Panorama

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Part of Panorama

Title: Panorama
Description: All these are either original productions or selective adaptions and condensations from Philippine and foreign publications. Usually brief and compact, lasting from two to ten minutes to read, each article offers a rewarding experience in one’s moments of leisure.
Issue Date: Volume XIV (Issue No. 5) May 1962
Publisher: Community Publishers, Inc.
Language: English
Subject: Books and reading.; Recreational reading.
Rights
Place of publication: Manila
extracted text: Y 1962 75 Centavos Zell ]four friends about the Panorama, the Philippines’ most versatile, most significant magazine today. Qivc them a year’s subscription — NOW! they will appreciate it. Subscription Form ................ 1 year for P8.50 ................2 years for P16.00 ................ Foreign subscription: one year $6.00 U.S. Name ...................................................................................................... Street ...................................................................................................... City or Town ................................... Province .................................. Enclosed is o check/money order for the amount specified above. Please address all checks or money orders in favor of: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Invernes St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines CON TENTS Columbus — A Greek? ...................................................... 2 Thoughts on the Present Crisis Dr. Vicente G. Sinco ..................................................... 3 We Asians Vice-President E. Pelaez ............................................ 7 Laurel and Social Justice Pio Pedrosa.............................................................................. 11 New Statesmanship for Asia Senator Raul Manglapus ............................................ 14 The Policy of Free Enterprise Cornelio Balmaceda ........................................................ 18 The Woman Labor Law Emiliano Morabe 23 Let's Eat Shark Pablo T. Tamesis ............................................................. 27 The Peace Corps Lawrence H. Fuchs ........................................................ 33 The College President W. W. Watt ......................................................................... 49 Indian Words in the English Language Naranjan Singh Uppal ................................................. 53 Plaques Mark Famous Residences David Stephens .................................................................. 59 Holidays on Horseback P. Drew ................................................................................... 61 Ramboo and Pulp Making .............................................. 63 Electronic Devices in Post Offices .................................. 81 Trial and Death of Bonifacio Teodoro Agoncillo .................................... 83 Water from the Desert ...................................................... 90 PANORAMA is published monthly by the Community Publishers, Inc., Invernes St., Sts. Ana, Manila, Philippines •r: ARMANDO J. MALAY Art Director: RODOLFO P. PEREZ Business Manager: MRS. C. A. Maramag sription rates: In the Philippines, one year P8.50; two years 716.00. Foreign subscription: one year $6.00 U.S.; two yean MA $11.00 U.S. Single copy 75 centavos. COLUMBUS-A GREEK? Yes—was the reply given to the above question by Mr. Demetrius Sicilianos, former Greek Ambas sador in Washington 'at a lecture given recently at the Athens Club of which he is the chairman. Contrary to the commonly accepted belief, which makes Christopher Columbus a Genoese, Mr. Sicilia nos was able to produce documentary and other evid ence to show that the discoverer of America came of a noble Greek family— the Disypatoi Palaeologi—and was born at Constantinople in 1439. He left that city after its capture by the Turks in 1453 and thereafter led a wandering life as a corsair until he persuaded the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabela to fin ance his expedition to the West Indies which led to the discovery of the American continent. Mr. Sicilianos invokes the evidence of the bio graphy written by Christopher Columbus’ son Fer nando, who says that his father was a relative of George Disypatos Palaeologos, known as George the Greek, a famous corsair in the service of King Louis XI of France with whom Christopher served for sev eral years against the Turks and Venice. According to Mr. Sicilianos, there were two men bearing the name of Christopher Columbus—the first of illustrious Greek origin, as mentioned above, and the second a humble weaver and cheese-merchant born at Genoa in 1451. It is a fact that the discoverer of America no where mentions the place of his birth but merely calls himself a ‘stranger’ in Spain. It is absurd to wish to identify the great navi gator, a highly-cultured man who had studied astro nomy, mathematics, geometry, physics and the works of the Greek and Arab geographers and whom King Ferdinand honoured with the title of ‘Viceroy of the Indies’, with the simple weaver and cheese-merchant of Genoa who died an obscure death in Portugal. Many countries and cities, including no less than nine Italian rivals of Genoa, claim to have given birth to the great navigator. But the probabilities, as Mr. Sicilianos concluded, are in favour of his Greek ori gin, for the reasons stated above. Panorama MAY 19 62 Entered m second clan mail matter at the Manila Poet Office on Dee. 7, 1956 MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 5 VOL. XIV THOUGHTS ON THE PRESENT CRISIS Dr. Vicente G. Sinco To the the observant citi zen of our country today, mankind is literally beC^villed by enormous ques tions and problems. Some of them are old but many are new, making life more com plicated and giving us a pic ture of confusion and puzzle ment. Some people may and do approach them with indif ference and fatalistic abandon, relying on what the indolent and the irresponsible among us would say: “Bahala na.’’ Such men and women are likely destined to become pa rasites of society. But men and women who have gone through the process of acquir ing a college education are ex pected to look at these prob lems with a sense of responsi bility, to meet these questions with a measure of determina tion to work for right answers. These are the citizens that our country must have and must have them in sufficient num bers now and in the days to come. Without them, the fu ture of the nation will be dangerously uncertain, dark and dreary. Undoubtedly, social and eco nomic problems do not solve themselves. They have to be met by those whose minds have been trained to think, to reason, to weigh, and to vis ualize imaginatively. It is not enough that we arm ourselves with bare facts and statistics. Nor should we as citizens of a democracy leave to one man or to a lew the task of finding the solutions to the problems that we have to face. That would be an undesirable and a dangerous step to take. We would be thereby courting di saster. For in so doing we may succumb to the temptation of dispensing with the use of our own minds, and, as a conse quence, we may soon find our selves living as captives in a totalitarian society with a strong man or a clique of de magogues doing all the think ing for us. Desiring a condi tion of ease, prefering the pleasant and painless path, we shall lose the freedom to choose that which we deem best for us and that which we believe to be the highest point of our destiny. On the other hand, should we make our own decisions in utter ignor ance of ideas and ways that could open for us the doors to a better life, it is most likely that we may end up in losing whatever possessions we have been able to acquire and what ever opportunities may have presented themselves to us. This is the dilemma that confronts a people in a new democracy. It is what makes the creed of democracy so per plexing and so demanding to those who chose to follow it. For it calls for intelligence, courage, unselfishness, selfcriticism, and sacrifice. It is what makes the ideology of authoritarianism deceptively alluring because it calls for no effort on the part of the peo ple to think for themselves and to make their own deci sions; and so it offers them the misleading convenience of ef fortless conformity and sub mission to the dictates of the leader. This is true in all forms of authoritarianism — whether in politics, in econo mics, or in religion. It is em bodied in the ideology of Com munism, of Fascism and Na zism, or in other brands of dictatorial systems. Education alone could lead us out of this dilemma, educa tion that frees us from the monopolistic control of any one set of beliefs, that broad ens our intellectual horizon, and that enables reason to guide our emotions and to give wings to our imagination. It is the sort of education that deepens and, at the same time, 4 Panoiama widens our understanding of cultural, moral, and. spiritual values. Bearing these thoughts in mind, let us now turn our at tention to the conditions of our country today. Viewed broadly and objectively they present a bewildering state of affairs; and it has been so since the end of the last World War. We see growth, vbut it is an unbalanced, a one sided, growth. In our desire to build a progressive com munity, we have been con centrating our efforts on the economic side of develop ment. We have persuaded ourselves into thinking that our national problems can have but one main solution; and that solution lies in in dustrialization and in the me chanization of all our other activities. We take unusual pride in the increasing num ber of plants and shops we have put up for the produc tion of things we need or we seem to need. Our minds are set on the acquisition of an abundance of material posses sions. In this respect we have taken the view of some per sons who measure progress by the amount of goods we con sume and the number of ser vices we could command. In other words, national pro gress is wholly equated with a high mass consumption, inMay 1962 5 terpreted as a high standard of living. We are persuaded to believe in the soundness of that view. Within proper li mits it deserves our accept ance. But adopting it blind ly as the sole criterion of pro gress it could have crude and undesirable' results. Never theless, it is appealing to those whose purpose in life is not just to live in comfort but to wallow in the abundance of material possessions, to dis play the luxury of palatial dwellings, to be seen riding in flashy cars, to bedeck themselves in precious jewel ry, to give sumptuous ban quets, and to indulge in other forms of what Thorstein Ve blen calls conspicuous con sumption. This distorted idea of progress and well-being finds acceptance among the uncritical and those who claim to be practical men. Un fortunately, it is responsible for the disappearance of the lofty concept of simple living and high thinking, the ideal of truly great minds. It is one of the causes of the weaken^ ing of moral values. Today it is not strange to find men of this persuasion in positions of power, influence, and prestige. Pretending to devote their energies for the general welfare, they are in fact looking for their own per sonal improvement or for the • improvement of a few favored individuals. While the profit motive should not be sup pressed in a free society, it should, however, be carefully restrained lest it overrides so cial purpose and interest and becomes a factor exclusively intended for personal advance ment. There is both social and moral justification in guard ing ourselves and our country against self-seeking men and women who make the spe cious claim that what is good for them individually or for their business is always good for all. (Continued on page 22) 6 PAN0RAM4 WE ASIAN Emmanuel Pelaez Vice President of the Philippines Being an Asian, in the world that has evolved these past years, is more than a geographical identity: it is a state of the soul, a condition of the spirit. It is a cry of exultation over the freedom that has been won by so many peoples who had suffered cen turies of colonial servitude. It is a burning protest against the continued colonization of the few who remain unfi It is an assertion of equal and dignity. It is a dems for respect. It is a sense pride in the past glories Asia, humility in the realiza tion of its present needs, con fidence in the inevitability of its future deliverance. All this is what it means to be an Asian. For tfie present, nothing unifies Asia as cohesively as its unbridled impatience to catch up with the twentieth century. Colonial exploita tion and repression had kept us hewers of wood and draw ers of water. Our resources had been drained to feed the insatiable appetites of the in dustrialized colonizers. We share an ironic kind of equality: we are equally poor, equally backward, equally un der-developed — an Asian leader once said that the most democratic aspect of Asia was the equal distribution of po verty. While rocketships have been shot into space to girdle the globe with human cargo, Asians still move around in bull-carts. While care for the aged has an urgent problem in the advanced countries, Asiansdie young and die by the thousands of such unnecessary diseases as tuberculosis and beri-beri. We have not ba nished illiteracy. We are still captives of ignorance and su perstition. And all of these problems, all of these afflic tions are compounded and multiplied by uncontrollable birthrates. Our problems are undoub tedly awesome: just as un doubtedly, we are determined to fight them. We did not win political freedom merely to be enslaved by the tyranny of poverty. We are going to feed ourselves healthfully; clothe ourselves comfortably, 8 Panorama house ourselves in dignity, educate ourselves adequately. But none of us can do these things alone. We have to help one another. We have to cooperate and work toge ther. But first of all, we have to know each other better. It is only now that we Asians are beginning to know each other, and what we know is still pitifully small. This is not our fault, of course. There was a time, many civilizations ago, when we knew one another quite well, since our peoples were always running into each other in the marketing cen ters and along the trading seaways of our part of the world, but the age of colo nialism rang down an iron curtain around each one of us. We were isolated from one another. The Filipinos learn ed everything there was to know about George Washing ton, and never heard of In donesia’s Prince Diponegoro. The Vietnamese spoke French, but had no idea what language the Filipinos spoke. The Indians kept abreast of what was going on in London and could not care less about what went on in Manila. Now we will have to fill in the void, expose the distortions, and correct the misconcep tions of centuries. And after the peoples of Asia have come to know each other better, with knowledge will come un derstanding, and with under standing will come acknow ledgment and acceptance of the need for them to help each other in meeting their common problems of economic under-development and social stagnation. I had occasion to suggest the need for Asians to begin thinking of closer economic cooperation, perhaps leading eventually to an Asian com mon market, to meet the chal lenge and opportunities of other regional economic groupings, such as the Eu ropean common market. Ma ny of us supply raw materials to the mills of the West: again, here is an area where we can profitably cooperate and collaborate. And while we are working May 1962 9 together to promote our ma terial well-being, we should not forget the needs of the spirit. We should also foster cultural and artistic exchang es. All these cooperative en deavors require that the chan nels of communication among us must always be kept open. Easily one of the most efficient and accessible of those chan nels is the press of Asia. No matter how much we Asians help each other, how ever, our development and progress will be limited unless we make use of the techno logical resources and know how and the scientific mar vels of the West. Except for Japan and to some extent In dia, none of us is a highlyindustrialized country, and to survive all of us have to industrialize. We can do on ly with the help of the West. I am aware of course of re sidues of resentment and hos tility that have been left be hind in Asia by the colonial powers, and in many cases it is not difficult to understand why. We cannot allow the memories of the past, ho.wever, to becloud our vision of the future. We cannot build factories with hate, operate machines with bitterness, run tractors and bulldozers and graders with false pride. We need the tools and the know how and the science of the West, to employ for our own good. To deny ourselves of their aid would be suicidal. But we will deal with the West, of course, only as equals. We will not barter our sovereignty and dignity for aid or trade. Asia has been abused too long to to lerate further indignity. An other mission is to present a truer and, where we need sympathy, a more sympathetic picture of Asia to the West. The world must be told that while Asia needs help, it will not beg; while it has acquired a new awareness of its identity and dynamic strength, it wishes nothing more fervently than peace, because it is only in peace that it can. devote all its man power and resources to the formidable challenge of twen tieth-century progress. In a bower of bright bridal roses This lesson I learned from a bird: It may be the man who proposes, But the girl always has trie last word. ♦ ♦ ♦ 10 Panorama About forty years ago, I had the privilege, as a student of government in the University of the Philip pines, to sit at the feet of the old master.' Having then been the central figure in the Fili pino - American controversy that had raged to critical and even racial proportions over the scope of supervision that Filipino government officials could exercise over their Ame rican subordinates, Dr. Jose P. Laurel had awakened our peo ple into a new consciousness of national dignity, into a new and emotionally charged pat riotic fervor. Personal contact with him at the time, and to the end of his days, was in spirational. He radiated in fluence that evoked deeper love of country and higher pride that one was a Filipino. ™ SOCIAL JUSTICE To Dr. Laurel, education had only one function: the pursuit of truth, honor and justice; and only one sublime and overriding purpose: the recognition and dignification of the human personality. Like a pure gem, his genius sparked from many facets. At the core of his preoccupations, however, regardless of the field of activity in which he might for the moment be en gaged, whether it was in edu cation, in legislation, in the administration and dispensa tion of justice, in directing the governmental machinery at the most painful chapter in our nation’s history, in his de fiant struggles against every imposition that would subvert May 1962 11 or denigrade the Filipino race, his central thought was the welfare and well-being of our common people. “After the sleep of genera tions”, he once wrote, “our common people are awaken ing to their birthright of hu man dignity, entitlement to a decent social status, and at tainment of a satisfactory level of livelihood. They are no longer content to remain poor and to appease hunger for ma terial sufficiency with uncer tain visions of blessedness in the after-life. They are dis posed to fight for mundane needs and comforts in the here and now. They are beginning to understand both the pro mise and the validity of the democratic system, with its inherent possibilities of nar rowing the gap between the misery of the farm tenant and the self-indulgent luxurious living of the absentee land lord, the political cacique or the merchant prince. More and more they are consciously demanding the fulfillment of democracy’s promise and the actual realization of its possi bilities.” Our Constitution directs that “the promotion of social justice to insure the well-be ing and economic security of all the people should be the concern of the State”. Because this precept was being proselytized by self seeking elements as establish ing the right, in the words of another Filipino immortal, Manuel L. Quezon, to be fed without working, to squat on property not one’s own, or to take other short-cuts to com petence, in the belief that the State owes every citizen a liv ing without effort on his part, it was Dr. Laurel, the emi nent jurist, sitting as a magis trate of the Supreme Court, who gave the definition that has become the classic pro nouncement on the nature of this constitutional mandate. “Social justice”, he wrote, “is the humanization of the laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational and objectively secu lar conception may at least be approximated. It means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by the government of measures cal culated to insure economic stability of all the component elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equili brium in the interrelations of the members of the commun ity ... . Social justice must be founded on the recognition of the necessity of interdepen dence among the diverse units of society and of the protec 12 Panorama tion that should be equally extended to all groups as a combined force in our social and economic life, consistent with the fundamental and paramount objective of the State of promoting the health, comfort and quiet of all per sons . . . This constitutional precept has been the guiding principle of our government since the implantation of the Govern ment of the Commonwealth twenty-seven years ago, and of the Republic since 1946. The war destroyed and nulli fied everything that had been accomplished prior to its out break, and it must be said that the first five years at least of the Republic should be consi dered largely the period of re construction and rehabilita tion from the destruction apd devastation of that war. In deed development projects were planned and implemen tation was started immediate ly after the liberation. But it is only in this past decade when measures to implement the development plans were freed of the preferential atten tion to the projects of recon structing and rehabilitating the nation’s economic life. We see all over the country that substantial progress has been made in agricultural pro duction, in industrial expan sion and diversification, in domestic and international trade, in capital formation, in technical and entrepreneural progress, in the ultilization of technological and scientific processes. At the same time we can not be blind to the stark real ities of poverty, insecurity, and misery among over whelming segments of our po pulation. We can not fail to see that the output of our de velopment efforts is being pro duced at a much lbwer pace than the growing demand for bare livelihood being genera ted in our increasing popula tion. It is Dr. Laurel again who paints for us a vivid picture of present conditions. He asks the same question: “How far has our Government succeed ed in its social justice func tions?” “The answer”, he said, “lies in the lips and hearts of the millions of unemployed who bitterly wonder why they are jobless when rich natural resources abound in their homeland; of the legions of graduates of secondary schools and colleges who tramp the streets and sidewalks and spend endless hours in wait ing rooms of business offices, looking for jobs that do not exist; of the thousands in the rural areas and in the slums of cities and towns whose (Continued on page 64) May 1962 13 Senator Raul Manglapus Where is this country go ing? As one who was elected in to the Senate on the ticket of the Liberal Party, perhaps I might be qualified within the limits of my capacity to des cribe my idea of where my country is going under this administration. We have one theme in this administration and it is not very different from the themes of the neigboring countries around us. We believe in one slogan — liberation. To our south Indonesia has worried about the liberation of West Irian, and I want to tell you that — I haven’t said this yet — that I myself per sonally feel that under the communique of the Bandung Conference the Philippines is committed to the Indonesian position on West Irian. Of course, we may debate on the methods to be -used for the achievement of this goal, but we are committed to the position of Indonesia. We may also quarrel about the methods used in the libe ration of Goa. But we were, because of our adherence to an unequivocal position against colonialism, in fayor of the position that the Goan situation should be resolved in acordance with the principle of self-determination. We are for liberation. But you might ask us: what worlds are there for the Phil ippines to liberate? I shall prescind here from the rather interesting question of North Borneo. But I can assure you, that we in the Philippines are thinking of liberating, other things. We are thinking of liberating our own people. Not long ago, there was a man who came to the Phil ippines, a very distinguished gentleman named Salvador de Madariaga, a 'Spanish intellec tual who lives in exile in Lon don. Before the Philippine Columbian he made one gem of a statement: a country may be the colony of its own gov ernment. We believe that the Philip pines has been for sometime a colony of its own govern ment. Before the Spaniards came, our people lived in in dependent self-reliant settle ments called balangays, where 14 Panorama ASIA the people saw the effects of their contribution to their society in the trade that these colonies or settlements car ried on with Japan, China, In dia and Cambodia and where the people also saw the ef fects of their contributions in the improvement of their own daily lives. When the Spaniards came they brought us many things — good things. They brought us the faith in which most of us now believe. But they al so brought us this — they ga thered all the baZangays toge ther and centralized power in the capital city of Manila, marking the beginning of what our own hero Jose Rizal called the indolence of the Fi lipinos. Rizal said the Filipinos was indolent not because he had no will but because he had no hope. For from the time our government was centra lized for colonial purposes in Manila, the Filipinos conti nued to pay taxes and tri butes, but this money came to Manila and was dispensed to them by the colonial govern ment as it pleased and they began to assume the role of beggars for the money they themselves had paid. The Americans came, they gave us a large measure of self-government. They insti tuted elections down to the municipal level, but with the aid of the Filipino politicians of the time they continued the centralized form of gov ernment by which, although the people in the municipality were then given the power to vote, their tax money was still funneled to the capital, and if they desired something in their community to be done they still had to come to Manila to beg for that which was after all money from their own pockets. In 1934, the American gov ernment gave us the opportu nity to write our own consti tution and perhaps effect our own liberation. Unfortu nately, perhaps because our leaders were not yet of the enlightened thinking that is now prevalent in our country, the constitution perpetuated the colonial system in this country so that in spite of the fact that a man of our May 1962 19 own skin thereafter began to sit in Malacanang we still continued to have in Malacahang a colonial governor dispensing patronage out of the money that .had been paid from the blood, sweat and tears of the people in the barrios and municipalities. In 1953, there was a man elected to our presidency by the name of Ramon Magsay say. What was the Magsaysay revolution? It began like this: A few years before 1953, the people in Central Luzon had begun to look to Mt. Arayat and the Communists for guidance, and the first step that Magsaysay took was to turn the people’s eyes from Arayat back to Malacanang. But having turned the eyes of the people to the presiden tial palace, he discovered that what he had succeeded in do ing was to continue in the people the mentality of depen dence on the central govern ment. And therefore, to ripen that revolution he began to inspire legislation that would reduce presidential powers, reduce the power of the na tional government and redis tribute this power to the local communities in order to ex cite their self-reliance once more. This did not mean simply what we call community de velopment or rural recons truction, which are good things, necessary things. But this is a question of power, a question of money, a question of taxes, a question of decision. Year in and year out, our people contribute money to the government from their pockets and year in, year out they have to come to Manila to beg for money so that they may build their own feeder roads on which to' transport their produce to market, so that they may im prove their daily lives and thus contribute to the econo my of this country. We have just elected a man President who pledged to the ripening of this revolution. He is going to do this, first, by reducing his own powers, which he has already begun to do, and, second, in the eco nomic phase, by placing his faith in the private initiative of the people. You have all heard of the phrase pork barrel. This is one of the more dubious por tions of the heritage that we have received from the Unit ed States. Pork barrel, I am sure, has a counterpart in In dia and in other places. It is the money of the people brought to the capital and distributed back to them in the form of favors by the po liticians. Mr. Macapagal has 16 Panorama abolished pork barrel. At least there is no pork barrel in the budget that he has pro posed to Congress. What is the meaning of this? Let me explain this by one example. One day not so long ago, a friend of mine told me that he had been to a picnic in a province very near here, only about 20 miles from Ma nila. They had to walk miles along rice paddies to the place where the picnic was to be held. When they arrived there he saw that there was a huge mango grove of many trees, and there were fruits on these trees and the fruits were rotting. And this friend of mine ask ed his host, “Why don’t you pick, these fruits and take them to market?” And the host was supposed to have answered, “How can I? You saw how we came here. We had to walk miles and miles and there are no roads on which to transport these mangoes to market. It would cost more to take them to market, so I let them rot.” “But,” my friend insisted, “this is wealth! Why don’t you build the road?” His host said, “How can I build the road alone?” “No,” my friend said, “get help! Go to your congress_man!” “Ah!”- the host said, “you know, this barrio made a mis take. We voted for the wrong man. He lost in the last elec tions. And the winner, he came to this barrio and the first thing he said was: as long as I am in power you will not get a single centavo of pork barrel in this barrio.” “Well,” my friend said, “why don’t you go to Malaca nang?” “But I have no pull in Mala canang.” “Well, why don’t you gather the people together and make them build the road?” “That is not the mentality of this barrio. We believe that it is the duty of the politicians to provide us with the pork barrel, and if we have voted for the wrong politician we just have to wait for the next elections.” That is pork barrel. It is a system which has worked more than any other part of our political traditions to hamper the economic devel opment of this country. What we are going to do is to see to it that taxes paid by the local people are retained by the local people so that the people may be able to use their own money for their own development. In some ways, you may say, this is conservatism. Somebo(Continued on page 74) May 1962 17 Free trade is built on the sound doctrine that a country should utilize ’ its labor and natural resources in the lines of production that could give it tiie greatest advantage and should buy from other coun tries goods that it cannot so advantageously produce. Al though this doctrine is actual ly repudiated in the general practices and policies of gov ernments, which have used the protective tariff as an instrument of national policy, this fact does not detract from the soundness and vali dity of the economic doctrine of free trade. Akin to it is the policy of free enterprise that opposes in principle government control of business. Just as a nation or a community could desire the greatest gains from its commercial relations under a regime of free trade, so the business enterpreneur could attain its maximum growth and healthiest development under a free enterprise econo my. However, we must re alize that even the freest so ciety under the complex eco nomic conditions and prob lems of today requires some THE GOVERNMENT'S POLICY OF Cornelio Balmaceda degree of government control and certain forms of govern ment regulation of business in order to serve the best in terest and the common wel fare of our interdependent so ciety. Modem man can no longer say that “that govern ment governs best which gov erns least”. His complex •existence necessitates social coordination and planning for which the authority and crea tive activity of government must be concerned with to protect the general welfare. Thus we need laws govern ing franchises granted by the government to public utilities, laws prohibiting monopolies or combination in restraint of trade, laws regulating the operations of banks, insurance companies, exchanges and other financial institutions, 18 Panorama FREE ENTERPRISE laws punishing unfair trade practices, laws regulating the relations between capital and labor, pure food and drug laws, etc. These are normal form§ of economic controls being exercised by govern ments. When unusual situa tions arise, like wars and other great calamities, and a state of national emergency is created thereby other forms of government controls and regulations are devised to meet such emergencies. These are temporary measures that remain in force for the dura tion of the emergency, such as: price controls, export controls, credit controls, im port and foreign exchange controls. It was such a situation that gave rise to the adoption of economic controls in our coun try after the last war. The first Import Control Law, R.A. No. 330, was enacted bn June 24, 1948 and put into ef fect on January 1, 1949 and the second, Republic Act No. 426, was approved on May 18, 1950. The objective was to conserve our foreign exchange through the reduction of nonessential imports and to chan nel the use of our limited supply of foreign exchange to the purchase of capital goods and other essential imports that were urgently needed to rehabilitate our war-devas tated economy. Exchange control was insti tuted by the Central Bank on December 9, 1949 following the tightening of import on December 1, 1949. When the Import Control Law expired on June 30, 1953, the control of imports was continued by the Central Bank by promul May 1962 19 gating rules and regulations for the licensing of foreign exchange for the payment of imports. As already stated, the sys tem of controls that was adopted herein 1949 was in tended to serve only as a temporary measure. I was Secretary of Commerce and Industry when the control system was started by the government in 1949. The du ty and responsibility of start ing the operation of the Im port Control Law was assign ed by law to the Secretary of Commerce and Industry as Chairman of the Import Con trol Board. Although it could not then be easily determined how long the controls as a temporary measure would have to remain in effect, the expectation was that the con dition of the economy would gradually improve so that in not much longer than five or six years the controls would be gradually terminated. It took, however, over twelve years before the sys tem of controls reached its end and free enterprise was again restored to our country. Real decontrol came on Jan uary 22, 1962, twenty days after the new administration took over the reins of govern ment. For the first time in more than a decade, the Phil ippine peso was freed to find its own level in the open market and the licensing of foreign exchange purchases was totally abolished. In taking this step and in announcing the government’s policy of free enterprise, President Macapagal said: “We should clear the obstacles which have grown up in .the past during the regime of con trols, and liberate the energies and imagination of our peo ples and our entrepreneurs for economic projects of last ing value to the country. “In assuming our proper responsibilities, we shall be guided by the economic philo sophy of ‘Faith in the Filipi no’. We believe that economic development is principally a task of private enterprise and not of government. The gov ernment’s role is to create a favorable environment that will provide the inducements necessary, in terms of suitable policies and measures needed, to foster economic growth and stability. It must be in a position to devise new and effective methods, democratic in character and spirit, to in duce the private sector — pro perly called the dynamic sec tor— to risk idle capital for development purposes.” With this clear statement of policy by the President, it can b • expected that all obstacles to the complete restoration of 20 Panorama free enterprise will be cleared and that the remaining res trictions made necessary by the effects of the regime of controls that still have to be overcome will be gradually liquidated. Future policies will tend to strengthen and solidify rather than hinder the progress toward free en terprise economy. Under the democratic sys tem, the solution of our socio economic problems has to be sought within, the framework of free enterprise. As an eco nomic policy, free enterprise operates to maintain and pre serve the free market econo my wherein the instruments of production are owned by private individuals and enter prise's and the distribution of goods and services is gov erned by free market forces. The government will continue to exercise leadership in the economic and social advance ment of the nation. It is the obligation of the government to set a high example of ho nesty and morality in the public service for those in pri vate pursuits to emulate. The government must see to it that private property is res pected, private contracts are strictly adhered to, peace and order are maintained, justice is administered with impar tiality, and that currency which is the lifeblood of the nation’s economy is main tained on a sound basis. In other economic systems like socialism and commun ism, government interference in any economic process is dominant. The economy is centrally planned and con trolled by the governing authority. In the free market economy, market forces and price mechanism determine the operation of the economy. Voluntary cooperation of the citizens in all economic pro cesses is its essential feature. These are the conditions that the present administration de sires to create and institute in order to give real meaning to democracy under which the Filipino people must be gov erned and the Philippine gov ernment must be run. The initial steps toward this direction have already been taken particularly with the launching of the decontrol program. Necessary measures and policies are gradually be ing instituted with the utmost c^re in order to cushion the effects of decontrol and to les sen the pains and difficulties that must necessarily attend the transition from controlled economy to a free enterprise economy. Other steps that will be taken by the administration which will help to insure the free enterprise policy include May 1962 21 the orderly and consistent implementation of the govern ment’s five-year socio-eco nomic program, and, particulary (1) the creation of con ditions that will provide more income and employment to the people; (2) the attain ment of -self-sufficiency in the staple food of the people; (3) the maintenance of a balanced budget and discontinuance of deficit spending; (4) the pro gressive reduction of the pub lic debts; (5) providing the proper incentives to domestic and foreign investments; (6) dispersal of most of the gov ernment-owned corporations to the private sector; and (7) “the establishment of policies that will strengthen the rural fiber of our nation and re introduce those values that would invigorate our demo cracy.” THOUGHTS ON THE . . . There is really nothing in herently wrong in working for one’s individual welfare as long as the ambition to im prove one’s condition does not make him forget that he is a citizen, that he is a member of the community, that such membership binds him to all the other members, and ?o he is under an obligation to ren der positive assistance to his fellows and to his nation. The privilege of citizenship or of membership of a society irre vocably implies social rela tionships and mutual coopera tion. The degree of fulfill ment to which our social duty should take us depends upon our awareness of the moral nature of this obligation. We can disregard it just as some of us quite often disregard the promptings of our personal conscience. But if this prac(Continued from page 6) tice becomes general, if those who direct the national poli cies follow suit, the time will come when the social con science will cease to respond to the clamor of the nation fongenuine betterment. The evils that beset us these days are largely traceable to that selfish ambition that en tirely ignores the superior in terests of the nation. In the pursuit of that spirit, some of our countrymen have come to worship wealth as the bes£ means of acquiring everything in life including public offices and the fellowship of the high and the mighty. So with much money in their hands, ballots and offices are bought and public men are made to do their bidding. With noth ing but personal prosperity in (Continued on page 32) 22 Panorama The Woman and Child La bor J^aw with its “equal pay for equal work” feature has been one of the two most fun damental pieces of legislation ever passed for women during the decade. The first of these measures was that granting the right of suffrage to wo men. Hence, from political equality the female sex has advanced to economic equal ity, so that now our women do not only have the right to vote and be elected to public office just like our men, but for work of equal value they are entitled to get the same pay as our male workers. Emiliano Morabe The Woman and Child La bor Law, which is known as Rep. Act No. 679 as amended by Rep. Act No. 1161, contains two provisions which have scared many employers from employing women. The first requires the payment of ma ternity benefits to women who become pregnant during work (Sec. 8(c)) and the se cond prohibits the discharge of women except for miscon duct (Sec. 12(c)). Under the latter provision, it would be unlawful for an employer to discharge any women worker for causes not attributable to the fault of such woman worker. Unfortunately, this econom ic equality envisioned by our women is but an illusion. Be cause of the law, hundreds of women are denied or eased out of employment. This fact is admitted even by dep artment of labor sources. Employers are not entirely to blame for this ironic si tuation, for the law supposed to be for the benefit of wo men is turning out, in actual ity, to be an anti-women le gislation. The law’s glaring defects call for scrutiny and reexamination. THE WOMAN LABOR LAW May 1962 23 It is not my intention to suggest the removal of the maternity protection afforded; by law to women. I personal ly believe our women work ers need such a protection. However, there is validity in the complaint of owners or managers of the average and marginal firms who are re quired to pay maternity be nefits in addition to sickness benefits under the Social Se curity Act. They claim that women workers, bed-ridden for maternity reasons, are no different from other workers who become sick and are en titled to sickness benefits. Both are paid during the pe riod of their disability or un productiveness. Yet, as far as the employer is concerned, he must pay more for women workers because he has to grant them maternity as well as sickness benefits. Personally, I see nothing wrong in combining materni ty with social security bene fits. The Philippines is about the only country where these two benefits are dealt with separately. Even the United States, where private enter prises are relatively more prosperous .and more eco nomically sound than ours, does not have such maternity law as we have. In fact, the International Labor Organ ization has advocated for the inclusion of maternity allow ance “within the framework of sickness insurance.” (Art. 667 of the ILO Labor Code). The Havana Resolution con cerning the conditions of em ployment of women provides that “maternity allowance should be provided by means of a social insurance scheme.” If the Social Security Sys tem can invest in projects that have nothing to do with social security, obviously be cause it is saddled with enor mous accumulated funds, I cannot understand why it should not be able to pay for the maternity benefits of wo men workers. After all, em ployers’ contributions make up a major portion of the SSS fund. The other highly objection able feature of the Woman and Child Labor Law is Sec. 12(c) which penalizes an em ployer for dismissing a wo man worker for causes not at tributable to her fault. While apparently there seems to be nothing wrong with this pro<= vision, in actual operation it puts an employer in an eco nomic straight-jacket and may even be considered a “business suicide.” The phrase “for causes not attributable to the fault of the worker” has assumed a definite meaning and inter pretation. .These causes may 24 Panorama be a natural lag in the bus iness, closing of a establish ment because of lack of raw materials or reduction in de mand and other similar causes. (Congressional Re cord for the Senate, Vol. 1, pp. 322-323) Literally interpreted, Sec tion 12(c) may mean that an employer cannot dismiss wo men workers even if the es tablishment in which they are employed has become bank rupt for legitimate business or economic reasons, or has been wiped out by fire or other catastrophic event. As she does not commit any mis conduct, a woman worker is therefore almost employed for life. She cannot be dismissed even,if the employer is forced to close His business because of a business depression. Simply because this cause is not attributable to her fault! Can one, therefore, blame an employer for being extra cau tious in hiring women work ers? Aside from causing a patent injustice to an employer, this provision in the Woman and Child Labor Law is also dis criminatory to men workers. Discrimination in favor of women may be justified by (1) the nature of the employ er’s business and (2) the cha racter of the work. (Miller v. Wilson, 235 U 375; State v. Bunting affirmed in 243 US 426) On these considerations are based our existing laws regulating the hours of wo men in certain industries or in jobs involving the lifting of heavy objects. A sweeping discrimination against male workers, without any consideration to the na ture of the job, such as is pro vided in the law above-men tioned, is unfair to men. Fur thermore, it is unconstitution al and violative of ILO Con vention No. Ill, to which the Philiopine government is a signatory. This ILO conven tion prohibits any discrimina tion in employment by reason of sex and other considera tions. This provision is unfair and discriminatory to men because it gives women a greater se curity of tenure than what prevailing law gives to men. Where the conditions of the work or the job are the same, there should be no difference in the fixity of tenure for both women and men work ers. In fact, it is for this rea son of equality that women have advocated — and which the law has granted — equal pay for work of equal value for both men and women workers. A law that gives women greater security of work than men under identi may 1962 25 cal conditions would consti tute class legislation. Perhaps the main purpose of Sec. 12(c) is to prevent the apparent discrimination against the employment of women by reason of their married status or sex. These circumstances (married status and sex) are, indeed, beyond the fault of women workers and should not be a motive for their discharge. While such may be the intention of Congress in passing the amendments to the Woman and Child Labor Law (Sec. 12(c)), the actual wordings of the law do not reflect this in tention of the Legislature. The present Woman and Child Labor Law should be amended in order to eliminate the disastrous effects of its objectionable features not on ly upon the employment of women but also upon the ad ministration’s industrial ex pansion program. Any un reasonable or oppressive la bor law only serves to dis courage, instead of encourage, industries from expanding or from making further invest ments, which are necessary for the creation of more job opportunities for the people. The amendment to the law should consist in (1) the transfer of the responsibility for payment of maternity be nefits from the private em ployers to the Social Securi ty System (2) the rewording of Section 12(c) so as to pu nish only the dismissal of wo men workers by reason of their sex or married status, and by placing women work ers on the same level as men in cases of economic lay-offs or dismissals. In passing these amend ments, the present Congress would be doing a real service to our women, because then the prevailing prejudice they have against the employ ment of women, which most employers wouldn’t dare ad,mit openly would be re moved, and a new era of real “economic equality” for our women workers would be ush ered. “Theobold, I don’t believe you’ve been listen ing to a word I’ve said.” “Oh; I beg yoyr pardon, dear. I thought you were rehearsing your speech for the Woman’s Club.” — Judge. 26 Panorama A sure-fire formula to spark an argument among Filipino fishermen is to insist that one spot is better than others for catching fish. For the islands form an integral part of the East Indies, with its wonderful coral reefs, its vast shoreline of every ima ginable character, its lagoons and great marine abysses — . the habitat of the greatest vaPablo T. Tgmesis riety of ffshes in the whole wide world. The Philippines occupies a r nrmc'i Strategic position in the geof f ' X graphic distribution of fishes. ■ * -^* - * - * • The largest fish EAT The largest fish in the world, the whale shark, as well as the smallest fish, the goby of Lake Buhi, are found in this country. qtt a TFr Why, in spite of these fishX.f-y 71 fl t\ ery resources, we lag in fish z production could best be ex plained by the meager devel opmental efforts of the fish eries by the government, and the apathy and inaction of in dividual fishermen to improve their economic status thru self-selp. Poor People, Rich Country No less than two million people are dependent on fish ing and the ancillary indus tries for their livelihood. The deplorable economic condi tions that plague fishery workers are an eye-opener to the national situation today May 1962 27 of a poor people in a rich country. The Philippines has vast waters and is proximate to the world’s best fishing grounds. By-products from the sea go to waste because the majority lack the knowledge of its uti lization. Converted into fer tilizers, leather, livestock fod der, fish meal, vetsin, liver oils, etc., these by-products from marine sources will ge nerate new industries, create job opportunities to absorb a growing labor force, augment the per capita income, besides contributing immeasurably to the health and productivity of fisherfolk. The nutritional deficiency of 28-million fish-eaters is a matter of grave concern. Fish and fishery imports in 1960 to cover the production de ficiency of 36.3%, to the tune of P44 (M), is a heavy drain on dwindling dollar reserves. Far-reaching solutions other than stop-gap measures are vitally needed to meet square ly the increasing demand for cheap protein food by a snow balling population. We have to shop some where for cheap but highfood value protein materials to ensure economic growth and the people’s well-being. Malnutrition is rampant among the rural population because of protein deficiency in their diet. Such sources of animal protein as milk, cheese, beef, poultry and pork are luxury items to low-in come groups. Probably inspired by les sons from the Biblical times when manna sustained men, food technologists after years of intensive research and ex perimentation, have evolved a highly nutritious fish flour. The daily fare of average-in come Filipino families which is often deficient in protein and minerals can now be en riched with fish flour manu factured from trash fish like sharks, anchovies, etc. The problem of food insuf ficiency makes it compellingly urgent that we become shark-eaters to tap a potential resource of protein-rich food, and also rid our seas of this under-water menace. Commercial Possibilities Our shark fishery is virtual ly untapped. The first com mercial utilization of shark before the war was 172.61 tons . of shark fins valued at P85,000 and exported mainly to China and Malaya. After the war, in 1947, a production of only 9,699 kilograms was re corded. The slump was due to the stoppage of exports to Red China which used to be our heaviest importer. Chi nese epicures in Hongkong, 28 Panorama Singapore, Bangkok, Djakarta and Manila are responsible for the brisk trade in shark fin. Exploratory surveys under taken pursuant to the Philip pine Rehabilitation Act of 1946 revealed a good shark catch by means of long line in most fishing grounds. Dr. A.W. Herre recorded 52 spe cies of sharks found in Phil ippine seas. The shark menagerie in cludes hammerheads, whale, dogfish, cow sharks, and ti ger sharks, man-eaters and plankton-feeders. Their habit at are the rivers, lakes, shores or the'deep sea. Tiger sharks are the most abundant spe cies, constituting approximate ly 84;%. The composition of tiger sharks is hide, 10%; liver, 22%; meat, including backbone, suitable for fish meal manufacture, 59%; fins, 4%; blood and miscellaneous matter, 5%. They extend well over 30 feet while the white sharks grow to as much as over a ton in weight. Jellied Shark Meat — A Gourmet’s Delight Many of our people shun tu na, a prize seafood of Ameri cans who dub it “the chicken of the sea.” Local fish-eaters may find the thought of eat ing shark meat repulsive. But well-prepared dishes of shark meat are a gourmet’s delight. Of course, the alche my has long ceased to be a culinary secret. It may take some time, though, to educate the palate of many who still have unfavorable, pre-con ceived notions against sharks, sawfish, and stingrays. Sharks have no bones; in stead they contain cartilages which form the base for shark fin soup — a Chinese delica cy. The Japanese have evolv ed a fish jelly, something like meat loaf or bologna without casing, utilizing fish meat in stead of beef or pork. Gene rally called “kamabobo”, the fish jelly product is mainly shark meat. It is preferred all over Japan because of its strong elasticity, very essen tial in fish jelly production. From the fish paste called surimi, various types of jelly products are formed. Kama bobo is semicircular, Hmpaen square-shaped, chikuwa tube form. The fish sausage which recently gained wide accep tance is a jelly product stuff ed in rubber hydrochloride or vinylidene chloride casing. For the table, kamabobo is steamed, chikuwa is broiled and satsumaage is fried. Fish jelly products are an excellent food being rich in animal pro tein. To make the perfect victual from the nutritional point of vi_ew, fish jelly pro May 1962 29 ducts may be enriched with vitamins and minerals. Edible Fish Meal The exorbitant cost of ice precludes the economical stor age of low-grade fish. Sharks caught in large quantities in the many coastal regions are often discarded for lack of suitable markets, coupled with the dearth of refrigera tion facilities. Similar species will enable reduction plants established in strategic areas to operate profitably. Conse quently, the importation of fish meal for the fast-develop ing poultry and livestock in dustries will be drastically curtailed. The most important and im mediate local utilization of sharks, however, should be human food and livestock fod der because we are critically short of these commodities. Consider further that meat is the largest component of shark. Today, large quanti ties of sharks landed by fish ermen are not bought because of popular prejudice. Enter prising fisherfolk could cash on these unsalable fish by converting it to fish meal. We may use fish meal as an imal feed until it has gained popular acceptance as an item of diet. Important considerations in the manufacture of fish meal for human consumption are freshness of'raw material, ex cellent manufacturing and hygienic storage conditions. If not properly processed as, for instance, when exposed to prolonged heating at high temperature, severe damage to amino acids and vitamins occur and life-giving elements are destroyed. Dehydrated Shark Meat The manufacture of dehy drated shark meat is a signi ficant step in the optimum utilization of the less commer cial species that abound in our marine waters. Having prac tically no commercial value in this country, shark meat converted into the vetsin would be a boon to the pro tein-starved millions in the rural areas. We must stop reckoning starvation in terms of rice alone because we can also starve from lack of fish. Fish vetsin is prepared from the fish muscles of sharks and other cheap species, its pro tein content is relatively high and would indefinitely keep at ordinary temperature. The method involved in its prepa ration is simple and practical, requiring no expensive equip ment. It is done by pre cooking the fish flesh, mixing with sugar and condiments, then dried and smoked. The cheapest source of pro tein, it is very rich in dietary 30 Panorama essential amino acids, the builders of the human body. Its protein content and carbo hydrates are much higher percentage-wise than otheT animal food like dried beef, broiled lamb, smoked bacon and ham, veal chops, broiled chicken or duck. Its importanty uses are as main ingredient for cheap, nutritious soup; digestible food for convalescents; and sandwich spread. Like an aperitif, it enhances the taste and food value of, and whets appetite for, native vegetable preparations. Cod Liver Oil Substitute Oil extracted from liver of sharks is purified and blended with peanut oil to a uniform Vitamin A content of 3,000 i.u./g. This oil has a ready market as substitute for cod liver oil because the demand is greater than the supply. The oversized liver of sharks, approximately 20% of the total weight, besides being rich in Vitamin A is suitable for soap manufacture, in tanning hides for leather, and in making paint. When properly refined, it has medi cinal uses. Thus, the devel opment of a shark fishery and the installation of more liver-oil plants will be suc cessive steps to cope with the increasing requirements. of the nation’s diversified indus tries. Shark Skin to Leather The pelt of animals has va ried uses to man, but practi cally little or no importance is given to the hianufacture and use of skins from aqua tic sources. In the hands of a skilled craftsman, skins of aquatic animals become at tractive belts, hand-bags, shoes, briefcases, wallets, watch fobs, key holders, etc. Sharks and other large fishes are good sources of these raw materials. This unusual leather not only excels in beauty but has a tensile strength and dura bility three times that of cat tle hide. The different spe cies of sharks caught locally have a special kind of com plexion that gives the hide a peculiar and attractive grain. Their colors range from dark brown to a soft, warm gray. Because our marine waters teem with them, an attempt should now be made to uti lize dark skins on commercial scale. This industry should be encouraged, developed and maintained at peak production levels considering the.pecu niary and employment bene fits that could be derived from it. Three weeks after the hides are tanned, the pieces are ready to be fashioned into handsome, long-wearing arti cles. Shark skins are easily May 1962 31 tooled into numerous articles of merchandise. In Taiwan, enterprising b u s i n e s smen using shark skin as raw ma terial turn out $700,000 worth of articles annually. Scales of sharks are diffe rent from those of fishes. They are closely-set bony pro jections with enamel, just as teeth are. This hard-skin covering is called shagreen which furniture-makers still use as abrasives even after the invention of sand-paper. Benefits Unlimited Maximum utilization of products and by-products from the shark fishery will create vast job opportunities as well as myriad products for local consumption and ex port. Fishermen use -shark blood to preserve fishing nets in place of coal tar. Shark teeth have decorative uses in some places. When dried and ground, the offal and viscera serve as poultry feed and first class fertilizer. The entire skeletal structure of the shark can be charred and reduced to supplementary feeds. PracTHOUGHTS ON THE . . . view, they are capable of ex ploiting indiscriminately our natural resources in utter dis regard of the disastrous ef fects which such thoughtless acts could bring upon the tically all components of the shark are useful if we know how. We have shown how every portion of the detested fish is utilized for cheap protein food, animal fodder, agricul tural fertilizer, industrial raw materials and other export commodities. The production of fish flour, dehydrated fish meat, fish sausage will make available an inexhaustible supply of cheap protein food to our ra pidly-increasing population. People repelled by its nau seating scent are in for an other surprise. Dehydrated shark meat, fish flour and fish jelly products do not have the expected fishy smell. Many may not know it yet but deodorized fish flour con taining 87% protein, 3% cal cium and 2.4% phosphorous, is the basic ingredient for fish-enriched bakery products like galletas, biscocho, apa, polvoron, and even ice cream! With these advantages, who can resist the lure of shark fishing? (Continued from page 22) country. They go to the ex tent of serving at times alien interests of the kind which are exclusively concerned with the promotion of their own (Continued on page 34) 32 Panorama THE PEACE CORPS AND THE REVOLUTION OF WIDENING CONCERN Lawrence H. Fuchs Peace Corps Representative to the Philipines American writers and statesmen have been quick to observe dramatic mid-century changes in the attitudes of other peoples, particularly in the former colonial nations and have dubbed these “the revolution of rising expecta tions” and “the revolution of freedom.” We have not been as quick to discover and ana lyze a revolutionary, develop ment which has been fast overtaking my countrymen, a revolution of widening con cern for the welfare of all hu manity. What do I mean by the re volution of widening concern? I mean, that for certain histo rical and. sociological reasons, an increasing^ number of Am ericans are concerned with the welfare Of an increasing number oi-peeple all over the world. This concern, more over, is not just the result of fear of nuclear war or com munist success. It is not a question of what our states men are fond of calling en lightened self interest. It is not the concern of the patri cian for the less fortunate, the patronizing benevolent con cern of the well-to-do for the poor. These factors undoubt edly are present in the atti tudes of many Americans as they approach their responsi bilities in world affairs. The concern of which I speak is may 1962 33 qualitatively different from anything that has gone before in international relations. It is a genuine concern ftfr the welfare of others stemming from an ever deepening recog nition that we are na less American for being part of the family of man. To my mind there is no more significant or rousing manifestation of this revolu tion in attitudes than the Peace Corps of the United States. Let me quote from the let ters of Peace Corps volunteers in the Philippines: A girl from Negros Occiden tal writes, “I often sit down with X, Y, and Z and marvel how very lucky we are. You’ve visited our wonderful house by the sea and know what excellent living condi tions we have. Of course, there are many nights that we have no water and others THOUGHTS ON THE . . . material welfare, paying scant attention, if any at all, to what may happen to our land and people. We realize the disadvan tages of ultra-nationalism. We are convinced that the foreign capitalist could help us; but let us not forget that he could also hurt us. He could be a benefactor when in the pur suit of his enterprise he obwhen the electricity goes off, but the good parts far out weigh the bad. The people have been grand to us... They bend over backwards to be kind to us and ask for no thing in return but a smile, a friendly word, or our friend ship. For example, Y decided to build a chicken coop. Soon after she mentioned it for the first time, a load of bamboo was deposited in our yard and a carpenter appeared. We con vinced him that we weren’t too crazy in that we ourselves, wanted to do the actual work. The principal, mayor and others offered to pay the car penter, but we said it wasn’t the money we were thinking of, but the fact we wanted to do the work. Finally, when Y did begin splitting the bam boo, choosing a site, and build ing her now famous coop, se veral neighbors came to help. We don’t like to appear un(Continued from page 32) serves our laws, assumes social responsibilities, and shares with us justly the pro ceeds he derives from his ven ture. But he could-be our worst enemy when disguising himself as a friend he follows a career of illegal exploitation of the economic opportunities that he meets within our shores. He could thus become an undesirable example to 34 Panorama grateful but we want them to know we aren’t afraid of hard work and don’t place our selves on a pedestal above them. “We’ve been concentrating mainly in English, as the children need to get used to our speech patterns, intona tions, and pronunciation be fore they can possibly grasp scientific concepts. As it is, I’m quite busy with my seven fourth grade classes and some teaching in grades three, five and six. I work mostly with three fourth grade rooms and once a week visit the other rooms.” From Sorsogon another girl writes, “Bulusan is a beauti ful fishing village—the ocean is minutes away — really per fect. Our house is right on the river and we have the most terrific view from our kitchen window — women beating their clothes and kids many of our people who are just beginning to realize the numerous possibilities of im proving their material condi tion. When we condemn selfish aliens in our country we should not forget that in many cases they are not operating alone. Some of our country men may be their partners or allies. They give them aid bathing. I have taken many pictures of the same scene to send home — we never seem to tire of the country scenes. “We gave a Christmas party for the poor kids here who have no Christmas. We had about 80 wrapped toys and candy balls and about 150 children showed up! It was great fun—we made some good old-fashioned chocolate fudge with pili nuts. This was quite a production on a native stove. A and B came from Santa Magdalena for Christ mas. The day after Christmas we all went to Sorsogon to start on our work project.... We went to Casiguran and worked on a cement fence the PTA is building around the school to keep the carabaos out! We had some good fel lowship and hard work. I have blisters all over my hands and sore muscles to prove the latter! It was a and comfort. It is not, there fore, unkind for us to regard these partners of alien econo* mic invaders as enemies of the nation, traitors to the people’s cause. They are just as wick ed as common criminals and are no better than Communist spies who work to subvert our democratic institutions. But these elements are not the only factor that casts a May 1962 35 good time and we learned a lot that will come in handy in our next projects. It was really a gas to watch the townspeople watch American women digging ditches and mixing cement. “Now we are back in Bulusan. I am trying to get a fence built around the, yard so that I can have a garden. It -is best to plant in January, so I have been told, and we want to have the whole bit organized by then. We hope to build a chicken coop out there, too, and have a few chickens because eggs are im ported to Bulusan. “Our work in the school should really begin to shape up in January. We have ob served class already and will be ready to start work when school opens again. We will be working for 15 minutes in each English class through out the day. During the free ' THOUGHTS ON THE . . . dark shadow on our path to a better state of affairs. They are not the only cause of our social and political bewilder ment. Equally inimical to a sound program of national development is the appear ance of a phenomenon among our countrymen which, for want of a more readily avail able name, I would call poli tical obfuscation and cultural 45 minutes we will work with individual pupils who are having much trouble. Then, three times a week for half an hour we will conduct a speech clinic for the teach ers.” One Peace Corps volunteer is starting a language center in Negros Occidental. By language he means both Fili pino, in which he is fluent, and English. He writes, “This center will be located in the. Central School, where I’m as signed and will be geared to the needs of the 104 language teachers... My aims are quite modest. They are starting a language library, not just for books but also charts, flash cards and other devices for teaching Tagalog and En glish. .. original research... and in-service training... Al though this sounds ambitious it’s really not going to inter fere with the regular work. . blindness. It is a fast-grow ing malady affecting more and more people in our midst. It manifests itself in the form of either a voluntary refusal or just plain ignorance on their part to realize the limit ations of their abilities, their capacities, their qualifications for specific tasks and posi tions. No office or employ36 Panorama Two teachers are already helping quite a bit.” English and science are the main subjects volunteers teach but they are used in the schools in other ways, too. A girl from Negros writes, sHave a few interesting things to report. Perhaps just the slightest little sign of pro gress thrills and encourages us these days, I don’t know. Anyway the evening meal, when we all finally return home, is mixed with much school chatter. We have all discovered in our language classes that these children can be creative... And, they seem as pleased with their success as we are. “The field is wide open. In the past two weeks I’ve seen so many opportunities for creative development that I hardly know where to begin much less how to relate them ment seems to be beyond their inadequate educational quali fications and experience. The illiterate driver, the night club crooner, or even the clown believe that they could qualify for any public posi tion of responsibility, whether it be that of city mayor, pro vincial governor, congress man, or senator. Completely ignorant of the character and to you. But, I’m sure you al ready know that. “Right now I’m in the pro cess of constructing (or try ing to construct) a scaled en larger that does not require a lens. I’m using some native bamboo stalk that we got from the school yard... the idea comes from a toy I re member from my childhood.. If it works, I’ll see, if with my help the boys can think out this problem and con struct one of their own. Then we can use books and trace large maps for the school rooms. This way we do two things at once. “As for the actual native materials for art projects I’ll send you a list right soon. A lot of them are so obvious— the bamboo, the palm and others. We worked with it all last week in girl scouts...” All of the volunteers help in teaching English and science. nature of these positions and unaware blj the responsibili ties these involve, they pre sent themselves as candidates for these exalted offices. They have no idea of the problems that a high government offi cial has to face and solve. Their main interest is to hold the post, to bask in the gla mor of public office, and to (Continued on page 39) May 1962 37 They must spend at least 20 hours a week in the schools on that job. They have learn ed to love Filipino children, but they have developed oth er interests, too, as members of the communities in which they live as these letters reve^d. T have been quite thrilled with the possibilities in this elementary gardening pro gram... the soils are... washed out... To interest the kids we have got to build the soil... we want to set up school gardens and home gar dens with Bulganan banana suckers so that the idea of set ting up a cooperative market ing system for the kids may in a year or two start produc ing some income for these barrios from sales to Japan.” That particular volunteer from Negros Oriental is inter ested in agriculture. Here is a letter from one boy inter ested in rural health on Masbate. “Coordinating the efforts of PACD, USIS, and the public health people here, it has been possible to launch what ap pears to be an effective cam paign of inoculation and ed ucation against cholera. In the schools, I have busied my self with the treatment of yaws, tropic ulcer, scabies, conjunctivitis, and trachoma. I have been able to obtain pro mises from NWS A to provide a source of pure drinking water for the barrio where I work. In cooperation with the Municipal Health Officer, I am working to provide pure drinking water for the poblacion of Milagros, as well.” From Camarines Sur, a fe male Peace Corp volunteer says, “Four of Us will be doing health work (during the sum mer vacation) in some of the isolated barrios of our area.After some concentrated study and compiling of ma terials, we will go live in these barrios and conduct se minars in simple first aid and basic medical care. We plan to work closely, ptc.” These are seven volunteers speaking, but the letters are taken from their files by ran dom. There are dozens of si milar letters from the 181 Peace Corps Volunteers now in the field in the Philippines. Communism is never men tioned in these letters. There is no feeling of sacrifice or paternalism in their pages. But there is the same deepsense of community with others which Peace Corps vo lunteers everywhere almost take for granted. This con cern is not something which Peace Corpsmen preach about. They do not proclaim the brotherhood of man. They do not even think about it 38 Panorama very much. There is no mar tyrdom, no strings, and no chauvanism in genuine con cern for others; volunteers do their jobs quietly and consci entiously without feelings of sacrificing, without demand ing any tangible return, and without boasting. This does not mean that I lack pride in the volunteers. I cannot help but feel proud as a member of the human family when I see the impetus to service without theatrics, strings, or egotism reach out across national boundaries. I have seen volunteers giving love as well as lessons to their pupils. I have seen them de vote their spare time to com munity activities or public health in, the barrios. I have watched- them dress wounds, THOUGHTS ON THE . . . use its powers and facilities to enrich themselves. How many of those who spend large sums of money and work hard to get them selves elected to a public of fice could tell us exactly why •they want to be so elected and what specific objective do they intend to accomplish in a public position? If elected as official candidates of a party, do they understand the party platform and do they mean to live up to its prin ciples? To say that their aim plant seeds, help others start a small business, and do dozens of useful things in a matter of fact way—in addition to their teaching English and science. The spread of human con cern is something with which we are all familiar. At the political level we might call it the integrative impulse, and define it as the motivation to be associated with and to in fluence and be influenced by others outside of the basic political in-group. The integrative impulse is something that is especially felt by the youth of all na tions. The youth are break ing with the past. They want to reach out for new patterns of human relationships. The Communist movement had (Continued from page 37) is to serve the people is no better than to offer a vague and meaningless excuse which no thinking man could in con science accept; for every in telligent citizen should know that he could also serve his people and country without having to hold a public office. So many of those who wish to hold public positions seem to overlook the fact that for one to fill any of them pro perly he has to be prepared educationally, experientially, and morally. But they refuse May 1962 39 precisely this appeal to youth because it seemed to be say ing to young people—reach: out for association with oth ers, extend your horizons, en large your influence, and unite against your elders and the patterns of life they have laid down. Communism ap pealed to the integrative im pulse in youth, but failed to appeal to their impulse for freedom, and nowhere in the world, except perhaps in La tin America, are the Commu nists still gaining ideological adherents as they were ten years ago. The integrative impulse ap pears in different ways. Among Asian and African youth the thrust toward inte gration is through national ism; among European stud ents and young businessmen and professionals it is toward a federated Europe; in the United States of America an THOUGHTS ON THE . . . to admit their limitations. Moved by an erroneous con ception of democracy and equality, they imagine that the physical ability to sit in an official chair gives them the capacity and the wisdom to exercise faithfully and ef fectively the functions and duties of the office. We need to know and to respect the basic principle that a public ever growing number of young men and women have extended their concern to the family of man. It is a revolution because at the political level it is something quite dramatically new in international relations. It is not the concern of the colonialist or imperialist who wants to control; nor is it the familiar concern of the mis sionary who wants to spread his version of ultimate truth. This revolution of widening concern is based on a simple truth which everyone recog nizes in the abstract but which few feel deeply at a personal level. That truth is emblazoned on the wall of the lounge at International House on the University of the Phil ippines College of Agriculture campus at Los Banos in the statement, “Above All Na tions Is Humanity.” That truism, implicit in the office is a public trust. A moral crusade is a farce if this ethical conception is over looked. Popularity is not necessarily a substitute for morality. Democracy does not guarantee equality of ability and character. It merely gives us the assurance of equality of opportunity and equality of treatment before the law. Is it any wonder then that 40 Panorama teachings of all of the great religions, is now a part of the thinking of the men responsi ble for the conduct of foreign relations in my country. Pres ident Kennedy has empasized it in speech and action repeat edly. It may not always be a perfect guide for day to day decisions, but it is the stand ard of conduct to which Am erican statesmen would like to respond. President Kennedy and other foreign policy spokes men repeatedly stress that our major foreign policy goal is to establish the understand ing and legal instruments ne cessary to bring into being a genuine community of man. For those are the two funda mental bases of community. There must be a true under standing of common interests, of our essential unity with all members of the human family including the Chinese and we face today a crisis of lead ership? The direction of pub lic affairs, of economic poli cies, of educational programs should be aimed at well-stu died and well-defined attain able goals. With pedestrian minds and inexperienced hands, it is not possible to ex pect a high degree of stability and order in the management of the essential institutions of Russian people. This is the functional approach to com munity which has been the source of the Marshall Plan, President Truman’s Point Four, the Food for Peace Program, U.S. support of United Nations Specialized Agencies, the international programs of the great founda tions, and the Peace Corps. President Kennedy has pro posed an international Peace Corps because he wants to see Americans working and liv ing together in terms of vo lunteers from many nations. In his message to the United States Congress setting forth the initial program of the Peace Corps, he said, “Let us hope that other nations will mobilize the spirit and ener gies and skill of their people in some form of Peace Corps —making our own effort only one step in a major internaour country — be they govern mental, economic, educational, or social. But again, there are . certain fundamental principles of pub lic morality and certain tech niques of operation which should be learned and under stood. But even more than only learned, they should be deeply respected and Strictly (Continued on page 43) May 1962 41 tional effort to increase the welfare of all meh and im prove understanding among nations.” Understanding whick tran scends national boundaries and cultural traditions is a goal of the Peace Corps. Without that fundamental consensus on the essential unity of man, legal instru ments to enforce peace cannot long be sustained. But with out a system of law and en forcement which makes the use of war as an instrument of national policy far less pro bable than at present, under standing and consensus are impeded. That is why our President persists in his quest to endow the United Nations with the capacity to make and enforce world law to prevent war. In his speech last fall to the United Nations he said, “To destroy arms is not enough. We must create... worldwide law and law en forcement as we outlaw worldwide war and weapons.” That there has been and is continuing a revolution of widening concern among those of President Kennedy’s generation and among the generation which followed his seems clear to me. In retro spect, it now also seems clear that such a development should be taking place in the United States. There are four basic rea sons why Americans are now reaching with hands of friend ship to build the community of man. Only one of these reasons is a reaction to fac tors outside of the United v States. It is our desire to pre>serve and promote freedom tagainst tyranny. A small rgroup of men have already Simposed tyranny on millions ?and would impose it on the • * rest of us in behalf of an ideo logy that has clearly failed in ^practice. We have learned to value freedom deeply as have all peoples who have experi enced it; and we recognize that our freedom depends on the development of world un derstanding and institutions which make both tyranny and war highly improbable. Even without the threats of Soviet and Chinese imperial ism, the Peace Corps and si milar programs would have been established. The revolu tion of widening concern which is growing in the Unit ed States includes concern for all of humanity not just for peoples living under friendly governments. There is consi derable curiosity about and concern for the Russians, Chi nese, and Cuban people in the United States. We all remem ber that in 1947 when the then American Secretary of State Marshall proposed the 42 Panorama program for cooperative eco nomic assistance which bore his name, the Soviet govern ment was invited to partici pate. Similarly, President Kennedy’s plan for a Peace Corps under U.N. auspices is for all member nations. Why does the impetus to ward integration in the Unit ed States take this form? Why is the span of our con cern global? The answer lies in the historical and social traditions of my country. In the terms of social history these traditions can be label ed American pluralism, prag matism, and messianism. Ethnic religious, and racial pluralism is one of the great clues to American life and a significant factor in under standing our revolution of widening concern. Few for eigners realize that we are a nation of recent immigrants. Even before the 19th century THOUGHTS ON THE . . . observed in the management of the affairs of a democratic society. The head of the state, notwithstanding the best of intentions, could be frustrated in any attempt to carry out his most carefully studied plans and policies if those who are expected to give him as sistance ignore them when they find them ill-adapted to their own personal ambition. our population was diverse. Although predominantly of English origin, our nation in cluded substantial African, French, Dutch, and other mi norities. With the great im migration flow from Europe beginning in 1820 we absorb ed millions of Irishmen, Ger mans, Poles, Russians, and Italians. Between 1820 and 1920 nearly forty million Eu ropeans arrived on American shores. Asians came, too, as a glance at our populations in California and Hawaii re veals. In Hawaii, for ex ample, there are approximate ly 70,000 Filipinos, half of whom are American citizens. Out of • this melange was forged the nation we now know as the United States. We have learned that diver sity of population and tradi tion is compatible with mu tual understanding and con sensus. Our religious plurali(Continued from, page 41) Hence, even knowledge, skills, techniques, and other forms of know-how necessary to give us the aptitude and power to accomplish any work, task, or assignment, will still fall short of enabling us to achieve the high objectives we intend to reach. In addition to all these, we need an attitude of nobil ity, a spirit of self-restraint and sacrifice, a willingness to May 1962 43 sm is almost as great as our ethnic diversity. We have a Catholic President and our oldest Supreme Court judge is Jewish even though we are a predominantly Protestant nation. A sizeable Buddhist minority and dozens of small sects flourish under our laws. Americans may act alike to you, but we embrace tradi tions from every major area in the world. We believe we are much richer for having nearly twenty million £merl cans of African descent, the inspiration for American jazz, who are no less American by linking us to the peoples of Africa just as the descendants of Asia and European immi grants tie us to those conti nent^. For generations, our people looked inward with a policy THOUGHTS ON THE . . . forego unworthy aims, the courage to resist corruption, a deep sense of responsibility. These are the indispensable attributes which we would want to suggest to those amongst us who wish to hold positions of authority, in fluence, and prestige whether in the government, in indus try, in business, and in other areas of society. Knowledge is indeed essential. Physical energy and drive are needed. But above all these, the moral that was incorrectly called “isolationism.” It might bet ter have been labeled “continentalism.” We were busy ex ploring and exploiting a con tinent with people who had for the most part rejected their old countries to make a new life in the United States. This rejection of Europe rein forced the warning of our first President against en tangling alliances with Eu ropean nations. For some groups—primarily the Irish— and German-Americans the rejection of Europe was more specifically revealed in hostil ity towards England, the only nation with which the United States could realistically have been allied. A continuing for mal alliance with England might have prevented World War I and the rise of Hitler, force of character is indispen sable. A prominent Ame r i c a n scholar, Arthur M. Schlesinget, Jr., recently wrote that “ours is- an age without, he roes,” and that in America to day no towering figure ap pears on the public scene. No Roosevelt, no Lincoln, no Woodrow Wilson, no Jeffer son, or Franklin, may be found among its national leaders at present. Do we not find a cor responding vacuum in our Panorama but it would have produced extreme tensions between eth nic groups in the United States. Now we are secure in our Americanism and the age of continentalism or isolation ism is over. Not only is our alliance with England and Western Europe accepted, but we go out to the rest of the world as a part of the family of man,. knowing from first hand experience that the real ization of unity within diver sity is possible. The development has never been more evident than in the recent commencement ad dress given by our Attorney General, Robert F. Kennedy, at Nihon University in Tokyo. Mr. Kennedy, whose grand parents were Irish immi grants to the United States, and whose father was often called an isolationist, stated own country today? As we look around us, we do see some good and able men. But we do not find it easy to see any commanding personality with the vision, character, and nobility sufficiently great and inspiring to stimulate and to awaken the heart and soul of our nation to the realization of our potentialities for excel lent achievements. The role that was played by Quezon, Tavera, Osmena, Juan Sumulong, Recto, and Laurel in the respective heydays of their that, “The resources of the earth and the ingenuity of man can provide abundance for all—so long as we are pre pared to recognize the diver sity of mankind and the va riety of ways in which peo ples will seek national fulfill ment. This is our vision of the world—a diversity of states, each developing ac cording to its own traditions and its economic and political problems in its own manner, and all bound together by a respect for the rights of oth ers, by a loyalty to the world community and by a faith in the dignity and responsibility of man.” With the end of isolationism and the maturing of Amer icans it was perfectly natural for them to want to make the world, including those areas from which their forebears career appears too enormous for many leaders today; but we need to have someone to play a like role if our country is to prosper. The circumstances and con ditions of present-day Philip pines have greatly changed. The political independence of the country has created new problems. It presents new challenges to the ability, the sense of honor, and the spirit of patriotism of our leaders. These men are expected to set (Continued on page 52) May 1962 45 had come, their home. That is what we have done in the Peace Corps. Here in the Philippines, we can visit households of American Peace Corps Volunteers of Dutch, Polish, French, Italian, Ger man, African, and even Mex ican, Syrian, and Lebanese descent. Our volunteers of Jewish background work easily and effectively with our Jewish volunteers. They take plura lism for granted, and they find it easy to live among Fi lipinos and in other countries where they are located. They have learned again as they learned in the process of be coming Americans — that the human family is one. The ba sic emotions and drives are human, not French or Ameri can or Filipino. Our volunteers can make the world their home because of their own experience with pluralism. They reach out with Peace Corps programs because of another American tradition, pragmatism. Our overriding commitment is to freedom, and we are noto riously experimental. We are a nation that learns through trial and error. We are feel ing our way in the world, but we believe there are human problems of disease, hunger and misunderstanding toward whose solution we desire to contribute. We recognize the importance of bridging the gap between the richer and poorer nations since no basis for understanding among na tions can exist when so much of humanity is deprived. The rapid economic development of this and other nations in the Southern half of the globe is a problem which challenges Americans. In this country there are eight Peace Coips volunteers deeply concerned with the economic decline of “their” island. I said “their” island, because they already feel as though they belong there. I have heard them dis cussing the possibility of in troducing new crops or new cottage industries to stem lhe migration of their neighbors to other provinces. They will work together with Filipinos in trying new seeds and in surveying markets for new products to solve the island’s basic economic problem. Americans are notoriously practical, and the practical man might be expected to re main in comfort at home and solve problems there rather than travel half way around the globe to live in the vil lages and barrios of Asia. Americans are practical in their resistance to orthodox ideologies, but they are also extremely idealistic. If being practical means being cynical, 46 Panorama they are not practical. A na tion of poor immigrants that has made good is not cynical. If being practical means they are non-ideological, that they are pragmatic and experiment tai, then they are decidedly practical. What could be more practical than trying to learn about the world by mak ing the world your home? American idealism, indeed messianism, is the third na tional characteristic whjch gives rise to the Peace Corps. Americans believe in their re volution, a revolution which our nation of immigrants ce lebrates just as strongly as if their ancestors had actually dumped the tea in Boston Harbor. We avoided entang ling alliances with Europe precisely because we were afraid that somehow the fruits of revolution would be won away from us in diplomacy, although our diplomats al ways proved themselves to be shrewd bargainers when ne cessary, and even though we were happy to encourage re volution in Southern Europe and Latin America. We have found periodic ways to refresh our zeal for freedom to pursue life, liber ty, and happiness. In this century our revolution was renewed twice through Wood row Wilson’s -New Freedom and aborted quest for a Leaque of Nations and Frank lin Roosevelt’s New Deal and United Nations. Both Wilson and Roosevelt shared the tra ditional American optimism that our revolution for free dom could be exported to new worlds. American messianism re ceived a sharp but temporary blow in the intransigence and growing power of Soviet Rus sia, developments which stunned and confused many of us. We discovered that the Soviet revolution was not like our revolution for free dom at all. It was naive of us as a nation not to make the discovery much sooner, but we will admit to naivete as a national charaoteaastic, too. Once recovered from the blow, our idealism reawaken ed, we were prepared again to proclaim our revolution. The Peace Corps voluteers are not the conscious messia nic instruments of revolution for freedom, but they are pro ducts of that continuing re volution and of the deep Am erican conviction that it ought to and can be shared by everyone. By freedom Americans have always meant more than freedom from au thority. They mean freedom to choose in the broadest sense. Fredom of choice de pends upon equality of oppor May 1962 47 tunity, and that is the other part of our revolution pro claimed in Jefferson’s-words that all men are created equal. Equality and freedom are a sham for babies born in disease or poverty, for children whose fathers are underpaid or cannot own land, and the idealism or messian ism of young Americans speaks again through the Peace Corps to these issues as Americans from Jefferson to Roosevelt have spoken be fore. To say that the Peace Corps represents America’s revolu tion of widening concern is really to say that it is the application of our oldest re volution and most vital con cern on a world scale. Peace Corps volunteers then, as in congruous as it may seem, are tjre products of both our prag matic and messianic tradi tions. 48 Panorama Professor’s Wife (reading the paper over his shoulder) — “One Wife Too Many” — I suppose he was a bigamist. Absent-minded Prof. — Not necessarily, my dear. — Penn State Froth. * * * ♦ The young couple sat in their six-by-eight “garden.” “I see by this medical work,” said the lady, “that a man requires eight hours’ sleep and a woman ten.” “Yes,” agreed the man; “I’ve read that some where myself.” “How nice!” said the lady. “You can get up every morning and have the fire made and breakfast ready before it is time for me to get up!” — Minneapolis Tribune. ♦ ♦ ♦ Agatha: How did Freddie lose all his mo ney? Preferred stock? Harriett: No, preferred blondes. — Life. * * * Hubby — What a wonderful morning! I could dare anything, face anything on a day like'this. Wifey — Fine! Come on down to the dress shop. — Life. Every year is a presidential year in American higher education. Statisticians have estimated that the aver age tenure of office for the college or university president in the United States is four years. Whatever significance this may have for the student of government, it is a sober ing fact to those who are di rectly concerned with the im provement, or even the bare survival, of any of the 1,800 institutions that presume to qualify as colleges and universtiies. Educational historians remind us that the rate of turnover has always been no toriously high, that the beard ed prexies of the nineteenth century campus only look as if they reigned forever. I do not know how rapidly, if at all, the rate has been accele rating during the unsettling years since World War II. But obviously the arks of culture are going to have a hard enough time surviving the student inundation of the com ing decade without continually changing Npahs in mid-flood. The current turnover is alarm ing enough. W. W. Watt THE COLLEGE PRESIDENT The alarms have resulted re cently in a number of excur sions into the difficult field of presidential analysis. Ex President Harold Dodds of Princeton has been given a Carnegie grant for a compre hensive survey of the college presidency. Last year Scrib ner’s published A Friend in Power, a novel in which Pro fessor Carlos Baker of Prince ton artfully depicts the deli cate process of winnowing sturdy presidential timber from saplings that will not survive storm and blight. This May 1962 49 year Harper has brought out The American College Pres ident in which Harold W. Stoke — now in his third col lege presidency as the head of Queens—gives his experienced views of what it takes. Dr. Stoke’s book gives the reader the stimulating but frustrating experience of sit ting vicariously on the edge of an academic chair that has de generated into a hot seat. Without lamenting his lot or tooting his own horn, the au thor manages, with a remark able mixture of tact and can dor, to show that the most competent incumbent can only try to make the best of the hardest of all possible jobs. The ideal college president, one infers, must have the strength of Atlas, the wisdom of Solomon, the patience of J. B., the eyes of Argus, and the touch of Midas — and even with all these attributes, too many of his faculty will see him only as Janus. After weaving his way through the maze of exacting qualifica tions, the reader might be for given for echoing the com ment of Dr. Norman Macy, the eminent surgeon on the Board of Trustees of the uni versity “founded” by Carlos Baker: “The only man who could possibly qualify on all those counts died on the Cross nineteen hundred years ago.” It is doubtful if a more con vincing picture of the college president’s many-ringed cir cus will appear soon, and it would be presumptuous for anyone looking from the out side in — or from the under side up — to question its gen eral accuracy. Instead, I pro? pose to discuss some of the implications of one issue that dominates all other s. Dr. Stoke raises it in the first chapter: If I were to make a gen eral observation about the qualifications of college presidents, it would be this: in recent years the factor of educational dis tinction has declined while factors of person ality, management skills, and successful experience in business and adminis tration have increased in importance. This fact re flects the gradual trans formation of the college president from an intel• lectual leader into a man ager, skilled in adminis tration, a broker in per sonal and public relations. The further he goes in the book, the more Dr. Stoke re veals his reluctance to accept this change. When he has put behind him a lively descrip tion of the headaches of house keeping, he comes out strong ly for a president with a mes 50 Panorama sianic faith in education and ideas about making it prevail. But I was left with the un pleasant impression that, un less the trend is sharply re versed, such a paragon will be come rarer as the mechanized years tick by. For a while there will be a president here and there who can occasion ally find a pause for the day’s meditation that is known as the scholar’s hour. But the day is not far off, I assume, when private visions will be entirely replaced by public re lations, when the meditator will yield to the mediator, when — as the jacket blurb promises us — the “Man of Learning” will give way to the “Man of Management.” LeSt we become unduly alarmed, it must be admitted that any two-valued orienta tion distorts the picture. The goals of Learning and Man agement are not so far apart today as the traditional stereo types of Ivory Tower and Mar ket Place still mislead people into assuming. The two worlds have been of immense value to each other. Moreover, the “gradual transformation” dis cussed by Dr. Stoke has been going on for a long time. Er nest Earnest, in his readable history of the American col lege (Academic Procession, Bobbs-Merrill, 1953), reminds us that even the patriarchal presidents of the nineteenth century were not isolated from the hard facts of meet ing payrolls: “President Ar thur Twining Hadley of Yale said that when he called on President Noah Porter (18711876) he usually found him reading Kant; when he called on President Timothy Dwight (1886-1899) he found him reading a balance sheet.” Earnest traces a growing divi sion, beginning about the turn of the century, between the scholarly ideals of the faculty and the pecuniary preoccupa tions of the administrators. By 1930 the alarm bell had been sounded loud and often. But we can’t solve our prob lems with the consolations qf history or by giving in, how ever reluctantly, to what we presume to be inevitable. The time has certainly come when we must assert the predomi nance of some values over others. One rule should be deeply engraved on the col lective conscience of the cam pus: Whatever else he is, the man (or woman) chosen to head a college or univer sity should be an educational leader; and whatever his other cares may be, he should con tinue as long as he remains in office to give top priority to the duties of educational (Continued on page 77) May 1962 51 THOUGHTS ON THE . . . an example of sobriety and wisdom to every person in our country regardless of social or economic station, religious or party affiliation, personal friendship or individual and class prestige. Their acts, mo tives, and ways of living should be such as to enable both young and old to con jure up the memory of Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Apolinario Mabini, and all our past heroes whose sacrifices have kindled the torch of national freedom and produced the unity of our race. We do not need to go into details and particulars to prove the scanty cases of un alloyed patriotism that could remind us of the lessons that the ’builders of our nation have left to us. One needs but go over the pages of the history of our past to see the contrast between our leaders of yesterday and our leaders of today. At . this very mo ment we are witnessing scenes of public confusion. The re velations that we read in the columns of our newspapers present to us a dark picture of private and public life apnroaching a state that could be considered chaotic. We should like to think that this is merely a manifestation of the growing pains of a new nation. We should like to be(Continued from page 45) lieve that this is merely the twilight of a brighter day. But again it-would be the height of folly for all of us to sit idly by folding our arms in hope ful anticipation of a happy and prosperous tomorrow. That will not happen without great effort on our part to turn over a new leaf. We like to believe that the Filipino people are a virile people, that we have survived periods of hardship and times of tension and stress. But we should also remember that those were periods when we were not alone, when we were at times struggling against foreign masters and at times cooperating with them. But now we are on our own. We are left standing on our own feet. Is this not the pe riod of greatest difficulty and danger? It has been truly and rightly said that a per son’s worst enemy lies within himself. This thought may equally be applied to a na tion. Our most dangerous enemies are not those outside of us but those within us. Human experience tells us that this is so. Hence, we face today a veritable crisis. It is a crisis in leadership. Good and effective leadership can not be produced by propa ganda, by fine oratorical 52 Panorama INDIAN WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE NARANJAN SINGH UPPAL English has borrowed, with out any fuss or ado, many words from the various In dian languages. Having ac quired, through usage, rights of full citizenship, they no longer strike a jarring note, dovetailing flawlessly into the body of the language. This process of borrowing has been continuous ever since the seventeenth centu ry, when the English made their first direct contact with India. Territorial conquest and the development of trade were accompanied by philolo gical acquisitions. “I once took the trouble”, said Prime Minister Nehru, “to collect the Hindustani words in the English language THOUGHTS ON THE . . . speeches, by mere demonstra tions of concern for the unfor tunate and the underprivi leged. Let us not be misled by the flattery of friends, for as has been said, our friends may at times prove to be our worst enemies. No nation can go far with men of petty minds. The pet tiness of men in public affairs and in other areas of society threatens to prevent the dev elopment of a strong civic spirit among a people. Petty poltical motives are poor guides even for decisions in the political field itself. But they are worse guides in those fields that should lie complete ly outside the scope of politics. One of these is education. Po litical interference in this field will have the effect of further worsening the present mediocre record of most of our schools. Political deci sions affecting our colleges and universities are bound to depress their academic stand ards. The consequences of such acts constitute a serious May 1962 53 but could not complete the task. But I was surprised to find such a large number of; Hindustani words current in English.” Words from other Indian languages, especially Bengali, Kanarese, Marathi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil and Telegu are also well re presented in the English vo cabulary. According to Lord Mount batten, last British Viceroy of India, “the British mode of life, customs, speech and thought have been profound ly influenced by those of In dia — more profoundly than often has been realised.” The Oxford English dic tionary contains hundreds of THOUGHTS ON THE . . . obstacle to the development of future national leaders who have to be prepared in our In stitutions for higher educa tion. These must enjoy a high degree of freedom if they are to remain centers for the dif fusion and advancement of learning. Then there is another con sideration that we should take into account in a discussio of our nation’s crisis. No country today can live isolated from the rest of the world. In my recent travels in different countries in Southeast Asia, I have been surprised to dis cover that our country has atwords of Indian origin and many thousands of deriva tives. These Indian words can be devided into three main categories: naturals, de nizens and casuals. Naturals are those which have become fully naturalized English words. Denizens include those which have been adopted in to English usage with some changes in form, inflexion or pronunciation. Casuals are those words which are not in habitual use but which, for special or temporary purposes, found their way into the Eng lish vocabulary. The reasons for adopting Indian words in English were varied. Many of them de tracted the attention of many of their people. Their eyes seem to be focussed on us on more than a few occasions. They notice our political movements; they take note of our economic activities; they talk about our educational ac complishments; they read about our social and cultural changes. They may be mere ly prompted by idle curiosity rather than moved by admira tion. But whether it is one or the othert the fact is that their eyes are on us. Incidents of graft and corruption taking place among us are subjects (Continued on vage 56) 54 PANORAMA noted objects and actions for which English names could not be found easily. Others were chosen because they were picturesque and added local colour. An affectation of familiarity with Indian languages was a further con tributory factor. Another reason was the tendency of early English tra ders and explorers to trans form Indian words into Eng lish ones phonetically simil ar but with a different con notation. An illustration of this is the name John Com pany— the popular name for the East India Company — which, on the face of it, sounds thoroughly English. But the British historian Stanley Lane-Poole main tained that “John Company was originally Jahan Kumpany (Company of the World), the name given by the na tives of India to the United East India Company.” The vernacular phrase was ex pressive and the early En glish traders soon anglicised it. Similarly, punch, the fami liar English decoction, is an anglicised version of an In dian drink brewed during the 17th Century. This was made from five ingredients, includ ing spirits, sugar and spices, and was, therefore, called panch (five). Then there is the English expression quite the cheese, used in referring to some thing which is xSf good quality or comes up to one’s expec tations. Cheese here has no thing to do with the dairy product, but is the English version of the Persian and Hindustani chiz (thing). This is well borne out by the com mon Hindustani expression koi chiz hai (quite some thing), as, for instance, when it is used to refer to a girl with a comely figure. Similarly, the English phrase do not give a damn is said to have no connection with the blasphemous term but has been traced to daam, a copper coin which was worth about a fortieth of a rupee. In the course of translitera tion into English, several In dian words underwent phone tic changes. For example, solar topee has its origin in the Hindi shola meaning pith. Early English residents al tered shola into solar (stem ming from the Latin sol: sun) so that the expression should suggest, in sound and spelling, a sun helmet. Chit is derived from the Hindi chitty (a let ter or short note containing some message or news), and shampoo from the Hindi champna (to massage, to press). May 1962 55 Eminent English men of letters spiced their writing with Indian words. Thomas Moore introduced his readers to the vina (an Indian string instrument), Edmund Burke, to zenana (in Hindi: the women’s quarters) and to the Urdu begum (a lady of high rank). Shelley used the Ta mil pariah (of low caste) and THOUGHTS ON THE . . . of comment in their news papers. Irregularities in our elections become topics of conversation among their men of affairs. They listen to our claim for our country as a show window of democracy in Asia. While I do not feel certain that they entertain any sincere belief in it, I am convinced that they watch us with critical eyes but with a sympathetic spirit knowing that we are their neighbors and their fellow Southeast Asians. If we could show a record of excellent growth and of good government in this new independent democracy, they could point to us with pride as a demonstration of what a Southeast Asian coun try could do with its freedom. Here then is a responsibility thrust upon us. There is no way to evade it. Whether we like it or not, we are now an integral part of a fast shrinkthe Hindi champak (a species of magnolia), Carlyle, the words jungle (Hindi and Ma rathi: Jangal) and thug (Hin di and Marathi thag: cheat, swindler). Thomas Hood spoke of kerseymeres (trousers made of fine woollen cloth: a cor ruption of Cassimere — or Cashmere — associated with (Continued from page 54) ing world. As we contemplate the pre sent crisis in our nation’s his tory and as we think of its problems and difficulties, we may well remember and heed these words of that great man, Dr. Jose P. Laurel: “Age and experience keep counselling me that, when all is said and done, it is only a sincere and realistic devotion to the high est interests of one’s nation which gives one both courage and patience to wait for the deferred verdict of subsequent events and developments. Many a time, one indeed may be as one ‘crying in the wild erness,’ but the frustrations and even abuse become bear able when one faithfully fol lows one’s unalloyed convic tions about the national wel fare, or better yet the teach ings and counsel of the na tion’s heroes and unselfish leaders of the past.” 56 Panorama Kersey, a type of cloth said to have originated in the place of that name in Suf folk), Lytton, of shampoo and vakeel (Urdu for an agent or representative), Dickens, of loot (from the Hindi lut) and veranda. In Longfellow we find juggernaut (from jagannath: the Lord of the World, in Hin di), in Ruskin, bungalow (Hindi bangla, belonging to Bengal) and in Walter Scott, cummerbund (the Urdu kamar-band: loin-band) and howdah (haudah), a litter carried by elephants. Thackeray used Indian words for naming some of his characters. For instance, Mr. Chutney (Hindi chatni), General Curry (Tamil kari), Mulligatawney (Tamil milagu-tannir: pepper-water) and Bangles (Hindi bangri: a co loured glass bracelet). At other periods, English men moving about the coun try enlarged their vocabulary with words relating to the per sons and things they encoun tered during their travels. To this we owe coolie (from kuli, koli, an aboriginal tribe of Cujarat), dacoit (from the Hindi dakait: to plunder), bandicoot (a corruption of the Telegu pandi-kokku :■ pig-rat), pug, (the footprint of a beast) from the Hindi pag (footprint), and the slang term phut (to go phut) from phatna (in Hindi: to burst). There is hardly an aspect of English life which has not been influenced by Indian words. In military parlance we have khaki (from the Ur du: dusty) and puttee (from the Hindi patti: a hand band age). In sports, gymkhana (from the Hindustani gendkhana) and polo (from Bplti, an Indus Valley dialect: polo, the ball used in the game). On the culinary front we find, in addition to chutney, curry and mulligatawney, tod dy (from the Hindi tari, Hind. tar: palm-tree) and mango (from the Malay manga and the Tamil man-kay). Cloths and materials are re presented by calico (from the name of the Indian city Cali cut), chintz (from the Hindi chint) and tussore (from the Hindi and Urdu tasar: shut tle). Among other trade goods are copra (Malayalam koppara, Hindi khopra: coconut), coir (from the Malayalam kayar: cord), betel (probably from the Portuguese, which adapted the word from the Malayalam vettila) and teak (also through the Portuguese, an adaptation of the Malaya lam tekka). Representatives of the local fauna include the mongoose (from the Marathi (Continued on page 92) May 1962 57 As you walk through the streets of London you can hardly miss seeing the “blue plaques” or discs on the walls of some of the houses. Here lived a poet; here was born a scientist; here died a Prime Minister. The social history of Britain is enshrined in these plaques, and when a house is pulled down, the wording reads “In a house on this site One of the most recent of these plaques was unveiled in January 1962. It is at Number 2 Connaught Place, near Mar ble Arch, and it commemo rates the residence there of Lord Randolph Churchill, the eminent politician of the late Victorian era. He was the father of Sir Winston, who spent much of his boyhood in the house. The plaque was unveiled by Sir Winston’s son, Mr. Randolph Churchill. It is now more than 80 years since the Royal Socie ty of Arts began to mark with tablets the former houses of illustrious London residents. Twenty years later the Lon don County Council took over the task, and there are now about 260 of these com memorative tablets. Many Prime Ministers Among those honoured in this way were many eminent statesman, and the roll-call of their names reads like a po litical history of the last 200 years. Number 5 Arlington Street was the home of Sir Robert Walpole, the first Bri tish Prime Minister. He led the Government for 21 years. At Number 10 St. James’s Square, Chatham House, the home of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the “blue plaque” is especially large, for it records the names of no less than three Prime Ministers who lived there: William Pitt, the “elder Pitt”, pre-eminently the most strik ing figure on the British po litical stage during the 18th century; Lord Derby, whoheld office three times but on ly briefly; and William Glad stone, whose home it was for a short spell in 1890. Lord Russell, a Prime Mi nister from 1846 to 1852 and 58 Panorama briefly in 1865-66. spent many years at 37 Chesham Place. There, according to his wife, “he never but once worked after dinner”, a statement which Prime Ministers now adays are likely to read with incredulity and envy. Ben jamin Disraeli, Earl of Bea consfield, novelist and states man, three times Chancellor of the Exchequer and twice Prime Minister in Queen Vic toria’s reign, after a triumph ant career lived at 19 Curzon Street until his death. As quith, who was Prime Minis ter at the outbreak of war in 1914 lived for 13 years in Ca vendish Square. Lord Palmerston, most fa mous of Britain’s 19th-century Foreign Secretaries and twice Prime Minister, was born at 20 Queen Anne’s Gate. In 1846, the year he became For eign Secretary for the second time, he took the tenancy of 4 Carlton Gardens. John Bums, popularly known as “Bums of Battersea”, the first artisan in Britain’s history to become a Cabinet Minister (in 1905) is commemorated by a “blue plaBLUE PLAQUES SWW WtHERE THE FAMOUS LIVED David Stephens May 1962 59 que” at 110 Clapham Common, North Side, south of the river Thames, where he lived from: 1914 until his death. He was the pioneer of the modern trade union movement. Political Refugees But it is not only British statemen whose life in London is commemorated by the “blue plaques”. When Benjamin Franklin went to London in 1757 as Agent to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania in America, he lived at what is now 36 Craven Street, off The Strand. It must be admitted that he did not think much of London. “The whole, town is one great smoky house, and every street a chimney,” he complained. The “blue plaques” also re mind us that through the ages London has been a haven for political refugees from all corners of the globe. Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian patriot, lived at 183 Gower Street. In 1840 he returned to Italy to help Garibaldi establish the independent Roman Republic. After its failure he returned to England and continued to work and write for the free and united Italy he did not live to visit. Sharing a similar fate was Louis Kossuth, the 19th-cen tury Hungarian leader, who went into exile when freedom for his country failed. In 1852 he settled in London and dur ing the next eight years lived at a number of addresses. A plaque at a house in Kensing ton (39jChepstow Villas) com memorates his residence at one of them. While Simon Bolivar freed the northern half of the South American continent, it was General San Martin who helped the Peruvians to gain independence, and his excit ing campaign from Argentina across the Andes into Chile led to Chilean independence. He lived at 23 Park Road, St. Marylebone. Finally a reminder of an In dian whom Mahatma Gandhi (himself honoured by a pla que in London’s East End) has described as the “Maker of Modern India”, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, known in India as “Lokamanya” (beloved leader of xthe people). He went to' London in 1918 to plead the case of Indian Home Rule. For part of this stay he lived at a house in Paddington (60 Tal bot Road) now owned by the Lokamanya Tilak Memorial Trust. Last year a “blue pla que” was unveiled at the house by the Prime Minister of Ghana, Dr. Nkrumah, and the Hon. Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon. 60 Panorama A<[dsummer in Britain falls. <'vin June. But if a boy or girl is planning to spend a summer holiday at one of Britain’s 170 Pony Club camps, he or she probably be gan seeing about the reserva tion in January. Last year, 8,000 youngsters had this kind of holiday, and this year it looks as if the figure will be nearer 10,000. Some camps are already fully booked up and are taking reservations 1963. for 0k P. Drew The horse as a worker has all but disappeared from the streets of Britain, and in the fields it has been replaced by the tractor and the combine harvester. But for recreation its popularity goes up and up. The International Pony Club has 242 branches in Bri tain, with nearly 32.000 mem bers. This is more than half the world membership. Aus tralia, with about 14.000 mem bers, is second, and New Zea land, with about 5,000. third. The United States of America comes fourth, with some 4,500 members. May 1962 61 Open Land Set Aside Nor is the trend confined to youth. In Britain there are something like 300 adult rid ing clubs, in addition to about 200 hunt clubs. For many of these riding clubs there is al ready a waiting-list. Then there are the riding schools. In 1950 they numbered about 150; now there are more like 800. In and around London be fore the war, riding was con fined mainly to large open spaces such as Hyde Park and Richmond Park. Today riding schools flourish in the outer suburbs where, in a number of cases, development planners have set aside open land for recreation. The same is true of the large provincial cities like Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol and Coventry. Another development is the addition of riding to the social activities of large businesses. Organizations that have form ed riding clubs for their staffs include the British Broadcast ing Corporation, the General Electric Company, Esso Petro leum, Pearl Assurance Com pany, Birlec Ltd., and the Vauxhall Motor Company. What has increased the po pularity of riding? Is it the urge to escape from the pace of the scientific age, oi just the city dweller’s longing for fresh air and country scenery? Is it stimulated by the achieve ments of champion show jumpers like Pat Smythe? Or admiration for the grace and dexterity of screen and tele vision heroes? Who can tell why any hobby catches the imagination of the young oi any generation? But the horse in Britain is certainly right in the frpnt rank of winners. Daughter: I’ve just accepted Mr. Offleigh, mother. Mother: Gracious, child! I refused him my self twenty-five years ago. Daughter : I know; we’ve just had a good laugh about it. —Punch. * ★ ♦ Mrs. Bim: Harry took part in an amateur play last night and today he’s so hoarse he can hardly talk. Mrs. Bam: Oh, he was the leading man, then? “No, he was the prompter.” — Toronto Gob lin. 62 Panorama Bamboo belongs to the same family as corn, wheat, and other grasses. There are about 700 known species of bamboo all over the world. Thirty of these are found growing in the Philippines. Bamboo varies in height from 15 cm. to over 30 meters at maturity. This perennial monocotyledonous plant can thrive at temperatures rang ing from 9 to 36 degrees Cen tigrade and has been found at altitudes as high as 3700 me ters above sea level as in South America. BAMBOO an(j pulp making As a raw material for pulp and papermaking, bamboo has several advantages. It is re latively clean and, unlike wood, does not require bark ing. Its fibers are generally longer than those of other grasses and hardwoods. Fi bers of some bamboo species have been found to be as long as those of the conifers, if not longer. Generally, bamboo is easy to propagate. It grows rapid ly. In India it is exploitable from 6 to 12 years after plant ing and at 3- to 4-year har vesting cycles thereafter. Un fortunately, reliable informa tion on sustained yields of Philippine species are not yet May 1962 63 available. It is likely that climatic and other environ mental factors in the Philip pines are similar to those in many bamboo areas of India. Hence, there is every reason to believe that Philippine bambos behave similarly. It is encouraging to note that in Burma, India, and Pakistan sustained yields of 1.6 to 9.1 metric tons of dry bamboo per hectare per year have been reported. In the United States and Japan it has been noted that the annual yield of pulp per acre from bamboo is as much as 5.5 to 7 times greater than that for pine pulpwood which, in addition, DR. JOSE P. LAUREL AND . . manhood and self-respect are literally being torn to shreds by helplessness and despair.” In the face of these realities, the development effort can not but be a continuing impera tive. I have had occasion to state, without wishing to be categorical, that the only ef fective formula there is for eradicating poverty, for ad vancing the standard of living of the people, for carrying out the precept of the Constitution that social justice be promoted to insure their well-being and economic security, is produc tion. And it must be produc tion that should outstrip the growth as well as the increastakes a much longer time to grow before it can be harves ted. At present, bamboo is the principal raw material of the pulp and paper industry in In dia and it is a potential raw material in Burma. The an nual consumption in India is about 400,000 tons. It is also used for the same purpose in Thailand, Japan, Taiwan, and Pakistan. In India, clear cutting or cutting of all the culms in a clump or in an area was found to be destructive to the health of the plant and led to a deterioration in yield. On the other hand, selective (Continued from page 13) ing needs of the growing po pulation. Production is the end result of the coordination of a num ber of factors. These are la bor, capital, entrepreneur ship, and the resources of na ture. The instrumentality that coordinates these fac tors and lines them up toge ther into a driving force that pushes the productive power forward is business enterprise. Without business enterprise production is an impossibility. Business enterprise, however, inevitably must operate under systems of governmental, monetary, fiscal and other sta tutory rules and regulations. 64 Panorama cutting which is now prac ticed there and in Pakistan requires the cutting of only the mature culms in cycles of 3 to 4 years to ensure high sustained yield. In this re gard, felling rules prescribe the number of culms to be cut, when and how the cut ting is to be done. The harvested bamboo culms are brought to the pulp mill either by rail, trucks, or by floating in rivers. PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS Crushers The crushers used are simi lar to those used in sugar mills. The culms are split and broken by feeding them through pairs of rolls with progressively narrowing clear ances and grooves. Chippers Modern high speed chippers having 5 to 10 knives, like those used for pulpwood, are being used in recently con structed mills. Some chippers have provisions for holding the culms against the chip per knives. In some mills combinations of crushers and chippers are used. The culms are first lightly crushed and then chip ped. These rules and regulations can help the productive pro cesses to move ahead. They can also hold them back and obstruct them. Rules and reg ulations obstruct business en terprise when they curtail the full and beneficial utilization of the resources constituting the tools and factors of pro duction. When they do, they obstruct not business enter prise alone; they obstruct pro duction itself. When produc tion is obstructed, the effort to eradicate poverty, to pro vide fuller employment oppor tunities, to raise the standard of living of the people, to pro mote social justice, is also ob structed. For the past twelve years until a little over a month ago, business enterprise had been operated under a system of controls, particularly in the matter of accounting for the foreign exchange proceeds from exports and in having all imports and other commit ments to pay foreign exchange abroad licensed. The latter especially was particularly shackled by diverse regula tions governing the importa tion of commodities for con sumption or production; for the purchase of plant machin eries, spare parts or raw ma terials; for the acquisition of essential or luxury or unclassi fied articles; and for other May 1962 65 After crushing and/or chip ping, the chips are screened and the fines discarded. The oversized pieces are reduced to the proper size by passing through hammermills, disinte grators, and other similar de vices. The screened pieces go to the bins, silos, or direct to the digesters. The crusher produces sub divided pieces which are very easily penetrated by cooking liquor. However, the bulk of pieces produced in crushers is greater than that of an equal weight of chips produced in chippers. The material pro duced in the chippers contains less fines and the chips are of more uniform length (1 to 1-1/2 inches) than those pro duced in the crushers. The crushed material consists of irregular-sized pieces, some of which are as long as 5 inches. Because of the high silica con tent of bamboos, which easily dulls the knives, frequent re grinding or replacement of the chipper knives is>required. PULPING METHODS The sulfate and sulfite pro cesses are employed in bam boo pulp mills today. The soda process is also suitable for bamboo, but the pulp is purposes. Whether a business enterprise may go into one kind of business or another, or whether it may or may not be permitted to go into busi ness at all, depended also upon other kinds of regulations,— all of which, as the regulatory and licensing authorities were becoming bolder, were becom ing administered also accord ing to their personal whims and caprices, and, eventually, a time arrived when licenses, if issued at all, could be had only against questionable con siderations. From the economic stand point, the control system was showing signs of having out lived its usefulness during the last few years. Conceived to conserve the exchange re serves of the country, we had less than $100 million in re serves in 1961 when there was $300 million in 1950. Adopted as a tool of managed economy to accelerate and increase ag ricultural, and expand and diversify industrial, produc tion, the country found that the yearly increase of its gross national product had dwindled bv 1960 to 2.6% compared to the 6.9% average of 1950 to 1955 and the 4.4% from 1956 to 1959, with 1961 making no better showing than 1960. The Governor of the Central Bank is authority for the statement that “our export trade, long suffering from lack of incen66 Panorama inferior in quality in most respects to that produced by the sulfate process. Experi ments in mechanical grinding, neutral sulfite, cold soda se michemical pulping, and con tinuous kraft digestions have been done on bomboo, but these are not yet practiced on a commercial scale. Sulfate method The sulfate method is the most widely used in bamboo pulping because it readily pro duces acceptable pulp from mixtures of species. The pulp is stronger than that made by other processes and the che mical recovery system is eftive due to the administrative ly fixed rate of P2.00 to $1.00, did riot respond as favorably as hoped to the first stages of gradual decontrol which af forded higher exchange rates. Instead, it was caught in the grip of speculation at home while plagued with deteriorat ing market prices for our pro ducts abroad. Our export trade dropped by 10% in 1961, while imports increased by 17%. Investments slowed down, financial resources were frozen in inventories, ag ricultural and manufacturing production slackened, and mining suffered a reduction in output”. With extraordinary courage and vigor, and animated by a ficient and leliable. There are two methods of sulfate digestions, namely, the fractional or two-stage method and the single-stage method. The fractional method is based on the studies of Raitt at the Indian Forest Research Institute. The first stage of digestion uses the spent liquor from the second stage of a previous digestion. Raitt.’s process is carried out at a temperature of about 108 to 115 degrees Centigrade for two hours using about 8.5 per cent active alkali as sodium oxide. During the first stage, resolve to free the economy once and for all of the ple thora of regulations and reg ulatory bodies that were chok ing the national productive ef fort, the new President who took office on December 30, 1961 authorized the promul gation on January 21, 1962 of the decontrol order. At one stroke, almost all licensing re quirements for carrying out foreign exchange transactions were written off the books. This was a most courageous step. Had safeguards against hoarding and consequent run away prices been ineffective, flight of whatever little of the foreign exchange reserves still left could have taken -place. The decontrol system could May 1962 67 the starches and pectins are removed. The black liquor is pumped to the recovery plant at the end of this stage. Sub sequently, fresh liquor con taining active alkali as so dium oxide equivalent to 15.5 percent of the weight of the chips is charged and the cook ing proceeds at 153 to 158 de grees Centigrade for one hour and for two hours more at 140 degrees Centigrade. Deligni fication occurs during this stage. The spent liquor from the second-stage cook is drain ed into the digester of a firststage cook. The pulp obtain ed by this method is easily DR. JOSE P. LAUREL AND . have been utilized by unscru pulous speculators to bring about an economic debacle, even a social upheavel in the country. I must quote again the Gov ernor of the Central Bank on the safeguards taken to insure the success of the decontrol program. “In view of the mass i v e inflationary pressures which had been built up last year by prodigal government spending and liberal credit, it was imperative to place some restraint on new monetary creation. Money supply dur ing the one year period ending October, 1961, had expanded by 15%. Such a magnitude of monetary expansion was well bleached by a single hypo chlorite treatment. However, the modern two-stage methods use (1) in the first stage, 2 to 3 percent active alkali as sodium oxide and a cooking time of 2 to 4 hours at 142 to 150 degrees Centigrade and (2) in the second stage, 12 to 13 percent active alkali as so dium oxide and a cooking time of 4 to 4.5 hours at 162 to 170 degrees Centigrade. The use of less complex single-stage cooking methods to produce bleachable pulps is now possible due , to the modern multi-stage bleaching processes. The single-stage above the danger point signi fied in the Central Bank Char ter. Central Bank rediscount ing and lending to private banks had also gone up by nearly 100%. The specific measures taken to counteract these conditions were: (1) the raising of the rediscount rate; (2) the reimposition of redis count quotas on banks; (3) the raising of bank reserve re quirements against demand deposits, and (4) the prescrip tion of time deposits as a con dition for opening import let ters of credit. A stipulation intended to dampen the infla tionary effects of exchange windfalls arising from decon trol requires that 20% of all 68 Panorama sulfate method takes 4 to 5 hours at 165 to 173 degrees Centigrade with 15 to 16 per cent active alkali as sodium oxide. The sulfidity of the cooking liquors used for both single- and two-stage diges tions varies from 10 to 25 percent. Studies in the Philippine Forest Products Research Institute have shown that some Philippine bamboo spe cies such as bolo (Gigantochloa levis), buho (Schizostachyum lumampao), giant bamboo (Gigantochloa aspera), kauayan-kiling (Bambusa vulgaris), kauayan-tinik export proceeds should be turned over to the Central Bank at the official rate of two to one.” The measures taken to free the economy from regimenta tion were a long stride for ward from the regime of gov ernment functionaries dictat ing to their fellow citizens how their business should be conducted or how their con sumption needs should be sa tisfied. It was again Dr. Lau rel who said, “We prefer this type of economy” — he meant free economy — “because both theory and experience tell us that it is the only type that can enable us to preserve our democratic institutions.” Corollary to social justice, (Bambusa blumeana) and yel low bamboo (Bambusa vulga ris var. striata) respond well to the single-stage sulfate me thod using 15.5 percent alkali as sodium oxide with 25 per cent sulfidity, a cooking time of 3 hours, and a miximum temperature of 170 degrees Centigrade. The yields ranged from 40 to 47 percent. Sulfite method A disadvantage of the sul fite process for pulping bam boo is that each species must be cooked separately as diffe rent digestion conditions are required. Of course, more la bor is required in handling another objective of increased production is to lessen if not close the gap between export income and import expendi tures. The long range goal is to develop favorable foreign trade balances, the only way by which the value of the peso in both the domestic and the international markets can be stabilized. Without reaching a settled balanced position in the foreign trade, the ex change value of the peso or the term of its foreign ex change convertibility will al ways be an uncertain, unsta ble rate that will float up and down with the variable waves and troughs of demand and supply of foreign exchange as well as demand and supply of May 1962 69 each species separately in stacking, chipping, etc. The cooking time is much longer than that required by the suf fate processes. Another factor which has hindered its wider use has been the lack of a chemical recovery system. The application of modern re covery systems now available could possibly make this pro cess competitive with the suliate process. The sulfite process is em ployed by only one mill in India. The magnesium-base cooking liquor contains about 1.95 percent free SO2 and 2.3 percent combined SO2. The DR. JOSE P. LAUREL AND . peso to pay for it. Supply of foreign exchange adequate to meet every foreseeable de mand can not be had unless and until the foreign trade is at least balanced, or until we attain what the economists call an equilibrium in the bal ance of payments position. The country can not depend upon stabilization loans all the time. If decontrol had been pro mulgated without the safe guards we have mentioned, and without.a knowledge of the existing situation in the market of essential foodstuffs and other necessities of daily life, the commodity hoarders and price speculators could total sulfur in the liquor is equivalent to about 8.0 to 8.6 percent of the weight of the chips. Cooking takes 19.5 to 20.5 hours and the maximum temperature varies from 155 to 160 degrees Centigrade. Because of the low capacity of this mill it is not eco nomical to recover the chem icals for re-use. BLEACHING Two-stage cooked sulfate pulps are bleached in the mills by two hypochlorite treatments with washing after each treatment. The available chlorine consumption ranges from 7 to 10 percent. have gained dominance of the situation. Prices could have skyrocketed. But because the country had four to five months’ inventories of essen tial commodities on hand, it was calculated that such sup plies were too large for cor nering and hoarding, so that skyrocketing of prices was not likely to take place. Even then, there has still been a notable increase of commodity prices, especially the prices of imported goods. Prices of domestic goods have a way of following sympathe tically the behavior of prices of imported commodities. But such increases as have taken place have largely been a kind 70 Panorama Multi-stage bleaching is used for sulfite and for singlestage sulfate pulps. This con sists of chlorination, caustic extraction, and one or more stages of hypochlorite treat ment, with every stage being followed by washing. Avail able chlorine consumption va ries from 6 to 8 percent. PAPERMAKING The processes and equip ment used in bamboo paperof sounding out by the trad ing elements to see how far the consuming public would follow. After all there is a limit to the capacity of con sumer purchasing power to absorb price increases. To further neutralize the threat of speculation and hoarding, the time deposit re quirements in the opening of import letters of credit cover ing essential consumption and production goods have just been lifted. Thus, another major step has been taken to ease the way of free enter prise. The relief could have been more widespread, how ever, if the importation of all raw materials and spare parts o f existing manufacturing plants were likewise eased. They represent investments that should not be liquidated, sources of employment that should not be emasculated, making are essentially the same as those used for other fibrous materials. Bleached sulfate and sulfite bamboo pulps, either alone or in mix tures with other pulps, are used for making a wide va riety of writing, printing, and wrapping papers, newsprint (as the chemical pulp por tion), and paperboards. Un bleached bamboo pulp is used for paperboards, wrapping, and bag papers. productive facilities contribut ing to the economic advance ment of the country that should not be stultified, even if they pertain to the non-es sential producer category. While easing the way for the importation of essential commodities to replenish di minishing inventories, coun teracting thereby the incipiency of increasing prices be ing generated by imagined scarcities, this relaxation measure poses a new problem. It will create a substantial de mand for foreign exchange which will lower once more the value of the peso. Foreign exchange holders will tend to hold on to their dollars as long as possible and will sell only when no further dollar price advance may be expected. In other words, the floating rate will call again for more pesos to buy one dollar. This, howMay 1962 71 DR. JOSE P. LAUREL AND . ever, will correct itself when the dollar holders, attracted by the higher dollar price in pesos, release and sell their dollar holdings. Eventually, dollar holders will have to sell in any event, especially the exporters who must liquidate their export proceeds in nine ty days. This is the way of free en terprise. It gives freedom to private individual action. But it also calls for alertness, res ponsibility, and acumen in the management of business. The protecting but asphyxiating mantle of economic regimen tation has been withdrawn. But private initiative and free enterprise must face the healthy risks of free competi tion. Having won economic free dom, the question might now be asked: Where do we go from here? We have adverted to the fact that the country counts with the basic factors of pro duction. We have said pro duction is the most effective instrumentality for .promoting social justice and for develop ing the economy to a favor able balance of payments posi tion. We have immensely rich natural resources, great, man power in the skilled, semi skilled and even in the entrepreneural classes. We have a certain amount of domestic capital awaiting investment. If social justice must be bet ter served, we need to accele rate productive activity. An accelerated tempo of the pro ductive effort, however, will call for greater capital invest ments than the amounts that we have placed in agricultural and industrial enterprises an nually these past several years. We need to find out and remove the causes that have made domestic capital shy and timid, or that made it go into hiding. At the same time we need also to evolve inducements that would invite foreign capital to share with us in a more extensive and in tensive exploitation of our na tural resources without our selling our country down the river. We need, therefore, a new investment law. But whatever investment law we should adopt, its basic policy must be founded not only on attraction of foreign capital but also on fair treatment of domestic capital. These objectives are not in capable of reconcilement. It should be possible to offer at tractive inducements to both domestic and foreign capital to invest themselves in those economic fields that have not yet been adequately exploited. In these fields, the treatment 72 Panorama of both domestic and foreign capital as to taxes, tax exemp tions, tariff protection from the competition of imported goods, and other privileges, in terests and rights should be the same for both kinds of investments. Such treatment should induce both domestic and foreign investments to en ter those fields of enterprise on an equal footing. We should not countenance any supposed inducement offered to foreign capital that we shall deny to domestic capital. Where we can give relaxa tions to foreign investments that need not be available to domestic investments could emanate from the policies we shall adopt with respect to as surances against risks of na tionalization and expropria tion of foreign-owned business enterprises, of full repatria tion of investments, of free dom of remittances of profits and earnings, as well as with respect to immigration and re sidence privileges of nationals of investing countries, and the extent of freedom by which foreign business and indus trial executives and technical personnel can be allowed to be contracted for service in the country. Filipino capital will not resent or begrudge the grant of such assurance and privileges to foreign-owned Capital investments. The importance of a new in vestment policy was another of the vast array of subjects that occupied Dr. Laurel’s thinking. “Our population,” he wrote, “increases every year, job opportunities do not increase proportionately; so, unemployment can not but also increase from year to year. There is no way out from this except a drastic change in both our habits of investment and in the direc tion of investment activities which we pursue . . . .” He was suggesting three es sential requisite moves to be undertaken in order to effec tuate a basic change in the in vestment pattern and in the direction of investment activi ties. “First”, he said, “idle ca pital has to be coaxed out of idleness and hiding, and mob ilized in such a way that the owners will actually find it best for them to put their ca pital into basic production. Second, capital that is already heavily invested in economic ally negative or unproductive investments should be per suaded to shift to productive and positive enterprises. And third, the changed pattern must be self-generative of fur ther and wider investment op portunities in the positive and productive spheres, for only such a change can insure con tinued development and stabMay 1962 73 A NEW STATESMANSHIP . . . dy said to me, “You know you sound just like Barry Goldwater, the American con servative.” And I said to him, “If this be conservatism, make the most of it. Because what is conservatism for an indus trialized state like the United States could very well be ra dicalism for a country like the Philippines and the other countries of Asia, the self-re liance of whose individual people has been deadened by centuries of colonial govern ment.” Indeed, in the United States, the advocates of wel fare statism cry for govern ment i n t e r v e n tion on the grounds that there is too much ebullience of private initiative. The problem is the opposite in the Philippines, in India, Indonesia, Burma and Malaya. The problem in Asia and Latin America is not how to repress the effervescence of DR. JOSE P. LAUREL AND . ility in the economy.” But over and above all his specific proposals to solve our economic problems, he was al ways reverting at every turn to one favorite theme: “If we, Filipinos”, he wrote, “are to arrive sooner and more effec tively at the solutions of our (Continued from page 17) private initiative. It is how to awaken it and permit the ge nius of the individual citizen to contribute to the economy and political progress of the nation. I have seen this in Latin America. I have seen it in Asia. I see it in the Philip pines. And I say that it is time perhaps for us, particu larly for the formers of opi nion, namely the distinguish ed gentlemen of the press, to think in terms of what we might call “A new statesman ship for Asia.” It is traditional that Asian and Latin American leaders think in terms of power in or der to lead the people by this power on the path to progress. Perhaps it is time that the statesmen of Asia began to think of reducing their own power so that their leadership might be all the more effec tive. I do not say that this is the absolute solution to all the basic social and economic problems, we must learn to study, think, and work more, — we must think for our selves, act by and for our selves, and formulate and pur sue our own independent aims and objectives as a free and democratic people.” 74 Panorama problems of under-developed countries. I say, however, that this is a fundamental problem that we must begin to face squarely. And I invite our foreign friends to go back to their countries and think these thoughts. So that per haps they might, in evaluat ing their own problems, think of cooperating with some of the new statesmen of the Phil ippines and beginning a prog ram of leadership for this region that shall mean less power for the leaders and more power and more prog ress for the people. When I was in India last year, to attend a conference in New Delhi, Mrs. Lakshmi Menon, the Undesecretary of Foreign Affairs, was the dele gate to the conference, which was entitled “Asia Takes a Second Look at Democracy.” She concluded her speech with a very telling anecdote, and I was very pleased at the time not only because it was very telling but also because it was a distinguished Hindu ■quoting an enecdote about a Catholic cathedral. She said that at one time, there were several workers cutting stones in a public pla za in Paris. A priest went down and, wanting to test the attitude? of the workers, approached one of them and he asked. “What are you doing?” The worker said, “Can’t you see, Father, I am cutting stones.” The priest was not very happy about this answer, so he went down to the second worker and said “YoUj my good man, what are you do ing?” And this man said, “I have to eat, so I am earning a li ving.” Not very happy, he went down to the third man who was also cutting stones and asked this man, “You, my good man, what are you do ing?” This man looked up at the priest, pride in his eyes, and said “Father, I am build ing a cathedral.” I think that, perhaps, when we can get every Asian to answer to such a question, “What are you doing?” to say not only that “I am planting rice,” “I am preparing a brief” or “I am curing the sick” but to saj also that “I am build ing my nation, I am building a great Asia,” we shall at last be putting our region on the road to progress. We can do this without the use of force, but by constitu tional amendments and by the realization of the leaders that perhaps the time has come in Ac: a, in Latin America, in Africa for the leaders to de termin? for themselves, “How May 1962 75 long will military interreg num, how long will dictator ship, how long will pretense at democracy, how long will this last in the face of the on slaughts of organized Com munism?” It is time that we made the Asian choose not between one dictatorship and the Red dic tatorship, but between real democracy and a Communist dictatorship. And the only people I can think of who can go back to their countries and initiate this are the people who belong to the fourth estate—the gentleman of the press. You can go back to your countries and using the free dom of expression, tell your leaders what you have seen here. And if you find that there is any applicability of the modest steps that we are taking here to your situation, then I ask you: speak up, write. Be the moulders not only of public opinion but of leadership in Asia. We are all very proud of our culture. Asian leaders, in every speech, will say that the culture of the Asian peo ple is great. Ask them this question: “How much faith do you have in that culture; or do you have only faith in yourselves and in the accumulation of power? How much faith do you have in the ability of the Asian to make decisions for himself; or are you interested only in maintaining your selves in power so that you might make your own deci sions, whether they are right or wrong, for the people of Asia?” If you do this, you will be doing us a favor because we who believe in this faith — faith in the individual Asian — feel that it is a program that deserves the understand ing and the study of other people. Fe have a lot to learn from India, a lot to learn from India, a lot to learn from Pa kistan, Indonesia, Malaya, from Japan and China and Korea. If you feel that you would like to take something home from the Philippines tell your people this: that we have started a new era in which we are placing faith in the individual citizen as su perior to faith in the indivi dual leaders. This is where this country is going. 76 Panorama THE COLLEGE ... leadership. I do not, of course, mean an educationist: the professional student of education who exalts methods above content, talks about life-adjustment to a life he has not studied in depth, and speaks and reads a strange language call ed Pedagese that is unintel ligible to the average layman. Nor do I go along with the loose usage referring to every teacher, at least from the thirteenth grade up, as an educator. The campuses are full of specialists, many of them productive scholars, who have neither the inclination nor the capacity to take a wide-angle view of the cur riculum. By an educational leader I mean an excellent teacher with enough class room experience on the un dergraduate level to give him a first-hand insight into the problems of the professor; a man, moreover, who has ev olved a firm but flexible phi losophy of education and can express it articulately to both scholar and layman. Grad uate teaching is not essential, but the acceptable candidate should present evidence of genuine understanding of the work of the research scholar, preferably in the form of so lid publication. If he has also had experience in educational (Continued from page 51) administration — as dean, de partment head, or director of a significant program of stu dies — so much the better. The goodly company of deans who have been kicked up stairs to become distinguish ed presidents takes some of the edge off the quip that a dean is a mouse in training to be a rat. But it must not be forgotten that many a dean is an unsuccessful teacher who has blossomed into new dignity through some special talent as a disciplinarian, a clerk, or an errand boy. The reasons for insisting on an educational leader are in such plain sight that they are often, like Poe’s purloin ed letter, completely overlook ed. Every reputable institu tion of higher learning, at least beyond the junior col lege level, is established for two interrelated purposes: to expound knowledge through teaching and expand it through scholarship and re search. The teachers and scholars on the campus are more di rectly and consistently con cerned with pursuing these aims than any other group. Neither fraternities nor foot ball, nor luxurious dormito ries nor palatial union build ings, nor the touching of May 1962 77 alumni, nor the sweet uses of publicity can so enchance the long-term reputation of a col lege as a live faculty that in sists on high standards and gives full value in classroom, library and laboratory. To help in building and maintaining such a faculty, the president must thorough ly understand the facts of aca demic life. For example: Conscientious teaching is one of the most demanding of all occupations; the kind of thinking that goes into it can not be obtained merely by putting a slogan on the wall. Considering demands of “keeping up with the field,” class preparation, paper gra ding, committee work and student counseling (both sche duled)— the college teacher with a twelve-hour class con tact load may be doing a fair day’s (and night’s) work; but no time-study man can find a perfect formula for mea suring his input and output. Significant research re quires solid blocks of unin terrupted time, the sort that can be supplied only by free summers and occasional leaves; research cannot al ways promise or achieve “re sults,” and much of it is not “practical” — at least in the fuzzily restricted use of such terms in the market place. Criticism is not the cor 78 rosive griping of the man who will not “play with the team” but the constant self inspection without which no educational institution can progress. Academic freedom is not a subversive shibboleth of the American Association of Uni versity Professors but an atmosohere without which the honest pursuit of the truth is impossible. The instructor on the low est rung of the academic lad der is not the president’s em ployee, but his fellow scholar and teacher; the instructor has a clear right to reason why and to express his react ions to the president’s policies and practices openly, not in the safe confines of a compa ny suggestion box. No workable educational policy can spring fully armed from the head of the institu tions and be passed down through channels by execu tive fiat; it must be hammer ed out in the give-and-take of free discussion. In short, the qualifications of the ideal president consist not? only of aptitudes, but of attitudes. In every first-rate college educator the attitudes are so built-in that he cannot choose but remain a friend of the faculty if he becomes a friend in power. By this I do not mean a president Panorama whose entire energies are de voted to appeasing the teach ing staff; I mean a college educator who unmistakably puts teaching and scholarship first in importance. In his final chapter, Dr. Stoke argues convincingly that the college president must have a philosophy of education and discusses its uses in some detail. Certain ly the possession of a sound philosophy will enable the bu siest housekeeper to find rea sonable solutions to many ot the educational dilemmas of the campus. But I am still left with the impression that, beyond this, the modern pres ident can function as an edu cator only in occasional lulls between the battles of bureau cracy : All this is particularly galling to a man who has always thought of himself as primarily concerned with education and who thought that by becoming a presi dent he would be even more influential. He can still make noises like an educa tor — after all, the president can create captive audiences but for reasons which will be seen to be fundamental ly sound, he had better re sign himself to a prepared fate. I cannot believe that any true educational leader, in cluding Dr. Stoke, will resign himself to such a fate. He will continue to preach his gospel — by speaking on care fully selected occasions, by writing of every sort from pa tient letters for impatient alumni to books as informative as The American College President (a superior form of noise-making). An educational leader who is not a clear and convincing speaker and writer is a con tradiction in terms. The bu siest president must not be too busy to think his way through to a broad picture of the ins titution he wants to shape — what the late Chancellor Capen of Buffalo once called “the grand plan” — and he must present it in the clearest possible focus to the members of the “college family.” He must also, of course — espe cially in his special role as middleman between trustees and faculty — reflect as accu rately as possible the views of others. But he must ne ver dodge his duty as a crea tor by pretending that he is only a reflector. Nor must he limit himself to leadership within his own college family. Now; that, thanks largely to Russian science, education has become a national emergency, the country is crying for educa MAY 1962 79 tional leadership. This must come from the clear voices of those most able to make themselves heard above the cacophony of all the self-ap pointed experts who have been sputtering since the first sputnik. An occasional college professor or an retired admir al— an Arthur Bestor or a Hyman Rickover — may still get a wide hearing. But the college president, even the ex president, is in a better posi tion to make the front pages: he remains in Dixon Wecter’s phrase, “one of the few ora cles still held in considerable popular respect by our irre verent civilization.” This is one of the strongest argu ments against the common proposal that the president should be a business execu tive and the dean an educa tor; the newspaper seldom listen to deans, the American public has an awesome inter est in the number-one boy. The president’s role as a propagandist must not be con fused with the routine bro chures and handouts of public relations. It is even further removed from that of a large number of advertising men in industry: their job is often to persuade the consumer that he desperately wants what he obviously doesn’t need (a new car every year — lower, wider, finnier and more ex pensive); his duty is always to persuade the American peo ple that they desperately need what most of them really don’t want (and the total cost of a year at the best colleges is still lower than that of a middle-priced car). For the American people in general don’t want higher education. They want training, or skills, or “more science” for embryo nic rocketeers, or short cuts to literacy, or degrees, or higher paying first jobs, or four happy years as pre-weds, or fraternities and sororities, or the best seats in the alum ni cheering section, or the sta tus of the old school tie — but, as Ruskin saTd back in 1867, there is still “little de sire for the thing itself.” Of course, the educational leader should also be an effi cient (but not officious) man ager, a skilled diplomatic fencer (but not a fence-sit ter), an organizer (but not an “organization man”). He should be a money-getter without succumbing to chro nic mendicancy. He should possess all the ethical virtues of the Boy Scout list from trustworthiness to reverence. He should also have a charm ing life who is not only above suspicion, but skilled in human relations beyond the fondest dreams of Cal(Continued on page 92) Panorama Electronic devices Zo Kepiace Post Officers The flood of letters in Ger many threatens to deteriorate into, a flood catastrophe. Every day no less than thir ty million letters and parcels pass through the postal offices in the Federal Republic of Germany and West-Berlin. This is more than twice as much as only ten years ago, and the number of items car ried by the post is still rising rapidly. Personnel to sort these tremendous masses of mail is in very short supply, and robots will have to under take this work in future. Automation in the federal post office has progressed to a gratifying degree. Almost all long-distance telephone traffic is already being hand led by the self-dialling tele phone network. The Federal Republic, moreover, can boast of having the densest telex (private teletyping) network in all the world. An electro nic letter sorting machine will relieve the overworked postal workers of the major part of this terrific amount of work in the near future. In order order to prepare this conver sion gradually, the post office robot will soon send its greet ings to the eighteen million households in the Federal Republic of Germany, in the form of a booklet containing the new Postal Guide Num bers, as they have been called; numbers which are used as a code characterizing each of the 24,000 post offices in the Federal Republic of Germany. In Munich and Darmstadt two electronic sorting ma chines have been installed, which have already been working satisfactorily for some time, and which are the pride of Mr. Stuecklen, the Federal Minister of Postal Affairs and Telecommunica tion, who is energetically promoting rationalization and automation schemes in the fe deral German post offices. May 1962 81 The new sorting machine will at first deal within only the first working cycle: All mail items too large or too thick will be separated, and specially packed to be further processed by human effort. All this means that Mr. John Citizen will in future have to use standardized envelopes, and to refrain from putting any quantity into the enve lope just to utilize the full postage rate. The robot ma chine will be able to process letters only up to half an inch thick. The electronic brain of ihe machine can only read certain figures; therefore, the new Postal Guide Numbers have become necessary. After preliminary sorting, the letters, without being touched by a human hand, will pass through a machine sorting so that all letters will appear with their addresses up. In order to make this possbile, the letter stamps in the Federal Republic of Germany will in the future be of lumi nescent paper. The first of the stamps are already in print. Over a conveyor line the individual mail units will pass up to the desk of a post official who will attach an in visible magnetic sign to the envelope, corresponding to the postal guide number of the address. But he need not touch any letter by hand. The last sorting machine will then sort the letters by postal guide numbers. The machine has ben designed to be able to manage no less than 20,000 letters every hour. Every innovation will cost money, in particular so com plicated an apparatus as elec tronic machinery. As the ba lance sheet of the Federal Post Office last year did no longer show a net earning at the end, the Federal Minister of Postal Affairs has been compelled to announce an in crease in postage rates, which roused a storm of protests in the public. Minister Stuecklen replied that he would be ready to restrict the higher postage rates of {he post office to those items of mail which were not marked with the new Postal Guide Numbers or which did not correspond to the standardized dimen sions. Another eight to ten years will pass until the 45 majoi post offices in the Federal Republic of Germany requir ing approximately 250 electro nic sorting machines will be fully automated. In order to be economical in operation each one of these machines must sort at least 100,000 let ters a day. But perhaps, the Federal Post Office will be (Continued on page 92) 82 Panorama WHILE Bonifacio was languishing in jail, General Mariano Noriel wrote Emilio Aguinaldo narrating the events that led to the capture of the Bonifacio brothers. On April 29, Aguinaldo for warded Bonifacio’s case to the Council of War in order “to conduct the necessary trial..’ He further instructed the Council to appoint a judgewhose rank must * be that of colonel. Consequently, Colo nel Pedro Lipana was appoint ed Judge Advocate; Mdjor La zaro Makapagal, Secretary; Jose Elises, Riscal’; and Placido Martinez and Teodoro Gonzales, counsels of Andres and Procopio Bonifacib, res pectively. ™e TRIAL and death ~ BONIFACIO Teodoro Agoncillo May 1962 83 The investigation of the case commenced in Naik on April and continued in Maragondon up to~Kfay_A^4B97 Several men, all belonging to the Bonifacio group, testified. Among them were Major Be nito Torres, Pedro Giron, Procopio Bonifacio, and Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio’s wife. With the exception of the tes timonies of Procopio and Gre goria, those of the other sol diers were hostile to Bonifacio. The fatal testimony came from Pedia Giron, who said that Andres Bonifacio tried to bribe him in order to kill Aguinaldo “so that Bonifacio may be declared President/’ On the other hand, General Pio del Pilar testified that Bonifacio prevailed upon him to join the latter’s group. ^ndres Bonifacio ripnipd the charges of treason, “.sedition, and_counter-revolution against him, and vehemently declared his innocence.. The mob that gathered to witness the trial was hostile to him and called him down. It was obvious that Bonifacio was up against a strong prejudice_,generated by a sense of regionalism. Judge Pedro Lipana then wrote an official report in which he assessed the merits of the different testimonies. The report was hostile to Bo nifacio. On May 4, General Mariano Noriel, the President of the Council of War, noti fied the other members of the Council that a meeting would be held the next all the members of cil Panorama ' of the Bonifacio brothers commenced on May 5. Major Makapagal read aloud the tes timonies given during the pre liminary investigation. Judge Lipana summarized the find ings of the investigating com mittee and declared that the men at the bar were guilty as charged. In view of these findings, the Judge recom mended that “Andies and Procopio Bonifacio be given capital punishment, each of them to be shot in open space, up to five shots for each; that the distance be ten feet according to the gravity of their crimes.” At this juncture. Placido Martinez, Andres’s defense counsel, stood up and deli vered a speech which was, in The term “defense” is, it seems, difficult in the case of Mr. Andres Bonifacio owing to his bad and abo minable actuations and if there is any other punish ment more severe thap death it should be imposed upon him. x x x Then he pleaded with the Court to bt lenient. He conti nued : Did not our Saviour, Je sus Christ, though punished and put to death by' the Jews, also ask our Lord God the Father to forgive all those who had sinned against Him? And how could we, who are mere creatures made of dust, de ny forgiveness to our fel lowmen? In view of all >i that Andres forgiven for May 1962 »3 all that he had done, so that in so doing we may fulfill what we say in “Our Fa ther” : “Forgive our tres passes as we forgive those who trespass against us.” So saying he sat down and allowed Teodoro Gonzales to have his say. Gonzales plead ed mercy for his client, Procopio, saying that since the declarations of the witnesses maintained that Procopio was in no way involved in the al leged conspiracy to overthrow the existing government of the rebels he, Procopio, should not be punished. The trial was over. The Council of War agreed to meet again the following day to make its decision known. Meanwhile, the Bonifacio brothers were led back behind prison bars. The Council deliberated on the case and came to the con clusion that the prisoners were guilty as charged and sentenced to be shot to death. The proceedings of the case were sent to General Baldomero Aguinaldo who, on May 8, wrote President Emilio Aguinaldo that the Bonifacio brothers were found 'guilty and that it was up to the x-resident to make the final decision. Aguinaldo, after leading the papers, penned his decision, which was to banish the brothers to an iso lated place. This decision was supposed to have been shown to the prisoners, but the do cuments of the trial show that the prisoners never saw the papers. What actually happened was that when Generals No-, riel and Del Pilar learned of President Aguinaldo’s deci sion, they rushed to his head quarters and pleaded with him to withdraw his decision.. They reasoned out that the Revolution could not afford to be divided at a time when the Spanish forces were sli cing through rebel territory. They made Aguinaldo believe that the prisoners were dan gerous and, if allowed to be banished, might lead a coun ter-revolution. Clemente Jose Zulueta, writer and historian, also pleaded with Aguinaldo not to change the decision of the Council of War. Zulueta hated Bonifacio because the latter allegedly accused him of being a stooge of the friars. Owing to this pressure, Agui naldo recalled his decision 86 PANORAMA and allowed the decision of the Council of War to stand. The Bonifacio .brothers^then, were, to die by musketry. Early in the morning of May 10, General Noriel called in Major Makapagal and handed him a sealed enve lope. “This is what you will do,” Noriel told Makapagal. “Go at once to headquarters and tell Colonel Ritual to give you four soldiers. Then go to Ermita and get the two prisoners, Andres and Proco pio Bonifacio. Take them to Mount Tala; open this letter when you arrive there. Read it aloud to the two prisoners so that they may be apprised of its contents. Follow the instructions to the letter.” The morning was bleak; it was raining. On the way to Mount Tala with the prison ers, Andres asked Makapagal whether he would be shot. “No,” Makapagal answered. “As far as I am concerned, the order is to take you to Mount Tala, probably to re move you from the scene of battle.” At the foot of Mount Ta. lat the little group stopped for a moment. Andres took May 1962< 87 the opportunity to inquire about the contents of the sealed letter. “Brother,” he turned to Makapagal, “since we are now near Mt. Tala, won’t you open the letter so we may know where you will leave us?” The request was reasonable, and Makapagal, not knowing the contents of the letter, opened it. He read aloud: Major Makapagal: In accordance with the order of the Council of War 88 Panorama held at Maragondon on May 8 against the brothers Andres and Procopio Boni facio, who have been sen tenced to be shot to death, you and your soldiers un der you are ordered to car ry out the judgment. Andres and Procopio were shocked. They did not expect the letter to contain the sen tence of death. They em braced each other. Makapa gal, with two soldiers, escor ted Procopio to a secluded place and there carried out the sentence. When they re turned for Andres, the latter ran through the woods and on to a stream. Makapagal and his soldiers followed in hot pursuit. Then several shots were heard. Andres stopped suddenly, reeled and fell — dead. The soldiers dug a shallow hole and buried Andres. On the grave, Ma jor Makapagal placed a few twigs. May 1962 89 Water From the Desert A Japanese has invented a simple device by which water can be obtained even from the desert. According to Mr. Kobaya shi, director of the Japan Elec trical Research Institute in Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, his invention suc ceeded in obtaining water from the desert area near Mt. Mihara on the island of Oshima southeast of Tokyo. Dur ing his experiments carried out on the “Japanese Desert” on Oshima, he was able to col lect one liter of water from one square meter of sand sur face during a 24-hour period. On his way to the interna tional conference on the utili zation of new energy sources held in Rome last August un der the sponsorship by the United Nations, Mr. Kobaya shi carried out a similar ex periment at Quetta, an arid area in Pakistan, and was suc cessful in obtaining almost the same results as the tests conducted on Oshima. Since the experiments have been conducted only in two countries so far, the inventor feels that he must carry out more tests in the deserts throughout the world in order to obtain convincing proof of the success of his invention. lhe invention is quite sim ple; the device consists of on ly a plate of glass within a square frame lined with adia batic material. The glass is placed so that the solar rays hit the glass at right angle. Moisture forms on the inside surface of the glass plate and finally becomes drops of wa ter which is then collected. Underground water is pre sent in any area no matter how dry the surface of ground. This underground water gra dually seeps up to the sur face through the capillary action, but it evaporates into the air almost instantly in arid and hot districts. How ever, when this device, is used, the water, in the form of vapor which rises up to the surface from deep below the ground, becomes satura ted in the box and forms moisture on the inside surface of the glass plate. The water obtained from this moisture is natural distilled water which is entirely free from impurities. Water can be obtained by the device even at night when the sun is down. This Is be90 Panorama Israeli farmers £eatn Old Cesson Farming methods which proved enective in the Mid dle East 2,000 years ago may be used by modem farmers in the Negev desert, in Israel. Agricultural research workers there are reconstructing an cient desert farms which, from archeological evidence, flourished during the period 200 B.C. to 600 A.D., first un der the Nabateans, then the Romans and finally the By zantines. The area consists of rugged rocky hillsides, cut by narrow wadis or valleys leading to broad flood plains. The soils on the slopes are very shal low and gravelly, while those at the bottom of the wadis consists of a layer of loamy earth often several metres thick. The ancient desert farmers invented- elaborate methods for collecting and spreading run-off water from cause .subterranean heat still exists at night due to the sur face of the ground having been heated by the sun dur ing the day time. The volume of water ob tainable from low areas ’ in a desert is the same as that from higher locations such as sand dunes. This is because the height of the sand dunes is significant compared with the hills to irrigate the soil in the wadis and flood plains. The Israeli researchers have restored two of the ancient farms with their terraces, walls, spillways and channels. They have made detailed stu dies of rainfall patterns and have started experiments with various crops to test the effi ciency of these ancient farm ing methods. At one farm, fruit trees and vines were planted in 1958 and, in spite of the fact that two years of drought follow ed, the trees have grown ve ry well, irrigated by the run off waters. At the other farm, barley was planted and pro duced a good crop although annual rainfall was only 40 millimeters. Further north in the Negev desert, barley crops which had 80 mm. of rain failed completely. the depth where the under ground water is located. This device, which was re ported in a conference con cerning the utilization of so lar energy held recently in Tokyo, caused quite a sensa tion. It was also reported that it aroused considerable interest among the partici pants at the Rome conference last August. May 1962 91 THE COLLEGE . . . (Continued from page 80) purnia: But above all, he must be an educational lead er. If he cannot, because of his other responsibilities, something’s got to give. The solution of “a Damon-and-Pythias relationship to some trusted provost, dean of fa culty, or assistant” is, accor ding to Dr. Stoke, “rare and fortuitous.” He insists that “the real solution of the prob lem must wait upon more fundamental institutional evo lution.” But can we afford to wait that long? Will Dr. Dodd’s study point to a quick er way out? The college pres ident cannot, like Pooh-bah, continue to function much longer as Lord High Every thing Else. There were no H-bombs in Titipu. INDIAN WORDS . . . (Continued from page 57) mangus) and the cheetah (from the Hindi chita). A vast army of English words has also been admitted into the Indian languages. Spoken Telegu, for instance, is estimated to contain no less than 3,000. This enrichment of vocabulary and literature has, therefore, been a two-way traffic. ELECTRONIC . . . (Continued from page 82) successful until then to make so much money in other fields of its activity that the citi zen will be able to mail his corrspondence, which will be electronically sorted, for a postage of still no more than twenty pfennigs. “They tell me Boobleigh has a childlike faith in his wife.” “Yes, it’s wonderful. Why, he even goes so far as to take her word for it when she says there is plenty of gas in their car” — Judge. ♦ * * Husband (to wife, over phone) : Good news, dear. I’m pretty well played out, tramping all over town, but I’ve found an apartment at last. Wife (ecstatically): Oh, Horace, you darling! Do hurry home and tell me all about it. “There’s no great hurry. We don’t move in until 1982. The present tenants have a two years’ lease.” — Life. 92 Pang Attention: All organization heads and memoorsl Help pour club raise funds painlessly... Join the Panorama “Fund-Raising by Subscriptions” plan today! The Panorama Fund-Raising by Subscriptions plan will get you, your friends, and your relatives a year’s sub scription to Panorama. The Panorama is easy to sell. It practically sells itself, which means more money for your organization. The terms of the Panorama Fund-Raising by Sub scriptions plan are as follows: Cl) Any accredited organization in the Philippines can take advantage of the Plan. (2) The organization will use its facilities to sell sub scriptions to Panorama. C3) For every subscription sold the organization will get Pl.00. The more subscriptions the organization sells, he more money it gets. "The heart of the Philippines is in the country, and the heart of the coui is in the land" READ THE A FORTNIGHTLY MAGAZINE FOR PROGRESSIVI RURAL COMMUNITIES INVIRNIS ST.. ST A ANA. MANILA, TIL 5-41 -M SUBSCRIPTION RATI: M OO A YIAR