Panorama

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Part of Panorama

Title: Panorama
Issue Date: Volume XIII (Issue No. 12) December 1961
Year: 1961
Language: English
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extracted text: Zell your friends about the Panorama, the Philippines’ most versatile, most significant magazine today. (jive them a year’s subscription — NOW! they will apireciate it. Subscription Form ................ J year for P8.50 ................2 years forP16.00 ................Foreign subscription: one year $6.00 U.S. Name ............ ........................................................................................ Street ...................................................................................................... City or Town ................................... Province ............ ..................... Enclosed is a check/money order for the cmount specified obove. Please address all checks or«enoney orders in favor of: COMMOMf'Y 1«0BLISHip% l£fc. Inverness St., Sta. Ana, Manila, PHUipp:nes CONTENTS Queen Bee Jelly Why RiZa£m& «omuIo . ClaroM.&nd° Abaya - .................... SergioOsmX:SS?iOrWDP“^-Imperial P^^.^ ........... College Counseling ..................... Dr. Vicente G. Sinco Pressures on the PI press .................. Challenge toX UN™ * ..................... Research Tuan....... ^L?°P°ld° Y. Yabes....... Modem Painting in the Philip-, '({>'' ’' Nansen: Scientist-Humaiiffarian Philippe Joussand .................. ~. A Teen-Ager Speaks Petronilo A. Buan ....................... Castles—Mirror of Social Evolution ....... Science Rescues Temples ......................... Hebrew Student Press .................... .......... Karate ......................................................... Japan’s Bridges ............................................ Packing a Nubian Temple Boleslaw Leitgeber ..................... Truce of Biyaknabato Teodoro A. Agoncillo ............... Who in the World Am I? Dr. Ces'ar Adib Majul ................ 2 3 8 . 16 17 22 23 29 33 38 54 58 60 64 68 70 75 79 83 88 PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishers, Inc., Inverness St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines Editor: Armando J. Malay Art Director: Ramon Esperas, Jr. Business Manager: Mrs. C. A. Maramag Subscription rates: In the Philippines, one year P8.50; two years P16.00. Foreign subscription: one year $6.00 U.S.; two yean $11.00 U.S. Single copy 75 centavos. queen bee jelly Walter Theimer The Larva Must Be Very With a view, not to men readily Rowing^2^ t0 which the action oi as well as me f rpadilv swallowing cirugs " ..k... S'“ as? asasr#j Rembold of the Max PlancK Laboratory of Biochemie Munich, has had a closer look at royal jelly. The juice is ac tive only if the bee larva is jars of the jelly will be of no avail; the larva becomes a common worker bee. So de termination of future develop ment is effected at a very early stage. Basically every bee larva has the elements in it to become a queen but with normal nutrition their growth remains inhibited in favour of development into a worker bee. Only royal jelly, admin istered early, triggers royal development. So the action of the juice depends on very par ticular conditions even in the bee. About one-third of one gram of the yellowish, milky (Continued on page 91) common larva .. otherwise develop into an or dinary worker bee. For a de cade or so, this nutritious juice- has been advertised,as a tonic and rejuvenant fo£ men; its manufacture and sale have proved lucrative, busn i^roposigons, toejuKe.^ as regards the value 01' this substance to men jhough oc casionally7 some doctors have reported to have seen tonic effects on the well-being of patients taking royal jelly. Such observations are always somewhat hazy. There is an undeniable share of psycholo-gical factors resting on a pre existing belief in the juice. Even generous interpretation of findings on the jelly fails to reveal any effects exceed ing those that have been ac hieved in mass experiments by administering placebos, if these had previously been suggestively described to the laity as medically active. 2 Panoram* RIZAL FOR ALL TIMES Gen. Carlos P. Romulo 'Philippine Ambassador to the United: States The survival of a great na tion was at stake. On the bat tle field of Marathon a crucial battle was being fought. If the Persians won, a rising ci vilization would have been nipped in the bud. The Greeks were fighting for their life. They won — and the news oftheir victory was car ried by * a Greek runner who ran all the way for many miles to give the great tidings to his people. But as he ar rive in Athens he fainted and he could only gasp one word as he expired: “Xantippe!” meaning, rejoice. He did not announce, "We won!” He did not exclaim “We defeated the enemy!” It was not the ela tion, nor the pride, nor the arrogance of triumph. It was the spiritual expression of re lease from a dreadful sus pense; it was not so much exultation as inspiration, ins piration for a nation to rise to the nobility of the heroism of those who fought and died that their nation may not pe rish. It was to rejoice that a civilization could continue to live and flourish. Thirty-three years ago. on December 30, 1928, I said that the greatest merit of this great Malayan is that there will al ways be the unknowable Jose Rizal. For over two decades since Jose Rizal gave his life for his country, we have been prolific interpreters of his life and of the deeds that have translated that life into a power dominating the thoughts of our people.At times he is the states man guarding the hard-won and harder-kept political con quests now in our hands; at other times he is the divinity jealously imposing the pre cepts ruling our moral con duct. On occasions, we ap proach him as the loved and lasting arbiter of our loyalty to our present leaders; on other occasions we acclaim him the ultimate standard for our conduct in the home and out of it, for our ideals of a model childhood, of youth ma turing into useful manhood. There is not a phase of our life upon which we cannqt bring to bear the telling aqd permanent influence of Rizal. He is with us, present with his support, when we are in the right. He is against us, convincing in his opposition when we are in the wrong If, drooping in spirit, we give way to disappointment and discouragement, the whole story of his epic death dec lares us renegades to the cause of which he is the mar tyr. Our Last Resort We thus feel that we know him, that we have sounded the depth of his being, that we hold him the companion ,of all the hours when we give ourselves to the companion ship of our country.. Just as he comes to us and in an unfailing priesthood, ordain ed us into beings greater than what we might be, — be cause before us are tasks de manding greatness in charac ter, greatness in thought, and greatness in deed, — so we go to him in the hope that we discover, for our fortitude, the dimensions of his mind and the deeper and larger di mension of his sacrifice. Learning to Know Him And we have flattered our selves that we have ventured successfully into this loving inquest into the proportions of his glory. There is no creed or dogma in his politic al bible but we have reduced into simple terms that even the unlettered among our people shall commune with him and joyously and loyally pledge their support of his leadership. There is no facet of his many-sided genius but we have long and painstak ingly and searchingly examin 4 Panorama ed, and, to our increasing wonder found each developed by him, disciplined by his stern ethical principles into service for the Motherland. Supremely a Patriot Even his art as a writer is the art of the political writer. He was the reformer, the fighter for privileges and the recognition of the inherent rights of his people, before he was the poet, the novelist, or the pamphleteer. * H i s means and methods were those of the artist; his aims and his objectives were those of a patriot. He made beauty the handmaid of patriotism. Underlying all his inspirations was his undying devotion to a country under alien domi nation, t.o a people feeling, at the climax of his era, su preme confidence in their power to achieve self-rule and a supreme contempt for imposed authority. Built for All Time We sense also that wher ever he addressed his ener gies, his leadership of a sec ret society, for example, the one dominating urge that un sphered his capacity to com mand others, was his desire to give permanence to his high-hearted dreams for his people. He joined the Ma sons, not to adjure the church, but to feel that at that time he had in his power one more force with which to free his people from a double tyran ny; the tyranny of supersti tion over the hearts of the Filipinos, and the tyranny of the defective system of gov ernment over the Philippines. It comes to us, also, as an overpowering realization that he knew the economics of preparedness for the self erected authority over our nationals. And again, in this, as in the other activities of which he was the directing inspiration, if not the actual chieftain, he flooded the plan and the movement that might have embodied it with the energy of his self-sacrificing spirit. Filipino, First and Foremost Along the horizon where his service to the native land broods as in an unappealable judgement, over the service of which we of this genera tion and of the remnants of his generation would also render, his genius for gui dance is the central circums tance. His is the personality drawn in heroic details. His the words that wander from sense to sense to upgather the counsels he has brought to us. His the direct consent when the consent was pat riotic. His the direct denial December 1961 5 when to refuse was patriotic. And in equal measure his was the direct challenge of the ini quities of his age and the di rect immolation that his age may be freed from tyranny, that we may be like him, Fi lipinos before we are follow ers or leaders, Filipinos be fore we are Visayans or Tagalogs. But this which we vaunt is . our complete resume of his great life, is it really com plete? Have we outlined his great personality, and reveal ed all the splendor of its po wer and its proportions? Is there depth to his thoughts unknown to us, direction in his ideals undetected, drift and dispensation in his prin ciples undiscovered, unscru tinized, unstudied? We say there are. There is an unknowable Jose Rizal, always there shall be an un fathomable Rizal. ' He would not be the great character that he is were he sufficient unto a generation. He would belong then only to an epoch and not to all epochs. His real greatness is not that he grows with a progressive people, but that he cannot be outgrown by his country and by his people. He shall be with the Filipinos of the fu ture in the climax of every conquest, nay, no superlative moments of victory shall be achieved without Rizal stand ing as a presence sharing its moving hours and its moving minutes. Ever Old, Ever New Thus each generation that shall build its share of our na tional edifice shall discover Rizal. That which we of to day can never know about him they shall know. The circumstances and conditions of their times shall bring out new points in his character, new shades of ipeaning in his thoughts, which we never sus pected to exist. He shall fit into their drama of life, as he fits into ours, and as their problems shall be in many as pects different from our pro blems, they shall see in Rizal elements of greatness and lea dership to harmonize with their particular concern. Always With Us So Rizal is Rizal the inscru table. We can no more know him than we can the future. In our time he has attained full maturity. . But although the years shall leave us, he shall be given to those who come after us. Their problems shall have no height but . he shall rise to equal them. No matter how deep their trage dies, how exultant their triumphs, he shall share them 6 Panorama and share them as the domi nant leader. Who would essay to know Rizal of the future would es say to predict these tragedies and these triumphs. There is and there must be this un knowable Rizal. He, more than any other Filipino im-^ mortal, embraces in his great ness the fullness of our possi ble destiny. Should it ever come to pass — and God for bid it — that we shall, in an internecine, a suicidal war fare, the natural off-shoot of the birth pangs of nationhood, become arrayed, brothers against brothers, Filipinos against Filipinos, Rizal like a God shall tread the fields of strife, and calm the passions down to one loyalty to a com mon country; to one love of a common native land, by giv ing one name only for all. the name Filipinos, because Rizal was first and last a Filipino! His Mandate And his mandate in this shall be his mandate in all the events of the future, testing the temper of our national spirit, touching it to a fiery, adamant, achieving power. May I thus plead the thought that the Rizal of our own generation is the only Rizal we know? Whoever thinks he could transfer him to a permanent pedestal, and say here is our national hero revealed in all "his possibili ties, is guilty of self-conceit. A new Rizal shall be born with each new era, a Rizal adaptable to every opportu nity for service, a Rizal as glorious as any achievement yet greater than it, a Rizal responsive to every crisis yet emerging from each a more colossal Rizal, a Rizal calm in the midst of any frenzied generation, self-contained in the hour of mutual revilement and accusation, a Rizal as sacrosanct as the cause he defended and as immortal as that sacred causfe. * * * DOG During the siege of Paris in the Franco-Ger man war, when everybody.was starving, one aris tocratic family had their pet dog served for din ner. The master of the house, when the meal was ended, surveyed the platter through teardimmed eyes, and spoke sadly: “How Fido would have enjoyed these bones!” December 1961 7 WHY RIZAL: THE P Hernando Abaya Rizal’s is a mind in lively ferment, a mind that doubts. The young mind exposed to Rizal’s writings is stirred. It begins to question, ter doubt. And it does not rest until it has resolved this doubt, or sa tisfied its curiosity. It is nev er the same again. Right there, is the motivation we look for in the young. A stone is laid, later to become a part of the edifice. And one can hope, even the closed mind can be unlocked; the confus ed can be put at ease, and set aright. In the end, all these will come, it is hoped, with an understanding of Ri zal. The teaching of the Rizal course in the University of the Philippines is something of a coveted assignment. It is not only stimulating but reward ing as well. For here one ex plores and ranges wide over little-tapped native areas of the humanities and the social sciences, from art and litera ture to politics, history, and philosophy. And, whenever he pauses to explore and exa mine, he always discovers something new and fresh and challenging — things that may seem old only because we tend to associate them with Rizal and his times, and yet have a refreshingly new meaning for us because, in Rizal’s facile pen, the dark past becomes alive and reaches into the indiffe rent present to infuse new vi gour into a lethargic society of confused values and even more confused thinking. What is unusual is not so much the big number of fa culty members who want to teach the course as the diver sity and range of their many fields of discipline. Among them you find scholars and students of philosophy, of his tory, of sociology, of political science, of economics, of lite rature; a Japan scholar, a zoologist, and even writers and journalists. You have this array of diverse person alities. What a boon to the 8 Panorama URSUIT OF DIGNITY empiricists’ You would ex pect a clash of interests, or surely of personalities, over so exciting albeit controver sial (to people of a certain persuasion, at any rate) a to pic as Rizal’s writings. No. You have instead a happy blending of as indeperidentminded a group of profession als as you would find in any great center of learning. They may differ in their method of teaching or in their ap proach to the subject, but they each put into this course offering something of them selves that they share in com mon — their sense of nation al-consciousness that they see epitomized in the perypsive and dynamic Filipinisnrof Ri zal. I might add, by way of digression, that one cannot be a “neutralist” or a “fence-sit ter” in this course because by being neutral we would be saying that we are not taking sides with Rizal against a vi cious clericalism and all its attendant evils which he, fought to the death. This would be an unpardonable error. It is this “hand-picking” of professors to handle the Ri zal course that the discredited star witness of the un-Filipino Perez Committee on Anti Filipino Activities (CAFA) cited in her pathetically per jured bid not long ago to pin point an imagined communist infiltration in the University. We may perhaps grant she had a right to complain, but not for the reason she gave. As for the University — is it not merely being true to its mission as the people’s own? Or dare anyone suggest that we leave the teaching of Ri zal to the clerics and their acolytes? Perhaps it is well to remind ourselves at this point that one of our goal^ is to establish a genuinely Filipino univer sity. The Rizal course is a must to help achieve this goal. Our study materials — be they for English and the humanities, or for the social sciences — must have relev ance to the Philippine scene. Nothing restores one’s confi dence in himself or in his country than the knowledge that he as a Filipino can also learn and create and produce like anybody else. The life of Rizal holds such promise December 1961 9 for us because we know that the one factor that convinced him to leave the country and go abroad was to study and show the world that the Fili pino, given every opportunity for advancement, could equal, if not excel, any other peo ple. He more than proved his point with his brilliant exam ple. It cannot be stressed too often that we have to know more about ourselves, and the writings of Rizal will serve to open “the book of our past” and usher us into new hori zons. A lot of things are simple in.a civilized society once we rid ourselves of the many sil ly and stupid abstractions that hide the economic truths of life. Rizal deals with rea lities, not with abstractions. His real value to us today is that his works are a mirror of the past. He makes us see our mistakes so that we may correct them. Flattery will only make us lower our guard. The sttidy of his life is a stu dy of a man in search of ho nor, dignity, freedom — for himself, for his people. And to a poor and weak people like us, these three things, and the will to fight for them, are everything. Not for one moment does Rizal make us forget this fact. “We must secure liber ty,” the wise Father Flo rentino tells the dying, unrepentant Simoun, “by making ourselves worthy of it, by exalting the intelligence and the dignity of the individual, by loving justice, right, and greatness, even to the extent of dying for it.” He writes of a society in. de cay, a people in agony, a na tion in pain. Neglect of Rizal and his writings on the part of Fili pinos, his heirs, will contri bute to the intellectual decay that like a curse hangs heavi ly over his native soil. We cannot pretend to dictate the morals of our present-day so ciety but it is not presump tuous to think that a know ledgeable acquaintance with Rizal’s .life and works will surely help to correct the evils that corrode our society todajR. For there is no more blinking the fact that, for all the superficial gloss of a crass modernism we affect in our western-inspired ways, our present-day society is not far removed from the capricious and morally and intellectually bankrupt society of Rizal’s time. _ It is, in fact, the same old alien-dominated society of the petty little despots, the Kapitan Tiagos and Senor Pastas * the Dona Victorinas and Don Custodios, that strut 10 Panorama like peacocks on Rizal’s vast and sombre canvas. A society debased and degenerate wherein ignorance and arro gance rule because the mo dern counterparts of Rizal’s little tin gods remain the makers of our tastes and the educators of our souls. At the "top sits a privileged elite exuding the new morality — in C. Wright Mills’ apt phrase, “the morality of, hard cash and the fast buck”; — while most of us have become, as Archibald Macleish says, part of a mass. In other words, it is Ortega y Gasset's mass man who has taken over ^so ciety, this mass-man who drifts along, without a pur pose in life, to whom the world has become a paradise without a trace of former foot steps; a society without roots in the past and therefore with out any sense of tradition, of culture; a society of drones good only for extinction! A modern filosofo Tasio on ly lately removed from the Philippine scene — Claro M. Recto — exhorted us to re trace Rizal’s footsteps, follow his lofty principles, take his noble life for a model, emu late his sacrifices for our motherland. This cannot be achieved, he said, unless his writings and the invaluable example of his life “reach all the people.” Yet, few of our educated men, who are our leaders, have really read Rizal, and fewer still seem to understand him. The scholar T. H. Pardo de Tavera noted the same sad fact in an earlier period. Qne has .only to inquire into the desultory, almost hostile, manner in which our “best” non-secular schools and univ ersities are implementing the Rizal Law to realize why this is so. The result is, as Recto said, we have not only neg lected but disregarded Rizal’s teachings and are wittingly offering ourselves to a total foreign domination. “Already we are allowing our minds, our beliefs, our economic life to be enslaved.” Was not one of Rizal’s most valuable ad monitions, Recto asked, that we should not behave as if we were strangers in our own *4and? “If we analyze our pre sent situation,” he said, “we shall find the very opposite of what he had advised. We are indeed like strangers in our own country!” Many of us today are Rizalist, he used to tell friends, but only when the time comes to honor and remember Rizal. “Patriotism is a means of livelihood and growing rich while in those times it brought poverty if not ignominious death!” Yet, who listened to this noble spirit? “In the peculiar December 1961 11 and perverse structure of our world,” Carmen Guerero Nakpil writes bitingly in a eulogy of Recto, “to have supported Senator Recto in his ardent nationalism campaigns would have meant offending the Americans, annoying the Catholic hierarchy and other powerful Catholic organiza tions, losing one’s job or elec tion, forfeiting a scholarship or an important appointment, running the risk of ridicule, of excommunication or of being labelled a Communist and an atheist.” Let Recto do it, yes. Let’s all aplaud him, yes. Applause never hurt anyone. But they remained unmoved. “The task of Rizal’s perse cutors did not end with his execution because.” as de Tavera says, “they still had to kill the work of that spirit which they could not allow to survive” One may here spe culate that perhaps the friars could have forgiven Rizal for his political tirades against their social order but not for his frontal assault on their economic dominance and po wer. For the government then was merely the arm, the head was the Convento. “Our po wer will last as long as it is believed in,” an old friar tells a young one just in from Spain in Noli Me Tangere. “And when we cease to be rich, we shall no longer be able to control consciousness.” “It is no longer 'fanaticism that builds this opulence,” writes Marcelo H. del Pilar in La Soberania Monacal; “It is fear of a group which has been raised to power which, with one stroke of the pen or a low whisper can kill the happiness of one who obs tructs or does not cooperate in the development of its schemes of exploitation.” Ignorance deprived the Fi lipino of his dignity, and with dignity gone, went also his moral strength. Thus, says Rizal, you also make the Fi lipino useless even for those persons who wish to make use of him. “They have dazzled him with tinsel, with strings of colored glass-beads, with noisy rattles, shining mirrors, and other gewgaws, and he has given in return his gold, his conscience, and even his liberty.” But even Rizal’s most san guine detractors today can do only so much — to harm his name. They may even mis respect him, as some do, and make his out to be the author of harmless tales instead of a devastating critic of an insuf ferable social order. In the long run, nothing can really kill the work of that great spirit than the apathy and neglect and the ignorance of 12 Panorama his own people for whom he sacrificed all. It was that ig norance that succeeded in get ting Rizal “deported, impri soned, and .murdered,” to quote de Tavera again — “that ignorance which he fought, which we go on fight ing, and which generations after us will still have to fight.” We can chart a course for our people only if we have the historical imagination that comes from a knowledge and understanding of our past. We will then have that sense of historic daring to experiment with change. And we can make a clean break with our colonial past and really get to know the feeling of new be ginnings and ending the old evils. These latter we must learn to ferret out in their subtle new guises. Make no mistake about it. A society that looks on with bemused cynicism at the rape of a democratic tradition in what was intended to be a po litical convention to pick the best man for the country is a society in decay. A society that permits, even secretly applauds, the contemptible antics of an unprinciped po litician — and unintelligent intelligence men — who smears a great university and its professors by vile and malicous gossip, and cloaks a re negade informer with immu nity to libel and harass a res pectable scientist, is a diseas ed society, rotten to the core. A society that abandons its vaunted prerogatives of free inquiry to inquisitorial legis lative bodies is a society that has turned its back on the adventure of freedom, and in exorably treads the ignoble road to stagnation and death. The cancer has already pro duced a general paralysis one can readily recognize by its manifest symptoms — expe diency, conformity, escapism, intellectual servility, secta rian bigotry. These are the old evils Ri zal fought because they shackled the human mind and spirit. They all stemmed from ignorance or, in de Tavera’s apt term, “obscurantism,” which Professor Yabes has with reason now qualified as “organized obscurantism” which is “more insidious” than the old one. I will go a step farther. The fight Rizal fought is not only not yet over, but is being fought all over again, as in Rizal’s time. And it has to be fought more vi gorously and more intelligent ly, and without letup, if it is to be won. In this centenary of Rizal’s birth, his is the voice of our national conscience speaking from the grave to remind us December 1961 13 how far we have strayed from the path of truth and decency he and our other he roes had charted for us. What sense of shame must fill us today as old Tasio pours out, with damning reproach, this bitter truth: “Our youth think only of love affairs and dissi pations; they expend more time and work hard er to deceive and disho nor a maiden than in thinking about the wel fare of their country; our women, in order to care for the house and fami ly of God, neglect their own; our men are active only in vice and heroic only in shame; childhood develops amid ignorance and routine, youth lives its best years without ideals, and a sterile man hood serves only as an ex ample for corrupting youth. Gladly do I die!” May I now put in a word of caution. There is the dan ger that in our enthusiasm to propagate the teachings of Ri zal we may tend to “type” him, that is, institutionalize him and convert his teach ings into dogma. We have a well-known propensity to live by slogan. The fund-raising drive of the Rizal Centennial Commission has lately taken the form of a slogan contest of the cheapest Madison Ave nue variety. Many ride around smugly in their cars with Live the Rizal Way stickers on their windshields. And soon, this infantile gim mick, a March of Joses for Jose to keep the coins rol ling into the till. One does not become a Rizalist this way any more than wearing a barong tagalog makes one a nationalist. Slogans may help win popularity contests, and may even help elect a president (Magsaysay is My Guy). But' it is hardly the way to make our people cons cious of Rizal and what he means to us in terms of na tional self-respect, of nation al dignity, and of the national soul. A Rizal cult will surely be the Judas kiss for a nas cent Rizalism. We cannot read Rizal toady and remain unmoved. But let us not read him as something the doctor ordered, like a sac red or tribal duty. And let us not read him with awe. This, as a candid Rizalist says, would be fatal. Rather, let us read him as we would any book find, and thrill to a new discovery. For Rizal re-read is Rizal discovered. We will then get to know him well, and learn from him the sim ple truths, and the little vir tues. Those things that we 14 Panorama MISSING PAGE/PAGES (pp. 15-20) SERGIO OSMENA .. . (Continued from page 19) power and influence over the political and economic life of the country and the people. In pursuance of his objective of meting out justice to col laborators, he set up the his toric People’s Court, comple mented by a staff of special prosecutors. I was a political columnist and reporter at the time, and I was privy to a tactical scheme conceived by certain highly placed Nacionalistas whereby President Osmena would slow down on the col laboration issue for the dura tion of the presidential cam paign to keep his opponent, Senate President Roxas, from capitalizing on a discernible surge of pro-collaborationist sentiment in urban areas. President Osmena would not countenance such a scheme, and he let it be known that he would not, for any reason or end, trifle with the proces ses of justice, particularly where considerations of na tional welfare and national security were at stake. It is edifying to recall in times such as the present, when partisan and famiy ties can easily stultify decency and justice, that President Osmena would not lift a fin ger, however feebly, to save members of his own family from prosecution for collabo ration. Osmena made his outstand ing contribution to party gov ernment in the Philippines as the founder and the first leader of the Nacionalista Party. From the early days of the American administra tion to the achievement of Philippine independence, this old and venerable party was the nerve center of party gov ernment in the Philippines. In 1953, it rose, Phoenix-like, to renewed glory, with its tat tered but soul-stirring stand ard as the rallying point for a grand and massive coalition for good government. In his declining years, schemers, some of whom were “close to hearth and kin,” managed to take undue ad vantage of his bountiful sense of pity, charity, and compas sion, and place him, in the process, in an unfavorable light before the people. But this does not detract from the sum total of the storied and successful career he led in the service of his country and people. His whole life was a great edifice, which, like the Alhambra, was “a prey to the elements, but remained grand because it was conceived in grandeur, and inspiring be cause it was born of singular inspiration.” December 1961 21 The Imperial Palace Guards is a small unit comprising on ly 843 guardsmen, but is a co lorful combination of horses, motorcycles, police bands and even firemen. A newly ap pointed foreign envoy pro ceeding to the Imperial Pa lace in a horse-drawn carriage guarded by mounted Palace Guards in full dress is a fa miliar sight in Tokyo. These Palace Guards had been under the jurisdiction of Home Ministry before 1945, but they are now under the National Public Safety Com mission. Selection of the guards is a strict affair, and only one out of every ten ap plicants passes the screening. Since their assignments co ver a wide range, they are trained to do any job under any circumstances in addition to their principal duties. Veteran guardsmen with 10 years of service or more are found particularly in the First Guard and Second Guard Sec tions, which are directly as signed to the protection of all members of the Imperial Fa mily. The personnel of these two sections are judo experts who hold black-belt ranks of the 5th (Grade or above. They are also well trained in horse back-riding, tennis, skiing, rowing, etc. One of them, Guardsmen Hiroshi Wada, re presented Japan in the mo dern pentathlon event at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome. It is expected that a Palace guardsmen will be among the Japanese participants in this event at the forthcoming Tokyo Olympics. * * * 22 Panorama THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COLLEGE COUNSELING Dr. Vicente G. Sinco More than at any other time in our history education of fered in colleges and universi ties plays a very important and decisive role not only in the improvement of the indi vidual for his own sake but also, and especially, in the bet terment of the social and eco nomic conditions of our coun try. It is the broader effect of college education that gives it a distinct color and a new significance in this era of scientific revolution. Even such an advanced country as the United States of America, which for a long time had as sumed an attitude of self-sa tisfaction with its material wealth, productive indust ries, and nation-wide prospe rity, has become very greatly concerned with the education of its youth and the condition of its schools and colleges dur ing the last ten years or so in the face of the spectacular achievements of science and technology 'that have taken place in the Soviet Union and other countries in Europe. Such achievements are but the direct or indirect results of college and university edu cation. Those of us who have been following the movements and trends in the educational world are quite well aware of the general dissatisfaction of most people in America with the work of many of their edu cational institutions. The agi tation for changes in the edu cational programs of their col leges and universities has not been confined to a small group of scholars and scientists but has been participated widely by different elements of the nation, including business men, labor leaders, ministers of religion, social workers, professionals, and politicians. The general feeling is that col December 1961 23 lege education of different grades and varieties should be improved and should keep pace with the times. In addi tion, it is felt that such educa tion should be made more easily available to the great est number of the young peo ple and should adjusted to their different capacities and potentialities. This clamor for college edu- . cation, this demand for its im provement, is echoed in most parts of the world today. It is not just an expression of eagerness for diplomas and degrees. It is a thirst for knowledge that gives its pos sessor the ability and power to do and produce. It is the outcome of the realization that changes are not only constantly taking place but are taking place faster than what many of us know or by highly qualified scientists conjecture. Estimates have been made by highly qualified scientists and scholars that human knowledge, particularly in science and technology, has been doubling every ten to fifteen years; and in the so cial sciences and humanities the increase in knowledge, although not as fast as in the natural sciences, has likewise been markedly large within a space of twenty or thirty years. Consider, for instance, electronics, automation, the jet plane, antibiotics, nylon and other synthetic fibers, te levision, and other more re cent developments. They were unknown to the world ten or twenty years ago. They were unheard of when my compa nions and I were college stu dents. More recently man made satellites, rockets, mis siles, atomic energy, space ex ploration have come to add to the fund of skills, techniques, and knowledge of ma n'. Whether we like them or not, they affect our ways of think ing, our methods of living, our systems of production, and our relations with the rest of mankind. Graduates or alum ni of institutions of learning who received their degrees fifteen or twenty years ago would be uttering plain non sense if they should now in sist that what they learned and what their colleges had given them when they were students are good enough for their children and the stu dents of today. If they ex pect their. £ma Mater to be content with what it taught them and how it instructed them during their own stu dent days, they are certainly grossly mistaken and their nostalgic feeling may well condemn them to the catego ry of modern Rip Van Win kles. 24 Panorama With the changes taking place at such a rapid rate in the present-day world, edu cation must necessarily be planned and developed with a view to taking such changes into account. This does not mean that every student should be expected to se cure an education that would enable him to master all the developments of science and scholarship that have taken place and that will continue to take place. That would be an impossible thing to do; and college education is not intended to give any one an encyclopedic grasp of the entire field of knowledge. The essential element of real education in our day is the development of a person’s abi lity to think and to decide in terms of the changes affecting his life and his particular work; and the college should so plan its instruction that its students may be adequately prepared to pursue the ca reer they expect to follow and to understand its problems by reason of their college edu cation. In order to reach this ob jective it is necessary that col lege education should be a process of making a student learn how to learn. It is only in this way that the develop ment of the intellectual abi lity of the student through college education may conti nue throughout his life. It is only through such a process that college education could serve as a basis to prepare the student to meet new pro blems, to understand them, and to analyze them as they arise in his daily life. These changes that science has produced and will go on producing have a decided im pact on the activities of our country. They cannot be dis regarded with impunity. To ignore them or to pay little heed to them for any reason whatever, whether political or sectarian or ideological or racial in nature, is to invite retardation or perhaps disas ter to our economic, social, industrial, or political pro gress. Our student population has to be trained and educat ed to understand these changes. Not all of them have the same interests, attitudes, and capacities. Consequently, not all of them should be made to follow one single way of preparing themselves for the different task? that await them. If our education al system is to follow a uni form and rigid plan of study beyond what may be consi dered the basic essentials of learning, it is bound to be of very little value as an instru ment of social progress. The rapid changes in the December 1961 25 nature, the quantity, and the quality of the fund of human knowledge should suggest that colleges give much im portance to the study of science. But this should not mean that our students should all try to become scientists and that we should give pre ference to prospective scien tists in college admissions and scholarship awards. On this subject I agree with the ideas expressed by Dael Wolfle of the American Association for the Advancement of Science when he said: “The changes that characterize the contem porary world came very lar gely from the work of scien tists and engineers. There is a need for more well trained scientists and engineers, but there is an even greater need to have science better under stood by the general public, and to have lawyers, business men, statesmen, and members of other professions under stand science better than most of the members of those pro fessions now do. Science has become an instrument of such power in changing society that we can no longer afford to have science understood and thought about only by scientists. “Of course we do not want our statesmen to be atomic physicists or experts in bio chemistry; we do not want our business leaders to be physiologists or specialists in mathematics. But we do want them to understand what science is about, how the scientist works, and the rela tions between scientific work and practical affairs. How else can they make sensible judgments about the many aspects of government or business that result from scientific work or that in fluence — favorably or un favorably — the future course of the country’s total pro gress? To serve wisely in such a position, it is necessa ry to have an understanding of some of the trends of his tory, of some of the charact eristics of our national life. In the same sense, and for the same reason, it is essential to understand something about science.” But the problem of college education is not merely one of curriculum content and method of teaching. It is not as simple as that. It is not simply a matter of raising funds for our educational ac tivities, important as this mat ter is. It is not merely a mat ter of training teachers who are competent to teach their respective subjects in the cur riculum of a college, although this too is a very important requirement. It is also a pro blem of human materials, the 26 Panorama type and quality of men and women that enter college as students. This is a very im portant aspect of the problem of college education; but un til quite recently, it has not received the attention that it deserves. If our educational program is to be of benefit to the en tire nation, as it must be, it has to take into consideration the differences of our students in regard to their mental, physical, and emotional qua lities. It has to take into ac count the differences of their interests and attitudes. This is a task that requires not only good school administra tors and teachers but also, and especially, guidance coun selors for without the assis tance of this group of workers colleges and universities will be unable to render the kind of service best needed by the country. We do not need to be repeatedly told that the most precious resources of a nation are its men and wo men; and the best way of de veloping these human re sources is to give them the education most suitable to the different individual capacities in order that each person could be of best use to him self and to society. That we have not given enough atten tion to this subject is attested by the fact that certain pro fessions are overcrowded and many of those who are in these professions are unfit and dissatisfied with their work. They represent a ver itable social and national loss in the sense that they could have been bf greater value if they had been pro perly guided in the selec tion of their vocation or pro fession. How to identify and classi fy dull students, average minds, and the highly talent ed ones is one of the most cri tical problems of education. How to guide them to their proper places in the educa tional program is another se rious task that colleges should undertake. The work of ad vising, counseling, and guid ing every student that comes under each one of these clas ses is itself a job that requires serious study and prepara tion. The education of the counselor is by itself as im portant as the significance of his task. The success and fai lure of the student, his value as a citizen and as a worker, his happiness or his grief may well depend upon proper counseling and advising. But even more than that, the cor rect (identification of our bright and talented young men and women determines the degree of progress that could be attained by our December 1961 27 country; for without them, we cannot well hope to have highly talented leaders and workers, scientists and tech nicians, statesmen and other men of vision upon whom the greatness of a nation depends. Hence arises the value of discussing the various aspects of the problems of counseling in our colleges and universi ties. The materials neces sary for the leadership of the nation must be well selected. This is specially true and urgent at this particular stage in our histo ry for we have the freedom to build our own national structure. Just as in the case of the construction of a house, we can make it a strong edi fice only if we have a solid foundation and a strong su perstructure. To secure this result, it is the part of wisdom to classify the different pieces of lumber and materials ac cording to their respective qualities of strength and adaptability. The same process is needed in the construction of the na tional edifice. The different kinds of men and women, in accordance with their quali fications and their potential strength, should be carefully selected and properly prepar ed for the educational devel opment for which they are best suited. It is only in that way that as citizens of the na tion they could be utilized to the best advantage and for the purpose which they could best serve. The counselors may thus be cosidered as trusted classifiers of our human resources. Their responsibility in nation building is enormous. The success of our educational en terprise greatly depends jipon them. * * * CANDOR Jeanette was wearing a new frock when her dearest friend called. “I look a perfect fright,” she remarked, eager for praise. The dearest friend was thinking of her own affairs, and answered absent-mindedly: “Yes, you certainly do.” “Oh, you horrid thing!” Jeanette gasped. “Ml never—never speak to you again.” 28 Panorama Pressures On The Philippine Press Linda Dravenstadt • Freedom in our present day is on the tip of every tongue. Whether it is individual freedom, national freedom, or universal freedom, it is a force, most important in shap ing the world’s destiny. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which the Philippines is a signatory, proclaims that.... “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and im part information and ideas through any media and re gardless of frontiers.” .... The United Nations set this goal for the peoples of the world because it foresaw the necessity of freedom of in formation in molding each man’s individual character. The press is known as thp» guardian of this freedom. The press makes it possible for all men to know the whole truth so they can, in turn, form intelligent and res ponsible opinions. But when this personal freedom is supressed, naticMal freedom is also in danger. After the sup pression of national liberties takes place, the gate is then thrown wide open for com plete totalitarianism to enter. Man must be allowed to see all sid * s of any question so he can choose the truth for him self and decide which beliefs or theories he wants to fol low. How can man use his in born reasoning powers if dog ma are thrust upon him? Since 1811 when the first Philippine paper was printed, this nation has primarily de pended on the printed page to inform its people. The Philippine press has been called the freest press in the world, but how true is this assertion? It is true that unlike some other countries, the Philip December 1961 29 pines does not have direct governmental censorship; pa pers cannot be seized and edi tors can not be jailed for their criticism or exposures of cor ruption in the government. However, though the Phil ippines does not have any sta tutory laws that force the press to print government po licies and religious dogma, this does not mean that the Fi lipino people are really enjoy ing freedom. There are con cealed and insidious pressures that can do tremendous dam age to free expression. To be sure, there are many uncon trollable factors that make it difficult for the Philippine press to expose the absolute truth. For example, the low eco nomic standards of the papers, brought about by thi High cost of production, force them to depend on second hand international news. Since the two most reliable information services from which Philip pine papers get their interna tional news originate in the United States, there is the possibility that the informa tion is influenced with a Wes tern view-point. This could mean that the Filipinos must settle for only one side of the picture. However, due to the lack of personal funds, the newspapermen do not have the opportunity to be at, or travel to the news spots of the world. Because of this defi ciency, the Philippines is without qualified men who can write the ‘why’ to many questions of international im portance. Although the two abovementioned factors do have a small part in diluting press freedom, there are other more serious influences that make the printed truth less than what it should be. I’d begin with, the government can wield a lot of power over the newspapers because of var ious economic and other con trols. How many people are aware that the government is responsible for issuing im port licenses to the various newspaper companies? The government is therefore in directly responsible for the newsprint, ink and metal supplied to each organiza tion. So with the possibi lity of the government’s cut ting its quota and therefore curtailing publication, how can a paper be too critical of the government? Secondly, another influence which must be considered is that of the big advertisers who are, in fact, the supplier of the life blood of the news papers. Without the adver tisers’ support, a paper can not afford to carry on produc tion. All too often, willingly 30 Panorama or not, the publisher, editor and reporters must submit to the views of big advertisers. About one year ago the Ma nila Chronicle, in several of its editorials, had the courage to criticise the safety of the Philippine Air Lines planes. Courage was required be cause PAL was one of the Chronicle’s largest advertising accounts. No sooner had the paper protested than PAL ail^various other enterprises ow^d by the management of PAL dropped the Manila Chronicle from their advertis7 ing budgets, thus costing the newspaper hundreds of thou sands of pesos in revenue each year. This newspaper luckily was able to survive the loss, but how many other papers could survive under similar conditions? Although these influences are unfair to the people and deprive them of the truth, there is one final factor whieh is responsible above all for the .printing of biased, slanted or incomplete information. This factor is the journalist himself because of his proxi mity to the events he reports. Does the newspaperman real ize the importance of his duty to the people, or is he all too ready to accept bribes, favors and planted stories to please his own selfish ends? Since every newspaper man’s livelihood depends on the underpaid profession of reporting, many journalists find it hard to refuse favors and even bribery. It is not uncommon to find newspa|b»men on the payrolls of various self-interested or ganizations. Many reporters become so dependent on fayors ttet they are afraid telling tire truth might jeo pardize these favors. For example, when the President of the Philippines goes on a tfip, he finances the whole trip for the newspapermen. Receiving such favors, how can the reporters be expected to bite the.hand that feeds them? Press relations officials constitute another hazard to the reporters. Because it is the job of these officials to further the interests of their own particular firms, they will go to great expense to obligate the newsmen to them. After accomplishing this, it is not difficult for these PRO’s to plant stories, pass off half truths and sometimes lies without inviting questions from the reporters. Obviously, many things tempt the journalist but it is only his personal weakness of character that permits him to succumb to corruption. The newspaperman’s own moral December 1961 3J strength is the key to his jour nalistic freedom. A man who is dictated to by self-interest, therefore, is not competent enough to inform others of the truth. Anyone with human com passions can understand the journalist’s submittance to bribery, acceptance of favors and willingness to be coerced when he considers thajiorfrial human desire for an easier and more comfortable lite. What then could be a more lo gical solution to this'problem than insuring the journalist a comfortable living wage? This would reduce the need for underhanded dealings and, more important, it would point out the responsibility that goes hand in hand with the,reporter’s job. A second and likewise im portant step would be for the editors and publishers to make a careful selection of their writers before employ ing them. This action would find men of strong character who are truly interested in their jobs and in the long run it would keep a few bad ap ples from spojlihg the whole barrel. Strengthing the cha racter of the newspapermen would automatically elimin ate the seriousness of the pre viously 'mentioned insidious pressures. If these conditions could be corrected it would be a good beginning of the cure, but we can only have true freedom of the press if edi tors, publishers, reporters, PRO’s, advertisers and gov ernment officials will see the true value of freedom; if they will only realize that freedom of information for the sake of their own families, friends, and country is far morwimportant than the gaining- of a few dishonest pesos. Although I have drawn a rather dismal picture of the Philippine press, the picture is far from complete. In only 15 short years of indepen dence, the Phiippine press has accomplished more than most papers accomplish in their first 50 years. They have come a long way in fighting the battle for freedom of in formation. If the Philippine govern ment, colleges, and newspa pers will join forces to pro tect and promote the freedom of their press, they will not only enhance liberty within their own country but also, by example^ will encourage freedom of the press in other countries of the world. 32 Panorama CHALLENGE TO THE UN Mao-Ian Tuan Chinese Ambassador t^the Philippines The most serious challenge which confronts the world to day is the so-called question of China’s representation in the United Nations in New York. To appreciate the si tuation in a lucid perspective, it is necessary to start with a brief resume of the histo rical background. The Chinese communist party, with its nucleus mem bers trained in Russia, was organized, financed and di rected by the Soviet Union. At first it infiltrated into the Nationalist Revolutionary Ar my but very soon it started an open rebellion and occu pied a small stronghold in Kiangsi in Central China. It was about to be entirely li quidated when the war of resistance against Japanese aggression broke out in 1937 and gave it a new lease of life. Throughout the eight years of war, it sought expansion at the expense of government troops. When the long war of resistance was drawing to a victorious conclusion, So viet Russia participated in the war for a few days only to occupy Manchuria, equip the Chinese communist army and convert Manchuria into a huge trap in which the best Chinese armies were annihi lated in complete disregard of the Sino-Soviet treaty of amity solemly signed only a short while before. This fla grant violation of a sacred treaty was condemned by the 6th Session of the General Assembly of the United Na tions. After this treacherous blow, the Chinese commu nists, in making full use of the war weariness and eco nomic exhaustion as a result of the long war, succeeded in gobbling up the mainland in 1949 and the Chinese gov ernment moved its seat to Taipei. For the last twelve years, the Chinese communists have transplanted into the Chinese soil the whole Russian system, with all its accessories: brain DEcember 1961 33 washing, firing-squads, con centration camps together with the alien ideology of class-struggle and dictatorship of the proletariat. The tra ditional Chinese virtues, of which all Chinese should jus tifiably feel proud, such<ps filial piety, family love, free dom of speech, freedom of worship, etc. have been ruth lessly suppressed. The Chi nese communists ltave not on ly the effective control of the mainland but they have suc ceeded in converting the country into a huge prison. They impose upon the people the most tyrannical rule here tofore unknown in China’s long, history and at the same time are subservient to foreign power. They are indeed the most faithful disciples of a foreign ideology and deter mined to carry out its imple mentation without any regard for the appalling suffering of the people. This brief histo rical review should convince any fair-minded observer that the present communist regime on the Chinese mainland is a result of ■ Soviet. Union’s in direct aggression against Chi na. Should the civilized world give recognition to the fruit of aggression, direct or indi rect? This is the question that calls for an immediate answer, as the question of China’s representation in the United Nations implies the argument whether a regime created by a foreign power and for the implementation of a foreign ideology should be internationally recognized. As to diplomatic recognition, there seem to be three schools of thought, namely the Eng lish school, the French school and the American school. The English school bases its argument on a realistic poli cy and therefore favors rer cognition of any regime which exercises effective control over its territory.. In the mind of the English school, recognition does not imply approbation of the regime re cognized. This is wrong as we know a de jure recogni tion will inevitably carry with it a legalized title which ne cessarily connotes approba tion of such regime. The French school insists upon certain conditions be fore recognition is accorded to any regime. These condi tions are: 1) the regime must show evidence that it can achieve stability, 2) the re gime has the support of the nation by holding free elec tions, 3) the regime must ex press its willingnes to abide by international law, and 4) the regime must undertake to respect human rights. Evi dently the present communist 34 Panorama regime is unable to fullfill these conditions, as it simply cannot hold really free elec tions, nor is it willing to abide by international law, nor will it respect human rights. The American school, prompted by a sense of jus tice, champions the doctrine of “non-recognition” of any regime created by force of aggression. Before the Sec ond World War, Secretary Stimson elaborated this doc trine in regard to the puppet state of “Manchukuo” created by the Japanese militarists. After the Second World War, faithful to this doctrine, the United States has consistent ly withheld recognition to the present communist regime that occupies the mainland. At this juncture, it must be pointed out that the defunct League of Nations, impotent and weak as it was, never once countenanced a regime brought into being by force of aggression. Now the Uni ted Nations is essentially a moral forum. Should it give up its dedicated principle in favor of a realistic appease ment? Two popular argu ments are heard in favor of the admission of the Chinese communist regime into the United Nations. First, it has the effective control over the mainland. Second, the 600,000,000 people should not be deprived of their voice in the United Nations . Should effective control be the criterion for recognition, then we might as well give up the rule of law and revert back to the jungle doctrine that might is right. In the past, force of aggression creat ed many puppet regimes which did exercise effective control over the conquered territory, yet no jurist would conscientiously give them the blessing of recognition. It is preposterous to assume that the communist regime can be the spokesman for the oppressed people in their grip. If the people on the mainland could voice their sentiment freely, it would be against the tyrannical regime. The general unrest in the mainland, the great exodus of refugees, the strong anti-com munist aversion manifested by the oversea Chinese living in neutral countries, the over whelming majority of the communist-trained soldiers, who, having been taken pri soners in the Korean war, chose to come to Taiwan for freedom instead of going back to the communist enslave ment — all these are unmis takable indications that the Chinese people hate commu nism. To assume that the com munist regime can speak for the people under its yoke December 19$ 1 35 would be tantamount to say that a Nazi gauleiter is the be nefactor and legal guardian of the inmates he put in a con centration camp. It is adding insult to injury. Before making any move for appeasement, it is prudent to think of the consequence that such move will entail. History shows appeasement has only whetted the appetite of the aggressor. This was the case with Hitler, yet in comparison with the present Soviet bloc, Hitler was really a very modest man who only claimed a “Lebensraum” or “living space” for his Nazis. The J apanese militarists were also comparativey modest, as they only wanted a co-prosperity sphere in East Asia. When regimes of modest pre tensions could be encouraged to start war by appeasement, how much more dangerous to abet the present Soviet block which has time and again avowed to bury the free world? Lenin once said the shortest road from Moscow to Paris would be via Peiping and Calcutta. It means to con quer Europe the Soviets must conquer Asia first. It is evi dent that the Chinese com munist regime has bent every energy to carry out this stra tegical plan laid down by the Russian master. Appeasement in the form of admitting the Chinese communist regime into the United Nations would only reveal the weakness and disunity of the free nations, thus giving tremendous im petus to the communists to accelerate their march of con quest. The Republic of China is one of the founding members of the United Nations and her constitution provides that her foreign policy shall be based on respect for the Charter of the United Nations in order to promote international coo peration, advance internation al justice, and ensure world peace. Throughout the past sixteen years, the Republic of China has given her full sup port to the United Nations Charter and observed all ob ligations required of a mem ber state under the Charter. She has played a significant role and achieved an honor able record. But ever since the removal of the seat of the Chinese government to the province of Taiwan, the So viet block and pro-communist countries have attempted to have the United Nations ad mit the Chinese communist regime in place of the gov ernment of the Republic of China. Their pernicious ef forts have so far been fruit less. However, at present the disunity among the free na tion members coupled with 36 Panorama the rapid increase in member ship in the United Nations provides the communist bloc with a better opportunity. By blackmail and extortion, the Soviet bloc has succeeded in having the puppet Outer Mon golia admitted into the United Nations. Encouraged by this appeasement, the Soviet block’s next step will surely be an intensified campaign to bring the puppet Peiping re gime into that world organi zation. For the sake of the security of the free world, the logical question is whether one can afford to get rid of a loyal front-door guard and admit into his household a gangster with the avowed in tention to destroy it. The fate of the free world is now seriously at stake. Whether the United Nations will still function as an arbit er of justice and guardian of peace, or simply as a broker to portion out appeasement which will eventually lead to world catastrophe depends upon the outcome of the pre sent issue. At this criticaT mo ment, the firm support given us by the Philippine govern ment and its people is espe cially a source of great en couragement in the belief that our closest neighbor is wholeheartedly with us in waging this gigantic struggle against world enslavement. It is this spirit of solidarity which gives me faith that the free world in spite of some ominous portents will yet van quish its foe! HOW OLD IS ANTARTICA? Numerous samples of rock collected from the eastern coastal regions of the Antartic continent have been subjected to radioactivity tests by So viet scientists to find out their approximate age. According to the scientists, rocks from the cen ter of Eastern Antarctica proved to be the oldest among samples tested, having been formed 1,350,000,000 and 1,840,000,000 years ago. Further analysis of rock specimens, the scientists believe, may show that parts of the continent are more than 2,000,000,000 years old. (UNESCO) December 1961 37 RESEARCH IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Leopoldo Y. Yabes From the end of the war or, more specifically, since the establishment of the Phil ippine Republic on 4 July 1946, there has been consider able research activity in the various fields in the human ities and social sciences. This upsurge of activity may be traced as largely due to the interest taken by the Filipinos in their own culture and ins titutions. After almost four centuries of colonial subjec tion, they find themselves free and independent to direct their own affairs and shape their own destiny. Naturally they should now develop a greater interest in the study of their own culture and ins titutions than at any time in the past. And as an extension of this self-interest is a grow ing interest in the countries and peoples of Asia which the accident of history did not permit them to know more closely in the past. This increased interest in their own culture and institu tions and in those of their neighbors resulted in the in tensification of the graduate programs in the social sciences and humanities in some uni versities and in the institution of similar programs in some, of the newer universities, and in the establishment of sepa rate institutes of Filipino cul ture and of Asian studies in a few of the universities. How ever, although this interest at a rediscovery of themselves is quite pervasive among the thoughtful portioil of the po pulation, the researchers and scholars charged with the gra duate programs and research projects are fully aware of the difficulties they are faced with as a result primarily of the widespread destruction of public and private libraries and museums in the wake of the last war. This destruction of research materials has been so thorough that, in the case of historical research and writing, the Filipino histo rians have had to go abroad to Europe and America to look for most of the materials to document their mono graphs with. 38 Panorama As to be expected under such circumstances, the qua lity of the research done has not been uniformly high. There are published re searches those quality is of a high level; but there are also published researches which could be of doubtful worth because of inadequate docu mentation. As in other coun tries, we in the Philippines also have good researchers and good writers as well as bad researchers and bad wri ters, the only difference per haps being in that in the Phi lippines the bad researchers and writers still seem to be more numerous than the good ones. But this is a situation which we hope to improve gradually. The only researches under taken in the Philippines con cerning the peoples of East, Southeast and South Asia are those which have something to do with the relations bet ween the Filipinos and these other peoples. Thus there have been a few scattered re search projects on PhilippineIndonesian, Philippine-Indian, Philippine-Chinese, and Phi lippine-Japanese relations. Research in the humanities and social sciences is carried on mainly in the better uni versities bv faculty members and graduate students in va rious academic departments. Some research is also done by some research societies and other research organiza tions outside the universities or in cooperation with the uni versities. Most universities in the Phi lippines are still largely teach ing universities and are un dertaking very little research work. Considering that one essential function of a univer sity is research, it is not dif ficult to see that a number of institutions of higher learning are not as yet offering ade quate instruction. However, there are a few universities undertaking research, not as one would desire, but com mensurate with their own re sources. Among these few are the University of the Phi lippines, the Ateneo de Ma nila University, and Silliman University, the first being the state university and the other two being private, denomina tional institutions. The Ateneo de Manila University has re cently established an Institute of Filipino Culture as a sepa rate unit in its organizational scheme. Silliman University, a Protestant school, has also instituted a program in South east Asian studies. The University of the Phi lippines should properly be the center for study and re search in the social sciences and humanities. Its charter December 1961 39 provides that the purpose of the University “shall be to provide advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences, and arts, and to give professional and technical training,” and the University Code adds, “to encourage and undertake research and con tribute to the growth and dis semination of knowledge.” To enable it to comply with its functions and responsibilities properly, the Constitution of the Philippines has provided that “universities established by the state shall enjoy aca demic freedom.” Shortly after its establish ment more than a half-centu ry ago, the University of the Philippines instituted gradu ate programs, with thesis re quirements, in certain fields of the humanities and social sciences, and these programs through the years have been improved and expanded to include more fields. Most of the thesis requirements in clude original research in Philippine culture and insti tutions. Graduate work in this University is offered pri marily “to encourage and in duce independent thought, to develop the investigative spi rit and promote research, and to prepare the way to specialization in selected fields....” The University has a separate Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to take care of the basic disciplines. This school, in cooperation with the Institute of Asian Studies, offers a graduate pro gram leading towards the Master’s degree in . Asian Studies. The professional and technical schools offer their own graduate programs independently. Independent of and some times in cooperation with the graduate programs are re search projects undertaken in: the various academic units and research bodies under a Committee on Research chairmanned by the Executive Vice-President of the Univer sity, who is ex-officio Coordi nator of Research. The Office of Research Coordination ad ministers the University re search fund and acts as clearing house for research matters. It also administers specific programs on faculty development which includes post-graduate and post-doc toral studies undertaken lo cally or abroad. The Social Science Research Center and the Natural Science Research Center work directly under the Coordinator of Research. The National Research Council of the Philippines, which has a Divison of Social Sciences, maintains offices in the University of the Philip pines and is administered by 40 Panorama professors of the University. The Community Development Research Council, which is also affiliated with the Uni versity, administers for the Republic President’s Assistant on Community Development specific research projects about suburban and rural communities. Conceived as primarily re search units in the fields of the humanities and social sciences are the Institute of Asian Studies, the Institute of Economic Development and Research, and the Institute of Public Administration. How ever, by reason of its peculiar relations with the College of Arts and Sciences, the-Con servatory of Music, the Col lege of Business Administra tion, the School of Fine Arts and Architecture, and the University College, from which it borrows most of its faculty, the Institute of Asian Studies is not yet in a position to fully implement its primary function of research. Outside of the universities there are also research insti tutions and groups. The Na tional Science Development Board is a government insti tution which also undertakes research programs in the so cial sciences and humanities. Among the private research groups are the Philippine His torical Association, the Na tional Historical Society, the Filipiniana Research Society, the Bibliographical Society of the Philippines, and the Phil ippine Sociological Society. The first'two societies receive a modest regular subsidy from the government for the pub lication of their researches, while the Bibliographical So ciety sometimes receives grants-in-aid from some fo reign foundations for its bib liographical studies. Some of the universities in the Philippines issue journals in which some of the research" works produced by the uni versities are published. In the University of the Philippines there are the Philippine So cial Sciences and Humanities Review and the Diliman Re view issued by its College of Arts and Sciences, the Phil ippine Law Journal issued by its College of Law, the Phil ippine Journal of Public Ad ministration issued by its Ins titute of Public Administra tion, the Education Quarterly issued by the Graduate Col lege of Education, and the University College Journal issued by its University Col lege. The Ateneo de Manila Uni versity has its Philippine Stu dies, Silliman University its Silliman Journal, the Univer sity of Sto. Tomas its Unitas, the Far Eastern University its December 1961 41 Faculty Journal, the Univer sity of Manila its Journal of East Asiatic Studies, and Centro Escolar University its Faculty and Graduate Studies. These journals of the private universities publish materials not only in the humanities and social sciences but also in the physical and biological sciences. The University of the Philippines has separate journals devoted to the natu ral sciences and technology. The Philippine Historical Association has its Historical Bulletin and the National His torical Society its Journal of History. The Bibliographical Society has its Occasional Pa pers. The Philippine Sociolo gical Society publishes the Philippine Sociological Re view. The Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, which is in charge of the Rizal Cen tenary Celebration, issues a Bulletin which records the ac tivities, including research, in connection with the Centen nial. Regarded as significant have been the studies published in recent years by the Univer sity of the Philippines on the Philippine Revolution. The most important of these stu dies are The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Boni facio and the Katipunan (1956) and Malolos: The Cri sis of the Republic (1960), by Teodoro A. Agoncillo, and The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revo lution (1957) and Mabini and the Philippine Revolution (1960), by Cesar A. Majul. These works not only contain new facts on that important event in Philippine histo ry but also introduce a new point of view quite different from that of the colonial his torians. These publications form part of the Philippine Studies Series of the College of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of Asian Studies. Also considered important are the series of basic studies and monographs in public ad ministration published under the auspices of the Institute of Public Administration and the series of studies on com munity problems undertaken by the Community Develop ment Research Council. Among the more important titles in the public administra tion studies series a^re The Bureaucracy in the ' Philip pines (1957), by O. D. Corpuz, and Focus on the Barrio (1960)> by J. V. Abueva. Ano ther noteworthy studies series are those of the Community Development Research Coun cil some of which have alrea dy been published. For its own part, the Unesco National Commission of the Philippines, within its own 42 Panorama modest resources and with subventions from Unesco, and from other sources, has been issuing occasional publica tions many of them the re sult of research undertaken either under its own auspices or by researchers or research groups not affiliated with it. Some of these studies are on anthropology, sociology, and education. This year being the centena ry of Jose Rizal, Filipino scho lar, writer, scientist, patriot, and martyr, there is nation wide interest in his life and works. During the last few years many studies — some competent, some not very competent — have been pub lished about his .writings. His more important works have been translated into many languages. New biographies have been written; his life or aspects of it have been depict ed in imaginative form of the novel, short story, and drama. Even his two novels. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are being rendered into a series of plays in order to enable the readers to “have a concrete and substantial pre sentation of what Rizal is try ing to communicate....” Some University of the Philippines professors, notably Ricardo R. Pascual, have done the most serious work in the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of Rizal’s life and writings. Some valuable works on the life of the Filipinos before and in the early part of the Spanish conquest also deserve mention. I am referring to Wu Ching-hong’s Study of Refe rences to the Philippines in Chinese Sources from Earliest Times to the Ming Dynasty (1959), Carlos Quirino and Mauro Garcia’s The Manners, Customs, and Beliefs of the Philippine Inhabitants of Long Ago; Being Chapters of “A Late 16th Century Manila Ma nuscript”, Transcribed, Trans lated, and Annotated (1961), and Robert B. Fox’s The Calatagan Excavations: Two 15th Century Burial Sites in Batangas, Philippines (1959). These will throw more light on the still obscure period of the history of the culture of the Philippines before the coming of the Europeans. Aside from the continuing programs in public adminis tration and communtiy dev elopment, there are now un der way, in the University of the Philippines, two research projects being undertaken by the Institute of Asian Studies. One project is on the Philip pine experience during the American Colonial regime, which covers roughly fifty years of the national history, and the other is on the expe December 1961 43 rience of the whole nation from pre-historic time to the present. Regarding the first, the ob jective is fo obtain a clear and unified picture of the overall experience of the Fi lipino people under the Ame rican rule. The project will include the more important aspects of that regime, name ly, the * humanistic, the social, and the scientific and techno logical. It is believed that the fifty-year period immediately preceding the establishment of the Republic should be more thoroughly studied for a more adequate understand ing of the national develop ment. As for the second, the ur gency of an authoritative book of information on the country has long been felt. It is be lieved that a research and aca demic body like the Institute of Asian Studies is in a better position than any other entity, government or private, to pre pare such a book. There is no intention to make the work an official history of the Phil ippines. The books, parts of books, or chapters which will constitute the work will be published under the names of the actual writers of such pieces. Another commendable pro ject — a series of symposia on the culture of the Philip pines — lias been started by the UneSco National Com mission of the Philippines' with the cooperation of Unes co. The first of such sympo sia — also the first of the kind on a national scale — was held early this year..’ The working papers presented were not <-£ a uniformly high quality a id the panel discussions were not always carried on a scho'arly level, but on - the whole the symposium was rewarding, and there was a general con sensus among the par * cipants that other symposia of a simi lar nature be held in the fu ture. The proceedings and some of the working papers may yet be published in more permanent form. Also under way is an Inter national Congress on Rizal, under the auspices of the Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, which is schedul ed for the early part of De cember, 1961, and to which the most distinguished Rizal scholars both local and fo reign have been invited as participants. The theme of the Congress is: “Rizal: His Signixicarice to the Philippines and to the World.” The con ference has been divided into three working Commissions, of Science, Social Sciences, and Humanities, the three Commissions being further subdivided into Divisions to 44 Panorama take up in greater detail Rizal’s achievements in the va rious fields under the three great divisions of human knowledge. There is reason to expect that important addres ses will be delivered and scholarly working papers will be presented as basis for the discussiohs. Indispensable to all research work are bibliographical fa cilities, but bibliographical services in the Philippines have lwavs been sadly inadeqtlSlt. Aiter~tne publication oFTFie three-volume Aparato Bibliografico de la Historia General de Filipinas, by W. E. Retana, early in this centu ry, no concerted and serious effort has been made to take up the work where Retana left off. There are a number of separate efforts to improve facilities for the researcher and scholar, but these are scattered and naturally wide gaps or lacunae occur, and these become the despair of the researcher. Happily the Bibliographical Society of the Philippines and the Library of the University of the Phil ippines and some leading Fi lipino bibliographers are pool ing their resources together to improve bibliographical ser vices. The latest published ef fort of both institutions is a Checklist of Philippine Gov ernment Documents 1917-1949 (1960), which is a continua tion of a similar Checklist covering the years 1900-1917 and published as long ago as 1918. The Social Science Re search Center and the Insti tute of Asian Studies of the University of the Philippines have also published annotated bibliographies in the social sciences like sociology, poli tical science, and economics. Liberated only recently from almost four centuries of colonial rule, the Filipino peo ple cannot be expected, after a decade and a half of inde pendent national existence, to establish and maintain high standards of scholarship in Asian studies. For one thing the colonial mentality, the Western orientation, still are very much alive amongst most of the people. They under went a * horrifying experience during most of the Spanish rule, yet the Christianity that came with that rule has been influential towards orienting them to the Western or Europeo-American civilization. For another thing, their ex perience in their dealings with some of their neighbors has not been any too happy. The result is that very few Fili pino students are inclined to the study of Chinese and Ja panese. It is a pity consider ing the wonderful civilizations to which the Chinese and Ja December 1961 45 panese languages are a vital key. But time certainly will af ford the Filipinos the proper perspective and help them ad just their values to their new situation. They do not have to con^etely reject their past colonial experience; perhaps that experience might even be useful to their new role in the Asian world of today and tomorrow. They will utilise that which is usable of their past experience in the build ing of an independent and de mocratic national state and throw away that which is not usable. The University of the Phil ippines is playing an impor tant role in the reshaping of the destiny of the nation' dur ing these difficult years of transition to fuller self-reali zation. The various symposia and conferences held in con nection with the year-long ce lebration of its half-century of existence which took place only a few years ago helped crystallize the problems faced by the nation and helped fo cus its attention to possible solutions to them. The other universities have also tried to contribute to the same objec tive. For instance the Ateneo de Manila University, during the celebration of its cente nary in 1959, sponsored a con ference on higher Education and Philippine Culture. Among the . problems com fronting the nation is the irP provement of cultural rela tions with our neighbors on the mainland of Asia and in outlying archipelagoes. To wards this end the Univer sity of the Philippines, in con nection with its golden jubi lee and the inauguration of its eighth president, sponsored a conference of Asian univer sities on cultural cooperation. The objective of the con ference, according to Univer sity President - V. G. Sinco, was “to explore existing and potential avenues of cultural development within indivi dual participating nations of Asia and among the Asian countries as a whole, on the basis of a common heritage of indigenous culture and civ ilization.” An Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning had been organized earlier. The Philippine Historical Association, with subventions from the government of the Republic -.and from some foundations, sponsored an in ternational conference of his torians of Asia in Manila in November 1960. One of the good results of the conference was the organization of an In ternational Association of His torians of Asia, with a per manent secretariat in Manila. Some Filipino historians also (Continued on page 78) 46 Panorama MISSING PAGE/PAGES (pp. 47-54) ND HUMANITARIAN of the west coast with the al lurements and amenities of civilization.” Once on the ice, it took the small party two months to reach the highest point — ,9,000 feet'— and at this point ’Nansen himself did not know how far they had to go. They journeyed on; and then sud denly, one morning, on Sep tember 17, 1888, they thought they could hear a bird twit tering. They leapt from their tent and there was a snow bunting welcoming them to the west coast. The successful crossing of Greenland made Nansen world-famous. His expedition established the fac.t that Greenland is a land covered with ice, and provided a pic ture of what conditions may have been like in Northern Europe and America during the Ice Age. He also discover ed that the interior of Green land constitutes a pole of ma ximum cold that is of the greatest significance for large parts of the Northern Hemi sphere. The Voyage of the Fram While in Greenland, Nan sen had been dreaming of an even more daring expedition: a plan to cross the North Pole. What he proposed was this: to drift with the ice from east to west in a ship so constructed that the pres sure of the ice frozen around it would lift it up, above the surface, instead of crushing it. “It simply meant working with the forces of nature ins tead of against them,” wrote Nansen. And, regardless of the scepticism and even alarm with which his plan had been received by the experts, he went ahead to design and build his polar vessel, sym bolically called “Fram”: For ward. The Fram sailed from Christiania (Oslo) in June 1893 and, within three months, was caught in the “nip” of the ice, eventually rising above it, exactly as Nansen had predicted. She drifted slowly northward for a year, and then began to drift west ward. This was the moment Nan sen chose to leave the ship and make a dash for the Pole on skis with one companion, taking with him sledges and dogs and supplies for 100 days. December 1961 55 By April 1895, they reached a point only 200 miles from the Pole, closer than any pre vious explorer. But conditions were such that they decided to turn back. They traveled for 145 days before reaching Franz Josef Land where they had to dig themselves in for the winter. And all this time the Fram had been drifting. When even tually they got back to Nor way, there was no news of the ship. But a week later she turned up, having drifted right around the Pole and come safely back, just as Nan sen had predicted. The chief scientific result of the expedition was the dis covery of a deep polar sea be neath the ice, and the theory of wind-driven currents, which met with great opposi tion when Nansen first pro pounded it, but is now a ge nerally accepted fact. Minister to London Nansen would have prefer red to continue his scientific work, but under the pressure of political events in Norway he felt obliged to abandon it. He played an important part in the movement for the full independence of his country when the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905; and af ter the formal establishment of the new state, he was ap pointed Norwegian minister to London, where he became famous for his charm and hu mour. His daughter Liv Hoyer re calls how on one occasion, when Nansen was to dine with King Edward VII, he ar rived late at Buckingham Pa lace. “When he walked in to wards the waiting company, he put on his most charming smile, pulled out his watch and said: ‘I do believe all the clocks in this house are wrong. This chronometer has accom panied me across the polar seas and it has never been a minute out ...’ ” That broke the ice, since everyone knew from Nansen’s own writing that during his polar expedi tion he had forgotten to wind his watch! The war made a profound impression on Nansen and developed his belief in the need for real international co operation : “Nothing great and good,” he said, “can be fur thered in the world without co-operation.” He considered that the prevention of another war was a task that oversha dowed all else and, in 1920, he headed the Norwegian de legation to the first Assembly of the League of Nations. This was a great turning point in his career. Soon the fame of Nansen, the humani tarian, outshone that of Nan 56 Panorama sen, the scientist. In 1920, he was asked by the League to take over the difficult task of repatriating half a million ‘lost’ prisoners-of-war. Famine in Russia But the greatest and most desperate of all the missions undertaken by Nansen was his famous campaign for fa mine relief in Russia. In the years following the war, near ly thirty million people in an area twice the size of France were threatened with death not only by starvation but by cholera and typhus epidemics as well. Though he was by then over sixty years old, Nansen made several journeys to Russia and the Ukraine to organize relief. “Never shall I forget the death agony in the eyes of those Russian children,” he said. “Save Russia!” His ap peal for a loan from the Lea gue of Nations having failed, he travelled through the chief cities of Europe and America, speaking to great crowds and showing the photographs he had taken to shock the cons cience of the world. Other urgent tasks awaited him elsewhere — help for the millions who had fled their homes in various parts of Europe. As first League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (a post which he held until his death in 1930), he negotiated and or ganized the evacuation of 1,500,000 Greek refugees from Asia Minor after the GrecoTurkish war, and their reset tlement in new homes and jobs. And thousands and thou sands of men and women who had become stateless exiles came to bless his name for the introduction of the Nansen certificate, the “Nansen Pass port”, which was accepted by more than fifty governments. In recognition of this, work for the starving and the home less, Nansen received the No bel Peace Prize in 1922. His last years were devoted to helping the survivors of the Armenian people of whom one million had been mas sacred during and after the war. But he never entirely abandoned his scientific work and, in 1930, on the eve of his death, he was planning to ce lebrate his 69th birthday by flying to the North Pole in the Graf Zeppelin. Such is the saga of Fridjof Nansen, scientist and humani tarian, citizen of Norway and of the world. December 1961 57 A Teen-fyet Speaks Petronilo A. Buan I am a teen-ager. I am a confused individual. I don’t know whether I am still a child or an adult. The peo ple I know treat me as a child but they expect me to be have like an upright adult. When I behave like an adult my elders say that I am still a child. I feel that I am the most misunderstood person. In whatever I do, I am not sure of myself. Often I am the laughing stock, an object of ridicule, because I am clum sy and awkward. I have grown so rapidly that my muscle coordination has gone out of bounds.. My voice is un natural and embarrassing. Be cause of this, I want to escape away from the people around me, which I can’t do. At my age, I feel that my craving for excitement has increased. I can’t remain idle because I am overflowing with energy and this excess energy needs outlets. Either I indulge in strenuous games or seek exciting adventures. I find the latter more appeal ing. The temptation of join ing a gang is irresistible be cause I can’t be cooped in the four walls of my room. Joining the gang is the answer to my desire for re cognition and to be treated as an equal by my gang mates. We have an unwritten code in the gangland to fight for the gang, right or wrong. Our loyalty to the gang is placed above our loyalty to our home and to society. This blind lo yalty is so intense that we are prepared to die for it if ne cessary. We have to fight other gangs that pose a threat to any member of our gang. I crave for independence from my parents. I detest too much restriction and control. I want to choose the cut of my pants, the color and style of my T-shirts. . I don’t wish to be dictated to. To force me to conform to social standards that are in conflict with the standards of our gang is fu tile. The more reprimands, scoldings, and corporal pu nishment I am subjected to. 58 Panorama the more I feel bitter against those inflicting them. I am defiant and fearless of any consequence. In moments of solitude, I worship my hero, real or ima ginary. I picture myself as an image of my hero. If I can’t be a hero, at least I can be a successful villain, a villain who can’t be caught by the arms of the law, "a villain who can’t lose in a fight, a vil lain who can’t die. I feel the urge to destroy things which are not mine, to inflict pain on anybody, and to extort money. These I do just to show to my buddies and other people that I am tough. I am not real ly tough. I can’t fight my fights alone. I fight with my buddies. There is no fun in a square fight. My indoctrination in this hectic life is gained through the movies, through the co mics and through the radios. What techniques I see or read. I try to ape or experiment with them. The movies and cheap magazines are my men tors. We who have chosen the exciting and adventurous path are not beyond redemp tion. We need love, sympathy and understanding. We need to be assured ithat we are wanted and that we have a place in society and that as we leave the teen-age stage. we shall soon outgrow the evil tendencies of adolescence and that we are capable of leading a good life. Unless someone leads us on the right path, we may not be able to extricate ourselves from the legion of the lost souls. Give us a chance to live a decent life. We ask the gov ernment, civic organizations and welfare agencies to give us the opportunity of whole some recreation, the opportu nity to gain a better educa tion in order to be employed. We ask the church to give us moral and spiritual guidance. We ask the police not to treat us as hardened criminals but to consider us as erring broth ers. Instead of taking us to jail, they should take us to our parents and talk with them about our cases. We ask the teachers to be lieve that we have something good in us and that they should capitalize on our good ness by giving us the confi dence to assume our respon sibilities as worthy members of society. Above all, we ask our parents to be more pa tient, more understanding, more sympathetic and more loving and devoted. We are sure that with the pooling of the resources of persons and agencies interested in our wel fare, we can not fail them. December 1961 59 Castles-Mlrror of Castles represent the wis dom and craftsmanship of their times. They reflect the social evolutions of their era. Their construction was mas ter-minded by a selected few who knew what to build in style and who could whip their ideas into enduring and impressive architecture. Castles had their own styles born of their age. At the same time, however, they had com mon features — gigantic in size, overpowering in looks, sturdy in construction and strategic in location. Designed as springboards for expansion, the castles were the primary instruments of feudal reign to impress and keep in submis sion all those who worked for the lords and all those who simply obeyed them. It is not clear when the cas tle was introduced into Japan. But it is gathered from histo rical data that the first castles were built after the Taika Evolution of 645 when a sem blance of a state was organiz ed in the country. Earlier ci tadels were hemmed in by makeshift defenses against ar rows and intruders such as straw bundles, moats and ri vers. Subsequently, they were replaced by wooden fences and stone piles, backed by mountainous terrain. In the middle of the Heian Era (792-1192), the fragile sys tem of centralized govern ment went to pieces and po werful provincial clans fought with each other in scrambles for power and territory. As the situation worsened, the wooden fences and stone piles, protecting their living quar ters, ceased to be sufficient to serve the purpose for which they had been intended. Con sequently, footholds were fix ed on top of the wooden fen ces and towers built above the residences to watch intruders and shoot arrows. With the advance of know ledge, however, improved structures were built at van tage points such as atop moun tains, with rapid streams in front and steep cliffs in the back. This was called the “mountain type of castle”. In this era, fighting methods underwent a radical change. Cavalry was replaced by more mobile infantry as battlefields 60 Panorama Social Evolution shifted to mountains from the plains. Replaced also were the farmer-warriors by the pro fessionals who came to live in and near the castles. The parttime warriors went back to their rightful occupation of farming. As a result, there sprang up at the foot of moun tains communities of traders and craftsmen whose mer chandise and services the lords and their warriors need ed in their daily lives as well as in the pursuit of their pro fession. But as such towns developed in the wide expanse of plains, warlords and warriors found it far more convenient to live in or near them than on moun tain tops, where coolies had to be hired to carry up every thing necessary, ranging from war-making materials to food and clothing. Thus did the plains type of castle come into being. The construction of such castles became wide spread especially after the Portuguese introduced the matchlock gun into Japan in 1543. For the “flying (shoot ing) tool”, as it was called then, was of little use on tim ber-covered mountain sides or in narrow bushy gorges. But inasmuch as castles of this type had nothing to rely on in-nature to cover them selves, they had to be so constructed as to keep off and baffle enemies. Around the castles, therefore, were dug a number of wide and deep moats completely secret to outsiders. Castle architecture reached its height in the latter part of the 16th century, popularly called the Momoyama Era. During this period Hideyoshi Toyotomi carried out overseas expeditions. With the turn of the 17th century, peace gra dually returned to the battletorn country under Iyeyasu Tokugawa whose family reign lasted until 1868. Castles, which had been simply mili tary institutions in nature, be came the seats of political, economic and military admi nistration. Accordingly, castles grew in size and scope, bringing un der their shelter towns of the common people their master ruled. The castles were lo cated in the central parts of December 1961 61 large and fertile plains for the sake of easy transportation. To impress the people at large, the warlords built mag nificent-looking watch-towers, either three or five storied, atop their castles. As were expected, the watch-towers were looked up to as symbols of culture in the regions. An outstanding example was the Nagoya Castle with an impressive five-storied tower which looks down upon thriving Nagoya City today. Now a national treasure and tourist attraction, the Nagoya Castle was built in 1601-12 in the midst of the Nobi Plains, surrounded by a river, mar shes and a sea. It served to develop the central region of Japan as nucleus of its cul ture and civilization. The Osaka Castle, complet ed a little earlier in 1585 with labor brought in from all parts of the country, was the seat of government by adventu rous Hideyoshi Toyotomi whose national reign was ta ken over by the Tokugawas. The castle, a national treasure in good shape today, is the landmark of Japan’s Manches ter, Osaka. The Edo Castle, completed in 1636, was an architectural beauty and grandeur until part of it was reduced to ash es by air-raids during the last war. Situated in the heart of Tokyo Metropolis, the remain ing portion of the castle is occupied by Their Majesties, The Emperor and the Em press. The moats that sur round the castle or Palace es tate remain the way they were centuries ago. Both the Edo and the Osaka Castles have , watch-towers, but the Nagoya Castle’s is the most dazzling and gorgeous. It was the. watch-tower at its best as a piece of architecture and as a fortress. The towers, built in the Edo Era under the Tokugawa Shogunate, were standardized and rather ornamental; practically all of them were three-storied. For they had no military mission to perform, so to speak, since peace prevailed all through this era. Today there still remain in tact scores of castles, through out the country, out of a lit tle more than 300 that existed at the end of Shogunate rule in 1868 when the Emperor be gan to reign again. Of the existing castles today, 28 have their watch-towers looking down upon the surrounding areas. Wherever they are in Japan, they are tourist attrac tions of the first magnitude. Ramparts that walled the castles off from the outside world also developed with the lapse of time. In the period of 1570-1600, ramparts were 62 Panorama He (to lady in ultra gown)—Do you like wearing evening dress? She—I feel that nothing is more becoming to me. He—I have no doubt of that; but wouldn't that be going a trifle too far? ♦ ♦ ♦ The Psychic's Wife: It didn't use to be so bad with his Shakespeares and Napoleons, but the way he's carryin' on nowadays with that Cleopat ra woman is more than I can stand. ♦ ♦ * made up of piles of natural rocks, but from the beginning of the 17th century, rocks were pounded and made to fit one another before they were piled up. In the latter part of the century, squared stones were used to build up ramparts, all of considerable height, as seen around the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. The Osaka Castle is noted especially for the rampart made up of astonishingly large stones, some of which were said to have been brought all the way from Kvushu Island, although they were four by four meters or larger in size. A question rises here as to how rocks of such size were brought and piled up. The answer is rather simple. Some wise man, seeing that igno rant workers were trying to load such big stones on a boat, taught them to “load the boat on the stones rather than load the stones on the boat”. Whe ther he knew the Archime dean principle, he actually applied it in this case. Some of the stones tied to the bottom of boats sank deep in the seas before they reach ed their destination in Osaka. But the beauty of the Osaka Castle remains perfectly in tact today thanks to thousands and thousands of laborers who hauled and piled up rocks, large and small, by the sheer force of their stamina. A similar story can be told of all the castles of various sizes that still exist through out Japan today. They can didly reflect the evolutions that took place in feudal Ja pan, long past. December 196) 63 Science Rescues Two Of all the historic monu ments and ruins of ancient Nubia, now threatend by the building of Aswan Dam on the Upper Nile, the two tem ples of Abu Simbel have most captured the popular imagina tion. The magnificent facades of the Great Temple and the Lit tle, or Queen’s, Temple, both hewn out of solid rock some thirty-two centuries ago in the reign of King Rameses II, and erected in honour of Ra meses and his Queen Nefertari, rise up majestically from the banks of the Nile. These great temples, dedi cated to three gods, AmanRah, Ptah and especially to Re^Harakhte, god of the Ris ing Sun, evoke admiration of the skill of those who fashion ed and decorated these monu ments, and wonder at the scientific knowledge of the ar chitects who conceived and created such temples. At that time, man’s know ledge of geology and chemist ry could have been only ele mentary. Yet—and this amaz es present-day experts—these unknown Egyptian masters obviously knew enough about types of soil and the effects of water and wind erosion to build for an eternity on a site perfectly suited to the needs of worship. A Project Worthy of Ancient Egypt The scope of these temples probably can be matched on ly by that of a proposed plan to save them from being swal lowed up by the Nile once the new dam is built. This is the boldest aspect of the entire campaign to save the Nubian monuments, launched b y Unesco in co-operation with the United Arab Republic and the Sudan. The final choice made by the government of the U.A.R., and endorsed by Unesco, on the advice of a number of commissions of experts, is for a plan submitted by Italian specialists (Italconsult). This calls for raising bodily the two blocks of rock in which the temples are embedded to somewhat more than 180 feet above their present site, and then restoring their present setting. 64 Panorama Egyptian Temples It is estimated that the task will take more than six years. A small army of technicians and workmen will have to carry it out in a spot which is practically a desert. And, during this time, there will be the danger of rising flood waters. Preliminary Work First, a network of roads must be built to spots select ed for storing materials; an air strip has to be prepared for planes and a floating dock, unaffected by changes in the level of the Nile, must be built; an electric power sta tion must be constructed; and, of course, a temporary city created to house those work ing on the project and give them facilities needed by a community in the desert. Meanwhile, actual construc tion work on the project will start with the building of a dike running the length of the facades of the two temples. This water-tight earthwork is to protect the whole opera tion from the rising level of the new lake. Between this earthwork and the facade, a trench will be dug, 50 feet deep, from which under ground galleries will burrow into the rock under the tem ples. During this preliminary stage, an important task will be to re-inforce the structures both inside and outside. This is an exceedingly delicate operation. The rock and the monuments carved in it have suffered from the ravages of time, and the rock itself still bears the same cracks and fis sures that existed before the temples were built, and with which those early stone work ers knew so well how to deal. Today, these weak points which might give way during the moving operation must be reinforced. It is only after these preli minaries have been completed that the real work can begin of directly raising the tem ples. Two Giant “Boxes? Three complicated opera tions are involved. First, the “scalping” of the temples by the removal of the mass of rock which covers them in December 1961 65 order to lessen the overall weight to be raised. The por tion of the hill, thus taken off, will be replaced in its origin al position when it comes to the final landscaping. Next, the huge block of rock containing the temples must be sliced free and an ar tificial casing built in front of their facades so that the space between the casing and each facade can be filled with a “padding” of sand. Finally, and most important, three pa rallel groups of underground galleries must be driven un der what will serve as the floor of the “boxes”. It is this base, with the thickness of from twelve to fifteen feet, that will take the upward thrust of the lifting jacks. 5 This lengthy phase of opera tions is the one which calls for the most meticulous pre cision. It will be impossible to use explosives or machin ery which could cause vibra tion. Experiments carried out in Norway with even more brittle rock than that at Abu Zimbel show that only com pressed air machinery can be used. At 20 to 25 feet inside the rock, pneumatic hammers, weighing no more than 75 pounds and capable of 1,000 blows a minute, will be used, but electric saws and scissors will be employed at the most sensitive cutting points. During all these ope rations, a 24-hour micro- seis mic watch will be kept to de tect the slightest danger. With the two “boxes” of rock and sand, hermetically sealed and finally sliced away from the rest of the mass of rock, jacks can be placed un der the base, beneath which a metal grating is stretched to insure uniform pressure from the jacks. Then follows the mighty task of lifting the temples in synchronised movements, at the rate of two millimetres at a time. Each hydraulic jack is operated from a central control point where any break in the equi librium will be immediately visible. The jacks themselves, which may be either hydrau lic or mechanical, will have an individual lifting power of either 2,000 or 1,000 tons each, working alternately in two groups. So far, however, the experts have reached no de cision on this point. Thus, little by little, four square on the giant piles that are to serve as their perma nent base, the temples will rise more than over 180 feet. Tribute to the Experts of the Past After the major operation of lifting the base of the tem ples is completed, the final 66 Panorama phase of the work begins: the restoring of the previously “scalped” summit on top of the hill, and of the original landscaping. This involves re creating not only the actual scenery, but the same physical conditions—the facades will be at the same height above water as before—chosen by the original builders. The preservation of Abu Simbel is not the only project being undertaken in the “Campaign to Save the Monu ments of Nubia.” Throughout the area of what will be a 300 mile-long lake to be created between the First and the Second Cataract to hold the water behind the new dam, teams from a number of coun tries have answered the ap peal sent out by Unesco at the request of the govern ments of the Sudan and the U.A.R. These teams are carry ing out almost non-stop work, excavating, making photo grammetric pictures, drilling down into prehistoric times, and moving whole temples and works of art from the threatened area. By the time the dam is com pleted, work to . preserve an other historic, and no less il lustrious, monument, the Island of Philae, will have been completed, thanks again to international assistance. But the saving of Abu Sim bel, both in its scientific dar ing and the amount of finan cial help which the world is being asked to contribute, takes on a special symbolic value. It will enable today’s civilization to pay tribute to another, long since gone, which dared to create a mo nument that still startles us with its size and beauty. * ♦ * “A wife and an automobile are expensive luxuries.” “I don't agree with you. With both of them, the expense is in the accessories” * * ♦ Mrs. Methuselah: Just received this not from mother saying she will arrive tomorrow for a short visit—but don't worry, dear—it will only be a couple of years. December 1961 67 HEBREW STUDENT PRESS The year: 1952. The place: the Hebrew University in Je rusalem. The problem: text books, or rather, lack of them. In the years following the independence of Israel, the student body at the univer sity had doubled, even tripled, in size. It was difficult enough to house all these students, for the university had lost its home on Mount Scopus, let alone to provide them with books in Hebrew, the langu age of the new state. The staff were harrassed, but the students took the pro blem more philosophically. To them the answer seemed obvious: “If we need books,” they said, “we’ll print them ourselves.” Armed only with their own confidence and the backing of the faculty, they collected one hundred dollars — a fabulous sum for the time — comman deered two battered type writers and a mimeographing machine, and hung the sign “Mif’al Hashichpul” on the door of a tiny office. The He brew University Students’ Printing and Publishing House was born. The main problem in the first year was inexperience: “We learned in the hardest school of all, by our own mis takes,” the students recall rue fully. But what they -lacked in experience, they made up in keenness. By the end of that first year of operation the Student Press had produc ed 2,500 pamphlets on 15 dif ferent subjects with a turn over of 3,000 Israeli pounds. Today, booklets on more than 250 subjects are printed an nually with a turnover of 180,000,000 Israeli pounds (more than $8,300). Mif’al Hashichpul is an en tirely student-run organiza tion. Policy is. controlled by an Executive Committee of nine members appointed by the Student Union, who take all decisions regarding activi ties, methods of operation, budget, staff, etc. The actual operation of the Student Press is as complex as that of any commercial publisher. Printing machines must be inked and operated. Stencils must be cut, rolled off and filed. A production chart must be maintained so that a daily work schedule can be planned. Accounts must be kept and correspon dence attended to. The mate 68 Panorama rial must be sold, cashbooks tallied. And, of course, texts must be edited, designed and proofread. The press employs over 70 students who work as ma chinists, typists, sales clerks and in a variety of other jobs. This has the double advantage of offering a means of liveli hood to students who are selfsupporting — opportunities for employment in Jerusalem are limited — and. providing experience which frequently proves a valuable asset in lat er life. In addition, the press employs a small staff of fulltime professionals, and the professors at the Hebrew Uni versity contribute both their time and services by editing manuscripts, lending their own textbooks for reproduc tion, indicating sources and even proofreading. It is a far cry from those early days when Mif’al Has hichpul could boast only two ancient typewriters and a duplicating machine crammed into one small room. Today its equipment, which would impress any professional businessman, includes type writers (with typefaces in 8 different languages), offset printing machines, xerograph ic equipment, a lithographic stone printing machine, etc. And this is only a beginning, for the press has more ambi tious plans in view. Some of this equipment has been pro vided with the aid of WUS — the World University Service. Housing conditions are still far from perfect — the sales centre is located on the Uni versity campus, while the printing and administrative services are in town — but plans are under way for the building of a Student Centre in Jerusalem and Mif’al Has hichpul is to have permanent quarters there. Student communities in other parts of the world share problems similar to those of the Hebrew University. Lack of student employment and of adequate textbooks, and in experience are common issues on many campuses. During its nine years of existence Mif’al Hashichpul has gone a long way towards solving these problems and has ac quired considerable know how and experience. The Israeli students conr sider it their privilege to share this knowledge with students in other lands, and through the World University Service and COSEC, a Tech nical Assistance programme has been prepared. WUS of Israel will contribute two scholarships and the National Union of Israeli Students an additional two, so that four (Contnued on page 90) December 1961 69 KARATE The subtle art of self-de fense which originated in Oki nawa js now proving increas ingly popular not only in Ja pan but also in some foreign countries. Andrew Heiskell, chairman of the board of the American weekly, Time Incorporated, commented that he had never seen any art of self-defense with such speed, force and beauty as Karate. Foreigners who viewed the Fifth All-Ja pan Karate Tournament held at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium in June, 1961 did not spare their words of ad miration for the powerful force as well as beauty of the art. What is Karate? Karate (literally empty hand) is not an art aimed at ultimate victory over an op ponent; neither is it a drama tic act of splitting boards and cracking roof tiles with bare hands. The supreme goal of Karate is to train a person to conquer physical and spiritual obstacles and improve his cha racter. In training, emphasis is put on the spiritual side as much as on the physical side. A person cannot master the art until he has built up his character to a higher level. The following is a brief out line of this particular art of self-defense with the “empty hand.” Requiring the active move ment of the whole body, the techniques consist of blocking or thwarting an attack and counterattacking by punch ing, striking or kicking. For example, there are a total of 20 parts in the hand and arm which are used when engag ing in this art. There are some seven types of “tsuki” or straight blows. Some six parts of the leg are utilized. There are a total of eight types of ways to stand on one’s feet alone. Karate can be divided into three basic movements—“kihon” (fundamental), “kata” (form) and “kumite” (grap pling). The fundamental movements include how to hit and fend a blow, how to kick 70 Panorama with one’s legs, how to ad vance, retreat and move to right or left. All these move ments require strenuous train ing before one can become adept at them. In the case of fonn move ments, the above-mentioned fundamental movements are combined rationally into new forms of continuous move ments. A person engaged in this type of movement seem to be practicing calisthenics. But there is not a single wast ed or meaningless movement A Karate man practices his art presupposing that he is surrounded by enemies. Therefore, he must be able to strike out in all directions as well as defend himself front all quarters. There are several types ofi form movements depending on whether they are aimed at building up one’s muscles and bones or quickening one’s re flexes. However, every one of these movements must incor porate good balance, speed, beauty and striking power. Briefly, “focus” in Karate re fers to concentration of all the energy of the body in an instant on a specific target. Anyone can practice these form movements—individual ly or in groups, the old or the young, men or women. Through continuous hard training, one may be able to master this art of self-defense. Amateurs go through these movements by first pre-ar ranging the parts of the body they are going to attack. This is called basic “kumite”. In the case of experts, they en gage in free “kumite” which simulates a real bout. Be cause these experts have gone through long and strenuous training, accidents rarely hap pen. However, since Karate blows possess destructive po wer, actual bouts are carried out under extremely strict rules in order to prevent in juries. Those who are allowed to participate in such bouts are only persons holding Ka rate grades and who can free ly control movements. Development of Karate The history of Karate goes back hundreds of years, but it was in 1921 that the Gichin Funakoshi introduced this art to Japan and evolved the tech niques of making the most effective use of various move ments of the body. Funakoshi was the president of the Shobukai (Association of Chivalric Art) in Okinawa, the birthplace of Karate. This unique type of art was deve loped in the islands during the period when Okinawa was under the administration of Shimazu, the Lord of Satuma, December 1961 71 beginning in 1609, and Oki nawans were prohibited from possessing any type of arms. Thus, the islanders were forc ed to invent an art of self-de fense using only their bare hands and feet as weapons, and they practiced the art in great secrecy. The introduction of Karate by Funakoshi caused quite a sensation in Japan, creating a growing number of follow ers, particularly among stu dents. Subsequently, around 1924, Karate clubs were or ganized in major colleges and universities in Japan. There was a temporary lull in the popularity of Karate immediately after the war, but with inauguration of the Japan Karate Association, it became much more popular than in prewar days. Its po pularity can be seen by taking a glance at the association’s “dojo” in the past six years. New followers include child ren from seven years old to men over 60 years of age. Wo men also are taking it up. But the largest number of prac titioners are students. Parti cularly noteworthy is the fact that there are some 400 fo reign Karate followers in Ja pan representing a total of 30 nations. The Japan Karate Associa tion with its headquarters in Tokyo has some 170 chapters today throughout the country. Although it is extremely dif ficult to determine the exact number of persons practicing Karate in Japan, an approxi mate figure would be between 600,000 and 700,000. The National Karate Cham pionship Tournament was held on June 11, 1961 at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymna sium attended by Crown Prince Akihito together with more than 13,000 spectators filling the spacious gym. Among the dignitaries present were the leaders of political and business circles as well as foreign envoys of 24 count ries. A total of 76 Karate experts selected from throughout Ja pan displayed their tech niques at the tournament. Some 24 persons exhibited their prowess in the “kata” and “kumite” matches. Aside from these matches, side at tractions were provided by a hundred persons holding ranking grades who displayed mass “kata” forms. Another attraction was the breaking of two one-inch boards placed together with the bare fist. Also shown were military dances of old Japan by young children as well as demons tration by a girl defending herself from an attack by a man. Foreign members of the 72 Panorama association also demonstrated their Karate paces. Karate in Foreign Countries According to the spokes man of the Japan Karate As sociation, aside from the Ame rican Air Force stationed in Japan which has adopted Ka rate as a regular subject 'in its physical education pro gram in 1951, there are four Karate associations in the Uni ted States, namely Colorado Springs, Honolulu, Philadel phia and Los Angeles. In the United States, Karate has fre quently been adopted by mo tion pictures and television, and the English version of the book on Karate, “Karate, the Art of Empty Hand Fighting,” is reported selling well. The Karate fever in the Re public of Korea is also high, particularly among students and soldiers. In the Republic of China, a different type of Karate from that in Japan is being practiced; it is a type of Chinese boxing which ori ginated in the Chinese main land. In Malaya, the local Ka rate association opened a “do jo” in Seremban. In the Phil ippines, the vice president of the Philippine National Ath letic Association has invited a Japanese expert to Manila to give instructions in Karate there. In Indonesia, there is a plan to form a local associa tion. In Europe, the country where Karate is most popular is France with a total of 12 Karate “dojo” and with an ag gregated membership of about 600 persons. Satoru Muraka mi, a member of the Japan Karate Association, is giving instructions in France as well as in Algeria, Morroco, West Germany and Spain. In Swit zerland, there are two “dojo”. In South America, there is a local Karate association in Brazil, and enthusiasts from such countries as Argentina, Venezuela, Peru and other South American countries are presently studying this art of unarmed self-defense in Tok yo. ♦ * ♦ Edith—So that rich old bachelor didn't pro pose. Madge—No, he ate six meals at that summer hotel where they advertise home cooking and decided to stay single. December 1961 73 DEAD LANGUAGE OF ASIA, WITH 6,133 LETTERS, DECIPHERED On the main route connect ing China and Tibet, there was an influential minority race called Tanghut when the Sung dynasty ruled China. The Tanghut founded a king dom in 1032 covering ten pro vinces including present Kan su and Shensi, and was known for its own advanced culture under the influence of both the Chinese and Tibetan cul tures, as well as Confucian ism and Buddhism. This sizable kingdom used its own languages, which was composed of 6,133 letters and used in the area even for the 100 years after the kingdom fell to Genghis Khan in 1227. It then was abandoned to obscurity for several centu ries. WORLD'S FASTEST LENS A camera with the world’s fastest lens, 50-mm, f 0.95, which is supposed to be four times faster than the human eye, has been put on the mar ket by the Canon Camera Company, Tokyo, one of the leading camera makers in Ja pan. This new camera is equip ped with built-in exposure It was in 1870 that this uni que language, dead for over 500 years, was introduced to the world by Alexander Wy lie, a British scholar in Oriental studies, as the Nuchen (Jurchin) language, and 27 years later, by Jean Deveria, a French philologist. However, they failed to de cipher the meaning of the let ters, which were complicated in structure and irregular in grammar as well as pronun ciation. But after years of laborious studies conducted by Assis tant Professor Tatsuo Nishida of Kyoto University, Kyoto, who traced it with the aid of both Tibetan and Chinese do cuments, this extremely com(Continued on page 78) * meter together with a shutter dial and range finder. A sharp focus can be made at any dis tance, even at the maximum opening of f 0.95 in which the depth of field is extremely shallow. Among the high-class focalplain types of camera, it is the first to be equipped with such a built-in exposure me ter. 74 Panorama Japan’s bridges Show Jugenuity of People In Japan today, gigantic bridges are being constructed with latest engineering tech niques; for example, the 1036meter-long Ashido Grand Bridge in Northern Kyushu and the 1020-meter Choshi Grand Bridge across the mouth of Tone River. Also a survey is being made prepa ratory to building a bridge connecting the main island of Honshu with Shikoku across the Seto Island-Sea. Aside from these “modern” bridges, there are “old” type bridges which retain their own unique characteristics, drawing the admiration of the people. These “old” bridges have been regarded as cul tural assets in each locality. To begin with, the first re corded bridge in Japan was the Kobashi Bridge built in 326 over the Kudara River in present day Osaka City. While details of its structure are not known today, it is believed to have been a wooden bridge. In 611, Koreans introduced the Chinese type of bridge architecture into Japan, lead ing to the construction of the bowshaped bridges that adorn Japanese gardens today. In subsequent periods when the country was tom by battles among clans and warlords, Buddhist monks offered their services as architects and keepers of bridges. They re paired and kept in good con dition bridges destroyed by warriors in their battles that knew no end. Hideyoshi Toyotomi, after considerable fighting, put the whole country under his rule in 1592. Doing his utmost to further peace at home, he built three outstanding brid ges in Osaka, where his ma jestic castle was located. These three bridges, namely, Tenjin, Tenman and Naniwa, served to connect the deltas along Yodo River, creating a greater Osaka in those days, and their names became sy nonymous with the prosperity of Osaka. In 1690, when Hi deyoshi constructed the Sanjo Bridge in Kyoto, stone pil December 1961 75 lars were used for the first time in Japan. Though made of wood, the bridge still stands as one of the nation’s architectural treasures. In the mountainous regions and in the countryside, log bridges of the primitive type were built across the narrow gorges and streams. Over wider gorges and rivers, wooden bridges were built with a remarkable degree of engineering skill. In some districts, however, the people cleverly floated a chain of boats in the rivers to take the place of bridges. An outstanding example is the Funa Bashi (boat bridge) ac ross the Tone river m Chiba prefecture to the east of Tok yo Metropolis. The bridge, four meters wide and 237 me ters long, is moved to one of the less' turbulent tributaries of the river during the ty phoon season of July to Sep tember. This was and is not the prevailing method of span ning rivers in Japan, how ever. The prototype of the boat bridges on record was the 48boat bridge that warlord Katsushige Shibata used to span the Kuzuryu river on the Ja pan Sea side of the country in 1576. This type of bridge was extremely useful and strategic in nature in those days, inasmuch as it could be removed at any time to block the passage of the enemy. Japan was a beneficiary of advanced foreign technology in olden times. Foreign know how was brought in by immi grants, traders and missiona ries, and thoroughlyz blended with native techniques. The arch-type stone bridge was introduced into Japan through Nagasaki, the first of the Ja panese ports opened to foreign contact. A stone-arch bridge of this type was built in Na gasaki, in 1635. It was called the Megane (glasses) Bridge because of its shape, resem bling the rims of spectacles. In the days when wooden bridges were prevalent, the stone-arch type bridge drew considerable public attention. In fact, similar bridges were soon constructed in various localities. The 141-meter-long Reidal bridge was constructed in Ku mamoto prefecture in Kyushu in 1848. The stone-made Tsujun bridge built in 1854 not far from the Reidal bridge, is outstanding in that it has served two useful purposes, as a link in an important transportation route and as a sorely needed water spillway for the neighboring water short highlands. A squire called Yasunosuke Nunoda, architect, of the bridge, who deeply sympath 76 Panorama ized with the people in the highland villages, contrived to draw water from a dis tance of four kilometers and siphoned it up into Todoroki waterway. This water was conveyed ]to the villagers through a square wooden spillway built in the Tsujun bridge. Since then, the thankful villagers have made it a tradition to open the spillway and let the water flow down on the first day of August every year in ho nor and memory of their “sa viour”. The people who directed the six-year-long construction of the Tsujun bridge were called to Tokyo after the Meiji Res toration of 1868 to build the stone bridges that still remain in splendor today. The famed Mansei Bridge spanning a branch of the Sumida river in Kanda ward, and the Niju (Double) Bridge, the gateway to the Imperial Palace, tell graphically of the feats they accomplished long ago. In contrast to the arch-type stone bridge, the Kintai Bridge over the Nishiki river in Yamaguchi prefecture in western Japan, is noted for its unique structure. Built in 1678, the 225-meter-long bridge has four pillar bases made of stones, designed to stand the impact of surging flood waters. Aside from its aesthetic appearance, the bridge is designed to increase its resistance to floods when sandbags are placed on the arches of the bridge, making the arches stretch slightly, thus tightening the joints in the bridge. The splendid idea seen in this unique structure of the bridge was originated by Lord Hiroyoshi Kikkawa, whose descendants controlled the area for generations. The Saru (monkey) Bridge which spans the Katsura river in Yamanashi prefecture, is a peculiarity in its own right. It is the subject of one of the masterpieces by. the famed woodblock-print artist, Hiros hige Ando (1787-1858). The bridge links two steep cliffs, some 30 meters apart, without perpendicular props. In those days, it was impossible to stand pillars in the gorge, some 30 meters deep. Three rows of four-layered beams were extended from both sides, and they were joined by an arch-type bridge. Le gend says that it was blue printed by a Chinese gardener and built some one thousand several hundred years ago, but there is no record to sup port this. Both the Kintai Bridge and the Saru Bridge are particu larly interesting as pieces of architecture which reflect the culture of old Japan. December 1961 77 . So far as the stories of Ja panese bridges go, one of the best known bridges in Japan is the Nihonbashi (Japan bridge), which was the start ing point of Tokaido (TokyoKyoto road) in olden days and today is the center of down town Tokyo. The history of this bridge tells of the history of bridge construction in the country. Originally a wooden bridge, it is now a steel and concrete structure beautifully decorated with bronze orna ments. “Oedo Nihonbashi” (Nihonbashi of the flowery RESEARCH... (Continued from page 46) attended another meeting of historians of Asia in Singa pore early this year. These conferences are only in addition to others more nu merous which have been held under the sponsorship of Unesco and other United Na tions. agencies, or organiza tions affiliated with it, on the national, regional, or inter-re gional levels. Their specific mention is only an illustra tion of the efforts of men of capital of Edo), as it is called in folk songs, has been rebuilt several times, recruiting the latest engineering skill of the period. There are 126,700 bridges in Japan, with a total length of 16,720,000 kilometers. They represent the tradition of old Japanese culture and the af fection the people entertain for time-honored architectu ral beauty. But large wooden bridges are gradually bowing out of public view, with the rapidly increasing availability of steel and concrete. DEAD LANGUAGE ... (Continued from page 74) plicated language has recent ly been deciphered. As a re sult, it is expected that stu dies on Hsi-Hsia will be ad vanced in the future, parti cularly in the field of EastWest contact through Central Asia in the Middle Ages. goodwill from all lands to wards greater mutual under standing among them through education. ♦ ♦ ♦ One Lady—Why do you want to get divorced? Another—Because Pm married. 78 Panorama PACKING AND SHIPPING A WHOLE NUBIAN TEMPLE Boleslaw Leitgeber “Habashi” is a nickname meaning the “Ethiopian”. It has become an institution, al most a legend in Egypt; for the man who bears it — his real name is Mohammed Said Hamani — has been for near ly 40 years a key figure in the Egyptian Antiquities Service. Not that he has been one of the top men in the service whose names, after their ca reer is over, live on in the an nals of Egyptology as succes sors to a host of brilliant scholars, like Champollion or Maspero. But Habashi has probably seen more of Egyptian ar chaeology during his lifetime than many well-known fo reign Egyptologists. Today he is a man in his early six ties, still vigorous, stocky in build, with kindly eyes and an almost classical, Greek nose such as one sometimes finds on the Upper Nile, go ing south towards the Sudan. The eminence of Habashi’s position lies in the fact that he has been employed by the Antiquities Service at prac tically every important exca vation in Egypt during the last generation. His job is to supervise the work of the la bourers and teams of diggers. He was the privileged fore man who raised the funeral barge of Cheops in front of the Great Pyramid at Giza after its discovery a quarter of a century ago. Today, once again, he is at the helm of a strategic ope ration: that of saving the Nu bian art treasures, under the international campaign launched by Unesco. He is now in the field, in Nubia, en gaged in the delicate work that will save two temples and a kiosk of the Ptolemeic period — Debod, Taffa and Kertassi — the first to be threatened by the rising wa ters of the Nile after comple tion of the new High Dam at Aswan. A_ Successful Experiment In view of the rapidly ap proaching time-limit — this is is a critical period for these temples — a visit to the Anti December 1961 79 quities Service workshop near Aswan, now in full activity, is a heartening experience. It is here that an important stage in the rescue campaign has been enacted. The three temples have recently been dismantled and transported to safety, preparatory to their re-erection elsewhere. The component parts now lie on protected ground on the island of Elephantine. The success of the operation means that it can be repeat ed elsewhere, if need be on an even larger scale. For ins tance, there are plans, under the Unesco programme, for the transfer of Kalabsha, known as the “Luxor of Nu bia”, which is, after Philae, the largest Graeco-Roman foundation in Egyptian Nu bia. Debod, Taff a and Kertassi served as a first and suc cessful experiment in the art of removal in Nubia. More over, the Egyptian Antiqui ties Service can boast of hav ing accomplished the task in less time than was originally planned, and with greater safety. It was here that the person ality of the leader of the team, Habashi, proved itself again, as it has done so often in the past The largest of the three mo numents, Debod, has a monu mental doorway, adorned with the ancient symbol of the winged sun, still in good condition. On the facade, Augustus and Tiberius are re presented alongside the an cient Egyptian gods. All this had to be taken down, stone by stone, each stone being first numbered and then pack ed. Ropes And Muscle The temple of Taffa, of the late Ptolemeic period, stood on the river bank some 30 miles further up the Nile. It too was doomed to disappear. Now it is in safety. Smaller than Debod, it filled, when dismantled, only two barges (Debod needed three). All the work was done in the tradi tional Pharaonic manner, by the use of human muscle, with no devices other than ropes for pulling the stones over the ground. The stones .were dragged down a slight slope to the bank where the barges were waiting. There the men gave a final push, and a crane, erected over the deck of the barge, lifted each stone, which was then lower ed into the boat. This crane, equipped with a single hook, was the only mechanical con traption used. The barges, one after the other, were hauled down the Nile, through the locks of the present As wan Dam, to the island of Panorama Elephantine where they were unloaded by equally simple means. Another barge, the El Sebua, carried the stones of the temple kiosk of Kertassi, consisting of 120 com ponent pieces. The precious load included a number of beautifully shaped columns, their capitals intact, each packed separately into crates to protect them from scratch ing. The whole operation took scarcely more than three months, July to September 1960. During this time some 400 workers were engaged and six boats chartered. The area where the temples were de posited was fenced off and is not accessible to the ordinary visitor. Here, in quiet sec lusion. a small team of men, under the experienced eye of Habashi, have made a tho rough inventory of this ar chaeological hoard and are preparing the temples for re erection. The temple of De bod is one which the United Arab Republic might be pre pared to offer to a country which renders outstanding services to the campaign to save the Nubian monuments. Altogether the government is ready to offer five of its temples in return for foreign assistance, the cost of transfer to be borne by the receiving countries. The experts sent to Nubia to ‘.undertake a preliminary survey of the monuments, have recommended the re moval of about 20 temples and churches. The plan is to transfer them to sites in Nu bia above the new water le vel. Working to a Time-Table As far as the priority of the removal operations is con cerned, a list published by Unesco gives tentative dates for the beginning of each task, together with an estimate of its duration. The range of these operations differs ac cording to the size of the mo nument and local conditions, such as soil, accessibility and the rate of advance of the wa ter. In the case of some of the more elaborate temples, like Dakka, Derr and the rockhewn tomb of Aniba, the work will take up to three years and should be complet ed by 1963. The Temple of Kalabsha, which is the lar gest, will require four years for removal and re-erection. Other, however, such as Wadi es Sebua, once used as a Christian church of which some features, such as a fres co of St. Peter, are still dis cernible, will take only two years to move. The work is likely to be carried out by a number of December 1961 81 teams from various countries, so that the burden may be shared. The Egyptian Anti quities Service has given an example of speed and efficien cy by being the first to .move three monuments to safety. This news will give comfort and encouragement to the many who, in all parts of the world, follow Unesco’s cam paign on behalf of the Nubian art treasures with interest and anxiety, earnestly hoping for its successful completion. (UNESCO) British Divers to Measure Rise of the Mediterranean A team of eleven divers, who are also archaeologists, geologists, anthropologists and zoologists, left England re cently to explore underwater sites around the coasts of the Mediterranean. Members of the Cambridge University Underwater Exploration Group, they will attempt to trace changes in the sea le vel which have occurred since the beginning of the Ice Age, about a million years ago. * The expedition will visit the Balearic Islands, the Costa Brava in Spain, the French and Italian Riviera, Elba, Naples, Stromboli, Syracuse. Carthage and Algeria. They will explore numerous subma rine caves in search of evi dence of human habitation and also some twenty sub merged Roman and Phoeni cian cities. The team has taken along all kinds of scientific equip ment, including a portable de compression chamber, a zoo logical laboratory, echometers for charting the caves, inter communication radio sets for use by the divers and under water scooters. ‘The expedition includes se veral cameramen who hope to make a series of document ary films for television. Un derwater floodlighting will be used for shots in the caves. (UNESCO) 82 Panorama THE TRUCE OF BIYAKNABATO Teodoro A. Agoncillo When, in the early months of 1897, Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja began his offensives against the Filipi no revolutionists, he thought that he could cripple the re volutionary movement by short, swift strokes. He was hopeful that in a few months he could bring peace to the strife-torn archipelago and impose anew the powers of the Spanish monarch. But Polavieja underestimated the capacity of the Filipino mas ses to undergo hardships and privations. They fought with everything they could lay hands on. Polavieja, realizing at last that he could not put down the rebellion, feigned illness and asked his Queen Regent to relieve him of his difficult job. On March 22, General Primo de Rivera, for mer governor of the Philip pines, was appointed to suc ceed Polavieja. Primo de Rivera arrived in Manila on April 23. He was optimistic regarding his abi lity to put down the rebellion, for on his way to Manila he had received cables both from the acting governor and from the authorities in Spain that the revolutionary movement was losing momentum. A first look at the situation, however, convinced Primo de Rivera that all was not well. He tried to woo the Filipinos to his side by adopting the policy of attraction,, promising, in substance, that he would par don all those who, up to May 17, would give themselves dp. The revolutionists, however, were wary of Spanish promis es; they continued their arm ed resistance against their sworn enemy. It was then that Primo de Rivera serious ly thought of launching a se ries of military campaigns to humble the Filipinos. He December 1961 83 succeeded in re-capturing Ca vite, but Aguinaldo escaped, first, to Batangas, then to La guna, and finally, to Bulakan. At Biyaknabato, San Miguel de Mayumo, he holed up and harassed the Spanish forces in Central Luzon by means of a hit-and-run tactic. In bet ween engagements, Aguinaldo and his men prepared a cons titution, later called the Bi yaknabato Constitution. Owing to the military im passe, Pedro A. Patemo. a Fi lipino who had studied in Spain, approached Primo de Rivera with the proposition that he wanted to mediate bet ween the two warring sides. He would confer with the re volutionary leaders in order to persuade them to come to terms with the Spanish au thorities. The governor ac cepted Paterno’s proposition on condition that he would not compromise the honor of Spain. With this reminder he gave Paterno a pass so the mediator could pass through the Spanish lines. Paterno 'reached Biyakna bato on August 9, 1897. He presented himself to Aguinal do. He pointed out to Agui naldo that he had the explicit promise of the governor-gen eral that the revolutionists would be pardoned and given a certain sum of money in ex change for their surrender. At first Aguinaldo was luke warm to the proposals; but later on he changed his mind. He- demanded, as the price of pfeace, the expulsion of the re ligious orders, representation in the Spanish Cortes, free dom, “true justice” for Filipi nos and Spaniards. With these proposals, Paterno went to Malakanyang and Appraised Primo de Rivera of the rebels’ demands. The governor, how ever, said that he could not promise reforms, nor the ex pulsion of the religious or ders, because he had no au thority to do so. Only the Spanish Cortes could grant the reforms demanded, hje added. The minimuip require ments that Primo de Rivera approved were -pardon for all and the security in the depar ture of the rebel chieftains from the Philippines. As to money, he believed that the ^Spanish Government in the Philippines could pay as much as Pl,700,000 to be paid in three installments. With these counter-proposals in his head, Paterno returned to Biyaknabato. Some of the military leaders wanted to continue the struggle against the Spaniards, but Paterno succeeded, through bribery and cajolery, in neutralizing them by winning over to his 84 Panorama BURGLARY A young couple that had received many valu able wedding presents established their home in a suburb. One morning they received in the mail two tickets for a popular show in the city, with a single line: “Guess who sent them,” The pair had much amusement in trying to identify the donor, but failed in the effort. They duly attended the theater, and had a delightful time. On their return home late at night, still trying to guess the identity of the unknown host, they found the house stripped of every article of value. And on the bare table in the dining room was a piece of paper on which was written in the same hand as the enclosure with the tickets: “Now you know!” * * * side the prominent men in the field. On November 5, Aguinaldo authorized Paterno “to enter into harmonious relations with the Spanish Government, giving him full powers to de termine, fix and receive the total sum of the funds or va lues which the Spanish Gov ernment grants us....” Pa terno once more returned to Malakanyang and conferred with Primo de Rivera. The obstacles to the conclusion of peace had been hurdled. The resulting Truce of Biyakna bato, in which Aguinaldo was represented by Paterno, had three separate documents. They were dated November 18, December 14 and Decem ber 15, 1897. The November 18 document provided: (1) Aguinaldo and his lead ers would surrender their arms and submit themselves to the proper authorities; (2) the surrendered arms shall be delivered to the pro per authorities according to a date to be specified and ag reed upon by both parties to the truce: (3) armed parties who did not recognize Aguinaldo’s au thority may surrender to the Spanish officials; they would December 1961 85 receive the same treatment as those men of Aguinaldo who likewise surrendered to the government; (4) the governor-general shall provide the surrendered rebels with necessary means of subsistencce. With the signing of this do cument Paterno reported to Aguinaldo his success in deal ing with the governor-gene ral. Some minor points were threshed out in the next meet ing of . Paterno and Primo de Rivera. On December 14, the second document of the truce, known as the “Programme,” was signed. The “programme” follows: December 25. — Departure of Aguinaldo and his compa nions including the Spanish hostages, for Lingayen, and from here to Hongkong. Upon departure, the Spanish Gov ernment would hand to Baldomero Aguinaldo a draft in the amount of P400,000 pay able at Hongkong. December 27. — Aguinaldo and his men, having left for Hongkong, and having arriv ed at the latter place, will telegraph Artemio Ricarte “in order that he may carry out the following:” 1. surrender of all arms and ammunitions; 2. the surrender of arms not yet turned in at the departure of Aguinaldo for Hongkong; 3. the freeing of General Tejeiro and another compa nion who were left at Biyak nabato as hostages; 4. the cashing of the check in the amount of P400,000 given to Aguinaldo upon cer tification that 225 firearms, 2382 cartridges, and twenty pieces of machinery belong ing to the Spanish Govern ment had been turned over to the authorities; 5. payment by the Spanish Government of the sum of P200,000 as soon as the Fili pinos had turned over 700 arms, and another check for P200,000 as soon as the Te Deum had been sung and the general amnesty had been proclaimed. The third document, signed on December 15, dealt with the distribution of the total indemnity of Pl,700,000, as follows: 1. payment by the Spanish government of the sum of Me xican $400,000 to the rebels in arms and two checks in the amount of Mexican $200,000 each “payable on condi tion of th; agreement being fulfilled” by the Filipino re bels; 2. payment by the Spanish Government of the balance to those who suffered the ef fects of war, the payment to be made in three installments, 86 Panorama the last one to be paid six months after the Te Deum had been sung. In explaining his acceptance of the truce, Aguinaldo, on Christmas Day, said: “I lay down my arms because con tinuing the war will produce turmoil and evil, in place of happiness, x x x. I lay down my arms in accordance with the patriotic advice of the Ar bitrator, the Maguinoo, Ped ro A. Paterno, lover of the well-being of our native land.” On December 27, Aguinal do, his companions, Pedro A. Paterno, and two Spanish hostages, boarded the steam er Uranus for Hongkong. Peace, a temporary peace, had at long last settled on the Philippines. ❖ * * “I lost my wife in the sea” “My poor friend! Was she taken away by a wave?” “No—by a life guard.” * * * “How do you control your husband while you are away?” “I leave the baby with him” December 1961 37 WHO IN THE WORLD AM I ? Cesar Adib Majul I Some clarification about the title is needed. The title raises the problem as to what man is from the point of view of the secular historian. The question is. not what man ac tually is in relation to or as a member of his present socie ty. This question more pro perly belongs to Sociology and other related social sciences that are behavioral in nature, and is not a question raised by historians. The question more relevant to historians is: What are those historical fac tors that brought about the secularization of modern man? To put it in another way: What are those ide£s throughout history that led to the development of man’s secular character? In effect, these questions belong more properly to the history of ideas. Once these questions have been answered, another one can be raised: What are the main characteristics of modem man that have been brought about by these histo rical transformations? To be noted in the topic is the qualification “secular”. This qualification is signifi cant because man can be viewed as a creature develop ing historically in accordance with a Divine plan, a view asserting that History is noth ing else but a process mani festing the work of Provi dence. This view is not a purely historical one and re presents an approach that per tains to what may be termed as a philosophy of history. It is the rejection of this theologico-historical approach that makes possible an alternative view, and this is the secular approach in understanding history. The term “secular” has been, historically speaking, an antithesis to the term ^theological,” “ecclesiastical,” or “religious.” However, sometimes “secular” has been used in the sense of “profane” or “non-religious.” In this case, it means something that is not religious but not neces sarily something irreligious. I do not intend to use the term secular with this latter con notation. The term will be used in a sense not only radic Panorama ally different from the reli gious point of view but as something referring to the re jection or the claim of irrele vancy, if not outright condem nation, of the religious view in the understanding of man’s historical development. The secularization of man, more precisely of some men, is an historical phenomenon and must be explained by his torical forces. It is oftentimes maintained that modern man is a secular man, and it is here that one must be careful of his terminology. This claim might be taken to mean that modern man is becoming more and more secular or that the terms “secular” and “mo dern” are identical. The first alternative is verified by an analysis of contemporary events. If the second alter native is accepted as valid, then it will follow that not all men in the contemporary world are modern; for cer tainly a great part of the world population still look at life from the religious point of view. Actually, the bulk of mankind at present is not at all completely secularized. Strictly speaking, what is meant by secularization as a phenomenon of modern man, pertains to both Western man and European history. It is thus significant to speak about the secularization of Western culture. However, nowadays, we are also witnesing a relative secularization of some Eastern cultures, prin cipally that of China. The case of Japan is similar to that of Western nations. But to be pointed out and empha sized is that the seculariza tion process in Eastern coun tries had its inspiration from the West. It is the introduc tion of Western science and technology, and a Western ideology, that is speeding se cularization in Asia. It is also the impact of Western culture and technology and its mate rial challenge to Islamic cul ture that will eventually bring about a relative in crease of secularization in Is lamic countries. The problem to raise at this point is to discover those historical factors that brought about the secularization of Western culture. Once these factors are known, it will be easier to know what secular man thinks today. It is essential to begin with Western medieval culture and medieval man. The seculari zation of Western culture can not be understood except as a reaction to medievalism. (The term “secular” is what is called in logic a “referent,” that is, it involves a “relatum;” for example, the term “child” involves “parent” and dbcember 1961 89 you cannot have one without the other.) In brief, what is secular involves the connota tion of a departure from something, and this is the re ligious view that flourished luxuriantly in Europe during the medieval ages. The medieval ages adhered to the theological conception of man. The earth was the center of the universe, and man, the creature of God, was placed in it to glorify his Creator. The Augustinian distinction between the earth ly city and the city of God and the prescription to actual ize the latter as a duty of all Christians were principles permeating the medieval out look. A neat theory of the universe expressive of the me dieval desire for order, was nowhere better presented than by Thomas Aquinas. To Aquinas, creation followed a well organized plan — the eternal law. The movements of the planets, the laws of science, the imperatives of moral behaviour, the end of man, etc., all found their res pective niches within this eternal law. That aspect or portion of the eternal law Ap plicable to the moral prescrip tions of man and discoverable by his reason was called na tural law. Now, man’s col lective experience led him to produce human law, which, on account of Original sin and limitations of his intellect, was not perfect. Consequent ly, natural law was posited as a corrective to human law. Yet in the Divine Plan, there was something else in store for man. On account of the need for salvation and since reason had its limitations, Re velation was necessary. This was Divine law, a law supple menting human law. Divine law made possible what Christians call “grace” and eternal bliss. All these, in a nutshell, was the medieval conception of law. Every thing had its proper place and relations within the general scheme of things. This view could certainly serve to give man some security and an swers to his “big” questions. (To be concluded) HEBREW... (Continued from page 69) students from interested countries can follow a month’s training course in Jerusalem, on every aspect of the student press from typing to budget control and equipment super vision. Already a Greek stu dent, Theodosius Kontopoulos, from Salonika, received train ing at the press early in 1961 after having obtained a travel grant from WUS. (UNESCO) 90 Panorama QUEEN BEE... (Continued from page 2) jelly can be obtained from the cell of a royal larva. Nurse bees produce it in their glands. The cell of a worker bee larva contains only the sixtieth part of this amount of food jelly. It might seem that it is only the quantitative multiplication of the food which makes a queen bee out of the larva; an alternative would be to assume a diffe rent qualitative composition of workers’ and queens’ jel lies. Dr. Rembold’s analysis shows that both quantitative and qualitative influnces are at work, the latter being pro bably more important. Promotion of Metabolism Royal jelly must contain substances promoting metabo lism. The metabolic perform ance of queen bees is stagger ing. Within a week the royal larva grows to 2500 times its initial weight. The adult queen bee which also feeds on royal jelly lays an egg every 20 seconds, its daily pro duction reaching 2000 eggs a day during the main laying season. Now one substance known to promote metabolism has been found at Munich in royal jelly in ten times the concentration it has in wor ker bees’ jelly. It is panto thenic acid, also known as vitamin B 5. If it is tried, however, to produce queens by adding pantothenic acid to worker bees’ jelly, the out come is negative. Pantothenic acid plays only an auxiliary part, while the real causal fac tor must be different. Another compound, known as biopterin, is also concent rated in royal jelly ten times stronger than in worker bees’ jelly. Again it proves impos sible to make a queen bee by adding biopterin to workers’ food. The physiological signi ficance' of biopterin is uncer tain. It would seem that it has to do with the longevity of the queens, since the win ter generation of worker bees, whicn also receives an in creased ration of biopterin, lives much longer than sum mer bees do. Man excretes appreciable amounts of this vitamin, related to folic acid, without any specific effects being known. In the queen bee even biopterin is just one of the auxiliaries kept ready by nature to engineer the ex traordinary metabolism of the queen bee once a queen bee has come into existence; but the auxiliary substance does not produce the queen bee. A Preservative Acid Royal jelly has an aromatic smell and is viscous. It con tains 60 per cent of water and 10 per cent of lipoids, fat-like compounds among which Dr. December 1961 91 QUEEN BEE... (Continued from page 2) jelly can be obtained from the cell of a royal larva. Nurse bees produce it in their glands. The cell of a worker bee larva contains only the sixtieth part of this amount of food jelly. It might seem that it is only the quantitative multiplication of the food which makes a queen bee out of the larva; an alternative would be to assume a diffe rent qualitative composition of workers’ and queens’ jel lies. Dr. Rembold’s analysis shows that both quantitative and qualitative influnces are at work, the latter being pro bably more important. Promotion of Metabolism Royal jelly must contain substances promoting metabo lism. The metabolic perform ance of queen bees is stagger ing. Within a week the royal larva grows to 2500 times its initial weight. The adult queen bee which also feeds on royal jelly lays an egg every 20 seconds, its daily pro duction reaching 2000 eggs a day during the main laying season. Now one substance known to promote metabolism has been found at Munich in royal jelly in ten times the concentration it has in wor ker bees’ jelly. It is panto thenic acid, also known ,as vitamin B 5. If it is tried, however, to produce queens by adding pantothenic acid to worker bees’ jelly, the out come is negative. Pantothenic acid plays only an auxiliary part, while the real causal fac tor must be different. Another compound, known as biopterin, is also concent rated in royal jelly ten times stronger than in worker bees’ jelly. Again it proves impos sible to make a queen bee by adding biopterin to workers’ food. The physiological signi ficance of biopterin is uncer tain. It would seem that it has to do with the longevity of the queens, since the win ter generation of worker bees, whicn also receives an in creased ration of biopterin, lives much longer than sum mer bees do. Man excretes appreciable amounts of this vitamin, related to folic acid, without any specific effects being known. In the queen bee even biopterin is just one of the auxiliaries kept ready by nature to engineer the ex traordinary metabolism of the queen bee once a queen bee has come into existence; but the auxiliary substance does not produce the queen bee. A Preservative Acid Royal jelly has an aromatic smell and is viscous. It con tains 60 per cent of water and 10 per cent of lipoids, fat-like compounds among which Dr. December 1961 91 Rembold found a new fatty acid previously unknown. To gether with Professor Butenandt, the famous biochemist in charge of the Munich re search institution, Dr. Rem bold found the chemical cons titution of the new acid. To the chemist it is 10-hydroxydecene-2-acid. It occurs only in the honey bee, yet worker bees’ jelly contains just as much of it as royal jelly does. So * even this acid cannot be the miraculous agent making a queen bee, and it has to content itself with the more modest task of acting as a pre servative for the jelly. * A Cool Jelly Makes a Hof Bee An American scientist, N. Weaver, succeeded some time ago in breeding queen bees from ordinary workers’ larvae in an incubator by feeding royal jelly to them. But if the jelly had been stored in a re frigerator for1 some while its action decreased; only a few larvae grew into queen bees, the rest forming intermediate stages including a giant wor ker bee. Dr. Hanser of the Munich laboratory has now succeeded in making ’queen bees out of common larvae in the incubator even with royal,J jelly kept in cold storage for a year. The juice had been cooled deeply immediately on obtaining it, the main con deration being prevention denaturation of the sensiti proteins. It has now becoB obvious that the decisi agent in royal jelly is staq enough to keep for sob length of time, which rais hopes for the possibility isolating it. It may yet be hi den inside the protein fn tion. Even proteins seeming equal in their general chej ical nature and behavio may be very different as i gards the sequence and a rangement of their basic uni' These subtle dif ferenc which scientists are only b ginning to disclose by lab rious analytical techniqu play a vital part in biolog The substances in questic can also be nucleic acids compounds of such acids ai proteins. The chances are th compounds of high molecul weight, with manifold posf bilities of coding constructs data in the arrangement their units, are the controllii agent in royal jelly. The Munich researches wl be the starting-point for fu ther experiments with jelli< deliberately varied in the composition. This methc may help to find the respoi sible factor in royal jell within the foreseeable futur * * 92 Panoram MISSING PAGE/PAGES