Panorama Vol. X, No.10 (October 1958)

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Title: Panorama Vol. X, No.10 (October 1958)
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extracted text: HOPE OCTOBER 19! 50 CENTAVOS THE U. N PAGE 40 LEYTE LANDING Articles CONTENTS How to Select China.............................................................. 2 Leyte Landing, 1944 ................................Andres Cangco 3 Coming: The Small Car............ J. P. Sto. Domingo 7 25 Days Inside Red China . .. Jesus Marcos Roces 11 Our Economy Isn’t as Bad as You Think...................... Amado Castro 21 Decision at Quemoy........................... F. C. Sta. Maria 27 The Temple of Khajuraho....................Mitron Paniqui 31 Better Roads are Safer Roads ... Florencio Moreno 34 Hope in the U.N..................................Felixberto Serrano 40 Wanted: 50,000 Wives ........................................................ 45 Jose Maria Panganiban: A Patriot Comes Home .... Roberto Fernando 51 Sivi and the Dove............................................................. 61 Caissons in Zambales..................................... Ben R&villa 63 Julius Caesar and “Bagoong”............................................. 65 The Rare and Promising Beryllium................................ 66 Promise of Plenty ................................................................... 68 Meet Roy Harris, Musician.........................Free World 70 More Secrets From the Atom .......................................... 72 The Story of X-Ray........................................ 79 Shakespeare Still Lives Here................. Sixto D’Asis 84 Fish For Ceylon .......... 88 A New Deal for Tokyo’s Ragpickers ........................... 89 Poetry Voluptuary .......................................................David Bunao 44 Fiction Hands............................................... Regular Features Are You World Wise? ............ Panorama Peek ........................... Book Review: The Fallacy of Heresy .........................Leonard Casper Literary Personality — XLV: Francoise J^agan .... Panorama Quiz ....................................................................... In the Beginning .................................................................. Philippine Panorama — XLVI: Cotabato................. Fun-Orama by Elmer........................................................... Nila S. Zalamea 46 20 39 55 59 73 75 76. 83 PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishers, Inc., 1986 Herren, Manila, Philippines Editor; FEUXBERTO C. STA. MARIA Foreign contributing editor: Leonard Caspar Art director; Rodolfo P. Peres Business Manager; Mrs. C. A. Maramag Subscription rates; In the Philippines, one year PS.OO; two years P9.00. Foreign subscription; one year $4.00 U.S.; two yean $7.00 U.S. Single copy 50 centavos. 9ett tywt about the Panorama, the Philippines’ most versatile, most significant magazine today. a year’s subscription — NOW! they will appreciate it. Subscription Form ....................1 year for P5.00 ...................2 years for P9.00 .................. Foreign subscription: one year $4.00 U.S. Name ........................................................................................................ Street ............................................................................................... City or Town ............................... Province .............................. Enclosed is a check/money order for the amount specified above. Please address all checks or money orders in favor of: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila HOW TO SELECT CHINA TAT HEN buying china look around and choose wisely. There ” are many points on which you should seek the advice of the expert.” This advice was given recently by Frank W. Kerry, export manager of Royal Doulton Potteries, one of Britain’s largest makers of china. “Remember that a good quality service should not ‘craze’,” Mr. Kerry said, ‘there should be no dryness at the edges of the articles where the glaze has missed, nor any running over of glaze from the edges of the plate. “All articles should be perfect in form. Hold a din ner plate horizontally at eye level and turn it slowly round and you will quickly discover any distortion in shape. Wlatch large meat dishes particularly for this. Also look to see that handles have been fixed neatly and in perfect line. Look for pinholes in the glaze, see that defects have not been covered by a rather heavy pattern. “There are two distinct types of tableware made in England — bone china and earthenware. People often ask what is meant by the expression ‘bone * . It denotes that a large percentage of the body of the ware is actually burnt and powdered ox bone. In the best bone china, the pro portion of bone ash is in the region of fifty percent. Do not be misled by the apparent delicacy of English bone china. Its outstanding characteristic! is that it combines great strength and durability with a delicate white translu cency. Hold a plate up to the light and you will see your fingers plainly through it.” 2 Panorama GOOD BEADING Entered as second class mail matter at the Manila Post Office on Dec. 7, 1966 OCTOBER 1958 VOL. X MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 10 How MacArthur came back By Andres Cangco On October 20, 1944 a fleet of about 600 ships gath ered at Leyte Gulf. The ships ranged in size from tiny PT boats and minesweepers to giant troopships. This naval maneuver was the first phase in the liberation of the Philip pines. Leyte was selected by the American General Staff because of its geographical position in the archipelago. It was to be used as the site of major air and supply bases for the con duct of the Philippine campaign. The landfftg at Leyte was de signed “to establish an air and. logistical base in Leyte in order to support operations in the Luzon - Formosa - China (?oast area and particularly to nullify Japanese strength in Luzon.” Before the Americans landed at Leyte, the Filipino guerrillas had been worrying the Japa nese forces. Attacks on Ja panese patrols, demolition of supply dumps and communica tion points and actual skirmish es with large Japanese contin gents had sapped the strength of the enemy. The Filipinos at this time were supplied by sub marines. On October 21, 1943, General Douglas MacArthur sent this message to Colonel Ruperto Kangleon, the arei commander: “I desire that you establish and maintain direct communication with this headquarters at your earliest oportunity and there after you keep me informed of major developments involving enemy movement, dispositions and other activity within your area and observation.” The guerrillas intensified their attacks on7 the Japanese. But the enemy probably sensed that somtehing big was up be cause reenforcements were sent to Leyte. The 16th division and 6,000 naval troops from Samar and Palau were sent to Leyte. The enemy strength was esti mated at over 21,700 soldiers. However, during the battle, more and more Japanese sol diers came. <T he code name for the Leyte 1 operation was King II. The orders for its planning and con duct was given by General MacArthur on August 31, 1944. The day of the attack was October 20. Never in the history of Phil ippine warfare has such con centration of military might been used. Besides the naval strength, ground troops from the Central and Southwest Pa cific were joined under the com mand of MacArthur. The air assault of the enemy installa tions lasted for days. 4 Panorama Three days before the attack, minesweepers scurried around the gulf to remove mines and obstructions. On the evening of the 19th a convoy advanced as near as 3,000 yards from the Dinagat shoreline. All ships arrived on schedule, entering south of the gulf. As the naval manuevers were taking place, the air attacks became more and more intense. The Japanese were not even given a chance to fire at the fleet. After the ships had taken their positions, the big naval guns were let loose. The naval bombardment lasted up to nine o'clock the following morning. The firing stopped and the destroyersand cruisers moved nearer to the shore. The first assault is vividly narrated by an army historian: “Flanked by rocket and gun boat LCI’s and preceded by am phibian tanks, the 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments which form ed the 1st Brigade and the 7th Cavalry, which with the 8th Cavalry composed the 2nd Bri gade, raced for the shore of Leyte. The escorting rocket ships laid down a heavy bar rage which': covered the beach defenses to depth of 1,800 yards inland and left the enemy indhpable of organized resistance. As the boats neared the shore, only small arms and machine guns opposed the landing. As planned, the regiments landed abreast, the 7th Cavalry Regi ment on the right and the 12th Cavalry Regiment on the left ...both squadrons landed on schedule with only slight op position, and immediately be October 1958 5 gan to execute their assign ments. The 2nd Squadron, with in fifteen minutes after land ing, knocked out two pill-boxes on the beach killing eight Ja panese in one and five in an other. It then organized rapidly and pushed on to secure its first objective: the town of San Jose. In the town, the squadron engaged in a house-to-house search but found few Japanese. By 1230, 24 Japanese had been killed, San Jose was in Ameri can hands, and the Cataisan peninsula was sealed off. The 7th Cavalry Regiment estab lished its command post on the west side of the town at 1245 The enemy had fled the town and were hiding in the swamps and abandoned houses along the road. After the 1st Squadron and thq 7th .Caw+ry * "tfa'd^ tefiuaed—the - Cataisan--airstrip» more landings were made at White Beach. By 1130 all the troops were ashore. (T he objectives fell one by one. The resistance was very light. The naval and air bom bardments were paying off. The contact between the Americans and the Filipino guerrillas was made and together they pro ceeded to mop up the area. When news that American forces had secured Leyte reach ed President Roosevelt, he ra dioed to MacArthur the follow ing message: “You have the nation’s gratitude and the na tion prays for success as you and your men fight your way back.” General MacArthur with Pre sident Osmena waded ashore. When they reached dry land, the General turned to his staff and to President Osmena and said with deep emotion: “I have re turned.” Safety First The sergeant glared at an undersized, sharp-eyed rookie and demanded, “You, there, what’s the first thing you do when you clean a rifle?” “Look at the serial number” was the immediate reply. “The serial number!” roared the sergeant. “Why?” “To make certain,” explained the rookie, “that I’m cleaning my own rifle.” 6 Panorama Goming: the Small Gar Will it push the giants out of the road? recent survey of the automobile dealers of Ma nila revealed that car buyers are tending more and more toward the small car. The reasons are fairly obvious: the small car is cheaper in many ways than the medium-priced American car; it is more manueverable in city traffic; it is easier to park; and design and models do not change every year. The small cars that are popu lar in Manila today are Hill man, Austin, Volkswagen, Opel Rekord, Renault Dauphine, Standard Ten and Morris Mi nor. Except for Standard Ten, all these cars are European. Now the questions are being raised: Do the small cars give good performance? Can they stand hard sustained driving? In the long run, are they really economy cars? It must be remembered that the small car is a product of European conditions. The horse power tends to be low because European cars are taxed on the basis of horsepower. The car also stresses fuel economy be cause gasoline is more expen sive in Europe than in America. It is small because the roads of Europe are narrow and wind ing and the distances to. be covered are short. There is general agreement among engineers that the Eu ropean small car is well built. October 1958 7 Some European cars can with stand steady speed up to 60 miles an hour and generally the parts and materials are good. Lately, in America, the small car has been enjoying consum er popularity. American car dealers attribute this populari ty to the low-cost of a small car and to its prestige value. However, in most cases, the small car is a second car, used for short distance commuting. The American car manufac turers are aware of this. They are planning to put on the mar ket an American version of the small car. The American small car will try to overcome some of the deficiencies of the Eu ropean type: lack of comfort, limited performance and small margin of safety. ('T he critics say that the small 1 car does not have any re serve power for passing or sus tained high speed driving. Con sequently, highway driving is a risk for the small car. In hilly country, constant shifting of gears is necessary because of the low power. Another com plaint is repair. The foreign, small car has to be repaired more often than the ordinary American car and usually there are no maintenance shops for them. Regarding comfort, the tall American finds the Euro pean car lacking in both leg room and luggage space. In a direct collision with a larger car, critics say, the small car gets the worst of it. On the other hand, the ad vocates of the small car have these to say: While it is true that the small car might con ceivably suffer the greater da mage in case of a collision, it is able to squeeze through spots that could result in a serious accident to a larger car. The matter of riding comfort is ea sily solved by good design not by length of wheelbase. Some small cars such as the Volk swagen are able to make 60,000 miles without a major overhaul. With almost all the European cars, one can drive between 60 to 75 miles an hour all day with out damaging the car. 8 Panorama Among the experts in De troit, however, the European small car has drawn favorable comments. They say that if one does not miss such features as fast acceleration, automatic transmission, power steering and power brakes, 006 * can de rive a great deal of satisfaction from the European small car. George H. Brown, market ing-research manager of the Ford division of the Ford Mo tor Company finds that "some are much better than others.” "In the best of them,”' says Mr. Brown, "the quality of workmanship is good. They are not manmade, as some Ameri cans seem to believe, but they are not inferior workmanship. Some of the engineering on the small cars is superior. The qua lity of materials is good. “Four or five of the major makers can take high, sustained speed without breakdowns. In our survey of foreign car own ers we found onty a very small percentage who complained of high repair costs.” The Ford company has a fleet of small, European cars it has been testing since 1953. "What you have to keep in mind in regard to the small imports is that they are what we call ‘a product sacrifice’,” says Mr. Brown. “To get econo my, you sacrifice space for pas sengers and luggage. The speed is not more than 65 to 70 miles per hour in most of them. You sacrifice fast acceleration and passing power. The horsepower is low. It takes time to build up speed. We call it ‘cranking it up’ when we accelerate them. They are not well-designed for mountain states, where you need power for climbing. "You don’t have automatic transmission, or power steering or power brakes, unless you specially order them. Usually, even . the choke, is manual. "They are a Spartan car. Some of them are good cars, if you can put up with the lack of conveniences.” (T)R. Brown says that there ■U is much dispute between small car owners regarding rid ing comfort. Some say that they October 1958 9 can drive all day in a small car without feeling cramped. Others disagree. All owners of small car tend to exaggerate the gasoline mileage. The Ford tests have shown that small cars give on the average 25 to 35 miles to the gallon for all-round driv ing. A favorite argument for the small car is its low deprecia tion—hence its high resale va lue. Mr. Brown says that this is not true. European cars de preciate at the rate of about 25 per cent in the first year, which is about the depreciation rate for American cars. In other American plants, the experts are more skeptical. One of them said: “You can’t real ly say now whether those cars are giving good service. The average American owner of a foreign car has had his car for less than one year. People don’t uspally drive them long dis tances. They seldom get any real endurance tests.” The engineers of automobile plants have discovered that the European car holds up well un der test conditions, but that most “begin to break up” after been driven about 25,000 miles. When a European car does break down, there are usually no service stations for them. Spare parts are difficult to ob tain also. It is therefore a risk to drive a European car long distances. There are as yet no figures available on the safety features of the European car. It is how ever logical to assume that in case of a direct collision, • the small car would sustain the greater damage. The increasing popularity of the small car, however, might change all of these. Car dealers in America think that before the end of next year, Americans would have imported at least one million European cars. The Detroit car magnates have their eyes on the small car market. When they do decide to enter it, they might produce a car that combines the best features of the small and medium cars. 10 Panorama * ¥ * Unburned Auto Fuel The General Motors is trying to save gas, im prove fuel economy, stop air pollution, ^hti-fuelwaste and air-fouling measures (and their shuitcomings) under study by GM include: venting vaporized gas outside carburetor (may pollute air), venting va por inside to intake manifold (causes “hot starting’*), reworking entire fuel system, and reducing fuel vo latility. An eye-opener for Free Asia 25 Days Inside Red China By JESUS MARCOS ROCES Vice-Mayor of Manila Fou might be surprised to know that the trip I made to Red China was the cul mination of a plan that was initiated over two years ago. It was during a series of in formal discussions with friends on our national future that we came to the conclusion that we in the Philippines knew very October 1958 1J little about what was going on behind the bamboo curtain. We decided that because of our geographic proximity with the mainland of China, it was vital for us to know first what was happening there. The late Ramon Magsaysay, with whom the matter was brought up in 1956, thought the project a meritorious one and asked me to find out if a trip to the Chinese mainland would be feasible. Later, I in formed him that I had been able to obtain an invitation from the Red Chinese Govern ment. Although the President was personally in favor of the idea, he was somewhat hesitant to give me the green light be cause of other angles that might embarrass the government if such a trip was made. It therefore waited for the President’s authorization. I fin ally received it after his death, although a month before his death, he personally reiterated to me that such a trip was im portant. Last July 16, I crossed the Lo Wu River that separates Kowloon from Red China and there I found myself in a strange world. Twenty-five days later, I recrossed the river. Some of us perhaps may well survive the first year of Com munism but even if you sur vive you will be totally changed. I will not, therefore, speak on the factories that we visited, on the lavish and fancy dinners prepared for us, on the amaz ing industrial development of Red China nor go into great detail on the fantastic powers being built by total regimen tation of one-fourth of the world’s population. These are all incidentals, symptoms of a much bigger event which is the emergence of China as a new world power. I would ra ther give you an intimate pic ture of what the communists intend for us. I want to share with you the conclusions I have arrived at on the basis of this impres sive and yet you most unset tling experience. I shall there fore talk about China, its gov ernment, its people, its indus trial development, chiefly as it affects us. J^et me tell you of a business man I knew in Shanghai. Before the war he had a fac tory. In 1949, the communists came and like all capitalists he hid in his house in fear. Two weeks later he was called to the military garrison office and ordered to operate his factory. At first, business was as usual except for government dicta tion of what he must produce, what he must pay for raw ma terials, what he must pay his employes and the price for which he must sell his products. In 1953, however, all private capitalists were compelled to 12 Panorama "voluntarily” join the so-called “joint state private enterprise.” This was the closing step to wards communism and under this system his property was assessed. Of the assessed value he was promised 5% yearly for a period of seven years. In short the expropriation of his pro perty entitled him only to 359k of his properties’ assessed va lue which was payable to him in seven yearly installments. After payment is complete, he would be given a chance to become an employe of his own enterprise. This is the history of a cap italist who from the very be ginning was sympathetic to the communist’s .cause. This is the history of one of the few cap italists that survived. Those who fled to Formosa and Hong kong had their properties con fiscated. Those who remained and hid were denounced by re latives, employes, and friends, or neighbors. At first they were systemati cally plucked by the new re gime. Victory bonds were of fered for sale with each busi nessman receiving his respec tive quota. These quotas were set by the businessmen’s own workers, who were asked be forehand how much their bosses could afford. The work ers were encouraged to report venalities of the capitalists and to divulge back taxes evaded during the past year. Accusa tions of concubinage or mal treatment of laborers or dis honesty, dating ten or twenty years back, were presented. Real estate taxes were made higher so that idle lands and buildings 'could be confiscated for non-paymepJk.of taxes. Then came Korean War and naturally more quotas for the businessmen. A rich man might wake up in the morning and read in the newspaper that he had volunteered to buy a fjghter plane for action in Ko rea. Someone else might dis cover tha.t he was sending a complete hospital to the front.There was no choice. But the worst was yet to come. In February, 1951, a mass campaign for the liquidation of the "counter-Revolutionary ele ments” was announced by Mao Tse Tung. The workers were organized to hold rallies where their bosses were placed on the stage and were accused. Judging was passed and made right there and then. The par ticipants of the rallies them selves shared in the enforce ment of the charges such as beating a man who was con demned to be beaten to death. Mao Tse Tung, chairman of the Red Chinese Government in Peking, has publicly an nounced that more than 800,000 people were liquidated. Other estimates are much higher. October 1958 13 JPhis was followed by the “three anti” and by the “five anti” campaigns wherein all businessmen were put through wringers, a sort of human washing machine. Inves tigations on their methods of dealing with others including their workers, competitors, families, and the quality of their goods were made. Again it was a class struggle tech nique. Emphasis was also made on a businessman’s perfor mance in terms of “new think ing” demanded by the new com munist authorities. Again, the workers brought up charges and were the accusers. Com petitors who had grievances freely aired charges and the state imposed fines which gen erally stripped capitalists of all liquid cash and stocks of goods. New standards for do ing business were also enforced which, according to the Red authorities,, were necessary in order to live up to the new objectives of the communist rulers. Many were sent off to ex perience—“reform through la bor”—a nice word for the la bor gangs included in the two million coolies who first built dams on the Huei River and some of whom are working on the Yellow River. Brain washing of some form was a common experience and there is hardly a Chinese today who dares to think freely out loud. A man’s children were indoc trinated to make sure that no one had rest even in his own home. This is the brief history of the capitalist class in Red China. The businessmen, however, were not the only ones who experienced a change in their status. The women of China experienced it too. Whereas be fore they were tied to their household chores, now they have been “liberated” and are factory workers like their male counterparts. 14 Panorama The landlord class was li quidated and the peasants were made to organize themselves into cogs of a food producing machine. Freedom of religious belief is a thing of the past. For although the churches are officially opened, every Chin ese knows that if he wants to get on with the new regime, religious beliefs and practices will be held against him. All these changes, these bru tal trials and total disregard for human dignity ironically are efforts dedicated towards making Red China a power. But his power will be used to enhance Chinese hegemony throughout our area in Asia. Do not doubt even for a sin gle moment the effectivity of their efforts. It is a fact and I saw it. The harnessing of Chinese man-power of 670 mil lion people towards this pre cise objective has made Red China today industrially power ful, a far cry from the poor agricultural China of years ago. N ever before in the modern history of the Philippines have we known far-reaching consequences of having China organized under a single and powerful government. Chiang Kai-shek’s government at best was a shaky coalition whose authority depended mostly upon getting along with the warlords who held actual con trol of most of the country. To understand the conse quences for us of this new re gime, let us examine the for gotten facts of our own his tory. The Chinese really began to take interest in our country in the 12th century with the establishment of the Southern Sun Dynasty. Driven out of North China by the Mongols, the Sung emperors looked to overseas trade for income. Be fore that, trade between the Philippines and China were handled chiefly by Arab ships. Now the Chinese began to build huge junks that visited our shores every year coming’ down on the Northeast mon soons and returning on the Southwest monsoons. During this period, the Chi nese were particularly anxious to buy cotton which was grown on the Ilocos coast and in Bor neo; also narra wood, pearls, bird’s nests, etc. This was how all Chinese pottery and porce lain found in our graves got here. With the creation of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, China had a vigorous new highly na tionalistic and imperialistic re gime somewhat like, but weak er than, the one that the com munists are building now. The Mings were expansion-minded and hence sent their fleets of trading ships throughout Southeast Asia even as far as the east coast of Africa. In October 1958 15 1405 the Ming Emperors appointeckA,<S§birhese governor for ISUZlTfi. His name was Ko Ch’a Lao. When the Spawft'rds arrived here, they talked of going on !5 China but soon became fear ful of the Chinese as they learn ed more about them. This was one of the reasons for the re peated bad blood between Spa nish and Chinese in the Philip pine that led to the infamous Chinese massacres. But with the beginning of the. nineteenth century the Chinese state de cayed internally and all that we had to worry about were those Chinese who migrated overseas seeking jobs and op portunities. Today we face a double threat: the direct military and economic power of the Chinese communists and their cham pionship of revolution. Our on ly real defense against both is a democracy that works. To the Chinese residents of the Philippines I must sound p * . warning. A new power in their ancestral land may bring to them temporary benefits, as the communists try to use them to control business in South east Asia. But as sure as night follows day, the communists will in time destroy them. No Chinese in the Philippines are members of the proletariat or the peasant class and in the inexorable process of commu nist way, their business class has to be destroyed. Their sal vation lies not only in their staying in the Philippines and facing the requirements of na turalization, but in embracing, like real Filipinos, our ideals, our histories, our culture and our language. course, when we thinly of the threat of communism it is only natural that we look towards America. This is lo gical. At this very moment the Seventh Fleet of the United States is not only protecting the island of Formosa but also the island of the Philippines,. While the Seventh Fleet re mains here our danger of in vasion is not imminent. But Red China's accumulation of power is inexorable. Already the Red Chinese jet bombers based around Canton and on Hainan island can reach every island in the Philippines. In a single airport in Nanking I saw perhaps 200 twin engine jet bombers of Russian design and construction. But what is more insiduous than communism from within? Here we cannot look towards America because America can save us from the enemy from without but can never save us from ourselves. Through the ICA the Americans are attempt ing to put our economic house in order, but this help has been ineffectual in solving our basic problems. It will continue so 16 Panorama while the direction of the ef forts remain so shortsighted and confused. By contrast, from what I have seen in Red China, Russian as sistance has been directed to wards the basic essentials of building a modern economy. The Russians have rebuilt the steel mills in Anshan, which admittedly they had wrecked in 1945, and are now building the gigantic new steel work at Wuhan. The Russians have also built the dam and hydro electric power stations on the Yellow River, China’s sorrow. Nearly all heavy machine tool industries that we were permit ted to see were of Russian de sign and construction. The great opportunity open ed to us by the reparations are being squandered by of ficial mismanagement and cor ruption. We have nothing com parable to the Indian or Chinese five-year plans. Our approach toward demo cracy is negative. We are try ing to stop communism by the use of our army, by watching our shores and by making mass arrests. But these are inef fective measures in the total eradication of danger and es tablishes only temporary secu rity. Meanwhile, more Filipinos are unemployed every year and our natural wealth lies large ly idle. The people must be conscious of their vital role in this life or death struggle. This requires a deeper sense of patriotism which we ironically, as a race, are short of in expressing ex cept during times of war, when it may be too late. y he pattern of communist conquest in China suggests that there are at least six points in our society that make it vulnerable to communism. 1. Unemployment and the October 1958 17 discontent that this encourages. —A man desirous of gainful work in order to feed his chil dren by honest toil but unable to find employment anywhere must naturally reject a society that has no place for him. This is natural. And in his exaspera tion he becomes an easy prey for subversion. The more spe cific danger, from the point of view of communism is, how ever, the discontent of the in tellectual proletariat. Young people out of college who can not find a place in society and therefore turn either to hooli ganism or to revolution. 2. Insecurity, instability, and uncertainty and the fear that they engender.—Employes who have jobs but who are not sure that they will have the jobs tomorrow; peasants who have farms to till but are not sure that they will till them tomor row; fear about our currency where, men who have saved for years may lose their lives’ toil to the threatened process of de valuation; fear that yesterday’s savings of ten pesos may buy one peso worth of goods to morrow; businessmen’s fears that tomorrow tbeir licenses with the Central Bank will not be renewed. 3. Low productivity both in agriculture and industry. — Physical effort is not properly rewarded because of faulty tech niques, lack of scientific educa tion, and medieval minded man agement. 4. Lack of faith in and un derstanding of the democratic processes.—This situation will exist whenever there is graft and corruption in our society. This will endure as long as those we brought to power use their powers to oppress, for per sonal aggrandizement or, what is worse, for personal venge ance. This situation will exist as long as powers are vested nearly exclusively in the river banks of the Pasig, and not dis tributed and assigned closer to the governed. This situation will obtain as long as government officials have double standards of morality — one for them selves, their families, and their friends, and another for the general public. 5. Lack of knowledge of what communism really is.—Our ef forts to fight communism em phasized the importance of not knowing anything about it, as if ignorance of communism was the best defense against it. Ac tually, one has to know com munism both in theory and more specially in practice in or der to successfully defeat it. For it is not those who know the real truth about commun ism that are so dangerous when they embrace it, but rather the masses who blindly fall into the communist trap. 6. Moral and religious degra dation.—This situation is one 18 Panorama wherein people profess Christ ianity but do not practice it. Do you believe that these six social cancers afflict us today in the Philippines? Then I ask you to start thinking for to morrow might be too late. Let us learn from history, always remembering that only through complacency can the commun ists obtain victory in our so ciety. Written Language for Minorities A LL OF mainland China’s two-score minorities will have written languages in the nc xt five years, according to the Peiping radio. A decision to this effect has been reached at a conference on the problem of minority scripts in the Communist Chinese capital. The conference decided that a speed-up in creating written languages for the millions of people in minority groups would be pos sible because of tho adoption recently in Peping of an official alphabet for Chinese. Peiping radio reports here said linguists believ ed the alphabet for Chinese could be adapted for use by most of the minorities now without written language. In the last few years Chinese linguists have worked out scripts for eighteen minority groups, in cluding one for the 6,500,000 Chuangs, the largest minority in the country. Some minority groups, such as the Mongols, the Uighurs and thu Huis, have had written languages for many years. The Peiping conference decided that the minor ity groups that have long been using Chinese would not be given scripts for their dialects. They will be expected to learn how to write in the new Chinese alphabet. ¥ October 1958 19 Gu Ifou Wold Wife! Only one of the four meanings given after each word below is correct. Without guessing, choose the right answer and then turn to page 74. If you have gone through high school, you should score at least eight correct answers. 1. dazzle — A. to deceive; B. to overpower by intense light; C. to move about briskly; D. to repel. 2. debacle—A. sudden collapse; B. a brilliant spectacle; C. soil'd opposition; D. supernatural event. 3. rummage — A. an excursion; B. storage; C. to search thoroughly among contents; D. to forfeit or give up. 4. writhe — A. to slander; B. to distort in pain; C. to flex, as muscles; D. to disappoint. 5. engender — A. to produce; B. to expose to danger or risk; C. to deliver; D. to separate forcibly. 6. contingent — A. connected to; B. a result of; C. de pendent upon something uncertain; D. independ ent of. 7. indigent — A. angry; B. repulsive; C. poor; D. dan gerous. 8. occult — A. elevated or raised; B. beyond ordinary knowledge; C. impossible of attainment; D. theore tical. 9. surly — A. sour; B. thick; C. sloppy; D. ill-humored. 10. jibe — A. to agree; B. to support; C. to hit vyth the fist; D. to make certain. 20 Panorama OUR ECONOMY ISN’T AS BAD AS YOU THINK * * Writer claims we are on the "take-off" stage to better times * * By AMADO CASTRO Acting Director, Institute of Economic Development and Research, University of the Philippines The Philippines is now an economy in transition. We can cite reams of statis tics to support this statement, but for our purposes the more significant figures will suffice. To begin with, there is the ag gregative measure, national in come: the data show that this has about doubled in a decade. Then as to the origin of this income by industries, the ear liest statistics carry us back to only 1938 and in that year, by the estimate of the Joint Phil ippine American Finance Com mission, 65.8% of net national product originated in agricul ture, 7.2 per cent in mining, but only 3.0 per cent in manufactur ing. Our study shows how agri culture has been expanding ab solutely while declining in im portance relatively; in 1946 it accounted for 47.8 per cent of national income; in 1950, for 42.2; in 1957 for 37.8 per cent. On the other hand the growth of manufacturing is a signifi cant contrast: from 7.8 per cent in 1946, to 8.5 per cent in 1950, and 14.0 in 1957. The change can be seen more dramatical ly if we consider that manufac turing quadrupled from 1946 to 1957, and more than doubled from 1950 to 1957. This shift in our economy is also reflected in employment patterns. In 1939, 75.6 per cent of our work force was in pri OCTOBER 1958 21 mary occupations (agriculture, fishing, forestry, hunting) ; in 1956 the Philippine Statistical Survey of Households showed that the proportion had gone down to 58.5 per cent. Workers in secondary industries (manu facturing, mining and quarry ing, construction) went up from 9.7% of the total in 1939 to 15.3 per cent in 1956. In ter tiary activity (trade, transporta tion, utilities, and other serv ices) the rise was from 12.7 per cent to 23 per cent. yy ext we can turn to inter national trade, where our problems have been concentra tion in products and concentra tion in direction of trade. Brief ly, whereas before the war three products (sugar, coconut, aba ca) made up approximately 90 per cent of our exports, in re cent years the list of major ex ports has expanded to five— coconut, suj»ar, forest products, base metals and abaca. Our pat tern of export products is slight ly more diversified. More meaningful, however, is the diversification of markets, for this is a factor more sus ceptible to human remedial ac tion and less dictated by na tural endowment. Here com mendable progress is demons trated: we have become less de pendent on the United States market. In the period just be fore the war, 80 to 85 per cent of our trade was yith the Unit ed States; in 1956 this propor tion fell to 56.6 per cent and in 1957 dropped further to 53.6 per cent. Hirschman (in National Po wer and the Structure of For eign Trade) has devised a meas ure of concentration in trade, where an index of 100 repre sents a situation when all of a country’s trade is with one other country alone, and an index of zero means an infinite number of equal trading partners. Mr. Hirschman has suggested a threshold of 40 as the dividing line between undue concentra tion and proper diversification; from an export index of 78.0 in 1938 to 56.3 in 1957. This is no proof that our trade is pro perly diversified as yet, but is an indication that we are solv ing the problem. If we consider the import side, we can use the familiar Central Bank classification of goods as capital goods, raw mat erials and consumer goods. From 1949 to 1957, consumer goods fell from 64.4 per cent of total imports to 21.9 per cent. Raw materials, on the other hand, rose from 9.4 per cent to 19.6 per cent. In terms of absolutes, the amount of con sumer goods imported in 1957 was approximately one-third of that of 1949, but raw mater ials and capital goods were over two times the totals in 1949. It is true that the bulk of the raw materials is intended for con 22 Panorama version into consumer goods, but the point is that the final consumer-goods industries are located in this country, not in another. One last set of statistics: the outstanding loans, discounts and overdrafts of commercial banks. At the end of 1950, 34.4 per cent of these loans were for agriculture, 35.5 for commerce, 13.2 per cent for real estate, and only 5.3 for industries. Sev en years later, in 1957, outstand ing loans were almost three times greater, and the distribu tion pattern was significantly altered; down to 27.8 per cent for agriculture, 32.4 for com merce, 8.4 per cent for real es tate, and this is to be noted, a jump to 19.0 per cent for in dustry. One can go on with a recital of statistics: the climb in in dices of production, the rising tempo of capital formation, the shift in the' government budget, the expansion of ACCFA cred its, the growing activities of the more than one hundred rural banks. The point is not hard to make: this is a steadily expand ing economy with an average rise in national product of 5 to 7 per cent per year, and while the advance is not spectacular, it is undoubtedly impressive. Furthermore, the country is growing in directions that pro mise a good future. I think we all agree to con sider as desirable goals an in crease in per capita incomes, coupled with a more equitable distribution of those returns. These would be accomplished, on the one hand, by expansion and heightened efficiency in agriculture, and secondly, by a rapid rise in the industrial sec tor to absorb a population that will more and more be unable to find employment on the farms. By and large these are where we are heading. et me put forth the argu ment more strongly. In W. W. Rostow’s scheme (The Pro cess of Economic Growth), there are three stages of economic development: the pre-condition state, the take-off of an agricul tural economy into industrial ization, and the period of self sustained growth. I believe that the Philippines is now in the take-off stage to economic deve lopment. This is the phase when a bridge is crossed on the road to a sustained rise in per capita income. Here transformation take place in areas which work back their effects on economics —changes in psychological, so ciological, political patterns. As for economic factors, we find emerging a significant number (though obviously not an oversupply) of entrepreneurs, a re ceptive climate for innovation, increasing pressure for the in vestment which will lead to en hanced production capacity. October 1958 23 How did this passage to the take-off stage come about? While I am sure a more detailed analysis of the transition is called for, perhaps that can be left for econoipic historians to undertake later when they can summon more perspective. At the moment, however, a sum mary survey of recent Philip pine economic history can be revealing. If we review the postwar years, a number of significant milestones stand out. We need not consider at length the years from 1945 to 1949 which are clearly part of the rehabilita tion period; the bulk of phys ical reconstruction, of restora tion of productio nand of fin ancial and monetary stabiliza tion was accomplished then, though plainly at the end of 1949 the reconstruction was not yet complete. The period began with confusion, but by 1948 some sort of stability in pro duction and consumption had been attained, as evidenced in the price statistics. This was also a time of unprecedented windfalls in foreign exchange and of freedom in enterprise, especially in import and export trade. December 1949, however, when exchange controls dropped from above, definitely marks the end of that hectic and free wheeling era. The Quirino period from 1949 to 1953 saw the launching of economic development plans, and the government role in these, important as part of the pre-condition stage, has been unjustly neglected. In 1949 with the establishment of the Central Bank came a credit of P200 mil lion to be used for government development projects—the Ma ria Cristina complex, Ambuklao dam, the NASSCO drydock to mention a few. As is well known, as we have had a number of economic plans since independence, mostly com pilations of the projects of in dividual government agencies, but in the Quirino period we began to see the partial imple mentation of these. In 1950 the Bell Mission took place. The tonic effect of their visit can not be underplayed: we have only to recall the 17 per cent foreign exchange tax, the mini mum wage law, the creation of PHILCUSA as a counterpart of the American aid agency (then ECA, later MSA, FOA and ICA). The foreign exchange tax ba lanced our budget and gave us the means to fight the Huks. The minimum wage law ensured mass purchasing power to ab sorb the goods we were going to produce. Aid from PHILCU SA and the United States—technical assistance as well as mat erial goods—has had an incal culable effect on our economic advance. 24 PanoraMa Q n the private front, con struction of the first oil refinery in the country began —a project calling not for a labor intensive process typical of an underdeveloped country, but for a highly technical, capi tal-intensive operation. How ever, even though much was done in the Quirino years, this was still the period when the inauguration of a zipper fac tory could draw rave notices from the press and the public at large. Evidently we were not yet at take-off; we were only entering the pre-condition stage. It is in the Magsaysay era where, I believe, the pre-condi tions were fulfilled and then we entered the take-off stage. Let us look at the year 1954. The peace and order problem was licked; the stage was set for concentration on productive ac tivities. In May the retail trade nationalization act was passed. This carries meaning not be cause the law itself had econo mic justification, but because for the first time a Philippine president disregarded tradition al modes of maintaining amity with closely-allied nations and allowed an expression of na tionalism to come. The impetus that this action gave to economic nationalism, which is almost an imperative for economic development in a country such as ours, cannot be disregarded. It is probable that the recession of mid-1956 may be traced in part to uncertainty and retrenchment among the Chinese (the other factor was very probably adverse turns in foreign trade—recession in the United States, a drop in the prices of abaca and other ex ports). But the recession was only a short-run consequence; for in the long run, the push given to Filipino entrepreneurs is a bigger contribution. Final ly, in 1954, economic controls were for the first time cons ciously and on a significant scale used as instruments of national economic development policy— to channel investments, to pro tect industries. The year 1955 was a continua tion of trends emerging in 1954; the second year of peace and order, the second year of the new nationalism. The signi ficant fact I would like to bring up here is the drop in the inter national reserve by more than $70 million in spite of controls —mute evidence of the pres sures being generated with ex panded incomes. These were pressures for consumer goods no less than for investment goods as businessmen began to grasp the profit opportunities opening up before them. y o my mind, however, the year 1956 is the most inter esting yet in the postwar per iod. This was when the LaurelLangley Act took effect; tariffs October 1958 25 were imposed on American goods, our trade began to veer towards Europe and Japan. It was also the year of the “great debate” — when charges and counter-charges flew in profu sion and seemed to reign, when the notion was widespread that the country was sliding down hill towards and unrelieved de pression. But to me it is plain that this is the year when the country was already in the take-off stage. The Philippine was not going to the dogs. Rather the contrary — exports were the highest ever; production, pro fits, businesses, bank deposits, tax collections, government ex penditures were expanding; and in a word, national income rose by well over 9 per cent — sure ly a remarkable achievement outside of a rehabilitation per iod. All this was accomplished without a fall ( but rather a rise) in our country’s international reserves. It is striking that the loudest complaints seem to come when one is most pros perous—perhaps discontent is an indispensable ingredient for progress. And the vigor with which the economic issues were debated is to me evidence of the liberated energy of the peo ple. It was of course too good to last, and in 1957 the growing pains were sharp. The year 1958 is one of retrenchment. But while we have to pause for a breathing spell, and cast about for outside assistance, still I believe we are steadily moving toward the same goal. Of course a word of caution is in order: an apparent take-off can be abortive too. But short of catas trophe or gross mis-government, I do not anticipate this probability. In the face of this experience of the last few years one can only be awed, excited and at the same time subdued. It is pertinent to remember that in many other emergent nations — Great Britain, the United States, Europe, Japan — econo mic development came even be fore the economists put in an appearance or at least made their presence felt. Surely, how ever, there is a place in our na tion’s economic development for more of honesty and good sense—businessmen, civil serv ants, economists—who will bend their efforts to the age that is before them. 26 Panorama * * ¥ “Why didn’t you take your medicine?” “I couldn’t, doctor. It says right here on the bot tle ‘Keep Tightly Corked.*” To withdraw or not to withdraw * 7he tense situation over the Quemoy islands con tinued to occupy the head lines during the month, even as feverish steps were taken on the diplomatic front to pre vent an open war. There was generally a relaxing of tensions. This was brought about by se veral factors, foremost among which was the abrupt shift of United States policy from one of rigidity to conciliation. This latest development was not entirely welcome to Na tionalist China. In fact, Chiang Kai-shek has been greatly dis turbed by it and has publicly stated that the new American position has the makings of a modern Munich. It is not clear until now what U.S. State Secretary John Foster Dulles meant exactly when he an nounced Washington’s latest stand. But in Chiang’s mind the vagueness is disconcerting enough. Conscious of the dwin dling popularity of the Na tionalist cause, the aging gen eral is afraid that Uncle Sam would hand over the Quemoys ★ By F. C. Sta. Maria to Red China and thus shatter all hopes for a Chiang come back on the mainland. Actually Chiang Kai-shek’s fears are well founded. The United States will pull out of the Quemoy quagmire, given a favorable atmosphere. That means in plain terms the Ame ricans are only looking for a graceful excuse to quit the be leaguered off-shore islands without making the whole busi ness look like a Yankee sur render. Both Dulles and President Eisenhower have said so in di plomatic language. It does not need a suspicious Nationalist mind to make this deduction. Of course, a Quemoy with drawal would involve a much more complicated decision than this. It would probably insist, for instance, that the evacua tion be peaceful and that Red China guarantee not to use the islands as a staging area for future military action October 1958 27 against Formosa. In any event, the loss of the Quemoys to the Chinese communists seems to be only a matter of time. be sure, there are two * distinct schools of thought on the Quemoy crisis. The first is friendly to Taipei and tends to magnify the importance of the off-shore islands. This group views the indispensabili ty of Quemoy to Nationalist China for three reasons: (1) Quemoy bottles up the Amoy and Foochow harbors, prevent ing their use and that of the adjoining sealane by the Reds; (2) Quemoy is a base of in telligence and guerrilla opera tions against the Chinese main land; and (3) Quemoy is a sym bol of the Nationalist regime and its determination to re cover the mainland. It is be lieved by proponents of this view that the Quemoys are worth saving at any cost. On the other hand a second school of thought, which is gaining ground, believes that the significance of the Quemoys has been exaggerated. Geogra phically, the islands are a part of the China mainland, Big Quemoy being less than .six miles off the coast. The water separating the Quemoys from Formosa, on the other hand, is 115 miles at its narrowest point. It is difficult, if not impossible, from this viewpoint, to defend the islands from a determined communist inva sion. To many, the Quemoys are nothing but a symbol of Chiang Kai-shek’s improbable dream of returning to the Chi na mainland. And to hold on to those isles even at the risk of igniting a worldwide con flagration is sheer foolishness. This group of observers do not see the value of Quemoy to the defense of Formosa and would rather regroup the 60,000 or so Nationalist troops on Formosa itself where their effort would count in the event of a real invasion. The latter thinking has re-, cently been strengthened by developments in the United States and elsewhere. Great Britain, for one, has supported it. It is widely admitted that American sentiment now favors any form of settlement that will avoid war. Such sentiment is reflected in the editorial pages of U.S. papers and, as already mentioned, in the re cent statements of Washington. American parents are in no mood for another Korea. The feeling seems to be that if Un cle Sam had to send out his boys to another war, it should be one for bigger stakes. Taipei, of course, would ne ver look at it this way. But that is understandable. There should be no confu sion in the minds of those who fear that withdrawal from Que moy would mean the abandon 28 Panorama ment of Nationalist China by the United States. Quemoy is not Formosa. America has com mitments to defend Formosa and the decision to yield the disputed islands should in no way reflect America’s lack of determination to stand by her promise. *7 HE hastily convened talks * in Warsaw to discuss the critical situation have so far failed to yield good results. U.S. Ambassador Jacob D. Beam and his counterpart from Peiping, Ambassador Wang Ping-Nan, have been working hard and quietly to resolve unreconcilable positions. Interestingly enough, either side labels the other as aggressor: the U.S. by keeping troops in Taiwan and Quemoy violates Chinese ter ritory; Red China by its seizure of the Koumintang government and by its repeated avowals to liberate Formosa is an actual aggressor. The communist view, which incidentally is supported by In dia, is that the invasion and liberation of Formosa would be just a continuation of the civil war in China which saw the fall of the Chiang govern ment in 1949. According to this opinion, the Formosa crisis is a purely internal affair. Neither the United States nor the Unit ed Nations has in this sense the right to meddle. President Eisenhower took exception to this view when he explained in a recent press conference that any situation in the world which would likely cause a glo bal war is the business of every body. Eisenhower’s statement as sumes timely significance in the light of proposals to elevate the Formosa question to the United Nations. It is hoped however that the Warsaw talks, supported by sweet reasonable ness on both sides, could re solve the problem at that level. The easing of diplomatic ten sions in the last few days gives hope that United Nations in tervention may not be neces sary. Thus far the role of Soviet Russia in this conflict has not been mentioned. It is definite ly an important position and one that has tended to make sharper the cleavage. Again, in this respect there is a diver gence of views. One group sees Communist China as a poten tial rival of Soviet Russia, with the latter eager to provoke a large-scale war between the United States and Red China in order to weaken both in a protracted fight. This view fur ther anticipates the desertion of Mao Tse-tung by Soviet Russia in the. event of a war with Ame rica. The other group regards Khrushchev and Mao as solid partners out to liquidate the Western “imperialists.” Their October 1958 29 friendship may not be true or steadfast, but it is forged out of a common danger, and it will last until that threat to their existence is eliminated. In case of war, according to this view, Russia would not only help Red China with war inaterials but would plunge in to a total—most probably, nu clear—war with the United States. In the heated exchange of notes accompanying the artil lery barrage on Quemoy, Mos cow had in fact threatened to unleash hydrogen bombs on U.S. bases in Asia (including the Philippines), should Ameri ca provoke a Formosa war. The vagueness of issues involved is again stressed by the Soviet warning; the real aggressor or provocation is not defined. But in as far as the threat caused jitters in the Philippines and other parts of Asia, it was re markably effective. -A closely related subject to s * the Quemoy crisis is Red China’s repeated failure to win admission to the United Na tions. The claim of some ob servers that Mao Tse-tung is using Quemoy as a jumping board to that international body hardly sounds logical. Mao is not that stupid; he is realistic enough to know that tact and patience would get him inside the U.N. gates sooner than a shooting war. For if the last voting of the General Assem bly (44 against, 28 in favor) is any indication, it should not be many years before the pre cious nod will be awarded to Red China. The opposition to the Peiping regime’s entry was much greater in previous years. As matters now stand, the Ouemoy area is still the center of critical activity, with the fight largely confined to artih lery firing and limited air ac tion. With U.S. help supply to the besieged islands is being continued amidst a tight Red blockade. It is unlikely that the communists would launch an invasion at present although there is a strong probability that they will keep up the with ering artillery barrage indefi nitely—or until the Nationalists quit. Chiang’s troops will not quit on their own volition, needless to say. It is Washington that would tell them to do it, if at all. And it looks like Wash ington has little choice. 30 Panorama What do the statues stand tor? 'Temples Kha^utaliO ? By Mitron Paniqui Z-J fter the Taj Mahal, probably the most popular tourist attraction of In dia are the temples of Khajuraho. This spot attracts thou sands of tourists every year. So lucrative is the business that the government is compelled to keep the roads of Khajuraho well-maintained so that the vi sitors might arrive relaxed and comfortable. The Circuit House, a hotel built solely for the Kha juraho patrons, does not lack in guests the year round. There are already plans to increase its number of rooms and install air-conditioning. The village of Khajuraho is a dead village sunk in dust and poverty. The villagers lead a sub-standard life. The whole area is flat and rather forbid ding. There are a few fields cultivated in a rather indiffer ent manner and stunted date palms from which the village probably took its name. This site was chosen during the tenth century by the ruling family to build a series of temples de dicated to the worship of Shiva. The temples are less than a thousand years old and most of them are reasonably well preserved. Most of the statues are still recognizable. Some of the temples, however, have been destroyed but the pieces of sculpture have been gathered together and are now on exhibit near the intact ones. There are no radical differences between the temples so there is really no reason to decry the destruction of some of them. The temples are plain; they are hardly architectural master pieces. In som£z of them bal conies have beefl ''added but on the whole the temples look plain and uninteresting. October 1958 31 It is the decorations that at tract attention. The decorations are overwhelming in both num ber and exuberance. They cover nearly all the wall space—in ternal and external—of the tem ples. The sides of the temples are covered with perpendicular ribs which run from the top of the spire to the base. Horizon tal lines encircle the width. Thus each sculptural grouping, how ever free in composition and conception has its own geome trical position. In some of the bigger temples every panel of figures is alternated with one of Sardula, thus conveying a sense of completeness. has been said that most of the sculptures at Khaju raho depict every fact of life. However, most of the facets of life have been assigned to the corners of the less visible areas. The most prominent pieces de pict an almost unbridled ero ticism. There are pieces depict ing men and women copulat ing in every conceivable posi tion; there are men embracing two women at the same time; there are women in an attitude of love with one man. The contortions of love did not seem so numerous as at Khajuraho. For this reason probably no complete pictorial book on Khajuraho has yet ap peared. The coldness of the stone figures is lost in a photo graph and only their porno graphic brilliance seems to be recorded. Also, most of the Kha juraho figures are more than life-size which accounts for a rather emetic effect. The same figures when reduced to the in timacy of a postcard become terrifyingly erotic. There are a number of theo ries regarding the intention of these art objects. One theory says that it is an illustration of phallic worship. Another says that it is an illustrated KamaSutra for the illiterate. Another maintains that they are intend ed to depict the last phase of the Kaliyuga when women lose their modesty and the world is plunged into every kind of mis ery. The kaliyuga theory loses its relevance when one examines the figures closely. In their faces and contortions, one could not discover any trace of misery. The puzzling aspect of Kha juraho is its religious intention. Are these decorations on the temples intended to arouse feel ings of reverence and worship? It would probably be closer to the truth to say that these sculptures are secular rather than religious in intention. The repetition of the various pos tures were meant to exhibit the technical skill of the artist ra ther than to arouse a feeling of reverence. 32 Panorama he inner walls of the tem' pies are covered with work that is conventional and com paratively tame. Only the ceil ings are covered with decora tive motif that is not human. Here again the artist displayed his mastery of geometric forms. The Jain Temples which are about a mile away are also cov ered with the same motifs. But here one gets the impression that the figures are less lush, the workmanship inferior. Prob ably a less gifted artist worked these stones. One detail about the Khaju raho temples puzzles the art commentators. In all the pan els the artist has exhibited com plete mastery over the propor tions of the human form but he did not know how to make a child. There are a few children in the panels and all of them are completely out of propor tion to the adult figures. The suckling children are no bigger than the palms of their mo thers’ hand. One fellow seated with his parents was no bigger than his father’s fist and a child standing beside his mother looked like an utter dwarf. Serious students of art are going over these temples in de tail. We expect to hear from them soon. In the meantime the government of India is more in terested in the dollars that these temples bring than in their strictly artistic value. Thus the attempts of the government men to restore these temples result in pathetic errors. The refitted figures look startlingly distorted. Heads and arms do not go where they broke off. These errors, however, can be remedied later as we get to know more about these tem ples—gems of art set in one of the unlikely spots in the world. Unlucky Day A man walked into police headquarters in Hack ensack, New Jersey, and applied for a job on the force. Detective Sergeant Leo Liberali gave him an ap plication to fill out. The man wrote James P. Stagg, 30. That sounded familiar. Liberali looked over a warrant and found the same name. Stagg was want ed for passing a bad check for 70 dollars. He was released on 100 dollars bail for a hearing. * October 1958 33 Our highway planners have geared their thinking and vision to the designing of roads to reduce traffic accidents ^Better IBoads Jdre Safer IZoads By FLORENCIO MORENO Secretary, Public Works and Communications ecently, metro politan newspapers carried glar ing headlines about the head-on collision on Highway 54 of an automobile driven by a U.P. professor and one driven by a P.C. officer, resulting in the instantaneous death of the professor and serious injuries to four others. This accident is almost a daily occurrence on our highways. The accident re ports from traffic enforcement agencies all over the country that trickle into our Office in dicate that our fatality rate of 15.5 persons per one hundred million vehicle kilometers of travel has not diminished. In 1952, traffic accidents took a toll of 378 human lives and incapacitated or injured 3,893 persons in 5,605 accidents of all types. This trend from 1952 up to 1956 showed an increase in the number of accidents of about P/2 times with a slight increase in fatalities and inju ries. During 1956, 457 died; 1,148 were seriously injured and 4,490 were slightly injured. This means that ten Filipinos daily sustain injury in traffic acci dents and that three persons die every two days all over the country from the same causes. Compared to progressive na tions in the world, particularly the United States, where the fa tality rate is only from 2.2 to 4 per cent of every one hundred million vehicle miles on their 34 Panorama freeways and from 6 to 12 per cent of every one hundred mil lion vehicle miles on their state and rural highways, our fatality rate is fearfully high. This is a very bad condition that the government — the Motor Vehi cles Office, the Bureau of Pub lic Highways, the TRAFCON unit of the Philippine Consta bulary and local traffic officers — should share in the responsi bility of reducing the toll in human lives and in the loss of millions of pesos paid in pro perty damage and insurance. We cannot be complacent in the face of this utter waste. T would like to point out the three primary “E’s” in traf fic safety. These are Education, Engineering and Enforcement. Education means instructing the driver, pedestrian, and the general public on traffic laws, codes, rules and regulations, along with' the widespread dis semination of traffic safety in formation that will materially help in minimizing traffic acci dents and in re-awakening the motorists to a conscientious ob servance of the rules of the road. Driver education may start in the schools or through actual experience but it behooves the driver-licensing agency to place, apply more strictly the accepted methods of examination before any new driver is given the authority to sit behind a steering wheel. The written, physical and ac tual driving examination should be thorough and comprehensive. And there should be no lenien cy in denying the privilege of driving to those who are phys ically, morally and mentally un fit because to do otherwise is to endanger human lives and forfeit valuable property. If we are appalled at. an airplane crash, we can no less be horri fied by daily tragedies on our highways. The engineering phase of traffic safety concerns the in corporation into highway plan ning such features of design and construction that would minimize, if not actually pre vent, traffic accidents. The Bu reau of Public Highways is working along progressive lines, incorporating into road designs such features as ex tended no-passing lanes, divided highways that preclude head-on collisions, grade separators at intersections, speed zone indi cators, uniform signs and sig nals to reduce intersection dif ficulties, wide shoulders to pro vide safe refuge for disabled vehicles, marked cross-walks for pedestrians, channelizations, and many other improved en gineering devices. Our highway planners have geared their thinking and vi sion to the planning of such highways that will contribute immensely to reduction of traf fic accidents. They now propose October 1958 35 to make studies of the eventual construction of modern con trolled access roads in our high way system, possibly to give priority to those portions which have a heavy volume of traffic. But on less important roads they propose to apply the same plan, with the eventual incor poration of those operating fea tures of the. controlled access type of highway. Which means that both as a national project and as regional public works, our road construction program is geared to new and progres sive planning. In this impartial way, we in the department of public works and communications will aim eventually at relieving traffic congestion everywhere, whether in a short section of the Manila North Road from the Balintawak Monument to Tabang, Bulacan, as a modest beginning, or in a scale bigger than that. The present project is not a super-colossal job, by the way, as may have been misrepresent ed through over - glamourized newspaper reports, because we do not intend to construct right now the whole 168-kilometer diversionary route from Manila to Pangasinan. Our section of this road, consisting of only about 25 kilometers, because there is no other road in the whole country with its main trunk route as heavily congest ed as this particular section of the Manila-North Road. If other roads in the national system, be it in the Visayas or Mindanao or on any other is land, or region, should need this or other type of improved high way, our highway planners who are constantly appraising sta tistics of our road needs, would certainly design similar or ap proximately similar types of highway. And because this is, as I emphasized, only a modest beginning, no region or prov ince or island need therefore be sacrificed when it comes to al location of national funds. CT he last E of traffiic safety promotion is enforcement, and it is here that police traffic enforcement comes into play. Without the last E, the two other E’s are neutralized. We may have all the laws, rules and regulations governing the use of the road, driver behavior and the movement and control of traffic, but without rigid and judicious enforcement of these rules and regulations, our ef forts would be negative. On this score, let me relate a very interesting experience of some engineers, the driver of whose car was apprehended by a TRAFCON patrol of the Phil ippine Constabulary on the Ma nila-North Road. The officer po litely waved them to a stop and in the most courteous way said: "Sorry, gentlemen, but please understand that your driver is endangering your lives; I am 36 Panorama apprehending him because he was overtaking at an unneces sarily high speed on a non-pass ing zone.” If the engineers in the car had ever the faintest notion of interceding on behalf of their driver, this approach changed their minds because the TRAFCON officer was not only con vincing but reasonable, which is a far cry from the ordinary run of police officials. This is one of the many facets of traffic enforcement that properly strengthens the policing of our highways. The TRAFCON unit of the Philippine Constabulary and many local traffic officials should be commended for their efficient and knowledgeable en forcement and control of traf fic laws on our highways. There should be no relaxation of ef forts. On the other hand, it is sad to note that there are a few police' officers who appear easy prey to venality. What we need is an organization of more dy namic force, composed of dedi cated police officers with a high sense of duty, civic conscious ness and selflessness. There are other traffic prob lems worthy of study, specially among urban and suburban po lice traffic divisions. I refer par ticularly to the conditions in Manila which are interlaced with the problems of nearby suburban areas. The traffic prob lems of Manila have become their problems too. The traffic difficulties in urban Manila are. reflected in the type and volume of transportation used by suburbanites, in the pursuit ot business and in their private motoring. There is need there fore to integrate police func tions among areas of heavy traffic activity that overlap cer tain jurisdictions. The respon sibility of traffic police can no longer be limited by bounda ries. J n the concerted effort to cre1 ate ideal conditions on our roads and minimize the daily toll of human lives from traf fic accidents, there should be uniformity in the interpretation of the rules of the road and more cooperation with the Pub lic Service Commission, the Mo * tor Vehicles Office, the TRAF CON a.nd the Bureau of Pub lic Highways. To achieve better coordina tion, more and serious training of police recruits is needed. The uniformity and regularity of maintaining and forwarding to a central agency traffic accident reports will come in handy, too. If a person is sick, he can only be cured if there is a proper diagnosis. In the case of traf fic analysis, experts in my de partment are hampered in their search for corrective measures by the incomplete and often in correct data furnished us, or October 1958 37 sometimes the total lack of data. While the Motor Vehicles Of fice has a compilation of traf fic accidents, I am not too sure that all accidents investigated by local traffic officers are pro perly reported and properly compiled, such that they will be of value to our traffic ana lysts. All local police officers should therefore make their re ports carefully and transmit them as regularly as possible. And we shall do our part in correcting the physical and geo metric deficiencies of our high ways to the end that we will have highways that will give the motoring public a guaran tee that the road they travel is safe, that as long as they do their part in observing traffic safety, they need never gamble with their lives. Lonely Cats In Los Angeles, Matt Weinstock tells about a lady who loves cats who was dining with her hus band in her apartment one night when she fancied she heard a cat meowing a floor or two away. “I’ll bet that pussy is lonely,” she remarked to her hus band, and playfully meowed back. To her surprise the cat answered her! She re peated her meow, this time putting extra feeling into her performance, and there then ensued the darnedest cat conversation ever heard in that neighborhood. It continued for a full half hour, while the husband marveled. The next day her triumph was deflated when a neighbor dropped down to borrow some sugar. “The funniest thing happened last night,” said the neigh bor. “I meowed at a cat and he moewed back — and we must have kept it up for forty minutes!" * 38 Panorama YET — BUT SOON, MAYBE — is this picture of an oil well run wild a familiar sight in the Phil ippines, with the oil prospecting fever running high. U. N. By FELIXBERTO SERRANO Secretary of Foreign Affairs Some twelve years ago the world rejoiced over the termination of a terrible war. With unbounded joy it celebrated the great event lit'tle knowing that the end of fascist rule marked the begin ning of disturbing dissensions among the victorious allies. The "reaties that ended the war were Written a year ago, this searching article about the world organization is timely even today treaties of peace between com batants, but did not work as treaties of friendship among the victors. Disagreement over the inter pretation and implementation of accords pertaining to the treatment of the vanquished enemy sowed the seed of dis cord which was to generate into a giant force splitting the world into groups with interests seem ingly irreconciliable. These dis agreements presented a picture which was a completed anti thesis of the scene in the Cri mea Conference at Yalta, at which the heads of three great powers—Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin—“resolved upon, the ear liest possible establishment with our allies of a general interna tional organization to maintain peace and security,” which or ganization they believed to be “essential both to prevent ag gression and to remove the poli tical, economic and social causes of war through the close and continuing collaboration of all peace-loving peoples.” In seeming mockery of the Atlantic Charter and the Yalta accords, nations were soon en gaged in struggles for power and influence which once more plunged the world into a series of delicate and dangerous poli tical crises, pushing it several times to the brink of war. The war in Korea, the blockade of Berlin, the war in Indo-China, the conflicts on Kashmir and Cyprus, the nationalization of the Suez Canal, the strikes in Poznan, the revolts In Hungary, the Turko-Syrian conflict—all these have contrived to under mine the faith of mankind in its own ability to maintain a lasting peace. They have served to draw attention to the ironr ical situation where disarma ment talks alternate with launchings of new weapons. They have set minds to won dering if peace is not just an interval between wars. It is in this atmosphere that the world today watches the developments in international affairs with a mixed feeling of fear and hope. Will the-dangers and the suspense of the past few years be just carried for ward to the next page of the ledger of international affairs? Or will the year 1958 produce something that will assuage the thirst for power and strength en the desire to live in a world free of suspicion and distrust? Will there be a concrete agree ment on disarmament with the necessary corollary of mutual inspection? Or will mankind, in a frenzy of hate and anger, October 1958 41 once more plunge into another global war, unmindful of the possibility of the complete des truction of civilization? For want of anything with which to foretell what the com- , ing year will bring in the way of relief from, or increase in, international tension, justifica tion for hopes or fears may be gauged by the way the nations conducted themselves, singly or collectively, in the different crises which they underwent during these post-war years. In the face of the different fearful situations that have been menacing various parts of the world, there is a source of consolation in the observation that in all their serious dis agreements and bitter contro versies the nations’ grim deter mination to win has in most cases been modified by a sober disposition for a peaceful set tlement of the conflicts. And it is comforting that such disposi tion for amicable settlement has been shown in response to measures taken by the United Nations. The war in the Indo-China states ended with the creation of an International Commission to supervise the application of the provisions of the Geneva Agreement on the cessation of hostilities. A cease-fire has been accept ed by Pakistan and India in their fight over Kashmir. Mr. Gunnar Jarring, the UN inves tigator, has reported that, “des pite the present deadlock, both parties are still desirous of find ing a solution to the problem.” Although the Suez Canal con troversy has not been finally settled, the great waterway has been reopened to international shipping. The policy of modera tion, which called for the res toration of peace first and the determination of rights after wards, played a decisive role in getting the warring sides to lay down arms before discussing the case on its merits. Responsibility for the tragedy in Hungary has been fixed and hopes for the righting of the wrongs inflicted upon the Hun garian people may be reason ably entertained. Viewed against the numerous explosive situations which could have thrown the world into another and undoubtedly most destructive war, the ac ceptance by the opposing par ties of mediation and at least temporary settlement of their disputes projects a ray of op timism about what might be ex pected of the year 1958. On the other hand, something more convincing than mere ac ceptance of temporary settle ment of disputes is needed to constitute an assurance of a lasting peace. There are several factors, contributory or alter native, which could bring about 42 Panorama the restoration of peaceful, normal relations among nations. About the most effective of these is a genuine desire for peace over the desire for po wer and for political, military or economic control over alien interests. This is necessarily complemented by a sincere will ingness on the part of each na tion to let the others live in freedom and to let them decide for themselves what way of life to pursue, what form of govern ment to have. More than an individual undertaking, this principle has been made a com mon resolve of all United Na tions members when they agreed “to take effective collec tive measures for the preven tion and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppres sion of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace.” The last war in Korea was at once a test and a manifesta tion of the effectiveness of col lective action. In that war the success of the sixteen nations in suppressing aggression am ply demonstrated what more the great majority of the states could do to stop aggression by one country against another. The thought of a combined force applied to stop aggression is a rein that holds back any would-be aggressor. Whether the coming year will bring something which will as sure us of a lasting peace or will throw the world into a third global war, no one can tell. However, it is to be pre sumed that, with the modern weapons o f destruction, n o country will commit anything that would be a direct cause of war. It seems safe to predict that if ever another conflagration should break out, it will not October 1958 43 be ignited by direct provocation but by an act of indiscretion of one country done in under estimation of the ability and readiness of the- others to take measures in retaliation. Peace, therefore, hinges on prudence and on mutual fear of atomic destruction. As long as such fear is harbored in the hearts of men, the world will be free from a global war. There may be an uneasy peace but there will be peace. * * * Valuptuaiy A rose warming a worm Shouts out a storm, warning A worm warming a rose Posits a poet’s raging And I, votary to these Holds, if you please That 1 rage at a rose That is warmed by a worm And storm at a worm That is warmth to a rose. —David B. Bunao 44 Panorama JJ * our years ago Dr. O. C. Mazengarb, a leading lawyer and sociologist, gave a warning that New Zealand needed more girls to become wives of the country’s surplus bachelors. Now he says the unbalance is getting worse. New Zealand today has 50,000 young men of marriage able age who cannot find wives, he maintains. The coun try’s big problem, he asserts, is not its surfeit of butter or shortage of overseas funds but the shortage of mtarrigeable women. Dr. Mazengarb advocates a campaign to bring 20,000 20,000 girls of good character from abroad to assured jobs and the added attraction of “a sound prospect of happy ro mance in nature’s most favored land.” Attributed the situation to unbalanced immigration, Dr. Mazengarb says thousands of young men have been lured to construction jobs in a country with a surplus of bachelors to stprt with. Men in the 21-to-35 age group who have never married now total 82,764, the sociologist says whereas the number of women in the same category is only 38,537. Bachelors thus outnumber unmarried women by more than two to one. If men in their twenty-first year are added, the male sur plus is more than 50,000. The lack of balance is responsible for grave social ef fects, in Dr. Mazengarb’s opinion. OCTOBBR 1058 ■1 45 FWHExts right hand was gripping my own that Sun day evening . I sat on his lap staring at the long white fingers, stemming from a smooth narrow palm and taper; ing at the tips; at the almondshaped nails shining like lus trous pink shells. I turned to examine my left hand resting on Father's own as it lay on the arm of the chair. It looked very much like Fa ther’s: soft, delicate—even gen tle. Yet how vigorously it had pounded the piano lais morn ing, I thought, recalling the thunderous sound it had sum moned from one bass keys. “The hands of a pianist," Father had said when I was five years old. They looked so small then, as be held them in the cup of his hands. Now they were large and long; yet, how humiliatingly petty was their occupation, compared to that of Father’s hands. Only last night, his right hand held the baby up by its feet; his left hand parting the steely cold air in a slap that still cracked like a whip in my mind. The imprint shone white like a hand on the baby’s red skin, instantly regaining color as the wail split the chilly night air. Mother’s eyes, shining with tears, lovingly caressed the new baby; then, unblinking, search ed father’s impersonal face for some hint of happiness; but suddenly, they withdrew from the hard thin lips, the thought ful eyes, in horror, then shame, then pity. What had her eyes seen in Father’s eyes? ITainly, I tried to penetrate ’ the depths of those two round pools that sought me out, standing at the foot of the bed. But some unknown hand cast obliterating shadows over them, and my gaze met only the inky blackness of her eyes, glimmering under the cool light of the bulb that hung, swaying from its wire. The water in the basin caught the fitful light and glowed on the baby’s soft red body. It trickled over Father’s right hand as it rubbed the fat from the baby’s skin. The ripples ran crazily and dizzily, and made the hand, working under the water, be come grotesque and ugly. “What are you thinking?” Father’s voice broke the silence, October 1958 47 cutting short my thoughts. I turned to face him but did not answer. Smiling, the released my right hand and tousled my hair. “You’re always thinking,” he said; then asked again: “What are you thinking?” I did not answer. He pulled me closer to him. Consciously, I moved my arm protectively over my breast, which was just begin ning to pain me. Suddenly, he said: “How would you like to have a new mother?” His eyes blazed with a strange evil gleam in his thrust face. I did not understand. I was shocked. No, I was frightened. I knew he had a paramour. Quickly, I stood up to face him. But his eyes, where evil flashed only a moment ago, now glistened with a soft, gentle light as they looked up into my eyes. I turned to go, and he put out his hands to stop me. Deftly, I darted out of their reach. “Hey!” he said, but I was already running to the kit chen. At the threshold, I looked back and saw that he had not followed. ■D/Erta was in the kitchen, U getting ready to leave for the night. She started as I en tered. She was wrapping up something in a piece of brown paper. Rice, perhaps, I thought, or lard. She got the butcher’s knife from its place on the wall and cut the string with it; then she placed it back on the wall. She patted the package with a satisfied air. 1 did not say any thing. Instead, I went down on my hands and knees and crawled under the worktable. Imme diately, she was upon me, ut tering curses. “Come out from under that table!” she ordered indignant ly. But I was not listening. I made an opening through the woodpile and put an eye to it. “You young people are far too advanced,” she continued in an accusing tone. “Imagine,” she said, as though speaking to someone in particular, “watch ing a cat in labor?” She paused. I could feel her eyes glowing at me like live coals. “Why, in my day—” she started to say and suddenly stopped. Then as abruptly, she charged toward the back door, spitting disgust edly. "Tse!” she said, and slam med the door behind her. Relieved of her presence, I shifted to a more comfortable position — straightening out my legs and lying flat on my sto mach. Then I put my eye to the hole again and watched, fas cinated. The cat was breathing hard and laboriously. Her eyes were closed, and her nostrils dilated. After a while, a tri-colored kit ten appeared and whimpered at once. The cat reached out to it and pulled it to her side. She started licking its organs. If 48 Panorama was a male. A tri-colored tom cat. I’ll be the proud owner of a rare tri-colored tomcat, I thought happily. Suddenly, as I watched, the cat stopped licking the kitten. There must be another one com ing, I thought. I waited, trying not to guess what the color or the sex of the next one might be, because I wanted to sur prise myself. I watched and saw, not with surprise, but with horror, the cat biting the tri-colored tom cat by the neck- and swinging it mercilessly to and fro. The kitten whimpered for an in stant, then became silent. r\ esperately, I put my right U hand through the opening and tried to release the kitten from its mother’s mouth when something hard and sharp struck my hand. I felt some thing warm and sticky run through my fingers. I jerked out my hand. It was covered with blood. The skin was dread fully torn and scratched. Slow ly, it started to hurt. I gripped it in my left hand and tried to crush the pain. The pain in creased, however, as the blood continued to flow — and that angered me. Working feverishly, I de tached a bundle of firewood nearest the opening, and grip ped the sturdiest piece in it in my wounded hand. I approached the now large hole and prepared to strike, but the sight of the cat placidly chewing the half eaten body of the kitten stayed my hand. Stunned, I slowly backed out and pulled myself out from under the table. My mind still saw the cat giving birth to a kitten, and then . . . No. I must stop think ing. I must not think anymore. I must not ... I must tell Mother. I’ll go to Mother. T1 he bedroom door stood ajar. I went in without knocking. Father was there, bent over the bed, his hands gripping Mother’s neck. I stood there — shocked; dazed. Then I saw the baby again, Father’s thoughtful eyes, his thin lips, October 1958 49 Mother’s eyes, the half-eaten body of the kitten in the kit chen. Father’s words drummed through my head: a new mo ther? A new mother? He’s strangling her, I told myself. Killing her. 1 saw her strug gling to release his hold. She gasped. I screamed and charged Father. The piece of wood was still in my hand. I raised it and brought it down on his head. He fell unconscious to the floor, his arms spread eagle like. His hands lay on the cold flopr — the palms up, the fin gers relaxed. They looked so beautiful, so gentle. They seemed incapable of causing harm, or pain; of destruction. They did not seem to belong to the man. They shouldn’t be parts of his body, I thought, and suddenly knew what I had to do. I went to the kitchen and picked up the butcher’s knife with my right hand which was now soiled and dirty with the dry blood. I returned to the bedroom and knelt beside the prostrate body on the floor. Slowly I raised the knife and brought it down hard. Blood gushed out from the severed palm. I crossed over to the other side and cut the other hand to the quick. “Child!” Mother’s voice called me. I turned and saw her ris ing from the bed. “Child!” she cried again. I ran to her just in time to catch her from fall ing. “What have you done?” she asked. She knelt before me, her hands grasping my arms. Her upturned face was streaming with tears. “I did not kill him, Mother,” I said. “I did not kill him, be cause he is your husband.” “Child!” she cried. "Child, he is your father.” “He’s your husband, Mother,” I repeated calmly. "He’s your father,” she in sisted. “No, Mother.” She buried her face in the hollow of my stomach and wept piteously. The moonlight streamed through the window and shim mered on her hair. I stroked her head, vainly trying to catch the light. ¥ ¥ ¥ Can What? A canner, exceedingly canny, One morning remarked to his granny, “A canner, can can Anything that he can, But a canner carft can a can, can he?” 50 Panorama JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN: A PATRIOT COMES HOME Bico/'s little-known Revolutionist When the Philippine Con gress, on December 1, 1934, changed the name of Mambulao, Camarines Nor te to Jose Panganiban, it was paying a belated tribute to one of the staunchest champions of Philippine freedom. Mambulao was the hometown of Panganiban. Here he was born on February 1, 1863. His parents were Vicente Pangani ban of Hagonoy, Bulacan and By Roberto Fernando Juana Enverga of Mauban, Que zon. His father was the a clerk of court at Daet, the capital of the province. Jose was one of the three sons of Vicente. Jose was a precocious child. He learned the cartilia and the caton in one month. He mas tered the Catecismo in another month. It was his mother who taught him now to read and write. He showed an early interest in reading. Once his mother found him under a tree reading Don Quijote. His father en couraged his intellectual pro pensities. He was kept supplied with good books. At twelve, he could speak and write Spa nish and Latin. At fifteen he was acquainted with the Iliad, the Odyssey and the Divine Comedy. October 1958 51 There is a story that once Jose’s uncle refused to lend him a telescope. Frustrated, Jose assembled, his own from bits of glass and cardboard. When the makeshift telescope was tested, the uncle found that it worked perfectly. As a boy, Jose was thin and frail. However, his physical de ficiencies did not prevent him from participating in the rough sports of boys. He learned horseback riding quite early. When Jose was eight, Fr. Francisco Fernandez took him to Labo to learn Spanish. The following year, he was sent to the public school at Daet. In that school, he finished his pri mary education. For his secondary education, Jose was sent to Nueva Caceres (now Naga City) and enrolled in the seminary of the Paulist fathers. He became the protege of Fr. P. Santonja, the rector of the seminary and his teacher in the natural sciences. This priest sent him to Manila for further education. When Jose took his revalida at the Uni versity of Santo Tomas on Fe bruary 4, 1883, he obtained sobresaliente and a degree was granted on March 1, 1883. At the University of Santo Tomas he enrolled in the schools of. medicine and agriculture. He finished his agricultural course in 1885. T n May 1888, he was a junior A at the College of Medicine. Because he was an indio, he was closely watched and sus pected. The treatment was more than he could bear so he decided to finish the medical course at the University of Barcelona. He became a student here in 1889. However, because of ill ness which was aggravated by a fight with two Spaniards, Jose failed to take the examinations. He therefore did not get his degree that year. In Barcelona, too, he fell in to the company of the other Filipino, propagandists. For a time, his parents threatened to cut off his allowance if he did not give up his political work. Once in a cafe in Madrid, some Spaniards began mocking the Filipinos. They called them “a bunch of ignorant and flat nosed people.” The Filipinos challenged the Spaniards to a contest of intellectual skill. The Spaniards chose memory as the basis. A fresh copy of a Madrid newspaper was given to the Filipinos and one of them was told to read the editorial. The task fell on Panganiban, who read it for one minute and then repeated it almost word for word. Then the paper was given to a Spaniard. He failed to match Panganiban and the Spa niards were forced to admit defeat. Panganiban kept his interest in intelectual matters even un 52 Panorama der the most adverse of condi tions. In his sick bed, he learn ed German well enough to tran slated Weber’s Die Religio und Die Religionen into Spanish. He dlso learned English and Italian. Panganiban won many hon ors. When General Domingo Moriones y Murrillo, governor general of the Philippines from 1877-1880 visited the Paulist seminary in Nueva Caceres, Panganiban was chosen speak er. His speech and manner so impressed the governor that he pinned a medal on the boy. When he was fifteen, he was already assisting the seminary physician and was even allowed to handle minor ailments. In April, 1878, when Bishop Fran cisco Gainza visited Mambulao, Panganiban wrote a poem in honor of his visit. Later on at the University of Santo Tomas he won second honor in a li terary-scientific contest. He failed to win the first prize be cause the other contender was a Spaniard, Vicente Cavanna. The same happened to his Anatomia de Regiones, an impor tant medical paper which he wrote in 1887. It was not ad judged the best because of the participation of some Spaniards and mestizos. But later his papers on gen eral pathology, therapeutics and surgical anatomy won all the first prizes. One of his profes sors, Dr. Cato L. Brea, was very impressed with his work. Upon his recommendation and Fr. Gregorio Echevarria’s, the papers were printed and exhi: bited at the 1887 exposition at Madrid. ■p anganiban became interested in politics during his first months in Madrid. He wrote for the La Solidaridad. He did not quit politics despite the advice of his father, Fr. San tonja and his poor health. The other Filipino propagan dists liked his work. Ponce on July 1, 1899 remarked that Panganiban was “useful and very necessary to our cause.” As a speaker, he could move his audience by force of hard logic. Even the anti-reform press of Madrid felt disposed toward his oratorical abilities. Rizal appraised Panganiban in the following words: Panganiban was a true orator of easy and energe tic words, vigorous con OCTOBER 1958 53 cepts, practical and trans cendental ideas and of ele vated thoughts. He was eloquent, at once very se ductive and convincing. Deeply informed of things Philippine, how many times he moved his audience de picting the ills of that land, the great agonies it suf fers, the immense pains it feels. The pen name of Panganiban was Jomapa or J.M.P. In his El Pensamiento, he advocated freedom of the press without which “it is hard for the gov ernment to interpret faithfully the aspiration of the constitu ents.” In his Los Nuevos Ayuntamientos de Filipinas, which was published on July 31, 1890, he attacked the municipal re form in several provinces in the Philippines. In his La Universidad de Manila: su Plan de Estudio, he advocated academic freedom. On April 25, 1889, he signed a petition drafted by the His pano-Filipino Association and La Solidaridad and sent to the minister of war. It asked for the granting to Filipinos the same rights enjoyed by the Spaniards. Among these rights were representation in the Cor tes, prohibition of deportation without due process of law, and abolition of the censura previa. The other extant writings of Panganiban were: Ang Lupang Tinubuan, Noches de Mambu lao, Sa Aking Buhay, Bahia de Mambulao, La Mujer de Ord, Clarita Perez, and Kandeng o Recuerdos de Mi Pueblo. T ater on when he was really ■ * - * very sick he dropped off. He wrote to Rizal, advising the propagandists to continue the campaign. He said: “Whatever we have begun should be car ried to the finish even if it results in the sacrifice of out lives, our honor and our wealth .. .If 1 had the strength which I used to have, I would go with you wherever you go.” He died on August 19, 1890 at No. 2 Rambla de Canaletas, Barcelona. He was only 27 years old. The issue of La Solidaridad that came out on September 20, 1890 was a Panganiban is sue. The next day he was buried in grave No. 2043 of the South west Cemetery of Barcelona. The funeral was attended by the Filipino community and by Cubans and Porto Ricans sym pathetic to the Philippine revo lutionists’ cause. On September 27, 1891, in view of the failure to renew the right to use the grave, the remains of Panganiban were removed to the Osario General of the cemetery. In 1956, Dr. Domingo Abella had the re mains exhumed and after 65 years in a foreign country, Jose Panganiban finally returned to his native land. 54 Panorama Book Review WWWWWWWwWWWWWKQ e, "fallacy // By LEONARD CASPER Part II fl t was the modest assumption that a novel or poem ex£/ periences itself more perfectly than any reader can which, freeing the Fugitive critics at Vanderbilt from romantic self-importance, made them serviceable as employees of art. • Similarly, it was the mutual tolerance of their diversity which helped them survive. John M. Bradbury’s The Fugitives is valuable for exploring the vast distances which have separated John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren at the dark and far corners of their elliptical paths around common foci; and during seasons of change in their now New Agrarian, now New Critical thought. What these three learned from each other came seldom by agreement, and rarely by imitation. Since in no exact sense did they ever constitute a school but have been most ditsinguished because distinct, Bradbury’s account suffers somewhat from being un able to shake off the minor Fugitives (the majority of the Vanderbilt group, actually, including Merrill Moore, professed author of 50,000 inconsequential sonnets). This defect in dis crimination, however, is at least overcome by the kind of judgment passed on the work of these others who, to their credit, it must be said were not really coattail-riders but have only been made to seem so for the convenience of his torical critics. The same impulse to prove a homogeneity, in spite of his own prefatory warning makes Bradbury find Eliot under * John M. Bradbury, The Fugitives (University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1958). Hugh Kenner, Gnomon (McDowell-Obolensky: N.Y., 1958). Robert Penn Warren, Selected Essays, (Random House: N.Y., 1958). October 1958 55 every Fugitive bed; and in two lines of Warren’s poetry some instinct tells him which word shows Tate’s influence, which Eliot’s, and which Ransom’s! Such examples of over-reading (unfortunately not rare) perhaps were designed to compen sate for all the neglect these figures have suffered previously from more opaque sensibilities. Far more objectionable in the unintelligible random-shuffle which distributes the con tents neither according to writer (Tate, Ransom, Warren) nor according to genre ^criticism, fiction, poetry). The suspicion is bound to occur that here is another academic field hastily posted, because already being quartered by someone else’s hounds. The impression is unfortunate because Bradbury’s may be a standard book for years, perhaps even after the authors involved have been studied individually and more thoroughly, to the modification of present readings. all these books, Hugh Kenner’s Gnomon is most likely to become an interim volume. What were originally reivew-articles have been expanded inadequately, and without cross-reference. Nor is their sequence suggestive of any un swerving grand swing through human space. Partia’ly, this would seem to be reckoned carelessness on Kenner’s part: the book is offered as preliminary footnotes to a major un finished work, presumably about the remains of literature’s latest Vortex to which Kenner sometimes alludes with the air of a smug hostess making the pudding go around. No one could fail to respect the manner of his discovering “im plications by collocation,” in Yeats’ poetry; or the archival quality of Pound’s Cantos; or the purely American grain in William’s Paterson. But Kenner is reluctant to make clear yet exactly what these, his heroes, have to do with chapters on college textbooks (is it because no one has created an equi valent to the Chinese Book of Odes which Pound makes sacred for him?) or Freud’s Victorianism or Empson’s method of studying literature by mathematical formulae. The gnomons’ shadows, supposed to steer the seasons, overlap under light from too many undifferentiated sources. Unless such sketches are preliminary diagrams only, for a later geometry, their incompleteness may well be germane to Kenner’s so-far uncritical admiration for Pound, Williams and Yeats. His talent for exegesis is not matched by judicious evaluation, but turns rapidly to enthusiasm. Because he under 56 Panorama stands the workings of difficult art, he seems compelled to accept it; as if to do otherwise were somehow to deny his initial efforts. Both faults may be attendant on his excessive love for things-as-they-happen-to-be: not truth earned by in duction, but the dogmatic assertion of simplified essence which his favorite ex-Imagists contrive. Hence, the cocksureness of his style, the occasional indifference to proof by argument. One backhand swipe removes the late Conrad, a shrug nudges T. E. Hulme to the rear of the crowd, a dented eyebrow says Eliot is too European to notice. . . . Shortage of space is the curse of reviews; but the limitations of Kenner’s expanded “essays” are his own. I n the preface to his Selected Essays, Robert Penn Warren 1 speaks of “the variety and internecine vindictiveness of voices” among today’s critics. Personally, he denies any part in the multiplicity of new orthodoxies; and he refuses to believe that electronic computers will ever replace the neces sary uneasiness of human decisions, literary or otherwise. Ap propriately, therefore, his collection is oriented by the famous lecture-essay, “Pure and Impure Poetry,” which first repu diated mandarin detachment as the artist’s ideal. The human condition and the condition of art are noticeably one: a poem has to live with itself, just as a man must live with the utmost self-knowledge permitted him. The great appeal to Warren of Conradian immersion in the awful responsibilities of life is clear in the succeeding essay, on Nostromo. In terms of that commitment, the attempts in the fiction of Faulkner and He mingway to accept the existence of evil, sin and error without being overwhelmed, by drawing up rules for human conduct in battle, are considered. The successful management of com plex experience, not quite at the level of world vision, is traced in Frost and Katherine Anne Porter, and various de grees of failure in Welty, Wolfe and Melville. The essay on Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner is kept for last not only because of its length, but also because its interpretation of elements met in communion, both substantially and im plicitly, in the poem epitomizes the function of art for Warren. It offers a means to human redemption, by its power to found a myth stronger than any history, which will explain man’s presence and aspirations to himself. The final words of the essay echo the preface: poetry’s “symbolical reading of ex perience” reconciles “the self-devisive internecine malices which October 1958 57 arise at the superficial level on which we conduct most of our living.” Criticism rises above daily spite and special pleading as it recognizes a resemblance between its own nature and other fictions. Warren’s own criticism has always had to live with his novels and poems; because of their frictions they have rubbed individual features into each other. The importance of these essays to the understanding of Warren’s method and canon, however, does not detract from their being major commenta ries on the literature more directly involved. They are emi nently readable—the authentication to which myths in any form aspire. — From the Western Review ¥ ¥ ¥ Wrong Track Y’WO JEWISH race-track addicts met on the way ■ * " home from Belmont, and one began immediate ly to bemoan an unbroken streak of miserable luck. The other boasted, “Not me. I’ve gone right back to fundamentals. Every morning now 1 pray for 15 minutes at the synagogue, and since I started not a day has gone by that I haven’t picked at least two winners.” “What have I got to lose?” said the unfortunate one. “I’ll try your system.” Three weeks later they met again. “I followed your advice,” began the steady loser. “Not only did I pray every morning, but every evening as well. All day Saturday I spent in the synagogue, too, not to mention a couple of holidays. And in all that time, believe me, not a single winner I picked.” “I can’t understand it,” said his friend. “What synagogue did you pray in?” “The one on Grove Street,” was the answer. “No wonder, you schmo,” shouted the friend. “That’s for trotters!” * 58 Panorama Literary Personality — XLV * Trancoise Sagan: 'White Thunderbird In France, no speed limits hen Francoise Sagan brought her tousled head to New York a few years ago to arrange for her first two novels to be made into movies, she carried her leopard skin coat slung over her elbow and posed delightedly with the white Thunderbird hired for her use. “In France you may drive as fast as you like. My car will go 140 miles an hour,” she explained. “But here, I understand, you have speed limits.” Her first novel, Bonjour Tristesse, was written in a month. Her others have required a little more labor but sold more rapidly. Only four weeks after its Paris publication, her third novel, Dans un Mois, Dans un An, had sold three-fourths as many as her second, A Certain Smile, had sold in a year and a half. Total sales have already run into several millions, an ironic victory for a young defeatist, counterpart of America’s Deadbeat Generation which has become spokesman for the multitudes simply by being louder than they were. The words which Sagan uses most often in her third novel (Those With out Shadows, in its translated version) sum up critical opinion of her: “What a mess!” she keeps saying; “a dreadful feeling of waste.” In April of 1957, the 22-year-old girl had turned over her fast Aston-Martin on a road where five others had died; and the critics could not have cared less, but the readers loved her as movie-goers had loved Jimmy Dean for dying in a hot-rod. Curled up on her bed of pain, she cried, “God deliver me from my physical sufferings. I’ll take care of the moral ones.” Perhaps she should have asked for more. Having convalesced, she continued to live and write as she had before. * An exclusive Panorama feature. October 1958 59 IJ er rise to notoriety came so fast that it has shown her inadequacies, her lack of poise poignantly. She was a 17-year-old college girl from a substantial bourgeois family when she sent a novel, written between examinations, to a strange publisher. In a few years she has made hundreds of millions of francs on her little books. Her fan letters include many insulting her person and,style, and many begging for money which she has already wasted without counting. For her fabulous royalties she had only a half-furnished apartment on a Seine quai and $48,000 owed the tax collector (but then, in France as in Manila, who pays taxes?). Before her marriage, recently, to Guy Schoeller, bands of young people used to follow her, living on her expense account, borrowing cars and sweaters, and keeping the change when they went out for a newspaper. Without being asked, they choose her company; she has never had to worry about money, so . . . -From some she had hopes of communicating, of reaching out beyond her solitariness; but she is surprisingly naive, even gullible, and her acquaintances have used her badly. Actually she has always dressed modestly — a black sweater, a light coat; she is well-mannered and reticent, re ceptive, somehow charming. But only her parents are her dis interested friends. Guy Schoeller, nearly 20 years her senior, has inherited a considerable fortune from his father, director of Hachette, powerful French publishing and distributing syndicate. He is also the proud father of a girl whose mother he divorced over ten years ago. Fashion mannequins particularly seem to have enjoyed his public company. He was off, big-game hunting in Kenya when his forthcoming marriage was first announced. Love, from such a man, does not come as simply as writing a best-seller. y * HE French critic Francoise Giroud has described Sagan’s personal problem as that of the present young French women "who want to keep their newly won independence and at the same time to surrender it for a few hours every day to a ‘strong man.’ Either the strong man refuses this episodic role or he accepts, thus proving he is not strong at all, and becomes a disappointment.” Francoise Sagan has another limitation. “Life is like mu sic,” she says. "It should be possible to hear it twice.” But even Sagan is mortal. 60 Panorama Children's Hour £iot and the Dove z? ivi was the greatest King in India. All the other kings did homage to him, and ruled under him. Sivi was merciful and chari table to all. The least among his subjects could approach him in the certainty of receiv ing help. No one appealed to him in vain. So great was the King’s re putation for charity and mercy, that the gods in heaven heard it. Indra, the chief of the gods, decided he would test Sivi. He called the god Yama to him. 'We will see,’ he said, ‘whe ther it is real kindness of heart, or whether Sivi merely wishes to make a show before the world.’ So the two gods made a plan by which they would test Sivi’s goodness. Indra, in the form of a dove, flew into the Hall of Justice just as Sivi took his place upon the throne. Yama, disguised as an eagle, flew after him. The dove flew to Sivi, and dropping at his feet, implored his protection. ‘Oh King, save me from this eagle!’ Sivi lifted the dove to his breast, and stroked it gent ly‘Do not be afraid, little one,’ he said, ‘you are safe with me.’ But the eagle flew down and bowed itself before Sivi. ‘Oh King, I ask for justice. This dove is my natural food. If you will not give it to me, I shall go hungry. Is that jus tice?’ ‘Sire,’ said the dove, ‘I claim your protection. You have promised me safety. You can not break you word.’ ‘That is not fair to me,’ said the eagle. ‘You are depriving me of my right. I hear that you are renowned for your justice, and that no man appeals to you in vain. Give me then this dove, for I am very hungry.’ October 1958 61 ‘I cannot give you the dove,’ said Sivi, 'for I have promised it my protection, but I will or der my servants to give you as much meat as you can eat. That will satisfy your hunger, and there will be no need for you to eat the dove.’ The eagle replied, T cannot eat meat that has been killed by others. It must be fresh and warm and dripping with blood. If you will give me as much of your own flesh as will equal the weight of the dove, I will accept that instead.’ “So be it,” said Sivi. All the courtiers raised their voices in protest and horror. ‘This must be a foul demon that wishes to destroy you,’ they cried. 'Be warned, sire, and do not give him what he demands.’ ‘I have given my word,’ said Sivi. Then he ordered a pair of scales tQ be brought to the Hall of Justice. The dove was placed in one of the pans. ith his own hand Sivi cut off pieces of his flesh, and put them in the other side of the scale. They did not weigh as much as the dove. More and more he cut, but still the dove weighed down the scale. Sivi was growing weak from loss of blood. He could hardly hold the knife in his hand, and still there was not enough of his flesh to weigh equally with the dove. So bowing his head, Sivi got into the scale, thus giving his whole body as a ransom for the dove. He had no soo>ner done so than Indra and Yama appeared in their true forms. ‘Well done, King Sivi!’ they said. ‘ We have tested you, and found you have real love in your heart. At the cost of your own life you would keep our word.’ Then they made the King’s body whole again, and giving him their blessing they vanish ed away. ¥ ¥ ¥ A Near Miss Wilfred was notoriously bashful in the presence of the opposite sex, so his parents were pleased but surprised when he announced he was headed down town to see a girl. He was back, however, within the hour. “You’re home mighty early, son,” observed his mother. “Didn’t you see her?” “Sure did,” enthused Wilfred, “and if I hadn’t ducked down an alley she’d have seen me!” 62 Panorama Keep 'em rolling etc he official march song for the U. S. Army will be easily recognized by any G.I. as the old Field Ar tillery number, “As the Cais sons Go Rolling Along.” What few will remember, however, is that the original was written by an artillery lieutenant in the Philippines, in 1908—the late Brig. Gen. Edmund L. “Snitz” Gruber. He was known as “Snitzer, the Flying Dutchman” at West Point simply because he was the son of a German immigrant. The nickname was far from be ing derogatory; no man could have been loved more than this young violinist who wrote all the music for the undergra duate shows. When the First Battalion of the Fifth Field Artillery arriv ed in the Philippines in 1908, regimental officers felt they needed a marching song to hold By Ben Revilla the men together. The order came down to Gruber. While he searched for a catchy title, he recalled a dif ficult march across the Zambales mountains. He had been sent ahead with a scout ser geant to a high peak from which to view the terrain and the battalion’s movements. The countryside for miles was roll ing and green. “Listening close ly,” he said, “we heard the dis tant rumble of the carriages, punctuated by shouts and com mands echoing up the valleys as the man urged their teams along. The sergeant said, ‘They’ll be all right, Lieutenant, if they keep 'em rolling. ‘Later I again heard a chief of section call out to his drivers, ‘Come on. keep 'em rolling.’ ” There was the expression that characterized the battalion’s determination to push on in spite of obstacles. “At a desOctober 1958 63 pedida given at Stotsemburg before our battalion sailed home, we sang the Field Ar tillery song for the first time. I had no idea it would become popular.” 0^fter Gruber failed to copy right bis song, he was amazed to hear it played often but attributed to John Philip Sousa. Nevertheless, the man who had learned so much about hospitality campaigning among the Filipinos refused to quar rel over the credit due him. He was pleased that his song gave courage to American troops during World War I and asked no more. He continued his duties as staff officer (eventually a camp in Texas was named after him) : in 1933 he conducted one of the first experiments in transporting artillery by air. And he went on entertaining his growing children at home “concerts.” When he was asked to compete for a $1000 prize in an Air Force song contest, he declined, saying, “Soldiers’ songs grow up where soldiers gather. When that song comes, it will be written by a young flier who’s got the feel of fly ing in his bones.” It took a bill by Congress to compensate Gruber’s widow for her husband’s contributions, after his death in 1941 while commanding Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. Bottled Light Latest hillbilly story concerns the poor fellow who had to spend a night in Little Rock and saw an electric light for the first time in his life. Returned to his mountain shack, he sank into his favorite chair and told his wife, “Don’t know how them city folk catch any sleep. There was a big light burning in my room right through the night.” “Why didn’t you blow it out?” asked the wife. “Gol dang it — I couldn’t,” grumbled the hill billy. “It was in a bottle!” * 64 Panorama Julius Caesar and "Bagoong” TAT hen Julius Caesar’s army went to sea, it ate saltid anchovies and oil-preserved tuna, and the of ficers took along their bathtubs. Terracotta jars and bathtubs from the bottom of the Tyrrhenian sea have revealed these facts to scient ists. The jars and tubs, as well as many other curious objects, were found recently in a number of wrecked Roman ships on the seabeds off Corsica and Sardinia and the coasts of Liguria and Salerno. Thee oar and sail boats date back to the first cen tury before Christ, during the reign of Julius Caesar, and were used by him for quick transport to the con quered lands of France and England. Much of the ship’s cargoes, however, have been fairly easily recovered. Many of the amphoras, or ter racotta jars, were found intact and contained residues of spiced-salted anchovies or tuna preserved in olive oil. Others jar were filled with a wheat flour or wine. There were also a number containing a kind of fish sauce called Garum. Garum was made of several species of fish cut up into small pieces and, together with most of their in side, put into a receptacle which was exposed to the sun. This broth-like mixture was then stirred until it fer mented. It was used as a condiment for many meats and fish in ancient times. Experts who studied some of the Albenga ship wrecks said there were about 3,000 wine amphoras in a single ship’s cargo and that each of the amphoras con tained 20 liters (five gallons) of wine. After nearly 2,000 years the wine had retained only a slight pinkish color, no longer alcoholic. It had a watery taste but was not salty. —H. V. Maclennon October 1958 65 REMARKABLE piece Of metal — weighing only twelve p o un d s but costing $1,700 — is being pre pared in Arizona as a possible tool for astronomers to study the sun. The substance is beryllium, one of the lightest of metals. It is in the form of a disk, about twelve inches in diame ter and two inches thick. The beryllium disk is of po tential value in astronomy be cause it may be able to face the sun and absorb its heat without getting too much out of shape to act as a light-col lecting mirror for a solar tele scope. The government-supported national science foundation is planning to set up a test tele scope at several sites in the United States and the Pacific islands as possible locations for observatories. The tentative sites thus far picked include Junipero Serra peak in Mon terey County, Calif., and the summit of volcanic Mauna Loa in Hawaii. At the foundation’s observa tory project in Arizona the disk first will be subjected to the sun’s heat and measurements made of the extent of its warp ing under thermal attack. How it behaves in this test will determine whether it may itself be ground into a mirror for one of the instruments. *7^ and A new metal may aid astro nomers in studying the sun Glass is the principal mater ial for solar as well as star telescopes. It heats up slowly and the image it reflects thus is fairly free from distortion. Beryllium heats up rapidly. But it may turn out to be good mirror material, says Dr. A. B. Meinel, observatory project di rector, because there is a po> sibility that it will throw off heat about as fast as it absorbs it. The way beryllium molecules fit together in the metal also indicates its desirability as pos sible mirror material. In addi 66 Panorama tion it is very hard, and can be ground like glass. A portable solar telescope will be set up in the near fu ture at the various tentative sites to calculate the “solar see ing.” They will be under the supervision of Leon Salanave, astronomer from the California Academy of Sciences, who re cently joined the project. The sun’s brilliance is one thing that has prevented astro nomers from solving numerous solar mysteries. That is why eclipses are valuable to observ ers. An eclipse momentarily blots out the blinding light of the sun’s face so that hot gases above its surface can be stu died. By minimizing the heating effects on mirrors the new solar telescopes will further aid as tronomers in getting around the blinding light problem, Sala nave said. Beryllium is rare because it never occurs in metallic form in nature. It always is bound with sand or other common materials. In some rock forma tions it makes beryl, a semi precious stone. Modern ore re fining methods have made it possible to produce beryllium in metal form. It is used widely in studying the nuclei of atoms. * * * Ticklish Situation The favorite animal story of the late H.T. Web ster, creator of Casper Milquetoast and “Life’s Dark est Moment,” concerned the kangaroo who suddenly leaped twelve feet over the barrier at the Bronx Park Zoo and took off in the direction of Yonkers at 80 miles an hour. A keeper dashed up to the baffled la dy who had been standing in front of the kangaroo’s cage and demanded, “What on earth did you do to that kangaroo to make him run that way?” “Nothing, really,” the lady declared. “I just tickled him a little.” “You’d better tickle me in the same place,” sug gested the keeper grimly. “I’ve got to catch him!” * October 1958 67 Better farming methods may solve the food problem for Pakistan's 80 millions ast acres of luxuriant, carefully culti vated crops and imposing white build ings are rising on the rich lands of the Indus River Valley, northeast of Karachi, to help solve the problem of providing an ade quate and stable food supply for the 80,000,000 people of Pakistan. This is the new Tando jam Agricultural College, and in its laboratories and on its experimental farm Pakistani and American agricultural experts are working to gether to train young men in modern agri cultural methods, and to adapt these methods so that they will be most useful to the farmers of Pakistan. A. R. Akhtar, a graduate of the University of Punjab and an Associate of the Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa, India, heads the staff of 45 professors, researchers and lecturers. To help the expanding staff with the problems arising.from the demands of modern agricul ture and increasing enrollments, seven Amer ican professors from the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts have come to Tando Jam. 68 Panorama These men are a part of the U.S. International Cooperation Administration’s (ICA) Inter College Exchange program. This program, for which ICA has authorized the expenditure of more than U.S. $7,000,000, provides, on a contract basis, for American professors to teach at various institutions in Pakistan and to help the col leges and universities modern ize their curricula while mem bers of the Pakistan college staffs are sent to the United States for advanced training in the fields of education, agricul ture, engineering, medicine and forestry. In the three-year term of the contracts, 78 American profes sors will come to Pakistan, and already more than 29 Pakista nis have gone to the United States. At Tando Jam the American educators, in close cooperation with their Pakistan associates, are working in varied fields. They are helping to develop a research program, to gear the college to give courses for an advanced degree, to revise the undergraduate curricula to make use of the latest educa tion techniques, and to build a modern and effective exten sion service. An active extension service is one of the best ways to get new ideas directly to farmers on their land. ICA has provided mobile audio-visual units for this purpose, and Mrs. L. S. Kudtz of the New Mexico party has trained operators for these vans. Under the auspices of the West Pakistan Agricultural Department, they travel from village to village, teaching as they go. The emphasis in extension services, as in the research and academic study at the college, is on practical aspects of farm ing: increased cooperation bet ween the government and the farmer, and the “how-to-do-it” side of agricultural training. These concentrated and co operative efforts mean more food to supply normal needs, abundant crops and a more de pendable yield from the fields to provide reserves against the caprices of nature. Four-in-One When her girl friend expressed her desire to catch a tall, rich, dark and handsome man, Susie re plied, “You don’t want a man, you want a quartet.” October 1958 69 Wleet iZoy Harris, Musician The rhythm of a free land . . . ON HIS FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY, Leroy Ellsworth Harris, distinguished composer of impressionistic music in the Un ited States, received this cita tion : “As a composer, you have given our schools, churches, and concert halls American music which characterizes our people and our time; as a teacher, you have spoken to students of the worth and dignity of American culture, and you have by your example given encouragement to them to create and play the vital, new music of this free and democratic land.” The praise came from the Governor of the State of Colo rado, but it reiterated the feel ings of people all over the country who had benefited from the musician’s genius. Roy Harris, who is proud to remind everyone that he was born in an Oklahoma log cabin on Abraham Lincoln’s birthday in 1898, began to compose music rather late in life. He was al most 30 years old when he wrote his first concerto, yet he has succeeded in creating a stagger ing quantity of music of all des criptions, distinctly American in subject matter. In 1933, Harris met the late Serge Koussevitsky, the ardent champion of so many American composers. He asked the strug gling composer to write a work for him—a “big symphony of the West.” When completed, Harris called it “Symphony: 1933.” The reaction of the cri tics was mixed, but there was no mistaking the impression that it made on young Amer ican musicians. It was the first real modern American symph ony. There was no jazz rhythm nor folksong quality in it, but 70 Panorama there was a melodic sweep, a harmonic freedom and perhaps a certain awkwardness in hand ling the materials that suggest ed an original utterance, au thentically native. The brilliant composer reach ed a peak of symphonic popu larity with his "Third Symph ony” brought out by Koussevitsky in the spring of 1939. It was called an "extraordinary” work. 2Jis childhood and adolescence, spent among sim ple people, made Harris a gre garious person, capable of easy communication with all types of people. He had spent a frugal early life, became a soldier in World War I, and for four years after the war, he drove a delivery truck. When he be gan to study music seriously, Harris was 20 years old. In the years that followed, his enthu siasm and originality brought him the patronage of some of the United States’ and Europe’s outstanding musician-teachers. Harris received a private sti pend to study in Europe under Nadia Boulanger, the musical nurse of a whole generatio'n of American composers. For his first lesson, she asked Roy to write 20 melodies. He brought her 107. Roy Harris thoroughly enjoys people, and loves to teach. He has had numerous positions in schools throughout the country. But he is never content to be just a professor. Invariably, his program has expanded; he has organized festivals, invited fa mous musicians to be guest teachers, and in numerous ways has encouraged young Amer ican musicians to record the rhythm of a free and democra tic land. — Free World. * * * Timely A well-known but improvident author was toiling over a new novel when there came a ring on his door bell. His caller proved to be a comely young woman who announced, “I represent the Federated Commu nity Charity Fund.” “You’v arrived in the nick of time” enthused the author. “I’m starving.” ¥ October 1958 71 Famed scientists at work More Secrets from the Atom orldwide recognition has been won by two Chin ese-born scientists, now permanent residents of the United States. They have re ceived both the 1957 Nobel Prize for Physics awarded at Stockholm, Sweden, and the 1957 Albert Einstein award in science, awarded in New York. The joint winners of these dis tinguished awards are Dr. Chen Ning Yang, 34, of the Institute for Advanced Study at Prince ton, New Jersey, and Dr. Tsung Dao Lee, 30, of Columbia Uni versity, in New York City. These two young scientists received these awards for their “profound investigations of the so-called parity laws which have led to important discover ies regarding sub-atomic par ticles.” Their research has dis proved one of the basic laws built into all physical theory for the past 30 years. Using the new giant atomsmashers, the two scientists studied the behaviorism of components of the atomic nu cleus and advanced the theory that some of these sub-atomic particles should not be expect ed to behave according to pre viously conceived rules. Experi ments at Columbia University and at the U.S. National Bu reau of Standards in Washing ton, D.C., have verified that some of the particles do indeed have different intrinsic proper ties. This is expected to open the way to a unifying theory to explain many of the myste ries of the atom. Some promis ing theories have until now been blocked because they run counter to the parity law. Dr. Lee and Dr. Yang have been friends for many years. They first met at the Univer sity of Kunming, China, in the early 1940’s. They resumed their friendship at the Univer sity of Chicago in 1948. Since 1951, they have collaborated closely on sub-atomic research es. Dr. Lee, youngest full pro fessor on the faculty of Colum bia University, has been on leave while working with Dr. Yang. 72 Panorama Panorama Qmz One mark of an educated man is the possession of a reasonable fund of genera) information. The highly specialized individual, often dubbed an “expert,” frequently knows little or nothing outside his own line. Try yourself on the following questions, then turn to the next page for the correct answers. 1. The U.S. rocket Pioneer failed in its attempt to reach the moon, but before falling back to earth, it went out about: A. 180,000 miles; B. 6,000 miles; C. 79,000 miles; D. 2,000 miles. 2. Little known is the fact that dynamite was invented by this well-known figure: A. Rockefeller; B. Nobel; C. Car negie; D. Confucius. 3. All of the following, except one, are among the seven wonders of the ancient world. Which one? A. Great Walls of China; B. Pyramids of Egypt; C. Colossus of Rhodes; D. Hang ing gardens of Babylon. 4. In sports the immortal name of John L. Sullivan is remembered as: A. the first great football player; B. the ori ginator of hockey; C. the greatest name in car racing; D. the first heavyweight boxing champion of the world. 5. The largest lake in the world, measuring 170,000 square miles, is: A. Lake Michigan; B. Aral; C. Caspian; D. Baikal. 6. In Japan, your dollar would fetch, at the official rate of exchange: A. 360 yen; B. 8 yen; C. 1,200 yen; D. 100 yen. 7. The French expression vis-a-vis, widely used in English, literally means: A. away from; B. atop; C. contrary to; D. face to face. 8. A member of the Nacionalista Party, this fighting senator has hugged the local limelight for his expose of Administration graft and corruption: A. Senator Lorenzo Tanada; B. Senator Mariano Jesus Cuenco; C. Senator Claro Recto; D. Representa tive Bartolome Cabangbang. 9. Dacca, where the speaker of the legislature was killed following a riot recently,, is a city situated in: A. India; B. East Pakistan; C. Ceylon; D. Kashmir. 10. Of course you know that abattoir is just another term for: A. customs; B. slaughterhouse; C. guardhouse; D. air or train terminal. October 1958 73 ARE YOU WORD WISE ANSWERS PANORAMA QUIZ ANSWERS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 74 ► P J S O P > P P > B. to overpower by intense light sudden collapse to search thoroughly among contents to distort in pain to produce dependent upon something uncertain poor beyond ordinary knowledge ill-humored to agree ¥ ¥ 1. C. 79,000 miles 2. B. Nobel (of the Nobel Prize fame) 3. A. Great Wells cf China 4. D. the first heavyweight boxing champion of the world 5. C. Caspian (in the U.S.S.R. and Iran) 6. A. 360 yen 7. D. face to face 8. B. Senator Mariano Jesus Cuenco 9. B. East Pakistan 10. B. slaughterhouse ¥ Pigeon Service A carrier pigeon express service has been started by the Japan Pigeon Communications Associa tion. The specially trained pigeons will be rented to fishermen and mountain climbers. Carrier pigeons are frequently used by Japan’s major newspapers to expedite the delivery of news stories and film. The association plans to establish pigeon bases at about fifty fishing ports. Each base will have 50 to 300 pigeons. In tests conducted in nearby Chiba Prefecture the pigeons have been successfully used in carrying message of fish school sightings back to the village Ciders. For a fee mountain climbers will be able to rent pigeons at the foot of the popular excursion moun tains in the Japan Alps to relay word in case of emergency. Mountain deaths of high school and col lege boys and girls are rather frequent in Japan. Tho birds will be trained to fly 400 kilometers (about 250 miles') in unfavorable weather or at night. ¥ Panorama In the Beginning FULCRUM of rest on which a lever turns in a moving body) Strangely enough, the origin of this word is from the Latin meaning “bedpost"! (a machine-made man) ROBOT First used by Capek in the play “R.U.R.,” the term robot comes from the Czeck robotnik meaning “serf." (support or point (a preparation for SHAMPOO washing the hair) From the Hindu champna, meaning literally to “squeeze or press” comes this modern word. October 1958 75 Philippine Panorama — XLVI COTABATO: PROMISED LAND Cotabato is the biggest and potentially the richest province of the Philip pines. At present it is a vast expanse of forest and fertile land, fed and made more fer tile by the second longest river in the Philippines— the Rio Grande. The marshes and swamps along the river, if con verted into fishponds, could supply the entire archipelago with fish. Its vast plains if con verted to ramie plantations could produce enough fiber for twice the population of the Philippines. The rich alluvial soil along the river if properly cultivated could feed the en tire nation. As it is Cotabato is just grow ing. A Malabon entrepreneur who constructed a group of fishponds near the mouth of the river has to charter a plane to bring his fish to Manila. The ramie plantation at Buluan keeps the Japanese textile mills continuously supplied with fi ber. And the corn produced by the mechanized farms is sold in the Visayan markets. And yet, one feels that the present level of production has hardly touched the fringes of its vast potential wealth. The Rio Grande is the most important transportation lane of the province. This river in spite of its size is shallow in many parts. Thus transporta tion is crude and expensive; and thus the cost of commodi ties that go in or out of the pro vince rises almost automatical ly. Road building in Cotabato is just starting and the bureau of public works estimates that it might take another decade before the province is provided with an adequate system of land transportation. Probably because of this one gets in Cotabato a sense of feverish impermanence. It is as if those who are engaged in the extraction of its wealth feel t their days are num bered and therefore they have to get what they want with al most hedonistic frenzy. The pulse of life here is unnatural; 76 Panorama it lacks the evenness and rhy thm that usually goes with sea sonal pursuits. T1 HE center of the province is Dadiangas now called General Santos, in honor of the Ute General Paulino San tos who opened the territory for settlement. Dadiangas has more than 45,000 inhabitants. The town nestles in an area that produces coffee, corn and . cotton in abundant quantities. The original 3,000 settlers who came with General Santos in 1939 had spread to Ala Valley, Koronadal, Lagao and Marbel. Their struggles against locusts, malaria and poverty are now paying off. They now own farms that are worth a hundred times more than their original value. Cotabato can very well be called the melting pot of the Philippines. Here people from all groups live together— Ilongos, Cebuanos, Tagalogs, and Maguindanaws. They have rais ed towns that they have pur posely named after the places of their birth—New Capiz, New Iloilo and New Cebu. But the houses of the settlers in these new towns are uniformly drab and makeshift. Newness is equi valent to impermanence. How ever, nobody seems to be bo thered by hard gruelling labor because here work is the rule of existence. Like Stilu and the coastal regions of southern Mindanao, Cotabato was settled before and during the Spanish regime by Malays and Indonesians. In the 15th century, the Malayan October 1958 77 settlers in the province were converted to the Moslem faith by Sariph Kabungsuan, an Arab-Malay imam who visited the region with traders. Like the rest of Moroland, Cotabato has never known the domina tion of the Spaniards. The Americans however were able to subjugate the Maguin danaws. This was the beginning of the progress of the province. With the establishment of the rule of law in the province, settlers from all over the Phil ippines emigrated to the pro vince. Agriculture is the basic in dustry in. the province. The farmers of Cotabato are now beginning to realize the ad vantages of mechanization. The cotton and coffee plantations are now mechanized. ■p ut the crop that Cotabato ■ * - * has claimed for its own is ramie. This remarkable fiber thrives very well in the porous soil of Cotabato. Ramcor, the biggest ramie plantation in the Philippines, covers an area that stretches from one horizon to another. The corporation sends its fiber down the Rio Grande to steamers waiting at the mouth. The fiber is sent to Ja pan for processing and weav ing. Ramcor is planning to put up its own plant soon. The biggest problem of Co tabato is rats. The rice-produc ing area of the province is pe riodically attacked by hordes of rats. The government is doing its best to eliminate the pest. Another big problem of Co tabato is the cultural conflict between the Moslems and the Christians. There seems to exist among them a feeling of mutual distrust. This distrust sometimes erupts into bloody battles. One still remembers the massacre on Tigkawayan when a group of Christian settlers descended upon a moro village and practically wiped it out. The basis of this conflict is economic. The datus, fearful of loss of power, still wish to as sert their authority over the Christian settlers. Once an area is cleared and planted, a datu would demand its return. The Christian, quite naturally, would defend his right and a fight would start. However, the Philippine Constabulary has the situation well in hand and now even the powerful datus think twice before they decide to tackle this band of professional soldiers. Cotabato is the promised land of Mindanao. Properly directed, it could become one of the Phil ippines’ most important pro vinces. The industry of the pioneers in Cotabato would surely transform that province to an economic force. ¥ * ¥ 78 Panorama THE STORY OF X-RAY In November, 1895, an ob scure physics professor, working in a modest little laboratory ,at the University of Wurzburg in Bavaria, came upon a mysterious ray which had the power to penetrate flesh, cloth, wood, and metal. This tall, slender, bearded teach er was Wilhelm Konrad Roentges Using the mathematical sym bol "X” for the unknown quan tity, he called his discovery the x-ray. When he first came upon the new “wonder ray,” so powerful that it could pass opaque ob jects, Roentgen told his good friend, Boveri: "I have discov ered something interesting, but I do not know whether or not my observations are correct.” Except for this remark, he talked to no one about what he had found. For days he locked himself in his laboratory and, without sleep or food, worked out his experiments again and again. Certainly there was nothing elaborate about his laboratory to inspire him. There was a wide table shelf on one side of the room, in front of two high windows which gave plenty of light. In the center was a stove; on the left a small cab OCTOBER 1958 79 inet whose ahelyes held the small object * flw professor was using. There vas a table in the left-hand corner, and another small table — the one on ’which the bones of living human be ings were first radiographed •— was near the stove. The apparatus used by Ro entgen in making his dis covery represented the labor of many students and scientists in centuries past. All had contri buted something to developing knowledge of the characteris tics of electricity and to the methods of its production, be ginning with the creation of high-tension currents and con tinuing on to the study of var ious effects produced by such currents in a vacuum. One of these scientists was Michael Faraday who, in 1837, carried out brilliant research on the luminous effects created in various gases by electric dis charges. Perry Ghent, in his bio graphy of Roentgen, said that to the patient study and end less experiments of this modest Englishman, and his discovery of the phenomenon of electro magnetic induction, we are in debted largely for the produc tion of electric power as we now have it. His work marked the true beginning of the long series of investigations that ul timately brought about the dis covery of the x-ray. An important forward step toward Roentgen’s discovery was made by Plucker, for whom Geissler had produced the first tube in which a vacuum, al though a low one, could be in definitely maintained. Elec trodes of platinum wire were fused into the walls of the Geissler tube, which Plucker then excited with electric cur rent, creating attractive lumin ous colors at the cathode end. Later Hittorf made important researches leading to the dis covery of hitherto unsuspected rays which appeared to origin ate at the negative pole. Scant attention was paid to them, however, until the absorbing experiments of Crookes in 1897. Hertz, in 1892, conducted ex periments which led him to the conclusion that the cathode stream could pass through the glass walls of the tube, and suggested further investigation outside the vacuum. After Hertz’s death, his pupil, Len ard, carried on the experiments of his teacher, coaxing the cath ode stream out of the tube through an aluminum window, and noted its effects, including the fogging of photographic emulsion. The work of Hertz and Lenard were the final steps of a long journey in science before the actual discovery of the x-ray. Most scientists agree that Crookes, with his relatively high vacuum tube, produced x-rays, 80 Panorama yet did not actually discover them. It remained for the 50year-old Professor Roentgen to discover that rays emanating from a Crookes tube, when a high-voltage current is sent through it, will penetrate ob jects opaque to ordinary light and will affect the photographic plate. The first published report of Roentgen’s discovery ap peared in the December 28 is sue of “The Transactions of the Physico-Medical Association.” It was not until two months after his actual discovery — on Jan uary 23, 1896 — that Roentgen officially reported his findings in a paper, “A New Kind of Ray,” presented to the Physical Medical Society of Wurzburg. His report became news that electrified the world, spreading like wildfire. Newspapers all over the world printed ghastly skeletons of hands and feet of living per sons and extolled the myster ious power of those strange rays which could ‘see” through almost anything. The accounts, many of them displaying a cur ious ignorance and pessimism, were enough to arouse an as semblyman in New Jersey to introduce a bill in the House prohibiting the use of x-rays in opera glasses at theaters; and in London a firm “made prey of the ignorant women by ad vertising x-ray-proof clothing.” New York newspapers went so far as to say that the new rays might solve such age-old problems as spiritualism and soul photography. One paper reported that the Roentgen rays were used at the College of Physicians and Surgeons to re flect anatomic diagrams direct ly into the brain of students, thereby making a much more October 1958 81 enduring impression than the ordinary methods of learning. The stories and tales grad ually grew to such feverish heights that the London Pall Mall Gazette came forth with the laconic statement: “We are sick of the Roentgen rays. Per haps the best thing would be for all civilized nations to com bine to burn all the Roentgen rays, to execute all the discov erers, and to corner all the equipment in the world and to whelm it in the middle of the ocean. Let the fish contemplate each other’s bones if they like, but not us.” TAT ith almost equal prejudice, one of Roentgen’s fel low countrymen, in an article on German intellectualism, pub lished a contemptible statement that the Wurzburg professor was a mercenary — “selling his discovery to the world for what it would fetch.” Actually, the professor, by publicly describ ing his experiments and invit ing the world to join in the x-ray’s development, made it public property, beyond the reach of exploitation for the benefit of himself or other pri vate interests. In contrast to the skeptics tfere many strong believers in what Roentgen had found; es pecially medical men who could foresee how the sufferings of mankind might be lessened by the ministrations of these new rays. The acclaim of such scien tists helped to make Roentgen famous overnight. Whether he liked it or not, Roentgen was showered with honors. He was summoned to the Royal Palace at Potsdam, where he dined with Wilhelm II, Emperor of. Germany and King of Prussia. A government decree bestowed upon him the title of "Excel lency,” boulevards and streets were named for him, and monu ments were erected in his honor. Roentgen died in 1923 at the age of 78. He virtually made a gift of his x-ray to humanity, seeking no reward and receiv ing no monetary gain from the great discovery, except the No bel prize for physics awarded him in 1901. 82 Panorama * * ¥ Anchored, Maybe A man in a television studio told Jack Paar, "My wife falls for every commercial she's exposed to. Before retiring each night she uses four face creams, two chain creams, and even one elbow cream.” "I'll bet she's beautiful,” mused Paar, "but tell me: how do you keep her from slipping out of bed?" * * * * * * * by Elmer ‘Ben takes his hobby too seriously, don’t you think?” The Folger Library gltakespeate gtill £ioes 7/eU By Sixto D'Asis 7 he world’s best collection of Shakespea reana is housed at the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washing ton, D.C. This library, next to the British Museum, is a major research center for li terary study. Its collection is not limited to Shakespearean materials; it includes almost all significant topics in the history of English civilization in the 16th and 17th centuries. This library is managed by the trus tees of the Amherst College. The Folger library was found ed by Henry Clay Folger. In 1879 Folger, a poor senior at Amherst College, wandered in to a lecture by Ralph Emerson. The philosopher impressed the young Folger with his beauti ful English and subtle intel lect. Later Folger read a speech delivered by Emerson in Bos ton in 1864, tercentenary of Shakespeare’s birth. The lines read : England’s genius filled all measure Of heart and soul, of strength and pleasure. Gave to the mind its Emperor, And life was larger than be fore: Nor sequent centuries could hit Orbit and sum of Shakes peare’s wit. The men who lived with him became Poets, for the air was fame. These lines so inspired Folger 84 Panorama that he made a thorough study of Shakespeare. When he left Amherst, he had developed a deep love for Shakespeare. After graduation, he took a job with a New York oil-re fining company. He studied law in his spare time and in 1881 he was admitted to the bar. He did not go into pri vate practice but chose to stay with the petroleum industry. It was a wise choice because he rose to become president and later chairman of the board of the Standard Oil Company of New York. Folger never lost his interest in Shakespeare. In 1885, short ly after his marriage to Emily Jordan, he purchased for $1.25 a reduced facsimile of the First Folio. “Here you may see Shakespeare's plays as they were actually presented to the world,” he told his wife. His wife considers that volume “the cornerstone; of the Shakespeare Library.” P olger bought his first rare r book, a copy of the Fourth Folio, at an auction in 1889. He got it for $107.50. Later when he became a millionaire he collected Shakespeare ma terials with passion. Fortunate ly, his wife was an enthusiastic partner. He did his collecting in com plete silence. Not even the other collectors knew about his ac tivity. In order to buy the rare items, Folger and his wife were forced to live beyond their in come. Thus even as a millionaire he lived in a modest brick row house in Brooklyrf. The Folgers undertook every step of the project from ordering to clas sifying. Gradually Shakespeare an items became scarce. Then Folger’s name became known. The British press raised a cry against this wholesale ex port of national treasures. No body saw the items, thus even the scholars were forced to join in the general uproar against Folger. The British tried to persuade Folger to leave his collection as a Shakespeare memorial in Stratford on Avon. He refused because his ambition was “to help make the United States a center for literary study and progress.” Late in 1928, Folger quiet ly announced his intention to construct a library in Washing ton D.C. to house his collection. He chose Washington because he felt that it would be the nation’s research center in the future and, besides, proximity to the Library of Congress is a decided advantage for the scholars. He bought the land and approved a plan for a 2 1/2 million-dollar building. The architect was Paul Philippe Cret. October 1958 85 CT HE CORNERSTONE of the Folger Library was laid May 28, 1930. Two weeks later Hen ry Clay Folger died. He never saw the library that had become his only dream. He left the library ample funds and the management was put in the hands of the trustees of Am herst College. Folger wanted an Elizabethan building but the architect was able to convince him that such a structure would clash violent ly with the existing biuldings in the neighborhood. A com promise was reached. The ex terior of the building would be modern classic but the in terior would be Elizabethan. To give the interior more character, the effect of age was created artificially. The marble wainscoting was punctured with holes and stained with acid. The stones of the doorway were plastered in the rough. Solid bronze fixtures were treated so that they may look ancient. The Folger library has three main sections: the exhibition hall, the theater and the read ing room. Four large air-con ditioned vaults hold all the rare manuscripts. Some of the more interesting are on permanent exhibition. The theatre is seldom used because of local fire ordi nances; it does not have fire escapes. The large, two-story reading room resembles the hall of a Tudor manor. Despite its 86 size, however, it conveys a sense of closeness and intimacy. Over the fireplace in this room are the lines from Emerson that launched Folger on this mas sive enterprise. The non-literary materials such as busts, paintings, cos tumes, statues, prints, furni ture, tapestries, stage proper ties, relics and curios of the Elizabethan and Tudor eras are stored in the attic rooms. Some of them are displayed with the manuscripts. To illustrate the wealth of the library, here are some fi gures: of the 240 known copies of the First Folio, Folger has 79; its nearest competitor, the British Museum, has five co pies. The library has in its vaults 57 copies of the Second Folio, 25 of the third and 37 Panorama of the fourth. Of the Shakepearean plays in quarto, the Folger has the biggest collec tion, the most precious of which is the first edition, 1594, of Titus Andronicus. In addition to the rare edi tions, the library has about 1,300 different editions of the collected works of Shakespeare and countless separate play publication. There are also volumes of Shakespeare once owned by George Washington, King George III, Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Gray Shelley, Burns, Haw thorne, Emerson, Lamb, Ma dame de Pompadour, Nappleon III, etc. The shelves also contain rare books by such contemporaries and predecessors of Shake speare as Jonson, Marlowe and Bacon. The library also pos sesses the only known obituary of Shakespeare. It is an entry in the diary of the Rev. John Ward, vicar of Stratford. The minister wrote: “Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jhonson had a merry meeting and it seems drank too hard for Shakespeare died of a feavour there con tracted.” J2 sizeable addition to the Folger library was the ac quisition of the Harmsworth collection. This collection is supposed to have cost Sir Lei cester Harmsworth more than two million dollars to assemble and yet he parted with it for less than one-tenth of its ori ginal cost because the family liked the Folger library. Sir Leicester did collect Shake speare and drama and in nearly every other phase of Elizabe than culture—poetry, history-, exploration, theology, music and printing—his collection is priceless. The acquisition of the Harms worth collection changed the Character of the Folger—it now became a major library of 16th 17 century English civilization. The close rivals of the Folger in this field are the Bodleian Library at Oxford and the Hun tington Library at California. The only library that beats them all is the British Museum. October 1958 87 * * * p lying Saucers — or falling saucers — have been developed to drop fuel, water other liquids to stranded troops, explorers, hunters. Saucer-like containers, 30 in, in diameter, are made of rubber, hold five gallons, have oil-resistant liners for petro leum and rubber liners for water. Test drops of 2,000 ft. have not burst them. Fish For Qeylon P ROZEN fish are helping provide the answer to * Ceylorfs fish shortage. A cold storage and freezer plant, one of the most modern in the world, is the key to the problem. The plant is a part of a brand new fishery center—located just outside of Colombo at Mutwal— that includes a sheltered har bor for two fishing trawlers, smaller boats, a by-pro ducts factory and a machine shop. In the past, Ceylorfs home demand for fish has been greater than the supply provided by local fish ermen. Although it is an island with a thousand miles of sea coast, Ceylon has been forced to import about 70 million rupees worth of fish each year. The monsoons make fishing in Ceylon seasonal. Also, the inadequacy of cold storage facilities did not allow keeping a fish supply for the off season. To help solve this problem, the Ceylonese Gov ernment, with about 17 1/2 million rupees worth of aid from Canada—under the terms of the Colombo Plan—put up the fishery center.—Free World. Panorama Ants' town A New Deal For Tokyo’s Ragpickers rN a cold windy day about ten years ago a small group of ragpickers start ed building makeshift huts in an abandoned riverside park in northeast Tokyo. Now the group of junk collectors, spur red by an extraordinary com munity spirit, hopes to move to its own version of a mo del town. The present site, with about 300 inhabitants, is widely known here as Ants’ Town, a name derived from the indus trious habits of the inhabitants. Social workers praise the in creasingly stable social security system developed in private by the hard-working community of professional scavengers. Motamu Ozawa, gray-haired leader of the community, said recently: “We are slowly but steadily walking the way lead ing to our eventual aim of security from the cradle to the grave.’’ The group, which started with nothing, now holds com mon property valued at more than $55,000. By paying small daily contributions, the mem bers get modest wedding, fune ral and medical services free. Living quarters, though far below the public standard, are rent free. Aged members who are unable to make a living October 1958 89 are supported by the group. Ants’ Town’s most recent ac quisition is a graveyard for the community’s members. The ragpickers roam the streets of Tokyo long before dawn. They collect anything they can find—waste paper, broken glass, rags or bits of metal. Almost anything helps toward making up their indivi dual daily income of about 200 yen (56 cents). Later, they make house-tohouse calls or visit small fac tories to buy old newspapers, empty bottles or tin cans. In the afternoon the material is sorted and sold to dealers. An efficient division of labor has been perfected in this small community. When the rag pickers go out to work, one member stays behind to clean all the living quarters. Another prepares the bathhouse for those who come back tired and dirty to tips traditional com fort. 'P he ragpickers’ busy schedule gives them little time for their children, who until the winter had an ideal companion and leader. The late Miss Reiko Kitahara, who was born in to high social position, had for eight years devoted her life to the town’s neglected young sters. Giving up her status as the daughter of a college professor, the young Roman Catholic woman nursed the sick chil dren of Ants’ Town and taught the girls how to mend clothes. Once she organized an excur sion to the mountains for the youngsters, when she learned that they had never seen such rural sights. Miss Kitahara died last Jan uary at the age of 28 in a hut of the town where she had lived for years. At the requiem high mass, the ragpickers and their children paid a tearful last tri bute to the “Madonna of Ants’ 90 Panorama Town,” as they called her. About 10 per cent of the town’s residents, impressed by Miss Kitahara’s example, have become Catholics, including the leader, Mr. Ozawa. Mr. Ozawa hopes to see all the members converted to Catholicism Before the group has reached the to tal membership of 1,000 ex pected in 1963. In planning their expansion, the town leaders feel a new site is necessary since present location is part of a public park, with only makeshift build ings of broken boards and scrap metal. A group of engineering stu dents at Waseda University has designed, without charge, new buildings that the community hopes can be completed within five years. The Tokyo govern ment has granted the ragpicker group the right to buy about five acres- of waterfront land at a reasonable price. The blueprint of the new town shows apartments, a dining hall, a nursery and a bath house. Yards large enough for recreation, and space for 1,000 chickens and twenty pigs also are provided. On Fishing “Fishing is simplicity itself,” explains Hamilton Clay, Jr. “Al you have to do is get there yesterday when the fish where were biting.” One disciple of Izaak Walton picked the wrong day for sure. He was discovered by the father of a seven-year old boy, pole discarded, hopping on one foot, caressing the other and howling with anguish. “What happened?” demanded the father. “I guess it’s my fault,” said the seven year old. “This man told me he hadrit had a bite all morn ing — so I bit him.” October 1958 91 Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Communications BUREAU OF POSTS Manila SWORN STATEMENT (Required by Act 2580) The undersigned, C. A. MARAMAG, business manager of PANORAMA, published monthly in English at 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila, after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, hereby submits the following statement of ownership, manage ment, circulation, etc., which is required by Act 2580, as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 201: Name Editor'. F. C. Sta. Maria Business Manager: C. A. Maramag Owner: Community Publishers, Inc. Publisher: Community Publishers, Inc. Printer: Community Publishers, Inc. Office of Publication: Community Publ Post-Office Address 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila i, Inc. 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila of If publication is owned by a corporation, stockholders owning one per cent or more the total amount of stocks: SOFIA S. SINCO ARTURO G. SINCO VICENTE G. SINCO 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila 1986 Herran, Sta. Ana, Manila Bondholders, mortgagees, or other security holders owning one per cent or more of total amount of security: NONE In case of publication other than daily, total number of copies printed and circulated of the last issue dated March 1958: 1. Sent to paid subscribers .................................................................................. 5,100 2. Sent to others than paid subscribers ........................................................... 1,000 Total ................................. 6,100 (Sgd.) C. A. MARAMAG Business Manager Subscribed and sworn to before me this 27th day of October, 1958, at Manila, the affiant exhibiting her Residence Certificate No. A-0231402 issued at Manila, on January 29, 1958. (Sgd.) AMBROCIO SAN PEDRO Post Office Inspector NOTE: This form is exempt from the payment of documentary stamp tax. Write us for more details on this "Fund-Raising by Subcriptions" Plan * ★ ★ Panorama is approved reading for all public and private schools... It is a treasure house of Philippine culture (Known in the US. as Miehle n Lithoprint) The most modern Offset press v its siie (14 x 20 inches) The easiest to operate with it centralized control panel and puel button operation. No dampening rollers to both * with its patented Rotafount, giv ing mechanically controlled dairp ing. Hairline register—ideal for mufti color jobs on any type of papo at low cost and great speed. . . Actual Demonstration now going 01 You are invited to see COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. HUNTERS * LITHOGRAPHERS * PIMUSHIRS 1906 Hrma, Ste. As * TeL S~41-96