Panorama

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Part of Panorama

Title: Panorama
Issue Date: Volume XIX (No. 7) July, 1967
Year: 1967
Language: English
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extracted text: PANORAMA needs intelligent readers of: 1. Informative materials 2. Interesting ideas 3. Enlightening opinions 4. Broadening views 5. Controversial thoughts 6. Critical comments 7. Idealistic suggestions 8. Humorous remarks 9. Serious statements 10. Meditations on life and work. All these are either original productions or selective adap tions and condensations from Philippine and foreign publica tions. Usually brief and compact, lasting from two to ten minutes to read, each article offers a rewarding experience in one’s moments of leisure. Relax with Panorama. We say this to the busy student and the teacher, the lawyer and the physician, the dentist and the engineer, the executive and the farmer, the politician and the preacher, the employer and the employee. PANORAMA is specially designed for Filipinos — young, midclle-agtd, and old, male and female, housekeeper and houselizard. Special rates for new and renewal subscriptions to begin on November 1, 1966: 1 copy ....... 1 year ....... 2 years '.... Foreign rate: 50 centavos P5.00 P9.00 $3.00 (U. S.) For one year’s subscription of 5 pesos, a person receives the equivalent of 12 compact pocketbooks of lasting value and and varied interest. COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Inverness, (M. Carreon) St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines 1 THI PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE OF OOOO BIAOIHG Entered u second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dee. 7, 1981 Vol. XIX MANILA, PHILIPPINES No/p FREEDOM AND DISHONESTY The chief reason why the maintenance of the freedom to criticize is so important is that man by nature is highly fallible, and this applies to all men, including those who are in authority. The freedom essential to democracy rests, not on the conviction that men are always trustworthy, but rather on the realistic observation that often they are not trust worthy. The reason why a system of checks and balances is neede.d in any society, and why a society without these will eventually fall into decay, is that all men are potentially corrupt and that this includes the leaders. Men who were perfect, and who could reach the truth infallibly, would not need to have internal criticism in the system they might guide, but we do not know of the existence of any such men. Freedom is therefore not an adornment, but is required for the achievement of the good life because aM men are in the finite predicament. The freedom of democracy is the best way of life, not because all men are virtuous and reasonable, for they are not, but because all men are greedy for power. The freedom of thought and expression, which leads to free dom of criticism, provides a curb on the wanton exercise of power, either in a government or in an individual man. — By Elton Trueblood from The Life We Prize. ■ Observations of a Filipino who comes back to his country after a long absence. FILIPINO LIFE TODAY Filipinos switch languages in any one conversation as frequently and easily as you may change gears in a Volks wagen during a drive from one end of town to the other. The function of their linguis tic gear-changing is to com municate with exquisite pre cision, the several different moods, postures, attitudes and relationhips that are nor mally exchanged in a normal conversation between any two people. In such conversation Ta galog will reappear as a bass note from time to time, to indicate sincerity and per sonal closeness; English may indicate a practical tenor; Spanish always indicates the high class or good family of its user. But the Filipino’s linguis tic schizophrenia s only a sur face manifestation of deeper currents: the Filipino bears a confusing multiplicity of identities. The country as a whole reflects this individual, internal tug-of-war. While their achievements may spring from their mixture of talents, many of the Filipinos’ frus trations are rooted in not yet knowing who they want to be. Today Manila jangles, honks, shuffles and roars with bustle, pressure, tangle and dust. Manila is the heart beat of the Philippines, just as Honolulu is the pulse of Hawaii. It is a large flat city cover ing an area roughly between one-third and one half of the Island of Oahu. Most of this city looks like a mixture of Honolulu’s Chinatown, Kaimuki and Pearl City, in the height of its buildings, size of streets and general appearance. Now imagine Kaimuki stretching from Diamond Head through Waikiki and all of Moiliili and Manoa, ala M o a n a, downtown, through Aiea, past Pearl City into Waipahu and Ewa, then 2 Panorama wandering north in dusty confusion across all the cane and pineapple fields between the Koolau and Waianae ranges and then sprawling out through the entire Waia lua district to the ocean again, jam-packed all the way from Diamond Head to here. This is just the setting. Now crowd in almost three million people. Add 15,000 taxis, maybe 20,000 jeepneys, the juggernauts of six bus lines, and about 9,000 private cars. Put all of these in constant sound and motion all day and on into the night and you have a fair idea of the continual roaring, swarm ing, tangle, clatter, and sheer crowdedness that is Manila. Imagine all the stores and all the sidewalks buzzing with these herds of peoples for miles and miles; imagine normal traffic as being per petually bumper-to-bumper from Pearl Harbor to Waialae IN ALL STREETS, and you’re beginning to get the picture. Movie houses open at 9:00 a.m. (8:00 a.m. on Sunday). Many stores close for the noon hour. The "official” business-lunch time is 12:30 (it takes that long to get there). The city is bombard ed by eight television chan nels, a dozen radio stations, eight daily newspapers and ten weekly magazines. There are "day clubs” for those who want to dine and dance while the sun is up. A very handsome business district is rising out of the swamps of Makati with broad streets and beautiful build ings. Luneta Park., that once looked like a littered fair grounds at the end of a busy day, now rolls a green and spotless carpet of welcome to the edge of Manila Bay. Well-groomed, new residen tial subdivisions are prolife rating. A big new Hilton Hotel is nearly ready for operation and a Sheraton Hotel is very close behind. The giant cockpits — good size stadiums that on sleepy Sunday afternoons still rock the countryside for miles around with the roars from thousands of throats — are on the wane as television takes over. And on three of Ma nila’s TV channels that tele vision is in color (the Philip pines is the third country in the world to use commercial color TV). Television sets and large appliances are assembled by skilled craftsmen. San Miguel July 1967 3 Beer now comes in cans. Lucky Strike, Kent and other cigarettes are manufactured locally under franchises from the parent plants. Buicks and Pontiacs, Datsuns and Volkswagen are among the cars the Filipinos assemble. And another vehicle, known to Americans for its comfortable ride, is there: the installment plan. It ap plies on clothing, furniture, all kinds of things. (The Filipinos call it “pa-iyak” . . . meaning “by squawks and squeaks.”) The occasion for my visit to Manila was to share in the ceremonies of the 25th anni versary of the Fall of Bataan beneath the Japanese inva sion forces in World War II, but my strongest impression at tfie end of my visit was that the Filipino bravery of April 9, 1942, has been sur passed by the bravery they are showing in April, 1967. Now they are at grips with an enemy far more patient and cunning. With desperate courage, Filipinos today are fighting against time for the educa tion that will open their po tential, for the land reforms that will heal over old and festering social ills, for the health and stamina to keep themselves going, for the commerce and industry that will pay a man more for a day’s work and finance the government’s operations, for the stabilization and enforce ment of systems that will give the common man a confi dence in law and order and faith in the future. Today’s brand of Filipino courage is something Hawaii could know more about, so the following reports will at tempt to describe these strug gles, and this visitor’s kalei doscopic impressions of this richly integrated society, cul ture, and country, and the grace of its people under fire. — By Norman Reyes, abstract ed from Manila Times, July 20, 1967. 4 Panorama ■ A Filipino's observations- of American institutions and practices. LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN U.S.A. If one wishes to keep up with modern techniques in almost all phases of life, he should observe in America. That is taken for granted. But there are a lot of ar chaic things here, too. Recently the findings and recommendations of the Com mittee for Economic Develop ment where very much in the news. The findings of the committee can best illustrate how outmoded some political institutions in the U.S. can be. The committee found out, for instance, that most state legislators receive inade quate salaries. Some mem bers are paid less than legis lative doorkeepers or capitol janitors. Yet in some states, like Mas sachusetts, the state legisla tures have heavy work loads. In Massachusetts, there is the so-called “free petition sys tem” whereby any citizen can file a bill in the state legisla ture. Furthermore, every bill filed must be discussed on the floor. About 4,000 bills are filed in a year. Thus the le gislature is loaded with work. On the other hand, the legislatures in 29 other states meet in regular session once in two years! Considering the fact that most of the laws that touch on the individual’s life are passed by state legislatures, the situation has become a cause for concern. Only the two newest states (Alaska and Hawaii), accord ing to the committee, have patterns of local government deliberately designed to meet modern conditions. Thus New England states emphasize their distinctive “towns.” (In Wayland, a sub urb of Boston, there is no mayor or town council. To pass ordinances or appro priate money, the inhabitants of the town hold meetings and take up the matter them selves.) Southern states stress a mul titude of counties, most of them archaic in structure. July 1967 5 Many other states have both town and townships and over lapping counties, in addition to independent school dis tricts. Says the committee report: "Seldom have states of the Union faced such urgent de mands for solution of diffi cult problems, or had such challenging opportunities for constructive action.” But, of course, such pro blems are hidden from the eyes of the most curious tourist. One is very much impressed by the magnificent state house of Massachusetts with its big golden cupola and the massive halls inside. It has a Memorial Hall in which are. displayed the flags of all the units of the armed forces coming from Massa chusetts since the Civil War. These flags were carried to the war fronts and later re turned to the government to be displayed in the hall. The same hall also display the bust sculptures and oil portraits of the famous sons of Massachusetts who include Webster, Holmes, Longfellow, the Adamses, Paul Revere, the Lowells, the Lodges, the Ca bots. Massachusetts has con tributed more famous names to the Union than any other state. The inscription below the picture of Thomas Dudley, 1576-1653, the first Deputy Governor, particularly caught our eye. It says, "A Puritan gentleman, well-born, welleducated, well-rounded, selfconsistent, austere, sensible, honest, and a dependable servant of Massachusetts.” Probably, he did not have much fun out of life. The session hall of the lower house of the state legis lature is much bigger than the session hall of our House. In fact, that house has 240 mem bers, while our House has only 204. The names of the members are listed down in two big boards on the wall. When voting, the member presses a button for either “Yea” or “Nay” on top of his desk and his vote lights up the corres ponding spots opposite his name on the board. Governor Volpe is not much of a tourist attraction. He made us wait for about an hour in his anteroom. Although it already has one of the biggest library systems in the world, Harvard Uni versity is about to build an 6 Panorama other library — underground. Estimated cost: $5 million. The recent decision of Pa kistan to do away with Peace Corps assistance is merely an other manifestation of dis pleasure with U.S. policy on Pakistan, not a reflection on Peace Corps achievements. Pakistanis believe that the U.S. has been leaning more toward India than to Pakis tan. Religion: 1. The Christian Scientists (they do not use drugs) have the biggest organ among all Christian denominations in the western hemisphere (more than 3,000 pipes). 2. The Unitarian Church in a town in Massachusetts existing since the 17th cen tury does not hold services during summer. 3. The White Fathers of Africa who train priests for missions have a sizeable head quarters in Massachusetts, but the fathers themselves are sel dom seen by the inhabitants living nearby. — Apolonio Batalla, Manila Bulletin, July 23, 1967. A TRUE SPORTSMAN Winston Churchill has always manifested a bland disregard for railway schedules, and his habit of catching a train by the skin of his teeth has always worried his traveling companions. A friend once chided the statesman for this little weakness. “Winston is such a sportsman,” explained Mrs. Churchill, “he always gives the train a chance to get away.” — Acme News. July 1967 7 ■ The proposals here published were presented by an illustrious member of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Justice Jose B. L. Reyes in an address before the Women Lawyers Association on July 21, 1967. Parts not directly pertinent to the title ap pearing here are excluded. MEASURES TO SECURE PUBLIC CONFIDENCE Ours is a world wherein distrust seems to reign sup reme, specially in public life. An observer from some other world coming to reside among us would reach the conclu sion that in our life the norm is a most cordial want of confidence in the loyalty or the integrity of the other man. Thus, we see every measure or appointment by the Exe cutive minutely scrutinized by the Legislature, and vice versa, lest somewhere hidden in ambush there should be an attempt to encroach upon the privileges of the other. In the Congress, majority and minority (with rare and honorable exceptions) view each other’s proposals from a highly partisan or personal standpoint, and find nothing strange in taking advantage of every technicality to de feat the opponent’s projects, regardless of their merit. Na tional and local governments, public corporations and pub lic officers are eternally bickering on questions of competence, jurisdiction, fu riously debating who is to get credit for what. The public weal, and the convenience of the common man is laid aside and forgotten save to use them as an argument to sup port each debater’s own stand. Officialdom is burdened with a hundred controls, de signed to prevent the rank and file from deceiving su perior officials; the latter in turn are loath to delegate any of their powers, being unwilling to trust their sub ordinates. Distrust imposes the most detailed and formal recording of every single of ficial acts; suspicion compels the higher functionary to re view step by step the conduct of the persons under him. In government offices, gen eral distrust buries one and Panorama all in a deluge of multiple indorsements, quintuplicate copies, voluminous reports and innumerable and intri cate regulations, to the exas peration of every one con cerned. Nor are the relations be tween government and the people free from the spirit of suspicion. The press has often complained of the dif ficulty in ferreting facts from administrative sources, an uncooperativeness evincing a deeprooted misgiving that every inquirer is impelled by ulterior if not sinister mo tives. In natural reactions, the citizens respond by manifest ing their distrust of adminis trative officers in various ways, the most conspicuous of them being indifference toward government-sponsored projects and a reluctance to contribute to the govern ment’s support. Time and again, tax authorities have openly lamented what they term a “lack of tax conscious ness” in large segments of our population. Curiously, it never seems to occur to these worthiest that the stolidity of the citizen vis-a-vis their en treaties arises in a large mea sure from suspicion (if not actual belief) that tax moneys are not being devoted to the common good. The govern ment’s secrecy about its acti vities and actual expenditures largely contributes to this skepticism. To give you an example: The budget or ap propriation laws only reveal intended outlays, but at no time does the government disclose its real expenditures nor the purposes for which the tax money has been in fact spent. When all private enterprises are required to render annual accounting of income and expense, why should not the government give a public accounting of its operations? The Consti tution requires the “Auditor General to bring to the at tention of the proper admi nistrative officer expendi tures or property which in its opinion, are irregular, un necessary, excessive or extra vagant,” but such admonitions are buried in official archives and only rarely released to the media of information. Why could we not learn from other governments, Italy among them, where public income and expenditures are periodically audited and laid bare in public printed re ports of the "Corte dei Conti” JULY 1967 (Court of Accounts) in which a representative of the oppo sition is a member? Reflection will show that the basic reason of the citi zens’ indifference lies in a hidden belief, erroneous but widespread, that almost inva riably, public officials tend to think first of themselves and of their party. That this corrosive idea, spreading out in ever widening area, like a drop of oil on a sheet of paper, is destructive of pub lic confidence, will not be denied. That it must be checked before it undermines governmental stability is selfevident. Once the majority becomes convinced that the/ men that govern are no longer responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people, that those in power instead of serving endeavor to dictate as masters, it will lend a will ing ear to those who advo cate the overthrow of au thority. Whatever remedial mea sures should be adopted to arrest the danger must take into account the popular de mand for a reasonable assu rance that official conduct is solely motivated by the pub lic welfare, and is not aimed, at the perpetuation of poli tical or personal power. Our leaders recognize this, and no other reason lies behind the most favored proposal to be laid before the coming consti tutional convention: that the President should not be re elected. I submit howover, that the prohibition should not be limited to the President, but should extend to all elective officials from the highest to the lowest without exception. If the purpose of the non\reelection is to ensure that legal duty and functions will be discharged without regard to self, then no single elective official can be excepted, just as no public servant may be exempted from the obligation of performing faithfully and well the duties of his office. Furthermore, the indefinite reeligibility of officials (typi fied by the immoral slogan of “equity of the incumbent” as if the occupant of a posi tion had some sort of lien thereon) goes against the ba sic assumptions of democracy. How can the people exercise a proper choice of the fittest public servant, if other can didates besides the incumbent are to be practically denied a chance to be elected on a basis of equal opportunity 10 Panorama and thus show what they can or cannot do in office? At any rate, even if an elected official should prove satisfactory, there is no as surance that another man may not prove to be better; so that to give full play and significance to the popular sovereignty, reelection must be forbidden to all incum bents at least for the succeed ing term. I am not so naive as to as sume that such a constitu tional amendment will auto matically cure the ills advert ed to; but until behavioral science can enable us to diag nose accurately the morals and character of men, we must be content with remov ing opportunities for abuse. A complementary measure, in so far as civil service posi tions are- concerned, should be the pruning of the legis lative practice of indirectly abolishing positions by sup pressing appropriations there for in the yearly budgets. Not that it is intended to deny legislative bodies the power to abolish any non constitutional positions; but the exercise of the suppressive faculty must be regulated by requiring that the elimina tion be made expressly in a separate measure that will plainly expose the reasons for the abolition, and make clear that no private or personal motives intervene. In this manner, the security of tenure intended by the Constitu tion would be immeasurably reenforced. The strengthening of public confidence in the ju diciary boils down in the last analysis to two objectives: the avoidance of possible par tiality in the judges and the minimizing of delays that weigh heavily on the poor. This is a subject upon which I must tread gingerly, for it has been discussed repeatedly and to a great length by per sonalities much more compe tent and better qualified than myself; and if I touch upon it, it is merely to complete my exposition of basic mea sures to be adopted anent the subject here discussed. The main defect in the pre sent system of selection and promotion in the judiciary lies in that they are entrusted exclusively to the departments that are susceptible and more responsive to political pres sure and motivations: the Executive who nominates and the Legislature that confirms. Neither the Judiciary nor the July 1967 11 Bar, the most independent institutions of all, play any role in the matter. This na turally opens the door to sus picion and conjecture that judges, who are after all hu man, remain susceptible to pressure from those who can block their appointment or promotion; that judges can not be truly independent un til they reach the Supreme Court. The obvious parry to such mistrust would be a re quirement that the President ial selection should be made from lists submitted by the Bar and approved by the Supreme Court, or else, as is provided in the Italian Cons titution, section 104, that the selection of judges be done by a Superior Council of the Judiciary (Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura) of which the President of the Republic is ex-officio Chair man, and composed of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Solicitor General, and by representatives elected by the Judges themselves, as well as by university profes sors and lawyers with at least fifteen years practice, chosen by the Legislature. It would certainly appear logical that the Supreme Court, to whom decisions of judges and briefs of advocates are submitted daily, should be at least consulted on ju dicial appointments and pro motions, together with the representatives of the Bar as sociations, whose members are or should be familiar and acquainted with the candi dates. And let me say right here that it is an error to as sume that the selection of municipal Judges is not as important as that of the Judges of superior courts. On the contrary, it is their appointment that should be more carefully considered, and their qualifications and character more assiduously as sessed; for like the police, they are in intimate contact with the greater mass of liti gants, and it is by their per formance and independence that the entire judiciary is appraised by the people. The delays in litigation, upon the other hand, cannot be significantly reduced by the judges alone; it can only be the result of a cooperative effort of Bench and BAR. Here, the Bar’s ideals are pa ramount; the sincere recog nition by the lawyers that they, as much as the Judges, are ministers of Justice, select ed and appointed to help and 12 Panorama not to hinder it, is of supreme importance. It is unfortunate that some lawyers appear to subordinate the needs of jus tice to that of their clients, willingly sacrificing every other consideration to that of success in the litigations that they conduct. On the whole, the records of the ladies who have chosen the legal career is an enviable one, and justifies the hope that through their instinct for fairness and decency, we may finally rescue from ob livion the cardinal maxim of the noble Roman jurisprudentes: "No omne quod licet honestum est,” — not every thing that is permitted is honourable. — By Justice J. B. L. Reyes, Manila Times, July 27, 1967. HIMS NOT HERS An attorney and his four-year-old son were walk ing solemnly home from church when the small boy looked up with a puzzled expression. "Daddy, why do they always say ‘amen’ when they pray?” he asked earnestly. “Why don’t they ever say ‘awomen’?" The lawyer explained as best he could that it was an old established custom, with a Biblical pre cedent. But the boy seemed unconvinced. "I think,” he said, after some consideration, “that it’s because all the songs are hymns.” — Norfolk Virginian-Pilot. July 1967 13 ■ The last step may bring success. THE PEBBLE OF SUCCESS Discouraged and exhausted, Rafael Solano sat down on a boulder in the dry river bed and called his two companions to his side. ‘Tm through,” he said. “There’s no use go ing on any longer. See, this pebble makes about nine hundred thousand, nine hun dred and ninety-nine I’ve picked up, and not a dia mond so far. “If I pick up another, it will be one million. But what’s the use? I’m quittingl” It was 1942, and the three men had spent weary months looking for diamonds in a Venezuelan watercourse. They had worked in stoop ing positions, picking up peb bles, peering keenly at each one, hoping, trusting, that a diamond might be found. Their clothing was torn, their sombreros tattered; yet not once had they thought seriously of quitting until Solano sat down and said, “I’m through.” In banter, one of his com panions said: “Better pick up another and make it a mil lion.” "All right,” he replied, an swering the taunt, “I will pick up just one more before I quit.” Closing his weary eyes, the prospector put his hand into a pile of pebbles and grasped one almost as large as an egg. "Well, here it is, the last one,” Solano said. But it was heavy — too heavy for an ordinary pebble. He looked. "Boys, it’s a dia mond!” he cried. Harry Winston, a New York jewel dealer, paid Ra fael Solano $200,000 for that “millionth pebble.” Named the “Liberator,” it proved to be one of the largest and pu rest diamonds ever found. Just as that last "pebble” made Solano rich, so the last effort you put forth may bring success and fame, when to quit too soon would mean failure and obscurity. — IV. G. Montgomery, from Coro net, 1949. 14 Panorama ■ How Russian students are educated and trained in their schools and colleges. TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN RUSSIA It was Emperor Peter, the Great, who started engineer ing education in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. The Emperor re organized the Russian army and was building the Rus sian navy, and therefore, needed men with engineering and technical skills. He wanted to prepare Russian engineers for scientific and technological undertakings, so he put up the Russian Naval Academy and the Aca demy of Artillery. The development of the mineral resources of Russia also' necessitated mining en gineers. The School of Mines was therefore put up in 1773 under the reign of Catherine, the Great. It was not until the 19th century, however, that con siderable progress was made in engineering education sys tem which was influenced by French ideas. At that time, French engineers were in demand and most other countries of Europe were or ganizing engineering schools on the basis of French ideas. In France, even at the time of the French Revolution, there was already in existence the famous Ecole Polytech nique of Paris. It was re cognized then that a satis factory engineering educa tion at the time should in clude a solid preliminary traning in fundamental sub jects such as mathematics, mechanics, physics, and che mistry. Only the best engineers and scientists were engaged as professors; competitive examinations for admission were introduced; and the purpose of the school was not only for routinary teach ing of various subjects but also for further development of engineering and sciences. After the peace of Tilsit in 1807, the Russian Em peror Alexander I arranged with Napoleon to have French engineers participate in the organization of a new engineering school — the July 1967 15. Institute of Engineers of Ways of Communication. In this school, French ideas were introduced. French en gineers, among them Lanie and Clapeyron, taught here and the French language was used in classes. These en gineers did also consultation work for the Russian gov ernment in engineering pro jects, particularly bridge construction. Thus, the French engineers not only helped organize the Institute, but also helped in the solu tion of important practical problems. Due to political reasons, however, the French en gineers and professors left Russia in 1830, but at this time there were already a number of Russian engineers who were prepared to take over1 the* teaching positions at the Institute and to tackle the engineering problems of the government. Among the outstanding young Russian engineers at this time was Ostrogradsky, a mathemati cian, who had a powerful influence in maintaining at a high level the teaching of mathematics at the Institute. Zhurawsky was well known for his work in the engineer ing sciences. His structural engineering capabilities were discovered and recognized, and he was subsequently holding positions of trust and responsibility. He was the first to develop a me thod of stress analysis of the members of a bridge struc ture under dynamic loads. He published his method in 1850 and later, he presented his work on bridges of the Howe system to the Russian Academy of Sciences and re ceived a award for it. The growth of engineering knowledge in Russia at that time was remarkable. Rus sian engineers spanned the Nova River with a metallic bridge and from the works and publications of Zhuraw sky, it was concluded that instruction in strength of materials was at a high level in Russia during the middle of the 19th century, at about which time the government founded the Central Labora tory of Weights and Mea sures, the American counter part of which was organized only in 1901. half a century later. The success of the Insti tute led the government in the further development of engineering education in Russia. The Technological 16 Panorama Institute in St. Petersburg, the Technical School in Moscow which taught ther modynamics and which was one of the first schools in the world to teach aerody namics, the Technological Institute in Kharkov and Tomsk were among the schools subsequently or ganized. The prestige of a profes sor in the engineering schools was and still is. very high in Russia. Competi tion for the professional chair were based not on the seniority principle but on the basis of technical pub lications and research papers presented. The election to a professorship was acted upon by a professors council after a rigid screening of candidates. No politics and outside pressure were used. The engineering profession has always been regarded very highly in Russia. Most young men who desired an engineering education were admitted on a competitive basis. For instance, in the shipbuilding division of the Petersburg Polytechnical Ins titute, only applicants with a gold medal from high schools could be admitted. The course consisted of a broad program in mathema tics. In addition to the usual two-year course in cal culus, there were courses in partial differential equations, approximate methods of ma thematical calculations, and an advanced course in which Lagrangian equations with applications were discussed. This was the first time in engineering education that such highly mathematical subjects were discussed. Gra duates of the school were absorbed by the Russian navy. The Russian engineering schools did not only teach the routine subjects, but also gave due emphasis on the development of the engineer ing sciences. Scientific pa pers of the various teaching staffs were published; the school’s laboratories were not only used for student’s expe riments but were used for the solution of problems for industry and the govern ment. The first World War came and then the Communist revolution. The Revolution brought great changes. Prin ciples of self-government and academic freedom which were enjoyed by the schools in the pre-revolutionary time July 1967 17 were abolished. Instead of having the president and deans elected by the profes sors' council, the administra tive personnel were designat ed by the Government of the Soviet Union. The Adminis tration interfered so much in the general planning of aca demic policy and political in fluences penetrated into the academic life, thus lowering the prestige of the professors. In 1933, however, the changes introduced by the Communist regime were abo lished and soon the educa tional system started to im prove again. Teaching in the secondary schools rose to high standards and included five years of algebra and calculus, three years of geometry, one year of trignometry, and three years of physics. After the revolution, the number of schools increased greatly: in 1958, there were 29 polytechnical institutes, 30 institutes of mechanical en gineering, 27 of civil en gineering, 7 institutes of avia tion, 27 of mining and metal lurgy, 18 of transportation, 15 of electrical engineering and communications, 13 for fish and food industry, 10 of chemical engineering, 2 for meteorology, and hydrology, and 2 for shipbuilding. All schools of high en gineering education are under the control of the Ministry of higher Education, which supervises curricula and pro grams. It determines the en rollment quotas and coordi nates the placement of gra duates. The teaching staff of a school consists of professors, docents, and instructors, and the faculty-student ratio in a school is about 1 to 10. The professors are members of the council and each of them usually heads a definite branch of science, so their number does not depend upon the number of students, However, the numbr of do cents and instructors grows in proportion to the number of students. A doctor’s degree is requir ed of all candidates for a pro fessor’s position. The pro fessor’s monthly salary is 5,000 rubles which is 19 times larger than the salary of an unskilled laborer. His work is limited to 15 hours per week, which includes not only lecture hours but also time spent in discussions with students, preparing examina tions, and other activities. 18 Panorama Lectures are made to groups of from 100 to 150 each. These lectures are given not only by the pro fessor of a particular subject but also by docents who also work with small groups of 25 to 30 students. For the position of a docent, a candi date’s degree is required. There are two academic degrees in Russia: the candi date’s degree, and the doc tor’s degree, requiring a doc tor’s thesis. A docent receives a month ly salary of 3,200 rubles. Instruction in problem solu tion and laboratory work is usually done by instructors. The instructor’s position re quires a candidate’s degree, but very often these positions are occupied by men who have passed the examinations for the candidate's degree but who have not completed their thesis yet. The students do not pay tuition in Russian schools — the majority get scholarship grants of 300 rubles per month. At the Kiev Poly technic Institute, a student can get three meals a day for 7 rubles and a place in a dor mitory for a very low price, so that the 300 rubles is ade quate for a modest student life. Textbooks are very cheap, and the school library usually keeps large number of copies of the required text, books for student use. A large number of wo men are also enrolled in engineering courses. Special institutions of higher educa tion for women were organiz ed in Petersburg and Moscow and in the other larger cities of Russia. Graduates of these schools become teachers > of secondary schools. The higher engineering schools of Russia first extended ad mission to women students in 1907. By 1956, women cons tituted 1/3 of engineering students, and among engineers employed in industry, they represented 28 percent. For higher engineering schools, the admission is li mited to those who complete the secondary school or its equivalent. After the Revo lution, a new type of second ary school emerged in Rus sia: the complete program requires 10 years of study, subdivided into 3 stages; namely, elementary grades 1 to 4, intermediate grades 5 to 7, and upper grades 8 to 10. The first stage corres ponds to elementary school, the second stage corresponds July 1967 19 to junior high school, and the third stage corresponds to high school. The first two stages, or 7 years of study, are now compulsory in Rus sia. The high school is con sidered as preparation for schools of higher education. All schools are controlled from Moscow. The Depart ment of Education fixes the curriculum, the programs, and methods of teaching for the entire country. There are 33 weeks of instruction per year, 6 days work per week, and 5 or 6 hours ins truction per day. Mathematics is one of the most important subjects in high school training. A stu dent has 5 years of algebra and geometry and 2 years of trig onometry. Altogether, every high school pupil in Russia spends about 1/3 of his school time in mathema tics and science. In contrast, about 23% of public schools in America offered neither physics nor chemistry in 1954. It is a fact, however, that because of too much sys tematic work to be done in the 10 years, only a small per centage of pupils are finally graduated from the 10th grade 10 years later. This percentage is much lower than in Amercian schools, but is of the same order as in Western Europe where, as in Russia, the policy of selec tion of the best-fitted pupils for higher education prevails. Plans are under consideration in the United States to in crease secondary education to 11 years. Those who do not progress well in high school are chan neled to other directions. After the 7th grade, they enter the Technicum or the semi-professional schools and can be graduated in 4 years as technicians. Later, they serve as engineering aides. In Russia, it is a general po licy to have in the plant and factory a ratio of two techni cians to one engineer. The engineer’s profession is looked up in Russia as one of the highest and has at tracted the interest of the pu pils of high schools. The latest educational re form in Russia was to send all pupils after the 8th grade to the factory, and spend 2 years there of manual labor, and then return to school to complete the last three grades. The first 8 years then will be compulsory. — By Dr. Gre gorio Y. Zarra in Science Re view, August, 1966. 20 Panorama ■ A head of a famous sectarian university explains the need for additional income of an educational institution that seeks to improve its standard of work; and he thus answers the charge that private schools are unfairly raising tuition fees. Incidentally, attention is called to the unusually high cost of maintaining the University of the Philippines. TUITION FEES — NO PROBLEM Father James F. Donelan, S.J., president of Ateneo de Manila University, writes this piece on tuition fees: “I think it would be a grave mistake for the govern ment to attempt to standard ize all tuition rates and fees in the private schools. The effect would be to standardize all education as well, and at a rather low level. Every coun try in the world has schools that operate at various econo mic , and intellectual levels. The important thing is that the cost of the education be justified by its quality. “The Ateneo would wel come such an evaluation of its efforts. Our books are open to scrutiny. They are kept by the reliable firm of Sycip, Gorres and Velayo. They will show a heavy de ficit over the past three years, an existing debt of over P4 million and a current deficit budget of approximately P400.000 for 1967-68. “This means more borrow ing and the sale of what meagre assets as are expend able. We have kept the Ateneo alive since the war by selling property in Grace Park, Intramuros and pieces of Padre Faura. Very little remains. Our Loyola Heights campus is already mortgaged. What shall we do when we sell the last of our patrimony? “Yet Senator Ganzon talks of ‘tremendous profits.’ Where are they? Over the past two years we raised our tuition by approximately 11 per cent which is about five per cent less than the rise in the cost of living index for the Manila area. “1 assert again that the Ateneo would welcome any investigation into the nature of its income and expendi tures. Perhaps, if this were July 1967 21 done by an objective factfinding body, it would prove to our alumni what 1 per sonally have been unable to prove, that the Ateneo needs their help badly. "I hardly think that even the severest critics of the Ateneo would say that the education we give is inferior. When they leave us, our young men go to the best gra duate schools of the world where their performance is a credit to the Ateneo and the Philippines. For example, no Ateneo student has ever failed to obtain his degree in the prestigious Harvard School of Business. Yet we give this Ateneo education at a per ca pita cost that is much lower than that- of the State Uni versity. “This year 1967-69 the esti mated income of the State University is P43.1 million. Of this amount, only P6 mil lion comes from tuition; P26 million is government sub sidy; P5 million is rent from U.P. land grants, and P6 mil lion is from other sources.’ This does not take into account the millions given by A.I.D., Rockefeller and Ford for university development. “This amounts to a subsidy of approximately seven pesos for every peso a student pays. If the Ateneo had such a sub sidy, it would be able to re duce its tuition to less than Pl 50 a year. Do the voci ferous critics of the private schools realize that they give a quality education at a much lower cost than the govern ment does . . ”... I sincerely believe a grave damage will be done to the country if the govern ment sets a standard on fees. The only criterion should be the relationship of cost of quality.” — As published by Willie Ng of Manila Bulle tin, July 2, 1967 22 Panorama ■ A significant position paper on ‘‘Institutional Integrity” was adopted unanimously on October 11, 1966 by the Federation of Regional Accrediting Commissions of Higher Education, meeting in New Orleans. The federation is composed of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, New Ertfeland Association of Col leges and Secondary Schools, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher Schools, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and Western Association of Schools and Colleges. The complete statement follows: INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRITY By academic tradition and by philosophical principle an institution of higher learning is committed to the pursuit of truth and to its commu nication to others. To carry out this essential commitment calls for institu tional integrity in the way a college or university manages its affairs — specifies its goals, selects and retains its faculty, admits students, establishes curricula, determines pro grams of research, fixes its fields of service. The maintenance and exer cise of such institutional in tegrity postulates and requires appropriate autonomy and freedom. Put positively this is the freedom to examine data, to question assumptions, to be guided by evidence, to teach what one knows — to be a learner and a scholar. Put negatively this is a freedom from unwanted harassment which hinders or prevents a college or university from get ting on with its essential work. A college or university must be managed well and remain solvent, but it is not a busi ness or industry. It must be concerned with the needs of its community and state and country but an institution of higher learning is not a poli tical party nor a social ser vice. It must be morally res ponsible, but even when church related, it is not a re ligion nor a church. A college or university is an institution of higher learn ing. Those within it have as a first concern evidence July 1967 23 and truth rather than parti cular judgments of institu tional benefactors, concerns of churchmen, public opinion, social pressure, or political proscription. Relating to this general concern and corresponding to intellectual and academic freedom are correlative res ponsibilities. On the part of trustees and administrators there is the obligation to pro tect faculty and students from inappropriate pressures or destructive harassments. On the part of the faculty there is the obligation to dis tinguish personal conviction from proven conclusions and to present relevant data fair ly to students because this same freedom asserts their rights to know the facts. Oh the part of students there is the obligation to sift and to question, to be active ly involved in the life of the institution but involved as learners at appropriate levels. The determination and exer cise of proper responsibilities will be related to the students’ status as undergraduate, pro fessional, or graduate stu dents. Intellectual freedom does not rule out commitment; ra ther it makes it possible and personal. Freedom does not require neutrality on the part of the individual nor the edu cational institution — certain ly not towards the task of in quiry and learning, nor to ward the value systems which may guide them as persons or as schools. Hence institutions may hold to a particular political, social, or religious philosophy as may individual faculty members or students. But to be true to what they profess academically, individuals and institutions must remain in tellectually free and allow others the same freedom to pursue truth and to distin guish the pursuit of it from a commitment to it. All concerned with the good of colleges and univer sities will seek Jor ways to support their institutional in tegrity and the exercise of their appropriate autonomy and freedom. In particular, the Federation and the re gional commissions, which have a particular responsibi lity to look at an institution in its totality, will always give serious attention to this aspect and quality of institu tional life so necessary for its well-being and vitality. 24 Panorama ■ The training and qualifications of Filipino and Australian teachers are here discussed and compared. TEACHER TRAINING IN NEW SOUTH WALES AND THE PHILIPPINES Australia is a unified land mass, roughly the size of the United States, excluding Alaska. After the discoveries of James Cook in 1770, Bri tish settlements were made spasmodically at c e r ta i n points along the coast, form ing the nuclei of what were later to expand into indepen dent, self-governing states. New South Wales (the area under discussion) was the first of these, being founded as a penal settlement in 1788. Free settlers soon came in, following' the paths of the ex plorers who opened up fer tile tracts. As there was plenty of land available, of ficial control impossible to enforce, and no question of dispossessing settled land holders, ownership was ini tially determined by occupa tion (i.e. "squatting”). The size of the holdings and dif ficulties of communication, combined with the lack of any real resistance from the aborigines (who possessed no political organization), pro duced a pattern opposed to the banding together of strongly-knit groups. Right from the beginning, local government and community movements were relatively weak, and this tendency has persisted. Significant au thority came to be regarded as residing only in the capital city (Sydney). It should be realized too, that there was no national government until 1901, when the states surren dered certain of their powers (such as defense, customs and excise, coinage, and immigra tion, but not education) to the newly formed Common wealth. Conditions in the Philippines produced an en tirely different trend of dev elopment, where a shot-gun blast of some seven thousand islands, stretching from north to south for over a thousand miles, forced local groups to rely on their own resources July 1967 25 and favoured their resistance to attempts at interference or control by a central power. Thus when de Legaspi found ed Cebu City in 1565, he mov ed his headquarters to Ma nila six years later, he found a well-organized society with independent tribal realms called barangays ruled ovei by despotic datos. Although the military fragmentation paved the way to easy con quest, neither the Spaniards nor later the Americans ef fected political cohesiveness at the expense of local loyal ties. At the present time, Australia (with an area of nearly three million square miles) is divided into seven states only, whereas the Phil ippines, (comprising less than 11,000 square miles) has 56 proyinces and 41 chartered cities, each exercising a con siderable degree of executive power. The net result is that although there is no national system of education in Aus tralia, the various institutions serve the interests of, and respond to pressures from, the large, highly centralized and autonomous state depart ments, rather than the indi vidual communities which they serve — while the estab lishment of the Board of Na tional Education of the Phil ippines in 1955, as “the exclu sive agency of the Govern ment for the implementation of educational policies and the direction of the educa tional interests of the nation” did not mean that the local agencies were no longer to be adapted to the needs of their particular environment. The fact that the vernacular soon came to be the medium of instruction in Grades I and II (in a country which recognizes eight major dia lects) has necessitated that these teachers, at least, would be local products and the of ficially encouraged practice of members of staff visiting pupils’ homes (the exception rather than the rule in New South Wales) has strengthen ed the ties between school and community. This dif ference, then, which is not embodied in any legal enact ment, is very real, and has had an effect on the respec tive approach to the problem of teacher training. The relatively healthy con dition of the Australian eco nomy has made possible a correspondingly high stand ard of living. For New South Wales, the “basic wage” (the lowest that can legally be 26 Panorama paid to an adult male) is, at the time of writing, £15”3”0 or £14” 15”0 per week ac cording to whether the em ployee is working under a State or Federal award. As “margins” are added for skill or unusual conditions about half of the adult male wage earners earn £23 or more. For Australia as a whole, the national income per head of population is £578 per year. As against this, the current Philippine "floor wage” of P6 a day (recently raised from P4), and the fact that seventy-six per cent of fami lies receive less than P2.000 yearly, resulting in a national per capita income of (in 1961) P350 per year, under line the difficulties of finan cing a comprehensive system of education, on anything approaching a comparable basis. Because of the resour ces available, coupled with the trend that the political development has taken, Aus tralians have come to look to the state for more help than is given in any Asian coun try. There are age, invalid and widows’ pensions together with unemployment and sick ness benefits (subject to a means test) as well as mater nity allowances and child en dowment. In line with the prevailing pattern of exten sive social services, not only is education free at the ele mentary and secondary levels but generous assistance is later given to promising stu dents pursuing professional careers. This’ is paid for, of course, out of taxation re ceipts. Private training institutions are not a definite feature of the educational scene in N.S.W. Although approxi mately one quarter of the pupils attend non-state schools, mostly controlled by church authorities, only in the case of certain religious orders is there any attempt to conduct a pre-service pro gramme, the numbers involv ed being relatively small. Lay staff, in general, are recruit ed from applicants already qualified. The eight State Teachers’ Colleges thus have a monopoly in training in tending teachers of the 638,000 children attending some 2,750 public schools. The Philippines presents an entirely different picture. Here, the eleven government institutions (two state uni versities, two chartered col leges and seven regional nor July 1967 27 mal schools) could not be expected to provide staff for the 31,936 public schools (10 kindergarten, 31,672 ele mentary and 254 secon dary), catering for an enrol ment of 4,825,715 (728 kin dergarten, 4,598,097 elemen tary and 226,890 secondary). Thus while their combined enrolment totals 16,421, no less than 97,398 students are enrolled in teacher training courses in private colleges and universities. At the pre sent time, mpre than seventy per cent of the one hundred and forty-nine thousand teachers in the state service have been trained outside it. The state employs selective admission and retention in both countries. Enrolment at a New South Wales Teachers’ College depends upon win ning a scholarship, the awards being made in order of me rit on the basis of the aggre gate marks obtained in the best six papers presented at the Leaving Certificate Examination (an external examination taken by all can didates at the conclusion of the secondary course), provid ing a pass has been obtained in not less than four subjects, one of which must be Eng lish. There are also other requirements, involving main ly personal and physical qua lities. Termination may be made by the Minister of Edu cation at any stage on any of the following grounds (1) in aptitude for teaching, (2) un satisfactory conduct or char acter, (3) physical or mental unfitness, (4) failure to meet the requirements of the course. Of interest is the fact that a scholarship is only awarded to a married woman whose status is such that she may be considered as single (i.e. a widow or divorcee) and a female student who marries while in training has her scholarship terminated. As there is no comparable external examination in the Philippines, enrolment at a normal school or college is granted to applicants who (1) belong to the upper fifty per cent of the graduating class of a recognized secon dary school, (2) are morally and physically fit, (3) qualify in an interview during which spoken English, scholarship, personality and related qua lities are appraised, and (4) pass the written compe titive examination set by the Bureau of Public Schools. Any student who receives a failing grade in two subjects 28 Panorama with a Technical College or Conservatorium of Music. Places are allotted in order of merit according to the needs of the service, the par ticular students being sent where the appropriate course is available. As each college (unlike those in the Philip pines) is designed to serve the state as a whole rather than the region in which it hap pens to be located, curricula offerings can be varied ac cording to the needs of the service. In general, students who have completed a Gen eral Primary or an Infants are appointed to a (or Infants) School, others to specialist fields at the secondary level. At the time of writing, of the 7,242 scholarship holders, approxi mately one half (3,558) are enrolled in two-year courses, rather more than a third (2,743) in degree courses, while only fifteen per cent (545) are taking specialist courses and five per cent (396), having satisfied degree requirements, are carrying out their post-graduate year of professional training spe cializing in three method subjects. Sixty, incidentally, are designated “private stu dents.” Some of these would at the end of the semester is placed under probation and his parents duly notified. A failure in three or more sub jects warrants dismissal on the grounds of poor scholar ship. Less stringent require ments are imposed by private institutions. In applying for a Teachers’ College scholarship, New South Wales candidates may nominate (a) a two-year course in the categories of General Primary, Infants, Needlework, Home Science, Industrial Arts or Junior Se condary (covering a wide range or subjects), (b) a four^mrag| < year non-degree special coi4V9j^ffl|py in Art or Music or (d) a Unflb othe versity degree course in the Faculties of Arts, Science, General Science, Rural Science, Commerce, Econo mics, Agriculture, Agricultu ral Economics or Physical Education. As none of the Colleges is a degree or diplo ma granting institution, suc cessful applicants in the lastmentioned group attend the University concerned for the three or four years, and then complete a one year profes sional course at a Teachers’ College. Similarly, the spe cial courses in Art and Mu sic are taken in conjunction July 1967 29 be non-indigenous personnel, committed to positions in their own country after train ing, the others original scho larship-holders who, having failed at some stage, have been permitted to continue without allowance. Although the Philippine system is much larger, (the University of the East, Far Eastern University, and the National Teachers’ College each is preparing more teach ers than all the New South Wales colleges put together), it is not nearly as complicat ed. Intending teachers select the location and type of training desired. The pro fessional qualifications for appointment to an elemen tary teaching position is the possession of a Bachelor of Science in Elementary Edu cation (B.S.E.Ed.) degree, which is offered after a four years’ course by the two char tered normal colleges, the seven regional normal schools, and the two state universi ties, as well as two hundred and sixteen private universi ties and colleges. Secondary teachers require the Bachelor of Science in Education (B.S.E.) degree, allowing for graduation in one major and one minor teaching subject also after a four years’ course. As there are but 254 public secondary schools, the only public institutions offering this course are the two state universities, although private institutions assist in prepar ing secondary teachers for the 1,464 non-state secondary schools. Selected students of the two colleges are now permitted to take an extra eighteen units (3 for each of the last six semesters) in addition to the 163 required for the B.S.E.Ed. degree, and qualify for a Certificate of Proficiency (in addition to their degree) in such fields as Home Eco nomics, Physical Education, Music, Work Education and Library Science. It is confi dently anticipated that this policy of allowing “one con centration’’ in Elementary Teacher Education will be extended shortly to the re gional normal schools. Of interest are the special pro visions made for training trade teachers. Degrees of fered comprise the Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Education (B.S.A.E.) for boys or Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Home making (B.S.A.H.) for girls, as well as a Bachelor of Science 30 Panorama in Industrial Edu cation (B.S.E.I.). Graduates teach in primary as well as secon dary schools and have follow ed a four years’ course given in a school of Arts and Trades, under the jurisdic tion of the Bureau of Voca tional Schools, or a private institution. The Philippine Normal College also offers a three y e a r s’ (non-degree) course, leading to the Ele mentary Teaching Certifi cate in Home Economics (E.T.C.H.E.). The Austra lian specialization in infant education (covering the first three years of schooling, namely Kindergarten, Grades I and II) has no parallel in the Philippines. Whereas the New South Wales prac tice is for examinations to be held annually, candidates either passing or failing in the course as a whole at that stage, the Philippines adopt the American pattern of semestral units (one unit being equivalent to approxi mately twenty hours of class work), graduation being awarded on the attainment of the specified number of units. It is noted that, in practice, both plants allot roughly one third to one quarter of the total time to professional edu cation for the first level of teaching, with a much greater proportion assigned to gen eral education for secondary teachers. Even granting the burden imposed by the com plicated language situation in the Philippines, requiring proficiency in English, the medium of instruction, and Pilipino, the national lan guage, along with the legally imposed load of twenty-four semestral hours of Spanish, the four years period of train ing for elementary teachers is more extensive than its Aus tralian counterpart. Financial assistance is given to all New South Wales scho larship holders, involving not only free tuition, but also living allowances, ranging (at the moment) from £260 per annum to students under twenty-one years of age living at home for the first two years of their course, to £550 to students over twenty-one years of age living away from home and £630 in the case of married men, plus £50 for a dependent wife and £35 per annum for each depen dent child. Under these cir cumstances, a trainee is freed of the necessity to seek em ployment or be dependent on his family during his stu July 1967 31 dentship. In the Philippines, however, no allowance what ever is paid, and part from a very limited number of free places given to outstanding applicants, all are required to pay tuition fees amounting to about P160 per year in a public and P260 in a private institution. In New South Wales, not only does satisfactory comple tion of a course ensure im mediate appointment (ad mittedly on a probationary basis) to the teaching service, but acceptance of scholarship involves entering into a financial liability (ranging from £150 to £500) to teach anywhere in the State for a period of three or five years, depending on whether the period of training was for two years or longer. This is not1 the case in the Philip pines, where graduation gives no guarantee of employment, but the Bureau of Public School conducts annual exam inations in May (for gra duates of both public and private institutions) for ad mission to teach in its schools. Even this does not bring per manent appointment (carry ing with it salary increments and promotional opportuni ties), the “eligibility” for which (as in most branches of the government service) is determined by a competi tive examination set (rather irregularly) by the Civil Ser vice Commission. Many who fail in these qualifying tests, however, are absorbed in the private system, comprising 3,184 schools (274 kindergar ten, 1,446 elementary, 1,464 secondary) catering for 862,470 pupils (28,285 kin dergarten, 241,313 elemen tary, 592,872 secondary). The Swanson Survey Team found that, in 1960, nearly thirtythree per cent of the elemen tary and about fifty-one per cent of the secondary public school teachers were “noneligible”. Arrangements for labora tory experiences are quite different in the two countries. At least one school within easy travelling distance of each Teachers’ College in N.S.W. is designated a "de monstration school,” where the class teachers regularly give prepared and previouslyarranged display lessons in the presence of groups of students, illustrating specific techniques and procedures. Approximately six weeks of practical teaching (details 32 Panorama varying with different col leges) are required in each year of the course. This is usually taken in two widely spaced periods, each student being allotted a particular school within the area, with a daily teaching load of about two hours, and supervised by a member of the College lec turing staff. In addition, for two weeks in February, at the conclusion of the school holi days but before the com mencement of the College term, he attends a personally selected school for two weeks, where he is under the direc tion of the headmaster. This is usually termed “Home Practice” or “Unsupervised Practice.” Australia has no counterpart of the Philippine Laboratory School, which is found on the campus of every norihal school and provides opportunities for varied “pro fessional laboratory expe riences.” Student teaching is under the direction of the supervisor of the laboratory school, and is taken for a full semester, usually in one of the two senior years. Dif ferent patterns are followed according to needs and avail able resources, a typical plan being eight weeks on campus, then eight weeks (called an “intership”) in an off-campus cooperating school, followed by four weeks back on cam pus. New South Wales Teachers’ Colleges are very much auto nomous institutions. Al though the Principal, ap pointed by the Public Service Board of the State, does not possess the right to hire or fire professional staff, and his power in matters of finance are limited, in other respects he has practically full admi nistrative authority, free from local control or regular su pervision. The Director of Teacher Training, however, exercises an oversight of all colleges within the state, and the periodic Principal’s Con ferences, held in each of the three terms of the academic year, provide opportunities for the dissemination of in formation and interchange of views. Apart from the two chartered normal colleges, training institutions within Philippines probably do not possess a similar degree of in dependence. The curriculum for the B.S.E.Ed. course is laid down in Circular 18, s. 1959, of the Bureau of Pub lic Schools, and although each regional normal school July 1967 33 plans a program of work and time schedule for the whole year, the proposals are sub mitted to the General Office for suggestions and final ap proval. These schools are supervised by the Superin tendent of Teacher Education and both public and private institutions are subject to regulations, circulars, and administrative directives ema nating from their respective bureaus. — By Raymond G. Bass in The Education Quar terly, Oct. 1965-Jan. 1966. EDUCATION AS INVESTMENT From a fundamental point of view, needed ex penditures for education should be considered an investment in the future of any nation. This state ment is supported by substantial evidence. For exam ple, a few years ago the Chamber of Commerce of the United States undertook a study of the amount expended for public schools in relationship to eco nomic and other development in the various states. This study showed that there has been a definite relationship between the amount spent for public education over a period of years and the standard or level of living of the people. In states where ex penditures had been consistently low a larger pro portion of the people were employed in low sala■ried .occupations, and they purchased fewer goods and services, than in states where expenditures for education had consistently been higher. In other words, states with the higher levels of expenditure for education tended to have higher levels of eco nomic productivity than the low expenditure states. This should not be interpreted to mean that increased expenditures for schools alone will solve the econo mic and cultural problems of a nation, because many other problems are involved, but that too limited expenditures — too much emphasis on limiting edu cational costs — will almost certainly handicap the national development. — From A Survey of the Pub lic Schools of the Philippines — 1960, page 478. 34 Panorama ■ Guideposts, a little magazine with a big mission, has brought new hope to thousands. POCKET MESSENGER OF FAITH A single light gleamed in the window of a modest apartment building in New ark, New Jersey. It was 3 a.m. on a sultry July morning two years ago, and most of the city was silent in sleep. The lone inhabitant of Apartment 3-B, however, was awake. She was sitting at an un tidy desk in her combined bedroom and living room. Red rimmed eyes stared out into the night. She had sat like that, motionless, for al most 12 hours — ever since returning from the cemetery. Nancy had been an only child. Since her husband’s death years before, the wo man had lived for her lovely daughter. She had worked to pay for schools, had listen ed tirelessly to recitals of dra matic roles and, finally, had rejoiced when Nancy won a role in a Broadway show. The show would open tomor row. But without Nancy. For Nancy had been killed two days before in an auto accident. A breeze rustled the win dow curtains. The woman looked at her hands, spread before her on the desk. This was the end. Life for her had stopped with Nancy’s death. Yet her worn, sorrow-wracked body remained. The woman walked un steadily to the medicine ca binet. From it she removed a small bottle marked with skull-and-bones. Back to the desk she carried the poison. Then, overcome by anguished sobs, she buried her face in her arms and wept. Finally the woman raised her head from the desk. Through tear-blurred eyes, she saw a tiny leaflet framed between her hands. The simp 1 e heading, Guideposts, stood out vividly. She pick ed up the little magazine and began to read . . . Several months later, a let ter arrived at a busy editorial office. "I can’t begin to ex press my gratitude,” it read. "Your magazine has restored my faith and saved my life . . . July 1967 35 When I read how one of your authors conquered his fear of death, I realized I had to conquer my own fear of liv ing. No, I never drank that bottle of poison. For, thanks to you, dear Guideposts., I knew that suicide was not the way God wished me to ease my sorrow. “I shall always be thankful to Guideposts, and to the thoughtful neighbor who sent me that fateful copy when she read of my daughter’s death. God bless you!” What was the powerful lit tle publication responsible for this modern miracle? It is a simply printed, 24-page monthly named Guideposts. Since its birth three years *ago, the nonprofit, nonsecta rian magazine has “perform ed” countless such miracles and • brought new hope and faith to thousands of Ameri cans. Guideposts was born in 1945 in a modest room above a Pawling, New York, grocery store. Its midwife was a stocky, exuberant business man named Raymond Thorn burg. “Pinky” Thornburg, president of the Pawling Rub ber Corporation, was a deep ly religious man, who viewed with concern the increasing neglect of Christianity by millions to whom it could bring happiness. Too few Americans, he feared, knew how to practice day-by-day religion. And too many were drifting away from churches and forgetting the power of prayer. The solution, Thornburg decided, was to explain reli gion in terms of personal ex perience. Non believers, he knew, demand concrete exam ples before accepting such a hard-to-prove doctrine as faith. As a successful busi nessman, “Pinky” Thornburg alo felt that religion could well adopt modern advertis ing techniques to spread its spiritual lessons. So Thornburg enlisted a group of friends as sponsors of a new educational project. Such prominent individuals as Lowell Thomas, Eddie Rickenbacker, Branch Rickey and Stanley Kresge were among Guideposts founders. The magazine would be just what its name implied — guideposts to a workable pattern of living. Each issue would contain articles by great men and women who would explain how — through applying religious principles — they had discovered the 36 Panorama secret of overcoming fear, tension and failure. More over, the majority of these articles would not be written by ministers and professional Christians, but by persons whose lives already were examples to large numbers of people. Also, authors would include Protestants, Catholics and Jews. With Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, popular New York clergyman, as editor, and Thornburg as publisher, the first issue of Guideposts was tapped out with a borrowed typewriter on a card-table desk. Although its $2,000 budget barely covered initial costs, the ambitious little magazine finally rolled off the presses. At once Guideposts was warmly welcomed in hun dreds of homes. Within weeks, circulation zoomed into the thousands. And Guideposts’ editors, encou raged by the response, sought out more prominent figures from whom they solicited manuscripts. Famous men and women whose writings could command four-figure sums generously wrote special articles without payment. Rickenbacker wrote an inspiring recital of the per sonal crises in which prayer had helped him to overcome obstacles. William Green, AFL president, told how re ligion had aided him in his hard fight to improve work ers' conditions and wages. Producer Cecil B. de Mille related a boyhood experience which convinced him of the power of faith. Gene Tunney recalled how prayer eased his mind and erased fear when he fought Jack Demp sey to win the world’s heavy weight championship. One by one, other wellknown persons — such as Dale Carnegie, Joe E. Brown, Gil Dodds, J. Edgar Hoover, Faith Baldwin, Cardinal Spellman, Gov. Thomas E. Dewey, Mary Pickford, Louis Bromfield and scores of others — joined the impressive roster of Guideposts authors. Soon, word of the impact created by these articles began to fil ter into Guideposts’ offices. For three years, a Califor nia widow had been paralyzed from the waist down. Help less and discouraged, she re lied on her son for support. Her life was imprisoned in her wheel chair. Then she read a Guideposts article by Harold Russell, the veteran who lost both hands but still July 1967 37 won acclaim in the motion picture, The Best Years of Our Lives. The story had a profound effect on her. If Russell could be happy without hands, she told herself, she could be happy without legs. The woman promptly opened a magazine subscription agen cy; and her son, released from responsibility for his mother, was able to marry. After reading a Guideposts article, “You Can Get Fear Out of Your Mind," a Dela ware housewife was able to undergo calmly a major ope ration of which she had been terrified. She even joked with the surgeon, she con fided joyfully. After an article by Len LeSourd, called “I Speak for the ' Bums,” was published in Guideposts, an elderly and wealthy woman in San An tonio, Texas, wrote to say that she wanted to set up a mission in her home for down-a n d-outers. LeSourd who had spent a month in the Bowery disguised as a bum to collect material for his article, obliged with sug gestions. A friendly corres pondence developed between the two. Then occurred what may only be termed a modern miracle. On March 23, 1949, Le Sourd and Guideposts’ ma naging director met in New York with a Park Avenue matron to discuss how to raise money for new projects. “If we are on the right road,” the woman remarked, “the money will come to us. We won’t have to go after it.” On March 23 — the same day — in San Antonio, the rich Texas woman made out her will. In it she provided that the bulk of her estate, including three huge houses, should go to Guideposts. Fifteen days later, on April 7, the woman died. Along with such dramatic stories are scores of examples of readers who assume per sonal responsibility for widen ing Guideposts horizons. For almost a year, at three-month intervals, a salesman in Seat tle, Washington, ordered 200 copies of the Rickenbacker article. When the curious editors finally inquired how he used them, the man ex plained that he was impress ed by Rickenbacker’s declara tion of faith and wanted it to inspire others as it had him. So, every three months, he takes a bundle of copies 38 Panorama and slips them under doors of Seattle homes. A Kansas City merchant always keeps a stack of Guide posts on his desk for visitors. Recently he complained to the editors that “while wait ing for me to finish phone conversations, salesmen pick up Guideposts and then I have a hard time getting them to talk business.” Other subscriptions send in names of people they think “need” the spiritual messages published in the little maga zine. Often they ask to re main anonymous, leading Guideposts editors to suspect that the new “subscribers” might not be pleased to know someone thought they “need ed help.” Still other readers radiate an almost-crusading zeal by asking for copies to leave in streetcars buses, taxis and in waiting rooms and offices. Despite its widespread in fluence, Guideposts is still a small, unassuming organiza tion, operating on a modest budget from a sprawling con verted mansion atop Pawling’s Quaker Hill. It occupied the old gabled house after a for mer home burned to the ground in 1947. At that time Guideposts’ circulation num bered 30,000. But the entire list of readers went up in smoke. Lowell Thomas promptly broadcast an appeal for help, and within a few months 70 per cent of all subscribers had been rein stated. Today, more than 100,000 persons in every state and 28 foreign countries eagerly pay $1.50 for 12 is sues a year. Typical of Guide posts’ per sonnel is its managing direc tor, Frederic Decker, who left a $15,000-a-year advertising job to join the staff at a third his former salary. Like Decker, Guideposts’ editors are competent craftsmen who frequently refuse flattering offers from other publica tions. Associate Editor LeSourd, for instance, surprised Louis Bromfield by turning down an invitation to become his manager and tour the world with him. The managing editor is Grace Perkins Oursler. Author of 14 books, nine movies and dozens of magazine articles, she turned her back on a profitable ca reer to write for Guideposts. Encouraged by the warmth and sincerity reflected in Guideposts articles, many subscribers appeal to the July 1967 39 editorial staff for help in solving personal problems. One subscriber wrote from an Ohio sanitarium, enclosing a photograph of himself in a wheel chair. Could Guide, posts help him to get a selfsupporting job addressing envelopes or typing? An editor consulted the Ohio circulation file and pulled out the card of a pro minent mining company of ficial who had donated to Guideposts. He wrote the executive, enclosing the inva lid’s letter. A few weeks later the man in the wheel chair penned a touching note of thanks. He had a new job, new hope and new faith — thanks to Guideposts. In addition to thousands of individual subscribers, several hundred firms and organizations place bulk or ders for the 5-by-7 1/4-inch magazine. The R. J. Rey nolds Tobacco Company, for example, purchases 12,000 copies monthly for distribu tion to employees and for placement in recreation cen ters. Likewise, the battery division of the Thomas A. Edison Company, Inc., buys 1,500 Guideposts a month. The J. C. Penney Company orders 2,000; the Bibb Manu facturing Company of Macon, Georgia, 1,400; and the Island Creek Coal Company of Huntington, West Vir ginia, 2,700. Not content with subscrib ing for thousands of copies, many businessmen-readers have mobilized other execu tives to relay the Guideposts message. John C. Whitaker, vice-president of the Reynolds Tobacco Company, recently told 500 merchants in Win ston-Salem, North Carolina, about Guideposts. An Atlan ta luncheon several months ago was attended by outstand ing business and civic leaders who heard William N. Banks, president of Grantville Mills, tell the story of Guideposts and enlist support for its work. Labor unions, too, endorse Guideposts' program of prac tical religion and take sub scriptions for members. Like wise the Veterans Administra tion is well aware of the spi ritual boost Guideposts can give hospitalized ex-service men. Th Salvation Army passes out 200 copies monthly, Bible classes in dozens of states use Guideposts for inspirational matter, and Bucknell University distri butes at least 300 copies of 40 Panorama every issue to its students. Such wide distribution of their little magazine has con vinced the Guideposts staff that more and more people are learning how faith can be made to live for all men. For proof, the editors can point to the ever-growing volume of personal mail that comes to their Pawling offices every month. — By Ralph H. Major in Coronet of Novem ber, 1949. EDUCATION AND PROGRESS A study has also been made of educational dev elopments in certain countries in relationship to living standards and economic trends and conditions. For example, Denmark is a country which has limited national resources, but, during the last century, has given major attention to the development of its hu man resources through an extensive and well-sup ported program of education. As a result of these developments, it now has one of the highest gen eral standards of living of any nation. The citizens of Denmark are generally well-educated and have created a prosperous nation in spite of very limited .natural resources. On the other hand, Colombia is a country that is generously endowed with natural resources but unfortunately, over a period of years, has made only a limited investment in education. A few leaders have been well educated but the masses have been neglected. In spite of its natural resources it is a relatively poor nation and has a low standard of liv ing because the people have not been prepared to develop and utilize the resources wisely. — From a Survey of the Public Schools of the Philippines — 1960, page 478. July 1967 41 ■ The story of- an amazing spiritual and moral asso ciation that has attracted as members great men of the world. SMALL CHURCH, BIG PEOPLE One Sunday morning short, ly before his death in 1957, A. Powell Davies, the cele brated pastor of All Souls Church, Unitarian, Washing ton, D.C., was asked by a troubled schoolgirl, “Will you please preach about some of the things Unitarians have done? No one seems to know anything about us at school. They think we’re sort of queer. Can’t you build us up a little?” The minister amiably com plied. Testifying to a reli gion’s achievements is some times more important than modesty, he told his congre gation. Then he recalled the statement of the historian, Charles Beard, that it was not Cotton Mather’s God who inspired the authors of the Declaration of Independence but the God of "the Unita rians or Deists.” And Dr. Davies also told how Lincoln had borrowed the immortal phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people” from a sermon deli vered by his friend, Unita rian minister Theodore Par ker. There could be little doubt, he saidf that the Uni tarians had influenced Am erican life and history out of all proportion to their small number. Dr. Davies went on to point out that while Unitarians represented only one-tenth of one per cent of the country’s population, represented onethird of the names in the American Hall of Fame. In proportion to church mem bership, more Unitarians are listed in Who’s Who than any other religious group. Five U.S. Presidents — John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Millard Fillmore, William Howard Taft — had been Unitarians. And although the Unitarians would be entitled to only one-tenth of one Senator if representation in the Senate was based on religious affilia tion, they could currently boast of five Senators: Joseph Clark of Pennsylvania; Paul 42 Panorama Douglas, Illinois; Roman Hruska, Nebraska; Leverett Salto nstall, Massachusetts; and Harrsion Williams, New Jersey. He named a few of the great Unitarians of the past: Charles Darwin, Florence Nightingale, Benjamin Frank lin, Bret Harte, John Mar shall, Peter Cooper, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, H. D. Thoreau. Samuel Morse, Da niel Webster, Horace Mann, Susan B. Anthony, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wen dell Holmes, Charles Stein metz and Thomas Wolfe. Coming down to the present day he mentioned, among others, Adlai Stevenson, Ches ter Bowles, Sinclair Weeks, John P. Marquand, Ashley Montagu, Frank Lloyd Wright and Percival Brun dage, Later, during the social "coffee hour” that always fol lows All Souls’ simple, nonliturgical Unitarian service, Dr. Davies smilingly told the young schoolgirl he’d forgot ten to mention a survey of the records of the Federal prison at Atlanta showing no Unitarian had ever enjoyed its hospitality. "I hope all this makes you feel a little happier about your ‘queer’ religion,” he concluded. The “queerness” that draws so many great minds to Unitarianism is not easily defin ed, for the church has no creed. On the contrary, no thing is more basic to Uni tarians than the belief that in religion, as in everything else, each individual should be free to seek the truth for himself, completely unham pered by creeds. Unitarians are therefore free to be lieve about God and Chris tianity whatever persuades them, in the conviction that since the Mystery exceeds un derstanding, it is up to each one of us to define it for him self. while allowing the lan guage of the heart to call it God. In general, Unitarians are highly rational religious li berals who believe in the ethical principles of Jesus while refusing to "make a God” of the great Galilean. Because they are rationalists who accept the results of the scientific and comparative study of all religions, they reject the concept of Imma culate Concepcion, as well as the Trinitarian concept of July 1967 43 Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and the Trinitarian scheme of salvation, with its doctrine of inherited guilt, eternal pu nishment, and vicarious atonement. In addition, they think of the Bible not as the revealed Word, but as the single most important volume in the long story of man’s religious dev elopment. Some Unitarians believe in immortality, others don’t. But all agree that the best preparation for whatever the future may be is to live a Christian life here and now. The Unitarians describe themselves as followers of the real, human Jesus of the Gos pels, rather than of the Christ whom they feel the orthodox Christian world has cloaked in dogmas, metaphysics and semi'-pagan rituals. They re gard. their concept of the "Church Universal” as the ultimate expression of Chris tianity, because it is founded on the principles of liberty, tolerance and brotherhood, and is open to all men of every race, color and creed who seek God and worship him through service to their fellow man. It is a church from which no man can be excommunicated, they say, "but by the death of goodness in his own breast.’’ Each individual church within the "Church Univer sal” is governed by its own congregation and, consequent ly, is free to choose its own form of service. In one church the service will be elaborated, with prayers, lita nies, even choral responses. In another it will be simple — a prayer, a hymn or two, a reading. But the services will have elements in common. All re ferences to Trinitarian doc trine are removed from what ever devotional material is used. There is never any thought that the prayers em ployed will in any way in fluence God; they are regard ed only as a form of medi tation elevating to the heart and mind. All Unitarians believe they most honor God by serving their fellow man unselfishly. Dr. Dana McLean Greeley, present head of the American Unitarian Association, says, "Primarily, we seek a better way of life for ourselves and those who follow us. All other quests for the more abundant life of mankind.” Because they are so dedi 44 Panorama cated to their quest, the Unitarians refuse to send out missionaries. To their minds, there is no necessity for the entire world to become Chris tian. They believe there are high values in all the great religions. Instead of missionaries, through the Unitarian Ser vice Committee the church sends, to any area where they can be helpful, groups made up of specialists in such fields as medicine, education, social welfare, engineering and pub lic health. For example, Alexander Fleming, the dis coverer of penicillin, who was not a Unitarian, led such a medical group to India. And Paul Dudley White, President Eisenhower’s heart specialist, who is a Unitarian, has or ganized medical missions for Czechoslovakia and Peru. In the past 20 years, Uni tarian service units have ope rated in 35 countries, rang ing from Finland to Cambo dia to Nigeria. In many in stances, they have gone out at the behest of the U.S. De partment of State, which has a high regard for the manner in which the Unitarians’ over seas operations win friends for democracy. Today, as scientific find ings and the spread of higher education make it increasing ly difficult for some people to accept what they have come to feel is the authorita rianism and lingering super naturalism of the more ortho dox sects, the Unitarians are growing, despite their avoid ance of proselytizing. In the past decade,. Unitarian mem bership has grown 56 per cent - from 71,000 to 112,846 - while membership in the church schools has grown 154 per cent; probably the fastest rate of increase of any deno mination in America. While this explosive growth is a source of satis faction, it is also a cause for concern. In the past ten years, the denomination has added only 58 ministers to serve 40,000 more members, and this past summer 33 churches were looking for pastors. There is a similar shortage of buildings. And the American Unitarian Asso ciation can no longer meet an increased demand for field services. As a result, the Association has been forced to embark on its first major fund-raising campaign in 35 years. To meet the emergency, the Uni tarian Development Fund is July 1967 45 seeking $3,200,000. Part of the money will be devoted to an extension of the services the Association renders its 397 member churches; $1,500,000 will go into a Building Loan Fund; and $350,000 will be given to Meadville Theological School, Chicago, and the Starr King School for the Ministry, Berkeley, Calif., two of the mere three schools that train Unitarian minis ters. (The third is Harvard Divinity School. Beginning in 1805, nine successive pres idents of Harvard University were Unitarians.) The Association will also set aside $400,000 to help the church’s “fellowships.” These are lay-led units — now num bering 284 — of ten or more members' in communities where there are no Unitarian churches. Fellowships are frequently made up of "comeouters” — those who have come out of orthodox reli gions. A 1958 survey of a typical fellowship in New Jersey showed that only one of its 75 members was a birthright Unitarian. Of the rest, 13 per cent were former Catholics, 20 per cent were Jews, and the remainder had come from orthodox Protes tant churches. The Church of the Larger Fellowship is a unique church-by-mail conducted for geographically isolated Unita rians. From national head quarters at 25 Beacon St., Boston, the Reverend Paul Harris, Jr., minister of this church, sends out a monthly sermon, Sunday school lesson, and newsletter to a ship cap tain in the Arctic, members of the U.S. diplomatic corps and armed services stationed overseas, a woman broadcast ing for the Voice of America in Europe, a doctor doing research work in Japan, and some 2,000 other Unitarians in 40 countries. Perhaps more than in any other denomination, Unita rian ministers are likely to speak out bluntly on contro versial issues, firmly backed by their flock. In Lincoln’s day, the Unitarian church was a militant leader of the anti-slavery movement. To day its churches — including the Southern ones — open their doors to Negroes and actively support integration. When Senator McCarthy was at his most influential, the Unitarian-controlled Bea con Press was the first pub 46 Panorama lishing house to issue books attacking his practices as de magogic. Unitarians are ac tive out of all proportion to their numbers in United Na tions associations and in the World Federal Government movement. They do not he sitate to question what they deem to be religious folly — even if it means challenging the world's most popular evangelism as A. Powell Da vies did when he publicly asked Billy Graham to justi fy his assertion that "Heaven is a 1,600-mile cube contain ing trees that produce a dif ferent kind of fruit each month." Nor do they hesi tate to oppose any movement, theological or political, which they feel threatens the free-1 dom of the individual. Their lack of fear of con troversy may stem from the fact that their church was born of disputation. The name "Unitarian" was coin ed in the 16th century for certain Protestant dissenters from the doctrine of the Tri nity. (Actually, Trinitarian doctrine became church or thodoxy only by a divided vote of the General Council of Constantinople some 375 years after the death of Christ.) Michael Servetus, who in 1533 was burned at the stake in John Calvin’s Geneva for his "Unitarian heresy,” is generally consider ed the founder of modern Unitarianism. His followers profited from the first great edict of religious freedom, issued in 1568 by King Johh Sigismund of Transylvania (Hungary): By 1600, there were 425 Unitarian churches in Transylvania. In England during the 17th century, men like the poet John Milton, the philosopher John Locke, and the physicist Isaac Newton fostered the church’s growth. As the 18th century drew to a close, Jo seph Priestly, a Unitarian mi nister and the disoverer of oxygen, was forced to flee to the United States to escape the attack of mobs protesting his liberalism. Encouraged by Benjamin Franklin, he es tablished the first Unitarian church in this country at Northumberland, Pa., in 1794. Soon after, Boston’s famed King’s Chapel left the Anglican fold. And, in 1802, the church founded by the Pilgrim Fathers, the First Parish in Plymouth, became Unitarian. . . Although the denomina tion has grown steadily, it is July 1967 47 not a member of the National Council of Churches of Christ. When the National Council was formed by Am erican Protestant churches at the turn of the century, the three Unitarian delegates to the organization meeting in Ntew York were denied ad mission as heretics who would not recognize “Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour.” The three "heretics” turned away were Massachusetts Governor John D. Long, Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard, and Dr. Edward Everett Hale, author of The Man Without a Country and then chaplain of the U.S. Senate. The Unitarians accept their maverick .role with wry good humor. Heresy, they say, is a relative charge, since, after all.‘the Catholics regard all Protestants as heretics. As far as they are concerned, there is no such thing as a heretic; just man, entitled always to his own belief, imperfect but not inherently bad, capable of rising by slow degrees to ever higher planes. To as pire to contribute to the en noblement of his life is a goal, they feel, which no name-calling can demean. In the not-too-distant fu ture they hope to be in a bet ter position to achieve their goal. Currently, the Unita rian Church and the even smaller Universal ist Church of America (334 churches and 68,949 members) have voted a merger that in all probabi lity will take palce in 1961 on ratification by local churches. There are many parallels in the theologies of the two churches, particular ly in the emphasis they both place on tolerance and free dom of religious belief. “There will be a little bit more of everything if we have a united liberal church,” says Unitarian head Dr. Gree ley. "And it should make our mutual goal of ‘getting heaven into men instead of men into heaven’ somewhat easier to attain. Thomas Jef ferson once wrote that he hoped every man living in his day would die a Unitarian. We’re not quite that ambi tious, but we do think we have the religion of the fu ture.” — By James Polling in Pageant, April, 1960. 48 Panorama Panorama Reading Association PANORAMA invites the educated public to join its Association of Readers. PANORAMA READING ASSOCIATION is dedicated to men and women who appreciate the variety and quality of its articles as sources of liberal ideas. PANORAMA READING ASSOCIATION includes stu dents, businessmen, professionals, proprietors, employers, and employees. It is also open to dubs, schools, and other ac credited organizations. PANORAMA has been in existence for over Thirty Years. PANORAMA provides excellent material for classes in history, government, economics, political and social studies, lite rature, aqd science. It may be adopted for secondary and college use. PANORAMA is not a fly-by-night publication. It was bom in March, 1936. COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Inverness, (M. Carreon) St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines Contents Freedom and Dishonesty 1 Filipino Life Today 2 Local Government in U.S.A. 5 Measures to Secure Public Confidence 8 The Pebble of Success 14 Technical Education in Russia 15 Tuition Fees — No Problem 21 Institutional Integrity ..................................................................... 23 Teacher Training in New South Wales and the Philippines 2*3 Pocket Messenger ot Faith 35 Small Church, Big People ............................................................ 42