Panorama

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Part of Panorama

Title: Panorama
Issue Date: Volume XX (No. 12) December, 1968
Year: 1968
Language: English
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extracted text: OMMM ^WmIa OmL ^ellos) 'JiltflMl: PANORAMA needs intelligent readers of: 1. Informative materials 2. Interesting ideas 3. Enlightening opinions 4. Broadening views 5. Controversial thoughts 6. Critical comments 7. Idealistic suggestions 8. Humorous remarks 9. Serious statements 10. Meditations on life and work. All these are either original productions or selective adap tions and condensations from Philippine and foreign publica tions. Usually brief and compact, lasting from two to ten minutes to read, each article offers a rewarding experience in one’s moments of leisure. Relax with Panorama. We say this to rhe busy student and the teacher, the lawyer and the physician, the dentist and the engineer, the executive and the farmer, the politician and the preacher, the employer and the employee. PANORAMA is specially designed for Filipinos — young, middle-aged, and old, male and female, housekeeper and houselizard. Special rates on November 1, for new and renewal 1966: subscriptions to begin I copy ..................................... 1 year ..................................... 2 years ................................... Foreign rate: .......................... 50 centavos P5.00 P9.00 $3.00 (U. S.) For one year’s subscription of 5 pesos, a person receives the equivalent of 12 compact pocketbooks of lasting value and and varied interest. COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Inverness, (M. Carreon) St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines THE PHILIPPINE MAGAZINE OF GOOD READING Entered as second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dec. 7. Dr. M. Correon cor. A. de los Alos, Sto. Ano, Monilo Vol. XX MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 12 PHILOSOPHY AND GREATNESS Low thoughts mean low behaviour, and after a brief orgy of exploitation low behaviour means a descend ing standard of life. The general greatness of the com munity, qualitatively as well as quantitively, is the first condition for steady prosperity, buoyant, self-sustained, and commanding credit. The Greek philosopher who laid the foundation of all our finer thoughts ended his most marvellous dialogue with the reflection that the ideal state could never arrive till philosophers are kings. To day, in an age of democracy, the kings are the plain ci tizens pursuing their various avocations. There can be no Successful democratic society till general education conveys a philosophic outlook. Philosophy is not a mere collection of noble senti ments. A deluge of such sentiments does more harm than good. Philosophy is at once general and concrete, critical and appreciative of direct intuition. It is not — or, at least, should not be — a ferocious debate between irritable professors. It is a survey of possibilities and their comparison with actualities. In philosophy, the fact, the theory, the alternatives, and the ideal, are weighed together. Its gifts are insight and foresight, and a sense of the worth of life, in short, that sense of importance (Turn to Page 40) THE LEADERSHIP OF REAL Fellow Filipino Citizens: Paraphrasing a memorable statement of the gslebrated philosopher George Santaya na, a people that forgets its past is condemned to repeat it. It is this truth that should urge us to observe with regularity the anniver sary day of the death of Dr. Jose Rizal, the greatest Filipino that adorns the pages of our history. For the life, the work, and the ideas of Dr. Rizal bring to our memory the initial awakening of our people to becopie conscious of an ur gent need for national iden tity, that stirred our pride for national self-respect, and that aroused our sense for freedom and independence. People in our country and outside began to be really aware of the social, political, and religious abuses and shortcomings of the Spanish domination of the Philip pines only after Jose Rizal had exposed in his novels and other writings the into lerable conditions which our nation had been made to suffer in hopeless silence and in seemingly endless agony. It was mainly because of the perceptive mind of Dr. Rizal that the events of 1872, which marked the martyrdom of Burgos, Gomez, and Za mora, gave rise to the reso lution of some Filipinos to begin the work of putting an end to the vicious, the pernicious, and the tyran nical policies and practices of a decadent European po wer. The intolerable conditions prevailing in the Philippines under that regime were boldly and graphically des cribed in the Noli Me Tangere, the first novel of Dr. Rizal. The strong measures of qriticism and disapproval of those conditions were subt ly suggested with bitter sar casm and caustic comment 2 Panorama in his second famous novel ErFilibusterismo. The Spa nish government and the re ligious authorities in our country were quick to place a complete and absolute ban against their entry into these islands. These restrictive official orders only enhanced their popularity increasing the eagerness of the Filipi nos to read them in spite of the threat of severe pu nishment on all readers. These novels together with his essays and letters to va rious persons in this coun try and in Europe directly provided many of the active Filipinos with motivating ideas that became the basic source and inspiration for some petition for redress of grievances, which when ig nored rose to violent action. It may be rightly and reason ably claimed that without the works of Rizal, it would have been impossible for the Philippine Revolution to break out under the impe tuous Andres Bonifacio and the impatient Emilio Aguinaldo first against Spain and then against the United States. It would have not been possible for Mabini to participate in that Revolu tion under the banner of Aguinaldo and to issue his manifestos and decalogues for popular consumption. In truth we cannot deny that without the work of Dr. Rizal expressed not on ly in words but also in deeds and satWfices, the plan of a revolution could not have been considered much less hatched. Unfortunately, events proved that it was hastily carried out against the prudent, wise, and far sighted advice and statesman like counsel of Dr). Rizal; and as a consequence, the revolution eventually ended as an aborted enterprise. That Rizal was a man of great ideas is accepted by all, Filipinos and foreigners, friends and enemies. But unlike many men with bril liant ideas but without the courage and manhood to face dangers they may occasion, he was ready to stand of his announced principles even to the extent of being shot and murdered in cool blood by those who could not or would not face the naked truth. December 1968 3 We Filipinos of today should continue with un ceasing ardor to refresh our memory of the deeds, the principles, and the teachings of Dr. Rizal under the con ditions that existed in our country which were drama tically depicted in his writ ings. We cannot afford to forget them lest ®ey will re-appear to plague our country again with their evils. The sense of pride and self-respect could con demn us as ingrates unworthy of the sacrifice Rizal suf fered for the purpose of realizing individual liberty and national independence. In his work on the Indo lence of the Filipinos Rizal describes the general practice of bribery and exploitation carried out thru official abuse and red' tape victimizing mercilessly the people who have to deal with govern ment officials whose services are solicited for needed or required governmental and administrative action. He declared that a government is established not for the be nefit of officials but for the good and protection of the people. This is a basic prin ciple of democracy. A gov ernment position should be sought after not through a hypocrital and false gesture for public service when in reality what the applicant is after is to enjoy the emo luments and perquisites at tached to the office, or to make use of its power and functions to enrich the offi cial directly or indirectly as it has been happening in many cases in our own time. To him and to all persons of his persuasion, the govern ment that tolerates official conduct and practice design ed for peculiation and mo ney-making should be des troyed peacefully if possible, but, if not possible, violently and firmly thru revolutiona ry methods. Such an orga nization is not a government for the people but a govern ment for office holders and bureaucrats. It is a mill stone that hangs around the neck of the nation and hin ders its progress. In the art of government, the interest of its officials should not be taken into account. It is only the in terest of the country that has to be upheld at all cost. 4 Panorama Rizal criticized the inter vention of church authorities in government activities. He was particularly uninhibited in his condemnation of the friars who had a decisive influence over the local gov ernment administration and over the decisions of the cen tral government over ques tions that were purely se cular in nature. Controver sies between Filipinos and re ligious orders affecting pro perty rights, civil matters, and personal affairs had to be ultimately decided by church authorities directly or indirectly. The Philippine political system was in ef fect a form of theocracy. The civil authority was sub stantially subordinated to the ecclesiastical power. The abuses committed by the ava ricious Spanish priests were left uncorrected no matter how injurious they were ob viously perpetrated and how unjust, even inhuman, they were in their nature and results. Driven out of their landholdings, Filipinos were allowed to suffer when their authors were the friars or the tools and agents of these privileged persons. The vic tims were helpless. The fa ther of Rizal himself was deprived of the land and its products by order of these men. His mother was per secuted and thrown in jail. His brother-in-law was so hated that when he died, his body w denied interment in the ordinary burial grounds and so had to be buried in what we know to be the potter’s field, the bu rial ground of criminals and suicide victimsr These ideas of Rizal cri tical of the practices pre vailing in this country sup ported his conviction in the absolute necessity of the prin ciple of the separation of Church and State. The axiom oftentimes re peated in free and democra tic societies that power cor rupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely is pretty well exemplied in the re cord and in the position of the Spanish clergy in the Philippines during Rizal’s time and tor hundreds of years of Spain’s rule in the Philippines. Arbitrary po wer tends to abuse and cor ruption. Spiritual beliefs and religious rituals taught December 1968 5 and used to promote fana ticism when added to whole sale ignorance and pietism produced superstitious prac tices; and when taken ad vantage of by those enjoying political power they reduced the people under these cir cumstances to a condition of physical, moral, political, and spiritual bondage. If in their midst there should ap pear a few men and women who advocated the spirit of freedom and the value of education, these men and women were branded as filibusteros and public enemies who should be hunted down as traitors to be imprisoned and executed. May all of us on this me morable occasion pledge our selves to faithful adherence to these ideas and teachings of the greatest Filipino as the guiding light of our march towards national iden tity and fulfillment. RIZAL’S IDEAS 1. As a man, as a human being, Rizal was an indivi dualist. More than just a believer, more than just a nominal follower, he acted and lived in accordance with his own personal convictions based upon facts he himself perceived and upon princi ples and ideas supported by his knowledge of science and history. 2. He was guided by his own personal understanding of what was right, or good, or true, or rational. Con sequently, he avoided dogma tic practices which he con sidered the normal hand maiden of orthodoxy in re ligion, the handy tool of par ty politics, the basic cause of social separatism, and the usual stimulant of arrogant racism. 3. All these phases of Rizal’s character made him less of an orthodox Catholic and more of a free Protestant in his religious views and life and yet he was not wholly prepared to embrace Protes tantism in spite of the fact that by becoming a Protestant he would have been able to marry the accomplished daughter of a prominent gentleman in London but by his unwillingness to become a Protestant as she was. Taking into account his li beral ideas on individual freedom and religion, Rizal Panorama placed himself side by side with a Unitarian, had he been in contact with Unita rian friends or their views. This would have happened had his travels in Europe taken him to some commu nities in Transylvania or had he been a student of the works of Ralph Waldo Emer son and of such other Bos tonians as John Adams and John Quincy Adams and other American Olympians, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Thomas Jefferson, John Mar shall and such famous his torians as Bancroft, Parknian, Motley, and Prescott; or with scientists at that' age such as Charles Darwin, Agassiz or Priestley. — VGS (delivered over the Silliman Station on April 30, 1968) LAWS If you laid all our laws end to end, there would be no end. It is impossible to tell where the law stops and justice begins. — Arthur Baer December 1968 7 ■ How this impressive information book began and developed. THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA Four times has the whole affair been on the verge of bankruptcy. It has suffered different ownerships, includ ing Sears, Roebuck and Com pany twice. It has been ac cused of English bias, Am erican bias, heresy, and antiand pro-Catholicism. Two full-length books have been published to denounce it. During the whole of one six-year period, two joint proprietors battled through courts ahd lawyers. The Encyclopaedia Britan nica will be 200 years old this year. It first appeared in December, 1768 in Edin burgh, Scotland, represented an ambitious undertaking, eveq, though it was a small beginning compared with the hundred pounds of know ledge which is the current edition. It was the first of 100 installments to be brought out weekly, priced at sixpence, and designed to be bound eventually into three volumes. The founders were Colin Macfarquhar, a professional printer, and Andrew Bell, al ready a noted engraver al though he was only 4’6” tall and grotesquely misshapen. The two men needed an edi tor, and they picked 28-yearold William Smellie, a prin ter whose parents had want ed him to be a corset-maker. Smellie was paid a mere 200 pounds for his three years of work, which included writ ing the bulk of the three million words in 2,689 pages. Where inspiration failed, he cribbed freely from Benjamin Franklin, Hume, Locke, Vol taire, and Johnson. Later in life, he proudly told how he’d done the job: "with pastepot and scissors.” The second edition was edited by James Tytler, who had dabbled in the profes sions of the church and me dicine and spent quite some time in a debtors’ sanctuary, plus a good deal more in any tavern where he could Panorama get credit. His hobby was ballooning, and he made the first successful hot-air flight in Britain. Despite his fail ings and eccentricities, he was a brilliant editor and a fluent and facile writer. The Britannica grew fast. The first edition sold some 3,000 copies. Twenty-six years later, the 18 volumes of the third edition needed a printing of 13,000 although the proprietors had to wait for profit from Volume I to finance the writing and printing of Volume II. Americans could get the Britannica cheaper than the British, for as each new part appeared in Edinburgh, a copy was brought and put aboard a fast ship. Some times proof sheets were sto len. Of course, the dedica tion ‘ to George III and the title word “Britannica” were removed, and engravers subs tituted their own signatures for Bell’s. The pirated set sold for a third of the cost of a genuine work, and hun dreds of thousands were pur chased. George Washington tried to win a set in a lot tery, failed, and paid $6 to buy one. Financial problems had been plaguing successive owners for years when an aggressive, walrus-moustached American called Horace Hoo per leased the selling rights for the Britannica and ap proached the London Times (which was also near insol vency) with a curiously un British proposition. The Times was to be paid for running several hundred co lumns of flamboyant adver tising, offering the encyclo pedia at a nearly 60 percent price reduction, and' keeping each one-guinea down pay ment as commission. A cau tious 800 copies were re printed, but two months af ter the start of the cam paign, sales had reached 4,300. Although the pur chasers of the cheap sets were delighted with their bargains, there was much displeasure among traditional readers of the dignified Times, many of whom had purchased their encyclopedias for the full price with no nonsense. A retired member of parliament wrote to Hoo per: "You have made a damnable hubhub, Sir, and an assault on my privacy with your American tactics.” December 1968 9 Undeterred, Hooper and the Times sold 100,000 Britan nica sets in 10 years. During the campaign, Hooper bought the whole concern, and before long the encyclopedia was being pro duced and edited in Amer ica, to the lasting horror of British users. But worse was to come: In 1920 Hooper sold out for more than a million dollars to Sears, Roe buck, who doubtless thought that reference books would be as easily sold as gingham dresses. Sears lost $1,800,000 with in three years, sold the firm to Hooper’s widow and her brother, then bought it back again. Two days after Pearl Harbor, the board chairman of Sears was lunching with William Benton, advertising executive • and vice-president of the University of Chicago. “Bill,” he said, “I’ll give you the Britannica." After a year qf negotiations, Benton, who failed to interest the university in acquiring full ownership, acquired the com pany under an arrangement that" was to earn more than $30 million in royalties for the university. For those who wonder how the present 28,000-page work compares with Wililam Smellie’s paperback, E. B. published last November an exact facsimile of the first edition. It reads as a curious mixture of dictionary, ga zetteer, and do-it-yourself manual. That first edition had 14 pages on “Electri city,” a century before Edi son made his lamp work. Smellie seemed uncertain if California (sic), “a large country of the West Indies,” was an island or a peninsula. Virginia “may be extended vestwards as far as we think fit.” Andrew Bell’s 160 cop perplate engravings were ex quisite; obviously he chose not subjects that needed il lustration, but those that would be fun to do. Only six sets of the first edition are known to survive com plete, for the 40-page article on “midwifery” was so real istically illustrated that George III is said to have ordered the offensive matter torn out. New delights are found in every edition. "Balloon Tytler,” in the second edition, wrote a splendid article on flying in which he suggested 10 Panorama that it would soon be as common for a man to call for his wings as for his boots. The ninth, nickriamed "The Scholars’ Edi tion,” is still considered by some connoisseurs to be un surpassed. All sorts of fa miliar names spring up from the lists of contributors: Presidents Herbert Hoover and John F. Kennedy; Ma caulay, whose articles on Dr. Johnson, Goldsmith, and John Bunyan appeared until recent editions; Houdini, who contributed on conjur ing; Sir Walter Scott, on drama Gene Tunney, on boxing; Lawrence of Arabia, on guerrilla warfare; Or ville Wright, on his brother Wilbur. There are now more than 10,000 contribu tors, and the editor has a permanent staff of more than 200 to help him keep track of who is' doing what. Hundreds of articles must be revised annually. One literally earthshaking event caused last-minute revision in dozens of articles; enor mous earthquakes under the Himalayas altered the lengths of dozens of rivers, even the heights of mountains. George Vi’s death entailed a staggering number of revi sions. Not only had there to be an article on the new Queen; every mention of "King’s Counsel,” "King’s Cup,” "God Save the King,” and dozens of unindexed "Kings” had to be changed. Worst of all, the Queen Eli zabeth who died in 1603 had to have a Roman “I” squeez ed in after her name in 40 articles. The first use of the atom bomb necessitated an examination of 500 articles from "Alchemy” to "Ura nium.” The editors compromise between British and Ameri can spellings. "Honour,” “labour,” and so on retain the "u” except in specifi cally American references such as “Labor Day”; in ex change, the British "ph” is not used in words like "sul fur.” “Encyclopaedia” firm ly retains the "ae” diph thong. The only visible dif ference between the two countries’ editions is on the dedication page; in the Bri tish printing the reigning monarch comes before the American president. The Britannica has had its share of criticism. In 1917, Willard Huntington Wright’s December 1968 11 book Misinforming a Nation accused it of being “bour geois, evangelical, chauvinis tic, distorted, and unfair.” Much later, physicist Harvey Einbinder spent five years in vestigating many editions be fore he published Myth of the Britannica in 1963. He criticized the Britannica’s factual acceptance of many legends — Washington and the cherry tree; Paul Reevere’s ride to Concord; and the antiquity of Paul Bun yan, who was, says Einbin der, created by an imagina tive adman in 1914. (All three items have now been corrected.) Russians, Americans, Ma layans, and British have call ed the Britannica an anti Russian, anti-American, anti Malayan, and anti-British, respectively. The biggest complaint of all, as might be expected, has been on the topic of religion. At least once, the author of an article has been formally ac cused of heresy. Small inaccuracies of fact are frequently spotted by the experts, and gratefully acknowledged by the editor. A date miscopied, a misprint of “not” for "now,” could wreak havoc on someone’s Ph.D. thesis. Quite often, someone writes into claim that he is the first person to have read a set right through (which no modern E.B. editor claims). As far as is known, the speed record is held by a retired minister, who took three years. Only one man claims to have read it twice — C.S. Forester, creator of Hornblower, who read two different editions. Perhaps no life has been more changed by perusal of the Britannica, however, than that of a bookbinder’s ap prentice who in the early 1800s chanced to read some loose pages of a primitive article on electricity. His name was Michael Faraday. Sets have been delivered in crates on the heads of Afri can porters, along Mongo lian tracks by wheelbarrow, by camel through the Middle East. When Sir Ernest Shackleton’s ship was crush ed and abandoned in An tarctic ice in 1915, he and his men salvaged a volume of the Britannica. His diary records his reading of “As 12 Panorama Syria” and “Babylon” before the work was finally put to use for smoking, lighting fires, and other immediate needs. Today, in all free coun tries of the world, some 3,000 men and women are constantly at work to push with all deliberate gentleness, the 36 million words that can, so it has been said, constitute “a man’s sole li brary.” E. B. men carefully guard the figures, but indus try sources estimate the print figure at well in excess of 100,000 sets a year, 20 per cent exported, with Japan alone taking much of this. The small paperback ven ture of 1768 has become, apart from governments, the world’s biggest publisher of hardback books. Although the encyclopedia’s ownership, editing, and printing are now set in Chicago, it has this year renewed one of its old links. The new editor-inchief, Sir William Haley, was for 14 years editor of the London Times. — By J. A. Maxtone Graham in the Think. JUDGE'S QUALITIES Four things belong to a judge; to hear cour teously, to answer wisely, to consider soberly, and to decide impartially. — Socrates December 1968 13 THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR Perhaps the time has al ready come when the slug gard intellect o£ this conti nent will look from under its iron lids and fill the postponed expectation of the world with something better than the exertions of mech anical skill. Our day of de pendence, our long appren ticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close. The millions that around us are rushing into life, can not always be fed on the sere remains of foreign har vests. In this hope I accept the topic which not only usage but. the nature of our association seem to prescribe to this day — the American Scholar. Let us inquire what light new days and events have thrown on his charac ter and his hopes. The state of society is one in which the members have suffered amputation from the trunk and strut about so many walking monsters — a good finer, a neck, a sto mach, an elbow, but never a man. In ■ this distribution of functions the scholar is the delegated intellect. In the right state he is Man Thinking. In the degenerate state, when the victim of so ciety, he tends to become a mere thinker, or still worse, the parrot of other men’s thinking. In life, too often, the scholar errs with man kind and forfeits his privi lege. Let us see him in his school, and consider him in reference to the main in fluences he receives. The first in time and im portance of the influences upon the mind is that of nature. The scholar is he of all men whom this spectacle most engages. He must set tle its value in his mind. What is nature to him? There is never a beginning, there is never an end to the inexplicable continuity of this web of God, but always circular power returning to itself. Therein it resembles 14 Panorama his own spirit, whose begin ning, whose ending, he can never find — so,A entire, so boundless. He shall see that nature is the opposite of the soul, answering to it part for part. One is seal, and one is print. Its beauty is the beauty of his own mind. Its laws are the laws of his own mind. Nature then be comes to him the measure of his own attainments. So much of nature as he is ig norant of, so much of his own mind does he not yet possess. And in fine, the an cient precept, “Know thy self” and the modern pre cept, “Study nature” become at last one maxim. The next great influence of the scholar is the mind of the Past — in whatever form, whether of literature, of art, of institutions, that mind is inscribed. The theo ry of books is noble. The scholar of the first age re ceived into him the world around; brooded thereon; gave it the new arrangement of his own mind, and ut tered it again. It came into him life; it went out from him truth. Yet hence arises a grave mischief. The sa credness which attaches to the act of creation, the act of thought, is transferred to the record. The writer was a just and wise spirit; hence forward it is settled the book is perfect. Meek young men grow up in libraries, believ ing it their duty to accept the views which Cicero, Locke, Bacon have given. Hence, instead of ManThinking, we have the book worm. Man Thinking must not be subdued by his instru ments. One must be an in ventor to read well. There is creative reading as well as creative writing. There goes in the world a notion that the scholar should be a recluse, a va letudinarian. As far as this is true of the studious classes, it is not just and wise. Ac tion is with the scholar 'su bordinate, but it is essential. Without it he is not yet man. Without it thought can ne ver ripen into truth. In action is cowardice, but there can be no scholar with out the heroic mind. Only so much do I know, as I have lived. I do not see how any man can afford to spare any action in which he can partake. He who has put forth his total strength into December 1968 15 fit actions has the richest return of wisdom. The mind now thinks, now acts, and each fit reproduces the other. Thinking is the func tion. Living is the func tionary. The stream retreats to its source. It remains to say some thing of his (the scholar’s) duties. The office of the scholar is to cheer, to raise, and to guide men by show ing them facts amid ap pearances. Free should the scholar be — free and brave. Free even to the definition of freedom, “without any hindrance tjiat does not arise out of his own constitution.” Brave; for fear is a thing which a scholar by his very function puts behind him. Fear always springs from ig norance. It is a shame to him if his tranquility, amid dangerous times, arise from the presumption that, like children and women, his is a protected class; or if he seek a temporary peace by the diversion of his thoughts from politics or vexed ques tions, hiding his head like an ostrich in the flowering bushes, peeping into micro scopes and turning rhymes, as a boy whistles to keep his courage up. Yes, we are cowed — we the trustless. But I have dwelt perhaps tediously upon this abstrac tion of the Scholar. I ought not to delay longer to add what I have to say of nearer reference to the time and to this country. I read with some joy of the auspicious signs of the coming days, as they glimmer already through poetry and art, through phi losophy and science, through church and state. One of these signs is the fact that the same movement which effected the elevation of what was called the lowest class in the state, assumed in li terature a very marked and as benign an aspect. That which had. been negligently trodden under foot by those who were harnessing and provisioning themselves for long journeys into far coun tries, is suddenly found to be richer than all foreign parts. The literature of the poor, the feelings of the child, the philosophy of the street, the meaning of the household life, are timely topics. Another sign of the times, also marked by an analogous Panorama political movement, is the new importance given to the single person. Every thing that tends to insulate the in dividual — to surround him with barriers of natural res pect, so that each man shall feel the world is him, and man shall treat with men as greatness. This confidence in the unsearched might of man belongs, by all motives, by all prophecy, by all pre paration, to the American Scholar. We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. Is it not the chief disgrace in the world, not to be a unit; not to be reckoned one character? Not so, brothers and friends — please God, ours shall not be so. We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. — This Phi Beta Kappa Ora tion was delivered by Ralph Waldo Emerson before the Alpha Chapter of Massachu setts at Harvard University, August 31, 1837; abridged by Frank P. Graves. MEMORY AND JUDGMENT Everyone complains of his memory, and no one complains of his judgment. — La Rochefoucauld December 1968 17 ■ The Ph.D. degree does riot necessarily indicate high ability or deep learning and educational com petence. This is the opinion of famous educators and profound scholars. THE PH.D. OCTOPUS As early as 1903 William James was concerned lest “The Ph.D. Octopus” crush its true spirit of learning in the universities. His ob servations and comments reveal so well the timeless ness of some issues of grad uate study — and they are set down with such style — that they deserve lengthy quotation: “Graduate schools are still something, of a novelty, and higher diplomas something of a rarity. The latter, therefore, .carry a vague sense of preciousness and honor, and have a particularly “upto-date” appearance, and it is no wonder if smaller in stitutions, unable to attract professors already eminent, and forced to recruit their faculties from the relatively young, should hope to com pensate for the obscurity of their officers of instruction by the abundance of decora tive titles by which those names are followed on the pages of the catalogues where they appear. The dazzled reader of the list, the parent or student, says to himself, “This must be a terribly dis tinguished crowd, — their ti tles shine like the stars in the firmament; Ph.D.’s, S.D.’s, Litt.D.’s, bespangle the page as if they were sprinkled over it from a pep per caster.” "Human nature is once for all so childish that eve ry reality becomes a sham somewhere, and in the minds of Presidents and Trustees the Ph.D. Degree is in point of fact already looked upon a mere advertising re source, a manner of throw ing dust in the Public’s eyes. 'No instructor who is not a Doctor’ has become a maxim in the smaller institutions.. “America is thus as a na tion rapidly drifting toward a state of things in which no man of science or let 18 Panorama ters will be accounted res pectable unless some kind ot badge or diploma is stamped upon him, and in which mere personality will be a mark of outcast estate. “Our higher degrees were instituted for the laudable purpose of stimulating scho larship, especially in the form of “original research.” Experience has proved that great as the love of truth may be among man, it could be made still greater by ad ventitious reward. The win ning of a diploma certifying mastery and marking a bar rier successfully passed, acts as a challenge to the ambi tious; and if the diploma will help to gain bread-win ning positions also, its power as a stimulus to work is tre mendously increased... But the institutionalizing on a large' scale of any natural combination of need and mo tive always tends to run in to technicality and to deve lop a tyrannical Machine with unforeseen powers of exclusion and corruption. “To interfere with the free development of talent, to obstruct the natural play of supply and demand in the teaching profession, to fos ter snobbery by the prestige of certain privileged institu tions, to transfer accredited value from essential man hood to an outward badge, to blight hopes and promote invidious sentiment, to di vert the attention of aspir ing youth from direct deal ings with truth to the pass ing of examinations, — such consequences, if they exist, ought surely to be regarded as draw-backs to the system, and an enlightened public consciousness ought* to be keenly alive to the impor tance of reducing their amount... “Is not our growing ten dency to appoint no instruc tors who are not also doc tors an instance of pure sham? Will anyone pretend for a moment that the doc tor’s degree is a guarantee that its professor will be suc cessful as a teacher? Noto riously his moral, social, and personal characteristics may utterly disqualify him from success in the classroom; and of these characteristics his doctor’s examination is un able to take any account whatever... “The truth is that the Doctor-Monopoly in teach December 1968 19 ing, which is becoming so rooted an American custom, can show no serious grounds whatsoever for itself in rea son. As it actually prevails and grows in vogue among us, it is due to childish mo tives exclusively. In reality it is but a sham, a bauble, a dodge, whereby to deco rate the catalogues of schools and colleges... “Men without marked ori ginality or native force, but fond of truth and especial ly of books and study, ambi tious or reward and recog nition, poor oftbn, and need ing a degree to get a teach ing position, meek in the eyes of their examiners, — among these we find...the unfit in the academic strug gle for existence. There are individuals of this sort for whojn to pass one degree after another seems the li mit of earthly aspiration. Your private advice does not discourage them. They will fail, and go away to recu perate, and then present themselves for another or deal, and sometimes prolong the process into middle life... “We know that there is no test, however absurd, by which, if a tittle or decora tion, a public badge or mark, were to be won by it, some weekly suggestible or hauntable persons would not feel challenged, and remain unhappy if they went with out it. We dangle our three magic letters before the eyes of these predestined victims, and they swarm to us like moths to an electric light. . “The more widespread be comes the popular belief that our diplomas are indis pensable hallmarks to show the sterling metal of their holders, the more widespread these corruptions will be come. We ought to look to the future carefully, for it takes generations for a na tional custom, once rooted, to be grown away from.” Not only observant but prophetic as well. Jame’s proposals for checking "the hold of the Ph.D. Octopus” were threefold: first, let the universities give the docto rate “as a matter of course ... for a due amount of time spent in patient labor,” like the Bachelor’s degree: se cond, let the colleges and universities “give up their unspeakably silly ambition 20 Panorama to bespangle their lists of officers”; and third, let able students bypass the degree when it interferes with their own independent study and let the faculty protect such students “in the market-strug gle which they have to face.” All of this in 1903. — By Bernard Berelson in the Graduate Education in the United States. CONFERENCES A conference in a gathering of important peo ple who singly do nothing, but together can de cide that nothing can be done. — Fred Allen December 1968 21 ■ Appropriations for Philippine public education in 1968 under the administration of President Fer dinand Marcos. EDUCATION EXPENDITURES AND SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS Such perennial problem areas as classroom and text book shortages can be achieved in record time. This hope was born when President Mascos signed in to law the special education fund act which assured the department of Pl 05 million a year in addition to its yearly budget. The law would set aside one per cent (P87 million) of the real estate tax and a portion of the tobacco stabilization fund (Pl 9 million), for pub lic education projects. Aside from this, a P24million permanent trust fund for private education has been put up from a portion of the special war damage fund. The amount, to be invested in worthwhile busi ness ventures, is expected to grow to Pl 07 million in ten years while the principal funds earnings are poured into various scholarship pro jects of private schools. The education budget, having increased by 13.45 per cent over that of fiscal year 1967-68, now stands at P781,596.011. This, plus the new appropriation laws and the expenditures of the pri vate institutions, bring to more than Pl billion the country’s investjnent in edu cation. But while the national al locations grow bigger, so does the magnitude of the problems to be solved1. This year, as in previous years, the problem of accom modation could not be com pletely coped with. Thou sands had to ' be. packed in large classes so it could not be said that children of gradeschool age were turned away from the schools for lack of room. 22 Panorama Despite the P34 million added every year for 12,000 additiQnal classes in the na tional budget, thousands of schoolchildren could not be assured of accommodation for weeks after opening day. Enrolment for this school year swelled by 8.48 per cent, placing the total student po pulation at the 9.7-million level. The country’s total enrolment, as education of ficials point out, is bigger than the total national po pulations of any of the fol lowing European countries: Sweden, Bulgaria, Austria, Finland, Denmark, and Swit zerland. The special education fund, as programmed by the department, will buy P44 million worth of additional grade one classes, aquivalent to about* 15,000 classes at P8,400 each. By June next year, officials hope, the prob lem of accommodation will be almost completely solved. Along with this proposed expenditure is a plan to build 30,000 new classrooms through the mass-production ibf the so-caled Marcos-type schoolhouses. If this target is reached before the fiscal year ends, the total number of new classrooms built by the Marcos administration will be 68,000; or, as edu cation officials like to point out, 5,400 per cent more than the previous administration’s classroom production record (“only 810 classrooms”). And for this schoolyear, some P13.4 million has been set aside for textbooks alone. The amount is expected to buy 3.9 million elementary and high school textbooks, cutting down the national shortage (11,131,000 text books) by 28 per cent. Corpus said that the P105million special education fund will be spent as fol lows: P44 million for ex tension classes; P10 million for textbooks; P20 million for salary standardization of department personnel; P5.5 million fos vocational and general high school equip ment: P2 million for govern ment scholarships; P3.5 mil lion for athletics; and P5 million for barrio high schools. From The Manila Times, December 27, 1968 issue under the title “The Times in ’68” by Romeo del Castillo. December 1968 23 ■ How a person can achieve real success in life. MY CONQUEST OF SCARECROWS I am one of those heirs who inherited a fortune af ter years of poverty and reck less living. This inheritance came as a result of a death I had no cause to regret. The man who bequeathed riches to me was my former self. He died of selfishness, pessimism, fear, worry, vain regrets, envy. But this old Vash Young wasn’t wholly bad, for he left me a great store of courage, content ment, patience and freedom from harmful appetites. I took this inheritance out in to business and it has made me successful beyond my hopes. As. the old Vash Young I was an advertising salesman in New York, where, despite turmoil and sourness inside me, I managed to make _a living while failing to make a life. I hadn’t the faintest idea of how happiness was to be achieved. Those were drinking, drifting days. Once I sank so low that I planned to have a look at the next life, in the belief that it could not be worse than this one. But one day this idea popped into my mind: “Suppose you owned a fac tory. Would you manufac ture in it only stuff you do not need? Would you deliberately operate it in such a way to make it harm ful to you, the owner? Well, you'do own a factory, a thought factory. You are owner, superintendent, night watchman. Nothing can come out of it except the products you yourself design. “A thought factory! That’s what you have inside you,” I said to myself, “and you have turned it into a junk factory. Take a look at your products. Fear, wor ry, impatience, anger, doubt. Your factory is a menace to yourself and a nuisance to others.” Obviously! Why hadn’t 1 seen that before? My next step was- to make a list of 24 Panorama qualities that seemed everenduring: Love, Courage, Cheerfulness, Activity, Com passion. Friendliness, Genero sity, Tolerance, Justice, Nine magic words I Night after night I sat alone with these words, fixing them in my consciousness, decidng what do wth them. Reflect them in my conduct, that’s what I would do. They are all positive. They are domi nant. They are stronger than their opposites. Live these words! That was the way out of the muck in which I had been groping. First of all I decided I must do something to van quish fear. All my life I had been afraid. The thing I feared most was loss of my job. I decided to call the bluff of this great bully, fear. I quit my job with nothing saved. Deliberately I brought about the condi tion I most feared. There is no finer sensation in life than that which comes with victory over one’s self. The morning after I found myself jobless, with less than flOO and with a wife and daughter trusting me to care for them, I had not one feel ing of fear — only elation, ro mance, joy at a new start in a new world. I started from scratch, as an insurance salesman, the most highly competitive of occupations. I had to stop thinking about myself, for get the past, leave the future to care for itself and con centrate on today. Doubts tried to creep into my mind, but every time a negative thought came I thrust it out of my consciousness and thought of something worth while. This is a habit any one can acquire. Try it. At first the unwholesome thoughts will struggle, but they are not strong enough to win. For a time my household was hard up, but we were happier than we had ever been before, for we were fighting and winning a series of battles. One of my first fights was to cut out all habits which seemed to be harmful. I found that li quor, coffee, tea and tobac co all could be dispensed with, so within the space of a single day I cut these things out of my life. It wasn’t easy. It took reason and understanding to win the day. Dominion over December 1968 25 these habits was a great vic tory for me. A great victory almost always makes subse quent victories easy. A second battle was to get rid of self-centeredness. For there came a time when our condition was desperate, and I wavered and had to check myself sharply. "When you are keenly conscious of your own needs, do something for somebody else!" I demand ed. So every Sunday for the next year I went to a hos pital on the East Side of New York and sang for the crippled children there. • Be fore that year was over, I had money. By refusing to put money first I had hit on a profitable program. A third fight was my de termination never to under take any, business venture if my happiness would be in the least disturbed in case it failed. When my domi nion over disappointment was entrenched, I still had a bad temper to lick. A tri vial adventure did that and was worth millions to me in happiness. After working very late one night, I dived into the subway, dog tired, eager to be in bed. The guard of a waiting train slammed the door in my face. There would not be another for 15 -minutes. I felt hot anger sweep over me. I started to yell at the guard, but then I stopped. Why burn up what little energy I had left? Looking around, I saw a woman leaving the station with a baby and a suitcase. I asked if I could help her, took her suitcase, hailed a taxicab, drove her to her destination. Then I started home, two hours af ter I had missed the subway train. My fatigue was gone and I was very happy. I had put myself through a course of discipline by doing something for somebody else. The subject of fear is a favorite of mine. Fear is the greatest enemy of most persons. Every friend I have has lost something because of fear. Read biographies and you encounter frequent accounts of combats with fear, for men about whom biographies are written usual ly are those who overcome this emotion. Few persons go through life without at least one big chance. The»fact that so many do not grasp it is due more often to fear than to any other 26 Panorama thing. "Never strike a sail to fear,” says Emerson, and every man who has occupied a commanding position has said the same. No man has ever had a harder fight against fear than I had. There is not a doubt nor a dread nor a sick sensation. I have not suffered. Most people are afraid of something, but I was afraid of almost every thing, including mice, thun derstorms, teachers, physical encounters. In my first days as a salesman I often be came so nauseated as I con templated my next calls that I lost my food in the gut ter. Literally that is true. Not once, but time after time, due always to fear. I have prayed — how I have prayed! — that my prospects would be out of the office when I got there. But one day I stopped and spoke to myself. "You mise rable coward!" I said. "You set out to do a job and you crawl out on it. Go and see those men!” And I call ed on every one of the men I had dreaded to call on, I had delightful talks with some of them and went home happy. When I was a boy farmers used scarecrows in their fields. Timid birds, seeing the flapping of an old coat on crossed sticks, would fly away, but now and then a wiser bird would come down and enjoy a feast, using the scarecrow as a perch. Since I became tired of being a fool, it has occurred to me time and again that the fears of life are nothing more than scarecrows. Realization of this is the heart of the for tune I inherited. This inheritance, as I have said, requires that I do every thing possible for my fellow humans. I try. I have made it a rule these past ten suc cessful years to devote less than half of my time to my own affairs. A considerable part of my happiness comes from these extra-official du ties. I give each Saturday to people who are in trou ble. The fortune which I share with people who come to me on "Trouble Day” is really my religion. This is what I think religion is: It is saying gratefully in the morning, "Thank you, God, for what I have,” in stead of, “Please give me a lot more.” December 1968 27 It is trying to make some body happier for the day be fore leaving home. It is pausing long enough in the morning to telephone to some friend who may need a word of encouragement. In doing this you develop the habit of thinking more of others than of yourself. The results will surprise you. As an insurance salesman, for intance, my plans differ radically from the standard plan of selling. I always submit a policy smaller than I think the man should take out, and let him raise it. That makes him feel com fortably. My idea always is to make a man on whom I call glad that I came. This I do as a matter of ethics. It is just a fine break of life that in some cases business follows in the wake of considerate conduct. Again, religion to me is planning for the day more constructive work than we can possibly do. It is the exercise of constant dominion over harmful emotions and false appetites. It is telling other people of things they have done which merit praise. It is development of the "giving” habit instead of the “getting” habit. Finally, religion to me is living now, on this earth, as nearly as possible the life we imagine the next one to be. Selfishness, pride, greed, envy, fear, worry, hate and anger undoubtedly do not exist in the heavenly state. Heaven is unquestionably made up of such positive qualities as love, courage, cheerfulness, generosity. We can be in Heaven right here on earth tyy living these qualities. Life becomes al most automatic once you have tapped their sources of strength. It is silly for a poor mortal to buck the stream of life. I have sought out its current and have sought to flow with it. That stream is impelled by those positive qualities, and it is the fortune they have brought me that I’d like to share with all. — By Vash Young, condensed from “A Fortune to Share”. Panorama ■ Values worth pursuing: Loyalty, Love, Respon sibility. CHOOSING LIFE A young man in Sartre's book Age of Reason felt that he had to reject all the values that were part of his culture in order to obtain a true sense of freedom. When he found that he could not steal some money in a given opportunity, he concluded that his efforts to escape from his class were in vain. Free dom eluded him. "I am a bourgeoisie,” he said to him self. “I couldn’t take Lola’s money. I was scared by their taboos.” ‘Sartre’s idea is that in order to be a free authentic individual, he would have to be able to do anything he desired to do at the moment without feeling any restraint or guilt. Of course, all of us feel res traints and guilts at one time or another, but the pendu lum is now swinging towards the idea of Sartre. With the concept that you should do what you please when you please without worrying about the consequences to others, we are finding a drift in our society towards meaninglessness. Even though Sartre has many disciples in our grow ing hedonistic society, there are, in my opinion, some ob vious values and truths that are above the whims and wishes of the individual. Un less they become the stand ards of our lives, we will not be happy people nor will our community be a hopeful place in which to live. The Book of Ruth (in the Old Testament), though a mere four chapters, carries insights concerning these values. It is surrounded in a section of the Old Testament that stresses violence, hate and war, yet like a flower that comes out of the parched field after a rain, Ruth stands as an example of what men work towards. Ruth shows loyalty to her mother-in-law. She forsakes her own blood family, her December 1968 29 own land, and stays by the older woman who needs her. Ruth displays love. When her mother-in-law, Naomi, tries to persuade her to leave for the better life that she might have in her own land, Ruth replies, “Entreat me not to leave thee or to return from following after thee, for whither thou goest, I shall go.” A deep analysis of Ruth demonstrates the values that we must seek and live by in our lives. They are LOYALTY, LOVE, and RESPONSIBILITY! It further demonstrates persons above nationalisms, unity above racism, with ethical choice instead of aimless drift. How often have we failed these values in our lives? How frequently have we forgotten that these are changeless? How often have we neglected to emulate them within our family, church and community? Even when times do not seem bright for us, and we tend to think of what we want at the expense perhaps of others, let us de cide to go the way of Ruth. With her, let us choose life! — Rhys Williams in Novem ber 8, 1968 CLF letter. SADNESS OF AGE What makes old age so sad is, not that our joys but that our hopes cease. — Jean Paul Richter 30 Panorama ■ A child’s behavior and life are greatly determined by the kind relationship between father and mo ther rather than by the education and economic status of its parents. FAMILY INFLUENCES ON PERSONALITY We have found in oux guidance study group that the relationship between parents bears more largely on children’s behavior than such things as the educa tional or economic status of the parents. In fact, the marital relationship appears to be more important than any other factor. Food-finickiness, over-dependence, attention-demanding, temper tantrums, and urinary incon tinence are recruited more consistently from homes where an inharmonious pa rental relationship exists. Since the marital adjust ment is so important to healthy habits and sound personality in the child, the teacher may ask, “What of it so far as I am concerned?” If she has good sense she knows that it is completely outside the limits of her function to intrude into the highly inflammable area of husband-wife relationships. But some general knowledge of the sources of strain and bafflement may give her to lerance of both parents and child, and may help to breed tolerance in them. In our group, we found that while similarities of educational and economic background were the rule in marriage, this was not true of temperament. The re served, dignified person with a marked sense of privacy tends to marry the outgoing, extraverted person. Appa rently a large element of ro mantic allure lies in a tem perament different from one’s own, and yet it may be baffling to understand and adjust to. A mutually satisfying sex relationship brings enough support to make such ad justments seem relatively mi December 1968 31 nor, but when erotic ten sions exist all sorts of minor items are saturated with strains projected from them. Another factor, closely re lated to marital adjustment in its influence on child ren’s behavior, is the degree of parental agreement on disciplinary techniques. This is never complete, both be cause the parents vary in temperament and because all of us are greatly influenced in our ideas about discipline by our approval or disap proval of the techniques used on us as children. Where parents have not accepted these differences and real strain or friction exists over discipline, we find the child showing insecurity or anxie ty Child behavior is also af fected by the child-parent relationship. A mother may be baffled by an emerging personality unlike her own or by conflict in herself, or because of the trying domes tic situation to which her child ties her. She may be reliving through her child the tensions of her own childhood. She may be merely too acutely aware of the importance of the mo ther-child relationship, hec tic, self-conscious, poring over the latest undigested words from child psychology, and mental hygiene propa ganda, anxiously seeking ad vice and authority. Regard less of the cause, if she is anxious and uneasy in her relationship to her young ster, she increases the likeli hood of unfortunate response patterns from him. What she needs is a practical pro gram that will help her see herself and the child ob jectively — to appreciate which of his characteristics are modifiable and which are not. What she does not need is criticism of herself or her child. An intolerant teach er can easily add to the tension of an already tense relationship. The psychological environ ment of the child also va ries enormously according to his mere position in the fa mily. The first child has a monopoly on affection, and many children are so dislo cated by the advent of a new child that they have marked changes of personality and show gross misbehavior in their futile attempts to get back their monopoly. 32 Panorama A younger child, too, has his problems. Older child ren place him in an inferior role with respect to achieve ment. If the older child is a boy, the younger may constantly feel inadequate intellectually and physically and carry these attitudes even as an adult. If the older sib is a domineering girl, he may carry deepseated resentment of women into adulthood. If the older sister is protective and ma ternal, he may have fewer adjustment problems as a young child but continue most of his life handing on to childish dependent pat terns that retard his emo tional maturity. All these relationships modify the other relation ships within the home. If permitted by circumstances and good luck, the child be comes a youngster who is fun to know and teach. If poor original equipment, bad health, or straining intra-family relationships exist, then the child, a victim of circumstances, may become for the teacher a thorn in the side. Understanding breeds to lerance. Where teachers have knowledge of the whys of a child’s behavior, greater sympathy and patience are possible, and a more intel ligent contribution to the child’s training. But no teacher can know more than a few of her children and their homes. She can’t de pend on understanding as the basis of sympathy and tolerance. She must learn to accept the fact that child ren and parents vary greatly in attractiveness, and per haps when they are particu larly trying she can remem ber to stand by with tole rance while they struggle, with the equipment which heredity and experience have given them, against the pres sures of life. — By Jean Walker Macfarlane, Director of Guidance Study, Univ, o/ California, in the Childhood Education, Oct. 1938. December 1968 33 A TECHNICAL VIEWPOINT ON THE AQUINO CASE Mr. Justice J. B. L. Reyes and Mr. Justice Fred Ruiz Castro, the two members of the Senate Electoral Tribunal whose stand on the cele brated case of Senator Aqui no was motivated by purely legal considerations, are pro bably the loneliest persons in the country at the mo ment. For in the face of the rau cous and seemingly triumph ant argument that 4-million voters had expressed their endorsement of the young gentleman, from Tarlac, the two Justices must be wonder ing how and where it will all end. Theirs must be an overpowering desire to know where a clear and definite line can be drawn that will divide the rule of law, on the one hand, from the rule of the people’s voice, on the other. Four million voters casting their ballot for one man is truly an impressive manifes tation of popular approval, and it takes more than ave rage courage to ignore it. But the Constitution in its entirety was approved almost unanimously by the whole electorate, including women, in 1935. This means that the provisions governing the age requirement for senators were ratified not only by 4million but also by almost everybody who was qualified to vote in 1935. The crux of the contro versy in the Aquino case is over the legal interpretation of the phrase, "at the time of the election." The in sistence of Justice Reyes and of Justice Castro, that this cannot mean or refer to any other time but the hours in which the adult citizens of the country cast their vote on the day ,of the election has been summarily dismissed by the defenders of Senator 34 Panorama Aquino as too much of a quibbling over a technical ity. Is it really nothing but a technicality? If a correct interpretation of the provisions governing the age requirement of a senatorial candidate is a technicality, why is it that the enforcers of the law and the courts are always ready to punish a voter who is discovered to be less than 21 years of age at the time that he exercises the right of suffrage? Why is it a technicality for those who make the laws and an impla cable rule for those who must obey those laws? Let us go further and see what a disregard for the socalled technicalities of the law will lead to. If a man of thirty-four years presents himself as a candidate for a seat in the Senate and wins by an impressive ma jority, what is his status when, on the day of his pro clamation, he is still a week or two before 35? Surely, he cannot qualify as a mem ber of the Senate. But suppose a tumultuous happening engineered by the candidate’s adherents occurs and Congress cannot assem ble on the day stipulated in the Constitution to make the necessary proclamation. Suppose that it meets, say, six months after the thirty fifth birthday of the candi date. Surely, those who voted for the retention of Senator Aquino will say that our fictitious but not impos sible candidate qualifies. If they do, and by the logic of their argument they will, then the length of time of the election is not the in terval between election day and the day of proclamation as they claim but something indefinite, something in fluenced and controlled by extraneous forces. It is not seemly to think that this was in the mind of the framers of the Consti tution. If this was, then the ultimate development will be what William James once called “a booming confu sion.” A Constitution that is interpreted in a manner that will lead to “a boom ing confusion” can hardly be called such. Finally, if our Justices and Judges and Senators and Re December 1968 35 presentatives were to allow themselves to be guided in their interpretation of the Constitution by the;number of votes that a legislator re ceives, what diference would there be between the justice meted out by our courts and the justice rendered at a Communist public square? At such a place, the pro cess is brief and thorough. The prosecutor, with his hand grasping the neck of an abject ideological sinner, cries, “Is this man guilty?” And the mob cries back, “Yes!” “Shall we kill him?” the prosecutor asks. And the mob answers in unison, “Yes, yes kill him! And so, the poor wretch is killed. Let not legal technical ities be denigrated. Often times, they constitute the little safeguards which in their totality impart order to the chaos of our lives. — I. P. Soliongco, MC: 21-XII68 AGE AND TIME In youth the day are short and the years are long; in old age the years are short and the days are long. — Panin 36 Panorama HOW DENISE DARVALL LAUNCHED THE HEART TRANSPLANT ERA Late on a Saturday after noon just a year ago — on Dec. 2, 1967 — an ambulance raced with sirens wailing up the hill to Cape Town’s huge, sprawling Groote Schuur Hospital. Inside lay Denise Darvall, a pretty, 25-year-old brunette, with severe head injuries suffered when a car knocked her and her mother down in a nearby street, Mrs. Dar vall was dead. Denise was dying. To the overworked doctors and nurses on duty in “Ca sualty,” it seemed just an other tragedy in the endless harvest of fatal weekend accidents. But the death of Denise Darvall was to launch man kind on one of its greatest medical adventures. The doctors knew nothing could be done for the dying young woman. They took her father, Edward Darvall, to a waiting room and put to him a blunt but gentle request: “There is nothing more than can be done for your daughter,” he was told. “You can do us, and human ity, a great favor by allow ing us to transplant your daughter’s heart into a dying man.” Sobbing, the father agreed and "the year of the heart transplant” was about to begin. The death-watch on Denise Darvall started. Elsewhere in the hospital Louis Washkansky, 55, was being made ready to become the subject of world’s first heart trans plant. From the moment a few hours later, when news of the operation was released, the names of Denise Darvall, surgeon Christian Neethling Barnard, and Washkansky December 1968 37 were to dominate the head lines of the world. Washkansky’s wife Ann said, “A miracle has taken place.” Every day brought new re ports of Washkansky’s pro gress. Two days after the operation all intravenous tubes had been removed and Washkansky was breathing without assistance and taking his first solid food. The first-X-ray pictures of his new heart were made and Barnard, said, “indications are that it is functioning properly.” Washkansky was still in an oxygen tent but this, Bar nard explained, was to help to protect' him against infec tion. Washkansky’s leg swelling — the result of his heart condition — went down con siderably, and a diabetic sore on his heel was healing. He laughed and joked with the doctors and nurses at tending him, and sent his love to his wife, who like all outsiders was still barred from seeing him to reduce the danger of infection. The surgeon was still wor ried about rejection of the new heart, but by Dec. 6, when Denise Darvall was cremated, Barnard was con fident enough to say, “if Washkansky maintains his present improvement I would be prepared to let him go home in three weeks and then treat him as a home patient.” On Dec. 7 Washkansky was wheeled out of Jiis ward and taken to the hospital’s radio therapy section. From behind the clear plastic walls of the oxygen tent, he waved cheerfully at passing nurses and' doctors. That night Washkansky coined a phrase that was to become famous. Dr. Bertie Bosman of the heart team took a sterilized microphone into the ward and asked Washkansky: “how do you feel about being such a fa mous man now?” "I’m not famous,” Wash kansky replied not his usual cocky self for once. “It’s the doctor that’s famous — the m^n with the golden hands.” In the next few days Wash kansky had his first face-toPanorama face press conference with a French doctor who was writ ing for the Paris newspaper Francesoir, was visited several times by his wife (who said: "he’s looking better than I’ve seen him look for two years’’) and was doing arm and leg exercises in bed. On Dec. 9 he showed slight rejection signs — a small rise in his white blood corpuscle count. The doctors were concerned but not worried, saying this was to be expect ed and was, in fact, later and far milder than they had feared. Dec. 14 saw Washkansky taking his first walk — slow ly he made his way from his bed to an armchair on the verandah of his ward, where he sat down and en joyed the . warm summer sun. Doctors reported his diabetic ulcer had healed completely, and there were no further signs of rejection. Washkansky spent much of Dec. 16 sleeping quietly, ostensibly because he had been tired out by the pre vious day’s activities. His wife happily outlined her plans for him when he was discharged from the hospital. That evening, Barnard re leased some shocking news: Washkansky was ill. He had developed pneumonia in both lungs. Washkansky lived for only 18 days but he became fa mous, not only because of his courage in volunteering to be a guinea-pig, but also because of the fighting spirit he showed. (UPI Cape Town, South Africa) — MC: 21-XII-68. December 1968 Philosophy and Greatness which nerves all civilized effort. Mankind can flourish in the lower stages of life with merely barbaric flashes of thought. But when civilization culminates, the ab sence of a coordinating philosophy of life, spread through out the community, spells decadence, boredom, and the slackening of effort. — By Alfred North Whitehead > in Adventures of Ideas pages 104 — 105. INJUSTICE Injustice is relatively easy to bear; what strings is justice. — N. L. Mencken There is a period of life when we go back wards as we advance. — Jean Jacques Rousseau 40 Panorama Panorama Reading Association PANORAMA invites the educated public to join its Association of Readers. PANORAMA READING ASSOCIATION is dedicated to men and women who appreciate the variety and quality of its articles as. sources of liberal ideas. PANORAMA READING ASSOCIATION includerrstndents, businessmen, professionals, proprietors, employers, and employees. It is also open to clubs, schools, and other ac credited organizations. PANORAMA has been in existence for over Thirty Years. PANORAMA piovides excellent material for classes in history, government, economics, political and social studies, lite rature, and science. It may be adopted for secondary and college use. PANORAMA is not a fly-by-night publication. It was bom in March, 1936. COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Inverness, (M. Carreon) St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines Contents Philosophy and Greatness ................................................................... 1 The Leadership of Rizal ................................................................... 2 The Encyclopaedia Britannica .................................................. 8 The American Scholar 14 The Ph.D. Octopus ............................................................................... 18 Education Expenditures and School Enrollments ............. My Conquest of Scarecrows ............................................................. 24 Choosing Life 29 Family Influences on * Personality .................................................. 31 A Technical Viewpoint on the Aquino Case ..................... 34 37 How Denise Darvall Launched The Heart Transplant Era THE COVER: A young girl and an old woman lug their b of X'mas presents, with faces expressive of the Yuk Season.