Rare Periodicals

Panorama

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Part of Panorama

Title

Panorama

Issue Date

Volume XVIII (Issue No. 3) March 1966

Year

1966

Language

English

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ZeU your friends about the Panorama, the Philippines’ most versatile, most significant magazine today. (jive them a year’s subscription — NOW! they will appreciate it. Subscription Form ................ 1 year for P8J0 ................2 years for F16.00 ................Foreign subscription: one year $6.00 U.S. Name ........................................................................................................ Street ....................................................................................................... City or Town................................... Province ................................... Enclosed is a check/money order for the amount specified above. Please address all checks or money orders in favor of: COMMUNITY PUBLISHERS, INC. Invernes St., Sta. Ana, Manila, Philippines Vol. XVIII MANILA, PHILIPPINES No. 3 THE POISON OF IMPORTED CIVILIZATION Any “civilization” which is received from the outside may easily be fatal to the recipient. For “civilization,” as distinguished from culture, is a blending of mechanized techniques, of artificial stimulants, of luxuries — all of which are, as it were, distilled from the life of a people. Injected into another social organism, this distillation is always poisonous, and in large doses is fatal. For example, alcohol is a luxury which appeared among civilizations of the white race; they suffer from its use but are able to stand it. But when it was taken to Africa and the South Seas it blotted out whole races. The Roman influence was the alcohol of the German Visigoths, a decadent people who came stumbling down across space and time until they reached Spain, the farthest corner of Europe, where they found rest. The Franks, on the other hand, burst into the gentle land of the Gauls intact, and flooded it with the irresistible torrent of their vitality. There are people who, when they hear of vitality, pic­ ture a human figure covered with enormous muscles, capable of eating a bear whole and washing it down with a keg of wine. To them, vitality is synonymous with bru­ tality. I hope my readers understand that I mean by vitality simply that power of creation which is life itself. Vitality is the power which a healthy cell has of begetting another cell, and vitality is likewise the secret force which creates a great historic power. Vitality, or the power of organic creation, takes a different form in every species and kind of living thing. — Jose Ortega y Gasset in Invertebrate Spain. INTEGRITY AND ANONYMITY In his address to the gra­ duates of the Baguio Mili­ tary Academy President Mar­ cos brought up two points which are not given enough value and significance in the social life of our people to­ day. One is integrity and the other is anonymity. Integrity is often given a lower priority in the selec­ tion of persons for critical positions in the government and in private enterprises. Ability, forwardness, social qualities are considered suf­ ficient factors for the choice of men and women for places of power and responsibility. These are indeed desirable qualifications; but by them­ selves we have known from experience that in the long run they cannot provide strength against the in­ fluences of corruption and official malfeasance. What the nation needs today more than mere smart and clever men, more than fine orators and highly sophisticated arm­ twisters, are men and women of integrity. Unless we have them in positions of in­ fluence and responsibility, the Philippines will remain a jungle of crime, confusion, and mendacity. When President Marcos mentioned anonymity as an attribute of superior value to a public servant he struck a chord that had never been heard by our people nor given the slightest signifi­ cance by our leaders not only in politics and business but also in education and civic life. In urging gra­ duates to perform their du­ ties well without any thought of being awarded medals, decorations, and honorary citizens, President Marcos gave a heavy blow to the common practice of many who for any movement they do they would have their pictures taken and published in the newspapers. It is this kind of men who cannot stand the atmosphere of ano­ nymity ancl so they sally forth to secure honorary de­ 2 Panorama grees and go to the extent of telling lies and delivering ghost-written speeches in order to appear great among people who consider news­ paper publicity as Biblical truth. Self-advertising is a common practice among ma­ ny of our so-called leaders. Public relations blow up the image of petty personalities; and because they rise high up with nothing really solid within them, they accomplish nothing of great value, they serve only as soap bubbles for child-like minds to ad­ mire. In holding up anonymity as a great virtue President Marcos should suit his action to his word. — V. G. S. TO HELL WITH YALE There is tne story of a Harvard man who spent some days in Egypt, and enjoyed during that time the services of a French-speaking native guide and courier. As they parted, the guide requested, “Sire, teach me words of English, with which I may attract your countrymen.” The Harvard man did so. Some time later, he returned to Egypt, looked up his guide, and said, “How did you make out with the English I taught you?” "Sire,” said the guide, "some there were who smiled and came with me, others there were who were angered and turned away.” March 1966 3 NO SIMPLE PROBLEM - PHILIPPINE EDUCATION The statye of education in this country is not a piece­ meal problem one can dis­ sect. Legislators have tried to solve our problems in edu­ cation by passing laws with confusing results. And how often have educators talked about the neglect of science or the need for buildings and textbooks, all in vain? The state of education is impos­ sible to discuss apart from the entire milieu of Filipino society. We have to view the nation as a whole, and then look at the sad state of edu­ cation to arrive at a irjore accurate autopsy. One can­ not segregate the influence of politics, of business in­ terests, of communications media, of student concept of education, of the character of teachers in this country, and of the power elite that molds, and holds sway over the shape of education in the Philippines. A look at the pattern of various disturbances in the field of education show that it is just not possible to con­ sider the problems purely as one of education. There has been, for example,.much talk about diploma iriills but this is related to the student­ population explosion, the failure of the government and existing authentic pri­ vate institutions to respond to this phenomenon, and the distorted social concept of what education is in terms of diplomas. Education be­ ing the only channel avail­ able for social mobility, the social class structure has to be considered in the problem of diploma mills. Similarly, the scandals on cheating at government exams are inex­ tricable from government graft arid misconception of education; and when is a school an educational institu­ tion, and when a business establishment? 4 Panorama L,et us take the case of teachers forming unions and of their going on strike, as has been the case in the past and is a problem right now in one institution. Could one segregate this conflict and call it a labor-manage­ ment problem, stripping it completely of educational aspects? And how does one even discuss the educational significance, when the forces that will ultimately deter­ mine the conflict will be the various power influences of our society — whether poli­ tical leaders, the courts of justice, the press, the educa­ tors, or public opinion? In the case of the strike going on at FEU, for example, should not education have a voice through highly respect­ able and objective and im­ partial mediators? This is not the case, and so we have instead lawyers and labor bosses, while newsmen are strangely silent, more con­ cerned it seems with a sex scandal in the CIS. • * • Within our present society, when principles are challeng­ ed in a specific crisis at a specific time and place, the reason for action will inva­ riably turn out to be that one rallied to the call of a relative or to acknowledge utang-na-loob to a powerful patron without looking at the issues and judging the case on its merits. The real struggle going on in the I'ilipino society is that of the in­ dividualist who stands on his own merits, his work and his talents, versus those who have to cling to one another to protect their own incom­ petence and their own fear in the old feudal type so­ ciety. — Alfredo R. Roces, Manila Times, March 20, 196& March 1966 5 ■ The statistics in this article are old and need up­ grading but the varied uses of coconut are as tan­ gible now as it was 30 years agp. THE VERSATILE COCONUT The story of the coconut is the story of the economic progress of the Philippines, to which it has contributed more than any other product. Few plants, if any, are as ser­ viceable to primitive man as is the coconut. The nut meat is eaten as food; the oil is useful in making edible fats and soap, and is also used for illumination; the tree roots provide a dye, and the trunks, building material; the leaves are employed for thatching roofs; the midrib of the leaf is used for mak­ ing baskets, brooms, and brushes; the fiber from the nut husk is woven into ropes and mats; and the nut shells, in addition to providing^uel, are shaped into cups, ladles, spoons, and other utensils. Under primitive condi­ tions, the production of co­ conuts, copra, and coconut oil was confined to groves of wild palms. These uncul­ tivated trees still constitute a considerable source of sup­ ply when the market price is sufficiently attractive to natives. The coco palm, however, is now cultivated like any other staple agricul­ tural product, and large plantations are to be found throughout the tropics. In domestic cultivation, it is customary to set out the trees in rows, about 30 feet apart, giving room for about 48 to the acre. Crops of abaca, or Manila hemp, and other quickly growing plants, are usually grown between the rows. During the fifth or sixth year, the trees begin to bear, and after the seventh year the planter can reap an annual harvest of 15 or more nuts from each tree. The trees reach maturity at the age of ten years, when about 70 nuts per tree are collect­ ed annually. In rare ins­ tances, as many as 500 nuts have been harvested in a year from a single tree, and trees have been known to 6 Panorama continue to produce after reaching an age of 150 years. The natives crack open the nuts with a. bolo. The broken nut meats are then placed in the sun to dry. Sometimes the broken pieces are placed on drying racks under which coconut husks are burned to speed the dry­ ing process. The resulting smoke-colored copra is call­ ed “smoke-dried” to distin­ guish it from that which has been sun-dried. The firedry­ ing method is used in regions where excessive rain makes natural drying impossible. Mechanical driers are em­ ployed on some of the larger plantation, but the practice has not become prevalent. The natives have various ways of disposing of their crop. In some districts they sell .their , copra direct to the dealers at trading stations operated by the exporters. Chinese merchants in the small towns also acquire much of the local copra stocks, usually giving mer­ chandise in exchange. The coconuts are frequently made into “rafts,” and are floated down the rivers to market. Some years ago it was the practice to ship almost all of the copra overseas for crushing and conversion into coconut oil, but a few mills have been established in the Philippines, in India, and itr the Dutch East Indies. These local mills have become im­ portant factors in the copra market, exerting a balancing influence on the market price of copra and oil. Copra first became an im­ portant item in world com­ merce in 1886 although a French sailing vessel had carried a load of coconuts to Marseilles as early as 1750. Marseilles soon became a ma­ nufacturing center for copra products, and is still one of the most important copra importing ports in the world. It was in France that the first butter substitute, con­ sisting of coconut oil and peanut oil, was produced. The phenomenal growth of the copra industry in the, United States is shown by the fact that imports in 1920 amounted to 218,521,916 pounds, of which only seven percent came from the Phil­ ippines. By 1927, our copra imports had increased to 450,994,519 pounds, of which 72 percent came from the Phil­ ippines. About two-thirds of MARCH 1966 7 the American copra imports were consigned to the major Pacific Coasts ports — San Francisco, Los Angeles, PortKnd, and Seattle. Originally coconut oil ex­ tracted from copra the source was shipped to San Francisco and other ports in five-gallon cases, barrels, and drums. Then a system was perfected whereby the oil was shipped in tank steamers and in deep tanks on passenger and cargo vessels operating between American and the Orient. This practice immediately revolutionized the transpor­ tation situation; for years the great ocean steamers had been carrying petroleum from this country to the Orient and returning in ballast, un­ til someone thought out a practical scheme of carrying the coconut oil on the return voyage. A number of tank steamers are now engaged in transporting petroleum from Pacific Coast points to the Orient, returning with a ca­ pacity cargo of coconut oil in the same tanks. Of course, it was necessary to devise a very effective sys­ tem of cleaning the tanks of the ships before filling them with edible oil. After the petroleum cargo has been re­ moved, a charge of live steam is forced into the tanks. This is continued for a period of 12 to 24 hours. After pumping out the bilges, and waiting a sufficient length of time for the in­ teriors to cool, men are sent down into the tanks to clean them as thoroughly as possi­ ble. Later, upon arrival at the port where the coconut oil is taken on, the tanks are given a final cleaning. The most important factor in handling coconut oil is temperature, for in order to keep the oil in a liquid state, the temperature must be more than 70 degrees, Fah­ renheit. Under cooler con­ ditions, it hardens into a dense material resembling butter or lard. Consequently it is necessary to provide heating pipes in the tanks of the steamers, in storage tanks, and in the tank cars used for distributing the oil in the United States. In ma­ ny cases, the delivery hoses have a small heating tube running down the center, carrying steam or hot water. In making coconut oil the copra is first but through expellers which force but 8 PANORAMA about 25 percent of the oil content. The residue is then ground into meal, and the remaining oil is squeezed out by hydraulic presses. Most of the oil is then fil­ tered, and used for the manu­ facturing soap, shaving cream, shampoo solutions, and a long list of cosmetics. Some of the coconut oil is used for edible products, and must be refined several times to remove free fatty acids, color, and odor. Besides being used in mak­ ing margarine, the oil is em­ ployed in manufacturing thin sugar wafers, cookies, candies, and for shortening in cakes and pies. About 63 percent of the copra is converted into coconut oil, and the remain­ ing 37 percent is used as co­ conut meal, which has high food value and is used as a feed for stock and poultry. About three-fifths of the coconut oil consumed in this country is used in the soap industry; one-fifth is used in the production of margarine, and practically all of the re­ mainder is consumed in the manufacture of candy and biscuits. — Based on an article by Charles W. Geiger and Ruth Sabichi in Scientific American. POLITICS The following is a statement attributed to the late G. K. Chesterton: “The mere proposal to set the politician to watch the capitalist has been disturbed by the rather disconcerting discovery that they are both the same man. We are past the point where being a capitalist is the only way of becoming a politician, and we are dangerously near the point where being a po­ litician is much the quickest way of becoming a ca­ pitalist.” March 1966 9 ■ A discussion of values and verities of knowledge. THE FILIPINO STUDENT AND CULTURAL VALUES There is nothing “sacred” or “natural” about cultural values that they cannot be questioned, examined, or in­ telligently tampered with. On the contrary, once they are encrusted with a sanctity, a reality, sui generis, all their own there is the danger that cultural values, rightly or wrongly, will begin to con­ trol and condition thorough­ ly the individual. A Filipina student, for example, ill and handicapped, after a serious operation, refused to ask help from and to be helped by other Filipinos because to do so would expose her phy* sicaliy to them. And this was agaihst the cultural value of modesty, the sacredness of which could not be violated, even in near — death! Here, man was made for cultural values not cultural values for man! Man becomes a subject, a subordinate to his creation. That such think­ ing cofild be countenanced by teachers involved in the situation and justified on the basis of Filipino culture .makes one doubt the effica­ cy of knowledge to penetrate into the lives of people, caus­ ing a changed behavior marked with rationality and intelligibility. (The non­ integration of knowledge with actual practice was pre­ viously noted.) This is not to say that one must not respect his cultural values and heedlessly throw them all away in the name of scientific knowledge! As it is, the world is “over­ debunked,” as Romain Gary puts it, and its brokenness, fragmentedness, and empti­ ness is felt everywhere. Sure­ ly, one cannot help empty it anymore! Rather, the idea I covet with Philippine edu­ cators is to examine our cul­ tural values lest they have a crippling influence and pa­ ralyzing effect upon us, mak­ ing us all impotent to act upon an idea, a suggestion, a notion which is practical, 10 Panorama rational, humanistic, and from the point of view of scientific knowledge, indeed, desirable. Societal values, unless they are to wither away and lost their potency and vibrancy, through years of imbreeding and lack of empirical justifiability, must be continuously analyzed, assessed, and criticized. This is the task of an educator. If, as found out, cultural discontinuities are necessary factors for the development of original and critical think­ ing, independent and selfreliant traits, tnen, perhaps, imaginative educators can find out effective ways and means to introduce discon­ tinuities in society through the schools so that the youth may profit from them. As of now, the foreign values in the educational system have not been manifestly success­ ful in inducing discontinuity patters in society. As already stated, the societal life in the Philippines has basically re­ mained indifferent to the concerns and professes values of the educational system. As in other cultural practices, changes with regard the rear­ ing of the young can be ef­ fectively introduced in a so­ ciety. if the schools believe that the individual who is truly a human being can think, decide, for himself, and is responsible for his de­ cision, then, perhaps, some inquiry into the Filipino fa­ mily system may be made. Its strengths and weaknesses must be located and sugges­ tions for possibilities toward restructing it may be studied. The idea is not to disinte­ grate or destroy the family concept thus inviting societal and personal problems relat­ ed to the Western atomic family system. Rather, the idea is to develop the indi­ vidual and to allow him a life of his own at the same time to maintain group so­ lidarity. It is a relation that neither exploits one nor the other, but allows both to draw support from each other. The Filipino family, perhaps, may be taught that it needs to be cruel, some­ times, in order to be kind, so Shakespeare counselled. In terms of learning, cri­ tical mindedness, not simple memory work, must be stress­ ed. Grounds on which claims to knowledge, or to a type of knowledge, are made must be analyzed and assessed. Or March 1966 11 else, biased opinions or inter­ pretations of facts can be mistaken for knowledge and presented as truths. This can be a dangerous indul­ gence! Empirical facts, often obscured by a welter of interpretational theories and ideas, must be located, isolat­ ed, and presented in their purity to the students. Facts and judgements of facts must be differentiated. In this way, opinion, information, belief, and knowledge are distinguished from one an­ other. The student then be­ comes acquainted with the ways in which knowledge is formed. And more impor­ tant, he learns whether or not to trust the prevailing ideas of his time and, if he does, how far he may trust them. This involves a com­ prehension of the present li­ mitations of knowledge as dis­ crepancies and inadequacies in different types of asser­ tions are discerned. This, of course, does not mean that opinion, informa­ tion, and belief be altogether adjured in favor of know­ ledge. There is little of knowledge, if it is defined in a rigorous and exacting man­ ner, such that one can know only when one knows why or on what grounds and evi­ dences. If everyone were forbidden to say anything or to act on any proposition that could not be proved or verified empirically or through the rules and lan­ guage of logic and mathema­ tics, very few things indeed would be done and most of life stopped. Moreover, to the important problems of life, for example, religion, even politics, certainty of conclusions is hard to come by. It does not begin to compare with certainty of knowledge that “my umbrella is on the desk.” Even so, the student must be taught to reach sound conclusions, to distinguish between wellgrounded and ungrounded assertions by a close regard for evidence and proof. This cannot result when learning is construed as primarily one of memory work. — By Evelina M. Orteza, From The Education Quarterly, Oct. 1965. 12 Panorama ■ All kinds of tricks have been used to make money fast and easy but they have only hurt the gullible. EASY MONEY Most people not only want to get rich — they have a pas­ sion for getting rich quick­ ly. People want easy money, unearned money, a fortune picked up on the street. The lottery is the simplest type of gambling by which this appetite for unearned riches has in the past been satis­ fied. But other speculations are so fantastic, so mad, that they show up the underlying motive much more clearly. In 1935, for instance, a mania for tulip bulbs seized the Dutch. Up to that time people had paid fancy prices for bulbs in order to enjoy the flowering. But sudden­ ly a fury of buying for in­ vestment began, and by 1636 Royal Tulip Exchanges were established in 19 Dutch cities. The narratives of the time read like a primer of Wall Street. People who hadn’t a tulip bulb in the world went to the Exchange and sold ten Semper Augustus bulbs short, promising deli­ very in three days of $2000 each. Then they tried to buy at $1900. So furious was the mania that the “perit” was invent­ ed — an imaginary weight so tiny that it would take 8000 to make a pound. A tulip root might be subdivided, by weight, and the buyer could purchase five or ten perits, holding a legal claim to that much tulip. At the height of the speculation one bulb sold in Haarlem for 12 acres of building lots. When the bottom suddenly drop­ ped out of the tulip market the country became so poor that it took a generation for business to recover. John Law, the Scot who later created the Mississippi Bubble, learned from this tulip mania that people would speculate in anything. He gave the French people an opportunity to speculate in everything. Law capitalized the world: The India company, Senegal, China, the'Mississippi basin, the beaver trade in Canada. March 1966 13 He collected the taxes of France and coined its money and created its bank and, perhaps the greatest single stroke ever accomplished by a speculator, he at one time managed to make gold illegal in a country which was using the gold standard. He made France use paper money backed by his stock. The Mississippi specula­ tion was based on the idea that America was a large country the soil of which rested on solid gold. Law’s financial operations were enormously complicated. But whenever things looked dark, he issued a decree promising 20 percent interest, allowing people to turn in worthless money for good money, or banknotes for stock. He be­ came the most powerful in­ dividual in Europe. At night when Law closed his subs­ cription books, cavalry clear­ ed away the crowds. A duchess managed to have her coachman upset her car­ riage as Law drove by, and as Law stopped to help her, she begged for a few Missis­ sippi shares. The end came when po­ werful financiers saw the in­ evitable, and steadily sold. At last Law set two days a week for the bank to redeem paper. The deflation was rapid and tragic. In one night 12 people were crush­ ed or suffocated or trapled to death in the gardens out­ side the bank. One day at the market a fishwife threw a ten-livre note in the mud, trampled and spat upon it. The Mis­ sissippi Bubble was done. Later the South Seas ap­ peared in a speculation. Be­ fore Japan was opened to commerce the price of silk was very high and the culti­ vation of silk worms a great industry. A certain Samuel Whitmarsh announced the discovery that the South Sea Island mulberry was by all odds the best food for these producers of silk and in the late 1830’s, in America, far­ mers uprooted their crops to plant the mulberry and in Pennsylvania and young plants were bought and sold with such fury that $300,000 changed hands in a few days’ sale. But by 1839 no one wanted mulberries. There have been many other smaller schemes which never created national ma­ nias. The Electrolitic Ma­ 14 Panorama rine Saks Company sent a stream of sea water through a machine and took out gold and silver at the other end. Only one or two bricks of gold were necessary to keep up the illusion. Other com­ panies offered, and actually paid, an income of $150 every two weeks on a subs­ cription of $1000. But that could survive only as long as the sucker list — for they were naturally using the money sent them by new patrons. These sudden gusts of ex­ citement about mysterious sources of wealth do not compare with the steady popularity of lotteries. The lottery was in use even in Roman days. The Romans used it as a form of enter­ tainment at their banquets. Nero gave such prizes as a house or a slave. In more mo­ dern times Benjamin Frank­ lin promoted a lottery to buy a battery of guns and adver­ tised another to build a church. Schools, street pav­ ing, bridges, lighthouses and the like, were the earliest beneficiaries of the lotteries and soldiers' pay in the Rev­ olution often came from the same source. At the begin­ ning of the century, two of the buildings on the Yard, at Harvard, were provided by the same means. It was not until after the Civil War that the lotteries became both illegal and uni­ versal. Only one state, Loui­ siana, seems to have counte­ nanced them, but with head­ quarters in New Orleans the lottery spread throughout the country. Paying only $40,000 a year for its exclusive char­ ter, it made money enough to buy legislatures, restore levees when the Mississippi swept them away, establish newspapers, and engage Gen­ erals Early and Beauregard to conduct the drawing of prizes. At one time the en­ tire mail received at the New Orleans Post Office was two-thirds legitimate and one-third lottery. The pro­ fits of the company were va­ riously estimated at from five to thirteen million dol­ lars a year. The monthly drawings, in a gold and red plush theater, were scenes of -pomp and splendor, the dig­ nified generals presiding over the draw. This lottery finally came to an end when John Wanamaker, postmaster general of March 1966 15 the United States, issued an order closing the mails to the literature and the busi­ ness letters of the company. The blood of the present day however may still tingle or despair to the tune of win­ ning a sudden cool million. Some of the greatest lotteries the world has known have been staged of late years in Great Britain and have drawn their income from every corner of the globe. The Calcutta Sweepstakes, operated by the Calcutta Club in India, handles more than $10,000,000 a year, with prizes totaling around $4,000,000. It is possible for the first prize, which earns close to $2,000,000, to be won by an initial outlay of not more than five dollars. Second only to the Calcut­ ta Sweep is that of the Lon­ don Stock Exchange Sweep which runs into approxi­ mately $3,000,000 with the winner receiving about threequarters of a million dollars. Spain also finds the lottery a successful money-getter, the government on occasion using this means to obtain funds for charitable and educa­ tional purposes. As for the satisfaction of our own spirit of chance here on this side of the At­ lantic, those who wish to speculate must turn to such minor interests as gold mines without gold, oil fields with­ out wells — and Wall Street. — By Gilbert Se'ldes, Con­ densed from the MentorWorld Traveler (November, ’30). 16 Panorama ■ A famous student of law and society points out the undesirable effects of fast scientific discoveries and inventions during the last 100 years. THE DANGERS OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS The question that con­ fronts our generation is whe­ ther or not our shifting phy­ sical environment has outrun our capacity for adaptation. Is human society being gorg­ ed with innovations too great for its powers of assimila­ tion? It is not the fact of change; it is the rate of change that constitutes the danger. The over-rapid al­ teration of artificial environ­ ment may annihilate man­ kind no less certainly than the over-rapid modification of natural environment wip­ ed out saver-toothed tiger and mastddon. The advance of the last three generations' has been almost exclusively along the line of the natural sciences — physics, chemistry and bio­ logy. In spite of his new weapons and increased po­ wers, man himself remains as he always has been — irra­ tional, impulsive, emotional, bound by customs which he will not analyze, the victim of age-old conventions and prejudices — probably not far removed from his paleo­ lithic ancestors. The social sciences have advanced scarce­ ly at all. This divergence between the natural sciences and the social sciences, be­ tween machinery and con­ trol, between the kingdom of this world and the king­ dom of the spirit — this is where the hazard lies. Science has given man power and weapons which the utmost wisdom could scarcely be trusted to use aright. Unless we can marshal behind such studies as eco­ nomics, political science and sociology the same enthu­ siasm and something of the same technique that charac­ terize our treatment of phy­ sics and chemistry; unless the results of this research can be applied to human life as boldly as we apply the na­ tural sciences to modify our march 1966 17 methods of living; unless we can free ourselves of stale custom and harness intelli­ gence to the task of straight­ ening out the relations of man with his fellow men — then pessimism has the bet­ ter of the argument. Face the extraordinary con­ trast between our willingness to make any change what­ ever in physical environment and our obstinate determina­ tion to leave unaltered our relations to the world and to each other. For example, physics gives us the internal combustion engine or the principles of communication by electricity. With that feverish activity we seize upon these ideas! With a thousand minds working upon them, they are brought to such completion that we soon, soar through the air and talk to friends a thousand miles away. Nobody stops to ask what Isaac Newton, two hundred years ago, would have thought of these in­ novations. Nobody questions their propriety because they do not follow the theories of Michael Faraday. Nobody tries to impede their develop­ ment by attacking the char­ acter of the inventors. But let economics and po­ litical science develop the principle that the world we live in is an economic unit and that interrelationship has developed to a point where some international machinery is necessary to handle the common interests of mankind — what happens? We ask what George Was­ hington would have thought of it 120 years ago. We sum­ mon tradition to bear witness that the thing has never been done before. We impugn the character of the chief inven­ tor, and fight over the mat­ ter in political campaigns. For the detachment of the laboratory we substitute the emotion of the torchlight procession. It makes no difference how essential the change may be to the social order. Whether it be in eugenics, or in eco­ nomics in an effort to dis­ tribute more fairly the re­ wards of industry, or in law through the establishment of a new international court, the response is invariably the same. We condemn the man who dares preach a new method of salvation. “He perverteth the people,” we cry. “Crucify him!” 18 Panorama Of course, 300 years ago this same Calvary awaited the prophets of the natural sciences. Galileo, Giordano Bruno, Francis Bacon, Des­ cartes — these were the early saints of the Kingdom of Truth, by whose integrity we are free. Bruno was burn­ ed at the stake; Descartes in terror suppressed his own books; and Galileo, under duress, knelt before ten scarlet-clad cardinals to amend the solar system which he had disarranged. For 300 years was waged the war for intellectual freedom in rela­ tion to the natural sciences. Only by dint of sacrificial devotion was the war won. Harvey, Newton, Darwin, Huxley — these were the gal­ lant souls who dared to break with the past, who faced the invective invariably leveled against proponents of new ideas. But as far as the freedom of the social sciences is con­ cerned, the war has just be­ gun. Any attempt to bring to bear on human affairs the same critical analysis that we apply to electrons or glands or the stellar spaces is met with angry opposition. Innovations in social institu­ tions and economic ideas frighten us. Much of our education is directed toward this same traditionalism: instilling belief that our laws and institutions necessarily contain permanent qualities of reality. As for the pro­ phets of new ideas in the so­ cial and economic field, our inclination is to classify them as enemies of society. They are radicals, Reds, dangerous men, tampering with the foundations of order; they dare to subject to scrutiny the customs we have received as a sacred trust from the past. Yet we are living in a world utterly different from any existing before. Science has suddenly compressed the planet we occupy. On top of this, science has scattered weapons of destruction far more deadly than man ever possessed; so that, suddenly armed to the teeth, he is ask­ ed to live in peace crowded together with neighbors whom he never knew before and for whom he has no par­ ticular liking. All this has happened in 100 years — so quickly that it finds the race utterly unprepared in reli­ March 1966 19 gion, ethics, law, economics and government to meet the innumerable exigencies that have arisen. This is the challenge we face in our generation. It requires a public opinion eager to encourage creative work in the sphere of human relationships. Derangement of human affairs is so $xtensive that bewildering oppor­ tunities await on every hand. Our views of property, our conceptions of government, our systems of education, our churches, laws, notions of right and wrong — these are legitimate laboratory mate­ rials of the new inquiry. No longer can the world build sanctuaries for the protection of ideas. We are not called upon to adopt all the ideas. Many will ultimately be proyed wrong. We are ask­ ed rather for a sympathetic attitude toward the creative purposes out of which the ideas come. But if we are to develop real ability to face the truth with fearless eyes, then we must be prepared as new light comes to free ourselves from the old forms that have narrowed our thinking. We need not fear that we shall progress too fast. The over­ whelming danger is that we shall not be able to progress fast enough. There is plenty of conservatism in the world. What we need in our time is not a brake for the chariot of progress but motive power. Our business is not to look behind but to look ahead along the road over which mankind is ’moving. The past cannot be altered, the future is plastic. For the past we have no moral concern, for the future we are respon­ sible. “We are still the heirs of all the ages that have gone, but we are no less truly the ancestors of all the ages that are to come.” — By Ray­ mond Blaine Fosdick, Con­ densed from the Golden Book Magazine (November, ’30). 20 Panorama ■ The first Filipino Republic and the makers of its constitution. THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC President Emilio Aguinaldo after having been sworn into office at the basilica of the Barasoain Church on January 23, 1899, realized more than ever the tremen­ dous challenge of his office. With fervor he said: “Great is this day, glorious this date and forever memorable in which our beloved people is raised to the apotheosis of Independence.” This significant event in the annals of our political history was the culmination of a long paipful, most frus­ trating process lasting more than three hundred years. To commemorate the mo­ mentous event, people in dif­ ferent parts of the country rejoiced with jubilation. Those who managed to go to the rustic town of Malolos, the thousands who came from Manila and the surrounding provinces, took part in the parades and rejoicings in their gala attires. The streets of the town lined with beautiful bamboo arches decorated with palm leaves accentuated the festive air. The homes were deco­ rated with the Filipino flag indicative of the patriotic fervor that prevailed. The brass bands which provided martial music in their multi­ colored uniforms lent color and life to the festive mood. The countless number of Filipino troops in their bluestriped rayadillo uniforms were also in high spirit, po­ sitive indications of their high morale and their indif­ ference to the severe and harsh conditions of the times. The inauguration of the Malolos Republic better known as the First Philippine Republic was indeed the very realization of the aspirations and ideals of our forebears. Two days earlier, an equally significant event came to be­ ing when the Malolos Cons­ titution, the precursor of our present constitution was pro­ mulgated, the enforcement of which was immediately effected and was a fitting expression of the sovereign will of the people. March 1966 21 The constitution of the First Philippine Republic consisted of a Preamble with 101 Articles and an addi­ tional article. The Preamble clearly worded runs thus: “We, the Representative of the Filipino People, lawfully convened, in order to estab­ lish justice, provide for com­ mon defense, promote the general welfare and insure the benefits of liberty, im­ ploring the aid of the Sove­ reign Legislator of the Uni­ verse for the attainment of these ends, have voted, de­ creed, and sanctioned the following: . . The Malolos Constitution provided a free and sovereign Republic of the Philippines. The Republic was "popular, representative, alternative and responsible.” It contained a Bill of Rights to safeguard the , rights of the citizens as well as the aliens. The exe­ cutive power was vested in the President of the Republic who was elected by the mem­ bers of the assembly. He was assisted by his cabinet composed of all the depart­ ment secretaries. The legis­ lative power was vested in the Unicameral Assembly of Representatives duly elected by the people for a term of four years. The judicial power was vested in the Su­ preme Court and in other courts of justice. All department secretaries were presidential appointees but were responsible not to the President but to the As­ sembly. The appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was left to Assembly with the approval of the Council of Govern­ ment composed of all the de­ partment secretaries. The term of office of the chief executive was for four years and may be reelected. In the event that the Chief Executive died in office, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court temporarily took over the prerogatives of his office. When the Assembly is not in session a Permanent Commis­ sion was created to discharge the legislative functions. The Constitution in the opinion of Justice Malcolm conformed “to many tests of a good written constitution and did faithfully portray the aspirations and political ideas of the people.” The same view was expressed by the late Dr. Joseph R. Hayden as he wrote: “This organic law was a free expression of the type of 22 Panorama state to which the articulate Filipinos aspired at the end of the Spanish regime. The state was democratic and li­ beral and was pledged to a careful regard for the protec­ tion and' development of the masses of its citizens. In these important matters there is a remarkable consistency between the Malolos Consti­ tution and the organic law of the Philippines adopted in Manila thirty-six years later.” President v Aguinaldo did rightfully well when he con­ sidered it as “the most glo­ rious token of the noble as­ piration of the Philippine Revolution and an irrefut­ able proof before the civiliz­ ed world of the culture and capacity of the Filipino peo­ ple for self-government.” The framers of the Consti­ tution of the First Philip­ pine' Republic came from all walks of life from the dif­ ferent parts of the Philippines among whom were the fol­ lowing: Pedro A. Paterno, President of the Malolos Congress; Gregorio Araneta, Secretary; Pablo Ocampo, Secretary. The members were Mariano Abella y Isaac, a lawyer from Naga City; Gregorio Aglipay, a priest from Batac, Ilocos Norte; Gregorio Aguilera, newspaper publisher from Lipa, Batangas; Sofio Alandi, lawyer from Tayabas or Quezon Province; Jose Albert y Mayoralgo, physician from Manila; Jose Alejandrino, engineer from Arayat, Pampanga; Raymundo Alindada, lawyer from Nueva Viscaya; Leon Apacible, lawyer from Balayan, Batangas; Tomas Arejola, lawyer from Ambos Camarines; Patricio Bailon, lawyer appointed to represent Burias; Santiago Barcelona, phy­ sician from Pulilan, Bulacan; Ariston Bautista Lim, physi­ cian from Sta. Cruz, Manila; Alberto Barretto, lawyer from Zambales; and Jose Basa y Enriquez, a lawyer from Ca­ vite. The group also included: Felix Bautista, a doctor from Malolos, Bulacan; Higinio Benitez, lawyer from Manila; Vito Belarmino, a military officer from Silang, Cavite; Felipe Buencamino, lawyer frdm Bulacan; Felipe Calde­ ron, a lawyer from Tanza, Cavite; Marcial Calleja, law­ yer from Malinao, Albay; Fernando Canon, engineer from Binan, Laguna; Tele$foro Antonio Chuidian, a businessman from Manila; Graciano Cordero, a physi­ MARCH 1966 23 cian from Pagsanjan, Lagu­ na; Jose Coronel of Indang, Cavite; Mena Crisologo, writer from Vigan, Ilocos Sur; Mariano Crisostomo y Lugo, lawyer from Atlag, Malolos, Bulacan. Sebastian de Castro, physi­ cian appointed to represent Pangasinan; Arsenio Cruz Herrera, lawyer from Tondo, Manila; Antonio Feliciano, another representative from Pangasinan; Jose Florentino Fernandez of San Miguel, Manila; Felix Ferrer Pascual of Manila; Melencio Figue­ roa, engraver from Areval, Iloilo; Vicente Foz, lawyer of Vigan, Ilocos Sur; Perfecto Gabriel, lawyer from Mindo­ ro; Martin Garcia of Ilocos Norte; Ariston Gella, phar­ macist from Antique; Manuel Gomez Martinez, physician from Manila; Salvador Gon­ zales of Samar. The Philippine Republic unfortunately did not live long. A few days after its inauguration it faced the grim and cruel reality of sur­ vival. The so-called Ameri­ can Friends of General Aguinaldo and the Filipino peo­ ple finally showed their true color. On February 5, Fili­ pino soldiers had to fight the Americans in defense of their honor, dignity and freedom. — By Pedro A. Gagelonia, in Variety, January,, 1966. TRAINS 'One time Winston Churchill almost missed a train and Mrs. Churchill was alarmed. Sir Edward Marsh, Churchill’s private secretary, tried to calm her by saying, “Winston is such a sportsman, he always gives the train a chance to get away.” 24 PANORAMA THE RESPONSIBILITY OF AN ENGINEER I once wrote a book and ended it with these lines: “Prosperity in any deeper sense awaits the liberation of the engineer. If the owners will not get off his back I, for one, would not be sorry to see him combine with the wayfaring man to lift them off. A complicated technical structure should be run by engineers, not hucksters. But the engineer is the modem Prometheus in chains.’* I have been asked to be more explicit. It is good to end a book with a ringing climax, but not quite so good to be forced to explain all its implications. I recognize, however, my duty to state my reasons. Since James Watt tinkered with Newcomen’s engine, the technician has been increas­ ingly interfering with our economic structure. Before Watt, the majority of men and women everywhere were capable of providing their own food, shelter, clothing and entertainment in what­ ever locality they found themselves. They were steeped in the traditions of wresting their own necessi­ ties from the soil, the wa­ ters, the forests about them. They may have done it with deplorable inefficiency, but they did it. Shipwreck a group of them on an unin­ habited but fertile island, and they knew how to carry on. Year by year since 1765, the mass of mankind has been losing the ability to carry on. Shipwreck an as­ sorted crew' of bookkeepers, truck drivers, machinists and advertising men on an island, and I would not give them two months* survival. Today the millions live in total and sublime ignorance of the forces which feed, shelter and clothe them. For all they know, switches produce light, and chain stores food. The functioning of the economic process rests in the heads of March 1966 25 a few thousand experts. Is it too much to say that if 100 key technicians left their posts they could seriously cripple a great city like New York? To make matters even more potentially precarious, each expert is so highly spe­ cialized that he has little if any conception of the work of the others. There is no General Staff, understanding the whole process, and corre­ lating the vital nerves of transportation, communica­ tion, power, water, food sup­ ply, which furnish the com­ munity’s economic substra­ tum. Specialization makes for economies, as the Progress Boys are tireless in pointing out. I am enough of a Pro­ gress Boy myself to admit that we stand to.gain more than we lose by the emer­ gence of the technical arts and the economic specializa­ tion which they have created. But this should not blind us to the chances taken and the risks involved. Some four million unemployed last win­ ter must be back in the han­ dicraft age when unemploy­ ment was virtually unknown. In brief, you engineers have been raising consider­ able hell, along, with your not altogether heavenly im­ provements in economic life. And the point I wish to stress is this: you have been doing the horse work while letting somebody else — chiefly the business man — take the res­ ponsibility. It seems to me that the responsibility should be squarely yours. You have remade Western civilization, and created at the same time certain malignant evils — actual, like technological un­ employment; potential, like a smash-up due to over-spe­ cialization. You should shoulder the burden of miti­ gating these evils. States­ men, philosophers, generals, poets, may lead self-support­ ing communities, but only engineers may lead a great, interlocked economic struc­ ture. In a sense the modern world is not Jed at all. It simply flounders. In the United States, for instance, the real action of the Re­ public is provided by busi­ ness men affiliated with large corporate enterprises. The great majority of these busi­ ness men neither know nor care where the ship of state is headed. 26 PANORAMA At the heels of the busi­ ness man follows the en­ gineer. The former says: Let there be light, and the latter provides it . . . Let there be 1000 oil wells (in a pool where wasteless ex­ ploitation requires but 100) and they are obediently drill­ ed. . Let there be the highest building in the world (to choke an already throt­ tled Grand Central station) and it is built . . . Let there be an almost ulra-violet lamp (to sell to the millions who believe in advertising) and, brave in nickel and alu­ minum, it is properly cons­ tructed. . . . You get the point. The engineer has built the mo­ dern world, but only at the bidding of his master’s voice. The master knows not a cranji shaft from a piston rod, but he knows what will sell. The world is not plan­ ned tjy the business man, for he has no plan. It is not planned by the engineer, for hitherto that has never been his function. He has cons­ tructed endless detail — but always as directed. So far as I know, the little town of Radburn in suburban New York, designed specifically lor the motor age, is the big­ gest single project involving a social-economic goal ever permitted to the engineering mind in this country. It will probably be the most con­ venient, comfortable, the safest, and perhaps the most sightly suburban town to live in that the nation has ever known. The business man has stepped aside — taking a modest six percent — to let the engineer run the show. It is my conviction that the engineer can run far big­ ger shows than the town of Radburn to the satisfaction of (1) the people who are to use them or work in them, (2) the investor, (3)* himself, and (4) the technical require­ ments of the country’s fu­ ture development. Suppose, for instance, that broadvisioned engineers had had the past century in charge as directors — or co-directors if you will. Would they have permitted: The depletion of our fo­ rests at a rate four times an­ nual growth? The violation of1 all laws of geology in the exploita­ tion of petroleum pools? The criss-cross and dupli­ March 1966 27 cation in the transportation system? The neglect of cheaper waterways for the profitable exploitation of high cost railways? The exhaustion and ero­ sion of soils and the floods which follow? The bottle necks and traf­ fic tangles of metropolitan districts? The building of skyscra­ pers faster than the means to empty and fill them? The desecration of every highway in the country with millions of square feet of cigarette, cosmetic, and soap appeals? That a century of the en­ gineering mind controlling, or helping to control, econo­ mic forces, would have made a wasteless world is, of course, highly problematical. Mistakes would have been made; loss and leakage taken their toll. But I am inclin­ ed to believe that a good half of the man-power which now runs to waste might have been salvaged, with the result that poverty would have been quite finally abo­ lished, unemployment enor­ mously diminished, the acci­ dent rate drastically reduced, and a cleaner, safer, more comfortable, more sightly, more integrated nation have been our heritage. When I speak of the en­ gineering mind, I mean a mind that is professional, not commercial; dedicated to building, not to profitmaking; that is done with false modesty and has the courage to accept the job of taming the billion wild horses which Watt let loose; that thinks straight and hard; hates waste and confusion, dirt and despair; that never stoops to the adulterated. Plato once called for phi­ losopher kings. Today the greatest need in all the be­ wildered world is for philo­ sopher engineers. — By Stuart Chas e, Condensed from the Technology Re­ view (November, ’30) 28 Panorama ■ A great American President discusses the evil of money in politics and the need for honesty and sound law for the citizen. FACTORS FOR GOOD GOVERNMENT I believe in shaping the ends of government to pro­ tect property as well as hu­ man welfare. Normally, and in the long run, the ends are the same; but whenever the alternative must be faced, I am for men and not for pro­ perty. . . 1 am far from underesti­ mating the importance of dividends; but 1 rank divi­ dends below human charac­ ter. Again, I do not have any sympathy with the re­ former who says he does not care for dividends. Of course, economic welfare is necessary for a man must pull his own weight and be able to sup­ port his family. I know well that the reformers must not bring upon the people eco­ nomic ruin, or the reforms themselves will go down in the ruin. But we must be ready to face temporary disas­ ter, whether or not brought on by those who will war against us to the knife. Those who oppose all reform will do well to remember that ruin in its worst form is inevitable if our national life brings us nothing better than swollen fortunes for the few and the triumph in both politics and business of a sor­ did and selfish materialism. If our political institutions were perfect, they would ab­ solutely prevent the political domination of money in any part of our affairs. We need to make our political repre­ sentatives more quickly and sensitively responsible to the people whose servants they are. More direct action by the people in their own af­ fairs under proper safeguards is vitally necessary. The di­ rect primary is a step in this direction, if it is associated with a corrupt practices act effective to prevent the ad­ vantage of the man willing recklessly and unscrupulous­ ly to spend money over his more honest competitor. It is particularly important that all money received or expend­ ed for campaign purposes should be publicly accounted March 1966 29 for, not only after election, but before election as well. Political action must be made simpler, easier, and freer from confusion for every citi­ zen. I believe that the prompt removal of unfaith­ ful or incompetent public servants should be made easy and sure in whatever may ex­ perience shall show to be most expedient in any given class of cases. One of the fundamental necessities in a representative government such as ours is to make certain that the men to whom the people delegate their power shall serve the people by whom they are elected, and not the special interests. I believe that every national officer, elected or appointed, should be forbid­ den to perform any service or receive any compensation, direttly or indirectly, from interstate corporations; and a similar provision could not fail to be useful within the states. The object of government is the welfare of the people. The material progress and prosperity of a nation are de­ sirable chiefly so far as they lead to the moral and ma­ terial welfare of all citizens. Just in proportion as the average man and woman are honest, capable of sound judgment and high ideals, active in public affairs — but, first of all, sound in their home life, and the father and mother of healthy children whom they bring out well — just so far, and no further, we may count our civilization a success. We must have — I believe we have already — a genuine and permanent moral awakening, without which no wisdom of legisla­ tion or administration really means anything; and, on the other hand, we must try to secure the social and econo­ mic legislation without which any improvement due to purely moral agitation is ne­ cessarily evanescent. . . No matter how honest and de­ cent we are in our private lives, if we do not have the right kind of law and the right kind of administration of the law we cannot go for­ ward as a nation. That is imperative; but it must be an addition to, and not a substitution for, the quali­ ties that make up good citi­ zens. In the last analysis the most important elements in any man's career must be the sum of those qualities which, in the aggregate, we speak 30 Panorama of as character. If he has not got it, then no law that the wit of man can devise, no administration of the law by the boldest and strongest executive, will avail to help him. We must have the right kind of character — character that makes a man, first of all, a good man in the home, a good father, a good husband — that makes a man a good neighbor. You must have that, and then, in addition, you must have the kind of law and the kind of administration of the law which will give to those qua­ lities in the private citizen the best possible chance for development. The prime problem of our nation is to get the right type of good citizenship, and, to get it, we must have progress, and our public men fnust be genuine­ ly progressive. — By Theo­ dore Roosevelt. LONGEVITY Fontenelle was continually being told by his doctors that what he liked to eat was bad for him. Toward the end of his life, one warned him that he must give up coffee, explaining at great length in the most appalling medical terms, that it was ■slow,poison and would eventually ruin his system. In a tone of deep conviction the nonagenarian re­ plied, “Doctor, I am inclined to agree with you that it is a slow poison — very slow, for I have been drinking it for the past 80 years.” Coffee-lovers may derive some comfort from the fact that Fontenelle came within a. month of living to be a hundred years old. March 1966 31 ■ Here are arguments in favor of English for use as a world language. ENGLISH OVER THE WORLD Very often you may see in the papers signs of the pro­ gress of English toward world-wide use. These fore­ casts are accompanied by emotional outbursts ranging from hisses to hurrahs, for there is nothing which arouses the stronger intellec­ tual passions as much as the question of how we shall speak. Frequently these bits of news take the form of reports, written in the quaint jour­ nalese of our day, that Mexi­ co or Persia or Chile has banned or will ban our Eng­ lish talkies for fear its native children will come to think our tongue more agreeable than their own. Now and then the items merely inform the public that English has been adopted as the official language of another interna­ tional gathering. One and all they point to the world­ domination of English, like it or not as you may. The four-word peace plan, "Make Everybody Speak Eng­ lish,” which Henry Ford for­ mulated some years since, is Qot logically a reason for the universal use of our tongue. Any language, if spoken everywhere, would make for world peace. It is not num­ bers, nor politics, nor trade, nor the talkies — the four reasons most frequently given — which make English a good language for the world use. These are merely the accidents of a beneficent fate. They do not penetrate the true inwardness of the mat­ ter. First, numbers. We are told that 220,000,000 people either use or understand English, as compared to on­ ly about 120,000,000 for French and 110,000,000 for German, and these numbers are advanced as if they real­ ly meant anything. But un­ less English is in itself a good and worthy language for the world to use, all the numbers in the world won’t make so. Second, politics. The World War unquestionably 32 PANORAMA enhanced in tremendous mea­ sure the prestige of the two great English-speaking com­ monwealths. Our local boys have been financially advis­ ing most of die governments there are, and they have made good, too. Hand in hand with American advisers have gone British diplomats, and together they have done much toward bringing about world peace according to the Ford recipe. But — is Eng­ lish a good language for everybody to speak? Third, trade. The Am­ erican dollar has swept the money markets of the world, and the pound sterling is not far behind it. Did you fol­ low the stock reports in the late crash — of, didn’t you! — and did you notice how securities all over the glove were affected? It was a touching tribute to our finan­ cial leadership. But if “dol­ lar” is not a better word than “franc" or “lira,” what do these facts matter? Finally, talkies. Talkies made in Hollywood are rid­ ing triumphant over all the foreign bans, propagandizing the English language, Ameri­ can edition, wherever the sun shines. They may well prove the most effective ins­ trument yet invented for spreading English. But ought English to be spread? It is intrinsically a better language than French or German or even Chinese? This is the moral question which lurks behind the facts, and this is the question which we must now consider. Back in 300 B.C., to take a paral­ lel instance, Hellenic Greek became a world language. It supplanted to a large ex­ tent many local tongues, among them the Hebrew and Aramaic of Palestine. Yet either was incomparably a better language, than Greek, simpler, more effective, easier to learn and to use. Fate is playing on the nations to­ day no such shabby trick as when she compelled the Jews of Palestine to learn Greek. It is a curious fact that language as we now know it develops not from the sim­ ple to the complicated, but the other way round — from the complicated to the sim­ ple. Whenever we can trace more than one stage in a language’s history we find that the earlier speech is more difficult, more unwieldly. Latin is complication March 1966 33 personified compared to three of its modern children, French, Spanish and Italian. So far as modern Greek has changed from Classic Greek, it has simplified. Coptic Greek has lost many of the complications present in the tongue of the hieroglyphs. To be sure, we have never met a language a-borning, and so we can only guess that somewhere a stage of simplicity must have preced­ ed those complications upon which our earliest gaze rests. But that is a matter of spe­ culation. What we do know as a present linguistic law is this: time simplifies a tongue. Gradually the lan­ guage begins to forsake its numerous declensions and conjugations, its optative, cohortative, predicative moqds, and all the other flummeries of primitive speech. Gradually there be­ gins to emerge a lean, effi­ cient dialect. This simplification has not always been considered a linguistic virtue. The pro­ per adjective to use in des­ cribing antigue languages was rich, and for more re­ cent developments, degene­ rate or decadent. What was the Greek verb if not rich, with the hundred varying dresses it might wear? And does not the modern English verb display a decadence verging upon shamelessness with only two? It was in 1892 that a Da­ nish scholar, Otto Jespersen, punctured this legend with a book called Progress in Language; and since then “decadence" has had things all its own way. And after all, why not? Can you pic­ ture yourself selecting among the 12 possible forms of bonus when you might be using the single word good? So the first reason why English is the best world language is that it has car­ ried this simplication of forms farther than has any other modern language. In German good still has six dresses to wear, and in French four. The German verb still counts its forms by the trunkful, and the French verb is not much better. Danish alone of modem languages has approached English in its formlessness. A second qualification, scarcely less important, is impurity. English is proba­ bly more impure than any 34 Panorama other tongue, ancient or mor dem. English picks up words from any language at all, and by the process it has suc­ ceeded in making itself in­ ternational. Scarcely any foreigner learns English with­ out finding many old friends in the new vocabulary. Im­ purity is a good characteris­ tic for a world language. English deserves universal use because it is formless, impure and wordy. Wordi­ ness is not usually consider­ ed a virtue any more than impurity is; but words are the wealth of the English, and the riches of its word­ hoard are only paralleled by the riches of the Anglo-Am­ erican nations. No user of our tongue need be repeti­ tious; he can vary his words with synonyms or near-synonyms in almost endless va­ riety. The New Oxford Dic­ tionary contains almost half a million words. Has English no defects, to set against this formidable array of virtues? Yes, indeed. We have a bad alphabet, a tough pair of articles, a and the, and a difficult idiom in prepositions. But on the other hand, we have a na­ tural gender, an easy sen­ tence order, and a splendid tolerance of almost any ac­ cent or grammar so long as the idea it expresses be good. Balancing defects against virtues, we may rea­ sonably conclude that the applauders of World English have a sound linguistic jus­ tification for their choice, unrecognized as this fact may be in their eyes. — By Fanet Rankin Aiken,, condensed from Sept. 1930 Bookman. THE FEVER Demetrius would at times tarry from business to attend to pleasure. On such occasions, he usual­ ly feigned indisposition. His father, coming to visit him, saw a beautiful young lady retire from his cham­ ber. On his entering, Demetrius said, "Sir, the fever” has left me.” “I met it at the door,” replied the father. March 1966 35 ■ An up-to-date description of Russian conditions. RED STARS AND REGIMENTATION Towering ornate skyscra­ pers, like giant candelabra topped by glowing red stars, rising above a skyline of con­ trasting rather low buildings and golden bulbous domes — that is one of the visitor’s first impressions of Moscow, political and cultural center of the U.S.S.R. This fantastic city, built on seven low hills, has a po­ pulation of over six million. Much construction is in pro­ gress. Miles of almost iden­ tical, gray, rectangular build­ ings line the streets. In the outskirts new residential areas are being developed near in­ dustrial centers. Here apart­ ment buildings of huge pre­ fabricated cement blocks pro­ vide housing of two or three rooms for workers and their families. The Moscow River, wind­ ing through the city, provides transportation for the resi­ dents of this far-flung city and affords the visitor with superb views of the modern buildings, turreted Kremlin walls, and sixteenth century monuments. One of the most unusual sights in Moscow is the Metro, or subway. Each station has its own architec­ tural style combining marble, mosaics, sculpture, and crys­ tal chandeliers. Every day three million persons ride the swift, clean trains, which are reached by a series of steep escalators. All avenues lead to the Kremlin, a walled city with­ in a city. Despite architec­ tural contrasts, it is a place of unforgettable beauty. Within its crenelated red brick walls are various pa­ laces, medieval cathedrals, and office buildings. One of the most impressive build­ ings is the Palace of Con­ gresses, where meetings of the Supreme Soviet are held. •This ultra-modern building of white Ural marble seats six thousand persons and has a communication system that provides for simultaneous translation in fourteen lan-. guages. The Mausoleum of 36 Panorama Lenin is the center of attrac­ tion for thousands of visitors who arrive daily from every part of the Republics. They stand, for hours as the long line inches its way toward the granite monument. Just outside the Kremlin in Red Square is the magni­ ficent St. Basil’s Cathedral, huilt by Ivan the Terrible in the sixteenth century. With its brilliant colors and ornate domes of varied shapes and design, it appears like something from a fairy tale. The church is now a mu­ seum, as are all the churches in the Kremlin. There are few active churches in Mos­ cow today. Although reli­ gious freedom is said to exist, it is not expedient to prac­ tice religion openly because of social, economic, and po­ litical sanctions. Representatives from In­ tourist Organization served as our guides and interpre­ ters. Our feelings of appre­ hension were soon allayed as we were given complete freedom of movement within the city and permission to take pictures. A well-planned program included conferences with Soviet educators and visits to the University of Moscow, Friendship University, a Pio­ neer Camp, a nursery school, and a secondary school spon­ sored by a trade union in an industrial area. Among our cultural activities were visits to art galleries, a trip to the Tolstoy museum, attendance at an opera and a ballet pre­ sented in the Kremlin. One evening we were guests in the homes of teach­ ers living in Moscow. This was an especially pleasant event because we had an op­ portunity to visit informally with a Russian family, to en­ joy their gracious hospitality, and to build a bridge of friendship for better under­ standing. We drove through the beautiful birch and pine fo­ rests and rural areas sur­ rounding. Moscow to observe work being done with young people at a Pioneer Camp. Trade unions sponsor camps which take care of six mil­ lion children. In some ways vacation at camp is a conti­ nuation of school work. The program is planned for allaround development of the child, and the leaders are young teachers from the Ins­ titute. The camp we visited had 550 children of workers in the Academy of Scientists. March 1966 37 The many talented young­ sters in the group, varying in ages from seven to fifteen, presented a program of dan­ cing and music. It was a surprise when one small girl sang in English, “I come from Alabama. ...” Our first seminar was with representatives of the Central Committee of the Trade Unions. Mme. Tamara Yanushkovskay, president of the Educational and Scientific Workers Union welcomed us and explained the pur­ poses of the union. Of the teachers, 98 per cent are mem­ bers. She said that educators are held in high esteem. Children write poems about teaching and teachers. There are five Hero Teachers in the country. Educators we met were friendly and interested in discussing common problems in improving education. At Secondary School #729 in an industrial area, Mme. Demmina,, physicist and a deputy to tbe Supreme Soviet, greet­ ed us, "My dear colleagues, allow me to express my ap­ preciation of your visit to our school. Educators are the most desirable guests." She explained the role of women in her country by say­ ing, "It was the great wish of Lenin that women play a great part in the governing of the state. A society can be judged by the number of women participating in the governing body.” Russian women work hard and want to be thought of on the same terms as men. There is no discrimination in pay for women. Retire­ ment age is fifty-five. They are granted 120 days for ma­ ternity leave with pay, and mothers of large families are held in great respect and awarded medals of honor. At the Academy of Peda­ gogical Sciences, Prof. Marchushevich described some experiments in education and curriculum changes tak­ ing place. Schools are try­ ing to improve content in mathematics and make the program more modern by getting away from theory and paying more attention to functions and calculus in the upper grades. Algebraic symbols and equations are being introduced in the ele­ mentary grades. Attention is also being given to im­ provement in the teaching of foreign languages. In the past too much emphasis was placed on grammar and not 38 Panorama enough on practice. The re­ sult was that pupils knew rules but could not converse with foreigners. Study of one foreign language is compul­ sory beginning with the fifth grade. Education of youth is one of the chief concerns of the government. About fortythree million children are studying. Many adults at­ tend evening classes. Rus­ sians are avid readers, and books are inexpensive. Edu­ cation on all levels is free, and many students at the university receive stipends as well as discounts on rooms. Education is also obligatory. Much attention is being paid to children with un­ usual ability. Special schools are provided for those who show talent in the arts, in mathematics, in science. Schools have been establish­ ed, also, for the mentally re­ tarded and the physically handicapped. Teachers go to the homes, at government expense, to teach children who are not able to attend school. Child­ ren whose parents work are cared for in nursery schools. The director told us that most parents prefer sending their children to the nursery school because they know the children will be brought up the proper way. There are twenty-two hundred of these schools in Moscow alone. Soviet education is predi­ cated on the Marxist-Leninist philosophy. One educator stated, “The principle of the school is to teach the child how to work and to love to work. ... A man is friend and brother to another. One is for all, and all is for one.” Schools are to arrange the behavior of every child cor­ rectly, and at each period of the child’s growth certain skills and attitudes should be developed. Students are expected to do two years of practical work before admis­ sion to establishments of higher education. Everything in Moscow seemed to be on a massive scale. Answers to questions were usually lengthy and followed the Party program. The people seemed to enjoy statistics and were intent on conformity. They were eager to display their achievements. Although we might not agree on basic philosophy, we were impressed by the friendliness of the educators who made our seminar enjoyable and March 1966 39 informative. Our hope is that this spirit will prevail and that teachers, who hold the destiny of the future in their hands, may continue to extend a hand of friendship in a world of peace. — By Edith Bauerlein in D. K. Gamma Bulletin, Winter, 1965. RECREATION When Maxim Gorky visited America he was taken to Coney Island by friends who wanted him to behold this huge playground swarming with holi­ day throngs. They took him through the crowded concessions, where he saw one dizzy contraption after another, swinging people through the air, swirling them in eccentric curves, shooting them down breath­ taking inclines. They took him underground and overground, into bewildering mazes, museums of freaks, palaces of jugglers, theatres of dancing ladies and living statuary. They were giving Maxim Gorky the time of his life! Finally, at the end of what may have seemed to them a perfect day, they asked him how he had liked it. He was silent for a mo­ ment. . Then he said, very simply, "What a sad people you must be!" 40 PANORAMA ■ She has the capacity and willingness to stand by her husband at all times. THE IDEAL WIFE Who invented marriage? I do not know; if I did, 1 should place his name above the greatest inventors of merely scientific contraptions. I say "his” advisedly, because I am certain it was a man. No woman would have thought of such a thing, and if she had, she would have thought twice before men­ tioning it. Almost any wo­ man can get along fairly well without a husband; she is in her inmost mind as in­ dependent and self-sufficient as a cat. A bachelor is like a lost dog. Even if he has so much money that he can furnish his apartment luxu­ riously, it is only a glorified kennel. As a rule, he never goes there so long as any­ thing else is open. Among all novelists, the most consummate artist was the Russian, Ivan Turgenef. He had the satisfaction of knowing, while he was yet alive on earth, that he had written immortal books, that his works would never be forgotten. What did he think of all that? He was a bache­ lor. He said that he would give all his art, all his books, all his fame, if there were one woman in the world who cared whether he came home late to dinner. The paradox of wives is that they are at once more idealistic and more practical than their husbands. They are an inspiration and a le­ veler. They are believers in the church, in the symphony conceit, in the art gallery, and in poetry. They allure to brighter worlds and lead the way. At the same time, they bring their men back from futile rages over trivia­ lities. They are practical. If we relied on contempo­ rary novels for our informa­ tion concerning the success of marriage as an “institu­ tion,” we should be pessi­ mists. Happy the nation that has no history. Happy the marriage which has no news. March 1966 41 An unhappy marriage is still “news,” which is why it is featured in sensational papers and made the foundation of novels. If we used reading instead of observation, we might easily be led to believe that the first year of married life is the happiest; that pas­ sion, then aflame, is soon ex­ tinct; that husband and wife regard each other with an indifference that sinks into contempt. . The facts are quite otherwise. When I was a young man, a college friend of mine was married to a charming girl; on the wedding trip he was smitten with illness, and in a few days was dead. Talk­ ing about that to a much older man, I exclaimed, “Is there anything more tragic than that?” To my surprise, he replied, “Oh, yes — they had'been-married only a few days. It would have been more tragic if they had been married twenty-five years. Real tragedy is the loss of a lifelong mate.” He was right. The deep meaning of love is not found in passionate exclamations of frenzied ado­ ration; it is seen in casual remarks such as, “Now don’t go out without your rubbers on,” and in real concern for the mate when he sneezes. For a man to live in solid contentment, there must be some one with whom he comes first. When he loses her, there is no one to take her place. The capacity of women to stand by their men, their husbands, their sons, and their brothers, is one of their sublimest characteristics. The innumerable number of men over whom hangs that cons­ tant tragic fear, the fear of losing their job — for men need, even more than higher wages, security of tenure — know that the most tragic element in (when it comes) will be telling the woman waiting at home. Yet how many thousand men who have been told their “services are no longer needed,” go­ ing home in despair to tell the woman dependent on the bread-winner, find from her lips, instead of taunts, or what is worse, "silent acquies­ cence in a husband who is a failure, the words of com­ fort, of support, and of re­ assuring faith. The greatest literary artist in American history, our fore­ 42 Panorama most novelist, Nathaniel Hawthorne, not only owed his success to the daily inspi­ ration of his wife, but his only opportunity to compose first his mind, and then his masterpiece. If it had not been for Sophia, perhaps we should not now remember Nathaniel. He lost his job in the Custom House. A broken-hearted man, he went home to tell his wife that he was a failure. To his amaze­ ment, she beamed with joy, and said, "Now you can write your book!” To his bitter rejoinder, "Yes and what shall we live on while I am writing it?” the as­ tounding woman opened a drawer and took out an un­ suspected hoard of cash. “Where on earth did you get that?” "My husband, I have always known that you were a man of genius. I knew that someday you would write an immortal masterpiece. So every week,, out of the money you have given me for house­ keeping, I have saved some­ thing; here is enough to last us one whole year.” Haw­ thorne sat down and wrote the finest book ever written in the western hemisphere — "The Scarlet Letter.” — By William Lyon Phelps, Pro­ fessor of English Literature at Yale University, condensed from Apr. ’30, Delineator. THE UNEXPECTED FRIEND Th9usands of appeals for pardon came to Lin­ coln from soldiers involved in military discipline. Each appeal was as a rule supported by letters from influential people. One day a single sheet came be­ fore him, an appeal from a soldier without any sup­ porting documents. "What!” exclaimed the President, “has this man no friends?” “No, sir, not one,” said the adjutant. “Then,” said Lincoln, "I will be his friend.” March 1966 43 ■ This was a speech delivered by Senator Sergio Osmena Jr. in the Philippine Senate session, March 14, 1966. It represents the views of only one sector of the Filipinos. THE VIETNAM WAR IN RELATION TO THE PHILIPPINES The Filipino people today are deeply engrossed in tile vital issue of whether or not to send a Filipino engineer­ ing battalion with adequate security to South Vietnam. A brief background of the events leading to the deci­ sion to send an engineering battalion to assist the belea­ guered people of South Viet­ nam is appropriate. Vietnam was formerly French Indo-China and one of the many colonies under French domination before World War II. In 1940 the Imperial Japanese Forces subjugated French IndoChina. Just as what hap­ pened in the Philippines, guerrilla forces sprouted in French Indo-China fighting against the Japajifise invaders. These guerrilla torcm con­ sisted of many elements among them, patriotic and nationalistic Vietnamese, to­ gether with an aggrupation of forces under communist leadership just as we had the Huks. When the Imperial Japanese Forces were finally driven out of French IndoChina in 1945 by British and Chinese soldiers of Generalis­ simo Chiang Kai-shek, the British government turned the country over to France. But the freedom-loving Vietnamese continued their fight for freedom to throw off the yoke of French do­ mination. The Vietnamese people were fighting a true nationalist revolution against the French, but the commu­ nists among them stole their revolution from them. Largely because of the loss of support among the French people at home, as well as the massive Chinese commu­ nist assistance diverted to French Indo-China from Korea after the Korean War, France was defeated at Dienbienphu. As a result, the Geneva Agreements of 1954 were ar­ Panorama rived at, which provided for the partitioning of Vietnam at tha 17th Parallel under international s u p e r v ision through the International Control Commission, com­ posed of India, Canada and Poland. The agreement also provided for free elections in 1956 leading to the reuni­ fication of the country. North Vietnam was under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh and his communist co­ horts; while South Vietnam was governed by Emperor Bao Dai with Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. Sub­ sequently, following a na­ tional plebiscite, Ngo Dinh Diem was installed as Pres­ ident of the Republic of South Vietnam. However, the communists of North Vietnam, support­ ed by the, communists of Red China, never intended to comply with the provisions of the Geneva Agreements of 1954. The North Viet­ namese regime rendered the International Control Commission absolutely im­ potent from the outset, re­ fusing even to permit the International Control Com­ mission to supervise the exodus of those who wanted to flee terror in the North and seek refuge in South Vietnam. Almost a million Vietnamese who had already seen the true face of com­ munism in the North fled to South Vietnam. If the communists had permitted proper functioning of the International Control Com­ mission, the total number of refugees would have been much greater. Another evidence of the communist North Vietnamese regime’s nefarious intent Was its retention within South Vietnamese territories of large military forces, which it instructed to go under­ ground, hide their weapons, and await instructions for future subversion. In view of this obvious communist duplicity, it is no small wonder that President Ngo Dinh Diem refused to permit nationwide elections in 1956. Mr. Diem felt that South Vietnam’s only hope lay in free elections under international supervision. He knew fhai communist North Vietnam with a larger popu­ lation than that of South Vietnam, could inevitably win an unsupervised election by simply delivering a 100 March 1966 45 per cent vote in the north­ ern sector of the partitioned nation — and nobody ques­ tions the communists’ ability to deliver a 100 per cent vote in areas under their com­ plete control. What happened in the two zones in the years immediate­ ly following the partitioning of Vietnam? In the commu­ nist zone of the North, there was economic stagnation, hardship and privation — all made even worse by the ruth­ lessness of communist met­ hods, ruthlessness that led in 1956 to a peasant upris­ ing in Nghe An province, which reportedly cost the lives of 50,000 peasants. North Vietnam’s gross na­ tional product decreased steadily. Meanwhile, in South Vietnam, there was dramatic t progress. In ten years school enrolment in­ creased from 300,000 to 1,500,000. More than 12,000 dispensaries and clinics were established. Under a land reform program beginning in 1957, some 600,000 acres of farm lands were distribut­ ed to 115,000 farmers. South Vietnam became once again a major rice exporting na­ tion. This was the contrast be­ tween North and South Viet­ nam — dramatically illustrat­ ed by only one set of com­ parative statistics: while per capita food production be­ tween 1955-60 dropped 10 per cent in North Vietnam, it rose by 20 per cent in the South. What happened was simply this: the life of the people irr South Vietnam improved so much that the communist regime in the North realized that it must abandon all hope of a poli­ tical takeover in the South; Ho Chi Minh and his col­ leagues realized that they must instead move for a mi­ litary takeover of South Viet­ nam. The North Vietnamese communists, following guide­ lines set down by Mao Tse Tung, decided to launch in South Vietnam what the com­ munists call a “war of na­ tional liberation.” Before 1959, the Viet Cong guerrillas in the South — that is, the forces left ’behind after the Geneva agreements, together with such recruits as they could gather through indoctrination, coercion and terror — were not a serious threat to the security of 46 Panorama South Vietnam. To be sure, they conducted a small-scale campaign of terror; in the period 1957 to 1959 they murdered or kidnaped more than 1,000 civilians. How­ ever, during that period the threat could be contained by South Vietnam’s own arm­ ed forces. However, when the com­ munists decided to launch their “war of national libe­ ration,” they greatly accele­ rated their terroristic activi­ ties in South Vietnam. This was followed by political or­ ganization. As early as 1959 Ho Chi Minh declared that the “communist revolution” must be brought to the South. Early in 1960 Ho Chi Minh’s military commander Vo Nguyen Giap, described Hanoi as "the revolutionary base for the whole country.” A September 1960 congress of the Lao Dong, the North Vietnamese communist party, decided to establish the "Na­ tional Front for the Libera­ tion of South Vietnam.” The first the outside world knew of the establishment of the Front was a Radio Ha­ noi broadcast on January 29, 1961. The communists then pro­ ceeded to form a South Viet­ namese branch of North Viet­ nam’s communist party, they named it the People’s Revo­ lutionary Party. It was dur­ ing this period that supplies, arms and men began pouring from the North into South Vietnam in increasing num­ bers. For a long time the North Vietnamese infiltrators into S. Vietnam were mili­ tary personnel of Southern origin — men who could blend into the surroundings of the areas from which they came and who could speak with the accents of their home regions. Ultimately, however, the supply of South­ erners in the North dried up and North Vietnam began infiltrating into the South entire regiments of the North Vietnamese Army. The purpose of the com­ munists* "war of national liberation” and “National Liberation Front” was to take over a large enough area of South Vietnam to enable them to set up the “Front” as the legitimate government” of South Vietnam. Indicative of the phony nature of • North Vietnam’s “Liberation Front” is that March 1966 47 not a single leading political or intellectual figure in the South, whatever his dif­ ferences with the government in Saigon, has joined the Viet Cong on its “Liberation Front” apparatus. Nor has a single one of the many religious, political, labor or student groups in the South rallied to the banner of the Front. The reason for this is sim­ ple: informed people in South Vietnam know that the “National Liberation Front” originated in the North, is controlled by Ha­ noi, and is completely sub­ servient to its communist masters. It is also worth noting that whenever com­ munist North Vietnam has sent “Liberation Front” re­ presentatives abroad, they have, always travelled under North Vietnamese passports. As a result of the flagrant violations of the Geneva Agreements by the North Vietnamese, which resulted in -the invasion of South Vietnam by communist forces armed by Red China and directed by Peking, the Uni­ ted States of America upon request by the legally consti­ tuted South Vietnam govern­ ment decided to lend its mi­ litary assistance to South Vietnam. There were no US combat forces in South Vietnam at the time the communists be­ gan to increase their aggres­ sion in 1960. However, in the words of President John­ son, “unchecked aggression against free and helpless peo­ ple would be a great threat to our freedom and an of­ fense to our own conscience.” Hence the United States ful­ filled its commitment by sending combat troops not for purposes of aggression but to fight side by side with the 500,000 Vietnamese troops in defense of the ter­ ritorial integrity of the free peoples of South Vietnam. This painful decision the United States had to make if only to show to the peo­ ples of the free world that she was ever ready to com­ ply with her solemn commit­ ments not only in South Vietnam but in any part of the globe. For it is abundantly clear, that should the United States renege from its commitments, it would be encouraging ad­ ditional communist subver­ sion and aggression through­ 48 Panorama out the globe. If the aggres­ sion against South Vietnam were permitted to succeed, in the words of Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “the forces of militant communism everywhere would be vastly heartened and we could ex­ pect to see a series of socalled wars of liberation in Asia, Latin America and Africa.” The United States is more than ever determined to stop communist aggression in South Vietnam just as it did in Berlin, Greece, Korea and Cuba, to mention a few. Historians will still re­ member that in these coun­ tries the communist forces of aggression were stopped in their tracks because of a firm determination of the United States of America to stop* communist aggression wherever it may be found. As President Johnson and his predecessors have repeat­ edly emphasized, the Ameri­ can objective in Southeast Asia is peace — a peace in which the various peoples of the areas can manage their own ways. America does not seek to destroy or overturn the communist regimes in Hanoi and Peking. All Am­ erica wants is that the com­ munists cease their aggres­ sions: that they leave their neighbors alone. The United States had sought to achieve a peaceful settlement of the war in Vietnam but the com­ munists had inevitably slam­ med the door. The commu­ nists would not discuss at a conference table unless the United States armed forces would be withdrawn from South Vietnam, something totally unacceptable to Am­ erica. Because of the precarious situation obtaining in South Vietnam,, the prime minister of the government of the Re­ public of Vietnam has sent a plea to our government for an engineering battalion with adequate security cover. The first request was made on April 14, 1965 when Dr. Phan Huy Quat, prime mi­ nister of the Republic of Vietnam, addressed a letter to then President Macapagal. President Macapagal in res­ ponse to the South Vietnam­ ese request recommended the approval of House Bill No. 17828 in 1965. In that year the Liberal-controlled House of Representatives approved the bill but the NacionalistaMarch 1966 49 controlled Senate headed by then Senate President Marcos failed to act on the same. The second request was made bn Feb. 2, 1966 when the Ambassador of South Vietnam to the Philippines sent a similar letter to Pres­ ident Marcos. To the credit of President Marcos, a Nacionalista, after having been apprised of all the facts surrounding the Vietnamese problem, he re­ commended to Congress the approval of a bill appropriat­ ing money for the sending of a Philippine engineering bat­ talion with the necessary security to South Vietnam. The issue, therefore, trans­ cends partisan politics. Both President Macapagal, a Libe­ ral, and President Marcos a Nacionalista, have agreed to send Filipino troops to Viet­ nam, just as in the United States three American Pres­ idents, namely, Eisenhower, a Republican, Kennedy, a Democrat, and Johnson,, an­ other Democrat, had seen fit to come to the military aid of the Republic of South Vietnam. Brushing aside all techni­ calities, the main questions boil down to these: Is it to the best interests of the Phil­ ippines and the Filipino peo­ ple to assist a beleaguered friendly neighbor who has asked for assistance in fight­ ing a common enemy? Is it moral and proper for the Philippines, a democratic country, to listen to the ad­ vice of an ally and benefac­ tor, the United States, so that we may heed the South Viet­ namese supplication? The globe is divided into two camps of contradicting and conflicting ideologies: the democratic camp which stands for freedom and the communist bloc which stands for slavery. Everyone realizes the fact that the leader of the free world is the United States and that we, just like South Viet­ nam, belong to the democra­ tic camp. The issue before us is the expansion of our na­ tion’s commitment in South Vietnam. I wish to make it clear that the issue is expan­ sion of a commitment which already exists. There are almost 70 Filipino personnel in South Vietnam today en­ gaged in medical, civic action and psychological warfare work. What is asked of us is to send engineering forces 50 Panorama so that the South Vietnamese government will be able to free more of its armed forces to bear the brunt of the fighting, as indeed they do. Would it not be more pru­ dent and advisable to help a friendly neighbor fighting for its very life against a common enemy, the commu­ nists, so that should we be placed under the same pre­ dicament we would likewise be able to request similar as­ sistance? For let there be no mis­ take about it, the North Vietnamese are merely fol­ lowing instructions of Mao Tse Tung whose Defense Minister Lin Piao, who is also Vice-Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and a Vice Premier has stated “the seizure of power by armed force, the settling of the is­ sue by war, is the central task and highest form of revolution.” Lin Piao has stated the objectives of the Chinese communists and that was to “establish rural base areas and the use of the countryside to encircle the cities and finally capture them” — to shape the army first and foremost on a po­ litical basis to seize the po­ wer of a state “ty revolu­ tionary violence” for, as Mao Tse Tung says, “political po­ wer grows out of the barrel of a gun.” Stake in Vietnam For what is at stake in South Vietnam? The United States, to be sure considers that its security, its vital in­ terests are at stake in South Vietnam. By the same to­ ken, the fundamental secu­ rity of the Republic of the Philippines is also at stake in South Vietnam. Let us analyze this. There has been a lot of talk about the immense im­ portance of South Vietnam; the unpleasant reality is that it is all true. By a whim of history that small and tor­ tured country has become pivotal both politically and psychologically, like Poland at the outset of World War II. Its loss to the commu­ nists could lead eventually to the loss of the entire Southeast Asian Peninsula, an area of more than two million square miles, with a population of more than 250 million. March 1966 51 The Southeast Asian Pe­ ninsula has obvious econo­ mic importance. It is a trade gateway almost as important as the Suez Canal. If it were barred to the major trading nations of the free world, air and shipping lines would be forced to shift round-theworld routes to places like Darwin in northern Austra­ lia 2,000 miles south of the present route through Ma­ nila. South East Asia is under­ populated and contains vast natural resources such as oil, rubber and tin — and most important of all, major sur­ pluses of rice. Its rice has been the goal of Chinese im­ perialism for centuries, just as it was for the Japanese in World War II. Today, Southeast Asia is Peking’s main hope for solving the Communist China’s massive food problem. Capture of Southeast Asia would tip the balance of world resources toward the communist bloc, dramatically reinforcing its limited econo­ mic power — and thus its military power, with a cor­ responding loss of strength to the free world. In effect, communist control of South­ east Asia would amount to collapse of the tenuous sta­ bility, the precarious balance of power between the world’s two major power blocs, with incalculably dangerous con­ sequences. Communist objectives in Southeast Asia have long been clear to anyone who cared to examine the facts. From the foregoing enu­ meration of facts, it is pa­ tently clear that loss of South Vietnam to the free world would eventually be a loss of Southeast Asia to the com­ munists, thereby causing a most serious threat to our national security. Viewed from the light of cold rea­ soning, is not our country fully justified in sending ad­ ditional assistance to South Vietnam as requested by her leaders? Certainly, it is to our na­ tional interest to defend and protect our democratic ideals, lest someday we lose all we treasure and enjoy. Lose to whom? No less than to a godless, ruthless, and auto­ cratic foreign power whose doctrine we abhor because it runs counter to every princi­ ple of democracy, justice and liberty that we have imbibed 52 Panorama and cherished, and whose system of government we thoroughly detest because it is a government of a mur­ derous clique whose god is naked power and whose law is murder and rape. Thirty-one nations belong­ ing to the free world have seen fit to send assistance to South Vietnam. They are: Australia, Republic of China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malay­ sia, New Zealand, Thailand, Greece, Turkey, Pakistan, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, Ire­ land, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzer­ land, United Kingdom, Ar­ gentina, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guate­ mala, Uruguay, Venezuela and Canada. If countries ten thousand miles away from South Vietnam have extended their assistance to an ally, certainly we, who are only two hours’ flight away from Saigon should be more deeply concerned in putting out the flames of communism that would seek to encom­ pass the free nations of Southeast Asia, of which we are one. As often stated, we are a small nation. The basic phi­ losophy of our national de­ fense is collective security. This we have done by enter­ ing into treaties of collective defense with many countries in the world with whom we have mutuality of interests and with whom we share the same fundamental beliefs and ideologies. But let me present a more potent argument why we should send an engineering battalion to South Vietnam. It is an undeniable fact which all ultra-nationalists or super-nationalists will ad­ mit, that by ourselves we could never defend our coun­ try against Red Chinese ag­ gression. Our annual bud­ get for defense purposes dur­ ing the last fiscal year was P284 million, 92 per cent of which was for paty, allowan­ ces and retirement benefits of our Armed Forces and only 8 per cent was expend­ ed for training, operations and other purposes. Our armed forces consist of roughly 43,000 troops; 16,000 in the PC, 13,000 in the Army, 5,200 in the Navy and 8,000 in the Air Force. We have only 50 aircraft, and our Navy consists of only 50 ships, hopelessly in­ March 1966 53 adequate even to curb smug­ gling. Even if we were to spend our entire Philippine gov­ ernment annual budget for defense purposes alone, it would not be sufficient to maintain the US Carrier “Enterprise” on combat sta­ tion in the South China Sea for one year. We have, therefore, to de­ pend almost entirely upon the United States for our ex­ ternal protection. Remove the United States 7th Fleet and 13th Air Force and I should like to ask the ultra­ nationalists: where would we be? Red China could occu­ py the Philippines in 24 hours. Why did we enter into a military assistance agreement witl) the United States? Let me for a moment recall the circumstances. In 1933, my late father, then Senator Osmena, re­ turned from the United States as head of the Osrox Mission to Washington and brought back with him the Hare-Hawes-Cutting I n d ependence Act. It was neces­ sary for the Independence Act to become operative that the Philippine Legislature accept the same. In that year, however, then Senate President Manuel Quezon raised strong objec­ tions to the H-H-C Law. His reason was that the law granted the United States the right to establish mili­ tary and naval bases in the Philippines even after inde­ pendence. Mr. Quezon said it was incongruous for the Philippines, after having ob­ tained her independent sta­ tus, to have a part of her territory under a foreign power. He raised the same issues that the opponents of the Vietnam bill are now raising — national dignity, sovereignty, nationalism. As a result, the H-H-C law was rejected by the Philippine Legislature, which was then under the control of then Senate President Quezon. MLQ to US The following year, Mr. Quezon journeyed to Wash­ ington. He was able to ob­ tain approval of the TydingsMcDuffie Act. This law contained the same provi­ sions as the H-H-C Law with the exception that un­ der the T-M Law the United 54 Panorama Stales would no longer have any right to maintain mili­ tary and naval bases in the Philippines after the grant of independence — only re­ fuelling stations. What happened afterwards is now part of history. When Japanese bombs fell on Phil­ ippine soil on Dec. 8, 1941, we were caught literally with our pants down. We were unprepared. As a result we were invaded and occupied by the Japanese hordes. Had we accepted the HH-C Law instead of raising the hue and cry of nation­ alism, America would have been assured that she could maintain military and naval bases in the Philippines. Such assurances would have compelled her to fortify to the utmost her naval and military bases in our coun­ try, -knowing as she did then that Japan was feverishly preparing to embark on a plan of establishing the socalled Greater East Asia Co­ prosperity Sphere. Had America done so, our country could have been spared the utter humiliation of being invaded and occu­ pied. It could have been impossible for Japan to con­ quer the Philippines just as she found it impossible to invade Hawaii. That I take it, was the reason why my father was willing to give the United States all the ba­ ses it needed for the protec­ tion, not only of its interests in. the Philippines but also for the protection of the Philippines and the preserva­ tion of the independence that the United States had pro­ mised her. History has proven the wisdom of my father’s atti­ tude. Had America fortified all her bases here to the ex­ tent that she would have, if the H-H-C Law had been accepted by the Philippine Legislature there would have been, I dare say no tragic surrender in Bataan, no death march and no humi­ liating surrender of Corregidor. But the bugbear of na­ tionalism prevented Ameri­ ca’s plan to fortify our coun­ try and as a result we suf­ fered subjugation. Due to the bitter lessons we learned from World War II, we, the Filipino people, apprehensive as we all were then of our future, speaking through our duly elected re­ March 1966 55 preservatives, authorized the President of the United States for the establishment of bases military and naval in our country. That was on July 28, 1945 or one year bdfiore the establishment of P h i 1 i ppine independence. What were our immediate objectives? First and fore­ most was to insure the ter­ ritorial integrity of the Phil­ ippines, our country. Second was to guarantee the mutual protection of the Philippines and the United States. The third was to insure the main­ tenance of peace in the Paci­ fic. After months of full and mature deliberation by our leaders the military bases agreement was signed by Manuel Roxas who was then President of the Philippines, and, Paul V. McNutt, first American' Ambassador to our Republic. The formal sign­ ing took place right in Malacanang on March 21, 1947. If, as it must be admitted, the Philippine defense is almost entirely dependent upon the United States and since we fully recognize that America is the leader of the free world in our fight against the forces of aggres­ sion, would it not be in keep­ ing with our national pride and dignity if when request­ ed by Uncle Sam, we should send a token force to South Vietnam in order to contri­ bute our share in the efforts to stop the enemy? I am heartily in accord with those who insist that we should maintain our na­ tional dignity and sovereign­ ty but not at the expense of our welfare and security. And what are we going to do with dignity and sove­ reignty once we are in the grip of the communists, once we have utterly lost freedom, even the freedom to advance stupid and ridiculous sug­ gestions? If we as a nation have to depend primarily upon America for our exter­ nal defense, would it not be in keeping with our national dignity and sovereignty if we were to accept America to do what she thinks should be done in the interests of our own security? On Feb. 2, 1966, I was pri­ vileged to listen to the bril­ liant speech of the distin­ guished gentleman from Batangas, a Nacionalista, who spoke against the Vietnam bill. On March 1, 1966, I 56 Panorama was again privileged io lis­ ten to the inspiring remarks of our distinguished colleague from Bulacan, a Liberal, who spoke in favor of the Vietnam bill. Here, indeed, was demo­ cracy in action — a way of life that we have learned to love, but which we may not be privileged to continue enjoying should the cause for which our allies are fighting in Vietnam fail. Is it not correct to state that what is advantageous militarily to the United $tates in this part of the globe would also be advan­ tageous to the Philippines? All over the world, in Eu­ rope, in Africa, in South Am­ erica, in Asia, the forces of democracy are locked in mortal combat with the forces of communism. Here in our little corner of the earth, in Southeast Asia, North Vietnamese soldiers equipped with communist guns have invaded South Vietnam in an effort to communize all of Vietnam and eventually all of Southeast Asia. The . United States, as the leader of the democratic bloc of free nations, in keeping with her solemn commit­ ments, has sent troops to South Vietnam in order to project the territorial integri­ ty of that country. The United States has no designs to proceed to North Vietnam, but only to contain subver­ sion and aggression in South Vietnam. Unless the free nations of the world, parti­ cularly the Philippines, will rally behind the democratic allies in containing commu, nist aggression in South Vietnam, we will some day wake up to find all of South­ east Asia, including Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Malay­ sia, Singapore and even the Philippines firmly in the grip of communism. The argument has been advanced that by sending an engineering battalion with adequate security cover to South Vietnam, the Philip­ pines would be involved in war. Such being the case, it has been said that we would be subject to retaliar tion. It is my confirmed opinion that in the global conflict between the forces of communism and the forces of democracy, there can be no neutralism. The commu^ nists will attempt to invade March 1966 57 the Philippines if it suits them regardless of whether or not we are involved. Past experience in this country with the Huks is a matter of historical record. And it may be added that, although the major threat of the Huks was reduced in President Magsaysay’s time, the Huks are still very much in existence in this country. And today’s newspapers quote our Secretary of Jus­ tice, Jose Yulo, as stating that some prominent mem­ bers of the local Chinese community are active in com­ munist subversive activities in this country in support of Peking. The revered names of President Magsaysay and President Laurel have been mentioned as having oppos­ ed the sending of troops to Southeast' Asia in April of 1954. For this reason, it has been argued that were they alive today, they would con­ tinue to maintain the same stand. In April 1954, both Pres­ idents Magsaysay and Laurel opposed sending troops to Vietnam because they ex­ pressed opposition to the dis­ patch of Filipino military forces to fight on the side of a colonial power that was attempting to maintain its hold over a colony. In those days, the Vietminh, though they were certainly led and dominated by communists, were composed largely of Viet­ namese who were fighting for the independence of their homeland from France. To­ day, the situation is entirely different. The government in South Vietnam, an inde­ pendent and sovereign gov­ ernment, has called for our assistance in repelling a com­ munist aggressive movement which seeks to destroy South Vietnam’s independence. It is the intention of the democratic allies to prevent the spread of communists that they will be met with resistance wherever they at­ tempt aggression, to convince the communists that they must stay within their terri­ torial limits. The commu­ nists should have learned those lessons in Korea, Greece, Berlin, Malaysia, in the Philippines and Cuba, where free nations reacted with firmness and determina­ tion. It is clear that the les­ son must be taught again today in Vietnam. 58 Panorama In order to fulfill proper­ ly its role as co-chairman, the United Kingdom cannot be placed in a position of making too obvious a com­ mitment on either side. How­ ever, the United Kingdom has provided a British advi­ sory mission in South Viet­ nam for about five years. This mission, composed of veterans who participated in putting down the communist insurgency in Malaya, has provided valuable advice and assistance to the South Viet­ namese, and has worked in cooperation with the Malay­ sian government in arrang­ ing training for more than 2,000 Vietnamese military officers in Malaysia. The United Kingdom has also provided considerable economic support to South Vietnam, including labora­ tory equipment for Saigon University, typesetting equip­ ment for the government printing office, a cobalt deep­ ray therapy unit for the Na­ tional Cancer Institute arid much equipment for the fa­ culties of medicine, science and pharmacy at Saigon Uni­ versity, the Meteorological Service and the Agricultural School at Saigon, the Atomic Research Establishment at Da-Slat, and the Faculty of Education at Hue. The Uni­ ted Kingdom has also agreed to provide 50,000 British pounds sterling worth of diesel fishing boat engines. It is said that Thailand has provided no troop in South Vietnam, but the Thais have supplied a mili­ tary air detachment with C-47 pilots, navigators and maintenance men. They are now on duty flying opera­ tional transport missions for the Vietnamese forces. In addition, they have provid­ ed cement and zinc roofing materials and have provided jet training for Vietnamese pilots in Thailand. Thai­ land has an incipient com­ munist insurgency movement of its own to contend with in Northeast Thailand. It is making a valuable contri­ bution to the anti-communist struggle in Southeast Asia by committing its armed forces and police to internal defense. Moreover, Thai­ land’s distinguished prime minister said during his visit to these country two weeks ago that Thailand is pre­ pared to do more in Vietnam if necessary. March 1966 59 The size of Australian and New Zealand troop commit­ ments in Vietnam is small but both Australia and New Zealand are deeply commit­ ted to the defense of the Ma­ laysia-Singapore area, and maintain large forces there. No one can doubt the im­ portance of keeping those forces where they are. The stability of that area would be jeopardized if they were moved. Australia, in proportion to its resources and popula­ tion, has made a major con­ tribution in Vietnanj for the past several years. In addi­ tion to sending a crack in­ fantry battalion, 100 spe­ cialists in jungle warfare and an air force unit which files daily logistical support missions for the Vietnamese forces, Australia has provid­ ed a million Vietnamese text­ books, 3,300 tons of corru­ gated roofing for Vietnamese military dependent housing, 15,570 sets of hand tools, 16,000 blankets, 14,000 cases of condensed milk and a 50kilowatt radio broadcasting station. Hundreds of Viet­ namese have been sent to Australia for training. Australia has also provid­ ed' surgical teams, civil en­ gineers and dairy and agricul­ tural experts. And further­ more, Australia announced that it is tripling the size of its combat forces in South Vietnam, bringing them up to a strength of approximate­ ly 4,500. Australia is a richer nation than the Philippines, but we overlook its small population — considerably less than half the population of this country. New Zealand, a nation with only one-tenth the po­ pulation of the Philippines, has not only sent engineers and artillerymen to South Vietnam, it has provided New Zealand pounds equi­ valent to $200,000 for a science building at the Uni­ versity of Saigon, equipment for a technical high school and is training 62 Vietnamese in New Zealand. The South Vietnamese were wise to decline an offer of Chinese Nationalist volun­ teers. It is vital that Red China not be offered an ex­ cuse for sending "volunteers” into the Vietnam conflict as she did in Korea. The response to communist aggression in Vietnam should 60 Panorama be a measured response, care­ fully calculated to convince North Vietnam that it must leave its neighbors alone, and not a response that would trigger Red China interven­ tion. I feel that Red China would view Nationalist China volunteers in South Vietnam as a fulfillment of Chiang Kai-Shek’s threat to “retake the mainland”, and would enter the war openly and not just clandestinely. As it is, Nationalist China has provided to South Viet­ nam far more than we have. They have sent. an agricul­ tural team composed of more than 80 men, a military psy­ chological warfare team, a surgical team, and an elec­ trical power mission. They have provided half a million mathematics textbooks, elec­ trical power substations, pre­ fabricated warehouses, agri­ cultural tools, seeds and fer­ tilizers, as well as providing training for more than 200 Vietnam in Taiwan. Mr. President, what I de­ plore far more than the in­ accurate allegations about the relative contributions of other countries to the defense of communist aggression is the clear implication on the part of those who make such charges that since they feel that some other nations have failed to fulfill their obliga­ tions, they believe that this country is thereby, exonerat­ ed, absolved of all responsibi­ lities, to fulfill our obligations. One can just imagine the impact among the members of the free world, and par­ ticularly the United States, should the Philippines fail to extend the assistance re­ quested by our South Viet­ namese ally. The last thing that we want the United States not to do is to back down on her commitments. Can we afford to back down on our own commitments? Numerous attempts have been made to use the good offices and the power of the United Nations to move the Vietnam conflict from the battlefield to the conference table. To date, all such ef­ forts have failed. On Jan. 31, 1966, the United' States formally requested the Uni­ ted Nations Security Council to consider the situation in Vietnam and to recommend steps toward a peaceful solu­ tion. However, the commu­ nists reacted as they always have in the past. The very March 1966 61 next day following the Uni­ ted States request for action by the United Nations Secu­ rity Council the North Viet­ namese regime reiterated its stand that the UN has no right to deal with the Viet­ nam question and that any UN Security Council resolu­ tion on the Vietnam ques­ tion would be null and void. In order for the UN to take collective action in Viet­ nam under United Nations auspices, it would be neces­ sary to have Security Council approval. As everyone knows, this would require a unani­ mous vote in the Security Council which would ob­ viously be impossible, since it would be vetoed by the So­ viet Union. Individual members of the SEATO can assist and are assisting .in South Vietnam in response to individual re­ quests from the government ,of South Vietnam.- As we all know, South Vietnam, as one of the protocol states of the SEATO Treaty, can call for SEATO assistance to repel aggression. However, the SEATO Treaty also provides that collective action by the eight SEATO members must be based upon a unanimous vote. Here again, as in the United Nations Security Council, we cannot expect a unanimous vote. France, one of the eight SEATO powers, has already taken the posi­ tion that the Vietnam pro­ blem can be solved only by "neutralization” of the area. In South Vietnam help must be based upon the in­ dividual decision of free na­ tions in response to South Vietnam’s request and not upon collective action under the provisions of either the United Nations charter or the SEATO Treaty. The questions has been asked, can we afford to send an engineering battalion with security cover to South Viet­ nam? I feel that the question should be: "Can we afford not to afford it?” For cer­ tainly, we cannot put a price tag on liberty and freedom. It has been said that the 2,000 Filipino troops that will be sent to Vietnam will not be sufficient to tilt the balance in favor of the free world. Would it not be bet­ ter to contribute our share, no matter how little, in put­ ting out the fire in the neigh­ borhood? 62 Panorama LITERACY MOVEMENTS The community house may serve as a classroom for adult literacy classes. India, by official figures, has some 87 per cent illiteracy among her 440 million people. Here, in literacy classes, is where a woman takes on a new world, for when she can read a simple book after six months in the class, she en­ ters a new existence. One young woman said, “At first those scratches on the black chart frightened me. How could they talk to me? Now I cannot put the book down and whether I am ginning cotton, spinning, or pound­ ing the corn, the book is al­ ways with me." I shall never forget the woman with the baby on her back kneeling beside a bench as she was learning to write the names of her children. All at once she looked up, shouting with delight, “Look, here is my baby’s name. She has a name. I have never seen the names of my child­ ren before. They have names. Now I have a name.” The thumb print had been her only signature. As many of you know, I am connected with Literacy Village in Lucknow, Injiia. It is Welthy Honsinger Fisher, the founder of this village and the leading spirit in planning and program, whom you have made an in­ ternational honorary mem­ ber today. Literacy Village is a campus with offices, classrooms, dormitories, sim­ ple staff houses, and a pro­ duction and writing center. Here teachers are trained to teach adult illiterates, to write and prepare materials for the new literates; and here many sodal welfare groups in India come for training in various fields. Literacy Village also has an exciting tin trunk library project. The Tin Trunk is a library of seventy-five paper-back, easy-to-read books for the new literates. They are on such subjects as hygiene, family planning, March 1966 63 and farming; and there are many story books. These link literacy with the real concerns of India's 300 mil­ lion illiterates. The Tin Trunk libraries travel by jeeps and bicycles to villages and markets. The mother who has learned to read can sign a card and take a book straight to her mud-walled home for all of two weeks. Of the many thousands of books loaned, practically none have been lost. In Africa I was asked to speak many times on the to­ pic of literacy. In one of the United States Information Centers, scores of young men in the audience kept on for hours, asking many questions as to what they could do with their illiterates. "Fortythree per cent of our popula­ tion, is under fifteen years of age. How can we let them go the rest of their lives with­ out reading and writing if we expect to build a strong nation?” “What are you do­ ing in Literacy Village?” “What did you find on this trip that other African na­ tions were doing about this problem?” These were some of their questions. Christian missions have been helping on literacy in both Asia and Africa with few exceptions the leaders of today in all fields had their primary education, at least, in a church mission school. The missionary was the key­ stone of all education in Cen­ tral Africa until the last few years. One African said, “Every hospital today in this part of Africa began with the first aid kit on the veran­ da of a missionary's home.” There are few nationals to fill teaching positions in A f r i c a’s new secondary schools, teacher training ins­ titutes, and technical schools, or in expanded college cur­ riculums. Vast numbers of Americans in the last two years have been called in to fill such posts. Peace Corps Volunteers are a part of this new teaching army. Some­ times I wonder, when seeing them at work, which one is the pupil and which one the teadher. One Peace Corps Volunteer said, "Back home in America you think we are doing something for these people. Don’t you worry, they are doing something for us much greater than any­ thing we can do for them." 64 Panorama Attention: All organization beads and members! Help your cluh raise funds painlessly... Join the Panorama “Fund-Raising by Subscriptions" plan today! The Panorama Fund-Raising by Subscriptions plan will get you, your friends, and your relatives a year’s sub­ scription to Panorama. The Panorama is easy to sell. It practically sells itself, which means more money for your organization. The terms of the Panorama Fund-Raising by Sub­ scriptions plan are as follows: Cl) Any accredited organization in the Philippines can take advantage of the Plan. (2) The organization will use its facilities to sell sub­ scriptions to Panorama. (3) For every subscription sold the organization will get Pl.00. The more subscriptions the organization sells, the more money it gets. Contents The Poison of Imported Civilisation ............................... 1 Integrity and Anonymity ....................................................... 2 No Simple Problem — Philippine Education .................... 4 The Versatile Coconut .........,..................................... 6 The Filipino Student and Cultural Values ........................ IQ Easy Money .................................................. 13 The Dangers of Scientific Progress ..................................... 17 The Malolos Republic ........................................................... 21 The Responsibility of an Engineer ..................................... V Factors for Good Government ............................................ 29 English Over the World ....................................................... 32 Red Stars and Regimentation ............................................ 36 The Ideal Wife .................................................................... 4 J The Vietnam War in Relation to the Philippines ...__ 44 Literacy Movements .............................. 6|