaining to Japan. Is it any wonder then, that when those children approached their majorities, a few years later, Chiang Kai Shek had at hand a sizeable group through which to operate his boycott movement? Specific Cases While it is probably true that the movement which he started through the schoolbooks of the nation, reached far greater proportions than he had anticipated, it can not be overlooked that such teachings were direct! y responsible for a countless number of later incidents in which Japanese lost their lives and property. Some idea of the gravity of the anti-Japanese movement which resulted from such teachings, may be gethered fro!ll the following: November 9, 1935 at Shanghai. Petty officer Nakayama on his return to the Japanese Naval Barracks, from a holidy walk, was shot to death, from behind, by a Chinese. November 1rth, 1935 at Shanghai. The Hibino & Co., Japanese establishment was destroyed by an antiJapanese mob of Chinese. Jenuary 21st, 1936 at Swatow. Consular policeman Tsunoda, while on his way to the Japanese Co_i;isulate, was shot to death by a Chinese. July 10th, 1936 at Shanghai. Mr. Kayao, a Japanese businessman was attacked while walking on the street, by a Chinese. A"grut 201!1, 1936 at Clumg.<!10. A Japanese Physician and a military officer were bombed by Chinese. _,fogrut 24tl1, 1936 at Cl1e11gt11. Two Japanese newspaper correspondents were killed anti two Japanese ci\'ilians were se\'erely injured, while in their hotel. Brutally Murdered Septembe,. 3,.d, 1936 at P"klioi. Mr. Nakano (married to a Chinese woman), was brutally murdered and his store destroyed by a Chinese mob. September 17th, 1936 al Stl'aloru. ;\fr. i\fori, a Japan<se businessman was bombed by Chinese. September 191'1, 1936 "t Hanl(otu. Mr. Yoshioka, a Japanese policeman of the Consulate General, was shot l•J death from behind by a Chinese, while standing at the entrance to the Japanese concession of Hankow. September :!.]I'd, 1936 at S'1a11g'1ai. A Japanese bluejacket from the Japanese warship Izumo, while walking on the street, was shot to death by Chinese. At the same time another blue-jacket was seriously injured. Septe1,iber 28t'1, 1916 at Slwota11g. The N.Y.K. Steamship Co's. branch office was set afire and looted by the Chinese. September 29tl1, 1936 at C'1a11gsa. A bomb was set off beside the Japanese Consulate. October 8th, 1936 at Hangko1v. A bomb was thrown at a Japanese store. October 16th, 1936 at Shanghai. Special Warrant Officers Murai and Kanezaki of the Japanese Marine Corps were imprisoned by the Shanghai Peace Maintainance Corps, although it was clearly established that they were members of the Japanese military and as such would be punished by that organization for any wrongdoing. Officers Assaulted October 21st, 1936 at Shanghai. Special Warrant Officers Toda and Akiyoshi of the Japanese Marine Corps were assaulted by Chinese members of the .Peace Maintain,ance Corps who were in plain clothes. November 11th, 1936 at Shanghai. Engineer Kusuji Takase of the N.Y.K. liner Kasagi Maru, was shot dead by Chinese. Febmary 4t'1, 1937 at Amoy. Chinese vernacular newspapers printed and insulting article to the effect that a Japanese warship was engaged in smuggling al Tsingtao. Marc'1 2yd, 19.n. Tst,nco Mori. a Japanese resident of Wuchow was illegally forced lo depart, without the assignment of a reason. April 7t'1, 1937 at Tie111si11. Wires of the Japanese military telephone lines were cut in the neighborhood of Ticntsin. April 201'1, 193; at Nanl(it1g. Three fighting planes of the 17th Squadron of the Chinese Central . .\ir Force, di,Td toward the Japanese destroyer Toga while being boarded by Special Inspector Osumi. Bombs wercd rapped by the Chinese as a dunonstration. 1\Jay 2211d, 1937 at Swa/ol{'. Chinese police entered the home of policeman Aoyama, attached lo the Japanese Consulate and after assaulting and wounding him, took him to the Chinese police Station. Farm Ransacked May 271'1, 1937 at Ti<•t1t.<i11. The Japanese farm 'Scinocn ' attacked by a Chinese mob and buildings burned to the ground. /"ly 71'1, 1917 at L"ko11cl1iao. Japanese troops, legally present under the Boxer Treaty, were fired on by Chinese troops. A"g11st 91'1, 1937 at Sl1011glwi. SubLientenant lsao Ohyama and First Class Seaman Yozo Saito, were murdered by Chinese members of the Peace Preservation Corps of Shanghai. This has since been popula;ly referred to as the Ohyama incident. Although each of the above cases were referred to the proper Chinese authorities for action, in not a single instance was any attempt made by the Chinese to sincerely treat with the Japanese, toward a satisfactory adjustment. With such an appalling list of murder, plunder and mob violence perpetrated against them, can it be justly said that the Japanese have taken action in undue haste? Can .it be said that any country in the world would stand by and sec her Nationals thus murdered and their property plundered, without taking necessary steps to enforce redress, when voluntary redress was not forthcoming? With such an array of transgressions perpetrated against the nationals of a (<;ontintted 011 Page 27) AT HOME (Cnnrinurd from Pngt' 16) rent :ind classical. must go out often, mix with people, male and female, \'isit shows, cinemas and attend p.~rties, taking in as much knowledge. of the world as possible while she is free, unattached. It is to help young ladies to gain such an outlook on liie that the so-called Bride School has come into existence. Its a\'owed object is to produce an ideal wife-that is, a good wife and a sagacious mother-in whom the pick of qualities making for the best woman of the new and old Jap:rn types shall be combined. The Girls' High School is thought to foll short of the proper standard, and as for the Girls' Uni\'ersity, it may be considered by some as a little too much of the blue stocking variety, while others may think that such learned ladies are doubtless \'ery suitable in their place, but that their place is not in the home where cooking has to be done and darning of the husbund"s stockings ... which are not of the blue-colored \'ariety. Hence the Bride School. In its curriculum are included nearly all the accomplishments deemed essential to the wife of a superior male and the mistress of an afiluent and well-regulated household. Sewing, knitting and cooking, the science of household economy, the art of flower arrangement, tea ceremony, tvaka composition, music, dancing and foreign languages are among the lessons included, some of them optional or given to special classes. The Japanese Bride You may now form a rough idea of what an ideal Japanese bride must be, or is supposed to be. She has had the benefit or the Girls' High School as a matter of course, and at the same time some domestic discipline at the hands of her elder relatives, brought up, we shall suppose, in the honorable traditions of an ancient, well-to-do family. To this has been added all that the best of the Bride School could impart, and she stands confessed a marriageable girl in all her bloom and sweetness. She is able to read and write, her handwritting being as beautiful as that of the besteducated male or female, able to talk in company, to give and receive messages by post or telephone in all the transactions of dail)' life as efficiently as a regular office clerk, able to do book-keeping as well as housekeeping, to decorate the interior of the house, to be an efficient hostess and a graceful guest, and she may embellish her letters, if neccessary, with poetic dfusions. On top of all this, she has managed to pick up, thanks to the extra tuition of the Bride School. n sm:mering of n foreign language and the capacity to appreciate foreign music, being no mean dancer herself. Usually Around Twenty If, with all these accomplishments, she happens to have a pretty face and graceful figure, she is well nigh perfect as a candidate for happy and prosperous matrimony. In age she will be nearer twenty than fifteen, or possibly a little above the twenty line, and this you could hardly have helped, though her grandmother might ha\·e hinted that she was getting too old for marriage. One may naturally wonder what would be the qualities of the young man who will claim such a paragon for his wife. Our young men nowadays seem to ha\'e an extremely high standard for the qualities of the girls they are willing to marry. Not a whit surprised at the array of angelic qualities spread before them, they might go a step further and hint that the girls would have suited them better if they had been rich into the bargain. Now, we shall examine the conditions of the young man supposed to be on the look-out for an eligible partner in marriage. The loosening oi old family ties, following the liberalization of government and the consequent triumph of democratic and equalitarian principles, has had an unexpected reaction upon the social outlook of young people. What they are gaining in liberty and individual freedom, in opportunities for learning and advancement, for pleasure and luxury, they are losing in the terrible growth in the competition for life's honors, even for bare existence. One outstanding cause is the abolition of old age. In these days of perennial youth, ourold men and old woman are forgetting to die off. Refuse to Retire Not only do they presume to live be· yond the allotted span of existence, such as it was considered to be once, but they refuse to "retire." If you remind them politely that they are getting too old for active business, they don't believe you. In the good old days of feudal daimyo, men after forty and women after thirty used to think of themselves as old and no longer fit for the battles of life; and 21 to think of" retiring" in favor of their sons and daughters-in-law, and thenceforward to cherish no more ambition in life than to make pilgrimages to Buddhist temples or piny with the grandchildren. They obediently listened to the superior counsels of their children. Now that the new era of enlightenment has set the aged free, they constitute a positive menace to the rising generation. They cast a shadow on the quality of filial piety. Even the Government has long since recognized the need of checking this perpetual continuation on life's stage o[ these emancipated semi-immortals. Thus it was that the age limit of sixty or thereabouts \\'as set on the service of men in public employment to compel their retirement \\'hethcr they wished it or not. If left alone, they will not only stick to their jobs until se\'enty, but n1ay C\'cn c:1st an C)c of desire on damsels o~ twenty, thereby making thcmse1\'es serious rivals to the ri:;ing generation in the fic!J:; alike of business, pleasure and love. lmtcad of filial piety, parental piety must be taught! In the eyes of lhc rising generation this sun·ival of old persons constitutes a great social anJ 1noral problem. Must be Educated To be able to hold up their heads beside the growing number of these aged rivals on the one hand, and on the other to compete successfully with the swelling tide of a still younger generation pushing from behind, they have to work for all they arc worth. Even to go through the Middle School is no joke; it costs money and much hard study, plus fair native brains. But that is a mere nothing ; no girl will look at a i\liddle School graduate. He must go up to and through the l'niversity, and, for choice, one of the Imperial Universities, or else possess some quality considered to be its equivalent, that is, superior business talent, a·gih in art, or the posession of personal wealth. There was a time when their father's name or money meant much in advancing their careers or business opportunities, but that has been reduced almost to zero point. In these days of spreading democratic ideas the fields of human endeavor are increasingly controlled by the principles of a fair field and no favor. Young men, whatever their jobs or aspirations, must make good for themselves ; otherwise they get no honor, no living, no wife, no hap (Ne.rt Page Please) 22 piness. They must put their shoulders to the wheel and push with all their might or fall behind and perish in the gutter. They must trudge up and up, on all fours, panting, blowing and bleeding, and many arc they, poor \'ictims, who drop by the way and die, gasping in the mire. The number who drop out in this race oi life is increasing year after year ! Competition Keen In these days when men of seventy and eighty are rushing about in search of profit and pleasure, men in their twenties are mere babies. Not till they are nearing the thirty line and beginning to acquire some proficiency in the type of work they have chosrn are they considered old enough or ready enough to talk about marriage. fa·en then, their capacity to maintain themseh·es and their wives in comfort and to bring up children will be seriously discussed before prospective parents-in-law will be found willing to give their daughters in marriage. Little wonder that most young wouldbe husbands should postpone the date of their marriage or talk about the impossibility of an independent home lifc.--a complaint which is cchced in the similar lamentations of young women about finding suitable.mates in marriage. In this dilemma a part solution seems to have been discovered in a new bond based on the principles of mutual helpfulness of the fifty-fifty variety. Where both high contracting parties are willing to go the half way in overcoming the difficulty, the woman offering to work in one capacity or another, or helping in the household drudgery, thereby supplementing the husband's income or increasing the economic value of the same income, and the man cutting down thl! expenses of his bachelor days, then there is a possibility of a happy home life that ctherwise would be impossible. In this respect, our young men are extremely fortunate, for Japanese women are generally invested with the traditional virtues of industry, economy and self-effacement, which enable them to make a small income go a long way. It accounts in part for the continued increase of marriages, even in these difficult years, especially those love marriages contracted by valorous and romantic lovers minus parental blessings. At the same time, bachelors and spinsters are increasing. This variety in the constitution of the Japanese home permits one to point to it as the very type and exemplification of the model Japanese foyer. " What is the use of a book without pictures ? " asked Alice. In the same strain oi wistful longing will every Japanese ask : "\Vhat is the use of a home without children ? " No Japanese home can be a home, sweet home without children. It has been so fro1n ti1nc irnmemorial, as we shall presently see. There is something in the Japanese love of children that is transcendental, mysterious. It amounts to an adoration, a worship, c\'cn a n> ligion itself. It is a nati\'e quality, born and developed on Japanese soil. illcst other qualities now identif>cd with the Japanese character probably had their origion in foreign countries. Filial piety, for instance, was taught by Confucius long before the Christian Era and was implanted in Japan long before the 8th century. Even a casual visitor to these shores will be struck by the large measure of indulgence allowed the children both in and out of the home. i\lost of the socalled popular festivals, and nearly all the domestic observances and festivities, are given in honor of or for the sake of children. The five famous festirnls cccur to the mind at once: New Year celebrations in January, Girls' Festival of March 3, the Boys' Festival of i\fay 5, Star Festival of July j, and the Chri·santhemum Festival of September 9. Adults Subordina'.e It is true that adults played no mean part in these festivals. The samurai paid congratulatory visits on these days to the courts of their liege lords, or were entertained there, and among the common gentry presents and compliments were exchanged. At the present time similar good-will ceremonies and functions arc held, but the adults arc always in subordinate roles, supposedly assisting the children, at these festivak It may be recalled that in 1873 these old-time festivals were officially abolished as antiquated relics of the Tokugawa regime, and replaced by a new set of "national holidays," mostly in commemoration of events concerning the Imperial Household. As the years passed, however, they were gradually revived till they have become what they arc.--unofficial national festivals. All because there is a children's lure in them. If the Festival of Chrysanthemums alone has been allowed to drop out unregretted, it is chiefly because the drinking of l(iku-sal(e, or chrysanthc111um wine, connected with it was no concern of children. If it be said that love is loved and marriage is made in Japan for the sake of unborn babies, it may sound more like a quotation from Schopenhauer than a statement of fact, yet fact it is. It is the common saying and belief in Japan that n1arriage is the <luty one owes to one's parents and ancestors, so that no marriage is consich:rcd a success, no n~a.ttcr how happy the married couple are, unless crowned with the joy of a baby. Every person at all entitled to the respect of the community must have had more than one experience of ha~1ing actcc.1 as nakOdo, or go-between in marri::igc, an<l the duty of a nakOdo is not regarded as having been perfectly done till he has attended as guest of honor at the celebration of the first birth held at the home of the couple in whose bringing together he was the instru1ncnt of Providence. Cause for Divorce In feudal times childlessness was often conceded lo be legitimate cause for divorce. Because of the Japanese touching love of children, the wife would consider herself almost cursed were she childless. It was, therefore, an event of unspeakable joy when she bore her first child. So that as soon as the wife bore a child her prestige and influence rose to the plane of equality with her husband. She had now become mistress of the home, and could challenge the rest of the family, and look the whole world in the face. Until she had a child . of her own, therefore, she could not con-_ sider her position as entirely secure. There was, of course, an easy remedy for childlessness in the form of adoption, but it was not to be lightly resorted to, for it might cause domestic complications if a birth took place at a later time when the adopted child had grown older. Children Mean Weallh It is no wonder that there should have developed in the Japanese vocabulary a phrase meaning "child-treasure," which implies that as long as you have this treasure you might do without any other treasure-wealth, talent or social station. Moreover, the Japanse equivalents for such English words as "wealth," "happiness" and" long life" are understood to include the secondary (Next Page Please) significance of being rich in children, just as the word "riches" cannot be concei\·ed apart from the idea of having plenty of money. \Ve hear a discussion now and then about "birth control," especially among those pretending to be "new .. or" modern," but so for it has had no effect upon the yearly increase of births o\'cr deaths. The charm and beauty of the Japanese landscape is associated with children. Take typical scenes of the four seasons, as represented by the cherry of spring, the starspangled summer night, the maple colors of autumn and the snowclad pines of Christmas time. In every one of these pictures the presence of children is in\'ariably noted, both to enhance and to enjoy the pleasures of each season. Thus, when the cherry blossoms are in their glory, out comes a pcocession of little boys and girls dressed as Buddhist acolytes, parading through parks and streets. The meeting of the star lo\'ers across the Milky Way on July i is the summer-time occasion of merry-making for children. The " kimono day for children," by which some people call the Shichigosan, falls on the finest day in Japanese autumn when the sky is blue and serene, the air rarified and fragrant with the chrysanthemum, and the foliage turning crimson everywhere. The happy children are accompanied by their parents or other kinsmen in their pilgrimages to various shrines, and thousands of people gather at street corners and in the temples to see them. As the old year is passing, hey are feted once more with the modern joy and gaiety of Christmas, almost as the Western children arc. Shops and streets bear signs of festivity everywhere, and in every home where there are· children, Christian or nonChristian, we hear v.oices raised in merry-making and in happy domestic reunions. Children in Kabuki No less in art and literature than in everyday life are the children given a prominent place both as a source of inspiration and an objective. In the Kabuki drama we frequently see children impersonated by juvenile actors to give pathos or joy to the stories unfolded, especially in Chikamatsu's tragic or comic plays of love. Men are generally supposed to Jive for ;imbition, for wealth, fame or power, but in Japan the first aim of life seems identified with the love of children. If men work to earn a comfortable living or the rise to high position in life and women marry to keep a house, it is all for the sake o( getting good children, thereby perpetuating their family line, which is their most sacred duty to the gods and their highest joy in life. Let us look up our classics and sec how our ancestors treated this matter. The so-called Nara Period, which practically covers the whole o[ the 8th century, was the golden age of Buddhism, of poetry and the arts. The famous Man· nyoshii, the oldest and the greatest anthology of Japanese poetry, was pro· duced in this epoch, or rather it contains by for the greatest number of the poems produced <luring this time. Of the many that sing the lo\'c of children the following one, especially the last verse which forms a 1a11f(a (3r-syllablc poem) by itself, is very famous and most likely to be guoted as long as the Japanese language is spoken. In Adoration of Children Eating the melon, I think o[ my children, Eating the chestnut, more and more. Whence is this affection I cannot tell, But there they arc before my eyes always, Causing anguish an·d restlessness night and day. All your silver an' gold And costly jewels untoldOf what use are they ? Treasure more precious than they Are our children dear, I say. The author was Yamanoe-no-Okura, and it is stated in a commentary that the poem embodies the sentiments of a father who, at his post in the far-off Chikushi (Kyiishii), thinks of his children left in the capital (Nara). That the poet was a staunch nationalist may be read between the lines. It may be remembered that in this Nara Period (710-'J94 A. D.) all Japan, from the Emperor and Empress down, had become Buddhists ; every household throughout the Empire being ordered to keep a little Buddhist shrine ; the great Buddha of Nara-the greatest and the most beautiful in the whole world-had just been built; some of the highest otliccs in the Court and the Government were occupied by Buddhist priests; and Nara, the Imperial city, like Rome, was the capital of both temporal and spiritual authority. Doctrine of Taois:n By this time the humane precepts of the gentle Confucius had lost much of their novelty and become eclipsed by 23 the glamor of the lotus religion, and also by the mystic teachings of Lao-tsze, founder of Taoism, and the bewitching paradoxes of his brilliant disciple, Chwang-tsze. Taoism had propagated what appeared to them startlingly wise and original doctrines : That everything is nothing and nothing is everythingvice is virtue and strength weaknessthe secret of good government is to let the people alone-wisdom is foolishthe wise thing for man to do is to drift down the current of life, like water, without aim or ambition, and to live as long as possible. Chwang-tsze went a step further and through the sonorous period of his wonderful prose wove a brilliant cobweb of Taoistic philosophy oi which the following may be taken as a characteristic sentence : " ~fan is i1n~ mortal, and his li(e and death are only chasing each other in endless succession like the sequence of the four seasons." And he ridiculed Confucian ethics, and laughed at all human ties and emotions. The doctrines of these two philosophers exerted an insidious influence on the literary productions oi that period, an influence which continues till this day to be traced in various branches o[ Japanese literature. Between the sacrosanct doctrines of Buddhism and the cynical paradoxes of Lao and Chwang, the orthodox ethics of Confucius were for a time neglected. So was the simple but austere doctrine of the Way of the Gods, which stressed reverence for the Mikado and the sacredness of family obligations. Meaning of Poem In the light of the moral atmosphere prevailing at that time, one can ap· preciate both the spirit and the letter of the poem quoted. In plainer language, the poet declaimed : " I cannot tellnobo<ly can tell-the why and wherefore of it all, but we do love our children, and that is true morality. Children arc the best treasure man can have. Is there any treasure on earth comparable to this ? If there is, tell me what it is, but you cannot." Now that the days of the almighty mother-in-law in the scheme of Japanese home life arc gone, the voice of regret is being raised here and there and we sec many an apologist appearing, even from among young ladies, to plead her cause, attesting that she was a much maligned person and that both she and her thankless service are being increasingly missed. (Nert Page Please) 24 While the \\"cstern mother-in.Jaw, we understand, w;1s a bugbear to her son-in-law, her Japanese prototype was one in the eyes o( her dnughter-in-law. She was a necessary product of an age, an indispensable instrument of fare in bringing up a good daughter-in-law. Bur for her there would ha,·e been no model wiie, no Japanese home, no family life such as we ha\·e inherited. Girl Shielded In old days of early marriage when the groom was less than twenty and the bride fifteen they would ha\·~ been helpless without the guiding hand o( the mother-in-law to keep the home going in the way it should. The girl was brought up in the tender atmosphere of lomg parents, "shielded from the hard winds of the outside world," as an old saying is, and in blissful ignorance of the realities of life, " unable to tell the East from the \Vest." Such a person, when she was married, must find in her mother-in-law what a new recruit must find in the drill sergeant, or what a new college graduate finds .in his first employer. Even the most kindly offices of her mother-in-law must sometime appear harsh and cruel to the ycung bride who wrongly belived that her motherin-law might prove a tyrant. It was only natural, therefore, if she thought somewhat ill of her mother-in-law. On the side of the mother-in-law, she also had her pre-conceived and unalterable views. Having in her time gone through the same mill, and having found in later life that her experience on the whole had been all for her good, she considered it both her privilege and her duty to rule over the young woman, firmly convinced that she was working for the salvation of both her son and daughter-in-law. It was a sort of harmless feud that was waged for centuries. Mother-in-Law Out Young women of this enlightened age, in the first flush of their awakened self-consciousness, rabed the protest : "I will not marry if I have to live with a mother-in-law." Such a protest is no longer called for, as it is the mothcr-inlaw who will rather beg to be excused from being annoyed by young married folk. With the "abolition of age," as already said, older men and women must continue immersed in affairs of the world on their own account ; they can no longer hope ro depend entirely on their children or children-in-law in the winter of life. They must work harder and longer to give their children better sustenance and more expensive education than their fathers did. In fact, whrn they have fairly succeeded in marrying off their daughters and gi\·ing their boys a college education they are in n1ost cases as good as finish· eel themselves ; many parents do not survi\·c it. l-low .. could they, under the circumstances, take on the onerous and thankless duty of "bringing up" the young c.bughtcr·in·law, unless they real· ly must? Country Different In country districts where the majority of the people arc farmers and trades1ncn, the cohabitation oE young an<l ol<l married folk is often not only necessary but advisable. Where the son is to inherit the occupation and property of his father, he must make his father's home his own, and his wife will have to live with him and his parents. But in urban districts where young men arc not obliged to succeed to the parental occupation but may pursue professions of their own, it is increasingly their custom to set up a home for themselves. Should they live under the same roof as their parents, it is the older rather than the younger couple who play the humble part. When a dispute arises, the mother-in-law may bring the weight of her longer experience and wider knowledge of the world to bear on it, against which the younger wife will call upon her school-learned and bookinspired lore ; and the contest more likely than not will end in the defeat of the mother-in-law, as the sympathy of the whole civilized world is with the younger. In an ever-increasing degree older people are advised on all hands to yield and make way before the younger. So this is going to be perhaps a golden age for young wives, but there is the inevitable" perhaps" in the case. There arc already signs that the young wife's heaven without mother-in-law is not necessarily going to be as happy as it was once thought to be. Without the restraining hand of an arbiter between wife and husband, the married couple arc thrown on each other for good or bad, and, in case of unpleasantness or disagreement, they ha:ve to fight it out between themselves, and may often go to extremes failing an object of mutual fear or respect. With the complications in Japan's daily life it is only to be expected that domestic trials and tribulations should also increase. These arc pretty well o[ the same variety as in other countries, either of the gconictrically uncquilateral triangle variety or of the incom patibility class leading to all sorts o[ solutions, some not without comedy and others with not a little tragedy. This is, of course, an inevitable concomitant of modern life, and yet we who stand, so to speak, midway between the old and the new arc tempted to wonder if there is not a \'ia 1nedia somewhere along which the old and new plans may be brought to n1eet in harn1onious alliance, thereby making the nearest approach to an idea home. In fact, we know of many families where such an ideal has been all but fulfilled, and where the adrnntagcs o[ the old system arc enjoyed without their drawbacks of former tin1c.:s. In short, the home life o[ the young Japanese is in the crucibk, and some years will have yet to pass before it will assume a more definite form. I\lcanwhik, we know for certain that the mother-in-law of the old school, such as our grandmother knew and was herself, has disappeared, or that, if remaining, she has been entirely changed in appearance and in character. As for the old man, her husband, he no longer cherishes the bygone ambition to be the grand old man of the domain and to claim the filial piety of both his son and daughter-in-law. He is r;ght glad to keep out of the way of the young, and continue to do his job or ride his hobbyhorse in undisturbed peace, if good luck would have it, in company with his dear old spouse, the typical Japanese Darby and Joan. Philippine Subscriptions May be Arranged for at The Philippine Education Co., Manila, P.I~ 25 '*At • a. a. re• 1 re 'I eee 1004'' I .. .. .. I ··1 "' ' TRADE 0 MARK THE ' . Taiwan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha ,.. . (THE TAIWAN MINING c::o., LTD.) Capital Paid-up - - .. Yen 30,000,000 President - Baron Bunkichi Ito Managing Director - Rikichi Shimada T aihoku Office No. 3 Nichome, Akashicho, Taihoku. Kinkaseki Mine-(Head Office) Kinkaseki, Keelung Prefecture. Chikuto Oil Department Chikuto, Shinchiku Prefecture. • • • • • a • • c • • ,... • •• p •• • 0 ••• • I uC' I od 'I r· ·, 26 AREN'T YOU INTERESTED ? (Cor.:im1rd 011 r.1ge 14) Chinese will pluck up their courage and play their full part in the dewloprncnt of the region, if and when they sec foreign c:ipital cmning in.· :\s an indication o[ the willingness oi the Chinese to co-operate in the development of their territor\'. '.\(r. Sung Chieh who \'isited Japan in December. stated at that time, 'The people ot the area (North China) are eager for economic co-operation that will be to the mutual benefit o[ thcmsd\'cs and the Japanese. If they arc left to goYern themseh·es and if etiorts are made ta create better feeling between them anJ the Japanese, there can be successful cooperation.' As this statement l'irtual!y embraces Japan's objectiYeS in China. there can be no question of the success of the future, once the warring iactions have been eliminated and the goYernment of the people turned over to highminded and honest Chinese leaders. In conclusion and as a concrete example of what may be in store for the Philippines, with farnrable conditions prevailing in China, on sugar alone China could absorb something like an addditional 200,000 tons annually with but an increased cansumption of r pound per capita. It is idle to say that such would be an impossibility, because the per capita increase in Japan over the period of the last 25 years has been on a far greater scale. Should not the Philippines, be interested in such a possibility and should not the Philippines lend encouragement to any movement designed to bring about such a favorable state of affairs ? GOOD NEWS (Contiu11ed from Page 14) of fear, because the patient discovers that he can successfully pronounce even the most difficult words. The new invention has had a thorough practical demonstration on a large number of sufferers in Japan and there is no known instance of a user ever having returned to his former habit of stuttering. As a result of the work of Mr. lzuhara, a number of well-known men of Japan have formed the Stammer Cure Association of Japan and through its oflice, hope to extend help to a large number of sufferers. With a donation given by Mr. Taichi Nakayama, Vice-President of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce, the Association is preparing to give :treatments to 2,000 stammerers in the (Con1in11ed on Page 27) '·-1:! ·-·"___l_ . ~-- ---'---- !;.:._:.:JJ If It's Made of Silk We Have It! OUR PRICES ARE FAIRTHE SAME TO ALL English SpokenS, NOMURA EXCl.VSJVE SILK STORE Opp'~'Si~c l.:1~x1i::d llu~el Tu'"-· c TAi~Jfk\N RAIL"7AY HOTELS *TAIHOKU RAILWAY HOTEL TAIHOKU CITY ••••• *TAINAN RAILWAY HOTEL TAINAN CITY THESE TWO HOTELS, under the same management, are the best foreign style hotels in Taiwan. They arc housed in handsome buildings located right at the railway stations. They offer adequate and comfortable accommodation, excellent cuisine and ourtcous and efficient service. THE SOURCE (Continued from Page 20) friendly power, standing as mute e\'· idence, it is quite apparent that, under the present rule by clique in China, the li\"es of all foreigners engaged in peaceful pursuits there, are in constant danger. It can not be denied that if such actions are permitted to go on and on, unchallenged, they will spread to include the citizens of all nationalities and will sooner or later im·oh-e the military forces of many nations. It is to put a stop to such depredations and to render impotant the forces behind such illegal and inhuman movements that Japan is directing her energies, at this moment. Until it is made impossible for such devastating thrusts to be constantly made at the peacefol pursuits of foreign residents in China, there can be no basis for a friendly and profitable intercourse between her and other countries. Imtead oi critizing and opposing Japan in her attempt to suppress such unwarranted anti-foreign campaigns, she should receive the hearty approval of all nations of the world, interested in peace and order. Chiang Linked With Reds In further explanation of Japan's intense desire to clean up the Chinese situation as it now exists, it is necessary to digress to the beginning of Chiang Kai Shek's campaign to subjugate China to his rule. Il will be remembered that the movement to place China under his domination was started almost immediately after his return to China, - after a visit to Moscow. In his initial effort he invited the assistance of Moscow and actually did receive their material co-operation. This apparent linking of China's destinies with the Comintern, at that time, caused considerable uneasiness in Japan but as soon as Chiang Kai Shek was well on his way to accomplishing his purpose, he expelled all his red coherts and even turned his private armies to the task of eradicating the movement from China entirely. It was not until the approach of the present strife with Japan chat Chiang Kai Shek again showed evidence of seeking the active assistance of the Comintern. Such a move was definitely made only after it become apparent co him that he could expect no active assistance from the other great powers of the world, in his present plight. ( Contintt.d on Pag• 28) GOOD NEWS (Co11ti1111ed from Page 26) elementary schools o[ Tokyo and Osaka. The device has been patented in a large number o[ countries in the world and it is planned to sdl, (or a nominal sum, the rights to manu(acturc and install the device, in many of them. DR. M. KUROSU Specialist In Ear, Nose and Throat No. I, Nagatacho, 2·chome Kojimachi·ku, Tokyo (In Tameike, near the official residence of the Premier) Telephones:: Ginza 1373. 3580 27 THE SITUATION (Cu111int1rd from Page 2) about a better understanding between Japan and the Philippines, we shall indeed feel that our efforts have been richly rewarded. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY J\ simple and effective device has been invented in Japan and patented in many countries, which quickly and effectively overcomes stammering. The Philirpincs rights for this dcYice are no\v for sale. I[ you arc interested in a proposition which should prO\·e highly profitable and at the same time alleviate the suffering of your people, apply to Box 500, The Philippines-Japan Quarterly Osaka Bldg., Hibiya Park, Tokyo, Japan 28 THE SOURCE (Cor.1ir.r1ed fl"om Pcli,t' .!i) Such a. n'lo\·e~ howc.·vcr, presented an addition:il reason why Japan, for her own prescrv:uion~ n1ust continue her efforts to eliminate the unhealthy political situation rcsronsibk for this dangerous turn oi ewnts. Should Japan stand idly by :ind permit the compkte nolshcvisation of that great country~ the ,·cry found:itions of Oriental culture would crumble. With a red go,·ern(Contin11ed on P11,e .?9) Use our Efficient and Durable Machinery Appro»ed by Nippon Agricultural Machinery Association KEROSENE-ENGINE (Petrol Starting Fuel Paraffin\ For Agriculture and Industry 4 H.P. 330 lb. Y206 6H.P. 580 lb. Y3i8 8 H.P. 990 lb. Y490 IOH.P. 1240 lb. Y618 15 H.P. 1650 lb. Y925 SMALL MOTOR For Small Boats Two-stroke cycle, Battery ignition 3H.P. 4 H.P. Y240 Y290 Approximate weight 75 lb. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Movable Suction-pipe Diameter 5" ....................... Y273 6" ....... . ........... Y360 8" ....... . ..... Y462 2" high-pressure turbine............ \:" 110 All prices f.o.b. Osaka subject to fluctuation without nocicc. Special discount allowed on large orders. THE CROSBY CO. Engine and Pump Dept. P.O. Box Semba No. 78 Osaka Reference : The Yokohama Specie Bank, Ltd., Osaka. I. Plzolo By Permission Talmo For/Uicd Zcnc Commrmdo Museum's Jntroductions and :1ch ;cc·' and business transactiom. V'/ork: conccrn111~ rncrc11~tndises 2. Collection and exhibition <ii sample,. 3. 4· Publication, Collection and exhibition of the \l"!>rks and periodicals concerning industry. Question-and-ans\\·er and guidance for commercial and industrial administration. j. Study, investigations and introduction of the state of affairs in South China and the South Sea. 6. :;'viiscellaneous activities favourable to the industrial development. TAKAO COMMEJlCIAL & INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM TAKAO FORMOSA JAPAN THE SOURCE (Continued from Page .?8) mcnt at her \'cry doors, intent upon the destruction of cvcrnhing- that makes for progress and for ci\'ilization, Japan's \'ery life \\'ould be in jeopardy as would that of all other nations 0£ the Orient, and possibly the world. With such a prospect in ,·iew, is it any \\'Onder that Japan is determined to erase those elements from China, \\'hich to sa\'e their own ill-gotten po\\'crs, ha\'c openly sought the assistance of a group h:n·ing as its cardinal doctrine, the destruction of human progress and all the institutions cherished by free men? In her attempt to eradicate the lawless and disturbing elements in China and in her attempt to stem the advance !''''''''''''''''''"''''~'~~~~~~·~~·~~· JAPONES-ESPANOL POR EL P. Fr. JUAN CALVO, 0. P. · El P. Juan Calvo residente actual en Manila y profesor de la facultad de Teologia de la Universidad de Sto. Tomas, ha residido casi 30 aiios en el Japan. Durante ese largo lapso de tiempo ha estudiado profundamente la·· lengua japonesa y los caracteres chinos con el fin de escribir un diccionario. El exito ha coronado sus esfuerzos. Creemos que este Diccionario,, el mejor que hasta ahora se ha esctito, japone3-espaiiol, imprescindible para los que estudian el japones en los paises de lengua espaiiola, y tambien para los japoneses que residen en estos paises. En dozavo, xxxii, 1427 paginas Precio : Yen 20.00 THE SANSEIDO COMPANY LTD. 1, Jimbocho, Kanda, Tokyo, Japan ............. : ................................................................. , .............................. . 29 of the ungodly Comintern toward the Orient, Japan has risked losing international friendships of long st:1nding. Friendships· which have, in the past, been a great source of pride and comfort to her citizens. She has heard, with crestfallen heart, the rebukes which have been pronounced by those very same friends. She has c\·en suffered abuse in her endeavor to uphold the principles o( civilization and progress. For these, Japan holds no malice, knowing full well, that time will completely vindicate her every action. WHEN in TOKYO Make Your Headquarters AT The Philippine Society of Japan 32 Gnzembocho, Aznbu Tt.:lcphonc Aka~aka 901 s""""\1'1\1\1'1\1'\1\IT\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\IT\IT\IVl'\IVT\IT\l\JT\l\l\IT\# !'I TO THE ~ GOLD MINERS & REFINERS s ~ ; ll I S/1ecialists in GOLD MINING SUPPLIES of all kinds Send inquiries with full specifications to :(Buying agents for 1he Nurnpi Kozan Kabushiki Kaisha), (N1m•pi Gold Mine Co., Ltd.), ~ Chosen (Korea) Cable Address : " COTSCHI OSAKA " Mail Address. Oye Building, OSAKA, JAPAN ~ When you are in Manila ' Have your Clothes Made at DURAN'S Inc. ' Men's and Women's Furnishings • 89 Real St., Walled City MANILA ···1 ?''le oC'''I o:O'''loo4' I 04'0 I oC'' 30 MAN IN THE STREET (Cnntim1ed from P11ce 18) to be the last of its kind in the Orient and therefore docs not desire any points injected into the final negotiations which will tend to prolong it or prO\·idc the grounds for starting it anew, at some future date. \\'hat docs the man in the street think about the 'possibilities of the Comintcrn creating a Red China ' This possibility disturbs the Japanese, probably to a greater extent than does any other phase of the present situation in China. The \'ery nature of the Japanese makes it repulsi\'e for them to contcm plate the encroachment of a red gm·ernment so near to their shores. The destructiYe doctrines of the Comintern are so diametrically opposed to the Japanese philosophy of life that they \\'ould fight to the last man to preYent it from gaining a footho?d, in a country so near to them as is China. Japan's struggle to her present position, as a Power, has been so intense and the cost so great, that she would never permit its exposure to the destructive forces of the Comintern, without a stubborn fight. In finality then, it seems that the Japanese man in the street is unreservedly supporting the struggle, to clarify the situation in China, because he feels that by doing so, not only Japan and China, but the entire world will benefit. He feels that, under proper Chinese leadership, and assisted by the co.'pital a1~l.i enterprise of all nations, China will become a tremendous asset to the world. (!"===:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::, tl ISHIDA ROTOGRAVURE PRESS ii ii SOME SPECIAL FEATURES: 1. One rotation of the cylinder completes the printing instead of two rotations as with other rota-machines. 2. 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Csc This Coupon Please enter my subscription to the The Philippines-Japan Quarterly Subscription Price : Postage Paid in the Philippines ¥2.00 Per Year for a period of year , for which the sum of f1o. 1s enclosed herewith. Name .[\ddress City Province i ! i ! i ; I • i I I " mmmi•i•m111111111111111n•i•mmwmimmn•1•11111111mmmm•1•11111111111111111111•1•mm11111111111111•1•11111111111111111111•1•11111111111111111111•1•11111111111111111111•1•mmmmmmi1•1•11111111111111111111•1m1111111111111111111a1•1111m1mmum1•1•n~ 32 ---- .,,,,,,,., - - - =- -- -- - - ~-~"":__~.:-~ . :. G. de los Reyes & Co. IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS 409 Cu Unjieng BOJJUdirng MANILA~ P. L P.O. Box 2322 Phone : 21020 EXPORTERS: Iron Ore, Manganese, Chromium, etc. Seaweeds and Other Philippine Marine Products IMPORTERS: Agricultural Implements, Gas Ranges, Heaters and Other Appliances BANKERS: Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Bank of the Philippine Islands W ' W - ' W Prr"11ied info/Ja11 , f-<~:Y'"I,:>;,.:.(,.; .. ·:·· " •. -. ~ .. ;_.ii·r~. 1 ~i • ... ;.-... ' • .-'"1 - v. ~· . ", ---~ ~ .. .'' '· ' . ·, : HEAD OFFICE: OSAKA, JAPAN GENERAL MERCHANTS & MANUFACTURERS PRESIDENT CAPITAL YUJIRO IWAI Yen 13,000,000.00 BRANCHES: TOKIO, YOKOHAMA, FUKUI, NAGOYA, KOBE, YAWATA, LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, DAIREN, MUKDEN, HSINKING, SHANGHAI, HANKOW, WUSUEH, SHIZUOKA. IMPORTS: Iron, Steel, Iron Orea, Metals, Machines, Glasses, Chemicala, Druga, Dye-Stuffs, Salt, Varnishes, Rubber, Oils, Manila Hemp, Wool, Woollen• & Worsted Yarns, Textiles, Cotton, Papers, Cereals, Seed.a, Fertilizers, Coal, Charcoal, P.I. & U.S. L\imbers, Logs, Pavement ____ Mai. .. tiala, ·Animal Product., Etc.:: EXPORTS: Cotton Goods, Silk & Rayon Goods, Woollen Goode, Steel Products, Chemicals, Druga, Paints, Pigments, Varnishes, Oils, Fertilizers, Wooden Products, Celluloid Gooda, Bruahea, Brush Materiala, Rope, Twine, Rubber Goods, Proviaiona, Household Warea, C1• -_,n..-. & etc. :.··. SUBSIDIARY WORKS: Kwansai Paint Co. Capital • - Yen 3,000,000.UO Chuo Wool Spinning Co. Capital - - Yen 8,000,000.00 Tokuyama Soda Co. Capital • - Yen 20,000,000.00 Osaka Steel Sheet Galvanizing Co. Capital - - Yen 1,500,000.00 Tokuyama $ eel Sheet Co. Capital - Yen 5,000 ·1~0.00 Shirok.ane· Hosiery Worka Capital - - Yen l,000,000.00 Nippon Bridge Construction Co. Capital - - Yen 1,000,000.00 •,• :_·.:· I I i ~ -~ - .,_i= i = ~ ' THE NIPPON MINING CO., LTD. ! ' HEAD OFFICE: ITCHOME, TAMURA-CHO, SHIBA-KU, TOKYO. f ~ YOSHISUKE AYUKAWA, Esq. BARON BUNKICHI ITO • ! Chairman of Board of Directors President t ~ ~ l CAPITAL . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¥ 16o,ooo,ooo r CAPITAL PAID IN .......... ................. ¥ 138,000,000 W' t 1 ] t ~ i 4 ~ ~ ;;; 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ' '. ;:··· r .. 111111 111111 j • ~ ! . ,.. The New Home of Nippon Mining Co., Ltd. ANNUAL PRODUCTION (1936) GOLD ················································ SILVER ············································· COPPER ............................................ . LEAD ORE ······································· IRON ················································ IRON PYRITE } MANGANESE ................................ . CRUDE OIL ...................................... . 14,400 Kilograms 108,000 30,000 Metric tons 6,000 1,200,000 380,000 ,, 60,000 Tons NUMBER OF MINES OPERATED ..................... ··· ..... . 120 f l.~-·-IP'"Dl"'"""'llil""'IJU'"'"'"llU••o1pmmu101111"''ll""""""lll"'"lllll"'""'"ll""'Jllll"""""ll""'lll""""'1•11""'11"""'"'"lli1"''nl"""""lill""'ll"""""ll11111'"1ill"""'""ll""lllll""""'llli'"'11111"""""11""'111i"'"""llll•iii 111t11·::.ff--t·::nttJLIJ fp"JM llDfll·l·='i'·t·::nit'eU JUI II IJ Hi .. tUtMUA " .. Hi 1'•7i ,.,,~:-·!l"r1~:-·t"'-''rr. rt it ftt •CC"lU'l0 1ti.K"e•r-ru::.•1a ii 9t it JU It M