The Lawyers Journal, VIII (3) February 15, 1940

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Part of The Lawyers Journal

Title: The Lawyers Journal, VIII (3) February 15, 1940
Issue Date: Vol.VIII, No.3 (February 15, 1940)
Year: 1940
Language: English
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extracted text: THE LAWYERS' JOftR AL lll.ANILA PHILIPPINES !Jw. tltis issue ARTICLES The Descent to a Dictatorship-George W. Maxey 85 The legitime of Acknowledged Natural Children as Sole and VICENTEJ.FRANCISCO -~1 Publisher "nd ' Editor-in-Chief Concurring Forced Heirs in Intestate Succession-Angel Covita The Philippine Law On Organized L-3bor~Com. Act No. 213-Melano F. Lazo (Concluded) RULES OF C t> URT The New Rules of Court-Rules 26 to 39 DECISIONS SUPREME COURTo Sanchez v. Hon. Francisco Zulueta, etc., et al.-Chief Justice 9b Av·anceiia 106 Lumbreras v. Sison-Justice Villa-Real 106 Manila Electric Co. v. Roces--Justice Imperial 107 Martinez, etc. v. Pampolina, etc., et al.-Justice Diaz 109 Concurring Opinion-Justice Moran 110 Tavera-Luna, Inc. v. Judge Mariano Nable-Justice Laurel I JO COURT OF APPEALSo Gov't of P. I. v. Conde-Justice Padilla F'EATURES The lawyer's Bookshelf The Cadastral Act Annotated by Vicente J. Francisco . SECCION CASTELLANA EL PROCESO DE LOS MARCOSo Memorandum de la Acusaci6n-Higini~ B. Macadaeg Memorandum de la Defensa-Vicente J. Francisco ' % 112 tT3 117 117 SISENANDO VILLALUZ 50 M,,n,,ging Editor SJMEON R. ROXAS Decisio11s ""d c Legisl,,tion Editor E AMADO G. SALAZAR Boo~ Review N ""d Nofa1 Editor T ALBERTO J. FRANCISCO A Auist,,nt M,,n,,ging Editor v ELLEN MOYER 0 Busine" M"nagar I s I LINCOLN M. TESALONA I Auist,,nl Businau Man,,ger • ~ Vol. VUl-Feb. 15, 1940-No. 3 JUST OFF THE PRESS! 705 Ila.ya, Manila THE INCOME TAX LAW ANNOTATED (TITLE JJ-~ational lntenrnl Revenue Code) (WITH PflACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS) By FRANCISCO DALUPAN. LL.M., C.P.A. Member,. Philippi111e Bar C.l'.A. Heviewer and Professor in Auditing, Commercial Law and Income Taxation, Institute or Accounts, Far Eastern University THIS IS JUST THE BOOK YOU NEED! ft . contains more than 500 pages with Fabricoid Binding The income tax imposed by The National Interna l Revenue Code is much higher than before and .you s hould fully protect yourself by preparing your return co rr ectly and pay just what is due from you . Get a copy of this book now so you will have a reliable guide in the preparation of your return for the year 1939 and subsequ ent years. If you have a lready filed your return, you need this book just the same for it will s how wheth e r you have prepared your return correctly, and if not, correct it and file an amended return. Complicated tax matters are exp lained in this .book wi,th practical illustrations w ith a v iew lo their proper understanding and application. The provisions of the law are annotated exhau~tive ly and explain ed in the light of the accounting principles involved. Whether you are a lawyer, accountant, business executive, or ordinary taxpayer, you s_hou ld .not fail to get a copy of this book. PRICES: Manila rir..oo Provinces 15.50 including postage !'LACE YOUR OllDEl!S NOW WITH ILAYA PRESS THE DIGEST OF DECISIONS FOR 1938 IS NOW OFF THE PRESS Send your orders now-only a limited number or copies are available. Subscribers' price Non-subscribers' ln'ice Postage 2iJ. Ch's, P2.00 8.00 Tel. 4-94-70 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL P. 0. Box 1111 1181 Pennsykania Avenue, Philippines Tel. .J-73-1 3 De p e 11.,Cl a bl e <; e ~ l1 ice in printing, stands fc% promptness and accuracy- Promptness <1ssures delivery on limt, accurllcy banishes the loss and delay of error <1nd correction. You can depend on Carmelo & Bauermann, Inc. ior prompt delivery of work ihal is scrupulously accurate. CARMELO & !B AUERMANN flue. [ I ! ! !I 0 (; R .\ PH EH ~ ~ l' R I :>.' ·1 E R 'i l'.\ l'l·.I{ BO X 1'1-·l .\ i<l·.RS !/- L E.aciE.u ~luc~ 1887 ' TWEN T Y FIFTY SEVEN A ZCA RR AGA H () 0 I>'. 11 I N D E R S C.\ Ll'..:\ D:\ R SPECl.\J,IS JS d(.,.,,r,._ <J:'Lfif'i''"" -February 15, 1940 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL 85 THE DESCENT TO A DICTATORSHIP* By GEORGE W. MAXEY [From VITAL SPEECHES OF THE DAY, Vol. IV, No. 24] J T is a haJ,>PY coincidence that the meeting that directly led to the Philadelphia C~nstitutional Convention was a meeting of the sepresentatives of five states held on September 11, 1786, in Maryland, and 152 years later almost to the exact date, news from Maryland demonstrated that the majol"ity of American voters ore still free men and that the United States is not yet ready to descend \ to a dictatorship. On September 11, 1786, the Maryland meeting was good news and on Se1)tember 12, 1938, the report of the Maryland vote was in a double sense "glad Tydings." The defense of constitutionnl gove1·nment rises above politics or partisanship and because of that faCt I feel justified in speaking here. "Easy is the descent into hell." That a dictatorship is hell is self-evident. Refugees who recently escaped from the German dicta.torship to the Swiss Republic knelt with a prayer of thanks and kissed the free soil. Not long ago the Russian dictator executed the Admiral of the Russian Navy, the Superintendent of the Russian Naval .<4.cademy and many others, and a little before that he did correspondiilg jobs on the army High Command. Stalin possesses the all-time Russian record for assassinations. ·He "has slain h~ tens of thousands." Germany is a cruel despotism. Jn both countries people are regimented by brutro,J bureaucracies, lied tQ by a controlled- radio and press, and convineed by bullets. Ship captains find it' unnecessary when their ships touch Russian or German ports to take precautions against desertions. Desertions are numerous only in the po1·ts of fr~e countries. Sailors have an unerring instinct for a 1 good lend. . In Russia and Germany there are 240,000,000 human beings living under terrorism. Hundreds of thousands of them are in prison camps. Fifty thousand Austrians have been imprisoned or exiled be· cause of their race. Chancehor Schuschf"' nigg fo to be tried for treason because he was Joyal to his own country. Many htn:e found in suicide the only escape from intoler'able tyranny. Jn Germany there is n secret tt,ibunal with sPies everywhere. When a German finds that this tribunal is making inquiries about him, it is said that "he puts ~ pistol to his head," no matter how blameless he may be. Defense is useless, for Hitler proclaims his belief in periodic Purges. Hitler's right~h~nd' man is "Iron ~i.v~;rs. d:'.'~:;·etheinau~:i~c.,;ro~f 14~~ ~nioS:Pt=:= Club or Chicago. He1'ma1111" Goering. He expressed his idea of his official duty when he 11aid: "I atn in the habit of shooting from time to time and if I sometimes mal{e mistakes, at least I have shot." This savage dictatorship has destroyed German freedom, made Germany medieval in its bar .. barism and today world peace is subject to the whim of a man who but fifteen years ago was a paper-hanger. It's too had be didn't remain one. The descent from the Germany of Bismarck and Von Bulow, of Rathenau and Stresemann to the Germany of Hitler and Goering has been s descent into harbarism. \ If the assaults being made on our ConstitUtion ai-e not emphs.tically repelled, this Republic will make the same descent. The German people wei:e warned against Hitler. They wei·e told. that this "cheap Austrian demagogue," ns he was then characterized, wou!d take away their liberties if he were entrusted with power. The warnings were ignored. Germans though.t "it could not hnppen" there. Von Hindenburg took Hitler so lightly six years ago that he said he would get rid of him by putting him t,o work licking the backs c.f Hindenburg postage stamps. Today the once despised demagogue holds in his hands the lives of 75,000,000 people and menaces the welfare of the world. Edmund Burke was right when he said that •·earlY and provident fear is the mother of safety." If the Germ9.ns had feared Hitler a little more when they had a chance to vote him out, they wouldn't have to fear him so much now when they have no chance to vote at all. The road descending to a dictatorship is an old,. one. Pinto and Aristotle described it twenty-three centuries ago. There is no mystery about the science of government. The greatest intellects have illumined that subject and all history confirms their conclusions. Aristotle said that a democrncy unrestrained by constitutional limitations was "a state in which everything, even the law, depended on the multitude set up as a tyrant ~nd governed by a few declamatorY. speakers." James Madison had the same thought in 1J787 when he described unrestrained· democracies as "spectacles pf turbulence, short in their lives and violent in their deaths." Human character is the stuff states are , made of and jt has never changed. The ambltions and vanities of men of today are a!! described in ancient literature. In Home;r's story of the Trojan Horse,. he told how the hostile Greeks got into Troy . by being conceal.ad in a dE;vice that appea.l'ed to be something other than what it w~s. If he were living today 1 and saw the devices used to introduce deadly evi~<> into this Republic, he would say the deceptiveness if the few and the gullibility of the many had not changed in 3,000 yeai;:>. Fortunately for us Americans those statesmen who met in Philadelphia 151 years ago knew human history, 1 human nature and the collclusions of all the political philosophers. John Locke's "Treatise on Government," and Montesquieu's "Spirit Of the Laws," declaring that the separation of governmental powers is the only sufeguarp against tyranny, were well known to these men. Madison and H'amilton and Wilson had studied the records 'o1 f all republics. Franklin_ was there and he was one of the wisest men of the ages. The convention's presiding officer was George Wa~hington, whom Gladstone pronounced, "the purest figure in history." Washington's life and character personify just resistance to the abuse of power. He 1 often declared: "Arbitrary, irresponsible ' power cannot be entrusted to human minds." These nation builders were practical men. None of them had ever learned tn walk by' being carried or sQught remune1·ation through indolence. Whatever they. possessed they had struggled for. They had liberty only bec&use they had fought for it. After the Revolution the need of the hour was ,government. Th;2re· are two kinds: autocmtic and democratic. Americans had ·fought off om:; autocratic government and did not want another. They wanted "a government of the pj!ople," and such a government means the :i:ule of nei· ther a man nor a mob. A free spiTit abhors both anarchy -and chains. ·Mindful of the lessons of the past, these men were cager to protect human liberty by ccinstitutional safeguards. Republics descend to dictatorships only when people forget the past and a1·e blind to the present ,and indiffere.Jlt to the' future. Na~oleon said that it was easier to make a plan of campaign than to execute it. Our Constitution was a plan of campaign C\gainst autocracy. The plan was executed successfully for nearly 150 years. If the plan is failing now, it is. because the American people have lost their capacity for self-government. Our constitutional guarantees become "poor, poor,.. dumb mouths" only when character no longer, stands behind them. T}ie plans of NapG' Jeon succeeded only when he had m~n with character tO e"Xecute them. His ~r· feet plan for the Battle .of Waterloo was wrecked by _ a single subordinate. 86 Nations have been ruined by one man 'Slone. Place "the government in the hands of a single individual and you endow him with unUmited capacity for evil, which he is likely to exercise. Proof of this is found in the European dictatorships of today. "A thousand years scarce serve to form a state, ' An hour may lay it in the dust; and when Can man its sho.tter'd splendor .renovate?" Our Constitution has been declared to be "the greatest document ever struck off at one time by the mind of man." Like all works of superior minds, it is not complex but simple. It has four basic principles, which until i·ecent years had the whole-hearted allegiance of evecy Arne~· ican statesman. No man ever takes official authority here without first making a solemn covenant with God and his country to be faithful to the fundamental Jaw. To take tliat oath and then attempt to undermine the fundamental law is not only perjury, it is treason.....::...treason to the most sacred trust human hands can hold. Infidelity to the Constitution is infidelity to freedom. Heretofore, however much political rivals in America might have differed on policies, they did not differ in their devotion to the fundamental law. In June, 1861, Stephen A. Douglas lay dying in this city. He and .Abraham Lincoln had been long-time rivals in the politics of Illinois and · recent rivals for the presidency. The defeated and dying Douglas, when asked by his 0 wife if he had a farewell message for his sons, said: "Yes, tell thQm to support the Constitution of the United States." What nre these four basic principles of the Constitution'! They are: (1) The federal government shall keep to its sphere and the states to their proper spheres of government. (2) No official shall be entrusted with autocratic power. (S) Unrestrained power shall never be lodged anywhere, not in the P~esident, not in the Congress, not even in a majority of the American people. (4) There shall b~ maintained an absolutely independent judiciary. In our constitutional system the United States Supreme Court is the "power of gravity" which holds to its assigned "orbit" every "planet" of government. 1 As long as these basic principles of the Constitution are unviolated, there can be no dictatorship. A certain sign of a dictatorship-complex in any public official i'> his scom of these principles. Within the past few years these principles of sound, de. mocratic government have been flouted in the "New Russia", the "New Germany", apd the ~'New Deal". The first act of the German dictator was to abolish home rule and to concentrate :i.11 power in • Berlin. In his first speech ns C11ance1lor in February, 1933, Hitler said the German provinces were "the historical cor· THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL · ner-stones of the German Empire," and he would respect them. Within a year ha broke that p!Cdge and appointed commissioners to rule the provinces. Thereafter local rights and then individual rights quickly disappeared. The federal republic 9f Germany had become a centralized autocracy. Insisting that he had done all this by legai means, Hitler called himself "Legality Adolf." Exactly five months after he h11.d centralized all authority in himself he' carried out his blood purge, murdering several hundred men and one woman. 1 These people were murdered because they were critical of Hitler's policies. Willi Schmidt, the Munich press chie~, was one of the victims. He had criticized Hitler. The gang of cXecutioners first shot the wrong 'Yilli Schmidt, a musician, and then discovering their mistp.ke, went back and shot the other. Thus two men were killed to get rid .of one critic. Another victim of the blood purge of June. 30th was Dr. Klausener, Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Transport and Chief of the Rhenish Catholic Party. He was shot at his desk. Two of Von Papen':; secretaries were killed at their desks. The story of the murders of July 30, 1934, is one of the most grisly stories in history. How fares federalism in the U. S. A.'! On June 7th last, Senator King of Utah declared on the floor of the Senate that "local self-government lies at the very foundation of a free country" but that "if present policies continue, the states will become mere shells out of which all life has departed." The handmaiden of liberty is home rule. It is wh11t Ireland fought for and at last secured after 700 tragic years. Home rule is what the despotism of Russia and the imperialism of old Germany denied the Polish people after Poland's cruel dismemberment. Our states as aut·J· nomous commonwealths are being rapidly destroyed. In the domain of taxation, Governor Lehman of New York pointed out that the Federal Government is exhausting the sources of the state's financial support and reducing the states to "vassalti." This practice has made it necessary for governors to io to the President seeking donations from the federal treasury-a treasury whose only source of supply is the savings of the American people. A state that has to solicit alms from a central government is no longer sovereign. It has lost even its self-respect. The second basic command of the Constitution: Entrust no official with auto~ cratic power, has been scorned during re· cent years. No such concentration of powec· m the hands of the Executive as now exists hns ever before been seen in this Republic. Never before hns this been a oneman country. Washington's refusal of a third term, Jefferson's refusal of a third term, Coolidge's refusal of a third term, were all based on the principle that it must always be demonstrated that this is not a February 15, 1940one-man country. Jeffel'son declared th~t the two-term-only precedent set ,by Washington was "sound and salutary," that it is as much a president's "<luty to lay down his 'charge at a ~proper time as to have borne it faithfully." He added: "If some termination to the. service of the Chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution or supplied by practice, 1his office nominally for years, will in fact' become for l;fe; and history shows how easy tbat degenerates iiito an inheritance." A oneman country soon becomes a dictatorship no matter what its governmental form. The placing in the hands of · the President, of billions of dollars to be sJ)ent as he sees fit and where he sees fit, clothes him with dictatorial power. Millions of individuals are on the federal pay roll an<~ it is conceded that 90 per cent of them vote as the l'resident wills. As t4ese voters have other voters in their families, it follows that the President haS, through his control of jobs, a control over the electorate which is utterlY repugnant to a free expression of the public will. "Priming th~ pump" has become a mere euphemism for pumping the primaries. , The greatest work-master in American history is now attempting to become the greatest vote-master in American history. Senator Byrd has l'ecently d~clared that there are today .7,000,000 direct and 82,-_ 000,000 indirect recipients of federal funds. The giatitude of the recipients of such funds is translated into votes for the man from whom they seem to think tl)e fun\ls come. We have seen recently the sp~ctaclc of the Ptesident going into a state to solicW votes for his candidate for the United states Senate and his first utterance upon reaching that state was . to promise the voters that he · would spend $14,000,000 of public money on bridge-building in that state. If he had succeeded in his purpose to fill the Senate with marionettes, this nation in its descent to n dictatorship would have "touched bottom." President Wash· ington rebuked a man who asked him mer!!· ly to express his wishes in the selection of a certain congressman. Washington, "thou shouldst be living at" this hour, America hath need of thee: she hath become a fen \ Of stagnant waters. . . • Oh! raise us up, return to us aga1n; And give us manners, virtue, freedom, - p_ower!" President James 'Buchanan and Senator Stephen A. Douglas were political enemies, though m,6'mbers of the same party, but there is no record of Buchanan asking the people of Illinois to defeat Douglas when he ran for the United ·States Senate in 1858; President Jackson and John C. Calhoun were political enemies, though members of the same party,· but therii is no record of J ackscm attempting •to brini Fehruary 15, 1!>40 about the termination of 'Calhoun's senatorial career. The respective independence of the ExecutiVe, tbjil Legislature and the Judiciary, is the corner-stone of American constitutional government, and that the voters · of l\Iaryland, South Carolina and Georgia . and other states have recently reasserted their independence in defiance of presidential ·interference is the most hopeful thing that has happened in this country since the court-packing plan and the reorganization plan were killed by ~ourageous Senators and Congressmen. This defiance of the President transcended all party considerations; it was a manifestation of old-fashioned Americanism. It would have delighted equally Hamilton and Jefferson, Lincoln and Douglas, Grover Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt. At the last session of Congress :i senator known as a presidential "yes man" introduced a bill to penalize any newspaper for publishing a falsehood. As some governmeni;al bureaucrat would be the judge of the fa:si"ty of an article challenged, that law would have destroyed the liberty of the press. T.he original N. R. A. had a press licensing measure attaclJ.ed to it. It required a fight to kill it. Napoleon III was elected President o:i France and in a few years he had subverted the Constitution he had sworn to support and became an hereditary Emperor. Read what the historian Lecky says about the methods Napoleon III employed .to acquire arbitrary .power. Possibly you will n~tice a present-day parallelism. Th'.s is what Lecky says· in his :•Democracy and · Liberty" of Napoleon III and his political "technique·•: "Every official from the highest to the lowest was turned into an electioneering agent. All the powers of administration were systematically employed in directing votes. Each constituency was taught that its -prospect of obtaining roads or bridges or harbors or other local .:i.dvanta_ ges depended on its support of the government and if the official candidate succeeded he would have the power of distributing among his supporters innumerable small government places, privileges and homes.... The legislators were elected by universal suffrage yet the government (!>ecause of its control of the voters) became an almost :ibsolute despotism." Re describes the government of Napoleon III as "a government. with no real constitu. tionnl freedom, no liberty of the press and no liberty of public meeting." The Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th ed., says of Napoleon III: "His was the government of cheap bread, great public work!; and holidays." History reco-Nis that Napoleon Ill's grandiose schemes brought ruin to his country. The dh;astrous Franco-Prus~ian War, followed by the Paris Commune, in which there were 20,000 executions, and colossal destruction of property, was th~ fruit of his lust for power. The FrancoPrussian War, which this dictator caused, THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL I led, with its Alsace-Lorriline aftermath, to the World War of 1914. Such are the fruits of dict8:torship. We have in this country now an executive whose personal power is greater than the head of any constitutional state ever possessed. This power is based almost eXclusively on the fact that Congress has gi.ven him a blank check on virtually unlimited public funds. These funds are used .to increase and perpetuate- executive powel". This po,Ver generated by public funds was almost sufficient to enable the President to pack the Supreme Court so that it would be but the echo of his will, and thereby destroY our constitutional government. 87 power. TheY care not what happens to their country tomorroui so long as they o.r·~ cheere.d today. An excited state of the public mind , has no more relation to the public's reflective judgment than a clouJ. burst has to the beneficence of rain. Where a Constitution like ours is maintained and laws respected the:re is always "an appeal from Philip drupk to Philip sober." The fourth basict principle of the Constitution is: Maintain an inde_pendent judiciary. Everywhere cowed courts have meant an ensla:ved rcople. In his march to absolutism every dictator h::u; destroy~d the independence of th~ judiciary. Before Hitler had been in Austria 72 hours, he revoked the commissions of independent How about the third commond; Never judges and put puppets in their places, permit unrestrained power to be lodged exactly as he had done in Germany. Na· anywhere, not even in 'a majority? This poleon III did the same thing in his march principle has not yet been destroyed but it to absolutism in France. Victor Hugo has been disdained. Men now in power graphically tells that story. havlf, decla;·ed that there should be no cucb The Proposal last year to pack the Suon the popular will as expressed by a ma- preme Court was avowedly to · make that jority. This means th:!!.t neither an in- court valida.te :my law the President want· dividual nor a mitiority has any rights ed. The success ·of that sch<?me would which the majority are bound to respect. have ended this constitutional Republic. It means the yielding of principle to what Josiah W. Bailey, North Carolina's ablt! sP.ems like temporary expediency. It means and courageous Senator, said in an aadress abject surrender to the pressure of preju· on June 20th last, that the President's dice or emotion. No nation is worthy to court-packing plan was "a direct attack be called a republic where majority rule upon ~he independence of the judiciary, for is not restricted by constitutional minority the express purpose of having the court protection. Otherwise the passion or the uphold as within ihe power of Congress, caprice of the majority at any time is acts passed at the instance of the Presidthe supreme law of the land, and nn man's ent, which according tO every decision of life, , liberty or property is secure. In a the court in similar cases have been unigenuine constitutioniil government the law formly held to be beyond the power nf. and not the mob, rules, and whatever the Congress." Senator Bailey added: "No majority may in a moment of madness or president takes an oath to suJ)port the Con· excitement demand, must yield to the in- stitution as he understands it. He must telligent and sober jl!dgment the organic _ accept the court's interpretation or. be over law embodies. Freedom does not Jong sur- the Constitution and not ttnder it." Senvive where the law of force supplants the ator Bailey characterized the court·packforce of law. A ship that is steered by ing proposal "as . a blow against the prothe hurricane soon becomes a ship-wreck. cess of democracy most essential to its A great navigator consults his charts and existence-the constitutional check on Exeadheref.; to the established principles of na- cutive and Legislr.tive po~er," and said: vigation. Real statesmen and fearless "I am appalled when I consider that labor judges ofttimes have to stem the torrent. and struggle was required to repel an atThey go with the tide only when the tide tack that in any: other period would have sets in the right direction. Every great at once disgraced those who made it.'1 American President at times breasted the Senator Wheeler. of Montana on March popular tide. This was particularly true 10, 1937, stated that .the President's pu!'· of Washington and Lincoln and Cleveland. pose in atlding six new justices to the SuTheir quest w2s· for the path not of popu- preme Cour.t was to make that court "sub· larity but of right, and when they found servient to his will." Carter Glass said that path they travelled 1 it without on March 29, 1987: "No threat to refear. They never counted voices of ap- presentative democracy since the foundaproval, they weighted them, and to them ·iion of this Republic has exceeded in its the most weighty voices were those of ir.- evil portents this nttempt to P.ack the Su· telligence and .conscience. The insatiabl~ preme Court of the United States and thus appetite that certain men in power havl':! destroy the purity rmd independence of this for popular applause is the chief cause of tribunal of last resort." The Senators who the evils that now beset the world. Any- snved the Supreme Court should be honone who eleven days ~go heard on the ra- ored alongside the signers of the Declaradio, the German dictator's speech to a tion of Independence. When the Chief howling mob of fanatical supporters ca:?l Executive of any country can dictate to understand what the intoxication of ap- its Congress and to its courts, he is in fact plause does to petty men clothed with great a dictator no matter what may be his title. 88 lf he claims tho.t his dictatorship is "Qenevolen.t," he js cl11iming an impossibility, ior a "benevolent. dictatorship" , is as much a contradiction in terms,.. o.s "patriotic ti·eason." Absolute power transforms its possessor into :i. tyrant no matter how bcnevolent'his original nature. "Powei· breeds arrogance and arrogance corrupteth the unders,tanding heart." Any American who consents to giving the ~hie! Executive dictatorial powers either doesn't know or care what he i;;; doing or is a slave in his soul. If Americans are to continue to enioy the protection of the Constitution, they must be vigilant and resolute to defend it. But violation of the Constitution is not the only route to a dictatorship. A nation c~m lsquande!· itself into a collapse which leads to chaos and then t'o a dict.'.1.torship. No limit on governmental speNling was imposed by the Constitution, for it was assuri~ed that the people would not permit themselves to be reduced to insolvency by ·spendthrifts in public office: Since the British P:u:liariient won the i·ight to control the British P"Urse, it has more than once "l'efused to open it at the behest of the king. Whenever a British king has. gone to Parliament for money: he has gone humbly, with his hat and not his sceptro in his hand. Governmental extravagance and the excessive taxation it entails have always been the heralds ~f social disorder and economic anarchy. Taine in his "Ancient Regime" said: "During the decline of the Roman Empire so enor~~:;e:~:·ot~: ~:~;tp~!~:x::!~~et~:~e~~: and woods grew where the plow had been." Herbert Speneer said: "When the French E,evolution was arproaching, public burdens were so !Jeavy that many farms remained uncultivated and deserted, one quarter of the soil was lying waste and in some provinces one-half was in heath." When a nation's annual tax bill r:aches more than 2? per cent of the national income, it ;5 time to put up danger signals. Benjamin Franklin declared that for a government to take from its people one-tenth of its jnC~D?-~, in taxes would be ''hard and oppres· s1ve. A government that costs a country more than 20 per cent of its national income is leading it to debt repudiation in the form or-inflation or depreciation of cur ... rency, to be followeQ by social disorder anti economic chaos. Today the annual cost of federal, state and local government is eighteen billions of dollars or about 30 per cent of our national income. The public debt of .n? other people in history ever equalled the present public debt of the United States, including the debts of states, countries and -municipalities. The total is in round numbers $60,000,000,000. The federal deficit during the current fiscal year is now running at the rate ~f four billions of dollars. This ,equals the cost of the Civil War. As we cannot en· dure a 30 per cent tax collecJion, we have THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL resorted to borrowing which means taxf!s deferred and with interest. · The increase ·in the national debt by th~ Present administration is a sum equalling nearly fifteen dollars a minute from the birth ni Christ to the present day. In one of his la'st. public utterances Senator Rohinson said in the Senate on June 18, 1937: "Gentlemen may laugh about a $36,000,000,000 debt but with all my refined and expansive sense of humor, :r find it impossible to lpugh about it." That debt bas increased 11 per cent since Senator Robinson uttered those words and by June l, 1939, it " will be forty billions of dollars. Carter Glass said last June: "'fhis country is 'in a state of irretrievable bankruptcy." The present leader of the majority ' in the United States Sen· ate was interviewed a few weeks ago about the federal deficit. , He said (as reported): "f don't agree that there is no alternativ~ other than heavy taxation. If money is needed, it ~vill have to be found." As to where he expects to "find" the mone~ he gives no clue. Possibly he expects. to find it "at the foot of. the rainbow." A crew which glides down the. Niagara River in a canoe, attentive only to the alluring prospect on the sfiore and hoping to "find" land, i5 headed for catastrophe. When Mr. Roosevelt was a candidate for President in 1932, he said: "If the n;ttion, like :'. spendthrift throws discretion to the winds and is willing to make no sacrifice at all in spending, if it extends its taxing to the limit of the "people's power to ' pay February 15, 1940 thrift useless ii'nd paralyzes the initiative of a people. Today Americans are in the n=-..me of taxation having their ., accumulations confiscated and their daily 'earnin:s devoured. Public officials who would impoverish and strangle the industrial life .,f the natio'h were never d~eamed of by the men who established this Re~ublic. The Constitution provides that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. The colossal and corroding waste of public funds on· every hand is proof that the present-day taxpayer is not getting "just compensation" ' for the property taken from him.' The Constitution specifically mentions life, li· berty and property as being the l'!ubje~ts of its protection. Today the government is not conserving property, it is consuming i't. It's only a short step from taking property to taking liberty. Andrew Jackson said in '1is Farewell Address, March i, 1837: "There is no power conferred on the Federal Government so liable to abuse as the taxing power. Congress has O() right to take money from the people unless money is required to execute some of the specific powers entruS'ted to the government." Another cause of the collapse of repub· ~;.: 1:z:~i~:e~a~~k:i:~etc::.. de;~~~· n:ti~~ ~: tisfy too many human wants. This colnow nearer by fifteen billions of dollars to ~:vdse g::~~m~~;~1:;!s~'~o p~~;;:!:~t St~cii:;: !7~~u~:: ~~~:·e~~ 'V:~e '::~:n~~::reasd~~~ and from the confusion of them comes th~ folly of fanatics. Society involves all hulies is their overloading. When a government takes on more responsibilities than any government can discharge successfully, it is courting chaos. The Ge.rman republic collapsed because it undertook _ to sa~~0;:~~n:~o~~v;~::e::or~:r~=rcth;4,;;:,~ man relationships, and only limited areas 000,000. This year they are over $9,000,- are a legitimate field for government. No 000.000. Great Britain was in the 'Vorld government possesses the wisdom or power War fifty-one months, she has a population of Providence. Putting a man into office only one-third as k\rge as ours and she has does not make him a superman. Even su740 '.nhabitants to every square mile of permen are "super" only in special lines, land while we have only 41, yet on June and, in government, they have been few. 8, 1935, her Prime Minister was able to The men who aspire to the role of Proviannounce that her budget was balanced, dence in controlling society have usually her taxes were cut by $60,000,000, th~ been failures in their private lives. 1 They~ public confidence h::i.d been restored, trade seem to think that mating mediocrity with revived and that the number of people in public office begets genius. It is not so. employment tl1ere was the highest ever The association is more likely to beget these recorded in the history of that country. "twins":. delusions of grawieur and an That is another example of the fact that ambition to admi,;ister civilization. The str:.tesmanship cooperates with natural geniuses in government hnve been men whu forces and cures the ills of the body-econo- undf!rstood government's natural limitamic while quackery meddles with nature tions----understood that while g"Overnment's and either kills the patient or cause a de· capacity for good is limited, its capacity v~.stating relapse. for evil is unlimited-understood that while The Thirteen Colonies \vcTit to wa/ on any "quack" can kill, the greatest physithe proposition: "T~xation without rep re- cian can cure only wheh he coopl!rates with sentatfon is tyranny." 'Ve now have a tax:- Nature's healing processes. Jefferson's ation with representation that is a tyr~n4 best known dictum is "tha~ governme~t govny for worse thr.n that which drove the ems best which governs least." Sper1gler Colonbts to revolt. Montesquieu said, and said that Bismarck was a statesman of the all history proves it, that "the effect of .... firnt rank, for in his statesmanship ''his excessi\•e taxation is slavery." It makes high policy was the art of the possible." Feb;uary 15, 1940 That most profound analyst, Gustave L e Bon, says that "the basic philosophy of th~ French Revolution was that a society may be remade in all its parts by means of institution$. The lawmakers of that day resolved to break with the past, fOund a new era, fix prices and legislate for the human race. They wanted .to annihilate the past but in the end they were annihi1:1.ted. Their faith in the power of laws and institutions was absolute. After ten yrors of violence and destruction and burning and pillage and massacre their impotence was revealed so sh~rtingly that they fell into universii.I reprobation. The pos· sibility- or.remaking society, by means of hws has been given the lie by observatioi1 and experience.'' Woodrow Wilson m•1st have had such ·remakerS of society in mind when he said here in Chicago · in 1909: "The men who are dangerous are the men who propound theork'!s which will make a 11ew pattern for society and a new model for the urliverse. These are the men who nre not to be trusted.'' The decisive test of any law is not its objective but its workability. The doctors who bled George Washington "meant well" but they J...-i.lled their patient. The League of Nat10ns had n noble objective but it hasn't worked. It did harm. · England dcJlended too much upon it and neglected 1·e· armament. Na pilot of a ship of State dare ignore the i·ocks and reefs of reality. Marshal Foch was a reaUst and said that world peace would come only when the ambitions of nations no longer clashed and peace lodged in ?-ll human he:!rts. Treaties cannot guaran~ peace and laws can· not CTeate prosperity. No law can kill the profit motive or the insti1':t to possess 'J)roperty and no la'~ C2.n restore business confidence and enterprise in a country whose public officials are constantly attti.cking capital. In all countries and in all ages scared capital means idle capital and idle capital means idle men. To have employees there must be employers. It has been recently said that "every man in th~ United States who possesses prnperty of any kind is afraid of being robbed and almosi certain· of being. ruined. The only urrcert~inty is 'vhether the robbing will be accomplished through taxation, inflation, confiscation ~or all three.'' An attack cm capital is an attack on something ptoduced by liberty. Only free men have capital. A slave has no property, he is property. We have men in high station who ·de-· nounce communism and yet foster practices . that are leading directly to it. Every attack on capital, every policy that squeezes value out o:( property ahd interferes with its use, are steps toward communism. He who rails against s~ccess and excellence has in himself .the making of a communist. He is certainly giving communism "aid and comfor~.'' If multiplicity of laws made for prosperi£y, Americiln prosperity would be unpard'I'BE LAWYERS' JOURNAL leled. No other nation can rival us in multipliCity of laws. Thc1:e is a law prohibit;. ing even the interstate shipping of a potato if it's less than 1-1/2 inches in diame· , ter. Our bureaucracy is the world's bulki~st. There are 1,000,000 employees on the federal government's civil pay \:oil. Since July 1, 1933, the guvernment bmlt 664 new office building's outside of Washington at a cost of $239,000,000 and three years la~r it was leasing 11,842 other buildings, all aS office Space for its employees. Th·~ I floor spa_ ce of buildings owned and leased by the government o'utside of Washington is the equivalent of fifty-two Empire St"ate bUildings. Government agencies became rn numerous in ·the 'District of Columbia that some had to go to Baltimore for office space. This huge bureaucracy has functioned so wastefully that, according to Senator Byrd of Virginia, it bUilt dwelling.;; in Virginia aJ: a cost of $8,000 'which local builders agreed to :reproduce fo1· $900. The government.built elsewher,e 15,000 homes at a cost of $16,000 each, which puts them beyond the reach of the tenants they wc1·c built fol". The multitude of laws and om· colossal taxes have mired American busi· ness into stagnation. Enterprise thrives only in freedom. The expensive "New De;l" remedies have had no more curative effects on the depression than cosmetics have on Character. 'The United Stb.tes had periodic depressions before 1929, and so d!d every other country in the world. The records prove that depressibns here and elMwhere lasted on an ~verage of five and six. tenths years and then prosperity returned. In 1838 at about the bottom of the four. year depression of that period the national debt wns less than h'nlf of what it had been five years before. When President Van Buren was urged to take measures of relief which he deemed unsound, he said i.n :'.!. message to Congress on September 4, 1837: "All communities are apt to look to government for too much especially , at periods of distress. The framers of our Constitution acted on a sounder principle. They wisely judged that the less govern· went interferes with private pursuits the better. It is not its object to repair by grants of money or legislation in favor of particular pursuits, losses not incurred in the public service. This would be to use the property of some for the benefit of others. It never assuming even for a wen. meant oQject, such powers as were not designated to be conferred upon it, we shall in reality do most for the general welfare.'' :The depression of 1873 lasted six years. When President Hayes took office in 1877, he described the country's industrial condition as one of "prostration.'' But he adhered t<!, sound principles during his fouryear term and when he turned the country "over to his successor in 1881, - the latter was able to announce that "the prosperity which now prevails is without parallel in any history." During President Hayes' 89 term the national debt had been reduced by $64,000,000. The depression, of _1893 both here and abroad,' which lasted five years, was characterized by the 'then Governor of the Bank of England as "the most severe financial disturbance of the Century.'' Yet. President Cleveland declared that the American people "can . be assured of safety only as 1Qng as the nation's solvency is unsuspected," and with dauntless courage he held the country to sound financial po1icie!l, and the country moved forward Under President McKinley ,to another era of un~ paralleled prosperity, and during that errtfre five-year deptession period the national debt was not increaied ns much as it is now increased in two weeks. Why has the 1929 depression been ex. tended to nearly ten years and the national indebtedness increased nearly twenty bil:~:b~:l~~~:e ~~~;s 0!~~·o::p::;s~~~:t:~:i:~ increase 1 in the national debt? The diffc:r'enCe is the difference between sound statepmanShip and reckless experim'i!ntation in the treatn'tent of the ills of the body-economic. There is no other explan~. tion. It is asserted that we recovered from ;~~:t~:r~~pr;;s:~n=s~~c;~e ;:;:~ a;0:~p:1: men becan'ie idle they took up free Western lands ;;.nd became prosperous._ Those who remember earlier depressions do not recall any such exodus- from Eastern homes to Western homesteads. Two-thirds of the 1891 decade were depression years. Our populntion then increai;;ed by 13,046,861. The trans-Mississippi area increased ' in population by only 3,936,561 men, women anil children. Our population increase by immigratio11 during that decade was 1J,687,564, mostly adult male laborers. The millions thei;i out of work were obViously not absorbed by the free lan·ds of the West. Political and economic delusions are as old as those of alchemy and witchcraft and youth-restoring potions. Ponce de Le011 led his men on a well-financed quest for "the fountain of eternal youth" but it ended in disaster for him and his followers.. In_ 1880, David A. Wells, a profoulld economist, said of schemes to end financial ills and create prosperity by legislation: "Their authors think they have 'discovered something new in the domain of economic truth but the record of the. past shows that all such s~hemes ~ but repetitions of old imbecilities. Those who war on natural laws meet failure and disaster.'' The American billions entrusted . to empil"ics for investment have yieJJed ~o dividends but disappointment. The statistic31 Year Book of 1937-38 Just issued by the LCague of Nations shows that during the world-wide depression starting late in 1929 the United States has made the poorest record for recovery of all the nations on the globe. Taking the industrial production 1929 as th~ basis and representing it by the figure 100, Great Britain's industri:'ll 90 production is now 124, Sweden's 146, and the United States is 64, which is far the lowest of the seventeen nations reporting. Occasionally smrle Amexican who goes to Russia or Germany on a visit professes to like what he finds there, though I observe that he doesn't stay there. If he wants to understand :t dictatorsliip in all its phases, let him seek out the families of those whom dictators have murdered and imprisoned; let him think of the 800,000 Jews of Germany and Austria who have been despoiled of their possessions and denied the right to practice · their professions or otherwise earn their daily bread simph• because of their race; let him consult the clerics and nuns who have been cast into prison for exercising freedom of religion. Let him interview the editors who have been imprisoned or exiled for ·exercising freedom of spe.ech. If any one contemplstes the peace and order found in dictatr orships, he should recall the words of the Czar who, after l'!onfiscating the property of- Poles and jailing and executing them by the thousands, proclaimed: "Peace reigns in Wnrsaw." The dictator type is well known. Washiniton and Lincoln were not of the type, for they possessed no vanity. Napoleon said that the leaders of the French Revolution were all animated by vanity. A dictator crilves adulation, is always sure that his talents and virtues surpass thosz of others, and he feels thit to question his judgment is treason. Dictators are selfrighteous, self-confident and arrogant. Their test of political ethics is political consort with them. · The dictator Robe:Spierre is described by historians as a "a man of mediocre intelligence, incapable <'f grasping realities, crafty and dissdnulating, his prevailing note being Pride and vanity." His method was to kill those who did not conform to his views. Dictators are also jealous men. They brook no rivals and are intolerant of intellectual equals or superiors. Stalin killeJ off his equals and superiors and Hitler has done the same. Robespierre and Danton -were friends and allies in the early stages of the French Revolution, but when Robespierre be<'!ame powerful enough to do S'J, he guillotined DantOn. Both Le Bon and Michelet say that Robespierre "put his associates to death because he wa::1 jealous of their talents, whil'!h eclipsed his." The typical demagogue-dictator is "In friendship false, implacable in hate Resolved to_ 1·uin or rule the state." Demagogues succeed only in an atmos.... phere of emotion. Since hate is the m~st powerful of all emotions, they engendel' it. The ea~iest hate to engender is class hatred. It is also the most fatal to the welfare of nations. James Bryl'!e said that "class war is a menace to mankind and the heaviest THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL blow ever directed against democral'!y." In stirring up class warfare the demagogue alway3 selects some minority group as the object of hate. In France of the 1790's it was the nobility, in Russia the aristocracy and in Germany the Jews. In America it is the "el'!onomic royalists." An "econ.:.mic royalist" n.pPears to be something evil to have in the country but nice to have in the family. The demagogue first deludes the people with an exaggerated belief h the power of government to promote human welfare and happiness and he then foments 1·evolutions to achieve impossibilities, hop. ing that in the social upheaval he will be cast up in the role of dictator. The wor)ri today is a witness to a dictator's power for evil. It is characteristic of would-be dictators that they always disclaim any intention of being dictators. Even Julius Caesar put "the proffered crown aside" while at the same time he was looting the Roman treasury to increase and. perpetuate his power. No dictator today even wears that title. We had a dictator in an .. American state :a few years ago who rejoiced in thC title of "Kingfish." His s~nse of humor which led him to exploit that title did not prevent him from attempting to suppress in his state, along with individual liberties, th2 liberty of the press, which attempt was frustrated by the Supreme Court of th<i United 'states. ' When demagogues with their "catch words" and seductive illusions and false promises acquire the dictatorial power their vanity covets, they proceed by force t..> convert majority into totality, to war on liberty, and to make all non-conformity a crime. This has happened in Russia, in February 15, 1940 Germany and in Spain. In Madrid thfrty tholisand executions have taken place, yti'; three years ago our Minister there wrote that no serious disorder was threatened. But the seeds of class hatred had been sown and the harvest of blood was reaped when the smouldering passions were· released and legal and social restraints cast off. In the late 1780's France was acclaimed the most civilized nation in the world. A few years later in the fury of cl~ss warfare, the heads of kings, nobles and laboring men were cllt off with pcrfeet "equality" and French rivers ran incarnadine to the sen. The demag-ogues wp.o started all this perished too. Q,ne of history's most dramatic moments was when Danton, on the i;caffold, asked pardon of God and man for the part he had taken in fomenting the French Revolution. Aristotle said: "All dictators begin as demagogues." Demosthenes said: "To guard against tyrants is the first duty of a people wll.o desire to remain free." All history teal'!hes that if the social stream is permitted, when lashed into torrential rage, to forsake its chanr,el and leap its ba:-riers, it will spread devastation far and wide"~~;:e ~!: ~0;i~e ~~ ~~~~h we right enjoy, If power unquestioned can those laws destroy." Such are the lessons of the past. ''Shall all these things be washed in the waters ;,f Lethe and forgotten?" Or shall Americans "wake up" before it is too Tate, and . stand!ng shoulder to shoulder regardless of party, maintain the restraints of law "'and order and repel every attempted breach of the Constitntijn? DRESS ELEGANTI..Y With Smart Suits Made Just The Style You. Desire J. C. de lo~ Reye• We guarantee oil of our work We Wish To Announce The Opening Of Our l\Iodern Haberdashery j'ust next door to us JULIAN C. DE LOS REYES Manage?· and Master Cutter Our Motto: "To Serve With Satisfaction." THE SMART BROS. TAILORING 840 O'Donnell, Sta. Cruz, Manila Res. Tel. 2-70-55 IN ANSWERING ADVERTISEMENTS PLEASE MENTION THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 1940 T~E LA WYERS' JOURNAL 91 THE LEGITIME OF ACKNOWLEDGED NATURAL CHILDREN AS SOLE AND CONCURRING FORCED HEIRS IN INTESTATE SUCCESSION By ANGEL COVIT A . Philippine Law School TB!W!~I~~Lth~~D!l.~c~::s0;t~!~~~~c~h~; parents who, at the time of the ·conception of such child1·en, could have legally married each other. As they are born out of wedlock, they are, thet·efore, i!legitimat.e children. Natural children are either acknowledged or unaclrnowledged. When either or both of their parents recognize them as their children, it is said thl!,t tqey are a~siwl edged natural children. rn the absenc such recognition, they are considered as unacknowledged natural children. Unacknowledged natur,al children are not entitled to any right whatsoever aiainst their putative parents except, perhaps, the right to compel acknowledgment wh~n they have proper grounds therefor according to law. Acknowledged natural children, on the other hand, are entitled to certain rights against their acknowledging parents among which is the right to inherit as the forced ~ of the latter. The difference lies on the ground that unackr nowledged natural children are legally without parents against whom such right· may be asserted-a natural and physical impossibility which by fictio'n the law makes as possible for purposes of public policy. In the law of succession, acknowledged natural children inay either be the sole or concurring forced heirs of the acknowledging parent. They .are said to be the sole heirs of such parent when the latter died without leaving legitimate descendants or ascendants. In whiCh case, Article 939 of the Civil Code provides that they succeed to the entire inheritance without prejudice, however, to the ri~ht of the surviving spouse of the deceilsed according to law. When, however, they survive with legitimate descendants or ascendants of the deceased parent who acKnowlcdgcd them, such children are said to be concurring forced heirs of such parent. When the acknowledged natural chil .. dren concur· with the legitimate ascendants of . the acknowledging parent, Article 841 of the Civil Code provides that such children are entitled to one-half r,f the estate of the 'deceased, which share is to be taken from the half available for free disposal. This is understood, however, to be without prejudice· to the legitime of the surviving spouse, which con'sists c.f the usufruct of one-third of the inheritance to be taken also from the half available for free disposal, according to Article 83G of the Code. So that, when the spouse survives with the acknowledged natural chil<lren together with the legitimate as· cendants of the deceased, whatever is Jacking to complete the' legitime of the children shall be allotted to them only in 1 naked ownership as long as the survr'Ving spouse lives. When, however, the ackno~vledged natural children concur with the legitimate descendants of the acknowledging parent, Article 840 of -the Civil Code lays down the rule that each of the acknowledged natural children is entitled to a share equal to onC-half of that which pertains to each of the legitimate children .not bettered, proYidcd that it be comprised within the one-third part for free disposal from which it must be taken after deducting the burial and, funeral expenses. Sanchez Roman, explaining ihis rUle, said that the equality refers both to quantity as well as to quality. (6 Sa11chez Roman, 901908). This opinion" of the distinguished commentator is also the opinion of our j3up. reme Court expressed in the case of In 1·e Tad-Y, 46 Phil. 557. However, Article 834 of the- Civil Code Jffovides that when the deceased is survived by his widovJ or her widower who, at the time of his or her death is not divorced or is so due to his or her fault, such widow or widower shall be entitled in usufruct to a portion of the estate of the .deceased equal to that which p~rtains as legitime to each of the legitimate children or descendants not bettered. And if only one legitimate child or desceJadant survives, the widow or widower shall be entitled in usufruct to the third portion of the estate destined for betterment, the fo:-mer retaining" the -naked ownership until dominion is consolidated in him by the death pf the surviving spouse. Let us now assume that the deceased died intestate leaving his widow and two children, one legitimate and the other acknowledged natural ch,ild. Applying the rule, the acknowledged natural 0child gets os his share a portion of the inheritance equal t'o one-half in quantity and in quality to that which pertains to the legitimate . child, which share is to be taken from the free po1tion. In this case, the share of the natural child is equal to one-third 11f the entire inheritance and, therefore, consumes the entire free portion, which constitutes one-third of the entire est~te. The iegitime of the widow, consisting in usufruct, is to be taken from the third portion of the estate available for. betterment and, in this case, consumes entirely that portion. The legitimate child 'gets the naked ownership of that same portion and in full ownership the third remaining pa1·t or the short Jegitime. But will the natut'al child get the entire free portion in i'ull ownership? Manresa answers the question in the affirmative. He says: "La concurrencia dcl c6nyuge superstite no influye en la legitima del hijo natural en los casos normales en que debe gravar el tereio de la mejora." (6 Manresa, 597). Sunchez Roman, on the other hand, As of different opinion. He saYs: "Si existiere viudo, • pero no mejora, la cuota viudal consistiri en el usufructo de! segundo tercio, destinado por la ley a mejora, reduciend6se la legitima del hijo 6 descendiente legitimo que le represente a un tercio de la herencia en ' pleno dominio, y el otro, cuyo usufructo se adjudica al viudo, en nuda propiedad (art. 834 2.o p!itTafo, y 840); haciendose, por necesaria analogia, distinci6n seml,iante en el doble concepto de aplicaci6n de llienes en pago de la legitima al hi)o natural, la mitad de cuyo importe se le adjudicara en pleno dominio, y la otra mitad en nuda propiedad, y el usufructo de esta segunda mitad quetar: ~~e~~e1i~~~~~~~ ~ud~/0n(~lii~~~ ch~ Roman, 901). This opinion finds explanation in the fact that if the acknowledged natural child gets as his share the entire free third in full ownership, then he gets more than what the law gives him; that is, one-half in quantity and in quality to that which the legitimate child not bettered gets as his legitimc. And in this case, the legitimate child gets his share one-half of which is in naked ownership and the other haif in full ownership. Therefore, in order to maintain the proportion established by law, Sanchez Roman says "that the natural child should also get his share one-half of which is in naked ownership and the other half in full ownership; the usufruct of that which he receives in naked ownership constitutes a free .portion, but ' upon the death of the widow, shall be consolidated to the natural child. / Again, on this particular point, our Supreme Comt has the same opinion as that of Sanchez Roman as expressed in the Tad-Y case, supra. In that case, the following facts were proven: ' On December 26, l922, Vicente Tad-Y died in the Municipality of Iloilo, Province of Iloilo, leaving his widow Rosario , Elser, a legitimate son Jose •Tad-Y, and an acknowledged. natural daughter Maria Tad-Y, who are declared ·in the judgment appealed from as his on!Y legal heirs. In said judgment there was adjudicated to RosariO Elser the usufrutt of the third 92 of .the estate of the deceased available f'll' betterment, to Jose Tad-Y the third constituting the short Icgitime in full ownership, and the naked ownership of the third ~wailable for bettern1cnt, tmd to. Maria Tady the free third in full ownership. This allotment made by the tTial court was held l:y the Supreme Court as against the law. In reversing the decision appealed from, the Supreme Court laid down the following 1·i.-Je: "To' determine the sh~ne that pertains to -the natural child which is but one-half (lf the pol,'tion that in quality and quantity belongs to the legitimate child not bctte1·ed, the latter's poition must first be asce1tained. If a widow share in the inheritance, together with only one legiti!'late child, as in the instant case, the chdd gets, according t'o the l~w, the .third co.nstituting · the legitime in full ownership. und the third available for betterment m naked_ownership, the usufruct of which goes to the widow. "1'he natural child must get one-half of the free third ii~ full. o~ ership and the other half of this th1Td m naked ownership, from which third his portion must be taken, so far as possible, after deducting th~ funeral and burial expenses. And excess would result consisting in the usufruct of , the surplus remaining of the othc1· half of this third, which for lack of testamentary provision must go to the legitimate child. As upon the death of the widow ';he usufruct of the third available for beherment will pass to the legitimate child, in order to maintain this proportion established by the law, the natural child must in turn get the usufruct of the sur)llu~ Of this half of the free third." th~~c;;11::~\~1~" a~~:tm~~~~~~c c;~;:io:;a~~ l<.~ed to 'Jose Tad-Y was tl;e third constitutirig the short legitime in full ownership, and the third available for bctt~ ment in naked ownership; to Maria Tad-Y, one-half of the free third in full ownership ":ind the other ha!.£' of this third in naked ownership, after 'dedu'cting the burial and funeral expenses; to' Rosario Elser, the usufruct of the thil:d available .for betterrrient; and to Jose _ Tad-Y, the usu. iruct of the remaining half. of the fr(!e third, which upon the death of Rosario Elser shall pass to Maria Tad-Y, It should, however, be noted that -from the l:mguage of Section 735 of the Code of Civil Procedure, repeated in Section 7, Rule 87 or' the New Rules of Court, which will tak\ effect on July 1, 1940, it is evid· .ent that in all cases the funeral and burial expenses arc to 1,>e paid from the mass of the estate of the deceased. Therefore, so much of the rule which refer to funeral and burial expenses Should now be eliminated. So that the rule is settled that the share of each of the acknowledged na- ' tural children, concurring with the legi-timate children and descendants of the deceased parent, is equal to or:.e-half in quantity an.d in quality to• that which pertnins 'to each of the legitiniate children not bettered. I But is the rule applicable in all cases where natural children concur with legitimate children and descendi\nts of THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL the deceased? In other wot·ds, does nO:t the TU le admit of any exception? This brings · us to the provision oI Article 839 of the yivil Code in relation to Articles 834 and 840 cf the same Code already cited and discussed. Article 839 of the Civil Code.. pr9vides that in case there survive child1·en of two or more marriages, the' usufruct pertaining to the widowed spouse of the second\ marriage (which means the last marriage of the deceased) shall be taken from the third . available 'for the· free disposal of the parents. Dt us now suppose that the deceased is' survived by his widow and four children; two of who~ are legitimate belonging to two different marriages, and the other two are acknowledged natural children of the deceased. Acording to Article 834, the widow is entitled in usufruct to a portion of the inheritance equal ·to that which pertvins as legitime to each of the legitimate children or decendants not bettered. Therefore, in the example given, she is entitled in usufruct to one-third of the ~n tirc estate whicl\ usu!ruct according to Article 839, is to be tak.en from the third available for free disposal, because the legitimate children belong to two different marriages. Her usufruct, therefore, burdens the entire free third. But according to the rule, each of the acknowledged natural children is entitled to a share in the inheritance equal to onehalf in quantity and in quality to that which pertains to each of the legitimate children not bettered, which share is also to be taken from the free third: Inasmuch as the share of both of the natural children herein is " equal to one-th)rd cf the entire inheritance, it therefore consumes 'also the entire free portion. 13ut because that entire portion is totally bu!·dened by the usufruct of the widow, therefore, tl\;he share of the na'tural children is reduced to a mere naked ownership, while the share of the legitimate children is in full ownership. The1·efore, ~ the share of . each of the natural children in this case is not anymore equal to one-half in quantity and in quality to that which pertains as Jegitime ·to epch of the legitimate children or descendants not bettered. Is not lhe~ the rule applicable in this instance? February 15, 1940 we· can only apply the rule by d.oing either of two ways: (1) by applying Article 834 instead of Article 839 with regard to the portion from which ~he usu- . fruct of the widow is to be taken, or (2) by reducing proportionately the share of the legiti~.ate children. If we apply Article 834 instead of :Article 839 in this case, in the sense that the usufruct of the widow is to be taken from the betterment instead of the" free portion, then the rule can be applied by merely fo\lowing .the a1lotment made in the Tad-Y case, supra. But it seems that thi,s couise is not warranted by the law. It ~ is because Article 839 Or any other article of the Civil Code does not provide for any such exception. And if there be noue, · the court cannot, by interpretation provide for one\ The application of Artic;Je 839 in this case might work an injustice tq the natural children. But the court· cannot do otherwise but to apply it. l.: is only for the Legislature to alter the law so as to make it conformable to justice. I We can also apply th!;! rule by reducing proportionat~ly the share ~ the legitimate children. This is done by reducing it into a mere naliied ownership like that of the natural children, so that the usufruct thereof b~comes a free portion which the deceused could have freely disposed of by will. But again this comse does not seenl to find any justification in the law. It is · because it is not legally possible to create a free portion ,from the legitime of the legitimate children. It seems clear, therefore, that when the acknowledged natural children concur with tr.at of the widow and the legitimate chil· <tr€n of the deceased, the rule that each of the natural child1·en receives as· his share a porlion of the inheritance equnl in quantity and in quality to one· half of that which as legitime pertains to each of the legitimate children not bettered, suffers, an exception where the legitimate children belong to different marriages. In which case, the natural chjldren may suffer a reduction to their inherit_ance caused by the usufruct of the widow, without any corresponding reduction to the Jegitime of the legitimate children. STATUTE NOT TO BE CONSTRUED ISOLATEDLY "A STATUTE is not to be construed' as if it dood solitary and alone, complete and perfect in itself, and isolated from all other laws. It is not to be expected that a statute which tales its place in a general sydem of jurisprudence s~all be so parfect as to require no support from the rules and statutes of the sydem of which it becomes a part, or so clear in all its terms as to furnish in itself ... 11 the light needed for ih con+ruction. It is proper to look to other statutes, to the rules of the common law, to the sources from which the statute was derived, to the general principle$ of equity, to the object of the statute, and to the condition of affairs existing when the statute was adopted .... 'C~druction has ever been e potent egency in hermoniiing the operation of datufes, with equtty and iustice.' Stetutes ere to be construed as to me\e the law one uniform system, no;it e collection of divene end disjointed fregments."-Elliott, J. in Humpbries v. Devis (·1884), 100 Ind. 27-4. 284. (From the United Stales law Review, Vol. LXXI, No. 12 p. 701 ). February 15, 1940. THE LAWYERS' J OURNAL .93 THE PHILIPPINE LAW ON ORGANIZED LABOR-COM. ACT · NO. 213 By MELANIO F. LAZO M ember, Philippine Bor (CONCLUD ED] CHAI?TER V THE PENAL PROVISION OF THE LAW Section 5 of Commonwealth Act No. 213 provides as follows: Any person or persons, land.lord or lan<;J:lords, corporation or corporatio1,1s or the~r agents, partnership or partnerships or their :!;?e~' o~hJa~~:!~1i~:t~c~~n~o~r~de:n~iser;:; ~i"s~~pl~~p~~~ ~: :~~~~;r ofo/\~:e:~t from joining any registered legitimate labor organization of his own cho~sing, or who dismiss" or threaten to dismiss such employee o·r laborer or tenant :from his employment for having joined, or for being a member of, any registered legitimate labor organization, shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment of not exceeding one year or a fine not exceeding one thousand pesos, or both, at the discretion of the court. There are two classes of acts punishable under this article: 1st The act of intimidating or CQercing any employee or laborer or tenant with th~ intention of preventing such employee or Jabor~ r or tenant from joining any registered legitimate lab.or organization, of his own choosing. 2nd. The act of dismissing or threatcnin-g to dismiss such employee or laborer or tenant from his employment for having joined, or for being a member of, any registered legitimate labor organization. The :first class of acts are concededly within the power of the National Assem~ 'bly t.ll' punish. The use of force or intimidation disturbs the public peace and interferes with the personal liberty and security of the laborers, and as such, it is not only the right but also the duty of the National Assembly to suppress. As to the power of the legislature to J'Unish the second class of acts, however, this had been for so many years the subject of controversy among leading American jurists and legal talents. Some of them believed that the legislature is without power to punish suc!1 act for to do so would deprive the employers of their ·constitutional rights,ios while others believed the contrary.'°" To be able to appreciate the merits Qf the two conflicting Views I shall frame a hypothetical case which involves this controversial part of the Jaw. Let us assume that an information was ffed by the City Fiscal of the following tenor: ~$'th~juristsmaybementioned JU!rtJce H arlan and J ustice Pitney. ,,,. Amo-r.i;t" t hem may be mention~. Justice Holm~, Chief J111;tice Hughes and Justice Day: "The undersigned accuses Mr. Reyes for violating Section 5 of Commonwealth Act No. 213 committed as follows : "That on or about October 5, 1938 in the City of Manila, and within the jurisdiction of this court, the accused, being th~ _managing partner of Reyes & Co., m_ahc1ously and feloniously dismissed from his employ !d3'df;n~s:~d '~a;~~~u~oj~~te ~~:;:~d~:t~! having discovered the fact that Said employees are members of Labor Union 'X, Y, Z.' Ali contrary to law." The defendant after having been duly summoned and arraigned pleaded not ,;uilty. He· admits all the allegations in the complaint, but sets the defense that the section of the law under whiclt be is prosecuted is uncQnstitu~ional. The Arguments for the Defense L It Deprives Employer of Liberty and Property Without Due Process of Law: "The right of a person to sell his la~or upon such terms as he deems prope:i: is, in its essence, the sa_me as the r'ght of a purchaser of labor to prescribe the conditions upon which he will accept such labor from the person offering to .sell. I n all such particulars the employer and the employee have equality of rights, and any legislation that disturbs that equality is an arb'trary interference with the liberty of contract, which no government can legally justify in a free land, under a constitution which provides that no person shall be deprived of his l'bcrty without-due process of law." (Adair v. United States, 208 U. S. 161; to the samQ effect in Lochner v. New' York, 198 u. s. 45.) "Included in the right of personal liberty and the right of private property-partaking the nature of each-is the right to - make contracts for the acquisition of property. Ch'ef among such contracts is thp.t of personal employpient, by which labor and other services are exchanged for money or other forms of property. If this right be struck down or arbitrarily interfered with, there -is a substantial impairment of liberty in the long established sense . .. " (Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U. S. 1) "J...'berty includes not only the right to labor, But to refuse to labor, or for labor and to terminate such contracts and to refuse to make such contracts. • • "' Hence, we are of the opinion that this Act contravenes those provision of the Federal Constitution, which guarantees that no person shalf be deprived o:f life, liber ?', or property without due process of Jaw.'' tGillespie v. People, 188 Ill. 176). 2. It Depl'ives Employer of the Equal Pr.otection of the Law. The Aci is unilateral in its application. ; H takes into account the interest of the laborers at the expense of the employers. And "the r ight (to enter into contract of employment ) is essential to the laborer as to the capitalists, to the poor as to the sick." (C.oppago v. Kansas, supra) and "in the making of such contract-the parties liave an equal right to obtain f rom each other the best terms they can as the result of,.. private bargaining." (Adair v. JJnited States, supra). 3. The Law Cannot be S'"Ustained as a Proper E,rercise of the Police Power of the St~:e~h a statute makes the levelin~ .of inequalit'es of fortune "an end in itself,_ and not an incident to the promotion of the gi!neral welfare. Indeed, to punish an employer for simply proposing terms of etnployment \mder circumst;nces - devoid of coercion, duress, 1 or undue influence, has no reasonable relation with public health, safety, morals and general welfare," (Coppage v. Kansas, s1tpra) and as such, "the legis~a~ ture has no author'ty to pronounce ·an innocent act cril;llinal." · /1rgumcnt for the Prosecution . I. The Employer is not Deprived of Liberty and Property Without Due Process of Law. ' " The section is in substance, a very limited interference with freedom of con· tract, no more. Iti does not require the carriers (employers) to ·employ anyone. It does not forbid them to. refuse to emplo'y 'anyone, for .any reason they may dee~ good . . . The seetion simply prohibits the more powerful party to exact certain undertakings, or to tbreate~ to di~ missal or ' unjustly discr;minate on 7ertam grounds against those already _emplo~e.d." (Adair v. United States, dissenting opm1on of J ustice Holmes). _ . "That the right to contract is a part of the indiv-idual freedom within the protection of this Amendment, and i:uay not be arbitrarily interfered with is conceded. While this is true, nothing is better settled by the repeated dec'sions of this court than that the right of contrnct is not absolute and unyielding, but is subject to li111itation and restraint in the inter(\!st of the public health, safety, and welfare, and sucb limitations may be declared in legislation of the slate." (Coppage v. Kansas, dissenting opinion of Justice Day). · "Due process of law is not denied by the provision" of this section. "It does not interfere with the normal 'exercise of the right of an employer to select his employees 94 or discharge them so long as he does not under cover of such right intimidate or coerce his employees with i·espcct to their · self-organization and representation. "Employers have their correlative l'ight to organize for the purpose of securing the red1·ess of grievances and to promote a¥'reements with employers relating to rates of pay and conditions of work.-Res~raints for ~the purpbse of preventing an unjust interference with that right cannot be considered arbitrary or capricious." (National Labor Relations Bd. v. Laughlin S. Corp., 301 U. S.1). 2. It Does Not Deprive the Employer of the Equal Protection of the Law. "The Act has been criticised as one· sided in its application; that it subjects , the employer to supervision and restraint and leaves untouched the abuses for which employees may be responsible. That it fails t-0 provide a more comprehensive plan,-with better assurance of fairness to both sides and with increased chances of success in bringing about, if not compelling, i!= declared to be beyond the legislatiye authol'ity of t.he State. "But "°it are dealing with the powcl' of Congress, not with a particular policy, 01· with the e::d;ent to 'Vhich policy should go~ We have frequently said that the legislatfre authority, exerted within its proper field, need not embrace all the evils within its reach. Th,e Constitution does not forbid 'cautious !ldvance, step by step,' in dealing with evils within the range of legislative power." (Jones Laughlin S. Corp., etc., BUpra.). "In present conditions a workingman not unnaturally may believe that only by belonging to a labor union can he secure a contract that shall be fair to him. If that belief, whether right or wrong, may be held by a reasonable man, it s~ms to me that it rfiay be enforced by law in order to establish the equality of position between thl parties in which liberty of contract begins. Whether in the long run it is wise for the legislature to enact legislation of this sort is not my concern, but I am strongly of the opinion that there is nothing in the constitution of the United States to prevent it and ~at Adair v. United States should be overrul~d." (Coppage v. Kansas, dissenting opinion of Justice Holmes). 3. The law is a Valid Exercise of the Police Power of the State. "Discrimination and coercion to prevent the free exercise of the right of employees THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 1940 with freedom of choice." And hence, the prohibition, "instead of being an· invasion 14. of the constitutional right of either, was -Injunction Courts Having Jul'isdiction in Industrial Disput.es based on the recognition of the rights of both." (National Labor Rel. Dd. v. Jones 11. Labor Vn1on~ As Pai-ties to an Actioti. & Laughlin S. Corp. 301 U. ~·. 1). (a) Registered Labor Unions. As we "The right to join labor unions is undispµted, and has been the subJect of frequent affi1·mation in judicial opinion. Acting within their legitimate rights such associa~ tions are as legitimate as any organization of citizens formC!d to promote their common interest. They are 01·ganized under the law of many states, by virtue of express statutes passed for that purpose, and, being legal, and acting within their constitutional rights, the 1·ight to join them, as against coercive action to the conb:ary may be the legitimate subject of protection in the exercise of police authority of the state. "It is UI"ged that the statute has no object or purpose, express or implied, thrit has reference to health, safety, morals, or public wel1larC!, beyond the supposed desirability of leveling inequalities of fortune by depriving him of. his property or some part of his financial independence. "But this argument admits that financial independence is not independence of law or of the authority of the legislature to declare the policy of the state as to matters which have a reasonable relation of the welfare, peace, and security of the community. "Opinions may differ as to the remedy, but we cannot understand upon what ground it can be said that a subject so intimately related to the welfare of society is removed from the legislative power ... It would be difficult to select any subject more intimately related to good order and security of the community than that under consideration." (Coppage v. Kansas, dissenting opinion uf Justice Day). Possible Decision of the Court The Court is of the opinion that the authorities cited by the prosecution represent the law. The arguments presented by the defense, whate\o& , be their merits, cannot be maintained under the strain of recent decisions of the Federal Court of the United States. ,wherefore, the court finds that defendant is gq_ilty of the crime charged and gives judgment convicting the defendant to six months imprisonment. So order1'!d. CHAPTER VI ACTIONS AND REMEDIES have seen lab.or unions that arc registered are considered juridical persons distinct and separate from q1c laborers composing it. Having such c'ategory, registered labor unions may sue and be sued in their corporate name without including their officers and members. This should not be taken, however, as to imply that officers and members of the same are immune from legal processes. The officers and members are still amena'ble to the prnvisions of our penal laws for crimes committed by them, whether or not the crime arose from ads which received the official sanction of the organization.10.;; Likewise, torts committed by office1·s ot members which did not receive the. sanction of the union will hold such members solely responsible for damages.106 (b) Unregistered Labor Unions. Previous to the year 1925 it was the established law in American jurisprud9:e that a labor union not incorporated can nut sue10 1 or be sued10B in its common name, for it is not a legal entity distinct from its members; but that actions in which such association is , involved must be brought byto11 or against11 0 all of its members. In 1925, however, the United States Supreme Court held in the case of United States Mine Workers v. Coronado Coal Co. (259 U. S. 344) that in view of the affirmative legal recognition of their existence and usefulness and provisions for their protection, and of the fact that they act as entities distinct from their memberS", \\nregistered labor unions become in effect, quasi-cOrporations against which action may be brought in !he association name. An action may also be brought f&r or' against a particular officer or member as a representative of a labor union unaer the authority of our local !;tatute which provid~s as follows: "Sec. 118 (C.C.P.) Numerous PartiesWhen the subject matter of the controversy is one of common or general interest to many persons, and the parties are so numerous that it is impracticable to bring them all before the court, one or mo1'e may sue or defend for the benefit of all. ·." to self-organization and representation is a 11. proper subject for condemnation by com pc- 12. tent legislative authority;" for "experience has ~bundantly demonstrated that the re.cognition of the right of employees to sclforganization and to have representatives of Labor Unions As Parties to an Action Remedies Against Labor Unions -Actions for Damages It has been held that under a like provision one or more members of a labor union may sue' on behalf of themselves and the their own choosing for the purpose of collective bargaining is often an essential condi- 1..3. tion of industrial peace." But "such collecthre action would be a mockery if representation were made futile by interference -Enforcement of Contractual ObJi. gatiom . -Injunction in Labor Disputes -Violation. of Injunction Remedies Available to Labor Unions -Actions for Damages -Act{ons for the Enforcement of Contractual Obligations ioo Moeller v. People, 70 Colo., 223, 199 Pac. 414: Com. v. Hurt. 4 Whc.-at, Ill. '""Hill v. Eagle Glau & Mfg. Co-. 219 Fed. 719. m Guilfoil v. Arthur, 158 Ill. 600. 41 N. E. 100~; Do.novan v. Danielson, 244. ?11:.a.sa. 432, 134 N, E. Sit. ~oe American St.eel, etc. v, 'Vire Drawers & Di" :Maken -Onion 90 Fed. 698; Allis-Chalmers Co. v. In>n MoldC'l'!I Union. 160 Fed\ 1G6. , .. St. Paul Typotheta.e v. St. Paul Dookbiru:len' Union. 94 Minn. 351. 102 N. W. 726. =Cahill v. Plumber~·. G<ts' & St.e;unfitters• '& ficlpen' Local '.?3S ' Ill. 123. February 15, 1940 otherslll and that an action may be brought against the memb~rs of a union by suing some of them as representatives of the class.in 12. Remedies Against Labo1· Unions. (a) Actions for Damages. Art. 1902 of the Civil Code provides: "Any person who by an act or omission causes damage to anvther by his fault or negligence shall be answerable for the damage caused!' This provision of the law applies with as much force W labor unions as to natural persons. Thus, it has b.een held that a per- , son against whom an unlawful boycott, strike, or picketing has been instituted may have his action for the damages thereby occasioned against the labor union which caused the injury113 provided there is a causal connection between the acts complained of :ind the damage suffercd.11'~ Aside from liabilities for damages arising from torts, labor unions arc also liable for damages due to breach 1 of contract between <!mployer aud union ;11~ so als.o will labor unions be held liable for . damages in case of injury resulting from criminal conspiracy.ll<' A labor union may likewise be sued for damages for unlawfully suspending or expelling a member frorri the organization1i: or for any other breach of contr~t with its members. Another interesting phase of this topic is the e..xtent of liability of unregistered labor unions. Since the case of United ~tates Mine Worke1's v. Coronado Coal Co. (supra) was decided unregistered labor unions seem to be burdened with double form of liability. The labor unions are liable io the extent of its funds for damages done by individual members, in case the union sanctioned the act causing the damage, while at the same time the individual rQembers are unlimitedly liable for the acts of their elected officials. For unregistered labor unions, this result is not merely exasperating but positively threatening. At any moment, their funds may be wiped out by the acts of uncontrolled individuals. And members themselVes may have enormous damages assessed upon them by the action of remote officials. This double liability above-mentioned can, of course, be a\'oided by registering labor unions in the Department of Labor. Under the favorite le'gal fiction of artificial personality, acts of laborers which had the s&nction of the union will only hold the l!nion for damages, and vice-versa, acts of laborers not having the sanction of the union will only subject the individual members to damages. =Strasser v. Moone\is, etc, 11 N. Y. S.R. 270. =.Basscrt v. Oh11ny, 251 N, Y. Supp. 877, ~~tl.u~?~£·Wi1~~;~~n!~in~~~.nv~;::de~: ~·~: ~.~ v. Grundy, 82 L, Y. N. E. 769: 48 Week. = Nederlaudscb etc. v. Stevedores• & L. Benev. Soc .• 265 Fed. 397. "" Sornll v. Smith A. C. 709. 13 B. R. C. I. "'Campbell v. Johnson, 167. Fed. 102. THE LAWYERS' JOURN~ (b) Enforcement of Contract Obligations. Employers who entered into a contract with a labor union may enjoin the officers and agei1ts of such uni.on from violating said contract and a suit to enforce a contract between employers and labor unions is maintainableus unless it is for the specific performance of contract for personal se1·vices.H9 (c) Injunctions in Labor Disputes. An injunction is a court order issued to prevent injury to prnpeTty or properly i·ights for which there is no adequate remedy at law.aJ In industrial conflicts, this remedy was originally intended to protect property from irreparable injury during a strikci or boycott. But a~ present the injuction has been called upon to perform a much wider service. Union workers and officials have at. times been enjoined by colll't orders to urge non-uuionmen to join a union;121 to picket;122 to issue slanderous statement against the employer which will likely damage the complainant's business1n to induce a third person to break the latter's contract with the employer;1u or to the putting of employers in the unfair list, in furtherance of a strike for an illegal purpose.12~ It was also held that injuuction has been properly issued restraining t~e sending by the national organization in the locality of funds to aid or promote acts of unlawful interference' with complainant's busincss;126 against the display of banners, in proper cases;12 1 against applyiiig vile names or words Of ridicule or contempt to complainant's employers or partners, or persons intending to become such;12s against lawful acts interwoven with unlawful ones; 120 against secondary boycotts;uo against the payment of strike benefits where the strike is for unlawful purpose;131 against the making of false or misleading stateme~ts, to the injury of the complainant's business, is2 against the destruction of property;1u etc. It is thus seen, that with the wide variety cf the use of injunction the labor unions are at times weakened to such a degree as to render strikes, boycotts and other labor's weapons of little use. The writer b!.:!lieves that any abuse of judicial discretion in the issuance of injunction would mean a widespread loss of confidence in the integrit.y of the courts. (d) Violation of In'junction. Officers and members of !abor organization violatLl.!l,Ba.rnc., v. Be:r~. 166 FOO. 72, 167 l~«J. 883. u. Chambers v. Dnvis, 128 Min. 613. l20Look UP Sees. 164·172, Act 190. W Floo::eua v. Smith, 19\} Pa. St. 128, 48 Atl. 894. ""'Vegelahn v. Gunter, 167 Maas, 92. 44 N. E. 1077. l.!.' Spririgbeadr Spinning Co. v. Liiiey. 16 W<"ek. Rep. 1138. ""'Jitchman Con! & Coke Co. v. Mitchel!, 246 U. S. 229: Montgomei-y "· Pncilic Elec. R. Co. 293 Fed. 680. '""Reynolds v. Da~i~. uo Gaaaway v. Borderland Coal Corp. 278 Fed. 56. U!Sherry v. Perkins, IH llfass. 212. W Cs.saway '" Borde-rland Coal Corp, 278 Fed. fib. ""'United States v. Railway Employeu• Dept. 283 Fed. 419. llO Thomsom Mach. Co. v. Brown. S9 N. 'J. F.q. ~29. =Barnes v .. Berry. 156 F~d. 72. =Inter. Orzanizntion v, Lewal Coal Co., 286 Fed. "· =Arthur v, Oakes, 63 Fed. 320. 95 ing an 01·der C?f injunction issued by the court will be punished as for contempt;t3• and an injunction against members of a uniqn as individuals may be \'io\ated by illegal action by "them in associated capacity.136 13. Remedies A·vailable to Labor Unions 1. Actions for' Damages. On the side of labor, the law grants the same prot:cction a·S it· gives to employers by giving to labor unions the same right to bring an action for damages in case an actionable wrong is inflicted upon them. 'fhus, a labor union may bring action for damages arising from torts1l 6 or breach ·of contractual obligations,13• which may be brought against employers, other persons, or .even against their own members; so also may a labor union bring an action for damages arising from crimes committed against them, unde.r the rule that every person criminally liable for a fcloity is likewise civilly liable.138 2. Civil Actions to Enforce a Contract. A labor union may bring an action fpr the enforcement of its contractual , rights as long as the contract is lawful.139 Thus, an action may be brought ·by a ~11bor union to enforce an agreement with an employer to give all his wmk to members of the unionuo or to emJlloy union laborers e'xclusively;u1 or to enforce previous stipulations regarding wages and other terms anr.'. conditions of work.IO There is also a case which held that the articles of agreement of a labor union, whether callS?d a constitution, chart.er, by-1!1.w or any othet; name, constitute a eontraet between the members which the courts will enforce, if not immoral or contrary to pub-lie policy or the law of the land.143 3. Injunction. Injuction may issue as well in behalf of labor unions where adeciuate i·cmedy in law is not available. The i·em"edy had been granted in cases where the rights of labor unions would be infringed by blacklisting; 1u or in case their picketing members are molested or coerced, and such acts of interference or violence will result in the infliction of substantial money damages;us or in case of an alleged conspiracy to cripple and destroy a labor union by preventing persons from j.oining it and by forcing tts members to leave it by unlawfully procuring their discharge f.rom employment because they are members of such union.aG (Continued on page 105) •ii' United States v. Colo. 216 Fed. ~54. uo Amuiean. Steel & Wire Co. v. Wire Di·aw .. rs' etc. 90 Fed. &98. .-""'Art. 1902 Civil Code. ,., Art. 1101, Civll Code. J.39 Art. 100 Revised Penal Code: Slooe & Tel<li!e El<arninen 1 & Shrinkers Emplon~u· Assa. 122 N . Y. Supt>.460. 130 Post v. Black's Stone, ete. Co. 200 F~d. 918; Art, 1255 Civil Code. >«>Smith v. Bowen, 232 Masa. 106 ,.,_ Loc11l Branch v. Sold, 8 Ohio App. 437. , ... Greenfield v . Central Labor Council. 1114 O'r. 236, 192 P11e. 783. •<3Browen v. Storekel, 74lllich. 269, 41 N. W. 921, 3 L. R. A. 430. 1u B11yer v. Western v, Telcg. 'Co_. 124 Fed. 246. , .. Atkins v. W. A. Fletcher Co, Cs N: J. Eq. &68. li5 At!. 1074 • . 1 .. United Slates v. Moore, 129 FW. 630. THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL ,February 15, 1940 THE ,NEW RULES OF COURT [CONTINUED] RULE 26 MOTIONS SECTION 1. Motion defiited.-Every application for an order not included in a judgment, may be called a motion. SEC. 2. Mot:ion 'must be ill writing.-All motions shall be made in writing except motions for continuance made in the presence of the adverse party, or t~ose made in the course of a hearing or trial. SEC. 3. Contents.-A motion shall state the order sought to be obtained and the grounds upon which it is based, and shall be accompanied by supporting affidavits and other papers. SEC. 4. Notice.-Notice of 'a motion shall be served by the applicant to all P.arties concerned, at least three days before the hearing thereof, together with a copy of the motion, and Of any affidavi\s and other papers accompanying it. The court, however, for good cause may hear a motion on shorter notice, specially on matters which the court may dispose of on its own motion. SEC. ~· Cont.ents of notice.-The notice shall be directed to the parties concerned, and shall state the time and place for the hearing of the motion. SEC. 6. Proof of service, to be filed 1Vith motion.-No motion shall be acted upon by the. court, without proof of service of the notice thereof. $EC. 7. Motion day.-The first h~urs of the morning session of the court every Saturday of each week shall be devoted to hearing motions, unless, for special reasons, the court shall fix another day for the hearing of any particular motion. SEC. 8. Omnibus motion.-A motion attacking a pleading oi a proceeding shall include all objections then available, and all objections not so included shall he deemed waived. SEC. 9. Form.-The rules applicable to pleadings shall also apply to all motions so far as concerns caption, signing and other matters of form. RULE 27 SERVICE AND FILING OF PLEADING~ AND OTHER PAPERS SECTION 1. Filing with the court, defined.-The filing of pleadings, appearances, motions, notices, orders and other papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of the court. The date of the mailing of motions, pleadings, or any other papers or payments or deposits, es shown by the post-office regist'ry receipt, shall be considei·ed as the date of their filing, payment, or deposit in ihis court. SEC. 2. Papers to be filed and served.-Every order required bY its teQns to be served, every pleading subsequent to the com· plaint,. every written motion other than one which may be heard ex-parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer 9f judgment or similar papers shall be filed with the court, and served upon the parties affected thereby, If any of such parties has appeared by an attorney or attorneys, service upon him shall be made upon his attorneys or one of them, unless service upon .the party hit,nself is ordered by the court. Where one attorney appears for several parties, he shall only be entitled to one copy of any paper served upon him by the opposite side. SEC. 3. Modes of service.-Service of pleadings, motions, notices, orders, judgments and other papers shall be made either personally or by mail. SEC. 4. Personal service.-SerVice of the papers may be made by delivering personally a copy to the party or his attorney, or by leaving it in his office' with his clerk or with a person having charge thereof. If no person is found in his office, or his office is not known, then by leaving the copy, between the hours of eight in the morning and !'iX in the evening, at the party's or attorney's residence, if known, with a person of sufficient " discretion to receive the same. SEC. 5. Service by...,mail.-Service may also be made by depositing the copy in the post office, in .a sealed envelope, plainly addressed to the party or his attorney at his office, if known, otherwise at his residence, if known, with postage fully prep~id, and with instructions to the postmaster to return lhe mail to the sender after tep days if unelaimed. SEC. 6. Substituted service.-If personal service or service by mail cannot be made under the 'two preceding sections, the office and place of residence of the party or his· ,attorney being unknown, service may be made bY delivering the copy to the clerk of court, with a proof of failure of personal service and service by mail. The service is complete at the time of such delivery. SEC. 7. Service of final orders or judgments . .....:'.Final orders or judgments. shall be served either personally or by registered mail. SEC. 8. Completeness of service.-Personal service is com· pletc upon actual doliVery. Service by mail is complete upon th-; expiration of five (5) days after mailing, unless the court otherwise provides. Service by registered mail is complete upon act~al re0 ceipt by the addressee; but if he fails to claim his mail from ~::t:::t~!~i~~ew~!;~~c!i:~a~~Yi:::o~f~~; ::~h:f e~;~!}~~:~c:;~~~~ . time. SEC. 9. When service not necessary.-No service of papers shall be necessary on a party in default' except when he files a motion to set aside the order of def.a.ult, in which event he is entit:ed to notice of all fudher proceedings. SEC. 10. Proof of service.-Proof of personal serVice shall consist of a .written admission of the party served, or the affidavit of the party serving, containing a full statement of the date, place and manner of the service. If the service is by mail, proof thereof shall consist of an affidavit of the person mailing, together with the registry receipt issued by the mailing office if the letter has been registered. The registry return card ·shall be filed immediately upon receipt thereof by the sender, or in lieu thereof the letter unclaimed together with the certified or sworn copy of the notice given by the postmaster to addressee. RULE 28 COMPUTATION OF TI ME1 SECTION 1. How to compute time.-In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default after which the designated period of time begins to run is not to be included. The last day of the period so computed is to be included, unless it is a Sunday or a legal holiday, in which event the time shall run until the end of the next day which is neither a Sunday nor a holiday. Rut.E 29 SUBPOENA .SECTION 1. Subpoena and subpoena duees tecum.-Subpoena is a process directed to a perSon requiring him to attend and to testi~y at the hearing or the trial of an action Or at any investigation conducted under the laws of the Philippines, or for the taking of his deposition. It may also require him to bring with him any books, documents, or other things under his control, in which case it is called a subprena duces tecmn. SEC. 2. By whom shall be issued.-The subpcena shall be issu~d by the court or judge· before whom the witness is ;equired to attend, or by the judge of, the Court of First Instance of th.e province or any judge of the municipality or city where the deposition is to be taken or the investigation is to be condu~ted, or by any Justice of the Sup'reme Court or Cou'rt of Appeals in any case pending within the Philippines. If a prisoner, not con- r fined in a municipal jail, is .required to attend before an infel"ior ~-e-k·uary 15, 1940 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL 97 ' court, the Judge of the Court of First Instance of the provin~e where t)le inferior co~t is_ sitting, or any Justice of the Court of Appeals or of the Supreme Court may issue the subpama. SEC. 3. Form and contents.-A subpama, shall be signed by the clerk under the seal o:(: the court, or by the judge if his court has no clerk. It shall state the name of the court and the title of the action or investigation, shall be directed to the person whose attendance is required, and shall contain a reasonable description of the books, documents or things therein demanded, which must appear prima facie sufficiently relevant. SEC. 4. Quashing a 1;ulipoena duces tecum.-The court upon motion made promptly and in any event at or before the time specified in the subprena duces tecum for compliance therewith, may (a.) quash the subprena if it is unreasonable and oppressive . or (b) condition denial of the motion upon the advancement by the person in, whose behalf the subprena is issued of the reasonable cost of producing the books, papers or things. SEC. 5. Sufficient authority.-Proof of service of a notice to take a deposition, as provided in sections 15 and 25 of Rule 18, -constitutes a sufficient authorization for the issuance of subi:)cenas for the p"ersons named therein by the clerk of the Court of First Instance for the province, or by the judge of the municipality or city, in which the deposition is to be taken. The clerk shall not, howev~r, issue a subpama duces tecum to any such person without an order Of the court. SEC. 6. Service.-Service of a subpcena shall be made by the sh~ri!f, by his deputy, or by any. other person specially autho:rized who is not,.. a party and is not less than 18 years of age. The original shall be exhibited and a copy thereof delivered to the persori named therein, tendering to him the fees for one-day's attendance and the mileage allowed by these rules, except that, when a subprena is issued by or on behalf of the Commonwealth of the Philippines or an officer or agency thereofi("'the tender need not be made. The service must be made so as to allow the witness a reasonable time for preparation and travel to the place of attendance. SEC. 7. Ser·vice when witness is concealed.-If it is shown· by affidavit that a witness is concealed in a building or vessel so as to prevent the service upon him of a subpcena and that his te~timony or the things demanded from him are material, the court or judge issuin'g the subpc.ena may issue an order authorizing the sheriff or his deputy or the person specially authorized to serve, to break into the building or vessel where the witness is confealed for the purpose of carrying the service into effect. RULE 30 DISMISSAL OF ACTIONS 1 · SECTION 1. Dismissal by the plaintiff.-An action may be dismissed by the plaintiff without order of court by filing a notice of dismissal at.any time before service of the answer. Unless otherwise stated in the notice, the dismissal is without prejudice, except that a notice operates as an adjUdication upon.. the merits when filed by a plaintiff who has once dismissed in a competen£ court an action based on or including the same claim, SEC. 2. By Qrder of the court . ...:Except as provided in- the preceding section, an action shall not be dismissed at the plaintiff's instance save upon order of the court 'and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper. If a counterclaim has been pleaded by a defendant prior to the servic~ upon him of the plaintiff's motion to dismiss, the action shall not b~ dismissed against the defendant's objection unless the counterclaim can remain pending -for independent adjudication by the court. Unless othel"'wise specified ip the order, a dismissal under this paragraph shall be without prejudice. A class action shall not be disfu.issed or compromised without the approval of the court. SEC. 3. Failure to prosecute.-When plaintiff fails to appear at the time of the trial, or to prosecute his action for an unreasonable length of time, or to comply with these rules or any order of the court, the action may· be dismissed upon motio~ of the defendant or upon the court's own motion. This dismissal shall have the effect of an adjudication upon the merits, unless otherwise provided by court. SEC. 4. Effect of dismissal nn qther grounds.-Unless otherwise ordered by the court, any dismissal i1.ot provided for in this rule, other th~n a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, operates as an adjudication upon the merits. - · SEC. 5. Dismissal of counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim.-The provisions of this rule apply to the dismi,sal of any counterclaim, cross-claim, or third~party claim. A voluntary dismissal by the claimant alone pursuant to section 1 of this rule shall be made before a responsive pleading is served or, if there is none, before the introduction of evidence at the trial oi hearing. RULE 31 CALENDAR AND ADJOURNMENTS SECTION 1. When issue joined.-Upon the filing of the last pleading, the case shall be included in the • trial calendar of the requ~:~· !• at~=~~i~: ~ ps:~:::;;,at~:::b~~~:o~:~·~:f s~::c~i~npe:~, cour~EC. 2. Trial calenda1-.-The clerk of coui-t shall have a the officer having the management of the jS.il, ,who in turn Shall calendar of the cases ready for trial; but he · must prepare a · serve_ it upon the prisoner. special calendar for preferential cases including habras corpus SEC. 9. Witness not bound by subpoenct.-A witness is not ~~~ :1:~ti~0;::c:~'sth~:~;;!:i;~0:r~t,th:n:1:~!~::;s'of~~a:~~~?i bound to attend as such before any court, judge, or other officer out of the Province in which he resi,des, unless the distance be natu~:·c. 3. Notice of trial.-Upon entry of a case in the cor~~sstr~:~~Y5~h~il~:~rc~:;;emo;i:r:;:1~e 7 ;;:~:~:;ec!~n~~e b:1:~~ ;:esponding trial calendar the clerk shall fix a date for trial and moved from the province where he is serving scntenc~. shallS~~~s:. a ;;j~:~:::~:~f !::e Ps::t~:1n::;:ts~~;a:~:~ may SEC. 10. Personal presence in court.-A person present in adjourn a trial fro!!l- day to day, and to any stated time, as the court before a judicial officer may be required to testify in the expeditious and conv~nient traiisaction of business may .require, same manner as if he were in attendance upon a subprena issued but shall have no power to adjourn a trial for a longer period by such court or officer. than one month fdr each adjournment, nor more than three months SEC. 11. Compelling attendance.-In case of failure of a in all, except when · authorized in writing by the Chief Jbstice. witness to attend, the court or judge issuing the subprena, upon SEC. 5. Requisites of motjon to postpone trial for absence -of proof of the service thereof, and of the failure of the 'witness, evidence.-A motion to postpone a trial on the ground of absence maY issue a warrant to the sheriff of the province, or his deputy, of evidence can be granted only upon affidavit showing the mato arrest the witness and bring him before the court or officer teriality of evidence expected to be obtained, and that due diliwhere his attendanc~ is required, and the costs of such warrant gence has been used to procure it. But if the adverse party and seizure of such witness shall be paid by the witness if the admits that .such evidence would be given, and that it be consiauthoritY issuing it shall determine that his failure to answer dered as actually given on the trial, or offered and overruled the subpama was willful "and without just excuse. as improper, the trial must" not be. postponed. SEC. 12. 6'ontempt.-Failure by any person without ade- SEC. 6. Requisites of motion to postpone trial for illness of quate excuse to obey a subpa!na served upon him shall be deemed party.-A motion .to postpone a trial on the ground of illness of a contempt of the court from which the subprona is issued. · a party may be granted if it appears upon affidavit that the 98 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 1940 presence of such party at the trial is indispensable and that the character of his illness is such as to render his nonattendance excusable. RULE 32 CONSOLIDATION OR SEVERANCE SECTION 1. Consolidation.-When actions involving · , mon question of law or fact are pending before the court, it may order a joint hearing or trial of any or all the matters ·in issue in the actions; it may order all the actions consolidated; and it nlay make such orders concerning proceedings therein as may tend to avoid unriecessary costs or delay. SEC. 2. Separate trials.-The court, in furtherance of con~ venience or to avoid prejudice, may order a separate trial of any claim, cross-claim, counterclaim, or third-party claim, oi.: of any ·separate issue or of any number of claims, ' cross-claims, counterclaims, third-party claims, Ol' issues. RULE 33 TRIAL of its own motion, direct a reference to a commissioner in the following cases: (a) When the trial of an issue of fact requires the examination of a long account on either side, in which case the commissioner may be directed to hear and report upon the whole issue, or any specific question involved therein; (b) When the taking of an account is necessary for the information of the court before judgment, or for carrying a judgment or order into effect; (c) When a question of fact, other ·than upon the pleadings, arises upon motion or otherwise, in any stage of a case, or of carrying a judgment or order into effect. SEC. 3. Order of reference, powers of the com.missioner.When a reference is made, the clerk shall forthwith furnish the commissioner with a copy of the order of reference. The order may specify or limit the powers of the commissioner, and may direct him to report only upon particular issues, or to do or perform particular acts, or to receive and report evidence only, 3nd may fix the date for beginning and closing the hearings and for the filing of his report. Subject to the specifications SECTION 1. Order of trial.-Subject to the provisions of and limitations stated in the order, the comiliissioner bas and section 2 of Rule ?2, and unless the judge, for special reasons, shall exercise the power to regulate the proceedings in every otherwise directs, the order of trial _shall be. as foHows_: hearing before him and to do all acts and take all measures nec(a) The plaintiff must produce the evidence on his part; essary cir proper for the efficient performance Of his duties (b) The defendant shall then offer evidence in support of under the order. He may issue subpoenas and subpoenas duce.s , his defense, counterclaim, cross-claim and third-party claim; tecum, swear witnesses, and nil.less otherwise provided iii the (c) The third-party defendant, if any, shall introduce evid- order of reference he may rule upon the admissibility of eviderlce. ence of his defense, counterclaim, cross-claim and third-party The trial or hearing before him shall proceed in all respects as claim; though the same had been before the court. (d) The foul'th, etc., party, if any, shall introduce evidence SEC. 4. Oath of commissioner.-Before entering upon °his ot 'the material facts by him pleaded~ · duties the commissioner shall be sworn to a faithful and honest (e) The parties against whom any counter-claim or cross- performance thereof. 1 clai_m has, bee? pleaded, shall introdu7e evidence in support of SEC. 5. ProceeJtngs before commissioner.-Upon receipt of their defense, m the order to be prescnbed by the court; the order of reference unless otherwise provided therein, the (f) The parties may then respeCti'.'ely offer rebutting evid- commissioner shall forthwith set a time and place for the first ence only, unless the court, for good reasons, in the furtherance meeting of the parties or their attorneys to be held within 10 of justice, 1iermits them to offer evidence upon their original' days after the date of the order of reference an..d shall notify case; the parties or their attorneys. (g) When the evidence is concluded, unless the ·parties agree SEC. 6. Failure of parties to appear before comniisS"ioner.to submit the cause without argument, the plaintiff or his eoun- If a party fails to appear at the time and pla_ce appointed, lhe sel may make the opening argument, the defendant, third-party commissioner may proceed ex.porte or, in ii'is- discretion, adjourn defendant, and fourth, etc., party, ortheir respective counsel, may the proceedings to a future day, giving notice to the absent pal'ty follow successively, and the plaintiff or his counsel may conclude or his attorney of the adjournment. the argument. Two counsel may, if desired, be heard l;JPOn each SEC. 7. Refusal of witness.-The refusal of a wiiness to side, but in the order herein prescribed; obey a subpcenh. issued by the commissionr or to give evidence (h) If several defendants or third-party defendants, hav- , befot·e him, shall be deemed a contempt of the court who appointed ing separate defenses, appear by different counsel, the court the commissioner, · must determine their relative order in the evidence and argument, SEC. 8. ComniissiotWr shall avoid delays.-It is the duty but in any event the plaintiff is entitled to the opening and clos- of the commission~r to proceed with all · reasonable diligence. ing argument. Either party, on notice to the parties and commissioner, may SEC. 2. Agreed statement of facts.-The parties 'to any ac- apply to the court for an order requiring the coriimissioner to tion may agree, in writing, upon the facts involved in the liti~ speed up the p'roceedings and to make his report. gation, and require the judgment of. the court upon the questions SEC. 9. Report of com?Jlissioner.-Vpon the completion of of law arising from the facts agreed upon, without the intro- the trial or hearing or proceeding before the commissioner, he duction of evidence. shall file ,vith the court his report in writing upon the m.'.ltters SEC. 3. Statements of judge.-During the bearing or trial of submitted to him by the order. of reference. , When his powers a case any statement made by the judge with reference to the are not specified or limited, he shall set forth his findings of case, or to any of the parties thereto, witnesses or attorneys, shall fact and conclusions of law in his report. He shall attach therebe made of record in the stenographic notes if requested by either to in all cases, all exhibits, affidavits, depositions, papers and of the parties. the transcript, if any, of the evidence presented before him. RULE 34 TRIAL BY COMMISSIONER SECTION 1. Reference by consent.-By written consent of both parties, filed with the clerk, the court may order any or all of the issues in a case· to be referred to a commissioner to be agreed upon by the parties or to be appointed by the court. As used in these rules the word "commissioner" includes a referee, an auditor, and an examiner. SEC. 2. Reference ordered on motion.-When the parties do not consent, the court may, upon the application of eith9r, or SE<>. 10. Notice to parties of the filing of report.-Upon the filing of the report, the parties shall be notified by the clerk, and they shall be allowed ten days within which to signify grounds of objections to the findings of the report, if they so desire. Objections to the report based upon grounds ·which were available to the parties during the proceedings before the commissioner, other than objections to the findings and conclusions the1·ein set forth, shall not be considered by the <;ourt unlesS :hey were made before the commissioner. SEC. 11. Hearing upon report.-Upon the i:xpiration of the period of ten clays i·eferred to in the preceding section, the report February 15, 1940 THE LA WYERS' JOURN.i).L 99 shall be set for hearing, alter which. the · coui.'t shall render judgment by adopting, modifying, or rejecting the repoi;t ln whole or in paTt or it may reeeive further evidence or may recommit it with instructions. - SEC. 12. Stipulation as to findings.-When the parties stipulate that a colnmissioner's findings of fact shall be final, only questions of la\y arising upon the report shall thereafter be considered. SEC. 13. Compensation of commission~r.-The court shall allow the commi.c;sioner such -reasonable comperlsation as the circumstances of the case warrant, to be taxed as costs against the defeated party, or apportioned, as justice requires. RULE 35. JUDGMENTS, ORDERS AND ENTRY THEREOF SECTION l, _ How judgrnent rendered.-Except those of inferior courts, all judgments determining the merits of cases shall be iµ. writing personally and directly prepared by the ' judge, .and signed by him, stating clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based, and filed with the clerk of the court. SEC. 2. When and how judgments and orders entered.-l:f no appeal or motion to set aside is filed within the time provided m these rules, the judgment or order shall be entered by the clerk. The notation of the judgment or order in the book of en·· tries of judgments shall constitute its entry. The notation shall contain the dispositive part of the judgment or order and shall be signed by the clerk, with a certificate that such judgment Or order has become final and executory. SEC. 3. Judgment for 01· against one of seveml parties.Judgment may be given for or against one or more of several plaintiffs, and for or against one or more of several defendants, and the court may, when justice requires it, conclusively' determine the ultimate rights of the parties on Jach · side, as between themselves, and may require such parties to file adversary pleadings as between themselves. SEC. 4, Several judgments.-In an action against several. defendants, the court may, in its discretion, render judgment against one or more.of them, leaving the action to proceed against the others, whenever a several judgment is proper. SEC. 5. Judgment at various stages.-When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, the court ati any stage, upon a determinatipn of the issues material to a P,articulnr claim and all counterclaims arising out of the transaction or occurrence which is the subject matter of the claim, may enter a judgment di~posing of such claim. The judgment shall terminate the action with respect to the claim so disposed of and the action shall proceed as to the remaining claims. ·In case a sep3rate judgment is so entered, the· court by order may stay its enforcement untiI the entering oi a subsequent judgment or judgments , and may prescribe such cpnditions as are necessary to secure the benefit thereof to the party in whose favor the judgment is entered. SEC. 6. Judgment by default.-lf the defendant fails to answer within the time specified in " these rules, · the com·t shall, upon motion of the plaintiff, order judgment against the defendant by default, and thereupon the court shall proceed to receive the plaintiff's evidence and render judgment granting him such relief as the complaint and the facts proven may warrant. This provision applies where no answer is made, w)thin the · period provided in these rules, to a counterclaim, cross-claim, or thirdparty complaint. SEC. 7. Judgment 11.1he1l some defendants answe-r, and others make default:-When a complaint states a common cause of acti.on against several defendants, some of whom 'answer, and the others make default, the court shall try the case against all upon the answers thus filed and render judgment upon the evidence presented by the parties in court. The same' procedure applies when a common cause of action is pleaded ' in a counterclaim; crossclaim and third-party claim. SEC. 8. Jiulgme1it against association or person under a name 01" style.-Whep judgment is entered against two or more persons sued as an association, the judgment shall set out ,the individual oi· proper name or names, if known. SEC. 9. Extent of 1·elief to be awarded.-A judgment entered by default shall not exceed the amount or be different in kind from that prayed for in the demand for judgment. In other cases the judgment shall grant the, relief to which the party in whose favol" it is rendered is entitled, even if the party has not demanded suC!h relief in his pleadings. SEC. fO. Judgment on the pleading$.-Where. an answer fails to tender an issue, or oth~rwise admits the material allegations of the adverse party's pleading, the court may, on motion of that party, direct judgment on such pleading, except in actions for annulment of marriage or divorce wherein the material facts alleged in the complaint shall always "be proved. RuUE 36 SUMMARY JUDGMEINTS SECTION 1. Summary judgment for claimant.-A party seeking to recover upon a claim, counterclaim, or cross-claim or to obtain a declaratory judgment may, at any time aitCr the, pleading in answer thereto has been served, move with affidavits for a summary judgment in his ~avor upon all or any part thereof. SEC. 2. Summary judgment foT defending party.-A party against whom a claim, counterclaim, or cross-claim is asserted or a declaratory judgment is sought may, at any time, move with supporting affidavits for a summary jlldgment in his favor as to all or any _part thereof. SEC. 3. Motion and proceedings thereon.-The motion shall be served at least ten days before the time specified for the hearing. The adverse party prior to the day of hearing may serve opposing affidavits. The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositlons, and admissions on file, toge· ther with the affidavits, show that, except · as to the ·amount of damages, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. SEC. 4. Case not ju~ly adjudicated on motion,-If on motion under this rule, judgment is not rendered upon the whole case or for all the relief asked and a trial is necessary, the court at the hearing of the motion, by examiniltg the pleadings and the evidence before it and by interrogating counsel, shall if practicable <)Seertain what material facts exist without substantial contr~ versy and what material facts are actually and in good faith controverted. It shall thereupon make an order specifying the facts that appear without substantial controversy, including the extent to which the amount of damages or other relief is not in controversy, and directing such further proceedings in the action as are just. Upon the trial of the action the facts so specified shall be deemed established, and the trial shall be conducted accordingly. ' SEC. 5. Form of affidavits; further testimony.-Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts aS would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant .is competent to testify to the matters stated therein. ·sworn or certified copies of all pape.rs or parts thereof referred to· in an affida.Jit shall be attached tllereto or served therewith. SEC. 6. Affidavits in bad faith.-Sbould it appear to the satisfaction of the court at any time that any of ·the affidavits presented pursuant to this _Jule are presented in bad faith,. or solely for the purpose of delay, the court shall forthwith order. the party employing them to pay to the other party the amount of the reasonable expenses which the filing of the affidavits caused him to incur, including reasonable attorney's fees and any offending party or attorney may be adjudged guilty of contempt. RULE 37 NEW TRIAL SECTION' 1. When and fo1· what cau.ses new t1'i°al ' nay be JOO THE LAWYERS: JOURNAL February 15, 1940 sought.-Within thirty days after notice of the judgment in an action, the aggrieved party may move the trial court to set aside the judgment a~d grant a neW:_ trial for one or more of the following causes materially affecting the substantial rights of said party: 1 (a) Fraud, accident, mistake or excusable negligence .which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against and by i:.eason of which such' aggrieved pa"rty has probably been impaired in his r::~t~ewlY discovered e~dence, which he could .. not~ with , reasonable diligence, have discover,ed, and produced at the trial, and whi~h if presented would 'probably µ.lter the result; (c) Because excessive dam.ages have been awarded, or the evidence was insufficient to ·justify the decisioD, or it is against the law. SEC. 2. Method of procedure in motions for new trial.The 'motion shall be made in writing stating the ground or grounds therefor, a written notice of which shall be served by the moVant of the ·adv.erse party. · I When t~e motion is made fol" the causes mentioned in sub· divisions (a) and (b) of the preceding section, it shnll be proved in the manner provided for proof of motions. Affidavit or affi. davits of merits shall also be attached to a motion ior the cause mentioned in subdivision (a) which may be rebutted by counter· affidavits. When the ID.otion is made upon the cause mentioned in sub· division ( c) of the preceding section, it shall point out ~pecifically the findings or coµclusions of the judgment which are not sup· ported by the evidence Or which are contrary to law, making ex· press reference to the testimonial or documentary evidence or to the provisions of law alleged to be contrary to such findings or conclusions. SEC. 3 . . When motion for ¥W trial may ·be granted or dcnicd.-The trial court may set aside the judgment and grant a new trial, upon such terms as may be just, or may deny the motion. If the motion is made upon the cause mentioned in sub.: section {c), section 1 of this rule, and the court finds its judgmer..t to be contrary to 'evidence or laW, it rr.ay amend such judg. ment accordingly \vithout granting a new trial, unless the court deems the introduction of additional evidence advisable. ' SEC. 4. Second motian for new trial.-Grounds for new trial 'Which can properly be alleged in a motion, are deemed waived if . 11ot alleged the1·ein. A second motion for new trial may be allowed if based on a ground not existing when the first motiOn was made and may be filed within the time herein provided ex· cludjng the time during which the first motion has been pending. SEC. 5. Effect of granting of motion for new trial.-If a new trial be granted in accordance with the provisions of this rule, the original judgment shall be vacated, and the action shall stand for trial de novo; but the ,recorded evidence taken upon the former trial so far as the same is material and competent to establish the issues,' shall be used upon the new trial without retaking the same. SEC. 6. Partial new trials.-If ' the grounds for a motion under· this rule appear to the court to affe'ct the isSues as to only a pa.rt, Or less than all of the matter controversy or only one, or less 'than all, of the parties to it, the court may, if such issues are severable from the rest, order a new trial as to such issues without interfering with the judgment upon the rest. , SEC. 7. - Effect of order for partial new trial.-When less .th~n all of the issues are orderedl-etried, the court may either enter final judgment as to the rest, or stay the eJiltrY of final judgment until after the new trial. RULE 88 RELIEF FROM JUDGMENTS, ORDERS, OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS SECTION 1. Petition to Court of First Instance for relief from judgment of inferior· court.-When a judgment is rendered by an inferior court, and a party to the case,· by fraud, accident, mistake, or excusable negligence, has been unjustly deprived of a hearing therein, or has been prevented from taking an appeal, he may file a petition in the Court of First Instance of the ~ pro'!!_nce in whic~ h the original judgment was rendered, praying that such judgment be set a,side and the case tried upon its merits. SEC. 2. Petition to Court of -Ffrst Instance for relief from judgment or other protJ(!eding thereof.-When a judgment or order is entered, or any other proceeding is taken, against a party in a Court of ~irst Instance thrqugh fraud, accident, mis· take, or excusable· negligence, he may file a petition in such court praying that the judgment, order, or pi·oceeding be set aside. SEC. 3. When· petition filed; contents and verificrition,-A petition provided for in either of the preceding sections of th'is rule must be verified, filed 'within sixty days after the petitioner learhs of the judgment, order, or other proceeding to be set 3.side, and not more than six months after such judgment or order was entered, or such proceeding was taken; and must be accompanied with affid!\vits showing the fraud, accident, mistake, or excusable negligence relied upon, and the facts constituting the petitioner's good and substantial cause of action or defense, as the case may be, which he may prove if his ,petition be granted. SEC. 4. Order to file an answer.-!£ the petition is sufficient in form and substance to justify such process, the court' in ,which it is ,filed, or a judge thereof, shall issue an order retiuiring those against whom the petition is filed to answer the same within fifteen days from the receipt thereof, which order shall be served in' such manner as the court maY direct, together 'vith Copies of the petition. SEC. 6. Preli1ninary injunction pending proceedings.-The court in which the petition is filed, or a judge tliereof, may grant such preliminary injunction as may be necessary for the preservation of the rights of the parties pendilig the proceeding, upori the filing by the petition'er of a bond to the adverse party conditioned that if the petition is dismissed, or the petitioner fails on the trial of the case upon its merits, he will pay the adverse party all damages and costs that may be awarded to him by' reason of the issuance of such injunction or the other proceedings following the petition; but such injunction shall not- operate .to discharge or release bail, or to extinguish any. lien which the adverse1 party may have acquired upon the property of the petitioner. SEC. 6. Proceedings after ~nswer is filed.-Once the answer is filed, or1 the time for its filing has expired, the court shall bear the case, and if .after such hearing, the court :finds that the allegations of the petition are not true, the petition sh.all be dismissed; but if it finds said allegations to be true, it shall order the judg· ment, order, or other proceeding complained of to be :Set aside, upon such terms as may be just, and shall try the principal case upon its merits. SEC. 7. llow trial upon the merits had.-Where the judg· mcnt set aside is that of a Court of First Instance, such court shall proceed to hear and dete,rmine the case as if a timely motion for a new trial P,ad been granted therein, Where the judgment set aside is that of an inferior court, the trial in the Qourt of FirSt instance shall be as if· the case had been regularly brought up by appeal, and the. judge of the inferior court may be required by the Court of First Instance 'to attend and produce at the trial all the papers in the oi'iginal case. SEC. 8. Appeal.-Thc order of the court setting aside the judgment, order or proceeding is not appealable until a final judg· ment is rendere'd upon the merits in the principal case. RULE S9 EXECUTION, SA TIS~"ACTION AND EFFECT OF JUDGMENTS SECTION 1. ExecutWn as of right.~Execution shall issue upon a final judgment or order upon the expiration of the time to appeal when no appeal has been perfected .. SEC. 2. Execution ~iscretionary.-Bcfore the expiration of the time to appeal, execution may issue, in the, discretion of the court, on motion of the prevailing party w~th notice to the adverse ' party, upon good reasons to be stated in a special Febru8ry 15, • 1940 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL 101 order. --If a record on appeal is filed thereafter, the Special order shall be included therein. Excution issued before. th~ expiration of the time to appeal may be stayed upon the approval by the court of a sufficient supersedeas bond filed by the appellee, conditioned for the perfonll'"ance of the judgment or order api}ealed from in case it be affirmed wQolly or in part. SEC. 3. Execution of supersedeas bond.-The bond given under the preceding section 'may be executed on motion before the trial court after the case is remanded to it by the appellate court. SEC. 4. Injunction, receivership and patent accounting, not s(Q.yed.-Unless otherwise ordered by the court, an interlocutory or final judgement in an action for injunction or in a receivership action, or a judgment or order directing an accounting in an action for infringement of letters patent, shall not be st3.yed after an appeal is perfected or during the pendency of an appeal. The trial court, however, in its discretion, when an appeal is taken from an interlocutory or final judgment granting,, dissolving or denying an injunction, ml}y make an order suspending, modifying, restoring, or granting such injunction during the pendency of the appeal, upon such terms as to bond or otherwise as it may consider proper for the secuiity of the rights of the adverse party, subject to the power of the appellttte court or of a justice thereof to the same effect. SEC. 5. Effect of 1·eversal of · judgment ex1P,cuted.-Where the judgment executed is reversed totally or partially on appeal, the trial court, on motion, after the case is remanded t.o it, may issue such orders of restitution as equity and justice may warrant under the circumstances. · ' SEC. 6. Executio:n by motion or by independent action.A judgment may be executed on motion within five years from the date of its entry. After the lapse of such time, and before it is barred by the statute of limitations, a judgment may be enforced by action. . SEC. 7. Execution in case of death of party.-Where a party dies after the entry of the judg'inent or order, executiott thereon may issue, or one already issued may be enforced in the following cases~ (a) In case of the death of the judgment creditor, upon the application of his executor or administrator, 'Or successor in interest; (b) In case of the death of the judgment debtor, against his executor or administrator or successor in interest, if the judgment be for the recovery of real or personal property, or the enforcement of a lien thereon;' (c) In case of the death of the judgment debtor after execution is actually levied upon any of his property, the same may be sold for the satisfaction therecif, and the pfficer making the sale shall account to the corresponding executor or administrator for any surplus in his hands. SEj::. 8. Issuance, fo1-m and 1·equisites of execution.-The execution must issue in the name of the Commonwealth of ihe Philippines from the , co.urt in which the judgment or order is entered; mu_ st intelligibly refer to such judgment or order, stating the court, province, and municipality where it is of record, and the amount actually due thereon if it be for money; and must require the sheriff or Other proper officer to whom it is directed substantially as follows: (a) If the execution be against the property of the judgment debtor, t.o satisfy the judgment, with interest, out of the personal p1·operty of such debtor, and if sufficient personal property cannot be found, then out of his real property; (b) If it be against real or personal property in the hands of personal representatives, heirs, devisees, legatees, tenants, or trustees, to satisfy the judgment with interest, out of such property; ~ (c) If it be for the sale of real or personal property, to sell tmch property, describing it, and apply the proceeds in conformity with the judgment, the material parts of which shall be recited in the execution; (d) If it be for the delivery of the possession of real or personal property, to deliver the possession of the same, describing it, to the party entitled thereto, and to satisfy any costs, damages, rents, or profits covered by the judgment out of the personal property of the person ~gainst whom it ',Vas rendered, and if sufficient personal property ·cannot be found, then out of the real property. SEC. 9. lVrit of execution of special judgment.-When a judgment requires the performance of any other act than the payment of money, or the s~le or deijvery of real or personal property, a certified copy of the judgment Shall be attached to the writ of execution antl may be served ,by the officer upon the party against whom the same is rendered, or upon any other__person required thereby, or by law, to obey the same, and such p~rty or person may be punished for contempt if he disobeyed such judgment. SEC. 10. .bidgment for specific acts; vesting title.-If a judgment directs a party to execute a conveyance of lan'd, or to deliver deeds or other documents, or to perform any· other specific act, and the party fails to comply within th~ time speci· fied, the com·t may direct the act to be done at the cost of the disobedient party by some other Person appointed by the court . and the act when so done shall have like effect as if done by the party. If real or per~nal property is within the Philippines; the cou~t in lieu of dil'ecting a conveyance thereof may enter a judgment divesting the title of any party and .vesting it in others and such' judgment shall have the force and effect of a conveyance executed in due form of law. SEC. 11. Return of execittion.- The execution may he made returnable, to the clerk or judge of the court issuing it, at any time not less than ten nor more than sixty days a'fter its receipt by the officer, who must set forth in writing on its back the whole of his proceedings by virtue thereof, and file it with the clerk or judge to be preserved with the ' other papers in the case. A certified copy of the record, in the execution book kept by the clerk, of an execution by virtue of which real property has been sold, or of the officer's return thereon, shall be evidence of the contents of the originals whenever they, or any part the1:'tlof, have been lost or destroyed. SEC. 12. P1·operty exe"mpt fr6m execution.-Except as otherwise ·expressly provided by these rules, the following property, and no other, shall be exempt from execution: (a) The debtor's homestead, in which he resides, ar..:! -!~r.-l necessarily used in connection therewith, both not exceeding in value three hundred pesos; (b) Tools ·and implements necessarily used by him in his trade or employment; (c) Two horses, or two cows, or two carabaos, or other beasts of burden, such as the debtor may select, not exceeding three hundred pesos in value, and necessarily used by him in his ordinary occupation; (d) His necessary clothing, and that of all his family; (e) Household furniture and utensils necessary for housekeeping, and used for that purpose by the debtor, such- as the debtor may select, of a value not exceeding two hundred pesos; (/) Provisions foi; individual or family use sufficient for three months; · (g) Professional libraries of attorneys, judges, physicians, pharmacists, dentists, engineers, surveyors, clergymen, school teachers, and music teachers not exceeding five hundred pesos in value. (IL) One fishing boat ond net, not exceeding the total value of one hundred pesos, the property of any fisherman, by the lawful use of which he earns a 'livelihood; (i) So much of the earnings of the debtor for his personal services within the month preceding the levy as are necessary for the support of his family; (j) Lettered gravestones; (k) All mone:ys, benefits, p1·ivileges, or annuities accruing or in any manner growing out of any life insurance, if the annual premiums paid do not exceed five hundred pesos, and if they exceed that sum a like exemption shall exist which shall 102 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL Feb.ruary is, 1940 bear the san1e proportion to the moneys, benefits, privilegE:s, tice of the time and place of the sale in three public places in and annuities so accruing or growing out of such insurance that the municipality or. city where the ,sale is to take place, for said five hundred pesos bears to the whole annual premiums Such time as may be- reasonable, considering the character and paid. condi,tion ot: the property; But no article or .'fPecies of property mentioned in this (b) In case of other p~rsonal prop;;·ty, by posting a similar section shall be exempt; fro:n execution issued upon a judgment notice in three public places in· the municipality or city where recovered for its price or upon a judgment of foreclosure of. a the sale is to take place, for n.ot lesi;; than five nor more than mortgage thereon. ten days; / SEC. 13. How execution for Jhe delivery or rest-itution Of (c) In case of real propcl'ty, by posting a similar notice propei·ty enfoi·crd.-The officer must enforce an execution for particularly describing the property for twenty days in three the delive1:y or restitution of propertY by placi~g the plaintiff public places in the municipality or city wbere the property is in possession of such property, and by levying as hereinafter situated, and also where the propeL"ty is to be sold, and, if"4iJ.e provi(Jed upon so much of the property of the judgment debtor assessed value of the property exceeds four huridred pesos, by as will satisfy the amount of the co$ts, damages, rents, and publishing a copy of the notice once a week, for the same peprofits included · in the execution. However, the officer shall riod, in some newspaper published or having general circulanot destroy, demolish or remove the improvements made by the tion in the province, if there be one. If there are newspapers defendaTI.t,or his agent on the property, except by especial -order published in the province i'n both the English and Spanish lanof the cou)·t, •which order may only issue upon petition of .the - guages, then a like publication for a like period shall lie made plai~tiff after due hearing and upon the defendant's failure in one newspaper published in the English language, and· in tO remove the improvements within a reasonable time to be fixed one published in the Spanish language. by the court. - SEC: 17. Penalty for selling without notice, 01· removi1~ SEC. 14. How execution against the prope1·ty enforced.-The or defacing 110tice.-An officer selling without the. notice preofficer must enforce an execution against the pr.opt:rty by levy- scribed by the last Preceding section shall forfeit five hundred ing on all the property, real and personal of every nam'e and pefOS to any party injured the~·eby, i~ addition to h~s actual nature whatsoever, and which may be disposed· of for value, o! damages, both to be recOV{fred m a smgle· proper action; and the judgment debtor not exempt from execution, or on a suf- a person willfully removing or defacing the notice posted, if ficient amount of such property, if there be sufficient, and sell- dofie before the sale, or before- the satisfaction of the judging the same, and paying to the plaintiff, or his attorney, so ment if it be satisfied before the sale, shall forfeit five hundrer. much of the proceeds as will satisfy the judgment. Any excess p·esos to any person injured by reason thereof, to be recovered in the proceeds over the judgment and accruing co.sts must be in any proper action. delivered to the judgment debtor, unless otherwise directed by SEC. 18. No sale if judgment and costs vaid.-At any time the judgment or order of the court. When there is more prop- before th'e sale of property on execution the judgment debtor erty of the judgment debtor than is sufficierl't to satisfy the may prevent the sale by paying th.e amount required by the judgment and accruing costs, within the view of the officer, execution and the costs that have been incurred therein. he must levy only on such part of the property as a amply suf- SEC. 19. How PliOP~rty sold on e:i:ecution. 1 lVho may dfrect ficient to satisfy the judgment and costs. Real property, stocks,· manner and order of sale.-All sales of property under execushares, debts, credits, and other personal property, · or any in- tion must be made ai public auction, to the highest bidder, beterest in either Jeal or personal property, may b~ levied on in tween the hours of nine in the morning and five in the afte1'like manner and with like effect as under an order of attach- noon. After sufficient property has been sold to satisfy the exement. cution, no more shall be sold. When the sale is of real property, SEC. 15. Proceedings whe1·e property claimed by tltird per- consisting of several known lots, they must be sold separately; o<:n: ·If property levied on be claimed by any other person than or, when a portion of such real property is claimed by a third the defendant or his agent; and such person make an affidavit persoi'1:, he may require it to be sold separately. When the sale of his title thereto or right to the possession thereof, stating is of personal property capable of manu3.l delivery, it must the grounds of such right or title, and serve the same upon be sold within view of those ·attending the sale and in such parthe officer making the levy, and a copy thereof upon the judg- eels as are likely to bring the highest price. The judgment ment creditor, the officer shall not be bound to keep the property, debtor, if present at the sale, may direct the order in which unless such judgment creditor or his agent, on demand,. indem- property, real or personal, shall be ~old, when such property nify the officer against such claim by 11 bond in a sum not consists of several kno:wn lots or parcels which can be sold to greatec than the value of the property levied ·on, and, in case advantage separately. Neither the officer holding the· execuof disagreement as to such value, the same shall be determinedi tion, nor his deputy, can become a purchaser, nor b"e interested by the court issuing the writ of execution. The officer is not directly or indirectly in any purchase at such sale. liable for damages, for th<! taking or keepirlg of such Property, SEC. 20. Refusal of purchasBr to vay.-If a purchaser reto any such third person unless such claim is made and unless fuses to pay the amount bid by him for property struck off the action for damages be brought with1n one hundred twenty to him at a sale unde1· exec.ution, the officer may again sell the days from the date of the filing of the bond. But nothing here- property to the highest bidder · and shall not be responsible for in contained shall prevent· such third person from vindicating any loss occasioned thereby; but the court may ord'er the refushis claim to the property by ·any proper action. When, hoW- ing purchaser to pay into court the amount of such loss, -with ever, the plaintiff, or the person in whose favor the writ of costs, and· may punish hinf for contempt if he disobeys the order. execution runs, is the Commonwealth of the Philippines, or any The amount of such payment shall be for the benefit of the officer duly representing · it, the filing of such bond shall not person entitled to the proceeds of the execution, unless the exebe requi;ed, and in case the sheriff or attaching officer is sued cution has been fully satisfied, in which even such proceeds shall for damages as\ a result of the attachment, he shall be repre- be for the benefit of the judgment debtor. When a purchaser s'ented by the Solicitor-General and if held liable therefor, the refuses to pay, the officer may thereafter reject any subsequent actual damages adjudged by the <!qurt shall be paid by the fn- bid of such person. ~ sular Treasurer out of such funds as may be appropriated for SEC. 21. Adiourmnent of sale.-By written consent of debthe purPose. tor and creditor, the officer may adjourn any . sale upon execuSEC. 16. Notice of sale of p1·vpe1'ty 0'11 , cxecution.-Before tion to any date agreed upon in writing by the patties. Withthe sale of property 011 execution, notice thereof must be given out such agreement he may adjourn the sale from day to day, 'as follows: ' · if it becomes necessary to do so for lack of time to complete (a) In case of perishable property, by posting written no- the sale on the day fixed in the notice. Febru3.ry 15, 1940 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL 103 SEC. 22. Conveyance to ·,mrchasor of perSonaf prq11ertti demptioner, 01· if hi.! has or acquires any lien other t.hau tl111. t ca,pable of manual detivery.-When the purohaser of an)' per- upon which the redemption was made, notice thereof must in sOnal propei-ty, capable of manual delivery, pays the purchase like manner be given to t.he officer and filed with the registrar money, the. of,ficer making the sale must deliver to· the 'purchaser of deeds; if such notice be not filed, the property may be rethe property, and, if desired, execute and deliver to him a cer- deemed without paying such assessments, taxes, Qr liens. tificate of sale. Such conveys to the purchaser all the i:ight SEC. 27. Effect of redemption by judgmen. t debtor, and a which the debtor had in such property on the day the execution ce1·tificate to be tlelivered and recorded thereupon. To whom or attachment was levied. payments on red01nption -made.--1£ , the judgmen~ debtor redeem, SEC. 23. Conpeyancc to p1wchase1· of personal property not he must make the same payments as are reqmred to effect a capable of mamwl del. ivery.- When the JilUrchaser of any per- redemption by a redemptioner, whereupon the effect of the sale sonal property, not capable of manual delivery, pays the 1mi:- is terminated and he is restored to his estate, and the person chase money, t}:ie officer making the sale must execute and de- to whom' the payment is made must execute and diiliver to him liver to the purchaser · a certificate of sal~. Such certificate a certificate of redei;nption acknowledged or approved before a conveys to the purchaser all the right which the debtor had in notary p~blic or other office'r ·authorized ·to take acknowledgsuch property on the day that the execution or attachment was 'ments of conveyances of real property. Such certificate' must levied. 1 ' be filed and recorded in the offjce of the register of· deeds of0 SEC. 24. Effect of sale of real rn~perty. Cm·tificate there- the province in which the property is situated, and the i·egister of given to purchaser and filed uiith 1'egistrar.-Vpon a ·s8le of of deeds must note the. record thereof on the margin of the rerCal property, the purchaser shall be substituted to and acquire cord_ of the certificate of sale. The payments mentioned in thig all the l-ight, title, interest, and claim of the judgment debtor and the last Preceding sections maY be made to the purchaser thereto, subject W the right of redemption as hereinafter pro- or rede'mptioner, or for him to the officer who made the sale. vided. The officer 'must give to the pUl-chaser a certificate of ., SEC/ 28. Pro1Jf required of redetnptfoner.-A redemptjoner sale containing: , must produce to the officer, or-person fronr whom he see.ks to . (a) A particular description of the real :Property sold; redeem, arid serve with his notice to the officer: ' (b) The price paid for each diStinct lot or parcel; (a) A copy or' the judgment or order under which he claims (c) The whole price by him paid; the right to redeem, ce1;tified by the clerk or judge of the court (d) The date when· the right of redemption expires. wherem the Judgment is docketed, or, if he redeem upon a mortA duplicate of such ~ertificate must be filed by the officer gage or othel·. lien, a memorandum of the record thereof, certiin the office of the registrar of deeds of the province. fied by the registrar of deeds; SEC. 25. Who may redeem 'real propCrty 8" 0 sold.- Property (b) A" copy Qf .any assignment necessary to establish his sold subject to redemption, as provided in the last preceding claim, verified by the affidavit of himself, or of a subscribing section, or any pirt sold separately, may be redeemed in the witness thereto; manner hereinafter provided, by the following persons: , (c) An affid:i.vit by himself or his agent, showing the (a) The judgment debto1·, or his successor in interest in amount then actually due on the lien. the whole or any part of the property; SEC. 29. Manner of using premises pending r edemption. (b) A creditor having a lien by attachment, judgment, ~r Waste restrained.-Vntil the expiratiori of the time allowed for. mortgage on the property sold, or on some part thereof, sub- redemption, the court' may, as in other proper cases," .restrain sequent to that Under which the prnperty was sold. Such re- the commission of waste on the property by injunction, On the deeming creditor is termed a redemptioner. apphcat10n of the purchaser 01 the Judgment creditor, with or SEC. 26 .. Time and manner of, and amounts payable on, without notice; but it is not wa'.ste for the person in 'possession successive redeniptU.ms. Notice to be given and filed,-The of the property at the time of the sale, or entitled to possession judg.ment debtor, or redemptione1·, m~y Tedeem the property afterwards, during the period allowed for redemption, to confrom · the purchaser, at any time within twelve months after tinue to use it in the same manner in which it was previously the sale, on paying the purchaser the amount of his purchase, used; or to use it in the ordina1·y course of .husbandry; or to with One per centum per month interest thereon in addition, make the necessary repairs of buildings thereon; or reasonaljily up to the time of redemption, together with the amount of any to use wood or t~mber on the property t;terefor, or for fuel for assessments or taxes which the purchaseL" may have paid there- his family, while he occupies the property. on after purchase, and interest on such last-named amount at SEC. 30. R011ts and p1·ofits pending redemption. S.tatement the same rate; and if the purchaser be also a creditor having thereof and aedit therefor on .redemption.-The purchaser, from a . prior lien to that of the 1·edemptioner, other than the judg- the time of the sale until a i·edemption, and a redemptioner, ment under which such purchase was made, the amount 'Of such from the time of his redemption until another redemption, is other lien, with interest. If the property be so redeemed by entitled to receive the rents of the · property sold or the value a redemptioner, another redemptioner may, within sixty days of the use and occupation 'thereof when such property is in the after the last redemption, again redeem it from the last redemp- possession of a tenant. But when any such rents and profits tioner on paying the sum paid on such last redemption, with have been received by-the judgment creditor or purchaser, or by two per centum thereon in addition, and the amount of any a redemptioner, or by the assignee of either of them, from property assessments or taxes which the last rCdemptioner may have paid thus sold preceding such redemption, the a.mountS; of stich rents thereon after rrdemption by him, with -interest on su~h last- and profits ,shall be a credit upon the 'redemption money to be named amount, and in additi?n, the amount of any liens held paid; and, if a later redemptioner or the ~judgment debtor, beby said last redemptioner prior to his own, with interest. The fore the expiration of the time allowed for such redemption deproperty may be again, and as often as a redemptioner is so mands in writing of such creditor, purchaser, or prior redempdisposed, redeemed from any previoiis redemptioner within sixty tioner, or his assigns, a written and verified statement of the _ days after the last redemption, on paying the sum paid on the amounts of the rents and profits thus received, the period of last previous redemption, with two per centum thereon in ad- redemption is extended five days after such demand is comdition, and the amounts of any assessments or taxes which the plied with and such sworn statement given to such later reOemplast m·evious redemptioner paid after the redemption thereon, tioner or debtor. If such statement is not so given within one , with interest thereon, nnd .the amount of any liens held bY the ll\onth from and after such dem3.nd, such redeinPtioner or debtor }ast redemptioner prior to his own, with interest. Written no- may bring an action to compel an accounting and disclosure of tice of any redemption must be given to the officer who made such rents and profits, and- until fifteen da'.y~ from and after the sale and a duplicate filed with the registrar of deeds of the the final deter?nination of such action, •tlw right of reder.1ption province, and if a1,1y assessments or taxes are paid by ffie re- is extended W such redemptioner or debtor. 104 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 1940 SEC. 31. Deed and JIQHes11ion to be given a.t expiration of redemption period. By whom executed or given.-If no redemption be made within twelve months afte1· the sale, the purchaser, or his assignee, is entitled to a conveyance and possession of tlie property; or, if so 1·edcemed, whenever sixty days have elapsed and no other redemption has been made, and notice thereof given, and the time for redemption has expired, the last redemptioner, or his assignee, is entitled to the conveyance and possession; !>ut in ·all cases the judgment debtor shall have the entire period of twelve monthi;; from the date of the sale to redeem the property. The deed shall be executed by the officer making the sale or by his successor in office, and in the later case shall have the same validity as though the officer making the sale had continued in office and executed it. .Th~ possession shall be given bY the same officer if no third parties are actually hold"ing the p'roperty adversely to the judgment debklr. SEC. 32. When pm·chaser of propM·ty may recover price from judgment creditor. When he may have judgment ' revived.-lt the purchaser of real property sold on execution, or his successor in interest, be ' evicted therefrom in ·consequence of irregularities in the proceedings concerning the sale, or because the judgment has been reversed or set aside, or because a third person has vindicated his claim to the prnperty, he niay in a proper action recover the price paid, with interest, from the judgment creditor. If the purchaser of property at such official sale, or his successor in interest, fail to recover possession in • consequence of irregularities in the Proceeditlgs concerniilg the sale, or because the propeity' sold was not subject to execution and sale, the court having jurisdiction thereof shall, after notice and on motion of such party in interest, or his attorney, revive the original fudgment in the name of the petitioner, for the amount paid by such purchaser at the sale, with interest thereon from the time of payment at the same rate that the original judgment bore; and the judgment so revived shall have the same force and effect as would an original judgment of the date of the revival and no more. SEC. 33. Right fo contribution or -reirnbursement.-When propertY liable to 'an execution against several persons is sold thereon, and more than a due proportion of the judgment is satisfied out of the proCeeds -of the sale of the property of one of them, or one of them pays, without_ a sale, more than his proPortion, he may compel a contribution from the others; and when a judgment is against several, and is upo~ an obligation of one of them, as security for another, arid the surety pays the amount, or any part thereof, either by sale of his property or before sale, he may compel repayment from the principal. SEC. 34. Exam1·nation of judgment debtor when execution returned unsatisfied.-When an execution issued in accordance with law against property of a ·judgment debtor, or any_ one of several debtors in the same judgment, is returned unsatisfied, in whole or in part, the judgment creditor, at any time after such return is made, Shall be entitled to an order from a judge of the Court of First Instance of the province in which the judgment was rendered or from which the execution was rettirned, requiring such judgment debtor to appear and answer concerning his property and income before such judge of the Court of First Instance, or before a commissioner appointed by him, at a specified time ahd place; and such proceedings may thereupon be had for the application of the property and income of the judgment d~btor toward the satisfaction of the judgment. But no judgment debtor shall be so required to appear before a judge of first instance or commissioner out of the province in which such debtor resides or is found. SEC. 35. Examination of debtor of judgment debtor.-After the return of an execution against the property of a judgment debtor, or of one of the several debtors in the same judgment, unsatisfied in whole or in part, and upon proof, by affidavit of a party or otherwise, to the satisfaction of the judge, that a p~r SO:'I, corporation, or other legal entity has property ·of such judgment. debtor, or is indebted to him, the judge may, by an order, require such person, "corporation, or other legal entity, or any officer or member thereof, to appear before the judge,. or a commissioner appoi.nted by him, at a time and place within the province in which the order is served, to answer concerning the same. The service of the order shall bind all credits due the judgment debtor and all money and property of the judgment debtor in the possession or in the control of such person, cor~ poration, or legal entity from the time of service; and the judge may also require notice of such proceedings to be given to any party to the action in such manner as he may deem prope1· . . SEC. 36. Conduc~ of exantination and. en/Qrcing attendqnce.-Examinations had in accordance with the two preceding sections shall ~ot be unduly prolonged, but the proceedings may be adjourned from time to. time, until they are completed. If the examination is before a commissioner, he must take it in writing and certify it to the judge. All examinations and · answe1·s before a judg'e or commissioner must be on oath, and when a corporation or other legal entity answers it must be on the oath of an officer or· agent thereof. A party or other person may be compelled, by an ordeL· or subpc:ena, to attend before the judge or commissioner to testify, and upon failure to obey such order or subpcena, or to be sworn; or to answer as a wit..- ness, or to .subscribe his deposition, may be punished for contempt as in other cases. · · SEC. 37. DeOtor may pay execution against creditor.-After an execution against property has . issued, a person indebted to the judgment debtor may pay to the officer holding the execution the amount of his debt or so much thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the execution, and .. the officer's receipt shall be a sufficient discharge for the amount so paid or directed to be credited by tli.e judgment creditor on the execution. SEC. 38. Orde-r for application of property and income to satisfaction of judgment.-The judge may order any property of ·the judgment debtor, or money_ due him, not , exempt from execution, in the hands of either himself or, other person, or of a corporation or other legal entity, to be applied to the satisfaction of the judgment, subject to any prior rights of the holders of such property ; and if, upon an investigation of his current income and expense, it appears that the earnings of the judgment debtor for his personal services are more than is necessary for the support of his family, the judg_ e may order that he pay the judgment in fixed monthly installments, a11d upon his failure to p~y .an~ such installment when due without good excuse may pumsh him for ·contempt. SEC. 39. Appointment and bond of receive1·.----'--The judge may, by order, appoint the sheriff, or other proper officer or person, receiver of the property of the judgment debtor; and he may also, by order, forbid a transfer or other disposition of, Or any interference with, the property of the judgment debtor not exempt from execution.• If a bonded officer be appointed receiver, he -and his sureties shall be liable on his official bond as such receiver, but if another p_ crson be appointed he shall give a bond as receiver as in ot~er cases. SEC. 40. When and how ascertainable interest of judgment debtor· in real estate sold.-If it appears that the judgment debtor has an interest in real est:ite, in the province in which proceedings are h:id, as mortgagor or mortgagee, or otherwise, and his interest can be asceytained as between himself and the person holding the legal estate, or the person having a lien on or interest in the same without controversy as to the interest of such person holding such legal Cstatc or interest therein, or lien on the same, the receiver tnay be ordered to sell and convey such real estate or the interest of the debtor therein; and such sale shall be conducted in all respects in the same manner as is provided for the sale of real estate upon execution, and the proceedings thereon shall be approv.ed by the court before the execution of the deed. SEC. 41. Proceedings when indebtedness denied or amother person claims the property.- If it appears that a person or corporation, alleged to have property of the judgment debtor or to be indebted to him claims an interest in the property adverse if you want to acquire a solid background of ,Feb1uary 15, 1940 THE LA WYERS' JOURN,,_L 105 to him 01' denies the debt, the court or ju<lgc may authorize, by an order made to that effeCt, the judgment creditot· to institute an action _ against such person 01' cor'poration !or the recovery of such interest or debt, forbi{I a tra'nsfer or other disposition of such interest or debt until an action can be comn)enced and prosecuted to judgment, and may punish disobedience of such orde1· as for contempt. Such order may be modified or vacated by the judge granting the same, or by the court in which the action is brought, at any time, upon such terms as may be just. SEC. 42. When satisfactio11 of judgment ente1·ed by clerk· or judge.-Satisfaction of A judgment shall be entered by the clerk or judge in his docket, and in his judgment b" ook if it be the judgment of a superior court, upon the return of an execution satisfied, or upon the filing of an admission of the satisfactk>n of the judgment executed and acknowledged in the same manner• as a conveyance of real property by the judgmei{t c11editor, or by the attorney of the..judgment creditor unless a revocation of his authority is fi led, or upon the indorsement of such admission by the judgment creditor or his attorney on the face of the record of .the judgment. SEC. 43. When admission oj satisfaction, or entry of satisfacti_on without ad1111·ssiu1t, orde1•ed.-Whenever a judgment is satisfied i~ fact; g~herwise than upon an executior., ~he judgment creditor or his attorney must execute and acknowledge, or indorse, an admission of the satisfaction as provided in the last preceding seCtion, and after notice and upon motion the conrt may order either the judgment creditor Ol' attorney so tO "do, or may order the entry of satisfaction to be made without it. SEC. 44. Effect of jiidgment.-The effect of a judgment or final order i!'endered by a court 01" judge of the ·Philippines or ~f the United States, or of any State or Territory of the United States, having jurisdiCtion to pronounce the judgment or order, may be as follows: (a) In case of a judgment 01· order against a specific thing, or in respect to the prnbate of a will, or the administrntion of the estate of a deceased person, or in respect to the personal, · political, or legal condition or relation of a particular person, the judgment or order is conclusive upon the title of the thing, the will or administration, ol· the condition or relation of the person; however, the probate of a will or granting of letters of administrat~on shall only be ptima /acie evidence of the cleat}\ of the testator; or intestate; · (b) In other cases the judgment so ordered is, in respect to the matte1~ dfrectly adjudged, conclusive between the parties ;md ·their successor$ in interest by title subsequent to commencement of the action or special proceeding, litigating for the same thing and under the same title /and in the same capacity. SEC. 45. What is deemed to have been adjudged.-That only is deemed to have been adjudged in a former judgment which appears upon its face to have been so adjudged; or which was actuaily and necessarily included therein or necessary thereto. SEC. 46. Whe11 principal bound by judgment against wrety.-When the party is boµnd by a - record, and such party stands in the relation of surety for another, the latter is also bou~d from the time that he has notice of the action or proceeding, and an opportunity at the surety's request to join in the defense. S!X. 47. Effect of ?"ecord of a court of the United Statel!. -The effect of a judicial record· of a court of the United States or of a cotil't of one of the States or territories of the United States, is the same in the Philippines as in the United States, or in the Sta"R or territory -where it was made, except that it can only be enforced here by an . action or special proceeding, and. except, also, that the authority of a guaulian, or executor, or administrator does not exte•nd beyond the jurisdiction of the GoVernment und~r which he wµs invested with his Authority. SEC. 48. Effect of foreign judg.ments.- The effect of a judgment of any other tribunal of a foreign country, having jurisdiction to pronounce the judgment; is as follows: , (a) fo l case of a judgment against a specific thing, the judgment is ronclus\ve upon the title to the thing; (b) In case of a judgment against a person, the judgment is presumptive evidence of a right as between the parties and their successors in interest by a subsequent' title; but the judgment may be repelled by evidence of a want of jurisdiction, want of notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact. (TO BE OONTINUED] (Continued from page 95) 14. Courts Having Jurisdiction in Industrial Disputes. 1. The Court of Inditstrifll Relations.u1 The Court of Industrial Relations shall have power to decide and settle disputes between laborers and employers if these requisites ployces and employer, which is not the ca~e under Section 4. This contradiction is to b'e settled by 1·egarding Section 1 as a general pr.ovision and Section 4 as particular provision, and then, apply the rule of statutory construction that when a general provision conflicts with a particular provision the latter shall prevail. dustrial cunflicl.s. This fact is very evident upon rnading Commonwealth Act No. 103. In the first place, the act never uses the woi'k "exclusive" or its eqqivalent when it designated the powers and duties of the Court of Industrial Relations; furthermore, only cases which received the certification of the Secretary of Labor may be heard by thf court; as such, -fhe act admits the conclusion that cases without such certification are still within the jm·isdiction of the ordinary courts of the Philippines. exist: a. The dispute must be one causing or likely to cause a str'.ke or loc.kout; b. The dispute must be dne to differences as regards wages, sha1·es or compensation, hours of work or conditions of employment; c. The number' of employees Ol" laborers involved in the dis1mte must exceed thirty; d. The industrial dizyute is submitted to the Court by the Secretary of Labor, or by any or both of the parties to the controversy certified by the Secretary of Labor as existing and proper to be dealt '"ith by the court for the sake Of public interest. These i-equisites may be gathered from the words of Section 4, Commonwealth Act No. 213. One should note that there seems to be a confEct between this E~ction and Section 1 of the same Act. The latter seems to bestow jurisdiction on the Court of Industrial Relations "to decide and settle any question, matter or dispute" between em,., Organized un<ler Commonwealth Act. No. 103. 2. Other Courts. The organization of the Court of Industrial Relations. did not have the effect of depriving ordinary Courts of Justice the jurisdiction of decidi~g inCONCEPT OF LIBERT¥ Liberty does not import "an absolute right in each person to be, at all times and in a!I circumstances, wholly freed from restraint. There are manifold restraints to which ev'ery> person is necessarily subject /or the common good. On any other basis, org..nized society . could not exist with safely lo its members. Society based on the rule that each one is a law unto himself would soon be confronted With disorder and anarchy. Real liberty for. all could 'not e•id under the operaliori of a principle which recognizes the right of each" individual person to use his own, whether in respect of his person or his property, regardless of the injury that may be done to others. "' "' "' There is, of course, a sphere within which the individual may assert the supremacy of his o.wn will, '"nd rightfully dispute the authority of any human government-especially of any free governmen_t ~xisting under- a written Constitulion~to interfere with the exercise of that will. But ii is equally true that in every well-ordered society charged with the duty of conserving the safely of its members, the rights of the individu0al in respect of his liberty may al times, under the promure of great dangers, be 1Ubjecled to such restraint to be enforced by reasonable regulations, as the safety of the general public mtiy demand." (Harla·n, J., in :.lt1cogson vs. Massachuseth ( 1905) 197 U. S., 11.) (Cited by Justice Malcolm in Rubi v. Provincia l Bot1rd of Mindoro, 39 Phil.,bb0,704-705.) ' legal culture, read the LAWYERS' JOURNAL Tl\E LA WYERS' JOURNAL "February 15, 1940 • • De'cisions • Feliciano Siinchez, petitioner-appellant, vs. Hon. FrancU!co Zulueta, Judge of the Court of l''irst Jw;tance of Ca-vite, et, al., respondents-appellees, C. R. No. 45616, May 16, 1989, Avanc:eiia; C. J. . I PRACTI CE AND PROCEDURE; PARENT AND CHILD; ADULTERY AS DEFENSE TO CLAIM FOR SUPPO'RT PENDENTE LI'{E; :RIGHT OF DEFENDANT TO P.RESENT EVIDENCE.-FaCts: In ari acticm for support, plaintiffs, claiming to be wife . and son, re!ipectively, of defendant, asked support pendente lite. Defendant opposed, alleiing that plaintiff's child 'was ndt his son but of another man with whofn plaintiff wife had committed adultery, and asked t~ be permitted to adduce evidence of adultery. The trial court, refusing to hear the evidence, granted the prayer and ordered defendant to pay pension pendente Ute. HELD: ,The action of the court in refusing to hear the evidence of adultery was error. The adultery · of the wife~ is a valid defense against an action for support, Consequently, in respeet to the child the· fact that h ~ is the fruit of such adulterous relations is also a defense, since in that case he would not be the child of the defendant and he would not have right to support as a child. But, as it is not sufficient mel'(lly to allege t~is defense but it is necessary to prove it, it y:ould be useless if it would not be allowed to be proved. It is not of course necessary to enter fully into the merits of the case but the Court may determine the kind and extent of evidence which he believes sufficient for him to j_ustly resolve! the petition in one way or another, taking into account only the provisional character of the resolution he is going to render. DECISION En -la causa civil 3199_ de! Juzgado de Pri, rnera Inst!rncia de .Cavite, en que Josefa Diego y Mario Sanchez son demandantes y Feliciano Sanchez demandado, Jos demanduntes piden que se condene al de:mandado a pagarles una pensi6n mcnsual. Se ale.ga en la demanda que los demandant~ son, resIJ€cfivamcnte, csposa e hijo del demandado; que este, desde el aiio 1932, 11Jhus6 y rehusa hasta ahora mantenci· 11ios demandantes ; que estos no tienen medios propios de subsistencia; mientras el demandado rocibe de la Armada de los Estallos Unidos una pensi6n mensual de P174.20; SUPREME COURT que el demandado abandon6 a los dcmanciantes sin ninguna raz6n valida y_ rehusa permitirles vi~ir con ei. El demandado alega, como defensa especial, quc la demandante Josefa Diego abandcm6 la casa conyugal cJ· 27 de Octubre de 1930, sin su conocimient'o ni conscntimiento, por haber ·comet1do adulterio con Macario Sanchez, con quien tuvo, como consecuencia d~ cstas ilicitas relaciones, Ul"l hijo que es cl otro ?emandante Mario Sanchez. En el mes siguientc a. la prescntaci6n de la demanda, los demandantes solicitaron del Juzgacio qde el demandado fuera obligado a darlcs ..;pendente lite, e:n concepto de aliment.as, la cnntidad de P50.00 cada mes. En op6sici6n a esta petici6n el demandado ale~ g6 que Mario Sancltez no' es su hijo legitimo sino que es hijo adultcrino de la Q.emandantc con Macario Sanchez y pidi6 oportunidad p<i.ra presentar Pl'UCbas en apoyo de esta defensa. El Juzgado, sin acccdcr a csta pe· ' Lici6n 1 de! demandado para prescntar pruebas, provey6 favorablemcnte a la solicitud de los demandantes y le orden6 que paguc una pensi6n mensual de P50.00, pendente lite, a los clemandantes, a pa1·tir de! 1.o de Julio de 1936. En virtud de estos hechos el demanda.do present6 una so:icitud de pro~ibici6il ante el TribUnal de Apelaci6n contra el Jucz del J uzgado de Primera Ins-tancia de Cavite y los dcmandantes. El Tribunal de Apelaci6n deneg6 el i:ecurso y contra esta resoluci6n cl demandado. recurre en ce1tiorari ante este Tribunal. Somos do opini6n que cl Tribunal de Apelaci6n err6 al no pnwitir al demandado presentar St!s pruebas con el objeto de dcterminar si e.xishn, o no, suficientcs para E"nervar prima facie la solicitud. El adulterio de la mujcr es una defensa v3lida contra la a<!ci6n •por alimcntos (Maria Quinta contra Ge1aci6n Lerma, 24 Jur. Fil., 296). Consiguientemente, en cuanto al hijo, es tambien. defense el hecho de quc e1 es el iruto de tale; rc\aciones adulterinas, toda vez que, en ta\ caso, no seria hijo de! demandado y no tienc derecho a los alimentos como hijo, no siCndolo. Pero, como no basta alegar esta defcnsa, sino que cs necesaria pro.barla, nada valdria si, por otra parte, no ' i:e pm:mite la prueba de .ella. No es des.de luego necesa1·:0 enti·ar de Beno en los meritos de la causa sino que cl Juzgado puede detcrminar la clase y la extensi6n de la prueba que crea suf.iciente a permitirle resolver justamente la solicitud, en uno o en otro se-.n~ido, teniendo en cuenta el carB.cter solam~te provisional de la resoluci6n que ha de dictar. Aunque meras declaraciones juradas podrian satisfacer e1 criteria de! Juzgado para l'esolver la solicitud, sin embargo, la omisi6'n de acompaftarlas a la oposici6n no justificaha que esta - funa debtendida, solamente por e~ta omisi6n, h'abiendose pedido, por otra parte, oporlunidad para prestntar pruebas. Es posible que cl demandado no puedli. di:s-poncr de decJaraciones juradas para apoyar su oposici6n, pero, puede poseer otras prUebas, acaso de mayor val~r. Si el demandado alega· una d~ensa vB.lida, que debe probarse, y pide oportunidad para presentiar la prueba, cs· un error negarle.esta oportunidad: Con revocaci6n de la decisi6n dictada por el Tribunal de .Apelaci6n, se declara que proccde dar al recurrente oportunidad de prcscntar prucbas en apoyo de su defensa contra la petici6n de aJimentos pendente lite, !!h la cxtcnsi6n que el Juzgado determi, ne, sin especial pronunciamiento en cuanto a, ~:i c::~~~d~a. , RAMON AVANCERA. CONF·ORMES: Antonio Villa-Real, Carlos A . Imperial, Anacleto Diaz, Jose P. Laurel, Peclro Coneepcion. El ,Magistrado Sr. MorUn no to1t16 P!l-l'te. II Patl'ocinio Lutnbrenui, plaintijf-appelfo.ut, vs. Salvador Sison, defendant-a;ppeUee, G. R. No. 45583, April 14, 1939, Villa -Real, J, PLEADING AND PRACTI CE; SERVICE BY PUBLICATION APPLICABLE ONLY TO REAL ACTIONS.-The Supremt;! Court has already declared in various decisions that in personal actions the defendant should be personally served with summons; that service by publication provided for in section 398 of the· Code of Civil Procedure' is not sufficient; and 1 if it is done, the cour.t will not acquire jurisdiction over the person of the' defendant; and that his special appearance for the sole purpose of asking that the judgnient rendered and the writ of e.xecution issued against him be annulled and declared to be without e~fect, does not confer upon the court jurisdiction over his person. DECISION En 19 de agosto de 1936, Patrocinio Lumbreras de Sison present6 en el J uzglldo de Primffi"a Instancia de Ca'vite una demilnda contra su esposo Salvador Sison, residente entonces en San Franciscp, California, Est&dos Unidos de America, en la que, por los Februa.ry 15, 1940 hechos alegados en ella, 1 >e<lia que se dict.ase 11£>ntencia condenando a <licho demandado . a que enviase a la demandante la cantidad de 1'100.00 en concepto de manutenci6n pe:ndertt:o lite, · que Se le pagase dcspues la misma cantidad de Pl00.00 en conce.pto de alimentos, mii.S la suma de Pl,000.00 para pagar una deuda contraida por ella por gastos de mOOico y subsistencia, y a su abogado la suma· de P50° 0.00 como honorarios profesionales. En vista de que el demandado i·esidla fue.ra de las Islas Filipinas, a pctici6n de la demandante se ?ict6 en 2 de septiembre d£> 1936 un auto en cl que se ordenaba que cl emplazamiento de la demanda p.l demandado so hiciera me.diante. publicaci6n en el p£>riodico La Opini6n, como asi' se hizo por tres semanas consecutivas una · veiz la semana. . i ·11' Con fecha 8 de diciembre de 1936, el dei::;andado hizo una coptparecencia espe'Cial con el Unico objecto de impugnar la jurisdicci6n del Juzgado sobre su persona, alegimdo que estando ausenfe en los Estados Unidos el pueda sel· emplazaclo solamente mecliante publicaci6n cuando el litig'io tienc por objeto bien(IS i-nuebles o inmu.ebles, siiuados en las Islas Filipinns, sobre los cuales dicho demandado tuviese o rcclamase una hipoteca legal pre.ferente, o intcrCs, real o eventual, o que el remedio pedido consisticra en excluir total o parcialmente al mencionado <lemandado de cualquier interes en los citados bienes, de acuerdo con el articulo 398 del C6digo de Procedimiento Civil. Es asi que el prcsente litigio tiene por obje. to obligarle a paga'r cierta cantidad de dinero, luego, segUn dicho demandado, el Juzgado que orden6 la publicaci6n del emplazamiento contra e 1 no podia adquirir ju1;s. dicci6n sobre su persona por tal medio solamente, y pidi6 que la citada orden de 2 septiembre de 1936, por la que se orde,naba su - emplazamiento mediante publicaC'i6n, sc de· jsse sin efecto. En.contrando atendibles las razones exf1uestas por el demandado en su comparecencia especial,~ Juzgado se declar6 sin jurisd.icci6n sobre la persona de dicho demandado y declar6 nu la y . d ... ningUn efecto la ~.-den de publicaci6n de\ emplazamiento de fecha 2 da septiembrc de 1936. Contra estc auto la apelaTite jnterpu~o la presente apdaci6n, seiialando como supues· to eri·or com.ctido por el Juzgado a quo el haberse declarado sin jut;sdicci6n sobre la persona del demandado. Esta Corti: ya tiene declarado {'01 varias decision.es, siendo una de ellas la dictada en el asunto de NelsoTI contra Plat6n, R. G. No. !if!:987, queen acciones personales el demandado de.be ser dmp\azado pcrsonalmente; que el emplazamiento mediante publicaci6n previsto por el articulo, 398 del C6digo de Procedimicnto"Civil no cs suficiente, y si se ha~. el Tribunal no adquirir8. jurisdicci6n sobr<! la persona de dicho dcmandado; y que la compaJ;ecencia eSpcci4l de un demandado para el Unico objcto de pedir que la S!:!ntenTHE LAWYERS' JOURNAL. cia dictada y el mandamiento de ejecuci6n ex1iedido contra Cl se dejara sin cfecto y se declarase Tiulo y de ningU:n valor, no conficre al Juzgado jurisdicci6n sobre su peri:ona (4 Corpus J uris, 1341-1343, Monte.ve~· tje contra Jarnnilla, 60 J ur. Fil., 297; Vergcl dC> Dios contra Abucay Pliintaticin Co., 59 ,Tur. Fil., 924; Central Azucarera de Tarlac eontra De Le6'n, 56 Jur. F il., 185; Marquez Lim Cay contt·a Del Rosario, 55 Jur. Fil., 1030; Banco de las Islas Filipinas contra DC> Coster, 47 Jur. Fil., 626; Ocampo contra Zurbito, 57 Jur. Fil., 781.) En su virtud, y de acue·rdo con la citada doctl:ina, confirmamos cl auto apelndo, sin t·special pronuncia·mento en cuanto a las costas. Asf s~ ordena.. ANTONIO VILLA-REAL. CONFORMES: Ramon Avancena, Carlos A. Imperial; A1ia.cleto Diaz, Jose P. [,a.,,rel, Pedro COnccpcio11, Manuel V. Moran. m Manila Electric ConiPany, p(aintilf-a.ppellee, vs. lfomon Roces, defenda.nt-appell,,nt, G. R. No. 46278, Oct. 28, 1989, Imperial, J. CIVIL PROCEDURE; .1 AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS; CHANGE OF NAME OF PARTY' DEFENDANT.-· Fit.cts: Plaintiff cot'poration brought action against ·Ramon ROces. '!n answer, defendant disclaimed interest in the litigation, claiming that the real party defendant was the corporation, Ramon Roces Publications, Inc., of which he was only the president. Plaintiff presented an amended complaint, changing the party defendant to Ramon Roces Publications, Inc. Defendant opposed amendment on the ground that it would illegally permit the change of the party defendant and of the cause of action. Held: The amendment ·should be allowed. The change of the name should be permitted because if the original complaint should be retained, the result would be that the llction would have been instituted against a wrong party. rt may not also be sustained that the amendment would permit a change in the cause of action because the allegations of the two complaints are th(' DECISI6N La demandante inici6 en. el Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Manila la Causa Civil No. 51804, intitulada "Manila Electric Company, demandante, contra Ram6)1 Races, demandado. En la demanda la demnndante alcg6: que por.:_ virtud de la Resoluei6n No. 1 de la Junta Municipal de la ·ciudad de Manila, acor<lada el 29 de Diciemb1·e de 1936 y aprobada el 4 de Ene107 ro de: 1937, el demandado :fue autoi.;izado pa1·a mstalar un cRible electrico subterr8.neo a traves de la calle Calero, para surninistrar. fluido electrico por conducto de dicho cabJe a Liwayway Building de la propied~d de •Ram6n Races Publications, Iiic., s1tuado al Oeste de la referida calle; que el 17 de Junio de Hl37 el demandado instal6 -ilegalmente el mencionado cable electrico subterrlineo y esta tratando de transmitir fluido electrico por conducto de el a Liwayway Building; y que la Junta Municipal de la Ciudad de Manila no ie:nia focultad para aprobar Ia i·eferida Resol}lci6n No. 1 ni para autorizar ,al demandado la instalaci6n de! calile etectrico subtcrr8.n«i por la raz6n de que ella, la dt:mandante, es la corporaci6n que posee franquicia para vender en la Citidad de Manila fluido etectrico y para suministrarlo para el alUmbrado ptlblico y otros fines. Como remedio soliC it6 que el Juzgado expida .jnterdicto prohibitorio contl'8 el deman<!ado para que sa abstc·nga de haeer uso del mencionado cable electrico subt.en iineo y de ultilizar fluido clectrico ' procedente de la planta de la derriandante. En su contestaci6n el demandado neg6 las alegaciones materiales de la demanda y como defensa aleg6: que la Resoluci6n No. 1 era err6nea . puesto que la licencia debia habcrsc expedido ~ favor de Ram6n Roces Publications, Inc.; que la Junta Municipai de la Ciudad de Manila, para corregir el error en que incurri6, aprob6 la ResoluciOn No. 270, adoptada el 22 de Septiembre de 1937 y aprob,ada el"2 de Octubre" de! mismo aiio, por la cual fue autorizada Ram6n Rocl"6 Publications, Inc., para instalar el cable electrico sUbterrlineo ' y para suministrar por conducto de el fluido electrico a su propiedad conocida por Liwayway Building; y que el, Ram6n Roces, no tiene interes dirccto ni personal en el asunto. En vista de csta contestaci6n, el 8' de Octub1·e de 1937 la demandante--present6 una moci6n pidiendo que la demanda enmendada que adjuntaba' fuese admitida por el Juzgado. En la dcmanda enmendada se hacian priicticamente las mismas alegaciones, excepto que el nombre del demandido rue sustituido por el de la Rarn6n Roces Publications, Inc. A la demanda enmendada se acorn· pai'i6 una copia de la Resoluei6n No. 270 de la Junta Municipal de la Ciudad de Manila por la ci.ial se emend6 la Resoluci6n No. I en el sentido de que el permiso se concedia a Ram6n Roces Publications, inc., en vez ae Ram6n Roces. El demandado se opuso a la admisi6n de la demanda enmendada, fundii.ndose en que no era permisible el cambio de nombres que se pedfa en la moci6n porque ello equivalia a cambiar enteramente la parte demandada y a alterar substancialmente el motivo de acci6n. En orden de! 16 de. Octubre 'de 1937 el Juzgado accedi6 a la moci6n y admiti6 la demanda enmendada. De est& orden se excepcion6 el demandado . e interpuso la presente apelaci6n. !08 El demandado sostiene que el Juzgado err6 ·al admitir la demanda enmcndada de 1u demandante y al no sobxtseer el asunto. con las costas a la demandante. Sostiene el demandado que bajo el articulo 110 del C6digo de Procedimien""lo Civil la demanda enmendada no debia haber sido admitida porque con ello se ha permitido i\egalmente el cambio de la parte demandada y el de! motivo de acciOn dP In demanda original. El articulo 110 del C6digo de Procedimiento Civil se lee ~omo sigue: "$Ee. 110. Amendments in General.The court shall, in furtherance of justice, and on such terms, if any, as may be proper, allow a party to amend any pleading or pi'oceeding and at any stage of the action, in either the Court of F!irsl Instance or the Supreme Court, by adding or striking out the name of any party, either plaintiff or defendant, or by correcting a mistake in the name of a pa1·ty, or a mistaken or inadequate allegation or dcscdption in any other respect, so that the actual merits of the controvet·sy muy speedily be determined, without regard to technicalities, and in the most expcditiOU!; and inexpensive manner. The court may also, upon like terms, allow an answer or other pleading to be made after the t ime limited by the rules of the court for filing the same. Orders of the court upon the matters provided in this section... shall be made upon motion filed in court, and after notice to the adverse party, and an opportunity to be heard." Como se verit, el articulo pcrmite, a disereci6n del Jtizgado, la enmienda de cualquier escrito de aiegaciones para conegir cualquier enor en ·el nombrc de alguna de las partes o en el de cualquieru alegaci6n o descrip'ci6n, con el fin de que los meritos de la controversia puedan r~sol verse prontamcnte, sin tener en cucnta tecnicismos, y para quc cl asunto pueda tramitarse de la manera mis ex1iedita y menos costosa. Es cosa resuclta en esta jurisdicci6n que el car@io en el nombre de las partes puede hacerse en una demanda siempre que los mofivos de acci6n scan los mismos y no se trUiga al asunto una nueva palte completament~ extrafia (Alonso contra Villamor, 16 Jur. Fil.. 318; Chua Kiong contra Whitaker, 46 Jur. F il., f:IJ5). En el primero de dichos asuntos este Tribunal dijo: "Hanos exarninado detenidamente los mobivos de recurso invocados por el abogado de los demandados en esta apelaci6n. No encontramQs ninguno de ellos bien fundado. El Unico quc merece especial a:tenci6n por nuestra parte cs aquel en que los demandados afirman que cl J uez de Primera Instancia err6 al permitir que la acci6n se entablara y siguiera en nombre del demandante en vez del obispo de la di6cesis en que estaba situada la iglesia o a nombre de la Iglesia Cat6lica Apost6lica Romana, como verdadera parte interesada a la cual competia ejercitar la acci6n." "Es indiscutible que el obispo de la di6cesis o la Iglesia Cat6\ica Apost61ica Romana era la verdadera parte interesada. El demandante personalmente no tiene interes alg-uno ct1 la causa de acci6n. El .THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL articulo 114 de! C6digo de Prncedimiento Civil rcquiere que toda acci6n se interponga a nombre de la verdadera parte intercsada. El aqui demandante no es ta! parte inte1·~sada.'' "El articulo 110 del C6digo de Pl'Ocedimiento Civil, sin embargo, dice: "ART. 110. De las enndendas en oenernl.-En intcres de la justicia, y bajo las condidones que scan procedentes, el tribunal pe1·mit irti a las partes enmiendas de cualquier escrtio o actuaci6n, en cualquier tiempo durante la tramitaci6n del juicio, ya sea en el Ju·zgado de Primera Instancia o en la Corte Suprema, mediantc la adi· ci6n o supresi6n de! nombre de cualquiern dl las partcs, ya del dcmandantc o demandado o la eorrecci6n de un error en el nompre de una de ellas o la de una alegaci6n en6nea o una dcscripci6n inadecuada en cualquier otro respect.o, para que se puedan determinar prontamcnte, sin ocuparse en tecnicismos y de I.a manera mils expcdita y menos costosa, los mfaitos verdaderos de! litigio. En identicas condiciones tambiCn puede permitir .el tribunal que se pres,ente una contestaci6n, u otros escl'itos despues del tiempo sc1ialado para su presentaci6n por los reglamentos generales. Las providencias de los tribunalcs sobre las materias a que se refiere cste articulo, sc dictan'in a pctici6n de la partc correspondicnte y prcvia notificaci6n a la J)arte contraria, a quien se -conceder:\ la oportunidad de ser oida." "El articulo 503 de! 1nismo C6digo, dice: "ART. 503. De la revocaciOn de la sentencia, que no debe fundarse en formalidades tfrnicas.-Ninguna sentencia ser3 ~:~i~~~~i:o~· ~~~o·u~e !~;~~ ~u~o~o~a!~~j~~ dique los derechos ·esenciales de la parte excepcionante." "Estamos convcncidos de que, bajo eslas disposiciones dcl C6digo, csta Corte tiene plenos podcres, apartc de! poder y facultades inherentes a la misma, pa1·a enmendar los escritos de alegaciones, nctuacione!l y decisi6n en Jos prescntcs autos su!ltituycndo como demandante a la verdadera parte interesada. No solo estamos segu1 ·os de que podemos hacerlo, sino que estamos convencidos de que debenws hacerlo. Tal enmienda no constituye ·realmcnte un cambio on la identidad de las partes. El dcmandante alega en su demanda y ha sostenido siempre en estos autos,. que el ha entablado y matienc esta acci6n no por si sino a nombre del obispo de la cli6cesis, no por derecho propio sino en representaci6n de ot ro. Simplemente trata de hace1· por el obispo lo que este podria hacer por si mismo. No se trata de su propia personalidad. No invoca derechos propios. No pretende tener interes alguno en el litigio. No busca mtis que la felicidad de la gran Iglesia a la cual sirve. Consiente de buen grado en que su identidad sea completamente absorbida por la de su superior. La sustituci6n, pues, del nombre (de\) Obispo de la Di6cesis o de la Iglesia (CatOlica) Apost61ica Romana en lugar de! nombrc de! Padre Alonso, como demandante, no cs en realidad la sustituci6n de una entidad por otra, de una parte por otra, sino simplemente el hacer que la forn1a de expresi6n a la sustancia. La ~ustancia estti ahi. Resalta en todo lo actuado. Nadie puede dudar ni por un momento quit'ilJ es el verdaderamente. intere:mdo en este litigio. La forma de su exJ)resi6n es lo Unico dcfeetuoso que hay. La sustituci6n no es, piles, sustancial sino mtframcnte formal. El mero defecto. de for ma no puede en modo alguno perjudicar a nadie con tal de que lo sustancial apaFebruary 15, 1940 rezca de una manera clam. La forma no cs mas que un medio de expresar el fondo y· hacerlo aparecer de una manera clara. Es el medio por cl cual la sustancia se revela a si misma. Si la forma fuere defcctuosa pero con todo la · sustancia se mostrare de una manera clara, ningUn perjuicio podl'ia resultar de que se haga que la forma ·exprese exactamente el fondo." "A nadic se hi1i inducido a error con la equivocaci6n en el nombre de! demandante. Si por raz6n de este error devolvi€ramos este asunto a primera instancia para nuevo juicio, tendriamos la misma demanda, la misma contestaci6n, la misma defensa, los mismos intereses, los mismos testigos y las mismas pruebas. El· n_ ombre de\ demandante constituil'ia la Unica difei·cncia entre el primer juicio y cl segundo. A nuestro juicio, esto de! nombre no es motivo suficiente para justificar ta! resoluci6n.'' "No hay nada sacramental en los trlimites y escrito de alegacioncs en su forms o' en su contenido. Su Unico objeto es facilitar la apllcaci6n de la justicia a las contiendaS que surjan entre partieulares. Se ban creado, no para obstaculizar y dilatar, ·sino para facilitar la administraci6n de justicia. No constituyen lo quc los Tribunalcs han tratado siempre de asegurar a los litigantes. Se han establecido como los medios mas adaptados para obtener cse fin. En otrns palabras son el medio para llcgar al fin. Cuando pierdcn cl can'icter de medio y se convierten en fin, la administraci6n de justicia es defectuosa y Jos Tribunales no cumplen por consiguiente con su deber." "El error en el presente caso es puramentc tecnico. Aprovecharse de el como no sea para corregirlo, ser ia contrario a todo espiritu imparcial de justicia. Invocarlo como un error fatal a la acci6n de! demandante parcce mas bien un alarde de habi\idad que la defensa de un derecho. Los pleitos no son jucgos de tecnicismos en los que el mas· diestro e instr uido en el arte de movimientos y posiciones, atrapa y dcstruye al otro. Es mils bi en una ' contienda en la que cada parte contendiente debe exponer ante el Tribunal de mancra imparcial los hechos de! caso, y dcspues, echando a un !ado como triviales- y de ninguna importancia todas las imperfeccfoncs de forma y tccnicismos de procedimiento, pcdir que se haga justicia en el fondo. Los pleitos, a diferenci~ de los dueloS, no han de ganarse de una estocada. El tecnicismo, cuando deja de ser, co mo es, un auxi\iar de la justicia para convertirse en su mayor obstiiculo y principal enemigo, mcrcce escasa consideraci6n a los Tribunales. No pucde habcr ningUn derecho adquirido en cuesti6n de tecnicismos. No se permitirit a ningUn litigante que impugne los autos de cualquier Tribunal de estas Islas por defectos de forma, a menos que se haya perjud!cado los derechos esenciales de· alguna de las partea." "Al autorizar csta sustituci6n, obramos de conformidad con el mejor criterio judicial. (McKeighan v;s. Hopkins, 19 Neb., 33; Dixon vs. Dixon, 19 l a., 522; Hodges vs. Kimballr 49 la., 577 ; San_gcr vs. Newton, 134 Mass., 308; George vs. Reed, 101 Mass., 378; Bowden vs. Burnham, 59 Fed. Rep., 752; Phipps & Co. vs. Hurlburt, 70 Fed. Rep., 202; McDonald vs. State, 101 :Fed. Rep., 171; Morford vs. Diffcnbocko·. 20 N. W. 600; Costelo vs. Crowell, 134 Mass., 280; Whitaker vs. Pope, 2 Woods, 463\ Fed. Cas., No. 17528; Miller vs. Pollock', 99 Pa. St., 202; Wilson vs. Presbyterian Church, 56 Ga., 554; Wood vs. Circuit Judge, 84 Mich., 521; Insurance Co. vs. Mueller, 77 Ill., 22; Farman vs. Doy'e, 128 Mich., 696; UniOn Bank vs . . l\lott, 19 Hc;>w. Pr., 114; R. :R. Co. vs. Gibson, February 15, 1940 4 ()hio St., 145; Hume vs. Kelly, 82 Oreg., 398." El error, que se trnt6 de cor.regir con la presentaci6n de la demanda cnmcndada ' cqnsisti6 en la inclusi6n de Ram6n Roccs como demanda cm la demanda original, error que obedeci6 a su vez al hecho de quc la Resoluci6n 1;-ro. 1 concedi6 el permiso a dicho demandado, en lugar de haberlo concedido a Ram6n Roces Publication~, Inc., que era la duefia de! Liwayway Building al cual se trataba de proveer de ~ui::m:~~~i~o. de S~:U~e::ni;~ege~C:;nc:a:: '.!'HE LA WYERS' JOURNAL PARA TE ACTIONS HELD IN THE NATURE OF MOTION FOR SPECIFICATION OR DEMURRER-A motion filed for the purpose of requiring several persons whO have joined in the filing of a single suit to institute sepamte and independent actions on the ground that their interests were not.identical, is eq·uivalent to a motion for specification based under Section 108 of Act No. 190, or, at least, to a demun-er based on misjoinder of parties plaintiff. Ram6n Roces no era en realidad parte 2. 0!'-mandada necesaria porque el Liwayway Building, ·al cual se suministraria el fluido clectrico, era de Ram6n Roces PubliCations. ID.; DEMURRER; EFFECT· OF FAILURE TO AMEND COMPLAINT. -When a demurrer to a complaint .is sustained and the court orders that the allegations be made more specific, and the plaintiffs fail 40 cure the defects or make the specifications r~ quired, the only remaining step for the Inc.; pero si Ram6n Races fue clesignado como el Unico demandado ha sido 0indudablemente porque la licencia o permiso se expidi6 a su nombre. Como quiera que la Resoluci6n No. 1 se enmend6 por la Re· · soluci6n No. 270 hacienda aparecer a RamOn ROces Publications, Inc., como la autorizada para instalar el cable electrico subterrlineo, s'-no se permite la enmienda de la demanda el resultado seria que la acciOn no se habria instituido 'contra la verdadera parte demandada. No pued~ sostenerse que ha habido cambio de motivo de acci6n en la demanda enmendada porque comparando sus alegaciones con las de la demanda original se vera que la demandante Se hii. fundado siemprc en su pretensiOn de que ni Ram6n Roces ni Rarn6n Roces Publications, Inc., ten!an dcrecbo a servirse del cable ciectrico subterrii'neo para sumfnistrar fluido electrico a Liwa'yway Building.. 1 Y tam~oco puede sostenerse que h~ hab1do camb10 substancial en las alegaciones de ambos escritos porque aparece que Ram6n Roces no es ajeno a Ram6n Roces Publications, Inc., porque es el Presidente de esta corporaci6n. Dados los hechos y circunstancias expuestos, la objcci6n a la ,admisi6n de la demanda enmendada csta fundada en mpro tccnicismo del que debe prescindirse, de conformidad con el artfoulo 110;- para que el asunto pueda decidirse prontamente en sus mfritos, evitando molestias innecesarias , a las partes, y d0 e la manera menos costosa poSi,ble. Se confirma la orden apelada, con las costas· de esta. im;tancia al apelante. Asi se ordena. / CARLOS A. IMPERIAL. CONFORMES: RamQn Avancena, Antonio • Villa-Real, Anacleto 1Diaz, Jose P. Laurel, Manuel . V. illortin. Concepci6n, M., no ton16 parte. IV Jose Martinez, etc.,' petitioners-dppellants, Vff. SfLntos B. Pampolina, Justice of the Peace of Bi11an, Laguna, et al., responcients-appellees, G. R. No. 45177, ApriJ 5, 1989, Diaz, J. .,. 1. PLEADINGS AND PRACTICE; 1\10TION TO REQUIRE FILING OF SEcourt is to dismiss the case: . \ DECISION Los recurrentes. fuero:i;i. dem:mdados por desahucio y cobro de alquiler'js, en el Juzgado de Paz de San Pedro, Laguna, por los recurridos Carlos Young, Newlai.d Baldwin y Adele C. Baldwin. Lo fueron en once causas separadas, (causas civiles Nos. 811, 812, 813, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 823 y 824), una para cada uno de ellos, excepto las que estaban casadas que lo fueron juntamente con sus rcsPCJctivos consortes. Pldieron en casi todas cllas que se !es proveyese de asesores. El Juez de! mencionado Juzgado, sin embargo, hizo caso omiso de su petici6n y pi-'.lcedi6, por el contrario, a oir y decid1r cada una de dichas causas hasta el fin. Creyendo que no fueron debidamente tratados, promovieron esta causa de mandamus en el J uzgado de Primera Instancia de Lag-una, para pedir en primer- lugar, que s"' dejase sin efecto todo lo actu.ado en lttS referidas once causas; y en segundo lugar, para que se les proveyese de asesores como lo habian solicitado. Contra su demanda, los recurridos Young y Baldwin interpusie" ron un demurrer fundilndose en que habia uni6n indebida de recurrentes o demandantes y acciones, y que los hechos alegados en dicha demanda no eran constitutivos de derecho de accian. Visto el demurrer por el Juzgado inferior, lo estim6 bien fundado, y permiti6 a los recurrentes enmendar su demanda para cOrregir los defectos de quc la misma adolecia. Los 1·ecurrentcs cnmendaron su demanda, pero como quiera que no corrigieran el defecto de que adolecia en su forma .original, se volvi6 a interponer ot~o demurrer contra la misma, por Jos recurridos Baldwin y Young. El Juzgado inferior volviO a sostener el segundo demurrer, y concedi6 a los recurrentes otra oportunidad para cnmendar su escrito. En la segu'nda demanda enmendada que presentaron, dejaron de aleg11r el hecho de que habian sido 109 demandados separadamente en once causas distinta:> como lo habian alegado en cada una de sus anteriores demandas, habiendose limitado entonces a decir que habian sido demandados por desahucio y cobra de alquileres por los mencionados r~ curridos, en el Juzgado de Paz. En vista de este nuevo giro gue dforon a su Ultimo escrito de deman,da, el demurrer de los r<::curridos, fundado en los mismos motivos que habian expuesto en las dos ocasioncs I , anteriores, no prosper6. . . ~ Pero, antes de que Se viese la causa, Io·s recurridos pidieron que se ordenase ·a los recurrentes a dividir su acci6n, ejerci-" tando cada uno de ellos la que de derecho le competia, por no tener todos ellos juntas, unos mismos derechos o unos mismos motivos de acci6n. SostuvieroP su peti· ci6n, p1·esentando los Exhibits A al A-11 que son copias de las decisiones de! Juzgado de Paz de San Pedro, Laguna, dictadas · en las once causas de que ant.es sc ha ·hecho menci6n, de las cuales resulta claro y evidente que Ios intereses y obligaciOnes de cada uno de ellos no eran los mismos, .• sino enteramente distintos. El Juzgado inferior, dandose cuenta de Ics Yerdaderos hechos, ord~n6 que ejercitasen su acci6n respectiva, contra los recurridos, independientemente los . unos de los otros, fundindose indudableme:hte en el articulo 108 de la Ley No. 190 que dispone cuindo · y c6mo debe requerirse a una parte a especificar clarameiite sus a~egac'iones. Lo3 ~cu:rrentes, en vez de ob:nar de conformidad con lo as( ordenado, expresaron su decisi6n de no querer enmendar su Ultima demanda enmendada; y _ por dicha raz6n, los recurridos presentaron una moci6n de sobreseimie:Ttto que Jes fue concedi<la por el Juzgado, mediante su auu; de 28 de ' Febrero de 1936. No vemos ningUn error en lo actuado por cl Juzgado inferior; pues, en puridad, la· moci6n de los recurridos Headnote 1 Young y Baldwin pidiendo que se requiriese a los recurrentes a ejercitar sus .r~spe~tivas acciones independientemcnte los• unos de los otros, por no tener unos mismos intereses y un mismo derecho de acci6n, equi'lale a una petici6n para mayor especificaci6n, fundada en el mencionado 3.rticulo 108 de I:i Ley No. 190, o cuando menos, a un demurrer fundado a su vez en la indebida Uni6n de partes der;o.'.l.ndan'tes. .Asi lo estim6 el Juzga<lo inferior reconsiderando dy ese modo practica~ente, su auto por el que habia desestimado el demurrer de los ~:~~·;~:~~e~~:a e~:rfi~~:::~:e !:~bl~ ~!:O Tribunal, la facultad incidental" de reformar o alterar sus 6rdenes, en interes de la justicia. (Art. 11 de la Ley No. 190). Por otra parte, es de IeY quo cuando un Headnote 2 demurrer contra un escrito de demanda es estimado por el J uzgado, o 110 este ordcna que se hagan mas espeeific~s las alegaciones que en dicho escrito se ha~ cen y el demandante ni lo enmienda para corregir los defectos de que adolece, ni hace las especificaciones requeridas, el Unico paso que queda y precede darse es sobrc· seer la causa, como asi lo ha hecho ccn mucho acierto el Juzgado inferior. (Arts. 101 y 127 de la Ley No. 190; Marcelo con~ tra Bermudez y otros, R. G. No. 43547, Septiembre 13, 1938). Por tanto, confirmamos el auto apelado, o sea el de 28 de Febrero de 1936, con las costas a los apelantes. · Asi se ordena, ANACLETO DIAZ. CONFORMES: Ramon 1lvanceiia, Anto· nio Uilla-.Real, Ca1·los A. hnfierial, Jose P. Laurel, Pedro C011cepci611.. MORAN~ M., concurrcnte: Estoy confonne con la parte dispositiva. Aunque la moci6n de sobreseimiento no equivale, en mi sentir, a una moci6n de especificaci6n ni a un demurrer, creo, sin embargo, que la misma es pe1misible bajo las circunstancias· especiales del caso, en que el demandante quiere ocultar en su Ultima demanda enmendada un hecho indiscutible alegado en Sus anteriores demand<1s, con el deliberado prop6sito de ocultar un error de procedimicnto que, tarde o temprano, se ha de descubrir, y que debe corregirse .lo antes posible pa.ra evitar dilaciones innecesarias. Los tribunales de Justicia deben esta1· investidos de poderes amplios para enderezar los procedimicntos y encaminarlos a una pronta y eficiente disposici6n de los asuntos. MANUEL V. MORAN. v Trwera-Luna, Inc., petiti011er-appellant, 118. Judge Mariano Nable, respondeftt.appell~s .. G. R. No. 45601, April 14, 1939, Laurel, J. 1. CIVIL PROCEDURE; COURTS QF JUSTICE OF THE PEACE; FORCIBLE EN'fRY AND UNLAWFUL DETAINER ACTIONS; JURISDICTION NOT LOST BY MERE ALLEGATION° OF OWNERSHIP . ....:...In an action of forcible entry and detainer instituted to recover possession, the ,defendant cannot defeat that action merely by asserting in his answer a claim of ownership in himself. The only exceptiOn to this rule is when the question of ownership is so necessarily involved that it would be impossible to deeide the question of mere possession without first $ettling that of ownership. 2. ID.; INTERVENTION; DISCRE'I;ION OF TRIAL COURTS.-Under section THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL 121 of the Code of Civil Procedure, before a party may be allowed to inter· vene in an action or proceeding, he must show legal interest in the matter in litigation, or in the success of either of the pa1·ties, or an interest against both. And the granting or refusal of a motion to i11:tervene is a matter of judicial discretion, and once l!Xercised, the decision of the court cannot be reviewed or controlled by mandamus, however erroneous it may be. ID.; ID.; ID.; EXCEPTION; REA~ SON.-The only exception to this'' rule is when there is an arbitrary abuse of that discretion, in which case mandamus may issue if there is no other adequate reTnedy, though the result is that the court will be called upon to review the exercise of a discretionary power. Such review is allowed because the power of discretion is not an arbitrary and despotic orie, to be exercised at the pleasure of the court, or from passion, prejtidiee, or personal hostility. But it has also been held that this abuse of discretion must be so patent ' and gross as to amount 'to an evasion of positive dut~· or to a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined or to act at all, in contemplation of law. DECISION This is an appeal by the petitioner TaveraLuna, Inc. from an· order of the Court of F irst Instance of Manila sustaining ' the demurrer interposed by the respondent to the petitioner's petition for mandamus. On Decembe1· 21, 1936, El Hogar Filipino, as administrator of the Crystal Arcade Building, filed Civil Case No. 111246 in the Municipal Court of the City of Manila to recover the possession of the portion known a:; the TorrC of the "Crystal Arcade" from the defendant therein, Andres Luna, by i·cason o!' the latter's failure to pay the corresponding rentals thereof. In answer too the complaint, Andres Luna alleged, among other things, that Tavera-Luna, Inc., the petitioner herein, was the owner of the Crystal Meade Building, and that El Hogar Filipino, as mere administrator thereof, had r:o right to increase the rental of the portion occupied by him; and that there was pending in the Court of First Instance of Manila c;vil Case No. 47097, entiled "Tavera vs. Hognv Filipino and Tavera-Luna, Inc.", in which the issue involved was the title and ownership over the Crystal Arcade Building. On January 7, 1937, th,e petitioner filed a li'•otion for. intervention, \Vhich motion was cienied' by the respondent Judge of the Municipal Court of Manila. To compel the respondent municipal judge to admit the intervention, 'Davera-Luna, Inc., instituted mandamus proceedings in the Court of Firat Instance of Manila. In its petition for mandamus Tavera-Luna, Inc., the petitioner and herein appellant, alFebruary 1.J, 1940 Jeges that as the registered owner of the Crystal Arcade Building, any judgment which might be rendered agaihst the de.fondant Andres Luna in Civil Case No.' 111246 would necessarily affect the occupancy and possession of the tower of that building by Tavera-Luna, Inc. of which Andres Luna was the President, and that the respondent j1.1-dge, in refusing to admit its motion for intervention in Civil Case No. 111246, had committed an abuse of discretion. Respondent demurred to the petition on the grounds (1) that the petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and (2) that the petitioner had other plain, adequate and speedy remedy at lnw. The Court of F,irst Instance of Manila sustained the demurrer of the respond'ent. ".'he petitioner having elected to stand on its complaint, the lower court dismissed the same. Hence, the app(!al to this Court ad~ verted to in the beginning of this opinion. Petitioner claims that in illegal detainer proceedings, the defendant or any intervenor therein may, subject to certain qualifications, raiS:c the question jf. ownership of the property in litigation. The l'ule is that in an action of forcible entry and detniner, instituted to recover possession, the defendant cannot defeat Headnot e 1 that action merely by asserting in his answer a claim of ownership in himself. The only &..."(ception to this rule is ..\•hen· the question of ownership is so necessarily involved that it would be impossible to decide the question of me.re possession without first settli!1g that of ownership (Medirnn vs. ·vmar.ueva, 37 Phil. 752; Medel vs. Militante, 41 Phil. 526; See K1ong Pha vs. Ti Bun Lay, 45 Phil 670; Sevilla vs. Tolentino, 51 Phil. 3·'.i3; Supia vs. Quintero, 59 Phil. 312). fo . Civil Case No. 111246 of thei Municipal •Court of the City of Manila, El Hogar Fili· Jlino alleged mere possession of the Crystal Arcade Building of which the tower occupied by Andres Luna is part, and that Luna failed to pay the rents from November 1, 1936. Both plaintiff and defendant there did not claim any i·ight of ownership for themselves of the · Crystal Arcade Building or of its tower. The sole question presented was one of possession. The ·question of ownership of the building was a matter foreign. ,This being the case, it is not seen J:ow the ' petitione1·'s claim of ownership of the Crystal Arcade Building could be affected by any decision rendered in the detainer proceedings·. It is elementary law that the right of a party cannot be affected b) any judgment or order in a case in which he is not a party. Upon the other hand, ib apprars that tbere is actually· a sUit pending in ihe Court of First Instance of Manila entitled "Tavera vs. El Hogar Filipino and 'l'avera-Luna, Inc." (Civil Case No. 47097), in which the issue is the title over the Crystal Arcade Building and in which two wtits of preliminary injunctiOns had been (Con tinuecl on page 112) February 15_ , 1940 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL 111 COURT OF APPl:ALS The Government of the Philippine Islands, 1.ilaintiff-appellee, vs. Mariano Conde, defendant-appellant G. R. Nos. 3031 and 9249, October 26, 1939, Padilla, J. 1. JUDICIAL SALE; CONFIRMATION; INADEQUACY OR PRICE.-''l\·-e have it as an established doctrine that inadequacy of the price alo!1e, unless shocking to the-conscience of the court, will not be suffi~ient to set aside the sale, if there is no showing, * * -"', that in the event of resale a better price can be obtained, or that ,there was fraud, col1usfon, mistake, surprise, unfairness or irregularity in the conduct of said sale" (The Government of the Philippine Islands vs. Zapanta, et al., 37 Off; Gaz., 1729-1730). 2. APPEAL; EXECUTION PENDING APPEAL; STAY OF EXECUTION; SUPERSEDEAS BOND.-A party against whom execution is issued for special reasons, canno't appeal by bill of ex'ceptions from the ordc.r of execution. The only way of staying such execution is by filing a supersedea'< bond, or by extra~dinary legal remedy. DECISION Pursuant to a judgment B:ffirmcd by the Supreme Court in a foreclosure suit, the morgaged property was sold at public auction for rs,ooo to the plaintiff. Afterwards, confiwation of the "Safe anO: deficiency judgment for P6,195.53 and 8% inti;>rest thereon, were prayed for by· the !Jlaintiff. The defendant objected on the i;round of inadequacy-of price as compared to its assessed and actual market values. The Court confirmed the sale and issued an alias writ of execution for the deficiency. Exception to the order of confirmation and t>xecution and motion tor new trial were filed. Denial of motion and announc<!ment of intent to appeal followed one another. Pending allowance of the bill of exceptions, ihe plaintiff prayed that, notwithstandin~ the filing of the bill of exceptions, an order of execution be issued for the satisfaction or the deficiency judgment, On " the ground that the appeal was frivolous and intended tll delay the satisfaction thereof, unless a supersedeas bond for the amount of th; de·ficiency judgment were given. This prayer was granted. The defendant excepted and moved for reconsideration. The last motion having been d~nied, -another bill of ~xceptions was filed to appeal from the order o! execution. There are, therefore, two appt>als, one from the order of confirmation 'and other from the 01tler of execution of the deficiency judgm'ent pursuant to the pr,~v is.ions of section 144 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The fin.st appeal bears G. R. No. 3031 and the second G. R. No. 3249 of this Court. As the i;econd appaal is an offshoot of the first, we see no usefulness in writing two opinions. Appellant has filed one brief ii. support of the two appeal\ 1 The ground for the objection to the confirmation of siile of the mortgage property for PS,000 is inadequacy of price, as compared to its assessed or actual market value. It is .alleged thllt the assessed value was Pl3,950, and the market value on December 9, 1937, the date when the objection to the confirmation of sale was filed, was estimated at Pl6,000. This estimated value is not supported by any , evidence. fn declining to set aside an order of _confirmation 0r. the ground of inadequacy of price, the ~upreme Court said: "Assuming that the reasonable value of the propertiec:i is P66,000, as the affidavit£ of the real estate brokers purport to show, we do not think that the price of 'P43,000 at which they were sold is so grossly inadequate as to shock· the conscience of the court. In Bank of the Philippine Islands Vl>. Green (52 Phil., 491), the property worth P60,('00 was sold for P25,000; in National Bank vs. Gonzales (4"'5 Phil., 693), the property worth !°45,950 was sold for Pl5,000; and in the Government of the Philippine Islands vs. Serna (G. R. No. 32196, March 8, 1930, not reported), the prope.rty worth P120,000 was sold for F15,000. In none of these cases did this court set aside the sale for inadequacy of price. ''We have it as an established doctrbc that inadequacy of the price alone, unless shocking to the conscience of the court. will not be sufficient t.o 5et Headnote 1 aside the sale, if there is no showing, as in the instant case, that in the event of a l·esale a bftter price can be obtained, or that there v•as fraud, collusion, mistake, surprise, un- . fairness or irregularity in the conduct of said sale. (Government of the Philippine Islands vs. Green, supra; \Varner, Barnes & Co. vs. Santos, 14 Phil., 446; La Urbana vs. Belando, 54 Phil., 930; National Bank vs. Gonzales, supra; Guerrero vs. Guerre1·0. 57 Phil., 442; Cu Un.iieng & Sons vs. Mabalacat Sugar Co., 58 Phil., 439; and Government of the Philippine Islands vs. Serna, supra.)" (The Government of the Philippine Islands vs. Zapanta, et al., 37 Off. Gaz., 1729-1730.) The question involved in the second appPal (G.1 R. No. 3249) is whether the party, against whom execution is issuecl.for special reasons, may appeal by Headnote 2 bill of exceptions from the order of execution. A stay of execution by an appeal fr~m an order directing it would render the execution of judgments for special reasons nugatory, ineffective, and valueiess, as the party ~gainst whom &ecution is iSsued may always stay it by taking an appeal therefrom b;r bill of exceptions. If by •filing a bill of exceptions such party may stay execut;on, there would be added ,to section 144 of the Codi of Civil Proceedure· provisions that the leg1islative department had n;t intended to enact, :r'he only way of staying wch execution is by filing a supel'ISedeas bond. Thi.s was required in the order of execution appealed from, but, instead of filing it, the appellant announr.ed his Intention to appeal by bill of exceptions which he · s~bsequently filed. It is a clever cir'cumvention of..the law and of the order of execution which we cannot , countenance, much less ·sanction. Relief against abuse of discretioll by the Court in ol'dering execution of judgment fOr special reasons or fixing excef:lsive amount of supersedeas bonds £hould not be by appeal but by extraordinary legal remedy. There being no ground for diSturbing the order of the Court of December 15, 1937, confinning the sale of the mortgaged property and requiring payment of the balance d deficiency, the same is affirmed, with costs against the appellant. As no appeal can be taken from the order d February 12" 1938, directing execution of the deficiency judgment for special rcasqns, the appeal taken . froni said order i:- dismissed, with costs against the appellant. So ordered. SABINO PADILLA. We CONCUR: Cesar Benzon, Pedro I'uason, Jose Lopez Vito, A lex. Reyes. TECHNICALITIES TANGLE JUSriCE IN NAME OF FORM "Every lawyer -knows th<'!t the continued reversal of judgments, the sending of parties to a litigation to a11d from betwee11 the trial and appellate courts, he's become" disgrace to.the <11dminislration of justice. Everybody knows th<11t the Hst network of highly technical rulas of evidence and procedure serves to hngle justice in the neme oi form. It is a dis· grace to our law, and a .discredit to our inditutions."-Elihu Root in Washington University l a w Quarterly. Vol. 23, April, 1938, No. 3. 112 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 1940 THE LAWYER'S BOOKSHEJ,,F THE I,NCOME TAX LAW ANNOTATED BY FRANCISCO DALUPAN, L.L. M., C.P.A. · Ilaya Press, 705 Ilaya, Manila. Price-lil.5.00. Filling a void in the looal field of taxation literoture,. this boOk comes out as a pioneer work on income taxation in the Philippines, and is a g1:eat boon to the members of legal profession who hitherto have had to depend upon authorities of American or foreign origin in· the solution of their tax problems. The annotations to the income tax law, as contained in Title II of Commonwealth Act No. 466, otherwise known as the National Internal Revenue Code, have been done with an ey:c single to their easy comprehension and in the light of the accounting principles involved. Income ta.'i:ation being mainly· based upon net income, a practical understanding of the income tax law necessarily involves practical insight into accounting principles nnd practice. A lawyer who wants to have the income tax law in his finger tips must J:.e th~rou~hly familiar with the accounting principles involved in their ope-ration, just (Continued from page 110) issued, one restraining the register of deeds cif Manila from transferring the Torrens title to the said building from the petitioner herein to El Hogar Filipino, and the other restraining El Hogar Filipino from selling and transferring its rights to that building. While the petitioner concedes that the rEspondent is given discretionary power to admit or not its motio.n for intervention, it uevertheless contends that . the respondent Judge of the Municipal Court of Manila 2lmsed his discretion in denying the intervention. It is claimed that once the party intervenor has established the necessary requisites for inte1·ventio'n, that is, after he has shown the required legal interest in the matter in litigation and in the success of either party or both, it beco~es mandatory cm the part of the comt to admit the motion to intervene, and that its refusal to admit that motion, after the patty intervencrr has cnmplied with those requisites, can be the .!.'ubject of mantlnmus pl-oceeclings. Under section 121 of the Code of Civil Procedure, before a party may be alHeadnote 2 lowed to intervene in an action or proc~ding, be must show legal interest in the matter in litigation, or in the success of either of the parties, or an interest against both. And the grant.ing or refusal of a motion to intervene is a matter of judicial discretion, as a1; accountant dealing with income tax :-aust thoroughly master the law. Both are f'nnilarly situated if they do not combine ~uch knowledge of law and accounting; they will always stand up against a bi~ wall when confronted with income tax cases. 'lhe businessman or taxpayer :fares no '~orse, for however earnest may be his d€sire to comply with the provisions of the law, not having the requisite knowledge of !aw and accounting to place him in a position of advantage in its interpretation and E.1Jplication, he invariably commits unintentional violations which result ultimately in i;.enalties and overpaYments. It is ' here, therefore, that this book enters to solve the difficulties of the la"-'Y~r, the · accountant, the businessman, the taxpayer or anyone dealing with or affected by the income tax. The annotations are done in the orthodox Manner, but they are made as exhaustivi! i'lld all-embracing as they could possibly be . . Our income tax ~eing taken mostly from Amer'\can legislation ati.d administrative n:-gulations, much is drawn from 'Ame_.rican sources. Decisions promulgated by the :Philippine Supreme Court uncler the former Jaw, Act No. 2833, which, in the opinion of' the author, are still applicable to the provisiions of ihe new law; regulations promulgated' by the Department of Financ0, gen<ind once' exercised, die decision of the court cannot be reviewed or controlled by mandamus, however erroneous it may be (Otto Gmur Inc. y Revilla, 55 Phil. 627 .) The only exception to this rule is when there is an arbitrary· abuse of that Headnote 3 discretion, i.n \vhich case mandamus may is.sue if there is no otheT adequate remedy, though the result is that the court will be called upon to review the exercise of a discretionary power (18 R. C. L., p. 126.) Such rl'view is allowed\ because the power of discretion is not an arbitrary and despotic one, to be exerciSed at the pleasure of the court, vr from J?assion, prejudice, or personal hosUity. (Ex parte secombe, 19 How. 13; Bx parte Bradley, 19 U.S. (Law ed.), 214, 219.) But it has also bee.n held that this ~.buse of discreti~n must be so patent and fTOSS as to amount to an evasion of positive duty or tO a viltual refusal to pel"form the duty enjoined or to act at all, in contemplation of law (18-R. C. L., p. 126.) 'fhe order appealed from is hereby affirmed, with costs against the petitionerappellant. SO ORDERED. JOSE P. LAUREL. WE CONCUR: Ramon Avanceiia, Antonio V.illa-fteal, Carlos A. Imperial, Anacleto Diaz, Pedro Concep~ion, Manuel V. Moran. ci-al cil·culars ancl ruli~gs of the Collector of foternal Revenue; regulations of the U. K Treasury Department under the U. S. Revc.nue Act of 1938 applicable to the present hw, are cited. For a knowledge of its c~ckground and i.ntent, which arc of particular interest to lawyers, excerpts from the RPports of the Tax Commission in recom- . mending that p~rt bf the Code referring to income ta~ have b~I)~ quoted following the correspondmg proVIsions. One great merit of tbe book which makes ~ it of great practical value to the practitioner and accountant is the practicii.l illustrations made to explain the difficult provisions of the law. These illustrations give the practitioner or accountant a dip into the practical operations of the law and of the accounting principles involved; they serve to crystallize understariding after the provisions are explained and in~erpreted by judidal 'decisions and administrative rulipgs. A member of the b-\1-r and a certified public accountant, besides being professor on io•1diting, commercial law· and income taxation in a local university, the authoi draws· upon his experience' as a law pra~titioner, accountant and teacher on income taxation, to produce this handbook which is of immense practical value to i;racticing lawyers-.nd accountants. The more objective and analytical asPects of th'c lnw, which may confuse rather than clarify, are advisedly not touched upon. That the author has accomplished his purpose "to give the lawyers, accountants", bminessmen and the .general paying public a brief, clear and comprehensive guide in -the understanding and application of its (income tax) provisions" is easily borne out even by a superficial perusal; but those ''ho want to Ira th er from it something of ' Ynlue should have it. within easy reach. We do not hesitate to recomme'nd this look to all lawyers, accountants, businessn en and the taxpaying public in general. -S. V. REVITALIZATION of the hotly and mental faculties weakened by old age or dissipated life. Tuberculosis in its initial or adVaneed stage Goitre· in any form Dr. Juan Tablante _1052 Oroquieh (Corner Zurbara.n) Tel. 2-20-12 Consultations by Correspondence through previous arran?"ement only. IN ANSWERING ADVERTISEMENTS PLEA SE MENTION THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 1940 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL 113 THE CADASTRAL ACT ANNOTATED [ACT NO. 2259) By VICEN'fE J. FRANCISCO Member, Philippine Sar [CONTINUED) Section Five SEC. 5. When the lands have been surveyed , and plattecj_, the Director of Lands, represen.ted by the Attorney-General. (now Solicitor-General), shall institute registration proceedings by petition against the holders, claimants, possessors, or occupants , of such lands or any ,part thereof, stating in substance that the public interests require that the titles to such ' lands be settled and adjudic.ated, and' praying that such titles be so settled and adjudicated. The petition .shall contain a description of the lands and shall be accompanied by a plan thereof, and may contain such other data as may serve to furnish full notice to the occupants of the lands and to all persons who may claim any right or interest therein. (As amended by Sec. 1855, Ad. Code.) 'If the lands contain two or more parcels held or occupied. by different persons the plan shall indicate the boundaries or limits of the various parcels as correctly as may be. The parcels shall be known as "lots" and shall on the plans filed in the case be given separate numbers by the Director of Lands, whrch numbers shall be known as "cadastral numbers." . The lots situated within each municipality, township or settlement, shall, as far as practicable· be numbered consecutively, beginning with the number "one" and only one series of numbers shall be _used for that purpose in each municipality, township or settlement. In cities or townsites a designation of the land holdings by ];ilock and lot numbers may be employed instead of the designation by cadastral numbers and shall have the same effect for all purposes as the latter. (As amended by Sec. 1856, Ad. Code.) ART. 5. Cuando los terrenos hayan sido med·idos y sus . plan.as l~vantados, el Director de Terrenos, representado por el !'u:cal General _(hoy Prncuradm·-General), instituir<i p1·ocedimientos de registro, media11te solicitull,, contra los tene<lores, reclamantes, poseedores u ocupantes de los terrenos de que se trate o de cualquier parte de los 11iismos exP!~sando en substancia que el interes pUblico exige qi:,e se ftJe Y declare el dominio de dichos terrenos, y pidiendo que el dominio sea fijado y declarado. La solicitud· contendrti una desc'!pci6n de los terrenos, ir<i acompaiiado de un plano de los mismos, y podr6.. contener los demas datos conducentes a dar pleno conocimiento a los ocupantes de los ten·enos Y a todas las personas que aleguen cualquier derecho a ellos o interes sobre los mis'»!_os. (Tal como qued6 enmendado por el Art. 1855 del C6digo Administrativo.) Si los ten·enos contienen dos o mas parcelas poseidas u ocupadas por diferentes personas, el plano indicara los limites de las diversas parcelas con la posible exactitud. Las parcelas s~ designar6..n como . "lotes" y en los pla1'los que, se presenten en el caso se Seiialaran con nUmeros distintos por el Director de Terrenos, nUmeros que se denominarU.n "nUmeros catastrales." Los lotes situados dentro de cada municipio, TOWNSHIP o rancheria, se numeraran . correlativamente en cuanto sea posible, empezando con el nUmero "uno" y s6lo se usarci una serie de nUme1·os para dicho efec~o1 en cada municipio, TOWNSlIIP o rancheria. En las ciudades, o reservas pcvra pueblos, podrri hacerse la designaci6n de los solares por los nUmeros de las manzanas y lotes en lugar de la designaci6n nor nUmeros catastrales, y tendr<in el mismo efecto que la Ultima para todos los fines . .., (Tal como qued6 enmendado por el Art. 1856 del C6digo Administrativo.) 1. Duty of applicant or claimant to prove title. 2. Registration of possessorY information. 3. Di!f::.ence in area; bounda4. · Evidence of possession. 5. Lands of the State. 6. Land granted to a' homesteader not subject to cadastral proceeding. 7. Amendmeri.t of plan; new publication necessary. , 1. Duty of applicant or claiinant to prove title. That no person is entitled to have land registered under the Cadastral or Torrens systei;n unless he is the owner in fee simple of the same, even though there is no opposi-· tion presented against such regi'stration by third persons, has been .decided by the courts many times. One of tfie primary and fundamental purposes of . the registration of land under the Torrens System is to secure to the owner,:~d a~f~f~~e ,~nh~et~~aes;~l=x~~~~· t~::e f;;~ti~l!e~n~~mti~a~~~~ tificate of title issued to the owner by the court, absolut'e proof of such title. In order that the petitioner for the registration of his land shall be permitted to have the same registered, and to have the benefit resulting from the certificate of title fim1.Ily issued, the burden is upon him to show that he is the real and absolute owner, in fee simple, of the land which he is attempting to have registered. The petitioner is not necessarily entitled to have the-1and registered under the Torrens system simply because no one appears to oppose his title and to oppose the registration of his land. He must show, even though there is no ,opposition, to the satisfaction of the court, that he is the absolute owner, in fee simple. Courts are not justified ,. in registering property under the Torrens system, simply because there is no opposition offered. Courts may, even in the absence' of any oppcrsition, deny the registration of the land under the Torrens system, upon the ground that the facts presented did not show that the petitioner is theowner, in fee simple, of the land which he is attempting \ to have registered. (Maloles and Malvar vs. Director of Lands, 25 Phil. 548; De· los Reyes vs. Paterno, 34 Phil. 420, 424; Roman Catholic Bishop of Lipa vs. Municipality of Taal, 38· Phil., 367, 376) .-Director of Lands vs. Ag~s tin, 42 Phil., 227, 228-229, 42 J. F. 240. 2. Registration of possessory information. The appelJee contends that the registration of the possessory information amounted to a registration of ownership under the provisions of sectiorl 397 of the Spanish Mortgage Law of February 8, 1861. To begin with, we may state that the Spanish Mortgage Law of February 8, 1861, was never in force in the Philippines, and, consequently, section 397 thereof _ relied upon was likewise never in force. The mort· gage law in force in this country on December 12, 1892, when the possessory inform<}tion of E . F. was registered, THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 19'40 was the Mortgage Law for the Philippine Islands, which took effect on October 1, 1889 (Berriz, Diccionario de la Administraci6n de Filipinas, Anuario de 1889, 295, 396 et seq.)-Sales vs. Director of Lands, 35 Off. Gaz., 186. 3. Difference in area; boundaries. We have seen that· if this land were a portion of that which formerly belonged to E. F., the result would be that the area of the entire land would reach 445 hectares, instead of 50 hectares, as clearly stated in the possessory information. The appellee insists that this discrepancy in the area is not important because in the identification of lands, their boundaries are conb·ol1ing. The principle would be applicable if natural boundaries were involved; but in the instant case it will be seen that, except the north and south sides of the land, bounded by the San Miguel Bay and the Talacop River, re. spectively, the other sides were bounded by private and public lands. Held: That the great excess in area which has been explained, that the land formerly belonging to E. F. would have, if appellee's contention were ·to be accepted, is another factor which induces us to hold that the ~~~~ 1!~o~~at~~~ :n~~r!a~~r~r;, dt~~r!~~e i~o~~d ~~~s~; transmitted eith~r to E or to the appellant.-/bid. 4. Evidence of possession. E. F., when he still owned and Possessed all the land, testified under oath that all that he had was 50 hectares, so much that he appealed to tbe municipal council of Calabanga, when some officials assigned to the property a greater area, insisting and obtaining at the time that his property should not be given an area of more than 50 hectares and that he should not be required to pay a land tax for more than the said area. That testimony and admission militates against the apµJicant under section 278 of the Code of Civil Procedure..~~ . . 5. Lands of the State. · The applicant alleges that he and his predecessor$ in interest have been in the continuous, open, public and ;>eacefu] possession of the land for more than forty years, and on this alleged possession he bases his right to register the same. The evidence of possession is fatal both to the applicant and to his predecessors, in interest. There is overwhelming evidence indicative · that the entire land formerly belonging to F was grass land dvoted to pasture, with the exception of certain portions now planted to coconuts. In the sworn tax declarations which E. F. and the applicant presented, neither of them showe.d that there was any improvement or planting of any kind. On the pasture land grazed animals belonging to F and to other neighbors and owners. Whatever planting of value tfiere ,is on the land was done by the homesteaders-oppositors, and the houses built by the applicant are, as has been said, of recent'construction. We conclude that neither the applicant nor his predecessors in interest has been in real possession of the land and that said oc/ cupation cannot be invoked as a # title to register the land. In the supposition that this land was included in the possessory information, the latter cannot likewise be invoked as a sufficient means or . title to register the ownership, because neither the applicant nor his predecessors in interest has been in the continuous and open possession of the property.-Ibid. 6. Land granted to a homesteader not subject to cad.astral 't)roceeding. The title to the land thus granted and registered may no longer be the subtect of any inquiry, decision, or judgment in a cadastral proceeding. But a partition may be made in said proceeding, in accordance with the provisions of Act No. 2259.-Manalo vs. Lukban and Liwamig, 48 Phil. 973, 974, 48 J. F. 1029. 7. Amendment of plan; new publication necessa1·y. An order of court in a cadastral case amending the official plan so as t~ make it include land not previously included therein is a nullity unless new publication is made as a preliminary to such step. Publication is one of the essential bases of the jurisdiction of the court i~ land registration and cadastral cases, and additional territory cannot be included by amendment of the plan without new publication.-Philippine Hanufacturing Co . . vs. Imperial, 49 Phil. 122, 49 J. F. 128. Section Six SEC. 6. . After final decree has been entered for the registration of a lot its cadastral number shall not be changed except by order of the Court of First Instance. Future subdivisions of any lot shall, with the approval of said Court, be designated by a letter or letters of the alphabet added to the cadastral number of the lot to which the respective subd1visions pertain. The letter with which a subdivision is designated shall be known as its "cadastral letter." Provi.ded, however, That subdivisions of additions to cities or townsites may, with the approval of the court, be designated by block and lot numbers instead of cadastral numbers and letters. All subdivisions under this section shall be made in accordance with the provisions of section fortyfour of Act Numbered Four hundred and ninetysix, and the provisions of section fifty-eight of the said Act shall be applicable to conveyances of lands so subdivided. ART. 6. Despues de dicta.do el decreto final de registro de tm lote, no se cambiara su mlmero castastral a no ser por orden del Tribunal del RegiJ>tro de la Propiedad. Las sucesivas subdivisiones de un lote cualquiera se designardn, con la aprobaci6n de dicho tribuna.t, po1· media de una o de va1·ias letras del alfabeto aiiadidas al nUmero catastral del lote a que correspondan las respectivas subdivisiones. La~ letra con que se designe una subdivisi6n se conocerd. como SU "letra catastral"; ENTENDIENDOSE, SIN EMBARGO, Que" las subdivisiones de las adiciones a las ciudades o rese1·vas para pueblo pueden designarse, con la aprobaci6n del tribunal, por los nUmeros de manzana y. del lote en luga1· de las nUmeros y las letras catastrales. Todas las subdivisiones hechas en armonia c9n este articulo, se hCiran de acue1·do con lo que dispone el articulo cuarenta y cuatro de la Ley Ntlmero Cuatrocientos Noventa y Sei.s, y el articulo cincuenta y ocho de dicha Ley serti aplicable a las transferencias de terrenos subdivididos de este modo. Section Seven SEC. 7. Upon the receipt of the petition and the accompanying plan the cjerk of the Court of First Instance shall cause notice of the filing of said petition to be published twice in successive issues of the Official Gazette, in both the English and the Spanish languages. The notice shall be issued by order of the court, attested by the clerk and shall be in form substantially as follows: "REGISTRATION OF'"' TITLES, " Province, Coprn OF FIRST INSTANC~ "To (here insert the name of all persons appearing to have an interest and the adjoining owners so fa.r as known), February 15, 1940 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL 115 and to all whom it may concern: '!"he1-eas a petition has been presented to said court by the Director of Lands, praying that the titles to the following described lands or the various parcels thereof be settled and adjudicated (insert description) you are hereby cited to ,,f~~~~r p~~~~~c~oi/~ ~~First Ins:~~~~ ~on bt~~e~~ .~t ...... ., day of .......................... , Anno Domini 19 ... . at ........ o'clock, to present such claims as you may have to said lands or any portion thereof, and to pre.sent evidence if any you have, in support of such claims. 1 "And unless you appear at said court at the time and place aforesaid your default will be recorded and the titles to the lands will be adjudie~ted and determined in accordance with the prayer of the petition and upon the evidence before the court, and you will be forever barred from contesting such petition or any deCree entered thereon. this ~~~t~ess '.'.·day ~f · · · · · · · · · .... , Judge of said co'urt, "Attest: ............. , A. D. 19 " , Chief of the General Lanrl Registration Offfoe." ART. 7. Al recibir la solicitud 11 el plano que la acompafie el escribano .del Tribunal del Regisfro de ,za Propiedad hara que se publique un edicto de la presentaci6?i de la misma en dos nUmero.s consectttivos de la Gaceta Official, en in,qlis. y espafi,ol. El edicto ira. expedido po1· orden del tribunal, testimonfodo pm· el escriba'no, y tendra en substar..cia. la siguiente fonna: - REGISTRO DE TfTULOS Provincia .................. . JUZGADO DE PRIMERA INSTANCIA A (aquf. se insertaran los nombres de todas las person.as que aparezcan con· algUn derecho 11 los de los propietarios colindantes en cuanto sean conocidos) y a to dos los intere-' sados. Por CUltnto el Dfrector de Terrenos ha presentado a este Tribunal tma solicitud pidiendo que se fife 11 declare el dominio de los te?-renos descritos a continttaci6n o de varias parcelas de los mismos (insfrtese la descripci6n) se cita a los arriba nombrados para que comparezcan ante el Juzga.do de Primera Instancia en la sesi6n que ha de celebrarse en . en la provincia de . . el dia ......... . de .... .. ... : .. delafiodelSeiiorde19 ... .,alas ...... , para que aleguen los derechos que tengan acerca de dicho.-; te1·renos o de cu.alquier parte de 1 .os mismos y las pruebas si'. tienen alguna en que los apoyen. ' Y si n.o comparecen ante dicho t1·ibunal en la fecha y lngM· antedichos, sertin declarados en rebeldfa y se fijarti y declararci el dominio de los terrenos de acuerdo con lo pedido en la solicitud y en vista de la prueba presentada al tribunal. y quedarcin pm·a siempre incapacitados parci impugnar dicha solicitud ni ningUn dictado segUn ella. .............. , juez de dicho tribunal., a ...... de .............. de19. Doy fe: Escribano del Tribunal Section Eight . SEC. 8. The return of said notice shall not' be . less than thirty days nor more than one year from , the date of issue. The court shall also, within seven days after the publication of said notice in the Official Gazette as hereinbefore provided cause notice to be mailed by the clerk to every person named therein whose address is known. The court shall also cause a duly attested copy of the notice to be posted, in Hie English and the Spanish languages, m a conspicuous place on the lands included in the applic~tion, an.d. also in a. conspicuous place upon the chief mumcipal bmldmg of the municipality 1:?wnship or settl~ment in which the lands or.a por'. ~10n thereof a.re situated, by the sheriff of the province, 01· by his deputy, or by such other person as may be designated by the court, fourteen days at lea~t before the return day thereof. A copy of the notice shall also be sent by registered mail to the president of the municipal coun~il of the municipality, township or settlement in which the lands are situated, and to the provincial board. The court may also cause other or further notice of the petition to be given in such manner and to such persons as it may deeni proper. ART. 8. El plazo pa1·a el cumplimiento de este edicto no '[iodr<i se1· nienor de treinta dias ni mayor de un aiio, a contar desde la fecha de su expedici6n. El tribunal, dentro de los siete dias siguientes a -la publicaci6n de dicho edicto en la Gaceta Oficial, como queda dicho hara tambien qu,e se envfe el mismo por correo por el es~ribano a todas las pe1·sonas nombradas en ez cuya direcci6n sea conocida. El tribunal hani tambiCn que se fife una copia debidamente testimoniada dei mismo, en ingUs y en espaiiol,. en un lugar visible de los ten·enos comp1·endidos en la solicitud, y tambien en un lugar visible del principal edificio municipal 'del 7meOlo, TOWNSHIP o rancheria en que radiquen los teITenos o algwr1ia pa1·te de los mismos, por el sheriff de la p1-ovincia o su dele:qado, o por la penona que el tribunal d.esigne, catorce dfas por lo menos antes de la fee.ha ·en que venza el prdzo para la coniparecencia mencionada. Tambien se enviar<i copia del mjsmo certificado po1· correo o.l presidente del-consejo del municipio, TOWNSHIP o rancheria en que radiquen los terrenos y a la junta provincial. El tribuna~ puede disponer tambi6-n otro o -nuevo f!dicto de. la solicitud de la manera y a las personas que considere convenientes. Section Nine SEC. 9. Any person claiming . any interest jn any part of the lands, whether named in the notice or not, shall appear before the Court by himself, or by some person in his behalf and shall file an answer on or before the ·return day or within such further time as may be allowed by th·e court. The answer shall be signed and sworn to by the claimant or by some person in his behalf, and shall state whether the claimant is married or unmarried and, if married, the name of the husband or wife and date of the marriage, and shall also contain: <.a) The age of the claimant. ( b) The cadastral number of the lot or. lots claimed, as appearing on the plan filed in the case by the Director of Lands, or the block and lot numbers, as the.case may be. · 116 THE LA WYERS' JOURN.aL February 15, 1940 (c) The name , of the barrio and municipality, township or settlement in which the lots are situated. (d) The names of the owners of the adjoining lots as far as known to the claimant. ( e) If the claimant is in posse~sion of the lots claimed and can show no express grant of the land by the Government to him or to his predecessors in interest the answer shall state the length of time he has held such possession and the manner in which · it has been acquired, and shall also state the length of time, as far as known dul"ing which his predecessors, if any, held possession. {/) If the claimant is not in possession or occupation of the land the answer shall fully set forth the interest claimed by him and the time and manner of its acquisition. (g) If the lots have been assessed for taxation their last assessed value. ' ( h) The incumbrances, if any, affecting the lots and the names of adverse claimants as far as known. AR'l'. 9. Todo el que alegue algUn interes en cualqufo;~ parte de los terrenos, haya sido o no nombrado en el edicfo, compa.recerU ant~ el tribunal por si mismo o representado por alguna otra persona, 11 presentarU una contestaci6n antes del dia en que haya de darse por cumrilimentado e~ edicto, o en dicho dia, o dentro del pla.zo ulterior que el tribunal hay a podido concede1·. La contestaci6n irri.. ffrmada ?J j n-rada por el alegante o por alguna otra persona en su nombre 11 expresm·a si el ?'eclamante es o no casado, y si To es, el nomb1·e de su-conyuge y la fecha del matrimonio, y expresard tambi€n: _ ' · . (a) La edad del reclamante. · (b) El nUmero catastral del late o de lQs lotes rec1amados como aparezCa en el plano presentado en el expediente p01· el Director de Terrenos. o los a e la manzana y del lote, segUn el caso. (c) El nomb1·e del barrio y del munfoipio, TOWNSHIP o rancheria. en que radiquen los lotes. ( d) Los nombres de los propietarios de los lotes colindantes, en cilanto el reclamante los conozca. ( e) Si el reclamante est<i en posesi6n de los lotes que rec lama y no puede probm· una concesi6n expresa del terreno por el Gobierno a el o a sus causantes, la contestaci6n h'l de expresar el lapso de tiempo por el cual ha tenido la posesi6n y la manera como la adquiri6, y expresar<i tambien el lapso de tiempo; en cuanto le sea conocido, durante el cual tuvieron la1 posesi6n sus causantes, silos hay. (I) Si el reclamante no es ta en posesi6n del terreno o no lo ocupa, la contestaci6n expresara plenamente el dere-. cho que alegue y la fecha y la ma?]-era de su adquisici6n. (g) Silos lotes han sido amillarados pm·a la contribu' ci6n, el Ultimo valor de amillaramiento. (h) Los gra'IJ(lmenes si los hay, que afecten a los lotes y los nombres de los-reclamantes adversos hasta donde sea1l. conocidos. 1. When verification of protest is not necessary. 2. Provisions of Code of Civil Procedure, when applicvble. 3, 4. Jurisdiction to dismiss answer. ' 1. When verification of protest is not necessary. What: ever may be the rule as to the necessity of verifying a protest filed by a private person in a ca.dastral proceeding, it does not apply to the Government in il case where the proceedings were initiated by one branch of the Government in which an opposition was fiied against private persons by another branch, who appeared and asserted their respective rights against the Government itseif.-Governm..ent of the Philippine Islands vs. Hormillosa, 49 Phil. 362, 49 J. F. 377. . , 2. Provisions of Code of Civil Procedure, when ap- r plicable. Act No. 496, known as the Land Registration · Act, contains no special rllle as tq the procedure to be followed in contesting the sufficiency of answers in cadastlial registration proceedings, or in determining whether their dismissal will lie, therefore the provisions. of 'the Code. ofCivil Procedure are applicable.-Dais vs. Court of First Instance of Capiz, 51 Phil. 396, il J. F. 417. 3. Jmisdiction to dismiss an~nver. In 01·dering that the answer presented by the judicial administrator of an- intestate estate in the name of the heirs be stricken out, notwithstanding the latte1:..'s objection and for a ,cause not provided by law as a ground for dismissal, the respondent court exceeded its jurisdicticn, for it is necessary not only that it have jurisdiction over the subject matter in- litigation and the parties but that it have authority over each and every one of• the esJ:;ential particulars of the action.Ibid. . 4. When two persons' claim the ownership of one ani.l the same cadastral lot, both of them are claimants and opponents at the same time, and their respective -answers cannot be dismissed by the court except upon the grounds mentioned in sections 101 and 127 of .Act No. 190~to wit, default at the trial, failure to prosecute, 01: defects provided by the law as grounds f~r demurrer.-Jbid. Section Ten SEC. 10. The governor of the province shall, upon the request of ~he Court,_ detail an officer ·?r employee of the provmce to ·assist the defendants rn any action brought under this Act in the preparation of their pleadings and evidence, without cost to them: Provided, however, That the Court may, in, its discretion, detail any of its employees to perform such service, and in case of the failure of the prov. incial governor to make suitable prnvision of the assistance of the defendants as above set forth, the court may, with the approval of the Secr~tary of Justice, employ for such purpose tl)e necessaTy personnel, to paid out of provincial funds. The officer or employee detailed, or the person employed to assist the defendants, shall prepare their answer, which shall be sworn to before such o_ fficer, employee or person. No fees shall ):le charged for the preparation; acknowledgment and filing of the answer, nor shall a documentary stamp be required.- The court shall, at some convenient date prior,to the expiration of the time for filing the answer, cause sucl:igeneral notice to be issued to all persons interested as may be necessary fully to inform them of the purposes of this section and their rights with respect thereto. ART. 10.' El gobernador de la provincia, a petici6n del tribunal, designard a un funcionario o emjileado de la misma l para que ayude a los demandados en cualquier iuicio que se . incoe con suieci6n a esta Ley, a prepara1· sus alegaciones y pruebas, sin que les cueste nada: ENTENriIENDOSE, SIN EM- · BARGO, Que el tribunal 1mede a su d.iscreci6n destinar a Febru.ary 15, 1940 THE LA WYER1' JOURNAL 117 SECCION CASTELLANA EL PROCESO DE :(.,OS MARCOS ' I [CONTINUACION] MEMORANDUM DE LA ACUSACI6N CREDIBILIDAD DE LOS TESTIGOS DE UNA Y OTRA PAE.TE La presente causa se reduce senciflamcnte a; la credibilidad de fos testigos de una y otra parte. Ya hemos aducido nuestro ; argumento paru demostrar al Hon. Juzgado que los tkstigos de la acusaci6n merecen m8.s credito que los de la defensa. La defensa en su a:(in de desacreditar a nucstros testigos estaria hasta en estos momentos con la liimpara de Di6genes buscando en las declaraciones de ellos, haSta la mas insignificante contradi~ci6n, Rara despues gritar por los cuatro vicntos ' que nuest:os test~gos eran falsos, perju1·os y comprados. Tai vez, con los OJOS de lmce que tiene la defensa, encontrari algunas contradicciones en que ineurrieron UUC.!1,tros testigos, pero estamos segurisimos· que si tales contradiccio:qes existen, no seriin lo suficiente-s para afectar el fondo de la cuesti6n. La Corte Suprema en varias decisiones dijo que meras contradiCciones 'Ilo afectan la veracidad de los tcstigos. Sometemos las siguicntes doctrinas: "Para determinar, en una causa criminal, ha~ia donde sc inclina la preponderancia de las pruebas sobro las cucstioncs pla'nteadas, el Tribunal podrli estimar todos las hechos y circunstancias dcl caso, la manera de declarar los testigos, su inteligencia, sus medios y ocasiOn para estar cnterndos de los hechos sabre que declaran, la indole de los rnismos hechos, la verosimiiitud o inverosimilitud de sus declaraciones, el interes o falta de inteh'is que tengan en el asu11to y asimismo su veracidad, ta! como todo eso resulto verdaderamente dcl juicio. El Juez podri tambien tener en cuenta el nUmero de los testigos, aUn cuando la preponderancia de -las pruebas no se determina necesariamente por el 1)1ayor nUmero de ellos." (E. U. contra Claro, 32 Jnr. Fil., 434) . " In determining the prepondcriltce W'-'!ight of evidence on the issues involv,ecl lies, the Court may consider all the facts and circumstances of the case, the witnesses' manner of testifying, their intelligence, their means and opportunity of knowing the facts to which they testify, the probability or improbability of their testimony, their interest or want of interest, and also their personal credibility so far as the same ma.y legitimately appear upon the trial." (U.S. vs. Cabe, et al., 1 P.R. 266; U. S. vs. Moclejar, 19 P.R., 158).\ cualquierci de sus empleados a pres tar dichos servicios: y en cas-0 dC que el gober1w.dor J!rovincial de.ie de proveer. lo nec~sario para la ayuda de los demandados como arriba se expresa, el tribunal puede, con la aprobaci6n del Secretario de JusticU£, emplear pm·a dicho fin el personal necesario con cargo a los. fondos provinciales. El funcionario o empleado designado, o la persona empleada para ayudar a los demandad.os, preparani su contestaci6n, que estarti jurada ante dicho funcionarfo, empleado, o persona. No_ se cobrarti ningUn derecho por la preparaCi6n, reconoc~ miento y pre.staci6n de la contestaci6n, ni se exigird ningUnsello documental. El tribunal hard, en una. fecha conviniente. antes de la terniinaci6n del plaza para pre'Sentar la contestaci6n, que se envie un · avis6 general a toda-S las Personas interesadas, segUn sea necesario para info'tmarlµs ampliamente de los fines de es.te articulo y de S¥S derechos con respecto al mismo. Right ,of heirs. to intervene in c:i.dastral proceedings. The heirs have the right to intervene in an action involvii:ig some of the property of the haereditas jacens of a decedent when they believe that, the acts o~ the judicial administrator are prejudicial to their interests.-Dais vs. Court of First Instance of Capiz~ 51 Phil. 396, 51 J. F. 417. [To BE CoNTINUED] , MEMORANDUM DE_ LA DEFENSA lndignaci6n fingida del Fiscal Anticipil.ndose a toda afirmaciOn de sobor~o y de mafas prV.eticas; el Fiscal, curUndose en-· salud, exclama en estos ci p8.recidos terminos: COmo crcer en el ·Gobierno o en ;;us funt!ionarios, en los , miembros de la Consta-bularia; la .posibilidad de eSas insinuaciones ricficulas, que llegasen a p~gar testigos contra cualquiera persona? La verdad es que la indignaciOn del Fiscal rcsulta fingida, y su asombro, infantil. , .A.hi est&n en los autos las p'ruehas sabre soborno que si no son concluyentes, pero . dejan en el 3.nimo decualquiera la imp1·esiOn de que' el Gobierno, por medio de sus irresponsables D-I men, no ha jugrido limpio en cste asunto. Es un jugador trampoS'o. Por·Otro !ado, el Fiscal; que es de suponer tiene una extraordii-iaria cultura juridica, sabe, scguramente de sobra, que, en su mayoria, los innumerables errores judiciales son ~ebidos precisamente a esc afin de poner ~a t-Od.o trance en claro los crimcnes y de descub1·ir el secreto de sus autores, cuando las · delit-Os han tenido 'repercusiOn en el pl1blico i en la prensa, afin quc es humanamente explicable. El sabe que la policia en todas las 11aciones ha creido que la importancia d~ su misi6n justificaba el empleo de todos los medi.Ds; que lo honofable de! fin · convertia. en licitos todos los pi:ocedimjcntos, y que no sc ha parado en barras ante cl soborno, ante la violencia, ni aun ante la aplicaci6n de torturas y tormcntos, par mas c.ondenados y prohibidos quc cstCn estos metodos en todas las legislaciones. Este es un vicio tan extendido y tan grave que, a cbnsecuencia Ile las quej~s rccibidas por la Sociedad de las Naciones-transmitidas estas poi· los mas grandes penalistas de la tierra-el aiio 1937, el Secrctario Genei·al de la Liga, a instancia de la misma Asamblea, tuvo que recurrir a las sicte asociaciones de derccho penal m<is ealificadas mundialmente, por su prestigio en el aspccto 'tCcnico, para que dieran su opiniOn sob1·e las medias para ataj,af. un ma! tan notorio y condenable, " en via de prevenir las violencias, eoacciones morales y otros medias coactivos empleados hoy con lamentable frecuencia por la policia eerca de los acusados y testigos''. (VCase "Rogles en vie de preveni1· Jes violences ou autres contraintes exercies contre la personne destemoins por I'\LF.A. Roux (Octubre, 1938); y "Dio Yrtumer des Strnifjustir · sabre 'errore:;; judiciales'" par Erich Sello (Berlin pekcr Verloy, 1911). En relaciOn con el asesinato de Nalundasan, el Fiscal no puede olvidarse que pUbEcamente en la prensa se ha ofrecido por las autori<ladcs de la Constabu1'aria un premio en metilico al que facilitara testimonios acusatorios contra los "desconocidos" auto. res de! asesinato de dicho ex-Representante. Y que otra cosa es eso "sino la promes11< anticipada de pagar a los testigos de c~rgo? El Juzgado de Primera InstanCia de Iloc.os Norte no •pudo menos d~ declarar en su seiltencia que el testigo Gaspar Silvestre, que declarO en el asunto de Layaoen a favor del Gobiernp, era un tcstig? sospechoso, que se movia a impulsos de un·bajo interes. "But ttiat in all probability what induced him to make the statement which brought 'about the prosecution of the accused was the 1.11\urmnent .of the P-?OO prize ?ffered~ to whcms?evcr might f~;rn~!~ ~fotre~~~kfJg e~~ensct~te~~~t. ;tb~1~i~~n~<k~~~eg) .havi~g Ep la misma declaraci6n de Gaspar Silvestre se recono~en y._ confiesan estos ofrecimientos en estos Lrminos: . · P. Cuando usted estuvo en Manila y antes de revelar la. historia que usted relat6 ante ~ste Juzgado sobre Nicasio Layaoen, se entcr6 usted de la oferta pUblica en los poriOdicos y puest'.Y en las pasquines ~e la suma de P4,000 que sc entregaria a Ja 118 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL February l_?.· 19'40 ACUSACl6N: "Immaterial discrepancies or differences in the statements of witnesses do not affect their credibility, unless there is something DEFENSA: persoru que revclare o que ' diera par result.ado el anesto Y la condena de la per sona del autor o autores dcl asesinato de\ to show that they originate in willful falsehood. If there are conflicts in the stat ements of witnesses, it is the duty of this court R. t.o reconcile them if it can be done1 for Hie law presumes that every witness has sworn the truth. But if the conflicts can not P. be reconcOed, the Court must adopt the testimony which it believes R. - to be true. In r'eaching this conclusion it can take into consideraRepresentante Nalundasan? _ No, seiior, sino •lei solamente aquel pasquin de oferta de r aOO en Batac. . 1 Antes de revelar usted estos hechos en Manila? Si, seiior.'' (Declaraci6n de. Gas_par Silvestre, 5 n.t. Exh. 9-B). tion the character of the witness, his manner and demeanor on the stand, the consistency or inconsistency of _his statemi:nts, their probability or,..improbability, his ability and 'Villingness to speak the truth, his intelligence and means of knowledge, and his motives to speak the truth or swear to. a falsehood." (U. S. vs. Lasada, 18 P.R., 90) . "The Supreme Court, as a matter of rule, does not and will n<>t interfe:r.e with the judgment of the trial court in passing upon the credibility of the opposing witnesses, unless there appears in the record some fo"Ct or circtimstance of weight and influence, which ,has been overlooked or the significance of which has been misinterpreted. The trial court which saw the witness in the act of testifying and observed their manner- in the witness-stand is in a better position than anyon·e to pass upon their credibility." (U.S. vs·. Bernales, 18 P.R. 525; U. S. vs. Soriano, 25 P.R. 624). "Esta Corte no revocari la!> apreciaciones de hecho formuladas por un Juez sentenciador con vista de las declai:-aciones contradictorias y que dependen en su mayoria de la credibilidad de los· testigos que declararon ante dicho Juez, a menos que este no haya tenido en cuenta algUn hecho o circunstancia esencial o no haya dado el justo valor a todos los hechos y circunstancias esenciales que se han sometido para su consideraci6n. (Baltazar contra Alberto, 35 Jur. Fil., 338). "El Juzgado s·entenciador, que tiene delante a los testigos y 10.s oye declarar, se halla en posici6n mejor, en varios sentidos, parn juz~ar sobre la importancia que debera darse a las declaraciones opuestas que lo estamos nosotros, quienes solo vemos las preguntas y respuestaS escritas en maquinilla; y cuando nada hay ~nah~~h~°oe c1:~~~~~r;ci~u:s!~~i~J~~d~o d=~~io t~~~id~1:n~~:~~d~~ los hechos y circunstancias esenciales, o dej6 de desempefiar algUn deber para con el acusado, que la ley le impone, esta Corte no se entremeteri con la sentencia de! Tribunal sentenciador en lo re-. lativo a la importancia ' que debi6 de darse a las declaraciones de testigos opuestos." (E. U. contra Pico, 15 Jur. Fil., 565; E. U. contra BeniteZ, 18 Jur. Fil., 523). "No siempre basta. para desacreditar la declaraci6n de un testigo el que se encuentren en ella algunas discrepancias." (E. U . contra Briones, 26 Jur. Fil., 383). CARACTER PERNICIOSO, IMPULSIVO Y AGRESIVO DE QUIRINO LIZARDO Bastan~ cuidadoso fue la defensa no presentar pruebas sobria lo bueno, lo santo y lo inmaculado que es Quirino Lizardo. Este acusado, sin embargo, no pudiendo controlar la influencia de su caracter agresivo, ihlpulsivo y pernicioso, hizo alarde, mientras declaraba, de su fuerza bruta. Dijo; en contestaci6n a una pre· gunta de la acusaci6n, que en cierta ocasi6n peg6 de puiietazos a un ta! Arturo Verso~a de Batac rompi.§ndole los dientes. Hizo alarde tambiCn, no solamente de su fuerza, .sino de su conocimiento del boxeo, de! florete, de la esgrima y del "jiu-jitsu.'' El l!onorable Juez habrii observado durante la vista de esta causa que en todas las veces cuando el Distinguido Abogado IDefensor y el ,Fiscal se enzarzaban en discusiones acaloradas, Quirino Lizardo, con una actitud amenazadora, siempre se coloca~a al !ado del Fiscal como queriendo decir: "No te muevas porque te voy a matar.'' No hemos querido llainar la atenci6n del Hon. Juzgado sabre la actitud amenazadora del acusado porque nosotros observabamos que el Honorable Juez siempre se fijaba en Cl. La ilnica vez cuando nos vimos obligados a Hamar la atenci6n del Hon. Juzgado fue cuando Quirino Lizardo, a oidos de! "J'll;zgado, 1lam6 dos 6 tres veces, mentir.oso al testigo Yumol , micntras este declaraba en contrapruebas. Respetuo~amente' sometemos que esta conducta de Quirino Lizardo durante la vista de esta causa es mas elocuente que cualquiera otra prueba para demostrar su cti.racter agresivo y pernicioso. La defensa diria que no debemos hablar de ningUn hecho que no ha sido objeto de pruebas por parte de una y otra parte. Sometemos, sin embargo, que todo A Ia afirmaci6n del Fiscal de que ",no es posible que en este gobierno nuestro, que es un gobierno de leyes y no de hombres, llegase hasta el extrem~ de pagar testigos contra cualquiera per· • sona", respondemos, no debe confundi1·se al gobierno de leyes con sus funcionarios corruptos y desalmados. El ofrecer en p1·emio unos cientos o miles de pesos par a - aquellos que facilitaran a las autoridades pruebas qu~ con<lujeran al descubrimiento y castigo de! autor o autores de un asesinato, es un he-cho erlraiio y condenable moralmente y desde el 'punto de vista jm·idico. El procedimiento es abiertament.e ilicito. El poner precio a la delaci6n repugna siempre a toda conciencia honrada. Podri alguna vez tener justificaci6n practica, pp,ra obtener exito en la bUsqueda de un criminal convicto, peligroso y recalcitrante, a fin de prevenir daiios futuros y conseguir la publica tranquilidad, per o no el pr~miar la delaci6n de los autores de un crimen, porque con este pr.ocedimiento se incitan las bajas I pasiones y el mezquino interes de los hombres depraVados; y cua]quier fabulador, cinico y desaprensivo, es capiz, siii. reparar en la iniquidad ni en la vileza de su acci6n, de forjar una delac:On falsa para llegar a obtener un lucro cierto. En cambio, ninguna persona honrada, digna de Credito, que sepa algo sobre cl asunto y que espontaneamente no lo haya expuesto a las autoridades, se sentirll anastrada a hablar · por temor de que se c.rea que su testimonio no es espontaneo si no a cambio de un· plato de lente-. jas. Ese pregon a voces de un galardon al delator· solo consigue remover el cieno que existe en los bajos fondos sociales, donde bul!en los reptiles infrahumanos, carentes de dignidad y de conciencia. Y este mismo Gaspar ~ilvestre, sin otra raz6n ocasional que la de haber testimOniado con6ra Layaoen, se encuentra ahora y a raiz de su declaraci6n, convertido en agente de la Constabularia, con P50 de sueldo gozandcY de una vida mucho mejor de la que llevaba cuando era simple policia Municipal que solo ganaba P20. El Comandante Guido, jefe interino de los DI, no pudo menos de admitir est.e hecho en SU siguiente declaraci6n, prestada en la sesi6n del 27 de Mayo de 1939: P Conoce usted a aquel policia. Gasp'.l.r Silvestre, quc declar6 en el asuntq de Pueblo contra Layaocn? R. Si, seiior. R. Aquel- era policia raso del municipio de Batac? R. Si, seiior. · P. Ha s:do aquel premiado por la Constabula1·ia C0'11 alglln puesto en Manila, dcspues de haber prestado declaraci6n en favor de! Gobierno? , R. Eso de premiar, yo no puedo declarar sobre eso, porque lo que pas6 fue esto. P. Voy a ser miis clar.o: ha sido aquel empleado en la Constabularia, despuCs de haber declarado en el astmto contra Lay:>.oen, tal co mo queria el Gobierno? R. Eso de tal co mo queria el Gobierno yo no puedo dedr eso; - pero lo cierto es que, despuCs de aquel asunto contra Layaoen. e1 se..,ti6 con el Coronel R..'lmos, que era entonces mi jefe en la Division de lnformaci6n, y pidi6 su misericordia, su compasi6n, para quedarse en Manila, po1·que no podia volvcr mis a Batac, porque Cl decia que 'si pudieron asesinar u un reprcsentante electo, cual seria yO, un humilde polida ?' Asi es que el Coronel Ramos le emple6 coma agente, y hasta ahora sigue siendo agente de informaci6n. P. Eso fuC inmediatamente despuCs de haber declarado? R. DespuCs de haber vuelto a Manila. .. ' P. Cuiinto tiempo despuCs de haber declarndo aqui, tuvo lm puesto en Manila, en la Oficina de la Constabularia? R. Tiempo exacto no puedo recordar. P. Mis o menos. ' R. Unos cuantos dias despuCs. P. Es verdad de qUe la pdct;ca honornble de la Constabula1-ia la de conseguir testigos en los asuntos c1·imfnales, ofreciCndoFebruary 15, 1940 THE LAWYERS' JOUR~AL 119 S ACUSACI6N: lo que el Juzgado vi6 y oy6 durante la vista puede ahora ser motivo de consideraci6n por parte de dicho Juzgado, ya a favor o ya en contr.a de cualquiera de las partes. ' Aunque es indocume~tad,, - Quirino Lizardo a diferencia de su coacusado Mariano Marcos que present6 la mar de exhibitos para 'acreditar su valentiit y coraje como hombre, aceptamos por via de argumentaci6n que dicho Quirino Lizardo, no solamente tiene bulto y grasa, sino quc tambien es fuerte, boxeador y aficionado en la esgrima, flcirete y en el "Jiu-jitsu.1' Estas cualificaciones de que mucho alarde bizo Quirino Lizardo ante el Juzgado, zexcluyen acaso la necesidad de tener a su lado a un hombre de su confianza? ' Hombres como Lizardo consideran como lujo el tener a uno como "body-guard." La opini6n que hemos form·ado de Quirino Lizardo no es mb que nuestra ficl adhesi6n a lo que dij'O su suegra. ~ofia Cresencia Rubio, sn su affidavit que suscribi6 y jur6 ante el Juez de Paz Verzosa con motivo de su denuncia por tentativo de homicidio, causa criminal No. 1765 del Juzgado de Paz de Batac, titi.:Iado, ''PuPbfo contra Quirino Liz&rd0." El referido affidavit E:n p;ute dice lo siguienh .. : "3. That in the morning of January 3, 1928, between fi:OO and 10:00 o'clock, while my. daughter Maria MaTcos, qow known as Mrs. Maria M. Lizardo, was at home located in Barrio flinagan, within the jurisdiction of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippine lslands, her husband came to look for her and then wanted to assault her with an open k'life but he failed to inflict wounds upon her because- my said d, ughter ran to my back for safety; that when he (Quirino S. Lizardo) saw that I tried to protect her (said wife) and when he heard that I cried for help, he angrily stated in Ilocano: "Sica nga con~entidora, dayta a panangisakitmo ita anakmo pakiramramanka a papatayen," which when translated" means that, "Inasmuch as you protect your daughter I am going to kill you also"; th~t after uttering the herein quoted expression, he raised his arm with the open knife in this hand and aimed at me but he (~irino S. Lizardo) failed to inflict fatal wounds upon me due to the timely intervention of one Mr. Santos Mangapit who could wrest the said open knife from him, the said accused." Sometemos ahora al Hon. Juzgado que un hombre capaz de atehtar contra la vida de su pobre e indefensa esposa, tambien es capaz de matar a otro, solo por satisfacer sus deseos de venganza. Diria la defensa que no debemos hablar del affidavit que acabamos de acotar porque no forma parte de las pruebas en autos. Contendemos que tenemos derecho de hablar de este affidavit porque este ha sido objeto de nuestra oferta de prueba. Contendiamos que nuestro intenci6n era probar la susceptibilidad de1 aqui acusado de ~meter el delito de autos, y hasta ahora contendemos que teniamos raz6n porque semejante prueba es admisible. (SE CONTINUAR..\] DEFENSA: les cargo o empleo para despues de haber declarado, c.omo por ejemplo, en el ca so de Layaoen? R. Eso de pr3.ctica honorable, yo no se a que va usted; pero en cl caso particular de Gaspa1· Silvestre, no habia pr&eticas deshonorables, creo yo. P. El sueldo de el al gozar de un.-puesto en Ia Constabularia, fue mucho mayor que lo que e1 g:inaba como policia de Batac1 . ~· No se cuanto ganaba en Batac; ahora gana f50.'' El mismo Gaspar Silvestre en su declaraci6n ante el Juzgado en la misma sesi6n de 27 de Mayo de este afiO, dice asi: "P. Usted declar6 el Diciembre de 1935 en el Juzgado en el asunto !ie Pueblo ~ontra Layaoen? R. Si, sefior. -P. Y entonces usted era policia raso de Batac, con un sueldo de P'Zl.50? • R. Si, seiior." . "P. Despues de ser policia de Ba tac, que cargo tuvo usted? R. He sido a~ente de 1a fonstabular~a." DEFENSA: Gaspar Silvestre t ue destituido del ca1·go de policia municipal y sometido a un expediente administrativo por su negligencia en el cumplimiento de sus deberes, en el caso de Nalundasan. V"!rdadera o falsa su declaraci6n en la causa contra Layaoen, lo cierto es que el prob6 alli, ser i.ncapaz coma policia. Y no obstante, ahora aparece nombrado agen1:e de la Constabularia, con un sueldo dos veces y medio maypr del que tenia. Es indudable que< el (mico motivo de su nombramiento fue el de sus servicios como tes- tigo en aqucl'1A causa. Gaspar Silvestre era el "star witness" del Gobierno en el asunto contra Layaoen, como lo cs Calixto Aguinaldo en el presente asunto contra los Mar cos y Lizardo. Y asi como Silvestre recibi6 corno prernio, despu6s de prestar su declaraci6n, el nombramiento de agente de la 9onstabularia, Aguinaldo recibi6 tambi6n su nombramiento como agente de la Constabularia dcspuis de haber prestado declaraei6n contra los Marcos y Lizar.do, ante el ~ubsecretario de Justicia Mclencio, el Comandante Guido y el Fiscal Macadaeg. He aqui la declaraci6n de] Comandante Guido: SR. FRANCISCO: "P. Ese Calixto Aguinaldo no es verdad de que es agente de la Constabularia? R. Es agente especial de la Constabularia, sin sueldo. P. Desde cu3.ndo 1e hizo listed a Calixto Aguinaldo agente de la Constabularia-si es que fue usted quien le hizo agente? R. No le he nombrado agente especial de la Constabularia. Despues que el haya declarado por primera vez ante el ~-ecretario Melencio, atite mi y ante el Fiscal Macadaeg sobre los hechos relacionados con el asunto Nalundasan, Cl pidi6 que sea n°"'"6 brado agente especial, para fines de protecci6n suya , .• Asi es que, teniendo esas eonsideraciones, no he titubeado en rccomendarle al General Francisco, . para que sea nombrado agente especial sin sU:eldo • • •, P. Ante~ de nombrarle a C~Fxto Aguinaldo agente de la Constabulana, usted investig6 que reputaci6n tenfa el en Tiirlac? R. No, sefior. , ~.'. ~~~i.rivileg~os tiene un agente especial de la Constabularia! P. Que beneficios le reporta a uno el ser agente especial-nada tambien? R. Nada. P. Sin embargo, usted ha nombrado agente especial a ese hombre, a pcsar de que le consta a usted de que ningUn beneficio le puede reportar a 61, ni puede reportar al Gobierno.-Es asi como le entiendo? P. Eso es verdad. (Ses. de 27 de Mayo, 1939), No nos sorprende el que cl Comandante Guido dijera que Calixto Aguinaldo no recibe sueldo o algUn ~olumento de lR Constabularia como tal agentc y p.or declarar c6mo t'estigo en esta c~Usa. S61o un testigo veraz 'a toda prueba, y al mis? \? ti em po, desintcresado, puede llegar al eXtremo de declarar lo contrario, A pesar de nuestras considel'aciones personales al Comandante Guido, decimos con pesar, que el no es de esta clase de testigos, al menos en este a sun to. Una prueba es la siguiente: 61 afirm6 que Calixto Aguinaldo fu~ nombrado agente especial dC! la Constabularia, a solicit11d del mismo. El testigo GuiC!b, clerk de la Constabularia, le desmiente, sin embargo. EstC testigo fue citado para exhibir el record personal de Calixto Aguinaldo, como agente de la Constabularia, y en dicho record no se encontr6 ninguna soliCitud para ser ta! agente; en canibio, en el record de los otros agent'es especiales de la Constabularia, que fueron nombrados a petici6n de parte, la solicitud aparecia unida al record. He aqui la declaraci6n de Guieb: ' MR. FER~ANDEZ: P. Please show to the Court, if you have them, the appointments of Gaspar Silvestre and Calixto Aguinaldo as agents of the Constabulary and which was the object of the subpoena duces tecum. ' R. I have them (El testigo los exhibe) . P. Can you tell the Cqurt if these a:Ppointments a~ special agents are issued upon application of the one appointed? R. The records will show. "P. El Comandante Guido ha dicho que el sueldo de usted en In .. P. Please look at the two records which you exhibited to the Court and state whether there appear any application of GasConstabularia segUn e1 cree, Mn P50 al mes, es eso cierto? R. Si, se:iior.'' par Silvestre or Calixto Aguinaldo-either of them. 120 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL Febrnary 15, 1940 DEFENSA: R. In both cases I don't see any application. JUZGADO i P. So, -they have not filed any application? R. No; according to the records.* (Sesi6n de ~7 de Mayo de 1 939~. \ Q~e el Comandante Guido no es un tes~igo desinteresado en esta causa, lo prueba su propia declaraci6n del siguiente tenor: dante Guido, por conducto de! Inspector Provincial de Tii.rlae (Exh. 98): "CO~~w£~'1~~tI~v0~lfnEQ~~N-:lf~~N~S MANILA · • Mr. Jose .D. Mendoza Tarlac, Tarlac Through Provincial Inspector, P. C . JUne 21, 1939. · . ~J: i1Rte~~;~~~: de 1935, que carg.o ocupab8. usted? Si rPlease be informed that yo'llr appointment as Spe~ial Agent of R. Yo era el Jefe auxiliar de la Divisi6n de lnfo1~maci6n de la the Constabulary has this date been revoked. Kindly turn over Constabularia. your original appointment and Specilll Agent l:Sadge No. 1709 to P. Basta ah1:ira descmpeiia usted ese cargo, con rango de Coman~ the Provincial Inspector for transmittal to this office. dante? 1 ' • Respectfully, R. Yo soy Jefe de la Divisi6n de Infonnaci6n, Y tambien Jefe (Sgd.) JOSE P. GUIDO interino de la Division de lnvestigaci6n del Departamcnto de Captain, P. C. Justicia. , ' Chief, Information _Division." P. Examinando los records del asunto de Pueblo c·ontra Laya.oen, "1st Ind6rsement aparece que usted actu6 de testigo de la acusaci6n en aquella OFFICE OF THE PROVINCIAL INSPECTOR, TARLA<Z:, causa. TARLAC ~: ~~~se~~~~ el. mism~ quien cooper6 con el Fiscal en aquef Respectfully forward:dn~o 24M;_ 93Jose D. Mendoza, 1'arlac, · asunto, en la bUsqueda de pruebas Yen la substail.ciaci6n de la 'l'a.rlac, inviting attention to the basic communica.tion for com- 1 R. k!r~}~~ ~~'~g.~i~ic;~~o ~~YjZ:ens? a coopernr- con Ios Fiscales pliance. '\ (Sgd,) J. G. P0LOTAN, Carlos, hoy Juez, Y Arellano. Captain, P. C. p En este asunto contra los Marcos Y Lizardo, usted est.aha en Provincial Inspector." R: ~~. l!!~~r~e p;e1~:!~o~~en:ia n~~b:~i~~!-;;~~~ef~li:i!~ed esoi. ' Si se ticne en cuenta que fa vista contra Liza1·do termin6 el l'. Como cuesti6n de hecho, usted tamb1en ha cooperado con el 19 de Junio de 1939, por la noche, y que 1 el Comandante Guido Fiscal en Ia bUsqueda y preparaci6n de las pruebas contra los volvi6 a Manila al dia siguiente (20 de Junio de 1939), tenemos que aqui acuSados, y en la substanciaci6n de la querella contr& el primer acto del Comandante Guido al hacer oficina fue el de • R -i?~ ~~s';:J°~?uc ha comenzado la inw~stigaci6n de esta presente vengarse o tomar reprcsalia contra su subordinado Mendoza, descausa, y cuando pudimos ya encontrar alga, i;I Dcpartamento pojilndole de! nombra~iento de agente especial de_la Constabularia_ . mand6 llamar al Fi"Scal Macadae'g para exammar las pruebas El Comandante Guido habril creido que su prestigio estaba envuclto . que tenia. en cste asunto, y, en su apasionamiento, se olvid6 de apreciar cl P. De modo que usted era el asignado tambien para coopcrar COJl deber de ,un ciudadano, sea agcnte de la Constabularia o no, de el Fiscal l\facadaeg en este asunto? 1 decir la verdad ante un tribunal de justicia yen un asunto en que ~: ~~i~~fi~~·~ el superior de usted que le design6 a usted para se juega la vida de cuatro hombres. este trabajo? . Alejandro Yumul, el segundo "star witness" dcl Gobierno, R. Despues del sobrescimiento de la causa contra Layaoen, el (que fue presentado para tergiversar las fechas y otros datos de ~=:t~~~~:~y~:· e~~ ~:u!~:t~~~~~~en~~:~~~a ~eer:~:~~-~~:ail~i las pruebas <locumentales de la defcnsa, que demuestran que ealixto JJais dejar i11ipune un criintm tan fwrrendo como el ci·wien de Aguinaldo estaba en T:l.r!iic en las fechas en que e1 (Calixto) de· autos. clar6 ~n estc asunto haber estado en Batac con Lizardo), fue tam(Ses. de 27 de Mayo de 1939.) ~ biCn nombrado agente especial de la Constabularia antes de prestar Ahora, expondremos un hecho m8.s, l'Ccienjemente ocurrid.o, testimonio en este asunto, pero desp1Ws de prestarlo ante cl Fiscal que demqestra lo apasionado que es el Comandante Guido, en r ela.;;., . !tfacadaeg. De modo que tanto Calixto Aguinaldo como Alejandfo ci6n con este asunto. El Juzgado recordar8. que uno de los testigos Yumul eran, en su capacidad de agentes esP'eci:iles de la Constade \a defensa, que declar6 mediante • citaci6n sub-poena, fue Jose Q. bularia, subordinados del Comandante Guido, y, como cs natural, l\fondoza, que habla actuado de inspector de clecci6n en el Precinto este ejcrcia influenc'ia moral sobre aqueilos, 1nientras declaraban No. -3 de T3.1'lac· en 1935, y su declaraci6n consisti6 en autenticar cOmo tcstigos en esta causa. He aqul la declaraci6n de YU.mu\ el censo electoral Exh. 84, y en idcntificar a Calixto Aguinaldo sobre el particular: como el que, bajo este nombre, estaba registrado en dicho censo y h~bia votado en dichas clecciones de 17 de Septiembre de 1935. Durante las repreguntas del Fiscal Macadaeg, le fue sugerido oor el Comandante Guido que hicicra la siguiente prcgunta: "No e!;j verdad de que cs usted agente especial de la Constabularia"? A lo que el tcstigo contest6 en sentido afinnativo. Pero, a pesar de la adveFtencia e insinuaci6n que esta pregunta encerraba, para el testigo, este insisti6 en afirmar que Calixto Aguinaldo habla votado, dando, ademis, el siguiente detallc: que. cuando Calixto Aguinaldo entr6 en el colegio electoral y el chairman anunci6 en voz alta el nombre de este, e1 (Mendoza), que era inspector de! General Aguinaldo, se dijo a si mismo: "El General Aguinaldo tiene"'ahora otro voto seguro". Esto se le ocuni6, segUn Mi!ndoza, porque Calixto llevaba el apellido "Aguinaldo". ' Esta declaraci6n de Mendoza se prest6 ·el Junio 13, 1939. Ocho dias despu:'.s, Mendoza recibia la siguiente comunicaci6n de! Coman· ~ecen en- dicho reoor<l los Siguient.es dat.os: que cl nombramientO de Cali"to Aguina!d\J c6mo ngente especial de la Constabularia fut\ e:<1pedido el 3 de Diciembre de 1938, y ewe Gaspar Silvestre. d""de Manlla. present6 su dim!si6n oomo pollcia municipal de Babe, cl Dieiembre 31. 19~5, obrando <X>Pl& de dieha earta-dimisi6n en el neord Jll'TSOnal de dieho te3tigo, Q.Ue forma part., Gl.l ar.,hivo de la COnstahularin. E~ Ultimo heeho sugicre la idea de que la cart8·dimisi6n "".,_,.,rihi6 en la ofieina de la Constabularin, y que Ga.spar S1lv"1tre ob raba bajo instroecloncsdeo!llta. SR. FRANCISCO: , "P. Y cuando se enter6 usted de que iba a ser testigo de la acusaci6n en este asunto? R. Una. semana despues 'de\ dia 4 de Ma1·zo. , P. Pero usted dice que el Marzo de 1939 se enter6 de quC: seria testigp en este asunto, y que usted supo el 20 de Mayo de 1939 que era agente es'pecial de la Constabularia-Es cso correeto? R. Si, sefior. · . P. Y usted quiere dar a entendcr al Juzgado que no sabe usted hasta estos momentos par que le nombraron a usted agente especial de la Constabularia? R. Lo se, porque el Representante Urquico me avis6 de que soy agente especial. P. Pero, pregunt6 usted o no al Representante Urcjuico por que le habian hecho agente especial, cuando que usted no habia_ pedido .,que lo fuera? R. Ya no hemos hablado de eso. P. Y eu8.ndo tuvo usted conferencia con el Fiscal Macadaeg, an relac\6n con este. asunto--antes o despues de haber sido usfed nombrado agente especial de la Constabularia? R. Antes. P. Cu8.nto recibla usted d~ sueldo cuando era escribiente temporero del public defender el afio 1935? . R. Recibia el sueldo de P30 :inensUales con allowance. Ji'ebruary 15, 1940 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL 121' DEF£NSA: 'p. Ya cuanto ascendia el per diem (o allowance) que usted podfa R. Desde que hemos Ilegado, el Gobierno. A quien llama usted "Gobierno"? ganar en un mes como escribiente temporero? P. R. Estaba limitado a P30 y nada mas. R. Pues, el Gobierno. ~ ' · Vea usted aqui, si usted se refiere al Major Guido o al Fiscal Macadaeg. P. Despu s de Diciembre de 1935, haSta ahora, se ha empleado P. usted en alguna oficina del Gobierno o e,n alguna casa o alguna 'Oficina pai;ticular, ya como clerk o cualqu:er cosa? R. Con nosotr.os estan el Fiscal y el Major Guido. Y quien de ellos paga? R. Espere usted; estoy pensando porque usted se refiere a tanto,; · P. No se quien de entre los dos paga nuestro alojamiento y comida en el Hotel Buetio, aiios. R. P. Cuiinto tiempo necesitaria usted para contestar a esa pregunta? R. No recuerdo cuantas veces. P. Quierc usted dar a entender al J uzgado que despues de trabajar en la oficiha de! public defender (el Diciembre de 1935) usted ha trabajado u ocupado algUn empleo eii el Gobierno? R. Si, sefi.or; pero deme usted t iempo. P. Que quiere usted dC!c'r? • R. Me ha preguntado usted si puedo indicar (los empleos que he tenido) y yo le digo que puedo indicar. P. Donde va 'usted a buscarlo? , R. Yo, podre decir si me da tiempo sobre d6nde y que puestos•he· ocupado desde entonces. I · P. Y cu3.nto tiempo necesita ui:;ted para acordar si usted ha tenido algUn empleo en el gobierno en cualquier oficina particular, despues de Diciembre de 1935, hasta ahora? R. Necesito tres o cuatro dias. P. Y c6mo lo averiguaria usted? R. Entre mis _vapeles. . P. Usted tampoco esta actualmente empleado en alguna casa co~:~~~i o~ en alguna 'oficina particular o en el Gobierno, c.on R. Nn lo estoy. P. No recibe usted entonces sueldo de nadie? R. No recibo. P. Cmintos hijos tiene usted? R. Cinco los que viven. P. Y vive la esposa de usted hasta ahora? ~: Sf, sefi.or; mi tercera esposa. R. Ii,1:1~!~~r~~ el que mantiene a s'U esposa ya sus hijos? (Sesi6n de 19 de Junio de 1939). Vida de grandcs bitrgucses Otro dato que causar3. as.ombro a todo hombre de limpida co1r1ciencia es el ~echo de que tod_ os los testigos de la acusaci6n, que fueron traidos a Laoag, para declarar conti·a los Marcos y Lizardo, fueron alojados por la Constabularia, como grandes seiiores, en el mejor hotel de Laoag, en el Bueno's Hotel, en el mismo hotel en que se hospedaban el Fiscal Macadaeg y el Comandante Guido, costeados por el Gnbierno, atend:dos, mimados y vi· gila.dos directamente por aquelios funci,onarios. No citaremos lo que cada uno de estos testig;os declararon sobre su estancia en el Bueno's Hotel. Nns bastara. mencionar, c6mo bot6n de muestra lo que dijeron tres de ellos. ' Emiliano S~ntos decl~r6 asi: "A que gastos pndria incurrir aqui, si tengo libre comid.fl, y parece que el Gobierno es el que gasta-libre jab6n, libre toalla, Iibre cigal'ri!lo, libre todo, en el . Hotel Bueno?" I (Sesi6n de Juni.o. 8, 1939.) ~evcz:ino _Dayrit, un capataz de obras pUblicas, de.clar6 que fue conducido de T3.rlac al Hotel Bueno en un automovil d.el Gobierno, Y que am en el hotel tenia alojamiento y comida gratis. ( Sesi6n de J unio 17, 1939). Maria Juatco, concub:na de Calixto Aguinaldo, presto· la siguiente declaraci6n: SR. FR""NCISC6: ' ' "P. flace cuiinto tiempo que esta usted en Laoag? R. Tal vez, hasta ahora, mas o menos de 10 dias. P. En que casa vive usted aqui? ' R. Estamos en el Bueno's Hotel. P. Calixto Aguinal<lo y usted han estado hospedRndose, desde que llegaron hasta ahora, en el Bueno's Hotel? R. Si, sefi.or. - P. Que oficio tiene aJiora Calixto Aguinaldo? R. Para qu8 quiere usted saberi P. ~~!ac~ara ~s mi pregunta, que oficio tiene Calixto Aguinaldo R. No tienc ahora busca-vida, porque el Gobifll'Jlo k ha sacado como testigo para. estas vistas. P. Quien paga la estancia y comida de ustedes en el Bueno's Hotel? ( Sesi6n de Febrero 16, 1939.) Esta declaraci6n de Maria Juatco de que Calixto Aguinaldo .no tiene- ahora busca-vida, porque es testigo ae! Gobierno, no tiene desperdicios, porque ena implica racionalmente que este no perderia gratuit~mente meses ente1·os al servicio de! Gobierno, si no se le pagase. 1 , Ese derroche de los fondos pUblicos no tiene explicaci6n,· no puede tenerlo sino el intento de halagar vo\untades. Y nada de ello seria necesario si esos fuerari testigos veraces., a quien_ es nO mueve m:is que el cumplimiento de Un deber civico y el amor a la verdad. Esa pr:ictica es francamente condenable. No puede admitiise como una pr3.ctica digna. Para el propjo prestigio de! Ministerio Fiscal, debi6 haber evitado esa convivencia con sus testigos bajo un mismo techo y costeada por el Gobierno. De ~sc hecho nace una tac:ha de s'ospecha total, ,sobre toda la prueba de una acusaci6n, que tan ma! mide las distancias que deben mediar entre Clla y sus testigos. - Consideraciones finales de este capitulo 9Los procedimientos de mala le-y puestos en juego en este asunto por los D-1, con la aquiescencia si no a iniciativa dcl Mini!:iterio Fiscal, es una reflexion contra el btft!n nombre de nuestro Gobierno. No deben ser tolerados. Justo y legitimo es que el gobierno persiga, hasta el limite de la ley, a todos cuantos crea que ban cometido algun delito; pero no estii. justificadO el que los funcionarios encarglldos de la prosecuci6n y sus auxi\iares, como los D4, se val.gan de medios ilegitimos para conseguir la condena de aquellos, haciendo ilusorio el derecho que todo acusado tiene a ser juzgado co~ debido proceso de ley. En su misi6n de perseguir a los' individuos que se suponen re~ponsables de algUn erimen, el gobierno tiene el deber correlativo de protegerles en su prosecuci6n, de ta! suerte que,.sean juzgados J:bres de todo prejuicio, sin valerse contra ellos de pruebas obtenidas mediante soborno, coacci6n y otros me! dios ilicitos o repugnantes a la conciencia, pues, de otro modo, el gobierno seria tan criminal como a qu'.en aCusa y condena. La protecci6n que otorga nuestra Carta Magna a la·vida y Iibertad de los individuos, no puede quedarse menoscabada por el simple hecho.. de que scan aquellos llrocesados ante los ~ribunales. Es, precisamente, cuando mas se necesita protel?'erles, a fin de que el gobierno no abuse de su superioridad contra el individU'J. Y csta es - la raz6n por que creemos que las priicticas con<lenables de los D-I . en este asunto justifican la supresi6n de dicha agencia del gobierno, que por su mala reputaci6n ha alcanzado el 1·emoqu~te' de "Divi~ , sion de Injusticia de! Departamento de Justic:a:". Si se quiere que se confnue, debe hacerse un expurgo de sus miembros, eliminando a todos cuantos hayan demostradQ, por su conducta, ser indign<?S dcl cargo, y mantenicndo solo en ella a aquellos que gozan de honradez a toda prueba. No debc olvidarsc que los :0-I son todos abogados, y, si son honrados y con suficiente preparaci6n tecnica para trabajos ditectivescOs, seria un instrumento Util para el gobierno y el pals; pero si son dcpravados, serian el mayor peligro para la paz, y el ord1 en de la comunidad. Si se reflexiona la declaraci6n de! Comandante -Guido sobre la instrucci6n que dice haber recibido de! General Reyes, de que se hiciera cargo de la investigaci6n de! asesinato de Nalun_: dasan, porque "es una vergiienza para el pais dejar impune un crimen tan horrendo", y se estudia luego el conjunto de las pruebas del gobierno en este asunto, se comprendepl. fiici!mente c6m0' ,se fragu6 la acusaci6n contra los Marcl\s y Lizardo. Era imperntivo el que alguien sea procesado y convicto por el asesinato de Nalundasan, porque, de ot~o modo, "se1·ia una ,vergiienza 'para el pais.'' Para esta empresa el Comandante Guido necesitaba de la 122 THE LAWYERS' JOURNAL February 15, 1940 DEFENSA; ayuda de Un con~jero legal, para fijar las pruebas incriminatorias currido sus testigos sino especialmente por la inverosimilitud inpara la persona o personas que Jiabian de scr procesadas. Y el herente de sus declaracioneS. En Ultimo analisis, Ia Unica prueba &ib-secretario de Justic,ia Hon. Jos3 P. Melencio nombr6 al Fiscal incriminativa contra los .acusados, la aporta Calixto Aguinaldo Macadaeg para ello. Primeramente se estudi6 la teoria sobre el con su declaraci6n, que esta diciendo a voces que es una fii.bulii., m6vil que debia atribuir al supuesto autor de! ci:imen. No se ha Ia f:ibula mas ridicula que la imaginaci6n humana · pudo prorealizado investigaciones sabre la vida de relaci6n de Julio Nalun- ducir. No heinos pedido, sin embargo, el sobreseimiento de la dasan en los demas aspectos que ella. tiene, excepto en lo que se causa y hemos entrado de ll~no en la pr!ctica de la!! pruebas, refiere a la faceta politica. Y aun dentro de esta misma no se porque no queremos ocultar nada. Desde el comienzo, nos herp.l')'s h~ seguido otras pistas que no sea la de los Marcos y sus parli- propuesto, hacer que la verdad resplandezca en toda su desnudez darios, por ser estos adversarios politicos-pero no los unicos, por w Ia Justicia abra su paso en este asunto, sin los obstaculos de cierto--de Nalundasan, en las elecciones para Diputado de! segdndo los tecnicismos, y procJame hoy y para siempre la inocencia de distrito de Ilocos Norte en 1935. Tomando la derrota de ~fariano los.,. acusados de un delito horrendo, que los enemigos politicos Marcos como el m6vil de! crimcn, el investigador Comandante Guido de los ·Marcos y Li?.ardo,-sin piedad y sin escrUpulos de cony el Fiscal l\Iacadaeg creyeron haber hallado la mejor teof ia para cienci~, trataron de hacerles re.sponsables, pal'a humillarles, la acusaci6n contra Mariano Marcos. Esta es la primera partc arrµinarles y destruirles·, de Ufia vez. ~:~:aei7:sr~:~·a ~t PS:~::~:a~~r~:;,s~:~=~d=s~::i~a!:s1~r~:~~: Nos bastara recordar que, por propia declaraci6n del Cosobre el m6viL Despu:s viene la bUsqueda de persona;; que por ::.a:~~nt;st:sui:: :m::;c~·~~ ::u~~ · ~~p~::~a~oe ~s~:~~:ci:~u!:c; ciertas-considera.ciones, ya politica ode dinero, estuvieran dispues- , sobre el asesinato de Nalundasan, q'.le culmin6 con la presentatas a prestar declaraciones, tales como fueron concebidas y pre- ciOn de la querella contra los aqui acusados, no se situaron en ~a~:i::~:to ~e u::~mdae:;:~:e~i::~~ p~r:d!:~rati7~;:stovi:~sl~: ~::~~~~ nna zona neutral, sino que se instalaron en la casa de Arturo En ultimo termiM se cre6 una teoria y luego sc prepararon prue- Verzosa quien, por repreguntas del mismo Fiscal a Lizardo, se bas para apuntarla. De ahi que sostenemOS-y los autos nos supo que tuvo un encuentro personal grave con este, por cuesapoyan--que el proccso de Ios aqui acusados esta fundado en piue- tiones de politica, Y es el mismo que, segun otro testigo de la bas fabricadas y que de la naturaleza de dichas pruebas tienen per- acusaci6n, (Lara) guiaba el tetrico "coupe" durante la mani~ fecto coriocimiento los autores de esta persecusi6n. Un dato •as festaci6n pUblica celebrada cl 19 de septiembre, 1935, por el triunhemos. de aducir para demostrar que no andamos errados en nues- Jo de Nalundasan, y .que 1 el hermano del mismo; el actual Juez tra aserci6n, aunque lo que dejamos puntualizados mils arriba de Paz de Batac, era uno de los que estaban en el truck que son suficientes. El dato a que• nos referimos se encuentra en la formaba parte de la misma manifestaci6n, y gritaba "Viva Na· declaraci6n fabricada de Calixto Aguinaldo, que dice asi: lundasan y muera Mariano Marcos." No puede negarse tamFISCAL MACADAEG: . bien que Mariano Marcos es una potencia politica en Ilocos Norte P. ~~:;~J~. ~~ buaejahr~~a~11~~b!~~/!q!!i}~i~:~eWarcos y Quirino :u;:ea:n ~:~s:~~~i~;~ipdaey.19.~n s~:!u:~c:~!:a:~~~v~as ct::~id:~ :: ~:~~~0!0~~;~a. · propio candidato cOntra los de la administraci6n, y que la preR Si, sefior. , sente querella se promovi6 despulis de las elecciones que tuvieron P. Donde fuliron? lugar en 1938 y poco despues de que el candidato de Mariano R. Vinieron a los bajos de la casa Marcos, qu"e solo perdi6 por unos cien de votos, haya _ presentado, P. Que _hicieron en los bajos de la 0casa? a instancias de Mariano Marcos, una protesta contra el c.andiR. ~uas~~~o~n ~1u:~i:: ~!ef~~~;c~fi~r'dl~a~d~efior Lizardo Y en iii dato electo de la administraci6n. Esta probado que uno de fos P. ~eqFee~f~~~d? de aquel tubo, una vez metido el arma de fuego ~:~:C:o d~al:co:·c~::ci~:'sc~;~e~~;osR~b:;u!~::o :a:adi~~~~rl;ro~ R. Lo ente_rraron en un s_itio que distaba solamente un metro de testa, y que cuando este se neg6, fue advertido· a raja tabla que ~~eR~r~f1ce~~e la cocma de la casa, al !ado de un arbol pe- algo grave le iba a suceder. Y, efectivamente, lrino la presente (Ses. de 13 de febrero de 1939.) acusaci6n por asesinato, no solo contra Mariano Marcos sino Este testimonio de ' Calixto Aguinaldo habla de un indicio contra su hijo, Ferdinand Marcos, su hermano Pio Marcos Y su f-hioo 'que puede tener una influencia tal vez decisiva para forta- cuiiado Quirino 's. Lizardo.' Con esto no acusamos al gobierno, , lecer la declaraci6n de ll. zQue ha hecho el Comandante Guido pero si queremos decir francamente qbe e1 tue sorprendido en , Y que iniciativa ha tornado el Fiscal Macadaeg para buscar est~ su buena fe por los enemigos politicos de Mariano Marcos. formidable prueba real de fuerte valor inculpativo? Nada. El La acusaci6n contra los Marcos y Lizardo estaba asentada record no diCe que hayan he"cho algo. y nosotros preguntamos: sob1·e pruebas falsas, y la .Justicia no la podia acoger en su temzque dem_uestra ~sta actitucl de Ios autores de este proceso, Coman- plo. Cuandci los acusados consiguieron su libertad provisional, ,:Ian~ Gui.do Y Fiscal Macadaeg? Nuestra J6gica nos dice que estos Lizardo consigui6 hallar en los mismos archivos del Departafunc1onar1os no trataron de buscar 0 de comprobar la existencia de mento de! Trabajo pruebas ·contundentes y concluyentes que esta prueba real, incriminativa contra los aeuSados Ferdinand apoyarian su declaraci6n, de que Calixto Aguinaldo no estaba Marcos Y ~-uirino Liz?rdo, porque les constaba positiVamente que en Batac el mes de septiembre, sino en Tarlac; Y gracias al censo la declarac1on de Agu1naldo era pura invenci6n. electoral del precinto nfunero 3 de Tarlac, correspondiente a las v DEFENSA DE LOS ACUSADOS Estuvimos tentados de pedir el sobreseimiento de esta causa despufs de cerrar la acusaci6n sus pruebas, porque estlibamo~ CQnvencidos-y lo estamos hasta ahora-que con ellas el Fiscal no ha conseguido probar, siquiera "prima facie", la culpabilidad de Ios acusados, no s61o por las contradicciones en que han jnelecciones de 1935, se pudo tambilin demostrar concluyentemynte que el dia 17 de septiembre, Calixto Aguinaldo habia votado en Tarlac. Fue asi como el castillo de la acusaci6n, construido pacicnte e ingeniosamente, dur;mte var.ios afios, por los D-1, encabeza~os por el Comandante Guido, se derrumb6 estrepit6samente. No nos extenderemos demasiado 'en 'exponer y discutir las pruebas de la defemm, porque son claras y cbntundentes. Para su debido estudio las hemos de considerar bajo las siguientes - - - · , proposiciones: ' •Como !abul!ldor, Calixto As'uinaldo no tiene par, pues liene sobrada e.-<· :t~~do~~~l~~t;~{r£~s~ht~:~;~J~;~~~as~~:~~~~·d~\~~e;~~ su te~tim:~::.~0~.!~i::~;~;s~a e:!~~;ir::i6!a~:~io? a::s:;~n;::: ~~P'.;:is~'. en el de\ abogndo Amado Vicente y ultimamente en el de matar a NalUndasan. ' February_ 15, 1940 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL 123 DEFENSA: 2.' Que Ios acusados no son responsables del asesinato de Calix.to no vive con su esposa sino con Maria Juatco; con quien Nalundasan, ni han tenido nada que ver con el mismo. tiene varios hijos; que la casa de Aguinaldo es de materiales En cuanto a la primer'!- mixtos; que cuando el le conoci6 por primer a vez, Calixto era proposiciOn. escribiente del presidente municipal Espinosa, de Tarlac, luego La no presencia de Calixto Aguinaldo en Batac, la establece et pas6 a ser escribiente del abogado Porfirio Espinosa y despues testimonio de testigos, algunos de los cuales no tienen relaci6n al- trabaj6 en la oficina del Public Defender; que en el dia de go.ma ni con los acusados ni con Julio Nalundasan; a diferen- las elecciones de 1935-17 de septiembre-, a eso de las ocbo de cia de los testigos de la acusaci6n que, si no son agentes de la la mafiana, e1 est:aba de pie, frente al precinto No. 3, en espera constabularia, son parlentes o liders o am~os del malogrado Na- de! truck que iba a conducirle al precinto nUmero 11, para ,votar, lundasan. Entre los testigos de la defensa descuella Antonio W- y alH vi6 a Calixto Aguinaldo hablando con algwrns personas, garta, que es abogado y funciona1·io del gobierno, que ha de- porque iba tambien a votar en dicho precinto nllmero 3; quc euos mostrado ser un hombr.e imparcial, alln en los momentos en que hablaron y cuando .el pregunt6 a Aguinaldo "Oye, Ictong, has vola acusaci6n le hostilizaba. La establecen tambien pruebas docu- tado ya?" contest6 que no habia votado alln; y queen la tarde d.-il mentalc~ de valor concluyentc---documentos ptiblicos fehacientes mismo dia et tambien encontr6 a Calixto Aguinaldo .en Tiirlac. ---el censo electoral dcl precinto nllmero 3 de Tarlac, Tarlac, cv- En repreguntas cl Fiscal dcclar6 que cntre las personas e:m rrespondiente a . las elecciones presidenciales y de diputadcis de quien Calixto Aguinaldo estuvo hablando en la mafiana del dia 1935 (exhibit 84);. y los docuffientos exhibits 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, de las elecciones estaban Glicerio Tejeiro y Arsenio Magat. En 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 y 37, que forman parte de los ar- repreguntas declar6 que ,el precinto nllmero 3, donde fue Calixto chivos de! Departamento del Trabajo. Aguinaldo a votar, estaba en el barrio de San' Roque, al lado de Los acusados han ncgado rotufdamente que Cali~to Agui- la carretera prov1ncial, y que el precinto nllmero 11 donde el naldo haya estado en Batac el septiembre de 1935. (Principe) fuii a voiar, eStaba en 'el barrio de ·Maliwalu. La Quirino Lizardo declar6 que cuando et p;;i.rti6 de Manila para declaraci6n de este testigo no ha sido desmentida por Ca.lixto, Ilocos Norte, de conformidad con las instrucciones que recibiera Glicerio Tejeiro.-Este es comerciante de 39 afios de edad y del Subsecretario del Trabajo, venian con et su ~sposa, una hija residente en Tllilac, Tii.rlac, Declar6 que es uno de los elect.ores de tres aiios de edad y un primo li.ermano suyo, Geronimo Lizardo, en el precinto No. 3 de T6rlac, Tiirlac, el afio 1935; que el elector quien se ape6 en la intersecci6n de Narvacan-Abra, porque teni.a con el nombre de "Glicerio Tejeiro" que aparece en los censos eleeque ir a Abra, para votar en aquellas elecciones y actuar de in- torales de dicho precinto (exhibitos 41, 41-A, 4l·B \ 84) es el; terventor del Presidente. Quezon. que- et 'vot6 en las eleeciones de 17 de septiembre de 1935 a eso de Ger6nimo Liz'ardo corrobor6 cs ta declarnci6n de ' Quirino Li- las 8 :00 de la mafiana; que conoce a Calixto Aguinaldo y es su zar40. El asegur6 enfiiticamente que la primera vez que vi6 a amigo hace ocho aftos; que en la mafiana del 17 de septiembre de Calixto Aguinaldo fue en el Juzgado, en la vista de este asunto. 1935 el se encontr6 con Calixto Aguinaldo antes de entrar al Cont<>; ademB.s, el siguiente Uncidente; que en el primer dia que preci'nto No. 3 y luego entraron juntos para votar; que ambos iil lleg6 al Juzgado, por esta causa, el se e~contr6 con los her- recibieron sus ~espectivas balotu del Chairman de la junta •le manos Valle y se1 hablaron, porque fueron condiscipulos suyos e~ inspectores, Ccledonio Ledesma. la Escuela de Derecho; que uno de estos se acerc6 a un hombre En repreg"Untas cste testigo declar6, entre otras cosas, que, de gruesa condici6Il, fisica y JllOreno, que result6 ser Calixto Agui- despues de votar, el volvi6 a ver a C~ixto Aguinaldo dos veces: naldo, y a quien el (Ger6nimo) daba la espalda; que el otro la una, a eso de fas 12:00 del dia, y la otra, por la noche, de! dia Valle puso su brazo alrededor de su cintura (de Ger6nimo) y. 17 de septiembre de 1935, frente al edificio "Tri-Mag'', donde se trat6 de hacer que et se pusiera de frente a dicho individuo, mien- anunciaba el resultado de las eleccio!les; que et vi6, tambiCn en tras que ~l otro Valle decia a Aguinaldo "Ese es el Ger6nimo TB.rlac a Calixto Aguinaldo dias antes de las elecciones; que en Lizardo". ' las dos veces que et se encontr6 con Calixto Aguinaldo, despues Esta declaraci6n de Ger6nimo Lizardo no ha sido contr!l.· de haber emitido su voto, estuvieron los dos oyendo el resultado ' probada por la acusaci6:n ni fue contradicha siquiera por Crisos- de las elecciones en el "Tri-Mag" building, en el cuiil habfa una tomo Valle, euando declar6 como testigo de! gobierno, sobre · sus • pizarra grande en donde se escribian los votos que obtenia cada conferencias con Celedonio Ledesma. candidato. La declaraci6n de este testigo tampoco fue deSmentiMaria Marcos de Lizardo, esposa de Quirino Lizardo, ·deelar6 <la por Calixto Aguinaldo. tambien que Calixto Aguinaldo no vino con ella y su marido a Seglln el censo electoral, exhibit "84'', el elector Glicerio Te-' Batac el 14 de Septiembre de 1935. jeiro Ueva el orden de inscripci6n nllmero 469 y recibi6 la balota ' Antonia ll-!arcos-ItubW, harmana mayor de los Marcos, que mimero 1102, · y Calixto ,Aguinaldo lleva el orden de incripci6r, habita la casa de estos en Batac desde que la misma se construy6 nllmero 27 y recibi6 la balota mimero 1106. Debieron, puiis, haber en 1910 y se reconstruy6 en 1934, declar6 que Calixto Aguinaldo votado en la misma ocasi6n, a juzgar por la proxiniidad de los jam!s estuvo en aquella Casa de los Marcos, en Batac, y que la nllmeros de sus respectivas balotas; y este dato corrobora fuerteprimera vez que ena le vi6 fue el febrero de 1939, en el Juzgado, mente la declaraci6n de Tejeiro, de que cuando et recibi6 la balota mientras testifieaba. de manos del "Chairman" de la Junta de Inspectores, estaba con Eugenia Rubio, que era la que atendfa a los liders y visihs Cl Calixto Aguinaldo que recibi6 tambien la suya. de Mariano Marcos en la casa de este en aquellos dlas, asegur6 Arsenio Magat.-ESte tiene 56 aiioit de edad, escribiente~ y rapositivamente que Calixto Aguinaldo no ha vivido en aciuella casa, sidente en TB.rlac, TB.rlac, Dcclar6 que conoce a Calixto Aguinalni estuvo-ni un minuto en ella. do hace 16 anus y es amigo suyo, que en la noche de! dia de elec· Y ,huQieramos presentado una fofinidad de testigos, si ~o fuera ciones, 17 de septiembre de 1935, despues de las votaciones y de porque el Juzgado nos di6 a entender que no eran necesarias mas haber et tornado la cena, baj6 de casa con el prop6sito de ir al pruebas acumulativas. ' Trimag Building, donde se hallaba alojado el cuartel general del Los siguientes testigoS· declararon tambiiin que en el dia de Partido Nacionalista; que en el frente de dicho edificio estaba enIas eleccibnes, asi como en los dias que precedieron y subsiguieron tonces colocada una pizarr~ larga y grande ep donde aparecian a aquel, Calixto Aguinaldo estaba en Tarlac. ezcritos los nombres de los candidatos a PresiQente y Vice-PresiAmado Principe, tiene 50 afios de edad, es esc~ibiente y re- dente de Ja Mancomunidad y a diputado; que en dieha pizarra se side en T~rlac, Tarlac. Declar6 que reside en el pueblo escribia el resultado de las. elccciones, para conocimieuto del !l<ide Tarlac hace cuarenta afios; que fue constabulario; que blico; q\te cuando el llegO al Trimag Building, encontr6se con hace ti em po que conoce a Calixto Aguinaldo; que la casa Calixto Aguinaldo, a eso de las Ocho de la noche, y estuvieron los de este esta frente de la suya en la calle P. Hilario; que dos hablando de politica; que Aguinaldo cont6 .sus trabajos en J24 THE LA WYERS' JOURNAL Fe~ruary 15, 1940 DEFENSA: favor de la candidatura de Monseiior Aglipay; que alli estuvieron Aguinaldo, de Calixto, e1 le mir6 y es cuando dijo para si que el Ios dos por mis de media hora, y cuando et bajO para ir a otros - General Aguinaldo tenia un voto segunro; que el vi6 cuando C<lprecintos en busca..de.noticias sobre las elecciones, Calixto Aguinal- lixto recibi6 la balota de Celedonio Ledesma y et vi6 tambiCn do se qued6 en el Trimag Building; q~ unas dos horas despues cuando Aguinaldo devolvi6 la balota al mismo Ledesma, despues el se encontr6 otra vez con Calixto en el precinto nUmero 11, de llenada, y cuando Aguinaldo sali6 del Colegio ·Electoral; que oyendo el resultado de las elecciones; que cuando el pregunt6 por dias antes de declarar el en este asunto, no recordaba bien el hecho el resultado de la votaci6n en aquel precinto, Calixto contest6: de si Calixto Aguinaldo habia votado o no, debido al tiempo trans"estamos perdiendo; los de aqui son Quezonistas"; que, despues currido, pero cuando Cl vio· el censo electoral exhibit 84, que Celede un r:ato, los dos de Arfuinaldo se marcharon, cogieron una donio Ledesma trajo a Laoag para exhibit;.lo al Juzgado, el co- - cano~ata, y se dirigieron al Trimag Building; que, mas tarde, e1 menz6 a recapacitar Y entonces se acord6 de que realmente Calixto se march6 para Cl prc,einto de! barrio de Santo Cristo, pero Calixto Aguinaldo habia votado, porque inclusive se acord6 et de que al Aguinaldo se qued5 en el Trimag Building; que al dia siguiente anunciarse el ap-ellido de "Aguinaldo", de Calixto, e1 se dijo p""ra de las elecciones, se encontr6 otra vez con Aguinaldo frente Ill • si que el Gral. Aguinaldo tenia un voto S6guro. Hotel . Tiirlac, tomando nota de los votos que _ obtuvo el Senadoi; Repreguntado si un tal Alejandro Yumol habfa votado en Aquino, po1·que el candidate Januario Fidel le gan6 en unos tt·es- aquellas elecciones, en el precinto No. 3 de Tiirlac, Tiirlac, el tescientos votos; en Victoria. En repreguntas, este testigo declar6, tigo contest6, sin ver el censo, que parecia haber votado, y cuando entre otras cosas, que cuando €1 .se encontr6 con Calixto AguiUa!do el Fiscal le present6 al' testigo .a Alejandro Yumof el testigo dijo en Trimag Buildi11g habia alla unas treinta personas y que Agui- "esc es Alejandro Yumol,-ha votado". Dijo, acfemlis, que Yumol naldo estaba de pie, tomando nota de los votos recibidos por los era un 'lider conocido en la provincia de Tiirlac de! Gobernador candidatos; que recuerda que en aquella ocasi6n Jos dos de Agui- Urquico. (Sesi6n de Junio 13, 1939.) naldo estuvieron bromeandose y que·el le dijo: "p0r que no votaste La U.nica tacha q9e pone el Fiscal a este testigo es queen su por Aguinaldo, cuando que llevas su mismo apellido," y que este affidavit, exhibit 56, suscrit6 a instanci~s del D-I Valle, €1 dice que, replico--'1 No, es mejor Aglipay, que es tan ilocano como yo." debido al tiempo transcu1·rido y al nU.mero de electores que votaron (Ses. Junio 5, 1939.) - el 17 de septiembre de 1935, no puede recordar si Calixto Aguinaldo ha votado o no, a menos q~e vea el censo que el y sus demUs compafieros inspectores prepararon; mientras que, en el dia de. la vistn asegur6 que Calixto Aguinaldo habia votado. Josi JJ. Mendoza.,-Es comerciante, de 32 afios de edad, residentc en TB.rlac y agente especial de la Constabularia. Es uno de los inspectores de! precinto No. 3 de TB.rlac, nombrado para rep1·esentar al Candidate a P1~sidente de! Commonwealth, General Aguinaldo. La declaraci6n de este testigo tienc d~s partcs :" la una, sc refiere a la autenticidad de! censo electoral, exl1ibit 84, y la otru, se refiere al hecho de haber el visto a Calixto Aguinaldo votar en Tiirlac, Tiirlac, el 17 de septicmbre de 1935. En cuiinto a la identificaci6n de! censo, este Mendoza declar6 que Celedonio Ledesma era el chairman de la Junta' de Inspectores de! precinto No. 3 y que los demiis inspectores eran Cl (Mendoza), Alfonso Espinosa "Y Apolinario Espinosa; que las firmaS en el censo exhibit 84, que llevan dichos nombres, fueron estampados por enos mismos, l'espectiv-amente; que euos (los inspectores de elccci6n) estamparon sus respectivas firmas en el exhibit 84 en la Ultima sesi6n de la Junta de Inspectores que tuvo lug·ar it 17 de septiembre de 1935; que la columna designada con las palabras 'lballot number" en dicho exhibit contiene el nU.mero de las balotas que cada elector ha recibido para votar; que el procedimiento seguido en aque!las eleeciones-que era la U.nica en que actu6 de inspector-fuC el siguiente: al entrar un elector, el chairman prcgunta por su nombre y luego.lo anuncia en voz alta. Comprueban los inspectores e.n el censo .si allr' aparece el nombre anunciado. En caso afirmativo, asi advierten al· chairman, quien entrega al elector la balota, anunciando el nllmero de la misma; del nUmero de la balota tomah no'ta en el censo los itispectores; el elector que ha recibido la balota se dirige al compartimiento y alli la llena, luego se la entr~ga de vuelta al, chairman y este lee el nU.mero de la balota y los inspectores lo chequean con el nUmero que apuntaron en el censo y ponen el signo de "check". En la segunda parte de su declaraci6n, el testigo dice que conoce a ~ Calixto Aguinaldo desde hace quince afms; que Calixto es elector inscrito en el precinto No. 3 en las elecciones de 17 de septiembre de 1935, y es Cl mismo que aparece en el censo bajo la inscripci6n No. 27, San Roque; que Calixto Aguinaldo votO en dichas elecciones y recibiO la balota No. 1106; que el recuerda, que cuando el nombrc de Calixto Aguinaldo se anunci6 por el chairman, a?tes de entregarle la balota correspondiente, el pensO que el General Aguinaldo iba a recibir un voto scguro, en vista de que Calixto llevaba el apellido Aguinaldo; que despues de las 'elecciones, todos Jos censos usados, entre ellos el exhibit 84, fueron devueltos por los inspectores al tesorero municipal. En repreguntas, l\Jendoza declar6 lo siguiente entre otras cosas: que cuando entr6 Calixto Aguinaldo en el precinto electornl, Cl no se di6 cuenta porque estaba ocupado, pero al oir el ape\lido Creemos que esta tacha no tiene raz6n de ser .. Mendoza declar6 ·que dias antes de testificar, eJ vi6 el censo en ppder de Ledesma y :!lH vi6 tambien el orden de inscripci6n de Aguinaldo y el nU.mero de la balota que habia recibido; ¥ quc todos estos datos llevaron a su memoria otras circunstancias que le hici~ron recordar, que Calixto Aguinaldo realmente habia votado. Francamente no vemos ninguna contradicci6n entre esa declataci6n y1 su ::tffidavit. i,No es acaso un fcn6mcno psicol6gico qtic la 'memoria se aviva con ciertos datos que Se le suministran? i,NO es acaso cierto que un recuerdo dormido se despierta cuand6' ante nuestra vista se presentan objetos, documentos, hechos que lo reviven y esclarecen? Celedonio Ledesma, tiene 50 afios de edad, "chaii:man" de la junta electoral de! preCinto nUmero 3 de Tiirlac, Tiirlac, y sigue 1iindolo hasta aJ(ora. Testific6 sobre la autenticidad de! censo electoral, exhibit 84, y sobre el hecho de que Calixto Aguinaldo vot6 en las elecciones que sc celebraron el 17 de Septiembre de '1935. En cuii.nto al primer punto, este testigo dijo lo siguiente: que Cl conoce el censo electoral exhibit 84, porque es el censo que ~I us6 en las elecciones de! dla 17 de septiembre de 1935, como "chairman" de la junta electoral de! precinto nli.mero 3 ·de Tii.rlac, TUr- . lac; que son suyas las firmas que cofl el nombre de Celedonio Ledesma aparecen en dicho censo, y que las firmas de Ios dcmiis inspectores que aparccen en el mismo, fueron estampadas por estos en presencia de et En cuii.nto al segundo punto, testific6 que et conoce a Calixto Aguinaldo hace ya tiempo; que es elector en el precinto nUmero 3 de Tiirlac, -Tiirlac, con nU.mero 27 de inscripci6n en el ce'nso electoral exhibit 84; que e1 tambien conoce a Francisco Agujnaldo y es el que aparece inscrito en el prcc'into nUmero 3 de Tilrlac, Tiirlac, bajo el nUmero d(' tnscripci6n 28; que conoce tambien ·a Glicl'!rio Tejeiro, y es el el~ctor del mismo precinto registrndo bajo el nU.mero de inscripci6n 469 en el censo electoral; que Glicerio Tejei1·0 ha lvotado y recibi6 la balota ntimero 1102; Que Calixto Agui. naldo tambien ha votado entre 7 y 8 le la mafiana y recihi6 la balota nUmero 1106; que Francisco Aguinaldo no ha votado, como puede verse en. el censo electoral exhibit 84 (gue no ha recibido ninguna balota) ; y que Cl conoce a Calixto Aguinaldo hace 20 aiios. 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