Panorama Vol. XX, No.10 (October 1968)

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Title: Panorama Vol. XX, No.10 (October 1968)
Issue Date: Vol. XX, No.10 (October 1968)
Year: 1968
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extracted text: MM JwmIa mA fellow J'difiMt: PANORAMA needs intelligent readers of: 1. Informative materials 2. Interesting ideas 3. Enlightening opinions 4. Broadening views 5. Controversial thoughts 6. Critical comments 7. Idealistic suggestions 8. Humorous remarks 9. Serious statements 10. Meditations on life and work. All these are either original productions or selective adap tions and condensations from Philippine and foreign publica tions. Usually brief and compact, lasting from two to ten minutes to read, each article offers a rewarding experience in one’s moments of leisure. Relax with Panorama. We say this to the busy student and the teacher, the lawyer and the physician, the dentist and the engineer, the executive and the farmer, the politician and the« preacher, the employer and the employee. • PANORAMA is specially designed for Filipinos — young, middle-aged, and old, male and female, housekeeper and houselizard. Special rates on November 1, for new and renewal 1966: subscriptions to begin 1 copy ................................. 1 year ..................................... 2 years ................................... Foreign rate: .......................... 50 centavos P5.00 P9.00 $3.00 (U. S.) For one year’s subscription of 5 pesos, a person receives the equivalent of 12 compact pocketbooks of lasting value and and varied interest. COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Inverness, (M. Carreon-) St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines THE PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE OF GOOD BEADING Entered as second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dec. 7, 19i»5 Vol. XX MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 10 FOREIGN INFLUENCE Technical progress has always been especially affec ted by outside influence because it is easier to imitate an invention than to duplicate it. Long before the dawn of history savage tribes learned from other tribes the use of fire and the art of chipping flint, and the rate of foreign technical cooperation has increased ever since. When the Europeans first settled in North America they learned about maize and other crops from the American Indians. After the United States was established it had to seek abroad for advanced technology. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1820 in his old age: In an infant country like ours we must depend for improvement on the science of other countries, longer established, possessing better means, and more advanced than we are. To prohibit us from the be nefit of foreign light is to consign us to long dark ness. The United States welcomed thousands of highly skilled workers from Europe and millions of dollars’ worth of investments — mainly from England and the Nether lands — for building railroads and industrial plants. The search for foreign technical improvements still goes on, and much of it is now a part of the government’s tech nical cooperation program. — From the National Develop ment and How it Works by David Cushman Coyle. ■ A sensible article on the disadvantages of Pilipino or Tagalog as the language for the nation or the schools of the entire country. FORWARD WITH ENGLISH! Or, Why We Should Not “Return Our School System To The Educational Darkness of 1900.” English or Piljpino? Let me shout my answer from the tops of the Chocolate Hills of Bohol: “ENGLISH!” Not as our national lan guage, if that is against your concept of nationalism, but as the medium of instruction in our schools. We must use English because it is the most useful, the most practical and the most. adequate language in government, commerce, sciences and arts in our coun try and in the world today and . in the foreseeable cen turies ahead. We cannot use Pilipino be cause there is no such thing. There is only Tagalog. And Tagalog is far from adequate, as admitted by everyone, in cluding the Tagalogs them selves. Recently I went to some government offices in Manila to transact some official busi ness. I talked to the em ployees in English. They an swered in Tagalog. Then I answered back in the Pilipino I had picked up in the pro vinces. The employees shook their heads and reverted to English. I junked my Pili pino and used English again. It was only then that we un derstood each other perfectly. We should throw Pilipino into the waste can. It is use less. Tagalog has been in our schools for some 30 years now: first as the “National Language,” then as the “Fili pino National Language,” and lately as “Pilipino.” For that length of time it has nothing to show but dismal failure. Despite memos and directives to love, learn and speak it, nobody appreciates it, much less speaks it, in the non-Tagalog regions. If ever it is used in speech or con versation, it is only to relate 2 Panorama off-color jokes of local vin tage. The provincial board of Bohol and the governor of Cebu are looking for Visayan translations of the Philippine National Anthem. They want their people to sing the Hymn in Visayan instead of in Pili pino. That is how unpopular Pilipino is in our region. No body reads the Pilipino sec tions of magazines, Pilipino names of offices and school buildings, and Pilipino ver sions of certificates and diplo mas. They read the English. A Pilipino division super visor was assigned to some province. Bravely she began to “Tagalize” the teachers and pupils. The teachers and supervisors were required to talk in Tagalog in meetings and conferences. It was fun while it lasted. They were asked to earn units in Pili pino in evening and summer classes. (I think the right term is “buy,” for they never learned to speak the lan guage.) All these bore nega tive results. Now, the Pili pino division supervisor uses Visayan than Pilipino. Why? Because Pilipino is useless in Bohol, while Visa yan is used in the home, in church, at the market, in pro grams, in offices, everywhere in the community. From praying to love-making the Boholanos employ Visayan. And those who reached high school and college write their love letters in English. When the vernacular was made the medium of instruc tion in Grades I and II, it was a hit with the parents. They were glad to see their nine-year-olds literate readers in Visayan upon completing Grade II. In addition, the youngsters could also tackle numbers and some sentences in English. So for the sake of those who will drop out after Grade II, I am for continuance of the vernacular as medium of instruction in Grades I and II. English should be, as now, taught as a subject in the first two grades. Pili pino shoud be scrapped in all the grades. The time demot ed to it now in Grades I and II should be used for Eng lish. From Grade III up, English should be retained as medium of instruction. The time now devoted to Pilipino should be added to the time allotment for lan guage arts (English). October 1968 3 This is the idea of one who has been in the government teaching service for the last 44 years. I consider only what is good for the country; what is practical and useful to the people; what would in the end make of us Filipinos truly world citizens talking the world language — Eng lish. I am not identified with any vested interests whose arguments are self-serving — like the Tagalogs who are for Pilipino because they want to remain Pilipino supervi sors and lord it over the nonTagalogs. Or make money in the Pilipino textbook indus try. Do not believe that native patriotism argument to sup port the need for a national language. We revolted against Spain, fought the Am ericans ahd ferociously re sisted the Japanese with pure white-heat patriotism. There was no Pilipino then. A na tional language is not an in gredient of patriotism. And forget that yarn about one being unable to express one’s soul except in one’s own tongue, whatever that means. If there is sense in that claim then we Visayans can express our soul only in Visayan, the Tagalogs only in Tagalog, the Ilocanos only in Ilocano, the Ilongos only in Hiligaynon, etc. No Fili pino can express his own soul in Pilipino because there is no soul in Pilipino because there is no Pilipino yet; it has to be invented, develop ed and learned. The plain truth is that a people learn a language. After having sufficiently mas tered it, they, and that means their souls, too, express them selves in it. That’s what Rizal and his contemporary writers did in Spain. That’s what Garcia Villa, N.V.M. Gonzalez, Carlos P. Romulo (who is now reported to be pro-Pilipino) and a host of other Filipino writers in/Eng lish are doing in English. As a matter of fact, in this de bate over the language pro blem both the pro-English and the pro-Pilipino are ex pressing themselves in Eng lish. Nobody is using Pili pino to express his ideas and his soul in this debate be cause Pilipino is non-existent and therefore useless to the debaters. As for the constitutional provision that we develop a national language based on 4 Panorama one of the principal dialects, forget it. Or amend it. Let us not be blind followers. There are provisions in the Constitution that have been found to be unwise. Let us change them. One is this pro vision about developing a national language. Another is the limiting of the regular session of Congress to 100 days. Now our lawmakers do not accomplish their work during the regular session. Then the government spends tremendous sums of money for special sessions. Why not make the legislators work throughout the year like other public servants to earn their yearly stipends and avoid wasting money on very ex pensive special sessions? To make Pilipino the me dium of instruction in our schools would be to go back 68 years in our educational endeavor and return our school system to the educa tional darkness of 1900. So forward with English! We have it for 68 years now and it has become the lingua franca of our people of dif ferent islands and tongues. — By Joan Fernandez, Philip pine Free Press, October 19, 1968. WHY WHITE ELEPHANT The King of Siam used to present a white elephant to the courtiers whom he wished to ruin. As the white elephant was sacred, it could not be disposed of in any way, and the expense of keeping it usually proved sufficiently disastrous. Hence, our modem term white elephant — and who has not thought he had one at some time or other? October 1968 5 ■ This is an excerpt from an article written by an assistant of President John Kennedy. THE CASE FOR A SIX-YEAR PRESIDENCY No commentator or ob server of the Presidential scene has yet focused on the radical changes in the dimen sions and demands of the Presidency of the United States. Yet each passing month makes it more appa rent that the man who holds that office has to deal with problems so monstrous, so disruptive, so resistant to per manent solution that the re election process is no longer suitable. The President can not be allowed to be diverted from his hard duties and even harder decisions by the socalled normalcies of politics and re-election. The Consti tution should therefore be amended to provide for one six-year term, with consecu tive re-election ruled out. President Johnson once re marked to a meeting of his staff that, in the Presidency in this modern age, to be 90 and 55/100 per cent right was not enough. Perfection was not a goal to be sought; it was mandatory. Thus, it becomes rational and reason able to strip the Presidency of all fat, to take from it that which is not essential to make more purposeful that which is. The re-election process becomes blubber, a national bloat weighing down on the efficiency of the Presidency. Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, William Henry Harri son, Andrew Johnson, Grover Cleveland, and William Ho ward Taft advocated, at one time or another, the six-year term. In fact, the average length of time that a Pres ident serves in the White House is five years. Thus, history, tradition, even expe rience, are not offended by this proposed change. The modern argument against the six-year term is based on the lame-duck is sue. The minute a President is elected for a six-year term, the argument goes, he imme 6 Panorama diately becomes a lame duck. But the same can be said to day when he is re-elected, for the Twenty-second Amend ment of the U.S. Constitution forbids more than two fouryear terms. The powers of the Pres ident are a paradox, they are both limitless and limited. The use, the efficacy, to which they are put depend on the skill and the persua sion and the toughness of the leader. If one is to be a lame duck in the first week of his second term, why not let him become that in the last years of his six-year term, for lame ness is not necessarily in herent in a last term. It is applicable to the strength of President, and if a particular President is weak, ten more terms won’t sustain him; and if he is strong, one six -year term, lean, boned, and sturdy, is all he needs to leave his mark on the future. As one who worked for three years in the very inner eye of the Oval Office and the Mansions (under President Kennedy), I am convinced that if the Presidency is not merely to survive, but to cope and heal, to lead and to challenge — and to succeed, it must undergo serious re structure. No doubt there will be studies made of' the Pres idency as it enters the last quarter of this century. It has worn its years well and borne its duties better. But it has now changed, with a change so deep and perilous that only the most casual and frivolous citizenry would turn away from the restyling of the machinery and tenure of * the Presidency. It is wise to study the Pres idency. It is a mark of na tional good sense. And the large first step to be taken is the removal of the re-elec tion process and the diver sion and the difficulties it fastens on the President in a time when all his powers of concentration and Consti tutional authority need to be free. — By Jack Valenti in the Saturday Review, August 3, 1968 issue. October 1968 7 ■ Proposals for a new constitution. CHIEF JUSTICE AGAINST REELECTION Incumbent elective of ficials, who are running for reelection, should be made to resign one year before elec tion day. This was proposed by Chief Justice Roberto Con cepcion of the Supreme Court as an alternative to his earlier proposal to ban immediate reelection for the President and all other elective officials. In an interview, Concep cion further amplified his noimmediate reelection plan which, he said, would mini mize the “corroding effects of too much politics” in this country. Concepcion made his . no reelection proposal in a speech before the Philippine Bar Association in observance of World Law Day. Concepcion had said that a public officer who seeks a second term of office is un der a terrific handicap in the performance of his functions. Often, he said, reelectionists use the powers and in fluence of their offices to advance their candidacy, in stead of promoting public welfare. If the proposed prohibition on immediate reelection can not be pushed through, the Chief Justice said, the next best alternative is to amend existing provisions of law or the Constitution to require reelectionists to resign from of fice a year before election day. The alternative plan, Con cepcion hoped, would like wise achieve the objective of minimizing too much politic king among elective officials. This is so, Concepcion ex plained, because it is usually during the last few months before elections that the of ficials play politics. The reelection of officials is also to blame for expen sive poll expenses, he said. A reelectionist is likely to spend more to keep himself in power, while his opponents will try to offset the advan tages of the incumbent by excessive spending, Concep cion said. — Manila Times, Oct., 1968. Panorama THE TRAGEDY OF OUR TIMES Congress, and for that mat ter, The Establishment, is on trial in the Sanidad-Cauton row over the congressional seat for the 2nd district of Ilocos Sur. Are we to decide this case on the palakasan principle or under the rule of law? The people are watching. They’re not hap py with what they see. * * * The one serious “crisis” that nobody is talking about is the money situation. We’re in a “frozen” state, as it were. The banks can’t lend and the borrowers1 dare not pay their loans. Everything is frozen as of Oct. 12. The CB is probably happy with its un precedented “power” over the banking institutions. The masses who, in the ultimate analysis, must suffer the shock of this paralyzation of the business world, don’t know what’s going on. They only know what’s hitting them. Was it ever this bad? ♦ ♦ ♦ When the Munoz Agricul tural School became the Cen tral Luzon State University, the only beneficiaries were the officials of the school. It meant increasing the salaries of the top officials, starting with the president, who start ed to draw P30,000 a year; a vice-president with P14,400, and deans with PIO,000 each. The staff members remained at their old rates of P212 a month minimum. The stu dents have yet to see the change for the better. There is a strong agitation for a return to college status. This is a case of wearing long pants before the child is ready. * ♦ ♦ I got a letter from a betterthan-average educated family of 14 whose trials and tribu lations best mirror the tra gedy of our times. The fa ther comes from Piddig, Ilo cos Norte. He has backpay certificates for the family. But when that represent the October 1968 9 only hope will he be paid? Meantime, his five boys and eight girls are all unemploy ed. They had supported can didates in past elections in hopes of getting a break. All they got were ID cards and promises. This is not an iso lated case. This is typical. * * * The administration will do much better by just under scoring what is being done to improve living conditions in Central Luzon instead of creating false Lopes for a quick solution to the “crisis.” We might as well face the facts: the problem won’t be solved this year or next year, nor even in the next five years. It should be sufficient to emphasize what has been done and what are contem plated to be done in the im mediate future. * * * In the area of peace and order, politics is still the No. 1 stumbling block. For as long as regional and district leaders are minded in every step that the administration takes, even in the simple mat ter of assignment of key PC, education and judicial of ficials, we will never have public confidence in the ad ministration. We are follow ing a system that has been proved ineffective and wrong during the last 60 years. When justice depends on the whims of the “leaders” of a region, then there is no jus tice. ♦ ♦ ♦ Between pleasing the “lea ders” and displeasing the people or pleasing the peo ple and hurting the political gods, the administration pre fers the former. Why, then, are we surprised to see the people are losing faith in the rule of law? Palliatives don’t work. The people are not as stupid as the politicians think they are. They’re only poor and powerless but not stupid. They are resentful if quiet out of sheer hopelessness. * * * There is also the need to reconcile words and actions. We keep saying that we will improve the judiciary, assign more law-enforcers, give aid in varying forms but one thing we never disturb — the overlordship exercised by po litical bosses. How can we promote progress while hug ging the status quo ante hel ium? The era of datus and sultans is what we have even in the Christian world. ♦ * * 10 Panorama Thus, Mindanao is the world of certain politicians who cannot be displeased; the Ilocos belongs to another group, and some Visayan pro vinces are special spheres of influence of some politicians who stand head and shoul ders above the law. These are the realities we don’t talk about because we do not in tend to do anything about them. The President is kid ding himself if he thought he can keep his little sultans and kings and at the same time make the Constitution and democracy work. For many of our people, democracy is a world in the dictionary, not a living institution. * * ♦ The people are helpless while policemen protect one another, PC protect PC, Army people stand together. The parties are mutual aid and mutual protection associa tions. The government ser vants stand aloof from the people. The “will of the peo ple” who are “sovereign” does not ring true in the world of reality ’68. Roads, bridges, ample rice and fish nor even parks and play grounds will not cover up the ugly monuments of dictator ship and anarchy. — By Teodoro F. Valencia, The Manila Times, November 20,1968. EAVESDROPPER In early England when thatched roofs were built a space was left on the ground where the water from the eaves might run down and drip off. This space was called the “eavesdrip” and still later was modified to “eavesdrop.” It seems that even in those days there were persons who were not above stand ing in that space at night, at doors and windows, to listen to what the occupants were saying and do ing inside their homes. Such people were dubbed eavesdroppers — a name which has remained with them to this day. October 1968 11 ■ This portion of a long article by Professor Schle singer on The Dark Heart of American History explains the prevalence of violence in America today. Philippine conditions of violence arise from similar causes. REASONS FOR CLIMATE OF VIOLENCE One reason surely for the enormous tolerance of vio lence in contemporary Ameri ca is the fact that our coun try has now been more or less continuously at war for a generation. The experience of war over a long period de values human life and ha bituates people to killing. And the war in which we are presently engaged is far more brutalizing than was the Se cond World War or the Ko rean War. It is more brutaliz ing because the destruction we have wrought in Vietnam is so wildly out of proportion to any demonstrated involve ment of our national security or any rational assessment of our national interest. In the other wars we killed for need. In this war we are killing be yond need, and, as we do so, we corrupt our national life. When violence is legally sanctioned for a cause in which people see no moral purpose, this is an obvious stimulus to individuals to use violence for what they may maniacally consider moral purposes of their own. A second reason for the climate of violence in the United States is surely the zest with which the mass me dia, and especially television and films, dwell on violence. One must be clear about this. The mass media do not create violence. But they reinforce aggressive and destructive impulses, and they may well teach the morality as well as the methods of violence. In recent years the movies and television have develop ed a pornography of violence far more demoralizing than the pornography of sex, which still seizes the primary attention of the guardians of civic virtue. Popular films of our day like Rosemary's 12 Panorama Baby and Bonnie and Clyde imply a whole culture of hu man violation, psychological in one case, physical in the other. Bonnie and Clyde, in deed, was greatly admired for its blithe acceptance of the world of violence — an acceptance which almost be came a celebration. Television is the most per vasive influence of all. The children of the electronic age sit hypnotized by the parade of killings, beatings, gun fights, knifings, maimings, brawls which flash incessant ly across the tiny screen, and now in, “living” color. For a time, the television industry comforted itself with the theory that children listened to children’s pro grams and that, if by any chance they saw programs for adults, violence would serve as a safety valve, offer ing a harmless outlet for pent-up aggressions: the more violence on the screen, the less in life. Alas, this turns out not to be necessa rily so. As Dr. Wilbur Schramm, director of the In stitute of Communication Re search at Stanford has report ed, children, even in the early elementary school years, view more programs designed for adults than for themselves; “above all, they prefer the more violent type of adult program including the West ern, the adventure program, and the crime drama.” Ex periments show that such programs, far from serving as safety valves for aggression, attract children with high levels of aggression and sti mulate them to seek overt means of acting out their ag gressions. Evidence suggests that these programs work the same incitement on adults. And televiolence does more than condition emotion and behavior. It also may at tenuate people’s sense of reality. Men murdered on the television screen ordinari ly spring to life after the epi sode is over: all death is therefore diminished. — By Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. in the Saturday Review, October 19, 1968. October 1968 13 ■ The Filipinos have seen in the international field of competitive performance th at their best is not yet good enough. OLYMPIC SHOWING We have to view our per formance in the Olympics in scale; for the Philippine par ticipants on the whole did magnificently when viewed from existing national records and the past performance of the individuals themselves. It is when one pits the per formance in the Olympic scale that the Philippine par ticipation becomes puny and appears a debacle. In actual ity, one cannot expect from our athletes more than their best. We can only demand that the performance of our athletes should not fall short of the national records. In other words, we performed at the Olympics with what we can regard as our best; but in terms of scale with other nations it unfortunate ly falls far short of good. This concept of scale does not apply to sports alone. For example, we can view our relationship with the United States where every pro nouncement from the US is of significance to us, whereas the United States hardly con siders the Philippines. In Philippine elections, US sym pathy or antagonism is some what relevant, whereas for the US the Philippines is a non-sequitur to their elec tions. The Democratic party foreign policy platform, for example, mentions various countries in this region, but not the Philippines. The question of scale, that is the importance internally of something in terms within nation, and then its impor tance to another nation more powerful and more develop ed, is an aspect we should seriously consider in our role among nations. A Japanese economist brought out tfhis question with regard to the economy. In terms of Japan, he noted that trade with the Philippines represented a small percentage; whereas for the Philippines, trade with Japan represented close to 30 per cent. He opined that it 14 Panorama was extremely dangerous for a nation to have a trade re lationship beyond 50 per cent. Similarly, one could look at the question of the “brain drain,” where it is reported that one fourth of foreign doctors in the US are Fili pinos. While this figure is staggering by itself, placed in scale with our own num ber of doctors, one wonders what larger percentage it re presents to the Philippines particularly in terms of new graduates! “Things must therefore be considered in scale, one na tional and the other applied outside. In the Olympics we did badly, but looking at our own national records, we have progressed. The fact is that we have not progressed as much as other nations have; and this is because, again in terms of scale, we are not doing enough nor spending enough' for a nat i o n a 1 athletics program. Seen from this point, the Phil ippine Olympic participation was all one could expect. With regard to economics, or to foreign policy, or even the “brain drain,” this con cept of scale helps put ideas in proper perspective. — By Alfredo R. Roces, The Ma nila Times, October 25, 1968. TANTALIZING Tantalus, a son of Jupiter, was given the right of feasting with the gods and even sharing their secrets. He became unduly proud and at one time betrayed one of their secrets. As a punishment, Tan talus was placed in Tartarus and tormented with hunger and thirst. Just before his face hung a bunch of tempting fruit which ever retreated as Tantalus tried to grasp it. He stood in water to his chin, but each time he leaned to drink, this flowed away. So from the name of this tormented man comes our word tantalize. October 1968 15 ■ The conversation of the Japanese nobility into a new group of elites and efficient common workers. ARISTOCRACY IN JAPAN STILL VERY MUCH ALIVE’ The aristocracy in Japan still appears very much alive today — twenty-one years after the nominal extinction of peers as a breed in the nation. About 1,700 people gathered on April 24 to cele brate the opening of the Kasumi Kaikan Hall (the pre war peers’ club revived). The club is located on the 34th floor of the brand new 36-story Kasumigaseki Build ing in the heart of Tokyo which happens to be the highest ferroconcrete struc ture in Asia. Among the distinguished guests to see the birth of high society (some 120 meters above the ground) was the scholarly Prince Mikasa, younger brother of Emperor Hirohito. Other guests included man agers of the House of Mitsui and members of the diplo matic corps who, with cock tail glass in hand, strolled about the 3,300 square-meter hall, stopping here and there to chat with old but spry princes, marquises, and other prewar noblemen. The club has a membership of nearly 1,000 — all prewar peers, according to former viscount Takatoshi Kyogoku, music commentator and one time vice president of the international weight lifting federation and former Count M u n e y o r i Terashima, a Princeton graduate, who served as secretary to the president of the Cabinet In formation Bureau shortly after the end of the war. In an interview with a Kyodo reporter, Kyogoku and Terashima revealed that as of May 24, the defunct Japanese peerage had twentyone princes, thirty' marquises, 100 counts, 400 viscounts, and 500 barons. They also said that besides the 3,300 square-meter hall on the 34th floor, their club 16 Panorama owns the 10th and 11th floors for rent. Rentals for these two floor spaces will run into millions of yen a month — more than enough to cover the running expenses of the hall. The prewar peerage got the title to these three floors in exchange for the estate it sold to Mitsui Real Estate for construction of the Kasumigaseki Building. The hall itself is modern and tidy but characterless. The monotonous atmosphere of the hall, however, is re lieved by an old 7-foot West minster clock in the drawing room and a dozen of Vic torian chairs saved from the famed but defunct Rokumeikan Hall here, which was de signed and built by the Bri tish architect, Josiah Condor (1853-1920). The peerage in Japan was disestablished in 1947 simul taneously with the coming in to force of the postwar Con stitution. Some of these peo ple who “dwelled above the clouds and had direct access to the Emperor,” in the utter confusion created by Japan’s surrender to the Allied po wers, lost their heads, self-es teem and courage to face the realities of life together with their titles and prerogatives. But as the initial shock of improbability gradually wore off, they began descending from the “purple clouds” to mingle with “common peo ple” — to find wprk suitable for their capacities and ca reer. Since many of them were well educated, being graduates of the Peers School and the Tokyo Imperial Uni versity, Oxford, Harvard, Princeton, Sorbonne, etc., some sought academic jobs. Others went into business, winding up as figureheads of shaky firms in some cases. At any rate, it took a long time before many of the old peers managed to set them selves firmly on their own economic feet, it is said. They were a people who had never bothered to work and who had taken pride in not working for money. Now, a majority of old peers are out in the open, trying hard to establish bridgeheads in every field of human activity for the sake of their posterity. They are out in the political arena, in the Government service, in academic circles and the cul tural and sports worlds as October 1968 17 well. But they were conspi cuously absent from the busi ness world. For example, Naotsugu Nabeshima (viscount) is a mem ber of the Sato Cabinet and director-g e n e r a 1 of the Science and Technology Agency. Just recently, Nabeshima had a hard time, bear ing the brunt of the Opposi tion attack on the Swordfish case (possible contamination of seawater by this U.S. nu clear-powered submarine) in the port of Sasebo, Kyushu. Former Marquis Kickinosuke Saigo, grand son of “Saigo, the Great” is member of the House of Councillors (Upper House). S a d a take Hisamatsu (Count) is a long-time gov ernor of Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku. Kinkazu' Saionji, formerly prince and “blue-blooded black sheep”, has long been in Communist China. He is there to serve as a bridge be tween his country and Com munist China. A graduate of Oxford (class of 1930), he is a grandson of Genro Kinmo chi Saionji, one of the fore fathers of the Meiji Restora tion. Former Marquis Moritatsu Hosokawa, member of the Cultural Property Protection Commission is one of the greatest authorities on fine arts and one of the richest in his class. Former Marquis Nagatake Asano is curator of the State Museum in Tokyo. Well known both at home and abroad for bird studies is former Marquis Yoshimaro Yamashin a, managing-di rector of the Yamashina Or nithological Research Insti tute here. Dr. Yukiyasu Kiyosu (count) and Dr. Nagamichi Kuroda (Marquis) are also members of the Japan Ornithological Society. Takaharu Mitsui (Baron) is a world figure in the philately field. Yorichika Arima (Count) is a member of the Japan PEN Club and a good de tective story writer. In the world of sports, former Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda is a mem ber of the International Olympic Committee. The prewar peerage has also produced a number of Japan’s best amateur golfers such as Naoyasu Nabeshima and Morisada Hosokawa, both former marquises. — From Japan Newsletter, Kyo do News Service, June, 1968. 18 Panorama BIOLOGY AND OUR FUTURE WORLD The balance of nature is a very elaborate and very de licate system of checks and counterchecks. It is conti nually being altered as cli mates change and new or ganisms evolve. But in the past the alterations have been slow, whereas with the arrival of man their speed has been multiplied many fold. Agriculture is the chief of man’s efforts at the biological remodeling of nature. If we reflect that agriculture is less than paltry 10,000 years old out of 300,000,000 years that green plants have been on earth, we begin to grasp something of the revolution wrought by this biological discovery. But agriculture is, if you like, unnatural; it concen trates innumerable indivi duals as a single species — and always of course, a par ticularly nutritious one — into serried ranks, while na ture’s method is to divide up the space among numerous completing or complementary kinds. Thus it constitutes not merely an opportunity but a veritable invitation to vege table-feeding animals, of which the most difficult to control are the small, insin uating, and rapidly multiply ing insects. And the better and more intensive the agri culture, the more obvious the invitation. Mile upon square mile of tender, well-weeded wheat or tea or cotton offers the optimum possibilities for the rapid multiplication of any species of insect which can take advantage of man’s good nature toward his kind. Finally, man’s insatiable desire for rapid and easy transit has capped the trou ble. By accident or intention, animals and plant species find their way along the trade routes to new countries. They are in a new environ ment, and in such circum stances the majority fail to gain a foothold at all; but a few find in the new circum October 1968 19 stances a release instead of a hindrance, and multiply be yond measure. Then it is up to the biolo gist to see what he can do. Sometimes, by studying the pest in its original home, he can discover what are the other species that normally act as checks on its overmul tiplication. Thus in Fiji, when the valuable coconut industry was threatened by a little moth — very beautiful, with violet wings — whose grubs devoured the leaves of the palm trees, biologists searched the remote corners or the Pacific for a parasitic fly. This fly quickly reduced the menace to the status of a minor nuisance. And in Australia, when prickly pear — first introduced into the country as not cacti for lone ly settlers’ wives — increased so prodigiously that it was covering the land with impe netrable scrub at the rate of an acre a minute, biologists sent out a mixed team to fight it: a caterpillar to tun nel through the “leaves” a plant bug and a cochineal insect to suck its juices, and a mite to scarify its surface. These were the Four Anthropods of the prickly pear’s Apocalypse; and the thickets are melting away under the combined attack. One could multiply in stances. How the sugar cane of Hawaii was saved from its weevil destroyers; how an attack is being launched upon the mealy-bugs that are such a pest to Kenya coffee by massed battalions of lady birds. To cope with all the demands for anti-pest or ganism a veritable industry has sprung up. The difficulties of such work are far more severe when the pest is an old-estab lished inhabitant of the coun try. Problems of this type are set for us by malaria, spread by indigenous mosqui toes; human sleeping sickness and nagana disease of cattle, transmitted by tsetse-flies; plague, dependent for its spread upon the ubiquitous rat. In some parts of Africa the issue is whether man or the fly shall dominate the country. Here the remedy seems to be to alter the whole environment. Most tsetse flies live in bush country. They cannot exist either in quite open country or in cul tivated land or in dense woodland or forest. So that 20 Panorama wholesale clearing or affores tation may get rid of them. That pests of this nature can cease to be serious is shown by the history of ma laria and of plague. In va rious parts of Europe and America, these diseases, once serious, have wholly or vir tually died out. And this has happened through a change in human evironment and human habits. Take plague. Modern man builds better houses, clears away more garbage, segregates cases of infectious diseases, is less to lerant of dirt and parasites and, in fine, lives in such a way that his life is not in such close contact with that of rats. The result has been that rats have fewer chances of transmitting plague to man, and that the disease, if once transmitted, has less chance of spreading. With regard to malaria, agricul tural drainage, cleanliness, and better general resistance have in many cases done as much or more than deliberate anti-mosquito campaigns. There is sitll another angle from which we can attack our problems. For instance, in stead of trying to attack a pest by means of introducing enemies, or altering the en vironment, we can orten deli berately breed stocks which shall be resistant to the at tacks of the pest. Thus we can now produce relatively rust-proof wheat; and the Dutch have given us specta cular examples of what can be accomplished by crossing a high-yielding but diseasesusceptible sugar cane with a related wild species which is disease-resistant and, in spite of the fact that the wild parent contains no trace of sugar, extracting from the cross after a few generations a disease-resistant plant with an exceptionally high yield of sugar. Thus science offers the prospect of the most radical transformations of our envi ronment. Cows or sheep, rubber-plants or beets repre sent from one aspect just so many living machines, de signed to transform raw ma terial into finished products available for man’s use. And their machinery can be im proved. Modern wheats yield several times as much per acre as unimproved varieties. Modern cows grow about twice as fast as the cattle kept by semi-savage tribes, October 1968 21 and when they are grown produce two or three times as much milk in a year. This has thrown a new strain on the pastures; for if the cow eventually draws its nourish ment out of the soil, and if the animal machine for uti lizing grass is improved, the plant machine is responsible for the first stage of the pro cess, of working up raw ma terials out of earth and air, must* be improved corres pondingly. Accordingly re search is trying to manufac ture new breeds of grass which shall be as much more efficient than ordinary grass as a modern dairy beast is than the aboriginal cow. These few examples must suffice to show the kind of control which man is just realizing he could exert over his environment. But they are enough to give us a new picture — the picture of a world controlled by man. It will never be fully controlled, but the future control of man will enormously exceed his present powers. The world will be parceled' out into what is needed for crops, what for forests, what for gar dens and parks and games, what for the preservation of wild nature; what grows on any part of the lands’ surface will grow there because of the conscious decision of man; and many kinds of ani mals and plants will owe not merely the fact that they are allowed to grow and exist, but their characteristics and their very nature, to human control. — By Julian Huxley condensed from Harper's Magazine. TRIVIAL In ancient Rome, the Forum was the place where great questions were debated and news of outstand ing importance was announced. In the city proper, there is a place where three streets came together. This is the Tri-via, meaning three roads. Here peo ple met and gossiped so much that an idle story was branded as of tri-via source, or trivial. 22- Panorama ■ Biological weapons instead of atomic bombs are more likely to be used in future wars if the an nihilation of man is to be avoided. THE FUTURE WAR WEAPONS Bomb construction know how is now available to make weapons, probably clandes tine weapons, but the moti vations stemming from na tionalism are also present. For example, the West Ger mans have objected (to the nuclear non-proliferation treaty on the grounds that it gives away commercial se crets and that countries not possessing nuclear explosives for engineering purposes will be at a disadvantage. Realis tically, we must admit that in view of weapons develop ment in , other nations the Germans feel their national interests could best be serv ed if they also had nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, the French continue with their own nu clear tests, as does Red China. It would do the human race a great disservice to assume that the present non-prolife ration treaty and nuclear test ban have brought us nuclear peace. Quite the contrary, they probably have driven underground some efforts to create nuclear weapons on part of those not now pos sessing them. Only time will tell if this is true. In the meantime, a gigantic effort must be made by all powers, nuclear and non-nuclear, to bring these weapons under control while man searches for another means to serve national aspirations in inter national competition. However, much as we would like to deny it, we now face an entirely new kind of arms race — stemming from research in areas of bioche mistry. We may fear the wea pon that is invisible and un seeable so much that we try to wish it out of existence, yet such weapons are becom ing available for human con trol. These may be chemicals that could be put into the water systems of cities, or gases that may reduce the will of people to act, that may alter memory, or may October 1968 23 paralyze a large population — not by killing or wound ing them, but by rendering them temporarily slaphappy and careless. By such means, in the future, profound changes in human behavior and perhaps reproduction could be obtained. Yet the advantages of such new wea pons also should be clear. Since the beginning of his tory, and therefore of con flict, man has used his wea pons to inflict death or se vere bodily damage on his opponents. Now research is on the threshold of producing agents that temporarily halt or tranquilize hostile groups without hurting them. For many years we have captured and medically treated wild animals this way — by shoot ing tranquilizer pellets into them, not bullets. Such agents can now be used to halt criminals. In riots or situations of widespread vio lence, looting, and burning, violent masses of people can be brought, under control without needlessly , killing hundreds of innocent by standers — yet our conven tional and unthinking atti tudes about the control of be havior lead us to reject such chemical methods. Whether we like the face of the future or not, however, these psychological chemicals will be with us and we had better learn their implications and how to use them for be nefit to mankind. As with nuclear explosives, we can not forget the new is here. We must learn how to con trol it for the benefit of all. The era of biological wea pons brings us to a new threshold in history — one in which the weapons of one nation against others are no longer relevant. For the coming conflict is man against nature, his own pro liferation, and the resources of the small earth on which our growing multitudes live. If we still think of wea pons systems today — and we consider the coming gen eration of drugs and agents that will control mood and behavior — the research be hind it is yet more awesome and productive, for it is re search into the workings of the human brain, the inner space of the mind. Research into this inner space will pro bably be far more rewarding 24 Panorama for human life than research into outer space. In future medicine there may be no ex cuse for people to suffer mental retardation all their lives; we may be able to pre vent many of the crippling emotional diseases that today hospitalize millions. We may improve upon the intelligence and memory. But most ur gent, we must understand ourselves sufficiently to con trol behavior — to prevent violence in a crowded world, and, perhaps most important, to prevent ourselves from abusing and ruining the re sources of our environment with pollution and over-popu lation. — Excerpts of an article by Lt. Gen. James M. Gavin, Saturday Review, August 31, 1968. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ... let the court act, but without incitements to cruelty, without martial laws, without barbarism or clemency. Let it perform its mission quietly, care fully, serenely, like one who is conscious of its power and of its august ministry. It must not go down to the level of vengeance. Examine impartially the facts and when it has to meet out a penalty, be very careful and incline more towards benevolence, for aside from the fact that man is fragile, there is the high political consideration of not revealing racial animosity, inasmuch as the one who has to judge the criminal is of the same color as the deceased. And more than elsewhere judges ought to consider that in the Philippines climate affects passions, that in a state of anemia, owing to the heat, it pro duces an unbalanced condition which is manifested nervous irritability; that the hamok or momentary obfuscation, is a phenomenon observed in the Malay race, sometimes provoked by hunger, heat, etc. — By Jose Rizal in the Article, “Let Us Be Just”, La Solidaridad, 15 April 1896. October 1968 25 ON ACCEPTING THE UNIVERSE When human beings try to understand the nature of the universe, they stress those as pects of reality which most concern them. Thus all con ventional religious interpreta tions of the nature of things have declared that either in this world or another world to come, goodness and hu man value are primary and guaranteed. The scientific interpretation of reality finds otherwise; that the universe is indifferent, amoral, insen sitive and impersonal. In theory, the conventional religious view is one by means of which men can feel far more .comfortable. They are assured, if they believe it, that their concerns are taken care of, that their values will triumph ultimately, and that the disastrous things that happen to them are either unreal or unimportant. Un fortunately, few people can so ignore the data of life as to be able to accept such 4 view completely. To be forced by intellectual honesty to give up the conventional religious view and accept the scientific view is often a trau matic and devastating ex perience. How, then, can one accept the universe with gladness and joy? 1. For the sense of security promised by the man-center ed view, which is never quite real enough to be altogether firm, we must develop the capacity to meet and deal with insecurity. We must come to know that disaster is just what has happened but not the act of an angry God; then only the disaster must be dealt with, not the haunting fear that God has become an enemy. We must learn to respect ourselves and our capacity to deal with disaster as other men have. We must recognize that death will come to all of us, but until that time, if we have the courage to respond brave ly, no disaster need cause us ultimate despair. 2. Proper interpretation of the scientific view reveals that goodness and human va lue are as real as anything 26 Panorama else in the universe. Men are a real result of what is going on in the nature of things; hence whatever they do is equally real — good ness and value are among the things they do. Further more, whatever resources we find to enable us to increase the values and quality of life, have also happened and are real in the universe. They are ready at hand for us to use, and chief among them are other people whose po tential for achieving value is greater than that of anything else. — By Rev. John Mac Kinnon. REFORMS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1887 We believe then that it is time to give the Phil ippines representation in the Cortes and freedom of the press. With these two reforms carried out wise ly by a minister and a governor who do not allow themselves to be influenced by anybody, all other reforms that may later be presented will succeed; under their protection, they will prosper. Whereas now that the country has no voice in public opinion nor in the legislature, when a reform is ordered, it cannot be known here (Philippines) whether it is executed or not, if the governor general, in order to please Such and Such a One, suspends it, muti lates it or interprets it in his own way. A free press would watch over its implementation and the de puties could defend it in the Cortes. With these two reforms we believe firmly that the pessimists and the discontented will disappear from the moment they are furnished with a medium to inform them. It is already something to be able to complain when one feels outraged. — By Jose Rizal in “The Philip pines at the Spanish Congress”, La Solidaridad, 31 March 1890. October 1968 27 IN DEFENSE OF SHYNESS It is surely discreditable, under the age of 30, not to be shy. Self assurance in the young betokens a lack of sensibility: the boy or girl who is not shy at 22 will at 42 be a bore. No, let us educate the younger generation to be shy in and out of season: to edge behind the furniture: to say spasmodic and ill-di gested things: to twist their feet round the protective feet of sofas: to feel that their hands belong to someone else — that they are objects, which they long to put down on some table away from themselves. For shyness is the protec tive fluid within which our personalities are able to de velop into natural shapes. Without this fluid the cha racter becomes merely stand ardized or imitative: it is within the tender velvet sheath of shyness that the full flower of idiosyncrasy is nurtured: it is from this sheath alone that it can even tually unfurl itself, colored and undamaged. Let the shy understand, therefore, that their disability is not merely an inconvenience but also a privilege. I do not think that shy ness can be kept within bounds by any ethical argu ments. I used to tell my self, for instance, at those moments outside the door ways of the great when shy ness becomes a laughing monster with its fangs al ready gaping at one’s heart,— I used to tell myself that I was as good, as powerful as rich, as beautiful as any of those I was about to meet. This was not a good system. It made me pert. I would bounce into the room gaily, as if I were the Marquis de Soveral; be somewhat impu dent to my hostess, cut my host dead, show undue fami liarity towards the dis tinguished author, and fling myself into an armchair. The chair would recede at this impact and upset a lit tle table on which were dis played a bottle of smelling salts, a little silver cart from Rome, a Persian pen-box, 28 Panorama and a bowl of anemones. These objects would rattle loudly to the floor, and with them would tumble my as sertiveness. Such deductive systems in variably fail. Fatal also is the reverse process of behav ing like the worm one feels. “Remember,” I have said to myself on giving my hat and coat to the footman, “re member that you are a worm upon this earth. These peo ple have only asked you be cause they met your aunt at St. Jean de Luz. They do not wish to see you, still less do they wish to hear you speak. You may say good evening to your hostess, and then you must retreat be hind the sofa. If addressed, you will reply with modesty and politeness. If not ad dressed, you will not speak at all.” Things do not work out that way. The place behind the sofa is occupied by an easel: and then one falls over the dog. No, — shyness must be controlled by more scientific methods. In the first place, you must diagnose the type of shyness from which you suffer. There are two main divisions of the disease, the physical and the mental type. The physical type are shy about their limbs, — their arms and legs make jerky move ments which cause break ages and embarrassment. The mental type are shy about what they say or where they look.' It is the latter who are most to be pitied. For whereas the phy sical sufferer cap generally, by using great circumspec tion, avoid the worst conse quences of his affliction, the mental type is not released until he finds him or her self alone again in the mo tor, homeward bound. It is upon the latter type that I desire to concentrate. The first rule is to make it perfectly clear to one’s parents before arriving at the party that one is to remain unnoticed. One’s mother should not be allowed to make gestures at us — down the table — of encourage ment and love. One’s fa ther should be forbidden to confide to the hostess that this is the first time that you have worn an evening suit or a low necked dress,— should be forbidden to cast sly paternal glances at one, or to observe whether one does, or does not, enjoy one October 1968 self. One must be left alone with one’s shyness. The second rule is to de termine from the outset that one does not desire to shine either socially or intellectual ly. Nor should one attempt to appear older than one ac tually is. These things do not carry conviction. You will find yourself, if you give way to these ambitions, slip ping into phrases which are not your own phrases and of which, once they have es caped the barrier of your lips, you will feel ashamed. You may be calling, for ins tance, upon the wife of a neighbor: you will find her sitting on the veranda in a green deck chair: if you are wise, you will have the mo desty to say merely “How are you,, Mrs., Simpson?’’; but if you are unwise, and wish to appear at your ease, you will exclaim “Please don’t get up!” Having said this, you will reflect that Mrs. Simp son had no idea of getting out of her deck chair for such a worm as you. Do not, therefore, adopt or even adapt the phrases of your elders. Above all do not break into conversations. It may well be that the Pri mavera is a picture painted, not by Cimabue, but by Botticelli. But it is not for you, when others attribute the painting to an earlier ar tist, either to interfere or to correct. A slight pursing of the lips is all that you may allow yourself. The only justification for being shy is to be shy to all the people all the time. You must avoid being pert to gover nesses and polite to bishops. But if you are always shy, people will end by imagining that you have a modest na ture: and that, since it will flatter their own self-esteem, will make you extremely po pular. Only when you have become popular can you af ford . to be interesting, in telligent, or impressive. It is a great mistake to endeavor to awaken admiration before you have stilled envy, and it is only when people have started by ignoring the oung that they end by liking the young. It may be a comfort to you there fore to consider that it is an excellent thing, at first, to be regarded as being of no importance. — By Harold Nicolson, condensed from Vanity Fair (September, ’30). 30 Panorama THE RUSSIAN DRIVE IN ASIA The Soviet Union is gra dually stepping up attempts to increase its influence on Southeast Asia, taking advan tage of the announced Bri tish decision to withdraw from East of Suez by 1971 and scheming to exploit the expected contradicting of American power in the Indo chinese peninsula when the war in Vietnam ends. The British decision to withdraw will, it is believed in Japan, have far-reaching effects on Southeast Asia and the Far East in general. Three points stand out: The presence of the British troops in Singapore has been an important factor for the United States — as a symbol of the unity of Anglo-Ameri can policy rather than for the combat value — valuable though the British contribu tion was when Malaysia was confronted by Indonesia. The departure of these troops will mean, it is said, a departure from joint policy. Secondly, removal of Bri tish troops from' Southeast Asia, except for Hong Hong, is expected to relegate the United Kingdom from the position of a world power to that of a European power, both in name and reality. After the British withdrawal, Japan will be the only Asian nation that can offer security to Southeast Asian countries, either independently or with the assistance of the United States. Thirdly, it is considered im perative in Japan to a way of neutralizing the entire region of Southeast Asia to avoid a conflict between world po wers. It is pointed out that at present it would be diffi cult to neutralize the area because of feuds among the nations of the region. There fore, the immediate concern should be to set up a security alliance among the countries ot the region, centering on Japan. October 1968 31 Thailand is the most voci ferous against withdrawal of western military power from Southeast Asia. Bangkok has even hinted that it might have second thoughts about its anti-Communist stand if the United States negotiates its way out of Southeast Asia. Thailand’s Foreign Minister, Thanat Khoman, has express ed fears that “Vietnam will be forsaken” by Washington “in the same way as Laos.” The South Koreans, on the other hand, would like the Pentagon to pull out of South east Asia and pull in — in cluding military personnel and facilities at present in Japan — to Seoul. Singapore’s Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, whose coun try was most affected by the British decision to withdraw, hinted in London early this year that he would not even mind a Japanese military pre sence in Singapore. Although Lee’s statement stirred government officials in Japan, the official reaction by Japanese Foreign Ministry officials was a cautious one. They are not unaware of the still dormant anti-J apanese atmosphere in Singapore. At the same time, Philip pine President Ferdinand E. Marcos also renewed his Aug ust 1967 suggestion for an all-Asian military arrange ment for the area. FUTURE MILITARY ALLIANCE While no concrete steps have been agreed upon by any two of the nations of the region, it is certain that Japan does not want to be left out of any regional military alliance. Japan is against a military alliance only if it is explicitly directed against Communist China because it would jeopardize Japanese moves to improve relations with Peking to increase trade. Nevertheless, the fact that the United States — anxious not to stayjn Southeast Asia longer than necessary — is urging Japan to build up its military power is regarded in Japan as an indication that Washington wants a future regional military alliance to center on Tokyo. The American interest in an all-Asian military arrange ment is whetted, by Japanese observers, by the impotence of SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization). SEAPanorama TO was meant to defend the Southeast Asian countries from Chinese “aggression.” SEATO is partially paralyzed, however, by the lack of co operation from Paris and Ra walpindi. But with specific reference to Japan, this question is be ing asked: If Japan does not want to antagonize Peking, then against whom and for what purpose would the mili tary alliance be directed? According to reports in Tokyo and in the view of some of ficials, if it comes about it will be aimed at the Soviet Union. It is believed in Japan that Russia can hope to gain from the staleihate in Vietnam. Well-informed Japanese ar gue that if America pulls out of continental Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union may step into the vacuum. Anv such move would upset Japan’s plan to cultivate the South east Asian markets for its products, and even more alarmingly, endanger Japan’s political stability. In the light of this, Japan is carefully watching Russia. Moscow has been active in Southeast Asia in the last few months. The Kremlin made a first move in the region by signing a commercial agree ment with Malaysia. This was quickly followed by opening diplomatic relations between Kuala Lumpur and Moscow. PHILIPPINES AND PAKISTAN Also the Soviet Union is working its way into the of ficially anti-Communist Phil ippines. A trade agreement, as a first step, is expected between Manila and Moscow. Russia also maintains cordial relations with Indonesia. Besides, it is held here, So viet Premier Alexei Kosygin’s visit to Rawalpindi is another Kremlin step to get closer to Asians. This trip resulted in Russia’s agreeing to sell arms to Pakistan and the Pakistan government told the US that it does not want to renew the agreement to lease to the US the Peshawar military base, which was due to expire in 1969. Some Japanese observers think that these advances are far more significant than they appear on the surface. Of particular significance, they point out, is the simultaneous increase in Russian military activities in Southeast Asia. October 1968 33 As an example of Russia’s new drive to gain influence in Asia, it is pointed out that the Soviet Government offi cial publication Izvestia has criticized Communist China’s Afro-Asian policy, alleging that Peking is a “dangerous instigator.” Another noteworthy fact is that maneuvers of the Soviet navy have increased in South east Asia waters in recent months. The number of sub marines, belonging to the USSR, sighted in the Pacific waters has increased, accord ing to an American military official in Tokyo4 A Soviet naval commander boasted in Pravda that “im perialist nations of the West no longer can boast of their absolute command of the seas. Today the flags of the Soviet navy are floating in every corner of the world.” Japan feels uneasy over these developments because it sees them as a sign that Moscow is tending to exert its military influence in an area which Japan hopes to control through economic means, thus bringing Japan ese and Russian interest into conflict. The conclusion drawn in Japan is that the best defense against Russia is to form an alliance with Southeast Asian countries so that it would be difficult for the Soviet Union to woo them into the Krem lin orbit separately. — By Sivapali Wickremasinghe in the Manila Chronicle, Oct., 1968. 34 Panorama EMOTIONAL NEEDS OF A CHILD Physical growth is not the only development a child un dergoes. Hand in hand with the needs of physical health are the needs for emotional health. A child is born without any sense of right or wrong — he does not inherit habits, either good or bad, but learns what is expected of him from his parents. What are the needs? Most world authorities have re duced them to eight: love, security, protection, accept ance, independence, faith, guidance and discipline. Most children show diffi cult behaviour or nervous symptoms as they face diffi culties. Generally, these are not serious and disappear as the child learns to cope with stress. However, if over a long period the behaviour is difficult in a number of ways, or there are many nervous sypmtoms, parents should: Seek the teacher’s advice or services. Consult their doctor. Contact a Child Health Center. DISCIPLINE Every child needs the example set by adults that it is possible to live in harmony with others, and that the thoughts and feelings of others must be considered. INDEPENDENCE Every child needs the knowledge that his parents trust him to do things for himself, and by himself, and that they have confidence in his attempts to develop new abilities. GUIDANCE Every child needs the knowledge that there is a li mit to what he is allowed to do and that his parents will be consistent in applying this limit, and that although he may have angry feelings, he will not be allowed to vent them unreasonably on others. October 1968 35 ACCEPTANCE Every child needs the be lief that his parents like him for himself, just the way he is, that they like him all the time, and not only when he has been good (according to their ideas), and that even when he has been bad they will always accept him. LOVE Every child needs the feel ing that his parents love him no matter what he does — that at least to someone he matters very much. SECURITY Every child needs the knowledge that he belongs, that in his home he is secure and that when he needs his parents they will be there to help him. PROTECTION Every child needs the feel ing that with his parents he is safe from harm, and that he will always have their help in facing new problems. FAITH Every child needs the be lief that human values are worthwhile, and that there are moral standards which he must observe. — Variety, November 3, 1968. SPINSTER Unmarried females once spun, all the thread out of which they later, wove the household linens and trouseaus that they would need when they were married. Hence all girls were busy spinning until they married and were called spinsters. If they did not marry at all they might be said to be spin ning (in preparation for the hoped-for event) all their lives. From this the term began to be ap plied to old maids. 36 Panorama AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF OUR COUNTRY AND THEIR CAPITALS PROVINCES AND THEIR CAPITALS (As of October 1967 — The Current Events Digest, November 6, 1967) 1. ABRA ..................................................... Bangued 2. AGUSAN ................................................ Butuan City 3. AKLAN .................................................... Kalibo 4. ALBAY .................................................... Legispi City 5. ANTIQUE ............................................. San Jose 6. BATAAN ................................................ Balanga 7. BATANES .......... .................................. Basco 8. BATANGAS ........................................... Batangas 9. BOHOL ................................................. Tagbilaran City 10. BUKIDNON ............................................ Malaybalay 11. BULACAN ,............................................. Malolos 12. CAGAYAN .............................................. Tuguegarao 13. CAMARINES NORTE ........................... Daet 14. CAMARINES SUR ................................. Naga City Under Republic Act 4669, enacted on June 18, 1966, a former sub-province of Misamis Oriental became the province of Camiguin: 15. CAMIGUIN ... 16. CAPIZ .............. 17. CATANDUANES 18. CAVITE .......... 19. CEBU .............. Mambujao Roxas City Virac Trece Martires City Cebu City R. A. 4849, enacted on July 18, 1966, divided Cotabato into two new provinces, namely: 20. COTABATO ............................................ Cotabato City 21. SOUTH COTABATO ............................ Koronadal October 1968 Another law enacted May 8, 1967, divided Davao into three new provinces, namely: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental: 22. DAVAO DEL NORTE ...................... Tagum 23. DAVAO DEL SUR ............,............. Digos 24. DAVAO ORIENTAL ............ ............ Mati 25. ILOCOS NORTE ................................ Laoag City 26. ILOCOS SUR ...................................... Vigan 27. ILOILO ................................................... Iloilo City 28. ISABELA ............................................... Ilagan 29. LAGUNA ............................................... Sta. Cruz 30. LANAO DEL NORTE .......................... Iligan City 31. LANAO DEL SUR ................................ Marawi City 32. LA UNION ........ .............................. San Fernando 33. LEYTE ................................................... Tacloban City 34. SOUTHERN LEYTE ............................ Maasin 35. MARINDUQUE ...................................... Boac 36. MASBATE ................................................ Masbate 37. MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL .................... Oroquieta 38. MISAMIS ORIENTAL .......................... Cagayan de Oro City R. i A. 4695, enacted on June 18, 1966, divided Mountain Pro vince into four new provinces, namely: Mt. Province, Benguet, Ifugao, and Kalinga-Apayao. 39. MT. PROVINCE .................................. Bontoc 40. BENGUET ............................................. La Trinidad 41. IFUGAO ................................................. Lagawe 42. KALINGA-APAYAO .............................. Tabuk 43. NEGROS OCCIDENTAL .................... Bacolod City 44. NEGROS ORIENTAL..........................Dumaguete City 45. NUEVA ECIJA ..................................... Cabanatuan City 46. NUEVA VIZCAYA .............................. Bayombong 47. OCCIDENTAL MINDORO ................ Mamburao 48. ORIENTAL MINDORO ...................... Calapan 49. PALAWAN ............................................. Puerto Princesa 50. PAMPANGA ......................................... San Fernando Panorama 51. PANGASINAN ........................................ Lingayen 52. QUEZON ............................................... Lucena City 53. RIZAL ..................................................... Pasig 54. ROMBLON .............................................. Romblon R. A. 4221, enacted on June 19, 1965, divided Samar into three new provinces, namely: Eastern Samar, Northern Samar and Western Samar. 3 3 8 EASTERN SAMAR .............................. Borongan NORTHERN SAMAR .......................... Catarman WESTERN SAMAR .............................. Catbalogan 58. SORSOGON ............................................ Sorsogon 59. SULU ..................................................... Jolo 60. SURIGAO DEL NORTE ...................... Surigao 61. SURIGAO DEL SUR ............................ Tandag 62. TARLAC ................................................. Tarlac 63. ZAMBALES ........................................... Iba 64. ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE .............. Dipolog 65. ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR .................... Pagadian — By Natividad S. Cruz-Punzal, The Philippine Journal of Education, October, 1968. THE JESUIT WAY It was observed of the Jesuits, that they cons tantly inculcated a thorough contempt of worldly things in their doctrines, but eagerly grasped at them in their lives. They were wise in their gen eration, for they cried down worldly things, be cause they wanted to obtain them, and cried up spiritual things, because they wanted to dispose of them. — Colton October 1968 39 Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Communication BUREAU OF POSTS Manila SWORN STATEMENT (Required by Act 2580) The undersigned, APOL B. DE LA PENA, Managing editor, of PANORAMA, published Once a Month, in English, at Com munity Publishers, Inc., after having been duly sworn in ac cordance with law, hereby submits the following statement of ownership, management, circulation, etc., which is required by Act 2580, as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 201. Name Address Editor: ARTURO G. SINCO .............. 2131 Dr. M. Carreon St. Sta. Ana, Manila Managing Editor: APOL B. DE LA PENA 2105 Suter Street Sta. Ana, Manila Business Manager: ARTURO G. SINCO 2131 Dr. M. Carreon St. Sta. Ana, Manila Owner: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. 2131 Dr. M. Carreon St. Sta. Ana, Manila Publisher: — do — —do— Printer: -do — —do— Office^of Publication: -— do — —do— If publication is owned by a corporation, stockholders owning one percent or more of the total amount of stocks: V. G. SINCO, SOFIA S. SlNCO, ARTURO G. SINCO, LEANDRO G. SINCO & SYLVIA SINCO-DICHOSO, 2131 Dr. M. Carreon, Sta. Ana, Manila In case of publication other than daily, total number of copies printed and circulated of the last issue dated August, 1968. 1. Sent to paid subscribers ........................................ 3,000 2. Sent to others than paid subscribers .................. 1,000 Total ..................................................... 4,000 (Sgd.) APOL B. DE LA PENA Managing Editor SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me this 3rd day of October, 1968, at Manila, the affiant exhibiting his Residence Cer tificate No. A-209131 issued at Manila on January 12, 1968. (Sgd.) ANASTACIO C. RAMOS Postal Inspector 40 Panorama Panorama Reading Association PANORAMA invites the educated public to join its Association of Readers. PANORAMA READING ASSOCIATION is dedicated to men and women who appreciate the variety and quality of its articles as sources of liberal ideas. PANORAMA READING ASSOCIATION includes stu dents, businessmen, professionals, proprietors, employers, and employees. It is also open to clubs, schools, and other ac credited organizations. PANORAMA has been in existence for over Thirty Years., PANORAMA provides excellent material for classes in history, government, economics, political and social studies, lite rature, and science. It may be adopted for secondary and college use. PANORAMA is not a fly-by-night publication. It was bom in March, 1936. COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INt. Inverness, (M. Carreon) St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines Contents Foreign Influence ................................................................................. 1 Forward with English ......................................................................... 2 The Cose for o Six-Year Presidency .......................................... 6 The Tragedy of Our Times ............................................................ 9 Reasons for Climate of Violence .................................................. 12 Olympic Showing ................................................................................... 14 Aristocracy in Japan Still Very Much Alive ............................. 16 Biology and Our Future World 19 The Future War Weapons ............................................................... 23 On Accepting the Universe ............................................................... 26 In Defense of Shyness ...................................................................... 28 The Russian Drive in Asia ........................................................ 31 Emotional Needs of a Child ............................................................ 35 Philippine Provinces and Their Capitals ..................................... 37